mystacocarida is a subclass of crustaceans , that form part of the meiobenthos .

they are less than 1 mm ( 0.04 in ) long , and live interstitially in the intertidal zones of sandy beaches .

mystacocarida

mystacocarida <EOT> : new species of mystacocarida from africa . crustaceana . ( in press ) .

aspects of the biology of derocheilocaris typica ( crustacea : mystacocarida ) . ii . distribution

external morphology and post - embryonic development of derocheilocaris remanei ( mystacocarida ) revisi . . .

hessler , r . r . : a new species of mystacocarida from maine . vie milieu

leo shapiro added text to " text " on " mystacocarida pennak & zinn , 1943 " .

aspects of the biology of derocheilocaris typica ( crustacea : mystacocarida ) . ii . distribution | springerlink

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name " hiekkaryömijät " to " mystacocarida pennak & zinn , 1943 " .

derocheilocaris typicus order mystacocarida family derocheilocaridae taxonomy derocheilocaris typicus pennak and zinn , 1943 . other common names none known .

( crustacea , mystacocarida ) . iii behavioral responses to variations in selected environmental factors . ( in preparation ) .

: mystacocarida , a new order of crustacea from intertidal beaches in massachusetts and connecticut . smithson . misc . collns

" mystacocarida ( mystacocarids ) . " grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken

estudios sobre crustaceos chilenos en aguas subterreneas . iv . nuevo hallazgo de derocheilocaris galvarini dahl en chile central ( crustacea , mystacocarida )

( mystacocarida ) , sems . a : stage 1 metanauplius ( same specimen as ﬁg . 26 . 1a ) , ventral view

( crustacea , mystacocarida ) on a north and south carolina beach . m . a . thesis , wake forest , college 1965 .

: a new species and a new subspecies of mystacocarida ( crustacea ) from the mediterranean shores of israel . israel j . zool .

( mystacocarida ) and a comparative study of the larval development of various branchiopods representing most of the systematic groups . a new species of

" mystacocarida ( mystacocarids ) . " grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken

: mystacocarida . reports of the lund university chile expedition . 1948–1949 , 7 . lunds univ . årsskr . ( new ser . ) ( 2 )

lombardi , j . , and e . e . ruppert . " functional morphology of locomotion in derocheilocaris typica ( crustacea : mystacocarida ) . " zoomorphology 100 ( 1982 ) : 1–10 .

pennak , r . w . , and d . j . zinn . " mystacocarida , a new order of crustacea from intertidal beaches in massachusetts and connecticut . " smithsonian miscellaneous collections 103 ( 1943 ) : 1–11 .

a phylogenetic analysis of six of the eight orders of the branchiopoda has been almost completed . a comparative study of the phylogenetic significance of the so - called dorsal organ of the family chydoridae ( cladocera ) has been carried out . a study of the morphology and phylogeny of smaller crustaceans ( mystacocarida , leptostraca , remipedia , and branchiopoda ) has been initiated ; it comprises a description of the larval development of

ty - jour ti - a new species of mystacocarida crustacea from algoa bay south africa t2 - annals of the south african museum . annale van die suid - afrikaanse museum . vl - 66 ur - urltoken pb - south african museum , cy - cape town : py - 1974 sp - 169 ep - 175 sn - 0303 - 2515 au - mclachlan , a au - grindley , j r er -

a re - description of the post - embryonic development of derocheilocaris remanei delamare - deboutteville and chappuis , 1951 ( mystacocarida ) is presented . it includes nine stages , not ten as originally described . the first stage already has a maxillula ( though not fully developed ) and is , therefore , not an ortho - nauplius as previously reported . particular focus is on the development of the . . . [ show full abstract ]

@ article { bhlpart93267 , title = { a new species of mystacocarida crustacea from algoa bay south africa } , journal = { annals of the south african museum . annale van die suid - afrikaanse museum . } , volume = { 66 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { cape town : south african museum , 1898 - 2004 . } , author = { mclachlan , a and grindley , j r } , year = { 1974 } , pages = { 169 - - 175 } , }

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. rostrum absent ; eyes sessile ; with simple ocelli ; ocular scale absent ; naupliar eyes absent . antennules ( antenna 1 ) uniramous ; peduncle and flagellum indistinguishable ; exopod well developed , whip - like . antennae ( antenna 2 ) biramous ; exopod multiarticulate . mandible biramous . maxillipeds , 1 pair ; biramous .

; non - phyllopodous ; differentiated ( some prehensile ) . abdomen with 6 somites . epimera absent . pleopods absent . uropods well developed , 1 pair , positioned terminally or subterminally ; rami absent ; claw - like .

. east coast of north america ; west coast of south america ; mediterranean sea ; east and west coasts of africa .

cite this publication as : lowry , j . k . ( 1999 onwards ) . ' crustacea , the higher taxa : description , identification , and information retrieval . ' version : 2 october 1999 . urltoken .

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phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea class maxillopoda number of families 1 thumbnail description very small , vermiform crustaceans with appendages behind those of the head strongly reduced or absent illustration : derocheilocaris typicus .

mystacocarids have recently been grouped with , among others , copepoda , ostracoda , and cirripedia , and in the class maxillopoda . these groups all have in common shortened bodies with at most 11 trunk segments behind the head , of which six are thoracic segments . there are 13 known species of mystacocarids , which are grouped into a single family containing two genera . some scientists now classify this group at the order level .

members of the genus derocheilocaris are known from the coastlines of eastern north america , including the gulf of mexico , the atlantic coast of southern europe to the tip of southern africa , as well as the mediterranean . species in the genus ctenocheilocaris are known from the southern coasts of eastern and western south america , as well as western australia .

all mystacocarids live among the sand grains of outer coastal beaches . their distribution within one beach may be quite patchy , so they are often not found in areas where they were previously known to occur .

mystacocarids move among sand grains . they use the antenna and mandibles as well as the surface of the trunk to push against the sand grain surfaces . in order to move efficiently , they require sand grains both above and below the body .

mystacocarids most likely graze on microalgae and bacteria living on the surfaces of sand grains . the movements of the mouth appendages may also be responsible for capturing particles in the interstitial spaces .

sexes are separate . copulation has not been observed , but it is known that fertilized eggs are shed freely into the interstitial habitat . development is direct , proceeding though a series of molt stages in which body somites and appendages are added in a gradual manner . beyond the first three head appendages , body somites are always added , then limb primor - dia , and finally the definitive appendage .

no mystacocarid species are known to be threatened , even though some species are known from single localities . none are listed by the iucn .

these small animals are most likely only of intellectual interest , not being part of any food web leading directly to fish or other consumable marine organisms .

very conservative body plan , with differences among them being in the details of the appendages and the sizes of trunk structures such as the toothed furrows . has a large and robust maxillule with slight divisions of the precoxa , coax , and basis . the endites on the mouth appendages bear robust setulose setae . caudal furca short , with terminal seta almost as long as basal article . ( illustration shown in chapter introduction . )

found along the atlantic coast of the united states from cape cod to southern florida .

lives deep in the beach , often several feet ( meters ) inland from the low - tide line where the seawater penetrates at high tide , but often individuals are above the water table at low tide .

feeds on small particles in the interstitial spaces on or microal - gae and bacteria scraped from the surfaces of sand grains .

eggs are laid freely in the beach and development is direct , proceeding from a metanauplius with four post - cephalic somites . develops through six metanaupliar , and one juvenile stage before reaching adult size . one additional molt as an adult occurs .

first mystacocarid species to be discovered ; a new crustacean order was created to house it .

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this class was first described in 1943 . the first specimens were collected from beeches in massachusetts and connecticut . there are 12 species described so far ; all are marine . they are found in interstitial spaces in shallow sediments . all are less than 0 . 5 mm long and show many primitive characteristics , see below .

there are twelve species , all microscopic 0 . 15 - 0 . 20 mm , ectoparasites of other marine crustaceans . the larvae and females attach to the host by an adhesive disc . adult males are free - swimming . they are usually found in deep waters .

their bodies are enclosed within a bivalve carapace making them look like tiny clams ( see above and below ) . they are all small ranging in size from 0 . 25 mm to 8 . 0 mm . the freshwater species rarely exceed 3 mm , although the largest marine species , gigantocypris mulleri , can be as long as 30 mm .

there are over 8 , 000 described species , and they have existed since the cambrian . they are widespread and found in both marine and freshwater habitats at all depths . there are a few terrestrial species found in the moist leaf litter of forest floors .

they have diverse feeding habits including particle , plant , carrion and some are even predators on smaller animals . some species are luminescent , emitting bluish light in bursts that last 1 - 2 seconds . they are difficult to identify down to species level . when disturbed , the shell valves close tightly , leaving nothing on the outside . from the side they resemble a bean , and from above they look like an egg . like water fleas the movement of the antennae allow the animal to swim . a plate attached to the jaw vibrates setting up a current of water bringing oxygen to the shell .

the female lays her eggs on water plants . to the naked eye the batch of eggs looks like rust . in favourable conditions they will hatch in 6 - 8 weeks , but they can survive in dry mud as eggs for over 20 years before hatching . below is pionocypris vidua , a freshwater species .

there are almost 12 , 000 species described in this class so far , about 25 % are parasitic , and nearly all are less than 2 cm in length . there are around 40 species of cyclops in the uk , all are very similar .

they are found in all kinds of freshwater habitats , where they eat food particles suspended in the water and dead animals . they are mainly marine , but perhaps the best known group are the cyclops found in freshwater .

they have a characteristic body - club shaped body ending in a forked tail . usually they have a single black or red eye . they have no carapace or compound eyes . the first pair of antennae is long and the second pair is short .

the non - parasitic copepods are the dominant members of marine plankton , so are important in the food chain . above is cyclops strenuous .

most non - parasitic species have a life span of one year or less . some of the freshwater species can secrete a cyst - like covering to help them withstand periods of drying out .

during mating the males use their antennae to grab females . then the male simply attaches a sperm packet to the female ' s genitals . both sexes use their antennae for swimming . females can have one or two egg sacs each containing around 50 eggs ( see left and right ) . one mating is all that is required to fertilise a few successive set of egg sacs .

left is ergasilus versicolor , a parasitic copepod which lives in the gills of freshwater fish . only the female is parasitic . note how the second pair of antennae are modified for grasping .

these are small , have an elongated body with about 30 pairs of legs ( see above ) . they are mainly predatory , have many primitive features , and are found in marine caves . ! 2 species have been described so far .

there are nine species in this class . all are marine , shrimp - like ( see above ) and less than 4 mm long . most have an eight - segmented thorax , and a twelve - segmented abdomen . they have very primitive features , are hermaphroditic , and are without eyes or carapace . they are found in fine sediments .

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kento furui added the japanese common name " ヒゲエビ目 " to " mystacocaridida " .

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annals of the south african museum . annale van die suid - afrikaanse museum .

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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31

bowman , thomas e . , and lawrence g . abele / lawrence g . abele , ed . / dorothy e . bliss , ed . - in - chief

the biology of crustacea , vol . 1 : systematics , the fossil record , and biogeography

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 283447

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sexes are separate . copulation has not been observed , but it is known that fertilized eggs are shed freely into the interstitial habitat . development is direct , proceeding though a series of molt stages in which body somites and appendages are added in a gradual manner . beyond the first three head appendages , body somites are always added , then limb primordia , and finally the definitive appendage .

feeds on small particles in the interstitial spaces on or microalgae and bacteria scraped from the surfaces of sand grains .

somites . develops through six metanaupliar , and one juvenile stage before reaching adult size . one additional molt as an adult occurs .

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mystacocarid crustaceans are characteristic members of the mesopsammon of many marine beaches . a detailed investigation of the distribution of

, 1943 , shows that this species is most abundant on open ocean , high - energy beaches , with only scattered occurrence in estuarine beaches . a characteristic distribution pattern in beaches is shown , with maximum density occurring between mid and high - water levels . this pattern changes seasonally , with the position of maximum density moving deeper into the beach and more landward during winter months . short - term changes in distribution also occur , resulting from tidal migrations and abnormal hydrodynamic patterns ( i . e . , storms ) . longshore variability in abundance suggests the occurrence of clumps of crustaceans arranged much like beads on a string . changes in abundance or segregation of sexes and stages seasonally are not found .

these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .

: populationsdynamik , lebenszyklen und fortpflanzungsbiologie der mikrofauna des meeressandes . zool . anz . ( suppl . )

: waves and beaches . the dynamics of the ocean surface , 267 pp . new york : doubleday 1964 .

— : biologie des eaux souterraines littorales et continentales , 740 pp . paris : hermann press 1960 .

: zur okologie der acoela ( turbellaria ) in der deutschen bucht . helgoländer wiss . meeresunters .

: vertical and horizontal distribution of the metazoan microfauna and of some physical factors in a sandy beach in the northern part of the øresund . ophelia

: a quantitative study of the meiofauna of an exposed sandy beach , at robin hood ' s bay , yorkshire . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k .

— : quantitative and experimental studies of the interstitial fauna in four swedish sandy beaches . ophelia

: studies on the ecology of the interstitial fauna of marine sandy beaches . thesis of dept . of zoology and askö laboratory , university of stockholm 1968b .

: psammolittoral marine tardigrades from north carolina and their conformity to worldwide zonation patterns . cah . biol . mar . ( in press ) .

: studies on the diversity of the nematode fauna in intertidal sediments . fifth eur . symp . mar . biol . , venice , 1970 . ( in press ) .

: distribution and dynamics of interstitial tardigrada at woods hole , massachusetts , usa . ophelia

: recherches écologiques sur la faune interstitielle des sables ( bassin d ' areachon , ile de bimini , bahamas ) . vie milieu ( suppl . )

: how much seawater passes through intertidal intersticies ? int . revue ges . hydrobiol . ( in press ) .

: gezeitenbedingte wanderungen von turbellarien und nematoden in einem nordadriatischen sandstrand . vie milieu . ( in press ) .

: die quantitative verteilung und populations - dynamik des mesopsammons am gezeiten - sandstrand der nordseeinsel sylt . i faktorengefüge und biologische gliederung des lebensraumes . int . revue ges . hydrobiol .

— : die quantitative verteilung und populationsdynamik des mesopsammons am gezeiten - sandstrand der nordseeinsel sylt . ii quantitative verteilung und populationsdynamik einzelner arten . int . revue ges . hydrobiol .

: eine einfache methode zur extraktion der vagilen , mesopsammalen mikrofauna . fielgoländer wiss . meeresunters .

: the interstitial crustacea of two beaches in portugal . revta biol . , lisb .

: an ecological study of the interstitial microfauna of some marine sandy beaches with special reference to the copepoda . ph . d . dissertation , yale university 1942 .

— : a new method for extraction of living thalassopsammon from intertidal and subtidal marine beaches . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole

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is a member of the intertidal meiofauna in exposed sandy beaches along the coast of chile . originally described by dahl ( 1952 ) from sub - tidal sediment off isla guafo , the only other published record is from semi - fine intertidal sand in las cruces . this paper presents a variety of new records of

based on both quantitative and qualitative sampling of the coast of chile between 18°s and 54°s .

is found primarily in southern chile , south of 32° , in the intertidal zone of intermediate beaches , in fine sand ( wentworth scale ) most likely distributed between the level of the water - table and the surface , but avoiding dry sand .

un nouveau genre de crustace mystacocaride de la zone neotropicale : ctenocheilocaris claudiae n . g . , n . sp

comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l ' académie des sciences . série d , sciences naturelles

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the tegumental glands of derocheilocaris typica are tricellular . their openings are formed by two transformed epidermal cells , each with a microvillar crown . these cells form a cuticular socket housing the tip of the underlying secretory cell . from the outside , the gland openings are seen as , a pit in the cuticle , from the bottom of which a thin cuticular chimney ends with a slit - like pore . the gland openings are distributed in a regular pattern on the body . cytologically , the secretory cells of the body glands fall into at least two categories , each with a specific distribution on the body . the labral tegumentary glands are morphologically similar , but have two or three secretory cells . the morphology of the mystacocaridean tegumental gland deviates clearly from that of cephalocarid and also from other crustacean tricellular tegumental glands .

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in book : atlas of crustacean larvae , chapter : 26 , publisher : johns hopkins university press , editors : joel w . martin , jørgen olesen , jens t . høeg , pp . 138 - 143

in the cephalon ( g . 26 . 1f ) ; a rather long tubular and exible

many respects are larva - like ( e . g . , larval morphology of the an -

a larval ( or naupliar ) and a juvenile / adult phase . one such

olesen ( 2001 ) and j . haug etal . ( 2011a ) , as well as on new

images produced for this chapter ( gs . 26 . 1 , 26 . 2 ) . more details

exopod where most segments bear one seta each ( g . 26 . 1a ,

processes and a distolateral seta ( g . 26 . 2d ) . no other limbs

and the caudal rami is seen dorsally ( g . 26 . 2a ) . the caudal

rami bear rows of setules ( gs . 26 . 1a , c ; 26 . 2a , c ) . dorso -

trally and a long seta dorsally ( gs . 26 . 1a ; 26 . 2a ) . on each

median setation ( olesen 2001 ; j . haug etal . 2011a , their gs .

dorsally at the basis of each caudal ramus ( g . 26 . 2h ) ; and

2011a , their gs . 8e , 9 ) . otherwise it is very similar to stage 5 .

rected endopods . many researchers ( e . g . , hessler 1969 ; j

origin ( e . g . , hessler and newman 1975 ; hessler 1992b ) . this

stage 1 . c : telson of stage 1 . d : stage 2 , lateral view

. e : telson of stage 2 . f : stage 4 , lateral view . g : maxillule , maxilla , and maxilliped of stage

4 . h : left maxillule of stage 4 . a–h of material from canet plage ( beach ) in southern france ( the type locality of the species )

2 ( same specimen as ﬁg . 26 . 1d ) , ventral view . f : 

left antenna and mandible of stage 2 . g : telson of stage 2 , dorsal view

characteristic seta of the right caudal ramus of stage 2 . i and j : two different views of the distal hooks of the antennal endopod . k : stage 4 ,

telson of stage 4 , dorsal view . a–k of material from canet plage ( beach ) in southern f

used in olesen ( 2001 ) and j . haug etal . ( 2011a ) .

delamare - deboutteville et chappuis et derocheilocaris typicus pennak et zinn . comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l ' académie des sciences , ser . 3 , 294 : 505–510 .

on the ontogeny of the branchiopoda ( crustacea ) : contribution of development to phylogeny and classi . . .

branchiopods exhibit a wide range of developmental strategies , extending from a relatively anamorphic , presumably primitive , development with many larval stages in the anostraca and the upper cambrian branchiopod rehbachiella kinnekullensis walossek & muller , 1983 , to a very abbreviated development without free - living larval stages in most ciadocerans . while anamorphic developing branchiopods , . . . [ show full abstract ]

a new link between orsten - type assemblages and the burgess shale—a marrella - like arthropod from the . . .

an isolated exopod in uncompressed three - dimensional “orsten” - type preservation from the cambrian of australia represents a new species of marrellomorpha , austromarrella klausmuelleri gen . et sp . nov . the exopod is composed of at least 17 annuli . each of the proximal annuli carries a pair of lamellae : one lamella on the lateral side and one on the median side . the distal annuli bear stout . . . [ show full abstract ]

the cambrian species paulinecaris siveterae n . gen . n . sp . , known from two trunk fragments , represents the first record of epipods ( serving as gills and osmoregulatory structures ) in a crustacean from the swedish ' orsten ' . more - over , it is the first report of the maxillary excretory opening of a crustacean based on cambrian material of ' orsten ' - type preservation . one specimen comprises the . . . [ show full abstract ]

cavey , m . j . and r . a . cloney : osmium - fixed and epon - embedded whole mounts of delicate specimens . trans . am . microsc . soc .

elmgren , r . : methods of sampling sublittoral soft bottom meiofauna . oikos ( suppl . )

gray , j . g . : sample size and sample frequency in relation to the quantitative sampling of sand meiofauna . smithson . contr . zool .

heip , c . , n . smol and w . hautekiet : a rapid method of extracting meiobenthic nematodes and copepods from mud and detritus . mar . biol .

hulings , n . c . and j . s . gray : a manual for the study of meiofauna . smithson . contr . zool .

luft , j . h . : improvements in epoxy resin embedding methods . j . biophys . biochem . cytol .

meadows , p . s . and j . g . anderson : micro - organisms attached to marine sand grains . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k .

ores , r . o . : advantages of epoxy resin as a mounting medium for light microscopy . stain technol .

renaud - mornant , j . et c . delamare deboutteville : l ' originalité de la sous - classe des mystacocarides ( crustacea ) et le problème de leur répartition . ann . spéléol .

rieger , r . m . : multiple ciliary structures in developing spermatozoa of marine catenulida ( turbellaria ) . zoomorphologie

— , e . ruppert , g . e . rieger and c . schoepfer - sterrer : on the fine structure of gastrotrichs with description of

ruppert , e . e . : an efficient , quantitative method for sampling the meiobenthos . limnol . oceanogr .

sterrer , w . : plate tectonics as a mechanism for dispersal and speciation in interstitial sand fauna . neth . j . sea res .

thiel , h . , d . thistle and g . d . wilson : ultrasonic treatment of sediment samples for more efficient sorting of meiofauna . limnol . oceanogr .

uhlig , g . , h . thiel and j . s . gray : the quantitative separation of meiofauna . helgoländer wiss . meeresunters .

winborn , w . b . and d . l . guerrero : the use of a single tissue specimen for both transmission and scanning electron microscopy . cytobios

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studies , including revisions and descriptions of new species , of the genera of the isopod family sphaeromatidae have been continued . the long term aims of the study are to identify the phylogenetically informative characters for all genera of the family , to develop a data matrix for cladistic analyses , and to place the genera into a phylogenetically based classification , which can then be related to the evolution and biogeography of the family ( n . l . bruce ) . taxonomic studies on sphaeromatids have been continued ( n . l . bruce , with d . m . holdich , university of nottingham , and r . wetzer , university of charleston ) .

a large - scale phylogenetic and biogeographic revision of the genera of the isopod family cirolanidae comprising more than 400 species has been initiated ( n . l . bruce , with r . c . brusca , university of charleston ) . a revision of the genus

the chapter on marine isopods for the popular book " field guide to the sea shores of east africa " has been prepared ( n . l . bruce ) .

has been initiated ( n . l . bruce , j . olesen ) .

( leptostraca ) is being described , and the phylogeny of the leptostracan genera is being analysed ( j . olesen , ph . d . project ) . a study of larval development and embryology in a

species has been initiated ( j . olesen , with d . walossek , university of ulm ) . the male of the phylogenetically pivotal clam shrimp

has been studied and redescribed ( j . olesen , with j . w . martin , natural history museum los angeles county , and e . w . roessler , universidad de los andes , bogotá ) . description of headpores / dorsal organs in the cladoceran family macrotrichidae has been initiated ( j . olesen , with a . kotov , a . n . severtsov institute of ecology and evolution , moscow ) . a survey of the distribution of larger danish phyllopods has been completed ( j . olesen , with j . damgaard , entomology department ) .

have been initiated ( r . m . kristensen , with r . huys , natural history museum , london , and j . høeg and n . møbjerg , zoological institute ) .

has been studied ( e . rasmussen ) a handbook in the series " danmarks fauna " on danish freshwater phyllopods has been completed * . the freshwater crustacean fauna of the nuuk area , greenland , has been analyzed with the aim of outlining the differences between coastal , low - arctic areas and inland , high - arctic areas ( u . røen ) .

) has been completed ( t . wolff , with a . brandt , university of hamburg ) , and a study of a new deep - sea species of an aberrant asellote family has been initiated ( t . wolff , with m . thiel , smithsonian marine station , florida ) .

the distribution , habitats and reproductive biology of two gnathiid species from the denmark strait and north of iceland have been studied * ( a . b . klitgaard , ph . d . project )

the budde - lund types of isopods have been studied . a review of the museum ' s material of the crab genera

has been initiated ( t . jansen , cand . scient . project ) .


the atlantic weasel shark ( paragaleus pectoralis ) is a weasel shark of the family hemigaleidae , found in the eastern atlantic ocean , from the surface to a depth of 100 m .

it can reach a length of 1.4 m.

atlantic weasel shark

atlantic weasel shark <EOT> a ) atlantic weasel shark dentition , b ) atlantic weasel shark denticles . image courtesy fao

the little - known atlantic weasel shark . . . - dyer island conservation trust | facebook

predators potential predators of the atlantic weasel shark are marine mammals and large fish including other sharks .

parasites parasites of the atlantic weasel shark include copepods as documented from a specimen captured off the coast of senegal .

the atlantic weasel shark is found in the tropical eastern atlantic ocean from cape verde and mauritania to northern namibia and possibly north to morocco . there exists a record of this shark in the northwestern atlantic ocean off the coast of new england ( us ) .

food habits as a specialist feeder , the atlantic weasel shark has a strong preference for cephalopods including squid and octopi . this shark will also feed on small bony fishes .

there have been no documented attacks on humans by the atlantic weasel sharks . most weasel sharks are considered harmless to humans with the exception of the snaggletooth shark ( hemipristis elongatus ) which is large enough to be considered potentially dangerous .

denticles the dermal denticles of the atlantic weasel shark are closely spaced and partially overlap . the blades are located on short pedicels and are nearly horizontal with five longitudinal ridges .

commonly found inshore to offshore of the continental shelf , the atlantic weasel shark ranges from depths of a few feet ( meters ) down to more than 328 feet ( 100m ) .

my topic is the conservation ecology of north atlantic shark populations . i am also the principal investigator of this project .

reproduction the atlantic weasel shark is a viviparous shark giving birth to 1 - 4 young per litter . the young measure approximately 18 . 5 inches ( 47 cm ) in length at birth . off the coast of senegal , most of the young are born during the months of may and june .

atlantic weasel sharks are caught on longlines , hook and line , bottom set gillnets , and bottom trawls . this shark is commercially important and is utilized fresh and dried salted for human consumption . it is also used in the processing of fishmeal .

we believe that the fact that atlantic weasel sharks occur nowhere else will have an important effect on how the local community will think about this species . therefore , the weasel shark could be used as an umbrella species to create awareness for sharks in general in this region . for example , other data deficient species with limited movements , such as the nurse shark , share the same habitats . finally , in our last expedition we not only caught juvenile weasel sharks , but various juvenile shark species - meaning one of these sites could be a multi - species nursery .

the enigmatic weasel shark , will it disappear before we know it ? dureuil , manuel . . dalhousie university , 30 may 2016 . experiment . doi : 10 . 18258 / 7199

the maximum total length of the atlantic weasel shark is 54 . 3 inches ( 138 cm ) . sexual maturity is obtained at total lengths of 31 . 5 inches ( 80 cm ) for males and 29 . 5 - 35 . 4 inches ( 75 - 90 cm ) for females .

garman originally described the atlantic weasel shark in 1906 as hemigaleus pectoralis . this name was later changed to the currently valid name of paragaleus pectoralis . the genus name , paragaleus , is derived from the greek " para " meaning the side of , and " galeos " meaning a kind of shark . synonyms referring to this species in past scientific literature include paragaleus gruveli ( budker 1935 ) .

the little - known atlantic weasel shark only occurs in west africa , an area which is most acutely threatened by illegal and unregulated overfishing . in 2015 , we found a previously unknown aggregation of weasel sharks in the remote island nation of cabo verde , which could be the last stronghold of this rare and enigmatic species . we will launch a second expedition in 2016 to study the species’ biology , threatened status and potential tools for its protection .

the primary goal of this project is to scientifically investigate the habitat use of the atlantic weasel shark at different life stages ( juveniles and adults ) , to increase the scientific knowledge about the biology of this species and to investigate opportunities for its protection . using the weasel shark as an umbrella species we hope to create awareness for sharks in this region in general , on a national and international level . this project also aims to train local researchers , to provide a better scientific infrastructure and to promote non - lethal catch and minimally invasive research methods for sharks .

eastern atlantic : cape verde and mauritania to northern namibia ( ref . 244 , 5578 ) ; possibly extending north to morocco . record from the northwest atlantic , specifically in new england , has not been verified even after an extensive survey of the area has been conducted .

the atlantic weasel shark is a demersal species inhabiting both inshore and offshore waters around the continental shelf in tropical to warm - temperate waters . the species occurs in shallow waters up to 100 m , and can be found quite close to land in the surf zone . common within its area of occurrence , little is known about the biology of this species ( compagno in prep . ) .

coloration the dorsal surface of this weasel shark is light gray to bronze , with yellow stripes running down the length of the body while the ventral surface is white . the yellow stripes are not prominent in preserved specimens . the fins have no distinguishing marks .

the english language common name is the atlantic weasel shark . other common names include atlantiese weselhaai ( afrikaans ) , atlantische wezelhaai ( dutch ) , atlantisk væselhaj ( danish ) , ehoushouinon ( fon gbe ) , marajo ( spanish ) , milandre jaune ( french ) , requin ( french ) , taess ( arabic ) , tiburón comadiza ( spanish ) , tiburón comadreja ( spanish ) and tubarão - doninha ( portuguese ) .

on our last expedition to cabo verde in 2015 , we installed acoustic underwater receivers in each a bay of the two islands were we found adult and juvenile atlantic weasel sharks . acoustic transmitter tags can communicate with these receivers , recording the presence of tagged individuals even in months where weather makes it impossible to be physically present .

greek , para = the side of + greek , galeos = a kind of shark ( ref . 45335 )

distributed throughout the east atlantic around the cape verde islands , and from mauritania down to angola ( compagno et al . 2005 ) . possibly occurs as far north as morocco ( compagno et al . 2005 ) and as far south as namibia ( bianchi et al . 1999 , carpenter 2008 ) . one northwest atlantic record from 1906 ( compagno et al . 2005 ) . there are no further records from the tropical atlantic , possible that the locality data from this specimen was erroneous ( compagno in prep . ) .

the atlantic weasel shark has a slender body and moderately long snout . the broad oval eyes are large and possess internal nictitating eyelids . the mouth is rounded and moderately long . the first dorsal fin is located in front of the pelvic fins and is larger than the second dorsal fin . the second dorsal fin is approximately two thirds the size of the first dorsal and originates slightly anterior of the anal fin origin . there are no spines on either dorsal fin . the pectoral fins are elongate and pointed . the anal fin is smaller than the second dorsal fin . the pelvic and dorsal fins as well as the ventral caudal lobe is not falcate , a character used to distinguish this shark from other weasel sharks . the caudal peduncle is slender and lacks lateral ridges . this shark also has an asymmetric caudal fin with a strong ventral lobe as well as precaudal pits . the caudal fin terminates in a narrowly rounded tip .

i have been researching sharks since 2009 , ranging from the conservation of white sharks in south africa to shark conservation and life history studies in the north atlantic . i have a bsc in biology from the university of marburg and an msc in biological oceanography from the university of kiel . i have extensive training in working with sharks and i am holding a certificate on the care and use of fish , was trained by our university veterinarian and conducted external passive tagging , satellite tagging and surgically implanted acoustic transmitters in several shark species .

are limited . another possibility is that the locality data for the specimen as obtained by garman is erroneous . it seems unlikely that the shark was transported alive from the eastern

this researcher has identified a valuable enclave of special interest in a possible weasel shark refuge and breeding area . the project goals are clearly stated and the study is very modest in the resources needed while the results will be important to move forward the agenda of achieving some protected status for some of this habitat if it in fact is a nursery area / critical habitat for this species . a lot of bang for the buck in research terms .

dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . a slender weasel shark with a moderately long snout , large eyes , and a short , small mouth with small , serrated upper teeth and erect - cusped lower teeth ( ref . 5578 ) . light grey or bronze with longitudinal yellow stripes , fins plain ; white below ( ref . 5578 ) .

in our lab a study was conducted which found that globally almost half of scientifically assessed shark populations are exploited above their rebound potential . this trend is triggered by an increasing demand for shark products and unwanted bycatch in fisheries targeting other marine life . sharks have long lifespans , late maturity and slow growth , which make them extremely vulnerable to even mild exploitation rates . scientists have become concerned about declines in sharks as their depletion may have serious consequences for the structure , function and stability of marine ecosystems . indeed , sharks belong to the most threatened of all vertebrates , making adequate shark protection essential to safeguard important ecosystem services .

for donations of $ 250 usd and more : you can give the shark a name . we will provide you with information on this individual and its whereabouts . we will also try to send you a picture . if you like this project please help us and share it .

what got me in particular is that sharks , which have been on this planet for more than 400 million years and survived several mass extinctions , can become threatened in only a few decades , by us . i therefore decided to make scientific shark research that aids their understanding and protection my priority .

this shark is viviparous , bearing 1 - 4 pups per litter ( mostly two ) , each about 47 cm in length . off senegal most young are born between may to june . this species reaches a maximum size of 138 cm in length , with males maturing at about 80cm and females maturing between 75 and 90 cm ( compagno

compagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 . rome : fao . ( ref . 244 )

habitat protection is a very important tool in conservation , especially in areas where assessments are lacking and caches are not regulated . for example , temporal area closures for fishing fleets in important habitat areas can reduce the mortality on important life stages and therefore aid in stock rebuilding . pupping grounds , nursery areas and spawning grounds are critical for recruitment success and adequate protection of these sites could increase survival and the species’ capacity to withstand fishing pressure . on the other hand , intensive fishing in such areas is likely to make species more vulnerable to overexploitation . there is increasing evidence that a number of different shark species utilize the same critical habitat areas in consecutive years . identifying important habitat areas is therefore critical to aid effective shark protection .

a very common inshore to offshore shark of the continental shelf occurring at depths of a few meters to slightly over 100 m ( ref . 244 ) . a specialist feeder that prefers cephalopods , also feeds on small bony fishes ( ref . 244 ) . viviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . utilized fresh and dried salted for human consumption , and processed into fishmeal ( ref . 244 ) .

this is a very timely and well articulated project . chondrichthyan research is challenging and notoriously difficult to secure funding for . in african waters extensive unregulated fishing occurs and studies such as this are crucial to understand the ecological composition in such threatened marine regions . manuel dureuil is one of the most driven and dedicated shark scientists i have met and i look forward to seeing the outputs of this study from his team !

this small shark has a slender body , long snout , and large oval eyes . the fins are somewhat small except for the elongated , pointed pectoral fins , and it has an asymmetric caudal ( tail ) fin . this specialized feeder preys mostly on cephalopods like squid and octopus , but will sometimes eat small fish . because of its size , usually no bigger than 4 . 5 feet long , and its specialized diet , it is considered little to no harm to humans .

marine ; demersal ; depth range ? - 100 m ( ref . 5578 ) , usually 30 - 70 m ( ref . 10730 ) . tropical ; 30°n -

maturity : l m ? , range 75 - 90 cm max length : 140 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5578 ) ; common length : 100 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 26999 )

viviparous ( with a yolk - sac placenta ) , with 1 to 4 young per litter . size at birth about 47 cm ( ref . 244 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5664 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00347 ( 0 . 00150 - 0 . 00799 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 3 ±0 . 64 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( fec = 1 ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 63 of 100 ) .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

p . gruveli is considered a synonym of p . pectoralis , following krefft ( 1968 ) , compagno ( 1979 , 1984 , 1988 ) , and cadenat and blache ( 1982 ) .

it is a specialist feeder , primarily feeding on cephalopods , including squid and octopi . occasionally preys on small bony fishes such as soles and sardines to make up its diet ( compagno in prep . ) .

the meat is utilised fresh and dried - salted for human consumption and processed into fishmeal ( compagno in prep . ) .

no conservation measures are in place . catch levels need to be quantified and monitored .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

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the iucn is a global union of states , governmental agencies , and non - governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species .

the small mouth contains compressed teeth with distal cusplets and broad bases in the upper jaw and moderately long teeth with nearly straight smooth - edged cusps in the lower jaw . there are 26 - 30 rows of teeth in the upper jaw and 27 - 33 rows in the lower jaw with three of these rows located at the symphysis of the jaw .

: cape verde islands and mauritania to angola , possibly northward to morocco . ? western north

1 to 4 but mostly ( 60 % of 77 individuals ) 2 . off senegal most young are born in may and june .

in their stomachs ( cadenat and blache , l9b2 ) . the remainder of this

females reported from 83 to 117 cm ; size at birth about 47 cm .

- and - line , gillnets , and bottom trawls ; its meat is used fresh and dried salted for human consumption , and it is processed into fishmeal .

following krefft ( 1968 ) , compagno ( 1979 ) , and cadenat and blache ( 1982 ) . the record of the

by human agency to the " aquarial gardens " , because of the slow transportation ( steamships ) and limited aquarial technology available at the turn of the century .

locality : " . . . from the ' aquarial gardens ' , for which the collections were made off the coasts of massachusetts and rhode island . " (

cadenat , j . , 1950 . remarques biologiques sur leptocharias smithii müller et henle . bull . inst . fr . afr . noire , 12 ( 2 ) : 1950 408 - 11

cadenat , j . , 1957 . notes d ' ichtyologie ouest - africaine . 17 . biologie , régime alimentaire . bull . inst . fond . afr . noire ( a . sci . nat . ) , 19 ( 1 ) : 274 - 94

krefft , g . , 1968 . knorpelfische ( chondrichthyes ) aus dem tropischen ostatlantik . atlantide rep . , ( 10 ) : 33 - 76

compagno , l . j . v . , 1979 . carcharhinoid sharks : morphology , systematics and phylogeny . unpublished ph . d . thesis , stanford university , 932 p . available from university microfilms international , ann arbor , michigan

cadenat , j . and j . blache , 1981 . requins de mediterranee et d ' atlantique . faune trop . orstom , 21 : 330 p .

this experiment is part of the sharks , skates , and rays challenge grant .

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join an online community of 32 , 000 explorers of science . read about our mission .

the 10 acoustic transmitter tags will allow us to start a detailed investigation of the habitat use over 2 to 3 years . animals tagged with these transmitters can be located continuously by already installed underwater receivers , giving us information on when an individual is present in these bays . implanting these tags requires a small surgery with sterile tools . the about 200 external marker tags are particularly critical to study the body growth rate of this species , which is important for fisheries assessment and a good indicator of species’ vulnerability to fishing . the last bit we need is the tagging equipment , such as a tagging pole .

our field work is accompanied by a veterinarian and an experienced specialists for catch and live release and safe handling of sharks , both working for decades with these animals . in this project we are also working together with the ocean tracking network urltoken local ngo’s ( biosfera i and fundacao maio biodiversidade ) , the national institute for fisheries development ( indp ) and of course local students , local communities and local fishing charters

i am currently a phd candidate of dalhousie university and the transatlantic ocean system science and technology ( tosst ) school , under the supervision of dr . boris worm . boris is a full professor at dalhousie university , focusing on the conservation of marine biodiversity worldwide . he has authored over 100 publications on these topics , many with a focus on large marine predators , specifically sharks , tuna and billfish . our scientific papers can be found here .

i love nature and my life passion is to help conserve sharks worldwide . i am convinced that protecting nature is one of the most critical challenges we have . growing up far away from the sea , observations of birds and the local fauna in my childhood had to replace sharks . although i was always fascinated by sharks , at the time i was doing my undergraduate in biology , things became more concrete . i read boris’s first articles showing that sharks might be in deep trouble .

increasing the biological knowledge and uncovering habitat use is important for our understanding and protection of sharks worldwide .

acoustic tagging is ideal to provide information on presence or absence of individuals in a specific area over time . this allows us to investigate for example ‘site fidelity’ , a behavior where individuals return to key aggregation sites repeatedly over time . this is crucial information in determining if a species will benefit from habitat protection .

passive tagging , where species are equipped with an external marker tag carrying a unique identification number , can further provide general information on species movement and densities . it is a relatively inexpensive method , independent from battery life , and therefore allows to study more individuals over longer time periods . in addition , this method allows to investigate body growth from tagged and recaptured animals . body growth of individuals is an important piece of knowledge for fisheries science .

furthermore , the access to the animals while tagging enable us to record all kind of biological data , such as sex , genetic samples , blood and size measurements , as well as investigating environmental preferences of animals . this can provide important information to help us understand how vulnerable the species might be to disturbances , such as fishing pressure or climate change .

this research is part of a greater project , the cabo verde elasmobranch research and conservation project . this project aims to support the development of comprehensive , long - term and effective science based protections measures for cabo verde elasmobranchs ( sharks , skates and rays ) , through scientific research , governmental , ngo and community based conservation projects and education . therefore , an innovative coalition of researchers , industry , local communities , governmental and non - governmental organizations has been established . the project also strives to promote and utilize only non - lethal research methods and to be as minimally invasive as possible .

the acoustic underwater receivers that have already been installed can also be used by other scientists doing research on other marine species , from fish to sea turtles . this means our project can help others happen in the future and may even allow to study the interaction among different marine species

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name " atlantinkärppähai " to " paragaleus pectoralis ( garman , 1906 ) " .

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