dendrochirus zebra , known commonly as the zebra turkeyfish or zebra lionfish among other vernacular names , is a species of marine fish in the family scorpaenidae .

zebra turkeyfishes are widespread throughout the tropical waters of the indo-west pacific including the red sea .

dendrochirus zebra

dendrochirus zebra <EOT> maggie whitson marked " zebra turkeyfish ( dendrochirus zebra ) " as trusted on the " dendrochirus zebra " page .

click the button below to add the dwarf / zebra lionfish ( dendrochirus zebra ) to your wish list .

dendrochirus zebra has not been evaluated for the iucn red list of threatened species .

dendrochirus zebra is known under several different names in english , such as zebra lionfish , zebra firefish , and zebra turkeyfish . it is a member of the family scorpaenidae where you will find the scorpionfishes .

the dwarf lionfish looks similar to the zebra lionfish , dendrochirus zebra . the easiest way to tell them apart is by the lack of spotted bands crossing the pectoral fins of the zebra lionfish .

nistha sirapattarapongkul added the thai common name " ปลาสิงโตลายขวาง " to " dendrochirus zebra ( cuvier , 1829 ) " .

nistha sirapattarapongkul added the thai common name " ปลาสิงโตแคระ้้ม้าลาย " to " dendrochirus zebra ( cuvier , 1829 ) " .

a zebra lionfish , dendrochirus zebra , at south solitary island , new south wales , 12 february 2013 . source : ian v . shaw / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution

maggie whitson marked the classification from " species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 " as preferred for " dendrochirus zebra ( cuvier , 1829 ) " .

the largest scientifically measured zebra lionfish was 25 cm / 9 . 8 in .

the zebra lionfish is an egg - layer . it has spawned in captivity .

citation : " zebra turkeyfishes , dendrochirus zebra ~ marinebio . org . " marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio

justification : dendrochirus zebra is widespread throughout the indo - pacific and can be locally abundant in parts of its range . there are no known major threats ; therefore , it is listed as least concern .

rizzari jr , lönnstedt om . 2014 cooperative hunting and gregarious behaviour in the zebra lionfish ,

lionfish of this species , dendrochirus , are allowed to be shipped into the state of florida . only species of the genus pterois are banned .

the zebra lionfish can be confused with the dwarf lionfish , but you can tell them apart by looking at the pectoral fins . if the pectoral fins are adorned with spotted bands , you are looking at a dwarf lionfish , not a zebra .

remarks : the genus dendrochirus differs from pterois by having the pectoral rays connected to each other almost to tips . favoured by aquarists . dorsal fin spines extremely venomous .

justification : dendrochirus bracypterus is widespread throughout the indo - pacific and is not uncommon . there are no known major threats ; therefore , it is listed as least concern .

dendrochirus zebra is widespread throughout the indo - west pacific , from the red sea and east africa west to tonga , north to southern japan , and south to australia ( poss 1999 , allen and erdmann 2012 ) . this species is generally found at depths of 2 - 75 m ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) .

( a ) mean change in proportion of time d . zebra initiators spent in front of prey compartment ( grey bars ) and predator holding area ( white bars ) before and after prey were released into chamber . ( b ) number of times initiators ( grey bars ) and responders ( dark grey bars ) displayed fin - signals after prey had been added . ( c ) mean number of prey caught by solitary d . zebra , two d . zebra or a d . zebra and p . antennata hunting together during a 10 - min hunting trial .

dendrochirus zebra is a marine , reef - associated species , normally found on coral or other rocky substrates of reef flats , in addition to being encountered in lagoons and caves in small groups ( lieske and myers 1994 ) . during the pelagic stage of its life cycle , d . zebra travel large distances and ends up in sub - tropical areas ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) . this species has a maximum standard length of 20 centimeters ( poss 1999 ) .

] , it could help explain the exceptionally high prey capture rates of lionfish predators . in this study , we investigated whether the zebra lionfish (

the zebra lionfish has a reddish body decorated with five dark bars . in large specimens , the five major dark bars will alternate with thin dark bars . there is a dark spot on the cheek of the fish . the flamboyant colouration is a warning signal that lets other animals know that the zebra lionfish is venomous .

the d . zebra is a lion that often succumbs to illness relatively quickly upon acquisition . this beautiful example is a healthy specimen owned and photographed by william lyon .

the zebra lionfish looks similar to the dwarf lionfish . the easiest way to tell them apart is by the presence of spotted bands crossing the pectoral fins of the dwarf lionfish .

the zebra lionfish ' s striking colouration is a " warning " to potential predators that the species has poisonous dorsal fin spines . the species is widely distributed throughout the tropical indo - pacific .

the zebra lionfish is widely distributed throughout the tropical indo - pacific . in australia it is found from shark bay , western australia , around the tropical north , and south to sydney , new south wales .

( of pterois zebra cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

is known as the zebra lionfish or dwarf lionfish . it has red , white , and black vertical stripes along the body ; large , fan - like pectoral fins ; and tall , quill - like dorsal fins .

research dendrochirus zebra » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms

( of pseudomonopterus zebra ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( a ) the study species d . zebra . ( b ) the flared fin display sequence by initiator predators . ( c ) experimental labyrinth chamber . ( photo credit : oona lönnstedt . ) ( online version in colour . )

unlike d . brachypterus and d . barberi , this species is not sexually dimorphic , although very subtle differences between the sexes have been reported , such as larger heads and bodies in male specimens . it is also reported that just prior to spawning , the female zebra takes on a brilliant white color with a dark midsection . since it is virtually impossible to sex this species , and males will fight , it’s best to keep a single specimen of d . zebra per tank .

the zebra lionfish can be distinguished by a combination of characters including its long pectoral and dorsal fins , its colouration , the number of scales in the lateral line and the number of pectoral fin rays . the striking colouration is a " warning " to potential predators that this species has poisonous dorsal fin spines .

the zebra lionfish is a carnivore species that should be kept on a meaty diet in the aquarium . you can for instance feed it live fish and various types of live shrimp . it is important to keep the diet varied and include many different animals . some specimens can be trained to accept crustacean flesh .

in the wild , this little lion is fond of sheltered areas with lower current flow , so be sure to provide it with some sheltered areas in which to rest and avoid fast laminar flow . in the wild , d . zebra preys mainly on crabs and shrimp , although they will occasionally eat small fish , and like all lionfish is a crepuscular hunter .

it is not advisable to house zebra lionfish in an aquarium smaller than 30 gallons / 115 litres . it is important to include numerous suitable hiding spots in the set up . don’t worry if your lionfish spends most of its time hiding when newly introduced to your aquarium ; it will become braver eventually if the aquarium contains enough hiding spots into which it can retreat .

dendrochirus brachypterus is distributed throughout the indo - west pacific , from the red sea and east africa west to samoa , and australia to the philippines ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) . records from the hawaiian islands ( e . g . , poss 1999 ) require verification . it is frequently found at depths of 2 to 80 m ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) , although it is more usually found in waters less than 60 m ( h . motomura pers . comm . 2015 ) .

the zebra lionfish is primarily found on corals , among rubbles , and over reef flats with rocky bottoms , but you can also encounter it in coastal as well as outer reef environments in sheltered lagoons and caves . most specimens stay in the 3 - 60 m / 10 - 197 feet range , but some have been encountered at a depth of 80 meters / 262 feet .

the zebra lionfish lives in the indo - west pacific . its geographical range stretches from east africa and the red sea to samoa . the northernmost specimens are found south of japan , while the southernmost specimens inhabit the waters of australia . this species is found from 30°n to 15°s . during the pelagic stage , the offspring can travel great distances since they are transported by currents and they can reach sub - tropical parts of the ocean .

this is a marine , reef - associated fish , most frequently found in reef flats , shallow lagoons , and in areas with sandy substrates ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) . the adults of this species reach a maximum standard length of 15 cm , but can sometimes grow to be as big as 25 cm ( poss 1999 ) . the juveniles are sometimes found in small groups of about 10 individuals on small reef outcroppings , whereas the adults are found on sponges ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) . dendrochirus brachypterus are nocturnal . this species feeds on small crustaceans ( myers 1999 ) .

our study provides the first experimental demonstration of mutually beneficial cooperative hunting between pairs of predators . zebra lionfish use a highly stereotyped flared fin display to signal for hunting support to members of the same and a different species of lionfish , and hunting partners actively respond to initiators with a fin display . when hunting cooperatively , the predators used their large extended pectoral fins to herd prey into a corner and then took turns to strike and feed on the prey .

bodied pterois volitans . d . zebra can be identified by a dark spot on the lower portion of the operculum , the presence of two white spots ( sometimes more of a free - form white hourglass ) on the caudal peduncle , and dark concentric bands at the base of its beautiful webbed pectoral fins . the pectoral fin membranes extend almost to the fin ray tips , forming a non - incised web . like most lionfish , the body pattern consists of alternating dark brown / reddish and light brown / off - white stripes .

greek , dendron = tree + greek , cheir = hands ; with tree like marks ( ref . 45335 )

marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 3 - 80 m ( ref . 30874 ) , usually ? - 60 m ( ref . 37816 ) . tropical ; 30°n - 30°s , 32°e - 163°w

indo - west pacific : red sea and east africa to samoa , north to southern japan and the ogasawara islands , south to australia and lord howe island .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1602 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 - 11 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 6 - 7 . body reddish with 5 dark bars , alternating with thin dark bars in large specimens ; median fins with small dark spots ; dark spot on cheek ( ref . 4313 ) . mid - dorsal spines longer than body depth ( ref . 37816 ) .

found on coral , rubble , or rock bottoms of reef flats ( ref . 9710 ) ; also in coastal to outer reef habitats in sheltered lagoons and in caves , sometimes in small aggregations . usually shallow , from 3 - 60m ( ref . 30874 ) but also reported to 80 m depth . pelagic stages travel great distances and expatriate to sub - tropical zones ( ref . 48635 ) . spawned in captivity ( ref . 37816 ) .

spawn in pairs . courtship and spawning occur at night . males aggressive , females are smaller and develop almost white face when in courtship . spawning occurs at the apex of a short and rapid paired ascent resulting in a gelatinous mass of 2 , 000 to 15 , 000 eggs . hatching occurs 36 hours later and larvae settle out in a few weeks at a size of 10 - 12 mm .

myers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01148 ( 0 . 00449 - 0 . 02935 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 66 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .

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dwarf lionfish , small : over 1 - 1 . 5 " , indo pacific

dwarf lionfish , medium : over 1 . 5 - 3 . 5 " , indo pacific

dwarf lionfish , large : over 3 . 5 - 5 . 5 " , indo pacific

due to availability and individuality of each species , colors and sizes may vary .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 7 january 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 7 january 2015 ) .

american samoa ; australia ; british indian ocean territory ; china ; christmas island ; comoros ; disputed territory ( paracel is . , spratly is . ) ; djibouti ; egypt ; eritrea ; fiji ; french southern territories ( mozambique channel is . ) ; india ; indonesia ; israel ; japan ; jordan ; kenya ; korea , republic of ; madagascar ; malaysia ; marshall islands ; mauritius ; mayotte ; micronesia , federated states of ; mozambique ; myanmar ; new caledonia ; norfolk island ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; réunion ; samoa ; saudi arabia ; seychelles ; solomon islands ; somalia ; south africa ; sri lanka ; sudan ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; timor - leste ; tonga ; vanuatu ; viet nam ; wallis and futuna ; yemen

this species is not uncommon , and is locally abundant in some parts of its range ( japan ) ( h . motomura pers . comm . 2015 ) .

this species is taken for the aquarium trade , and is of minor use to commercial fisheries ( h . motomura pers . comm . 2015 ) .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . source : atlas of living australia .

hoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .

hutchins , b . & r . swainston . 1986 . sea fishes of southern australia . complete field guide for anglers and divers . swainston publishing . pp . 180 .

kuiter , r . h . 1993 . coastal fishes of south - eastern australia . crawford house press . pp . 437 .

kuiter , r . h . 1996 . guide to sea fishes of australia . new holland . pp . 433 .

description common in the philippines where it is exported for the aquarium trade ; rare in micronesia . inhabits shallow reef areas .

description common in the philippines where it is exported for the aquarium trade ; rare in micronesia . inhabits shallow reef areas . [ details ]

the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license

froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

hong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

remark d . zebrae in < 355 > . type species of genus . [ details ]

classification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by maggie whitson - see more .

eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .

to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !

this species is highly venomous and this venom can , under certain circumstances , be fatal .

in case of poisoning , it is vital to have as much information as possible regarding the species / poison . have telephone number for the poison hotline close to the aquarium . since people can have different reactions to poisons , take precautions necessary to ensure your safety and that of your surroundings .

these fish prefer live feed , such as live fish or shrimp . some specimens refuse " dead " food altogether , while others can be trained to accept it . its easiest to move the frozen food around in front of the fish with a pair of tweezers . as soon as the fish shows interest and “attacks” , let go of the food .

they will try to eat all fish , shrimps and similar life forms that are small enough to fit in itheir mouth .

they should be fed a couple of times a week . the fish and shrimps used as foods , must remain whole to give the lionfish the optimum nutrition . the food must not be thawed naturaly , this helps to retain all the goodness .

suitable live food are : mollies , guppies and ghostshrimp . the feeder fish or shrimp should be fed with nutritious feed , like cyclop - eeze for example .

this is problematic when working with ones hands in the tank , without the fish coming too close with its venomous spines .

scorpion - / lionfish ( scorpaenidae ) are both pretty and interesting because of their special appearance and behaviour .

they are generally hardy and do not need a large swimming area , but do often require feeding with small live fish and / or shrimps . some will quickly begin eating frozen fish or shrimp whilst others will refuse to eat " dead " food . their food must be highly nutritious and varied . they must not be fed too often . feed them a large meal twice a week .

these fish are mostly peaceful , but will eat anything that fits into their mouth . one might be surprised by how large their prey can be , they can even swallow fish which nearly match their own length . they will also eat each other , if the size difference is large enough . their venomous spines do not guarantee that they will not be eaten by other predatory fishes .

do be cautious when having your hands in the aquarium as these fish are very poisonous .

some scorpionfish require a special substrate , either coral gravel or fine sand , as this resembles their natural habitat .

be careful when catching scorpion - / lionfish as they can easily get caught in the net .

scott w . michael . 2001 . reef fishes volume 1 - tfh publications / microcosm ltd . - ( english ) henry c . schultz . 2002 . scorpionfish : masters of camouflage - reefkeeping magazine - ( english ) greg and renee hix . scorpionfish in the home aquarium - lionfish lair - ( english ) greg and renee hix . lionfish in the home aquarium - lionfish lair - ( english ) daniel pomfret - 2007 . venomous beauties : a look at scorpionfishes in the home aquarium - tropical fish hobbyist magazine - ( english )

froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2014 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken , version ( 08 / 2014 ) .

" minimum volume " indicates the size of the tank needed to house this species under optimal conditions .

this is based on a medium size animal , which you want to keep for several years . it might be possible to keep smaller specimens for a limited period in a smaller tank . a larger tank might be needed for fully - grown specimens .

" hardiness " indicates how resistant this species is to disease and how well i tolerates bad conditions in general . some species doesn ' t handle transportation very well , but that doesn ' t mean that the species isn ' t hardy under the right conditions .

in this case , a " normal " aquarium is a reef aquarium with mixed corals or a fish only aquarium with an approximately salinity of 1 . 026 ( sg ) and a temperature close to 26°c . species requiring more than a 4000 - liter tank are considered not suitable for home aquarium .

special aquariums may cover tanks with low salinity , sub - tropical temperature , deep sand bed , sea grass etc .

always reef safe : no sources indicate that this species will harm corals or other invertebrates .

often reef safe : only a few aquarists has reported problems keeping this species with corals and other invertebrates .

reef safe with caution : this species may be a threat to some types of invertebrates .

reef safe with luck : most specimens will harm corals and / or other invertebrates , but you might be lucky .

not reef safe : this species is a threat to most corals and / or other invertebrates .

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special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3

robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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a 50 gallon or larger aquarium with numerous hiding places is suitable . it will hide while acclimating to its new environment . the top spines are venomous , causing reactions similar to a bee sting . to treat the sting , soak the affected area in hot water ( 100 - 110º f ) .

when first introduced into the aquarium , live saltwater feeder shrimp should be used to entice this fish to eat . the dwarf lionfish diet consists of meaty foods such as live shrimp ( including ornamental shrimp ) , live fish , and sometimes , crustacean flesh .

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this home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .

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allen , g . r . and r . c . steene ( 1988 ) fishes of christmas island indian ocean . : christmas island natural history association , christmas island , indian ocean , 6798 , australia . 197 p .

anonymous ( 2001 ) on reef fisheries exploitation and trade in indonesia . : p . 41 - 44 . in country status overview 2001on reef fisheries exploitation and trade in indonesia . ministry of marine affairs and fisheries , telepak indo . found . and international marine alliance ( ima ) indonesia . indonesia .

carl , h . ( 2003 ) danish fish names . : zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished .

chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken

department of fisheries malaysia ( 2009 ) valid local name of malaysian marine fishes . : department of fisheries malaysia . ministry of agriculture and agro - based industry . 180 p .

duong , t . t . ( 2001 ) mot so loai ca thuong gap o bien viet nam ( viet nam ' s common marine fishes catalogue ) . : ministry of fisheries of viet nam - fisheries information center of viet nam . 195 p .

eschmeyer , w . n . ( 1986 ) scorpaenidae . : p . 463 - 478 . in m . m . smith and p . c . heemstra ( eds . ) smiths ' sea fishes . springer - verlag , berlin .

eschmeyer , william n . , ed . , 1998 : catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905 .

fao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .

fischer , w . , i . sousa , c . silva , a . de freitas , j . m . poutiers , w . schneider , t . c . borges , j . p . feral and a . massinga ( 1990 ) fichas fao de identificaçao de espécies para actividades de pesca . guia de campo das espécies comerciais marinhas e de águas salobras de moçambique . : publicaçao preparada em collaboraçao com o instituto de investigaçao pesquiera de moçambique , com financiamento do projecto pnud / fao moz / 86 / 030 e de norad . roma , fao . 1990 . 424 p .

fricke , r . ( 1999 ) fishes of the mascarene islands ( réunion , mauritius , rodriguez ) : an annotated checklist , with descriptions of new species . : koeltz scientific books , koenigstein , theses zoologicae , vol . 31 : 759 p .

froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .

hoese , d . f . , d . j . bray , j . r . paxton and g . r . allen ( 2006 ) fishes . : in beasley , o . l . and a . wells ( eds . ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . 2 australia : abrs & csiro publishing , 1472 p .

kailola , p . j . ( 1987 ) the fishes of papua new guinea : a revised and annotated checklist . vol . ii scorpaenidae to callionymidae . : research bulletin no . 41 , research section , dept . of fisheries and marine resources , papua new guinea .

kullander , s . o . ( 2003 ) list of swedish names . cd version . : personal communication , september 2003 .

liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .

mindanao state university at naawan ( 1995 ) rapid resource appraisal of davao gulf . : mindanao state university at naawan foundation for science and techology development , inc .

mohsin , a . k . m . , m . a . ambak and m . n . a . salam ( 1993 ) malay , english , and scientific names of the fishes of malaysia . : occas . publ . fac . fish . mar . sci . univ . pertanian malays . 11 : 226 p .

myers , r . f . ( 1991 ) micronesian reef fishes . : second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p .

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don’t forget to click on the arrow after the scientific names to hear it pronounced correctly .

the lightning bolt appearance in the eye of this lion is the retinal tapetum lucidum . it’s a membrane on back of the retina , that makes the most out of all available light for this crepuscular hunter .

day , and emerging to hunt in the dim light of the evening and pre - dawn hours . it is during these low - light hours that the wild , striped patterns and dermal tassels of the lionfish allow them to blend in with shadows and reef growth , similar to the way tigers and leopards blend into the vegetation on land .

this diagram depicts all of the key anatomical landmarks spoke of throughout this guide .

click on the picture of the cuticle above to see our lion actively shedding .

diagram illustrating the difference between total length ( tl ) and standard length ( sl ) measurements .

comparison showing the juvenile ( left ) and adult ( right ) phases of d . barberi . note the hint of red in the iris of the juvenile versus the deep red of the adult .

in terms of habits , this fish is a bit more cryptic than d . brachypterus , however , not terribly so . like pretty much all lionfish , they do indeed learn to recognize the “food god” and will be there to greet you .

care for this lionfish is similar to that of the fuzzy dwarf . as mentioned , this delightful little lion isn’t super common , and isn’t the showiest , but well worth keeping if you can find one .

the fu manchu may be a little shy at first , but will warm up to you in no time .

this little lionfish is one of the most striking dwarf lions in appearance as well as one of the hardest to keep . the base color of this species is red / orange with dark , almost black mottled stripes and specks on its body with white highlights on its face , mandibular extensions , and fins . these mandibular appendages resemble a mustache , and have given rise to this fish’s most common name fu manchu . the second dorsal fin is adorned with two eyespots ( ocellae ) , which give this fish its species name : biocellatus , which means “two eyes” . it should be noted , however , that some specimens do indeed have a third ocellus on this fin ( we jokingly refer to these specimens as triocellatus around our house ) . their pectoral fins are smoothly rounded and resemble a fandango dancer’s fans , with only the lower few ray tips forming a serrated edge . all in all , the fu is a very handsome fish .

you’re probably already wondering why the fu manchu is considered a bit tough to keep . there are a few reasons : first , these fish tend to be poor shippers , so acquiring a healthy specimen is of utmost importance . secondly , they are shy , especially at first , and can be rather difficult to wean onto prepared foods . to that end , it is important for this fish to have plenty of rockwork with caves and overhangs to shelter in until it is acclimated to its surroundings . in my experience , the fact that cryptic fish have places to hide will actually make them more adventurous simply because they know that have a safe house handy if needed .

click on the picture to see a video of the fast respiratory rate of our d . biocellatus . this is normal for this species .

while we’re discussing the feeding habits of d . biocellatus , we would like to mention their fascinating and bizarre hunting behavior . once a prey item is sighted , the fish will creep up and begin to shake its head from side - to - side while it flares its opercula . once it is within striking range of its prey , the lionfish will begin to rhythmically twitch its dorsal spines back - and - forth while vibrating the lower tips of its pectoral rays to confuse the food item . finally , the lion strikes and sucks its hapless prey into its mouth a la hoover .

while most lionfish exhibit slow , even respirations , it is important to realize that the fu manchu’s normal breathing rate always seems to be rather fast , so don’t worry if you notice this . one final note regarding the fu manchu is that it is probably the most intolerant of conspecifics of any of the lionfish species . even in larger setups , these fish will seek each other out and fight . it is conjectured that a m - f pair may not fight , however , unlike d . brachypterus , d . biocellatus is not sexually dimorphic / dichromic , thus it is impossible to discern the sex of this species .

whenever we’re asked to recommend a single dwarf lionfish species , this is our choice , hands down . fuzzies are pretty , hardy , and personable fish , and have relatively small mouths when compared to many other lionfish species . as their most popular common name implies , the scales of this lionfish have a fuzzy appearance to them . although these fish come in three basic color morphs ( brownish , red , and yellow ) , they can be virtually any combination of these hues . the brownish morph is the most common , and the yellows are a pretty rare find , as this color morph is only found in fish that hail from the lembeh strait and typically command a high price ( $ 300 - $ 400 usd ) .

although a little tight , a properly aquascaped 30 gallon tank will house a single specimen , m - f - f trios can be kept in larger setups of at least 60 gallons . it is important for multiple fuzzies be properly sexed as males will indeed fight .

fuzzies are generally out and about once they become accustomed to their setup and will brazenly beg to the food god when they see someone enter the room . even so , they should be provided with caves and overhangs to give them that comfort factor . in fact , many fuzzies have their own special attention - getting antics , such as learning to spit water at their keepers ( they’re surprisingly accurate ! ) .

this little lion makes a great community / reef fish ( with proper tankmates of course ) , and pretty much keep to themselves as long as their tankmates aren’t snack - size and show them the same respect .

in general , captive care for this fish is similar to that of the fuzzy dwarf .

our specimen took readily to stick feeding , and eats the standard scorp fare of fish , shrimp , squid , lobster , etc . we serve at “chez scorp” , although , in the wild , this fish feeds primarily on crustaceans . to that end , picky eaters or new fish that are being conditioned should be offered live ghost shrimp , small crawfish , or fiddler crabs as first foods .

the antennata makes a great addition to a medium to large fish - only or reef display . a final word regarding tankmates : p . antennata has a rather large mouth , even by lionfish standards , so bear this in mind when choosing tankmates .

we consider our p . mombasae to be the peppermint angel of the lion world .

as far as feeding is concerned , once weaned , they’re a typical lionfish that will soon recognize its keeper and will pray to the food god , hoping for a handout . they do perch a bit , but they spend a good amount of time in the water column as well . this lion isn’t super common but is a real eye - catcher and a fabulous fish if you happen to find one .

once you learn the differences in their spot pattern , the mombasae ( left ) and the antennata ( right ) are easily distinguishable .

the p . radiata is harder to find than some of the other lions and often suffer during shipping , but their beauty is undebatable and they are a lucky find .

given our love for all things scorp , we have a hard time saying that a particular lionfish is the prettiest , but this species would definitely be on the short list . it is one of the species that we most often field questions about , simply based on looks alone . speaking of looks , this fish is easily identified by the two horizontal white stripes on its caudal peduncle . radiata lions exhibit broad vertical body bands that are typically dark red / maroon / brown , sometimes with a darkish green / black tint to them . these dark bands are separated by thin , stark white stripes . the lower rays of their long pectoral fin are connected by a membrane near the body up to about a quarter of their length , and the membranes of their second dorsal , anal and caudal fins lack color or markings , hence one of this fish’s common names : clearfin lionfish . this species typically sports a pair of supraorbital antennae .

although there are other attributes that id a radiata , the tail pattern is unique to its species .

radiata lions tend to ship poorly , so finding a pristine , healthy specimen may take some patience . however , a few minor dings should heal up and disappear in pretty short order with good food and low - stress tank conditions . another thing makes this fish a bit more of a find ( and more expensive ) is the fact that in the wild , it is a bit rarer than many lionfish species .

like the other medium lionfish species , p . radiata feeds on crustaceans ( mostly crabs and sometimes shrimp ) in the wild . therefore , a new fish that is being conditioned ( or stubborn weaners ) should be offered live ghost shrimp , small crawfish , or fiddler crabs as first foods . radiated lionfish approach their prey in an interesting forward - tilted , head - down attitude with their pectoral fins outstretched . this species has been dubbed difficult to keep due them being poor shippers , the fact that they are intolerant of poor water quality , and are sometimes difficult to feed / wean . however , although our specimen did look a bit rough from being in the procurement chain , it is a solid stick - feeder and will eat almost anything it is offered .

russel’s lionfish can best be described as a volitans in a slightly smaller package , both in habits and care . it is often seen offered for sale under the incorrect common name red volitans . i actually asked the owner of an aquarium shop why he mis - id’d this fish , and he told me “the people who really know , know , but most people don’t , and it avoids confusion” . i can’t say i agree with the logic , especially since he has a bit of a passion for oddball fish , but i guess it works for some folks .

the p . russelii is most easily identified by the lack of spots on its caudal and median fins , which also gives rise to one of its common names clearfin lionfish . its white body is adorned with reddish - brown vertical bands , which are sparser and more widely spaced than those of the p . volitans . additionally , russel’s lionfish lack the dark markings under its chin that the volitans has . once you see a russel’s , you won’t mistake them as p . volitans thereafter .

note the spots on the caudal fin ( tail ) of the p . volitans that is absent on the p . russelii . occasionally a russels will have spots on their tail , so it’s not an identifier .

note the lack of chin markings of the p . russelii to the left .

this fish is bold , and is almost always out and about in the water column . it is extremely tolerant of tankmates ( unless it thinks they’re snack - size ) , and handles polluted water very well . if you like p . volitans , but don’t quite have the room for one , p . russelii is for you !

this species is what one would have to consider thee lionfish . whenever a person mentions that they keep a lionfish , it is most likely a p . volitans . at this writing , we have kept nine species of lionfish , and although each species has its own allure , there is nothing quite like an adult p . volitans in terms of sheer presence and graceful beauty . they make the ultimate centerpiece fish for the larger aquarium . unfortunately , these fish are often offered as 2” juveniles , and many keepers are unaware as to how large and / or how fast these fish can grow , so many specimens end up being cramped and tank - stunted instead of being able to spread their fins and cruise about their tank .

p . volitans is typically very easy to feed and wean , and weaning is often accomplished by simply adding a chunk of food to the water column , as this species has a voracious appetite . their maximum prey size is often underestimated by aquarists who watch in horror as their adult volitans slurps down a 6” + long tankmate in the blink of an eye .

this species is probably the most forgiving of all lionfish species in terms of water quality and other forms of negligence visited on them by the aquarist . in fact , in the past , this fish was sometimes used to cycle new setups , as they could handle the various spikes in water chemistry . one of the most often made mistakes with this fish is to under - tank it . even a smaller adult will end up being a 12” cube ( including fins ) , so they require a minimum front - to - back depth of 18” just to be able to turn around comfortably .

think a lion and a trigger make good tankmates ? click on the picture to see jerry barbian’s video as to why this coupling may become a problem .

people frequently try to mix volitans with triggers . some people have had success , which can be found more frequently with the pelagic species of triggers . and then there is the more common outcome of a lion and a trigger below . it’s your risk . have a plan “b” if it doesn’t work out .

in a two year span , this lion went from a walnut to a football .

average size : 5” - 6” tl ( ~ 13 – 15 cm ) natural habitat : usually found on open reef flats , in sheltered coastal bays and fine sand or muddy habitats . care level : difficult minimum tank size : 30 g ( ~ 114 l ) frozen food conversion : difficult

the electric blue bands of the pectoral fins , lends to the beauty of the fish .

as flash colors to warn away and confuse predators . the pelvic fins of the bluefin are typically black , hence the common name “blackfoot lionfish” . finally , the trailing edge of their caudal fin is perfectly straight ( squared - off ) , with the uppermost ray elongated to form a streamer . if it weren’t for the difficulty in keeping this fish , it may very well be the perfect lionfish in terms of appearance and size .

another interesting habit of the bluefin is the fact that they are often seen out in the open resting or even partially buried in shallow depressions which they excavate in the soft substrate . when startled , this lion will rear up in its depression , directing the business ends of its dorsal spines toward the attacker . if the attacker persists , it will flash its pectorals and rotate itself 360º in an effort to bewilder the offender as well as to have the ability to defend itself in place . it will leave its foxhole only as a last resort .

this little lion is definitely a rare find , and a special case , as to have even a small chance of keeping it alive for any appreciable length of time , it must be kept under temperate conditions ( less than 65ºf ) . we have been fortunate enough to have had our specimen under our care for well over a year , however , the early months were indeed rough ) .

we consider the p . heterura to be the most beautiful out of all the lions . we had ours 1 year 7 months before we lost him when he jumped out of the tank . cover your tanks !


peripsocus subfasciatus is a species of psocoptera from peripsocidae family that can be found in great britain and ireland .

the species are either black or brown coloured .

peripsocus subfasciatus

peripsocus subfasciatus <EOT> barklice are a convenient group to study because there are relatively few species and these are generally not too difficult to identify . identification keys ( in english ) for most , but not all , species are available in new ( 1974 ) . comprehensive keys for all species ( in french ) are in lienhard ( 1998 ) . since barklice are little studied by entomologists there is plenty of scope for making further discoveries . if nothing else it would be valuable to find out how widespread peripsocus milleri is in the area .

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summary : has been found on branches of deciduous and coniferous / evergreen trees / bushes ( no records from trunks ) .

deciduous branches : beech , bird cherry , elder , hawthorn , lime , oak and sycamore .

conifer / evergreen branches : broom , ivy , larch , laurel , pine , sitka spruce and yew .

upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .

contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .

no cubital loop ( a u - shaped vein on the top - middle of the forewing ) narrows down the families . smokey gray wings = > perispocus

the gray triangles at the wing tips ( distal forewing ) don ' t have a clear rectangle at their center .

blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .

i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .

söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .

söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .

defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .

denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .

du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .

during a stay in the brandwood area of birmingham from 6 - 8 august 2004 i carried out some work to determine which barklice species occur in the area .

the psocoptera is a small order of insects of which about 100 species have been recorded in britain . barklice is the common name for the psocid species that have been recorded out - of - doors ( c . 60 species ) . although little studied by entomologists , barklice are very common and virtually every bush and tree will be home to some species . shaking tree branches over a beating tray and brushing the insects off tree trunks are the best ways of finding most species .

i spent the majority of the short time i had available in brandwood end cemetery and surrounding streets . a few records were made along the worcester and birmingham canal and in king’s norton park .

the following table summarises the sampling areas where each of the 18 species recorded were found .

on 8 august 2004 a single female of this species was found on the trunk of a mature oak tree in jasmin croft ( sp073796 ) , a few metres from brandwood end cemetery . the identification of the specimen was confirmed by charles lienhard of the geneva natural history museum . this species’ inclusion on the british list is due to two specimens being discovered in the hold of a ship in liverpool in 1953 ( new , 1974 ) . this is consequently the first known outdoor record in britain .

the detailed records of the findings including species names , location , 6 - figure grid references , species numbers , sampling details and dates have been given to simon wood of the worcestershire biological record centre .

alexander , k . n . a . ( 2002 ) epicaecilius pilipennis ( lienhard ) ( psocoptera ) new to england from west sussex . entomologist’s record . 114 : 181 .

lienhard , c . ( 1998 ) psocoptères euro - méditerranéens in faune de france . 83 : 1 - 517 .

new , t . r . ( 1974 ) handbooks for the identification of british insects : psocoptera . 1 ( 7 ) : 1 - 102 .

saville , b . ( 1999 ) the barklice ( insecta : psocoptera ) of the lothians ( scotland ) . glasgow naturalist . 23 ( 4 ) : 50 - 54 .

saville , b . ( 2004 ) cumbrian barklice ( psocoptera ) . the carlisle naturalist 12 ( 1 ) : 17 - 20 .

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all identifications on this page have been made as accurately as possible . corrections ? please contact me . . .

seperated into two distinct sub - orders . those you find on walls or trees , or even leaf - litter , are likely to be

' link below each article to return here to choose another species , or continue scrolling up and down for others .

almost certain id by bob saville , though as he suggests an underside shot would confirm , though apparently wing veins help .

- a good find ! i actually found four all on the same day . id by bob saville who runs the uk ' s recording scheme . my images represet this species on the site ' s gallery .

loensia sp . can be little difficult to id . wing veins help , but in some cases the density of the pattern obscures it .

summary : has been found on a wide range of deciduous trees / bushes ( branches and trunks ) , conifer / evergreen branches and heather .

deciduous branches : apple , beech , birch , blackthorn , elder , elm , hawthorn , oak , rowan , sallows and sea buckthorn .

conifer / evergreen branches : broom , cedar , chinese juniper , cypress family , larch , pines , privet , spruces and yew .

kento furui added the japanese common name " マドチャタテ科 " to " peripsocidae " .

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[ cite : 370489 ] a remarkably helpful source , with species accounts ( status , distribution maps , phenology , habitat data ) ; interactive key for rapid identification of adults ; excellent gallery of live photos ; and more . . . strangely , the names of those who put together and run this fine online resource are nowhere to be found : (

johnson k . p . , smith v . s . ( 2013 ) psocodea species file online . version 5 . 0

[ cite : 1286620 ] link all of the nomenclatural , bibliographic , and specimen data accumulated in missouri botanical garden ' s ( mbg ) electronic databases during the past 30 years are publicly available here . this system has nearly 1 . 3 million scientific names and over 4 . 4 million specimen records . great resource for plant distribution beyond us & canada .


the earth-colored mouse ( mus terricolor ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .

it is found in india , possibly indonesia , nepal , and pakistan .

earth - colored mouse

earth - colored mouse <EOT> the earth - coloured mouse ( m . terricolor ) is native to peninsular india , nepal , and pakistan , but it has been introduced into northern sumatra . the fawn - coloured mouse has a natural distribution throughout mainland southeast asia and southern china but also inhabits rice fields on sumatra and java , where it…

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

justification : this species is listed as least concern as it is relatively widely distributed in south asia , where it is regarded as a pest species . it is introduced in sumatra , indonesia .

the species is presumably present within some protected areas . there is a need for taxonomic studies to conclusively determine the distribution of mus booduga and the similar mus booduga .

this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .

( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t13987a115119298 .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

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we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .

this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .

horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …

animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…

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musser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .

mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2

mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing

comments : subgenus mus . formerly referred to as m . dunni ( j . t . marshall , jr . , 1977b , 1986 ) , but terricolor is the older name ( j . t . marshall , jr . , 1977b , 1998 : 80 , and in litt . , 1989 ) . chromosomal results presented by sharma et al . ( 1986 , under dunni ) and boyeskorov et al . ( 1997 , as dunni ) in context of evolutionary divergence from other species of mus . closely related to mus booduga . both species have 2n = 40 , with all telocentric chromosomes , but m . booduga has a slightly smaller y chromosome . all . . .

the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 2 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .

below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .

amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & cox , n . ( global mammal assessment team )

baillie , j . 1996 . mus terricolor . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 9 july 2007 .

musser , g . g . ; carleton , m . d . ( 2005 ) . " superfamily muroidea " . in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 894–1531 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


haloclavidae is a family of sea anemones .

members of the family are found worldwide and many live largely buried in soft substrates with only their oral disc and tentacles protruding .

haloclavidae

haloclavidae <EOT> tree of life web project . 2000 . haloclavidae . version 01 january 2000 ( temporary ) .

, p 29 ) of the family haloclavidae requires slight modifications to accommodate the new taxon within this family ( see above ) .

cruises ant xv / 3 and ant xix / 3 . the new genus shares several features with some genera of the families haloclavidae ( verrill

) have remarked , the distinctness of the families haloclavidae and halcampoididae is not clearly established . most ( if not all ) characters given by carlgren (

metapeachia schlenzae sp . nov . ( cnidaria : actiniaria : haloclavidae ) a new burrowing sea anemone from brazil , with a discussion of the genus metapeachia .

the ' antenna balloon anemone ' found in the seto inland sea : new genus and species of sea anemone , antennapeachia setouchi ( cnidaria , actinaria , haloclavidae ) .

metapeachia schlenzae sp . nov . ( cnidaria : actiniaria : haloclavidae ) a new burrowing sea anemone from brazil , with a discussion of the genus metapea . . . - pubmed - ncbi

, pp 21 , 26 , 29 ) , distinguishing characters between the families haloclavidae and halcampoididae are reduced to the differential length between inner and outer tentacles and the possible absence of the siphonoglyph in the halcampoididae .

) . we therefore prefer not to use this category in the present work . we tentatively place the genus within the family haloclavidae . finally , the relationships of this new genus with the most similar haloclavid genera are discussed .

daly , m . ; fautin , d . ( 2018 ) . world list of actiniaria . haloclavidae verrill , 1899 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 100671 on 2018 - 07 - 09

mesacmaea is the only genus of the haloclavidae ( including stephanthus gen . nov . ) in which the column is divisible into different regions ; moreover , it is clearly remarkable within the family due to the presence , although weak , of a diffuse sphincter . mesacmaea also has a very regular arrangement of the tentacles but is quite atypical in having seven tentacles in the inner cycle . the retractor musculature is strong and restricted in mesacmaea but is diffuse in stephanthus gen . nov .

van der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

usually elongated , sometimes relatively short and stout , usually differentiated into regions . aboral end rounded , without a

. mesenteries not differentiated into macrocnemes and microcnemes , at least six pairs being perfect ; imperfect ones , if present , being long and bearing retractor muscles . a single siphonoglyph is present , usually well - defined and sometimes more or less separated from the

sorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .

the unexplored portions of the world ' s oceans are so vast that the descriptive stage of their faunas is far from being completed . although during recent years research into antarctic biodiversity has been intensified , the anthozoan fauna is not well known , our present knowledge being estimated to encompass no more than 50 % ( winston

) . thus , efforts to increase our knowledge of the benthic fauna in this area are necessary not only to complete our knowledge of the anthozoan fauna but also to go further in our understanding of the processes involved in the origins of the extant antarctic fauna .

the material studied was collected on the polarstern cruises ant xv / 3 ( easiz - ii ) and ant xix / 3 ( andeep - i ) , sponsored by the alfred - wegener - institut für polar - und meeresforschung , bremerhaven , during the austral summers of 1998 to the eastern weddell sea and antarctic peninsula ( easiz - ii ) and 2002 to the scotia arc ( andeep - i ) .

sea anemones were relaxed on board using menthol crystals and subsequently fixed in 10 % formalin in seawater . fragments of the holotype and the larger paratype were dehydrated in buthanol ( johansen

) , and embedded in paraffin . histological sections 7–8 μm thick were stained with ramón and cajal ' s triple stain ( gabe

cnidae measurements were taken from preserved material in squash preparations at 1 , 000× magnification with nomarski differential interference contrast optics . frequencies given are subjective impressions based on squash preparations .

the material studied in this article has been deposited in the zoologisches institut und zoologisches museum in hamburg ( zmh ) , in the university natural history museum in kansas ( kunhm ) and in the zoology section of the faculty of biology at the university of seville in spain ( sz ) .

) , the characters and their variants referring to this genus have been suppressed .

the genus is named after professor t . a . stephenson in recognition of his major contributions to our knowledge in sea anemone systematics , and anthus ( anthos - anthus : flower in figurative sense in greek ) being a common suffix in sea anemone generic names . gender masculine .

holotype : zmh ( c11680 ) , one specimen , polarstern ant xv / 3 , stn . 48 / 336 , antarctic peninsula , 61°26 . 8′s 58°06 . 2′w , 1 , 047–1 , 227 m depth , 19 march 1998 , agassiz trawl . paratypes : kunhm ( 001610 ) , one specimen ; zmh ( c11681 ) , one specimen , both materials with the same sampling data as the holotype .

additional material : sz ( ant - 1282 ) , one specimen , polarstern ant xix / 3 , stn . ps61 / 103 - 1 , antarctic peninsula , 61°44 . 9′s 58°01 . 4′w , 256–296 m depth , 13 february 2002 , bottom trawl ; sz ( ant - 1281 ) , one specimen , polarstern ant xix / 3 , stn . ps61 / 106 - 1 , antarctic peninsula , 61°38 . 2′s 57°32 . 7′w , 424–427 m depth , 14 february 2002 , bottom trawl ; sz ( ant - 1609 ) , one specimen , polarstern ant xix / 3 , stn . ps61 / 107 - 1 , antarctic peninsula , 61°51 . 2′s 57°17 . 6′w , 256–277 m depth , 14 february 2002 , bottom trawl .

) : body ovoid to more or less spherical , to 40 mm diameter and 56 mm height in preserved and contracted specimens . aboral end rounded , physa - like . body without regional differentiation but with a parapet and a deep fosse ( fig .

a ) . about 20 longitudinal folds on inner distal border of parapet . scapus soft and fibrous , corrugated in preserved and contracted specimen , forming deep irregular transversal furrows with numerous small longitudinal furrows . larger specimens with pale spots slightly restricted to proximal part of scapus ; no foreign particles adhered to them ( fig .

stephanthus antarcticus gen . nov . , sp . nov . a holotype ( zmh c11680 ) in lateral view . b , c paratype ( zmh c11681 ) , lateral and aboral view , respectively ; note the rounded aboral end . d paratype ( kunhm 001610 ) , lateral view . scale bar 20 mm

stephanthus antarcticus gen . nov . , sp . nov . ( holotype zmh c11680 ) . a preserved specimen , longitudinal section of the distal part of the column and oral disc . b , c detail of the proximal part of the body wall showing the superficial spots . d cross section at stomodaeum level of whole animal ; note the basal enlargement of the single siphonoglyph . abbreviations : fo fosse , mo mouth , od oral disc , rm retractor musculature , te tentacles . scale bars 5 mm

oral disc slightly broader in diameter than proximal end in retracted specimens . tentacles can be only partially retracted , being only middle covered by the parapet in all preserved specimens . tentacles longitudinally furrowed , longer than diameter of the oral disc in preserved specimens . inner tentacles more or less equal in length ( to 27 mm in preserved specimens ) to outer ones , to 24 in number , arranged in three cycles ( 6 + 6 + 12 ) . oral end of siphonoglyph distinguishable at border of the mouth , but does not form a conchula .

) : equal number of mesenteries distally and proximally . mesenteries hexamerously arranged in two cycles : first cycle perfect and fertile ; second cycle imperfect and fertile ( fig .

d ) . two pairs of fertile directives , only one connected with the single , strong and well - developed siphonoglyph , with a basal enlargement ( figs .

a ) . mesogloea and gastrodermis of siphonoglyph slightly wider than mesogloea and gastrodermis of the stomodaeum . gastrodermis of siphonoglyph not vacuolated . retractor musculature diffuse at stomodaeum level ( fig .

a ) and attached near to the base of tentacles where it becomes slightly restricted ( fig .

b ) . parietobasilar musculature strong , well developed . gametogenic tissues well developed in specimens collected in february and march ; gonochoric ; developing spermatic vesicles and oocytes ( to 0 . 25 mm and to 1 . 8 mm in diameter in preserved specimens , respectively ) .

stephanthus antarcticus gen . nov . , sp . nov . a histological cross section at stomodaeum level ( holotype zmh c11680 ) . b detail retractor musculature at most distal level ( holotype zmh c11680 ) . c longitudinal histological section of the distal part of the column and oral disc ( paratype kunhm 001610 ) . abbreviations : * endocoel between mesenteries of the first cycle , * * endocoel between mesenteries of the second cycle , e . g . basal enlargement of the siphonoglyph , fo fosse , ms mesenteries , rm retractor musculature , te tentacles . scale bars : a 5 mm , b 3 mm , c 5 mm

stephanthus antarcticus gen . nov . , sp . nov . longitudinal sections through the body wall of the holotype ( zmh c11680 ) . a detail of the body wall . b , c detail of the proximal part of the body wall showing the superficial spots , which are poorly histologically differentiated . abbreviations : ep epidermis , ga gastrodermis , me mesogloea , ss superficial spots . scale bars 0 . 5 mm

stephanthus antarcticus gen . nov . , sp . nov . ( holotype zhm c11680 ) . a detail of cross section showing a second cycle mesentery ; note the distinct parietobasilar musculature , the diffuse retractor musculature and the developing spermatic vesicles . b cross section through a tentacle showing the ectodermal longitudinal musculature ; note the subepidermical nerve plexus . c longitudinal section through the proximal part of the mesenteries showing the absence of basilar musculature . abbreviations : ep epidermis , ga gastrodermis , me , mesogloea , np , nerve plexus , pb , parietobasilar musculature , rm , retractor musculature , sv , spermatic vesicles . scale bars : a 1 mm ; b , c 0 . 5 mm

sphincter muscle absent . tentacles and oral disc with ectodermal longitudinal musculature . no histologically differentiated regions along tentacles . endodermal circular musculature well developed at mid - column . column wall of similar thickness entire length , corrugated nature probably due to contraction of the specimens ( fig .

a ) . superficial spots in proximal part of column poorly differentiated in histological sections ( fig .

b , c ) . epidermis 0 . 1–0 . 4 mm thick and fibrous ; mesogloea 0 . 25–1 . 5 mm thick , and gastrodermis 0 . 09–0 . 33 mm thick .

) : spirocysts , basitrichs and microbasic b - mastigophores . a survey of the cnidae is presented in table

size ranges of the cnidae of stephanthus antarcticus gen . nov . , sp . nov .

stephanthus antarcticus sp . nov . is known only from the south shetland islands , off the antarctic peninsula , inhabiting muddy bottom , depth 256–1 , 227 m .

, pp 26 , 29 ) , for both families , have a high range of variability , often overlapping between one another , due to the existence of numerous exceptions to the rule , with the text containing terms such as " rarely " , " usually " , " sometimes " , " except in . . . " .

with regard to the use of the differential length between inner and outer tentacles as a distinctive character at familial level , we think that this should be restricted as a generic feature in these two families . according to stephenson (

, p 514 ) , " the form of the tentacles in a preserved specimen will depend chiefly on the circumstances of the animal ' s death " . it is true that in some species their entameric or ectameric nature can be easily established . however , in

gen . nov . some of the inner tentacles are longer than the outer ones , some are shorter and others are of about equal length . thus , the relative length between the inner and the outer tentacles is not so helpful in this case .

furthermore , the new genus shows a distinctive character , a deep fosse and parapet . the supposed presence of a fosse and a parapet has been attributed to the genera

the presence of a distinct fosse and parapet is also present in the family andresiidae . however , members of this family are characterised by a well defined , circumscribed , endodermal sphincter , two siphonoglyphs and 24 pairs of perfect mesenteries .

the systematic position of the family andresiidae is another instance of the lack of phylogeny patterns in carlgren ' s system and some of its categories ( which carlgren himself recognised ) and the necessary wholesale revision of the higher categories in the actiniarian taxonomy . according to stephenson (

) does not resemble a typical athenarian , except in the absence of basilar musculature and in a burrowing mode of life . stephenson (

) show distinct acrospheres at the apex of the tentacles . the imperfect mesenteries and no clear difference between the length of the outer and the inner tentacles distinguish

, in which all the mesenteries are perfect and the inner tentacles are shorter than the outer ones .

stephanthus gen . nov . has imperfect mesenteries , whereas in metapeachia , mesacmaea and harenactis , all mesenteries are perfect .

metapeachia is easily distinguishable from the other haloclavid genera ( including stephanthus gen . nov . ) by the presence of a siphonoglyph completely separated from the other parts of the actinopharynx . the presence of a distal conchula is another distinctive generic character of metapeachia ( shared only with peachia ) . furthermore metapeachia has only eight pairs of mesenteries ( all perfect and fertile ) and 16 tentacles , while stephanthus gen . nov . has 12 pairs of mesenteries ( only six of them perfect ) and 24 tentacles arranged in three regular cycles .

in harenactis the retractor musculature of the oldest mesenteries is reniform , but it is diffuse in stephanthus gen . nov . harenactis also has vertical rows of cinclides in the column , stephanthus gen . nov . has no cinclides .

finally , peachia shares with stephanthus gen . nov . a second cycle of imperfect mesenteries , but peachia is easily distinguishable from stephanthus gen . nov . by having a distinct conchula . also peachia usually has only 12 tentacles , its aboral end is perforated by numerous apertures , and its second cycle of mesenteries is formed by only four pairs of imperfect and sterile mesenteries . in contrast , stephanthus gen . nov . has no conchula , 24 tentacles , an imperforate aboral end , and a distinct fosse and parapet , and its second cycle of mesenteries is formed by six regularly arranged pairs of imperfect and fertile mesenteries .

to a new family , oractiidae . because of that , and the addition of

b ) column divisible into regions . arrangement of tentacles regular but atypical with 7 in the inner cycle . a weak , diffuse sphincter

c ) siphonoglyph with a conchula , rarely completely separated from the actinopharynx . second cycle formed by only 4 pairs of imperfect and sterile mesenteries ( 2 ventral and 2 ventrolateral pairs )

cc ) conchula absent . second cycle formed by 6 pairs of imperfect and fertile mesenteries . well developed parapet and fosse present

sp . nov . is the absence in its cnidom of microbasic p - mastigophores . this absence is atypical ; indeed , the microbasic p - mastigophore is one of the commoner nematocysts in the actiniaria , usually present in the filaments and in the actinopharynx ( carlgren

) . another notable feature is the long basitrichs ( basitrichs 2 , see fig .

) in the tentacles . the range of the basitrichs 2 in the proximal part of the tentacles is wider than that in the distal part of the tentacles , the longest basitrichs being more abundant in the distal part . moreover , the length range of the basitrichs 2 is even more restricted in the stomodaeum than in the tentacles .

special thanks are addressed to dr . josep - maria gili ( instituto de ciencias del mar , barcelona ) and prof . wolf arntz ( alfred - wegener - institut , bremerhaven ) , who made possible our participation in the antarctic cruises where the present material was collected .

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carlgren , o . 1949 . a survey of the ptychodactiaria , corallimorpharia and actiniaria . kungl . svenska vetenskapsakadamiens handlingar , series 4 , volume 1 , number 1 .

this media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial - noderivs license - version 2 . 0 .

the information provided on this page is based on oscar carlgren ' s 1949 catalog .

please note that carlgren ' s text contains a number of errors , and much of the information is now out of date . an update of the catalog is currently under preparation in daphne fautin ' s laboratory , and the results of this work will be incorporated in future versions of this page .

keyboarding of carlgren ' s catalog was done as part of a project to create an electronic database of the sea anemones of the world , funded by nsf grant deb9521819 , awarded to daphne g . fautin . this grant is in the program partnerships to enhance expertise in taxonomy ( peet ) . susanne hauswaldt , katherine pearson , and april wakefield - pagels contributed to the keyboarding effort .

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the ' antenna balloon anemone ' found in the seto inland sea : new genus and species of sea anemone , antennapeachia setouchi ( cnidaria , actinaria , hal . . . - pubmed - ncbi

1 department of biological sciences , the university of tokyo , bunkyo - ku , tokyo 113 - 0033 , japan .

2 coastal branch of natural history museum and institute , chiba , kastuura - shi , chiba 299 - 5242 , japan .

3 department of zoology , national museum of nature and science , tsukuba - shi , ibaraki 305 - 0005 , japan .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

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please note : entries in the above species list are the original binomina of species according to carlgren ' s 1949 catalog . nomenclatorial inconsistencies need to be resolved in a future revision of this genus ( see below ) .

collection and donation of this specimen by dr . r . dekker ( nioz , texel , netherlands ) is gratefully acknowledged .

rodríguez , e . & lópez - gonzález , p . j . helgol mar res ( 2003 ) 57 : 54 . urltoken

what type of species is peachia chilensis ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the peachia chilensis species belongs to .

how to identify peachia chilensis marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species peachia chilensis . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species peachia chilensis are marked in green .

where is peachia chilensis found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species peachia chilensis can be found .

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permission by prof . c . hand to take this picture in the bodega marine lab , university of california is gratefully acknowledged .

france . collection and donation of this specimen by dr . r . dekker ( nioz , texel , netherlands ) is gratefully acknowledged .

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