leucinodes is a genus of moths of the crambidae family .

leucinodes species have been documented as eggplant fruit borer , posing medium threats to incoming crops from african nations .

leucinodes

leucinodes <EOT> chaetotaxy map of investigated leucinodes larvae ; blue elements illustrate variation found in leucinodes orbonalis and leucinodes africensis ; red elements illustrate the differences found in leucinodes laisalis compared to leucinodes orbonalis and leucinodes africensis .

a polytomous cluster comprising leucinodes rimavallis , leucinodes kenyensis and two undescribed ‘barcode species’ ( leucinodes spp . ) are sister to ( leucinodes africensis + leucinodes pseudorbonalis ) .

larvae of leucinodes . 36–37 leucinodes orbonalis 36 mid instar 37 late instar 38–39 leucinodes africensis 38 mid instar 39 late instar 40–41 leucinodes laisalis 40 early instar 41 late instar .

adult specimens of leucinodes . 1 leucinodes orbonalis , syntype ♂ ( bangladesh ) 2 leucinodes africensis ♀ ( angola ) 3 leucinodes rimavallis ♀ ( dr congo : kivu ) 4 leucinodes pseudorbonalis ♂ ( uganda ) 5 leucinodes kenyensis , holotype ♂ ( kenya ) 6 leucinodes malawiensis , holotype ♂ ( malawi ) 7 leucinodes laisalis ♀ , greyish form ( tanzania ) 8 leucinodes laisalis ♀ , brownish form ( tanzania ) 9 leucinodes ethiopica , holotype ♂ ( ethiopia ) 10 leucinodes ugandensis , holotype ♂ ( uganda ) . scale bar represents 5 mm .

for austral - asia , there remain twelve nominal leucinodes species ( nuss et al . 2003–2014 ) . other than leucinodes orbonalis , at least some of these species are certainly misplaced in leucinodes , e . g . leucinodes labefactalis swinhoe , 1904 from borneo and leucinodes perlucidalis caradja , 1933 from china . therefore , the asian leucinodes are in need of taxonomic revision . this also points to the question whether all leucinodes samples intercepted from asian exports refer to leucinodes orbonalis , or whether there are several leucinodes species of economic importance in asia as well ( hayden et al . 2013 , chang et al . 2014 , gilligan and passoa 2014 ) .

food plant records of african leucinodes species . cultivated plants are given in bold .

fact sheet leucinodes orbonalis guenée . lepintercept - an identification resource for intercepted lepidoptera larvae

male genitalia . 13 leucinodes orbonalis , vietnam ( prep . rm503 ) 14 leucinodes africensis , two - branched sacculus process , côte d’ivoire ( prep . rm330 , phallus omitted ) 15 leucinodes africensis , single - branched sacculus process , ghana ( import ) ( prep . rm501 ) 16 leucinodes rimavallis , kenya ( prep . rm667 ) 17 leucinodes pseudorbonalis , uganda ( prep . rm705 ) 18 leucinodes kenyensis , zimbabwe ( prep . rm694 ) 19 leucinodes malawiensis , malawi ( prep . rm683 ) 20 leucinodes laisalis , south africa ( prep . rm504 ) 21 leucinodes ethiopica , ethiopia ( bmnh pyralidae slide 23138 ) 22 leucinodes ugandensis , somalia ( bmnh pyralidae slide 23140 ) ; phallus mirrored . abbreviations : fi fibula , ga granulated area , sa sacculus , sb side branch of sacculus process , sp sacculus process . scale bar represents 500 µm .

analysis of the coi gene of the leucinodes species demonstrated that interspecific differences allow the use of the marker as a dna barcode for species identification . however , for leucinodes kenyensis and “ leucinodes spp . ” , we found little morphological differences but two distinct barcode species within leucinodes spp . moreover , we observed high intraspecific divergence in leucinodes laisalis with one specimen from south africa exhibiting a coi distance of 2 . 8 % .

female genitalia . 23 leucinodes orbonalis , thailand ( import ) ( prep . rm642 ) , ventral view 24 leucinodes africensis , ghana ( prep . rm640 ) , ventral view 25 leucinodes rimavallis , kenya ( prep . rm666 , smtd lep1592 ) , lateral view 26 leucinodes pseudorbonalis , uganda ( prep . rm706 ) , lateral view 27 leucinodes kenyensis , kenya ( prep . mn1134 ) , lateral view . scale bar represents 500 µm .

head profiles of adult leucinodes orbonalis . 11 male 12 female . figures at same scale .

leucinodes orbonalis is regularly intercepted in the eppo region : addition to the eppo alert list .

leucinodes , brinjal borer , fruit and shoot borer | zoology and entomology articles . ias zoology .

distinguished from the other leucinodes species by the dark , straight - framed forewing base and the absence of the subapical mark of the forewing termen . the male genitalia are similar to those of leucinodes ethiopica and leucinodes ugandensis , but are distinct in the long spinoid process of the posterior phallus apodeme .

this species’ forewing colour has more ochreous than the whitish species of leucinodes but less orange - brown to greyish than in leucinodes laisalis and leucinodes ugandensis . from leucinodes ugandensis and leucinodes laisalis it can be distinguished by the genitalia : in the male genitalia the transtilla arms each bear a dorsad spine ; in the female genitalia the ductus bursae lacks the fine granular sclerotization , the antrum is strongly sclerotized , tubular and widest at its anterior end , and the oval ostial sclerites in the lateral antrum pockets are larger .

female pheromone of brinjal fruit and shoot borer , leucinodes orbonalis : trap optimization and preliminary mass trapping trials .

the record of leucinodes laisalis from belgium by nyst ( 2004 ) is most probably a misidentification , since the illustrated imago resembles much more the whitish leucinodes species . apart from that , there is a european record of leucinodes laisalis from spain . additionally , it is frequently intercepted with the import of solanaceous fruits in great britain .

pupae of leucinodes . 42–43 leucinodes africensis 42 dorsal view 43 close - up of cremaster 44–46 leucinodes laisalis 44 dorsal view 45 lateral view 46 close - up of cremaster . abbreviations : hs hood - like structures dorsal to spiracles on abdominal segments 2 and 3 . scale bar refers to 42 , 44 and 45 and represents 5 mm .

leucinodes kenyensis is a species of moth in the crambidae family . it is found in kenya and possibly zimbabwe .

female genitalia . 28 leucinodes laisalis , kenya ( prep . rm308 ) , lateral view 29 leucinodes ethiopica , ethiopia ( bmnh pyralidae slide 23139 ) , ventral view 30 leucinodes ugandensis , somalia ( bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23137 ) , lateral view 31 leucinodes orbonalis , thailand ( import ) ( prep . rm642 ) , ventral close - up of antrum region 32 leucinodes africensis , côte d’ivoire ( prep . rm743 ) , dorsolateral close - up of antrum region ( phase contrast filter ) 33 leucinodes pseudorbonalis , uganda ( prep . rm706 ) , lateral close - up of antrum region 34 leucinodes kenyensis , kenya ( prep . mn1134 ) , lateral close - up of antrum region . abbreviations : as antrum sclerotizations ; scale bar in 28–30 represents 500 µm and in 31–34 represents 200 µm .

status of the pyraustid moths of the genus leucinodes in the new world , with descriptions of new genera and species .

leucinodes orbonalis guenée , 1854 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 8 : 223

wings . forewing length ♂ 9 . 0 mm , ♀ 9 . 0 mm ; wing pattern as in leucinodes orbonalis .

leucinodes orbonalis guenée , 1854 ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) , a species not previously recorded in the wild in great britain .

distinguished from most other members of leucinodes by the orange - brown to greyish forewing colour . distinguished from leucinodes ethiopica by the generally darker forewing colour with less amount of white . differs from both leucinodes ethiopica and leucinodes ugandensis in : male genitalia with large , oval sacculus ; broad , strongly sclerotized ventrad fibula ; saccus well elongated ; phallus coecum keeled , posteriodorsal apodeme with slim , fingerlike , well sclerotized process ; female genitalia with antrum broad , its anterior end coiled , with exocuticle diffusely sclerotized .

distinguished from the whitish species of leucinodes and leucinodes ethiopica by the predominantly brown forewing ground colour with minor white patches . distinguished from leucinodes laisalis in the male genitalia : less strongly sclerotized , valvae triangular , fibula small , tooth - like , a similarly shaped distal sacculus process present , saccus process shorter , phallus much shorter , dorsoposterior apodeme without slim , finger - like process .

similar revisionary work remains to be done for austral - asian leucinodes . a phylogenetic study including leucinodes and the new world euleucinodes , neoleucinodes and proleucinodes is needed in order to test the monophyly of these genera ( hayden and mally , in prep . ) .

field evaluation of eggplant cultivars to infestation by the shoot and fruit borer , leucinodes orbonalis ( lepidoptera , pyralidae ) in ghana .

leucinodes labefactalis swinhoe , 1904 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1904 ( 1 ) : 158 ; tl : kuching

female pheromone of brinjal fruit and shoot borer , leucinodes orbonalis : trap optimization and preliminary mass trapping trials . - gov . uk

this species is very similar to leucinodes rimavallis , but both coi barcoding data and constant morphological differences in genitalia separate the two species .

wings . forewing length ♂ 7 . 0–8 . 5 mm , ♀9 . 0–11 . 0 mm ; wing pattern as in leucinodes orbonalis .

analyta apicalis ( hampson , 1896 ) , comb . n . ( leucinodes ) . type locality : india , dharamsala . sri lanka .

uncorrected p - distances for the dna - barcoded species of leucinodes . values in bold denote intraspecific distances , plain values represent interspecific distances .

phylogeographical structure in mitochondrial dna of eggplant fruit and shoot borer , leucinodes orbonalis guenée ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) in south and southeast asia .

recently , several interceptions of larvae in solanaceous fruits imported from uganda have been recorded in england ( own observation ) and the netherlands ( marja van der straten , pers . comm . ) . leucinodes pseudorbonalis is one of the three african leucinodes species intercepted at european ports of entry .

wings . forewing length ♂ 7 . 5–10 . 5 m , ♀ 7 . 0–11 . 5 m ; wing pattern as in leucinodes orbonalis .

wings . forewing length ♂ 8 . 5–12 . 0 mm , ♀ 7 . 0–14 . 0 mm ; wing pattern as in leucinodes orbonalis .

leucinodes laisalis clusters in two barcode groups : one group containing all specimens imported with fruits from kenya , ghana and nigeria , and a second group comprising a single south african specimen . this single specimen shows high uncorr - p distances of 2 . 4–2 . 8 % to the other leucinodes laisalis specimens .

ty - jour ti - discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade ( insecta , lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) t2 - zookeys ur - urltoken pb - pensoft publishers py - 2015 au - mally , richard au - korycinska , anastasia au - agassiz , david j . l . au - hall , jayne au - hodgetts , jennifer au - nuss , matthias kw - leucinodes leucinodes orb er -

here we taxonomically revise leucinodes and sceliodes and their species from continental sub - saharan africa , in order to delimit species and to allow their proper identification .

known from west africa ( côte d’ivoire , ghana , liberia , nigeria ) , angola , dr congo , gabon , and tanzania ; intercepted with plant imports from ghana and zimbabwe to great britain and the netherlands . at least in the southern dr congo ( lubumbashi ) leucinodes rimavallis occurs sympatrically with leucinodes africensis .

composition of greek pseud ( o ) ‘false’ and orbonalis , meaning ‘false orbonalis ’ , referring to the similarities in external and male genital characters with leucinodes orbonalis .

leucinodes cordalis is known to occur in new zealand , australia , and indonesia : sulawesi ( snellen 1880 , dugdale 1988 , shaffer et al . 1996 ) .

despite repeated search in the collection of the zmhb , original material of leucinodes translucidalis gaede , 1917 from tanzania , tendaguru , could not be traced . according to the original description , this taxon can be regarded as conspecific with leucinodes laisalis due to all details given in the original description . especially the white triangle at the anterior line , another white triangle , though often somewhat inconspicuous , at the middle of costa , and the dark brown area below apex support the conspecifity with leucinodes laisalis .

thea lautenschläger ( technische universität dresden , germany ) and gerard van der weerden ( radboud university nijmegen , the netherlands ) identified the angolan host plants of leucinodes africensis .

the african populations comprise at least three cryptic sibling species . their economical importance remains unclear at the moment . specimens originating from from africa should be determined as “leucinodes sp . ”

@ article { bhlpart216626 , title = { discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade ( insecta , lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) } , journal = { zookeys } , url = urltoken publisher = { pensoft publishers 2015 } , author = { mally , richard and korycinska , anastasia and agassiz , david j . l . and hall , jayne and hodgetts , jennifer and nuss , matthias } , year = { 2015 } , keywords = { leucinodes leucinodes orb | } , }

the nature of damage to egg plant ( solanum melongena l . ) in ghana by two important pests , leucinodes orbonalis gn . and euzophera villora ( fldr . ) ( lepidoptera pyralidae ) .

there are further male specimens with indistinctive wing pattern and very similar genitalia , but dna barcode data suggest that among them are at least two further species . for more information , see under leucinodes spp .

male genitalia . as in leucinodes africensis , but with the fibula short , more triangular and robust , straight or slightly curved ; distal sacculus process short and always bent apically ; valva apex rounded or stout .

note : leucinodes orbonalis has now been added to the eppo a1 list . a full datasheet is being prepared , in the meantime you can view here the data which was previously available from the eppo alert list .

leucinodes currently includes twelve old world species distributed in tropical to mediterranean regions . the species share a white or light wing color and a calico pattern ranging from simple brown or dark fields to complex line patterns of light - to dark - brown color . a typical feature is the half moon - shaped spot on the forewing outer margin . several of these species are misplaced in leucinodes due to the superficial resemblance of wing color and pattern .

bishop s , matthews l , macleod a ( 2006 ) csl pest risk analysis . york , uk . urltoken cabi ( 2007 ) crop protection compendium . datasheet on leucinodes orbonalis . urltoken van der gaag dj , stigter h ( 2005 ) pest risk analysis leucinodes orbonalis ( guénée ) . plant protection service , the netherlands . urltoken zhang b - c ( 1994 ) index of the economically important lepidoptera . cabi wallingford , uk , 468 pp .

- most leucinodes specimens found in solanaceous fruits imported from africa into europe during the last 50 years belong to l . africensis , and to a lesser extent to l . laisalis , l . pseudorbonalis and l . rimavallis .

leucinodes orbonalis clusters in two groups , separated by 1 . 1–1 . 8 % uncorr - p distance . within - subcluster distances are 0–0 . 5 % for the smaller and 0–0 . 9 % for the larger of the two subclusters .

lygropia is a polyphyletic genus containing 62 species ( nuss et al . 2003–2014 ) . we provisionally transfer lygropia aureomarginalis ( gaede , 1916 ) , comb . n . ( leucinodes ) from cameroon to this genus , as this species , according to wing pattern elements , is congeneric , if not conspecific , to lygropia vinanyalis viette , 1958 from madagascar . lygropia aureomarginalis can be distinguished externally from species of leucinodes by the shiny golden wing maculation and the presence of two frenulum bristles in the female .

leucinodes malawiensis resembles species of the neotropical genus neoleucinodes capps , 1948 : it shares the prominent diagonal line in the forewing base with neoleucinodes dissolvens ( dyar , 1914 ) , but lacks the long , sabre - like cornutus in the phallus . the absence of the half moon - shaped pattern at the anterior half of the forewing’s outer margin is also found in proleucinodes capps , 1948 . in the coi barcode neighbor joining tree leucinodes malawiensis clusters with neoleucinodes , but is weakly supported with 50 % bootstrap support .

why : since 2004 , more than 120 interceptions of solanum fruits infested by leucinodes orbonalis and imported from asia and africa have been made by several eppo member countries . the panel on phytosanitary measures recommended that this pest should be included into the eppo alert list .

due to the synonymisation of sceliodes , this species is provisionally transferred to leucinodes , as no proper generic placement has been found . compared to leucinodes , several differences can be found in wing pattern of grisealis kenrick , 1912 : in the fore wing , the postmedian line is originating in the apex , and its median protrusion is closely approaching the termen ; the half moon - shaped patch below apex is protruding beyond m 3 ; in the hind wing , the postmedian line is originating closer to the apex and is running closer to the termen .

holotype ♂ [ small blue label ] “gr . kamerunberg | buea 1 . –10 . xi . 10 | 1000–1200 m | e . hintz s . g . ” , [ large blue handwritten label with black border ] “ leucinodes | aureomarginalis | 83 : 8a type gaede” ( zmhb ) .

mally r , korycinska a , agassiz djl , hall j , hodgetts j , nuss m ( 2015 ) discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade ( insecta , lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) . zookeys 472 , 117 - 162 .

our work shows that typological concepts of taxonomy based on superficial similarity were still the state of the art in the genus leucinodes . the discovery of a complex of highly similar species demonstrates that traditional morphological methods and dna barcoding are helpful tools to detect species diversity and to improve their classification based on sound arguments .

- african leucinodes correspond to several species , most of which are new to science : l . africensis , l . ethiopica , l . kenyensis , l . laisalis ( = sceliodes laisalis , l . translucidalis ) , l . malawiensis , l . pseudorbonalis , l . rimavallis , and l . ugandensis .

mally r , korycinska a , agassiz djl , hall j , hodgetts j , nuss m ( 2015 ) discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade ( insecta , lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) . zookeys 472 : 117–162 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 472 . 8781

recorded on several 250 hosts worldwide . some of the major pests of the indian region parasitised by this species are chilo partellus , c . infuscatellus , c . sacchariphagus indicus , c . suppressalis , c . auricilius , cnaphalocrocis medinalis , scirpophaga incertulas , s . excerptalis , raphimetopus ablutellus , leucinodes orbonalis , helicoverpa armigera , and plutella xylostella .

we apply the morphospecies concept to our study . the dna barcode is used as additional source of information and as an identification tool for all developmental stages of african leucinodes species . the solanaceae species names mentioned in this study refer to their former context and do not necessarily correspond to the revised solanum taxonomy by knapp et al . ( 2013 ) .

wings . forewing white translucent , light brown or orange - to grey - brown , basal area light to dark brown , delimited by white and dark brown double line or in species with brown forewing ground colour by dark brown antemedian line ; median area with pale to dark brown , sometimes very faint proximal discoidal stigma ( absent in leucinodes malawiensis ) ; distal discoidal stigma pale to dark brown , reaching from costa to forewing centre ; central dorsum with prominent orange to dark brown , broadly l - shaped or triangular spot connected or disconnected with distal discoidal stigma ; postmedian line sinuate , faint and grey to grey - brown , white edged , with prominent subcostal bulge ; apex brown to grey - brown coloured ( absent in leucinodes malawiensis ) , with slim strip of white at outer margin ; margin dotted at veins , with large dots at apex and m 3 ; fringe white to pale brown with dark interruption at apex and at m 3 ( absent in leucinodes malawiensis ) . hindwing in both sexes with one frenular bristle , ground colour whitish , middle of wing with one or two spots , often faint ; postmedian line inconspicuous , bent towards spot at middle of wing ; area below apex suffused by pale brown to grey ; margin dotted at end of veins , with large dot at end of m 3 .

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the wing pattern of iriocapna meyrick , 1938 exhibits none of the features found in leucinodes . instead , the fore wings are pale yellow , with a yellowish costa , a dark spot in both outer edges of the cell , and a reddish undulating margin along the termen . the hind wings are of the same pale yellow ground colour , and the anterior half of the termen exhibits a similar margin as found in the fore wings . this wing pattern is common to the genus deanolis snellen , 1899 , where this species is correctly placed ( pers . comm . james e . hayden ) .

types : holotype albicillalis [ circular white label with red border ] “type” , [ beige label with brown border and triangular edges ] “amboina | doll . ” , [ rectangular white label ] “felder | collection . ” , [ rectangular white label ] “rothschild | bequest | b . m . 1939 - 1 . ” , [ rectangular beige handwritten label ] “amboina | dol . ” , [ rectangular beige handwritten label ] “ analyta | albicillalis m” , [ rectangular brown label with central white area , roundly bordered by dark brown and yellow ] “ albicillalis led . ” ( bmnh ) ; holotype apicalis ♂ [ circular label with red border ] “type” , [ rectangular white label ] “4 - 94” , [ rectangular white label ] “ceylon | 95 - 119” , [ rectangular white handwritten label ] “ leucinodes | apicalis | type ♂ hmpsn . ” , transparent capsule with abdomen ( bmnh ) ; holotype pseudoapicalis ♂ [ red rectangular label ] “holotypus” , [ white rectangular label ] “anping | formosa | h . sauter vi . 1911 . ” , [ rectangular white label ] “ analyta | pseudoapi | calis m . | strand det . ♂” ( sdei ) .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

host : this is a pest of brinjal ( solanum melongena ) but also attacks other solanaceous plants .

damage : younger larvae bore into the midrib and petiole of the leaf , resulting in drooping of the leaves . larvae also feed on the tender leaves and flower buds causing dead heart . fruits are attacked by making a hole near the basal part and tunnelling inside . fruit pulp is eaten up . a single larva can destroy several fruits .

life cycle : adult moth is whitish in colour with irregular reddish - brown markings on both wings and having a wing span of 1 . 5 - 2 . 0 cm . longevity of the adults is about a week and fecundity varies between 150 to 250 eggs per female . eggs , which are whitish and flat , are laid singly on the tender shoots or on fruits and hatch in 3 - 5 days . young caterpillars are creamish in colour but full - grown larva is pinkish with brownish head and scattered hairs and warts on its 1 . 5 cm long body . there are 5 larval instars and the larval period varies between 15 and 25 days . pupation takes place in a tough grayish to dull brownish elongated cocoon , usually in hidden portions of the plant . pupal period is 6 - 8 days .

distribution : countrywide distribution in india , burma , sri lanka congo , malaysia , south africa .

control : damaged shoots and fruits should be removed and burnt . spray of 0 . 1 % of carbaryl , sevimol , endrin , diazinon , malathion or endosulfan or cypermethrin 0 . 025 % should be timed with egg laying and larval emergence .

conservation of the following larval parasitoids brings down population : cremastus , pristomerus , bracon , shirakia , iphiaulax sp .

warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .

richard mally , 1 anastasia korycinska , 2 david j . l . agassiz , 3 jayne hall , 2 jennifer hodgetts , 2 and matthias nuss 4

4 senckenberg natural history collections dresden , königsbrücker landstr . 159 , 01109 dresden , germany

corresponding author : richard mally ( on . biu . mu @ yllam . drahcir )

copyright richard mally , anastasia korycinska , david j . l . agassiz , jayne hall , jennifer hodgetts , matthias nuss

this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .

pcr of the 5’ half of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit i ( coi ) gene , the so - called dna barcode ( for metazoa ) , was performed using primers hyblco ( folmer et al . 1994 , wahlberg and wheat 2008 ) and hybnancy ( wahlberg and wheat 2008 ) . for degraded material primer pairs hyblco / k699 and ron / hybnancy ( wahlberg and wheat 2008 ) were used to amplify the coi barcode in two fragments . pcr was performed in 25 µl reactions comprising 0 . 4u bio - x - act short dna polymerase ( bioline ) , 2 . 5 µl 10×optibuffer , 1 . 5 mm mgcl 2 , 200 nm each primer , 200 nm dntp mix and 1–2 µl dna ( concentration as extracted ) . cycling conditions were as follows : initial denaturation for 5min at 95 °c , 40 cycles with 1 ) 30 sec at 95 °c , 2 ) 30 sec at 48 °c , 3 ) 90 sec ( hyblco / hybnancy ) or 60 sec ( primers for degraded material ) at 70 °c , final extension of 10 min at 70 °c . alternatively primers lepf and lepr ( hajibabaei et al . 2006 ) were used in 25 µl pcr reactions using bio - x - act short 2× mix ( bioline ) , 400 nm each primer and 1–2 µl dna ( concentration as extracted ) . cycling conditions were as follows : initial denaturation for 5 min at 94 °c , 35 cycles with 1 ) 30 sec at 94 °c , 2 ) 45 sec at 50 °c , 3 ) 1min at 72 °c , final extension of 10 min at 72 °c .

pcr products were visualised by separation in 1–1 . 5 % agarose gels in 1 × tbe buffer ( 89 mm tris - borate 2 mm edta ) containing gelred or ethidium bromide and visualised under uv light . pcr amplicons were cleaned up using exosap - it ( affymetrix ) or qiaquick pcr purification kit ( qiagen ) . sequencing of both strands was performed by eurofins mwg operon ( germany ) or in - house as follows . sequencing pcrs were performed with bigdye terminator v3 . 1 cycle sequencing kit ( applied biosystems ) using 5pm of the sequencing primer tails t7 / t3 ( wahlberg and wheat 2008 ) and 0 . 5–4 µl pcr product . final clean - up was done via sodium acetate - ethanol precipitation . sequencing was performed on a 3130 genetic analyzer ( applied biosystems ) . pcrs , pcr clean - up and sequencing pcrs were performed on a mastercycler ep gradient s ( eppendorf ) or geneamp9700 ( applied biosystems ) .

obtained dna sequences were proofread by eye and aligned using phyde 0 . 9971 ( müller et al . 2008 ) or mega version 4 . 1 ( tamura et al . 2007 ) . ambiguous barcode nucleotides were coded according to the iupac ambiguity code ( cornish - bowden 1985 ) . sequences were then checked for plausibility using blast with the blastn algorithm ( altschul et al . 1990 ; url : urltoken ) as well as the bold identification system ( ids , url : urltoken ) . a 615 basepair fragment was analyzed with mega version 6 ( tamura et al . 2013 ) , using the distance criterion and the neighbor joining ( nj ) algorithm ( saitou and nei 1987 ) with uncorrected p - distances ( srivathsan and meier 2011 ) . statistical support was evaluated through 1 , 000 bootstrap replicates . udea ferrugalis ( hübner , 1796 ) was used to root the nj tree .

label data of studied specimens were compiled in order to generate a distribution map . geographical coordinates , if not given on the label , were obtained via google earth , version 5 . 2 . 1 . 1588 and subsequently plotted on a map using diva - gis , version 7 . 2 . 3 ( hijmans et al . 2004 ) .

the data underpinning the analyses reported in this paper are deposited in the dryad data repository at doi : 10 . 5061 / dryad . kk0n9 .

daraba walker , 1859 ( synonymised by hampson 1899 ) . type species : daraba idmonealis walker , 1859

eretria snellen , 1880 ( synonymised by hampson 1899 ; shaffer et al . 1996 : junior homonym of eretria robineau - desvoidy , 1863 ) . type species : eretria obsistalis snellen , 1880

) , in females shorter than antennal radius ; vertex with whitish to brown scales at the collar and brown scales directed forward ; chaetosemata absent .

thorax . dorsal side whitish to brown with whitish and dark brown scales mixed in ; ventral side whitish ; legs predominantly whitish , foreleg femur , tibia and epiphysis light to dark brown ; tibial spurs 0 , 2 , 4 ( fore - , mid - , hindleg ) with outer spur 1 / 2 to 2 / 3 the length of inner spur .

abdomen . first segment whitish , remainder light - , orange - or dark brown to grey .

) ; phallus simple , with variously shaped sclerites at posterior apodeme , vesica with or without cornuti .

female genitalia . corpus bursae ovoid , membranous , without signa ; ductus bursae membranous with delicate granulation , partly reaching into posterior corpus bursae ; antrum short to long , slim to broader than ductus bursae , anterior part sometimes coiled , mesocuticula thickened ( strongly stained with chlorazol black ) and exocuticula ( inner layer ) partly sclerotized ; ostium bursae with lateral membranous pockets , with or without oval sclerites ; both apophyses pairs simple , apophyses anteriores normally stronger developed than posterior apophyses , with or without broadened central portion .

last instar larvae with pink dorsal integument , intersegmental areas cream or light pink , the ventral integument cream ; strength of the colouration very variable , pink colour on majority of abdominal segments often interrupted laterally by a transverse cream line ; head , prothoracic and anal shields mid brown with variable black markings ; early instar larvae white or cream with brown pinacula and black head , prothoracic and anal shields . in older larvae the dorsal integument turns beige , then increasingly deeper pink as the moults progress , head and prothoracic shield brown ; pinacula pale brown and prominent against the integument in all instars . the chaetotaxy of the thorax and first nine abdominal segments of the last instar is illustrated in fig .

) ; four pairs of long hooked setae ventral to cremaster ; cocoon stout leathery , made of silk , firmly attached to the substrate .

wings . forewing length ♂ 8 . 5–10 . 5 m , ♀ 9 . 5–12 . 0 m ; forewing ground colour white , basal area light - to dark brown , delimited by dark brown to grey antemedial line ; median area with pale brown , faint proximal discoidal stigma ; distal discoidal stigma pale brown , reaching from costa to forewing centre ; central dorsum with prominent orange to dark brown l - shaped or triangular spot leading to forewing centre and often meeting with distal discoidal stigma ; antemedial line sinuate , more or less distinct , but with prominent subcostal bulge ; subapical half of termen with half moon - shaped brown to grey - grown spot ; marginal line dotted ; fringe and marginal line darkened at the tips of the half moon - shaped spot ; hindwing ground colour white , internal area white , with discoidal spot , basicostally often with auxiliary spot ; medial line sinuate , distal half approaching the discoidal spot , then turning towards dorsum ; external area pale brown to gray ; marginal line dotted .

) , valva apex rounded , strongly granulated ; distal 2 / 3 of ventral valva margin loosely covered with long thin setae ; phallus simple , tapering posteriad , posterior apodeme dorsally elongate , ventrally with subapical , weakly serrated sclerite ; ventral and dorsal portion of posterior apodeme separated by a slim , less strongly sclerotized region .

) , with a sclerite process leading in each of the lateral pockets ; both apophysis pairs simple , slightly curved .

msd1 and msd2 of meso - and metathorax usually on a shared pinaculum , earlier instars frequently have the msd setae on separate pinacula on one or both segments ; dorsal abdominal pinacula show apparent differentiation between west - and east - asian populations : in live western specimens ( e . g . , from pakistan ) , the abdominal d1 pinacula usually have an unpigmented cream coloured area near to their anteriomedian margin . this unpigmented area may be contiguous with the unmelanized cuticle surrounding the pinaculum or be surrounded by the melanized cuticle of the pinaculum ( illustrated on a3–6 in fig .

) ; this cream white , unpigmented area may darken in preserved specimens , and in pre - pupae may be ringed in black . eastern specimens ( e . g . , from thailand ) often have dark spots on at least some of the d1 pinacula ( illustrated on a2 in fig .

) ; geographically intermediate populations ( e . g . , sri lanka ) often show an intermediate form with black spots on occasional pinacula , and any unpigmented area is usually ringed with black pigmentation ( illustrated on a7 in fig .

) . east - asian populations usually have mesally triordinal crochets , whereas the crochets of west - asian populations are mesally biordinal .

cremaster forms a variable shelf - like , sub - rectangular structure , much wider than long , usually with distinct distal corners and median notch ; dorsal surface spinulose , with additional small but distinct spines which are variable in extent , form and number ; cocoon of dark brown silk , may be white or beige when newly spun .

india , indonesia : java ( guenée 1854 ) , sri lanka ( walker 1859 , moore 1885 ) , myanmar ( burma ) , andaman islands ( pagenstecher 1900 ) , bangladesh , brunei , cambodia , china , japan , laos , malaysia , nepal , pakistan , philippines , singapore , taiwan , thailand , vietnam ( cabi 2012a ) , australia ( shaffer et al . 1996 ) ; imported to great britain , the netherlands ( pers . comm . m . van der straten ) , denmark ( pers . comm . o . karsholt ) and the u . s . a . ( boateng et al . 2005 , solis 2006 ) .

solanaceae : solanum melongena l . , solanum aculeatissimum jacq . , solanum aethiopicum l . , solanum erianthum d . don . , solanum anguivi lam . ( as solanum indicum l . ) , solanum integrifolium poir . , solanum lycopersicum l . , solanum macrocarpon l . , solanum mammosum l . , solanum nigrum l . , solanum torvum sw . , solanum tuberosum l . , solanum viarum dunal , solanum xanthocarpum schrad . , physalis minima l . , physalis peruviana l . , capsicum annuum l . ( van der straten 2005 ; hayden et al . 2013 ) .

west africa , 11 june 1848 , h . s . le marquand leg .

head . as for the genus , with frons moderately bulged , base of each meron of labial palps with white scales .

) ; ventrad fibula thin , spine - like , curved , crossing distal sacculus anterior to the sacculus process ; valva apex pointed ; posteriodorsal phallus apodeme with prominent oval saw blade - like sclerite , posterioventral apodeme with posteriodorsad oriented tapering process .

as for the genus , apart from : colliculum - antrum complex in sagittal plane of sigmoid shape ; dorsal surface of antrum exocuticle with longitudinal sclerotized strip running from sternite 8 , bearing transverse ridges ( fig .

) ; sternite 8 with anteriomedian recess , anteriolateral edges slightly dentate ; apophyses anteriores with broadened central portion .

, the majority of the abdominal d1 pinacula have a dark pigmented spot on the anteriomedian margin ( illustrated on a2 in fig .

latinized africensis , derived from the continent of africa from where the type material originates and referring to the widespread distribution of this species on the african continent .

solanaceae : solanum aethiopicum l . ( angola , leg . nuss 2013 ) , solanum lycopersicon l . , solanum melongena l .

kenya , mt elgon , 01°07 ' 06 " n , 34°41 ' 30 " e , february 1952 , t . h . e . jackson leg .

thorax . as for the genus , with dorsal side brown , tegula scales whitish - brown .

female genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : anterior antrum with short sclerotized section , central posterior antrum with diffuse weak sclerotization ; sternite 8 on each side with anteriad triangular process extending into the lateral antrum pockets .

from latin rima for ‘rift’ and vallis for ‘valley’ , referring to the african rift valley , the main distributional area of this species ( as far as known ) .

burundi , eastern and southern democratic republic of the congo , kenya , rwanda , south africa , uganda ( import ) .

solanaceae : solanum melongena l . , withania somnifera ( l . ) dunal .

angola , huambo province , luimbale , mt moco , 1800 - 1900 m , 12°28 ' s , 15°10 ' s , 18 march 1934 , k . jordan leg .

type - specimen . holotype ♂ [ red - circled label ] “holo - | type” , “mt . moco , | luimbale , | 1800 - 1900m . , | 18 march 1934 . ” , “angola | ( dr k . jordan ) ” , “rothschild | bequest | 1939 - 1 . ” , bm pyralidae slide 23135 ( bmnh ) . – additional material . senegal . 1♂ dakar , 01 . viii . 1952 , leg . a . villiers ( bmnh ) ; uganda . 1♂ masindi , 29 . xii . 1897 , leg . ansorge , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23125 ( bmnh ) ; 1♂ labonga , unyoro , 13 . xii . 1897 , leg . ansorge , bmbh pyralidae slide no . 23126 ( bmnh ) ; 1♂ nabagulo forest , 15 m from kampala , 25 . x . –06 . xi . 1921 , leg . w . feather , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23145 ( bmnh ) ; 1♂ , ruwenzori range , ibanda , 4 , 700ft , 4 . –12 . ix . 1952 , leg . d . s . fletcher , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23146 ( bmnh ) ; 1♂ masindi , 30 . x . 1897 , leg . ansorge , prep . rm707 ( bmnh ) ; 2♂ kampala , 1897 , leg . dr . ansorge , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23149 , prep . rm705 ( bmnh ) ; 1♀ same data , prep . rm706 ( bmnh ) ; the netherlands ( import ) : 1♀ barendrecht , import uganda , 26 . ii . 2014 , leg . sluijs , on solanum melongena , prep . rm758 ( nppo ) ; great britain ( import ) . see suppl . material 2 .

male genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : juxta oval to rectangular ; valvae roughly rhombic ; sacculus process claw - shaped , extending dorsad , parallel to or crossing with fibula ; fibula slightly curved , spine - like , extending dorsad ; posteriodorsal phallus apodeme with a small oval or semicircular sclerite , posterioventral apodeme with simple rodlike process .

as for the genus , apart from : anterior antrum shortly coiled in coronal plane , with the exoculticle exhibiting a longitudinal sclerotized strip bearing transverse ridges ( fig .

) ; sternite 8 intruding into the posteriorly somewhat constricted antrum , giving it a globular appearence .

larva . only one specimen available , examined live . black spots present on dorsal pinacula ; in the final instar , msd1 and msd2 on a shared pinaculum on both meso - and metathorax ; crochets mesally triordinal .

we found this species among material from senegal , uganda and angola , leaving a considerable distribution gap in central africa .

kenya , eastern province , marsabit district , marsabit national park forest , 1158 m , 2°13 . 996 ' n , 37°55 . 676 ' e , 29 december 2003 , r . s . copeland leg .

type - specimens . holotype 1♂ “kenya : marsabit national | park forest . 1158 m . | 2°13 . 996 ' n 37°55 . 676 ' e . | 29 dec 2003 , a & m coll . # 2636 | r . s . copeland ; icipe / usda” , “reared from fruit : | withania somnifera” , dna barcode “usnm ent 007 / 19337” , “1133 | nuss prep . no . ” , coll . nmk . paratypes 1♂ , 1♀ , same data , dna barcodes usnm ent 719338 , 719339 , nuss prep . no . 1135 ( 1♀ nmk , 1♂ smtd ) ; 1♀ kenya , laikipia plateau , mpala research centre , 0 . 293°n 36 . 899°e , 1650 m , 21 . –24 . vi . 2005 , leg . s . e . miller , dna barcode usnm ent 719976 , nuss prep . no . 1134 ( usnm ) . – additional material . zimbabwe . 1♂ mashonaland , leg . h . b . dobbie , prep . rm694 ( bmnh ) .

female genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : anterior antrum with tubular sclerotized exocuticle ; sclerotized wall at antero - ventral edge of the ostium bursae which at rest closes the ostium bursae against abdominal segment 8 . this wall is not melanized and can be stained with chlorazol black . it is delimited dorso - laterally by sclerotized and melanized lobes arising from the anterior edge of segment 8 just ventral of the apophyses anteriores . anterior to the sclerotized wall there is a small , melanized colliculum .

the species is named after kenya , the only country from where it is confidently recorded so far .

so far only known from kenya . the record from zimbabwe needs confirmation by investigation of female specimens and molecular analysis .

malawi , central region , lilongwe district , ntchisi forest reserve , 1560 m , 13°18 . 99972 ' s , 34°02 . 99934 ' e , 18 february 2004 , l . aarvik leg .

type - specimen . holotype ♂ “malawi central | region , lilongwe district : | ntchisi forest reserve | 1560 m 18 . ii . 2004 | leg . l . aarvik” , dna voucher smtd lep1617 , prep . rm683 ( nhmo ) .

wings . forewing length ♂ 8 . 5 mm ; forewing base dark brown , its outer margin a straight diagonal line from the costa to the maculation of the central hind margin , a triangular patch leading lateroposteriad from the costa with the costal half reddish - brown and the central tip white ; outer median area with a faint brownish transverse streak ; subterminal line indistinct except subapical thickening ; apex white ; hindwing antemedial line indistinct ; dark discal spot ; postmedial line clear at costal margin , fading out posteriad ; anterior distal area with a faint brownish transverse streak ; terminal wing veins dark - spotted .

male genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : saccus elongated , u - shaped ; juxta short , oval , twice as broad as long ; valvae slender , tapering towards the dorsad bent apex ; fibula small , triangular , oriented ventrad ; sacculus process absent ; phallus with a spinoid posteriad sclerotization emerging from the ventroposterior apodeme .

megaphysa laisalis walker 1859 : 382–383 . ( hampson 1899 : 275 to sceliodes )

head . frons slightly bulged ; labial palps upturned , greyish to brown , first meron on ventral side with forward - directed tuft , third meron in males half as long as second meron , considerably longer in females ; maxillary palps minute ; haustellum well developed ; eyes large , hemispherical ; ocelli present ; antennae ciliate , cilia considerably longer in males ; vertex with creamy white scales ; chaetosemata absent .

thorax . dorsal side brown with greyish and dark brown scales mixed in ; ventral side grey to whitish ; legs predominantly whitish or grey , epiphysis present ; tibial spurs 0 , 2 , 4 with outer spur 2 / 3 the length of inner spur .

wings . forewing length 7 . 0–11 . 5 mm , the females being somewhat larger ; both sexes with one frenular bristle ; forewing ground colour orange - to grey - brown , with the general sceliodes wing pattern .

abdomen . first segment whitish , remainder light - brown ; older specimens often with darkened abdomen due to degeneration of abdominal fat body .

male genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : vinculum saccus conspicuously elongated anteriad ; juxta usually with small notch at median base ; valvae emerging in narrow angle from vinculum ; phallus with keeled coecum , posteriodorsal apodeme with slim , fingerlike , slightly curved and well sclerotized process , vesica with a short line of tiny cornuti .

female genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : antrum long , tubular , anterior end coiled ; apophysis pairs straight , apophyses anteriores with somewhat broader muscle attachment area at posterior quarter .

solanaceae : solanum incanum l . ( kenya , leg . muli & okuku 2005 ) , solanum anguivi lam . ( “ solanum sodomaeum l . , ” ) , solanum macrocarpon l . , solanum melongena l . , solanum linnaeanum hepper & p . - m . jaeger , solanum lycopersicon l . and capsicum annuum l . ( hayden et al . 2013 ) .

we found a significant dna barcode difference of 2 . 4–2 . 8 % uncorrected - p distance between the single south african specimen and the kenyan and ghanan / nigerian barcode clusters ( fig .

; see also section ‘dna barcoding’ below ) . these differences in the dna barcode are not reflected in a divergent morphology of the clusters .

neighbor joining tree of coi barcodes based on uncorr - p distances and rooted with udea ferrugalis . bootstrap support values derived from 1 , 000 bootstrap replicates ; scale bar represents 1 % uncorr - p barcode divergence .

ethiopia , dire dawa region , dire dawa district , dire dawa , december 1934 , h . ulenhuth leg .

type - specimens . holotype ♂ [ red - circled label ] “holo - | type” , “dire daoua , | abyssinia , | december 1934 . | ( h . uhlenhuth ) . ” ; 19 paratypes : 11♂ 8♀ same data as holotype , including one with bm pyralidae | slide 23138♂ ( bmnh ) . – additional material . eritrea . asmara , 20 . x . 1905 . leg . n . beccari ( without abdomen ) , 1♀ same data except 28 . i . 1905 ( bmnh ) ; ethiopia . 34 ex . same data as holotype except ii . 1935 , 4 ex . ditto except iv . 1935 , 7 ex . ditto except v . 1935 including bm pyralidae | slide 23139♀ , 1 ditto except ix . 1935 , 2 ex . labelled durleti [ = daleti ] ( bmnh ) ; saudi arabia . 2♀ taif ( bmnh ) .

wings . forewing length 6 . 0–8 . 0 mm . forewing mixed ochreous and white , an oblique dark ochreous fascia from above dorsum reaching halfway across wing , a blackish crescent before ochreous subterminal line , black dots along termen . hindwing white , a small black discal spot , a faint irregular dark subterminal line , ochreous suffusion in outer part of wing in middle and towards apex .

male genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : transtilla with short central notch , each transtilla arm with a dorsad spine ; vinculum saccus with rounded tip ; juxta oval to rectangular , apex with a short central notch ; apex of valvae dorsally curved ; small , spine - like dorsad fibula emerging from the central inner side of valva ; sacculus with a fibula - like spiny dorsad process emerging ventrodistally of the fibula ; posteriodorsal phallus apodeme with semicircular dentate sclerite .

female genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : ductus bursae with fine longitudinal ripples ; antrum tubular , with broader anterior end ; apophyses anteriores at posterior half laterally broadened for muscle attachment .

uganda , eastern uganda region , serere district , okulongo , 8 december 1958 , w . r . ingram leg .

type - specimens . holotype ♂ [ red - circled label ] “holo - | type” , “ [ transversally written ] 1608 | “serere | okulongo | 8 dec . 1958 | w . r . ingram | ex solanum sp . ” , “pres . by | com inst ent | bm1959 – 499” , “c . i . e . no . 16499” , with cocoon under specimen . 2 paratypes : 1♂ same data as holotype and “ pyralidae | brit mus | slide no . | 14696” . 1♀ same data as holotype except 9 dec . 1958 ( bmnh ) . – additional material . ethiopia . 2♂ diredaua , n . w . of harar , 1914 , leg . g . kristensen , 1♀ dire dawa , abyssinia , i . 1935 , leg . h . uhlenkuth ( bmnh ) ; south sudan . 1♀ tambura , southern bahr - al - ghasal ( bmnh ) ; somalia . 4♂ 1♀ mogadishu , 17 . –26 . xi . 1985 , 7 . vii . 1986 , 19–20 . viii . 1986 and 23 . vii . 1986 , leg . a . g . parker , bmnh pyralidae slides no . 23140 & 23137 ( bmnh ) ; 1♂ hargeison , 4300ft , v . 1939 , leg . m . portal hyatt ( bmnh ) ; kenya . 1♀ somaliland , mandera , 47km sw of hubera , 3000ft , 13 . xi . 1908 , leg . w . feather ( bmnh ) .

wings . forewing length 6 . 5–11 . 5 mm . forewing pale fuscous , an oblique brown partial fascia at halfway with white markings on either side , an orange triangle on dorsum beyond halfway , apex deep brown , separated by a whitish line . hindwing whitish , fuscous suffused near margin in middle and towards apex , a faint subterminal line in costal part of wing .

male genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : small , hooked dorsad fibula emerging from the ventrocentral inner side of valva ; distal sacculus with dorsad ridge forming a bulge , followed by a spiny , curved terminal process overlapping with the fibula ; phallus vesica with several small spiny cornuti .

female genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : diffusely sclerotized exocuticula reaching into posterior ductus bursae ; lateral antrum pockets rather small .

) . for the remaining specimens listed below , we did not obtain dna barcodes . in spite of the absence of further specimens for comparison , especially females , and the lack of convincing morphological differences , we are not going to describe these possibly distinct species here . this complex needs further study .

kenya . 1♂ rift valley , naivasha , 1900m , 0°46 ' 56 " s 36°25 ' 23 " e , 5 . xii . 2011 , leg . d . j . l . agassiz , prep . djla 1318 ( coll . djla ) ; zambia . 1♂ chiwefwe , ii . 1950 , leg . n . mitton , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23133 ( bmnh ) ; namibia . 1♂ namibia , waterberg , 20°30 ' s 17°14 ' e , 13 . iii . 2010 , leg . f . koch , dna voucher mtd lep1872 , prep . rm708 ( zmhb ) ; south africa . 1♂ cape province , knysna , wilderness , iv . 1950 , leg . h . b . d . kettlewell , bm pyralidae slide 23128 ( bmnh ) ; 1♂ johannesburg , 21 . iv . 1906 , leg . a . t . cooke , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23144 ( bmnh ) ; 1♂ e . cape prov . , katberg , 4 , 000ft , 1 . –15 . i . 1933 , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23150 ( bmnh ) ; 1♂ kwazulu - natal , estcourt , leg . j . m . hutchinson , prep . rm779 ( bmnh ) ; 1♂ eastern cape [ pondoland ] , port st . john , ix . 1923 , leg . r . e . turner , prep . rm780 ( bmnh ) ; swaziland . 1♂ lebombo - mountains , ndzevane area near nsoko , acacia - rich bushland at the foot of the lebombo mountains , 23 . –24 . i . 2007 , leg . t . karisch , dna barcode bc mtd 01818 , prep . rm502 ( coll . mtd ) .

daraba extensalis walker , 1866 ( synonymised by hampson 1899 ) . type locality : new zealand , auckland .

eretria obsistalis snellen , 1880 ( synonymised by hampson 1899 ) . type locality : indonesia , sulawesi [ celebes ] , boelekomba ; bonthain .

sceliodes mucidalis guenée , 1854 ( synonymised by hampson 1899 ) . type locality : australia .


helicinidae is a family of small tropical land snails which have an operculum .

they are terrestrial operculate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily helicinoidea .

these snails are not at all closely related to the air-breathing land snails , despite a superficial similarity of the shells .

helicinidae

helicinidae <EOT> helicinidae are herbivorous / detritivous grazers , feeding on detritus , algal spores , moss and lichens by scraping their radula ( teeth ) along the substrate .

the mating behaviour of helicinidae is poorly known but sexes are separate and fertilisation is internal . females lay eggs in small clusters and development is direct with young hatching as juvenile snails .

for new caledonia more than 30 species of helicinidae were described up to now . the real diversity seem to amount a little more than half of this number of species , but a few taxa had not yet been described . one striking ( and frustrating ) feature of the new caledonian helicinidae is that most of them look roughly the same or very similar , at least at a first glance . this might explain to some extend the number of synonyms created in the past and the difficulties to approach this fauna .

the last comprehensive revision of the group dates back to a . j . wagner ( 1907 - 1911 ) only being followed by scattered papers on restricted areas and the systematic approaches by h . b . baker . major topics of my interest and research on the helicinidae include :

ty - jour ti - monograph of the cuban genus viana ( mollusca : archaeogastropoda : helicinidae ) t2 - breviora . vl - 298 ur - urltoken pb - museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , cy - cambridge , mass . : py - 1968 sp - 1 ep - 25 sn - 0006 - 9698 au - clench , w j au - jacobson , m k er -

helicinidae are a tropical and subtropical family of over 500 described species . they are restricted to the caribbean and some indo - pacific and pacific islands , as well as the margins of the asian and australian continents . the family is absent from europe , africa , most of asia , new zealand , norfolk and lord howe islands and most of australia where only 7 species from a single genus (

ty - jour ti - classification of the helicinidae : review of morphological characteristics based on a revision of the costa rican species and application to the arrangement of the central american mainland taxa ( mollusca : gastropoda : neritopsina ) t2 - malacologia . vl - 45 ur - urltoken pb - institute of malacology ] cy - [ ann arbor , py - 2004 sp - 195 ep - 440 sn - 0076 - 2997 er -

helicinidae are found mainly in tropical rainforest on moist forest floors and the trunks of trees with some species strongly associated with limestone geologies although some species also occur in drier habitats . australian species are found mainly in tropical rainforest habitats of north - eastern australia , where some are arboreal in vine thickets and others are associated with leaf litter or limestone outcrops . helicinids often contribute a significant percentage of the diversity and abundance of the molluscan fauna in tropical forest environments .

@ article { bhlpart31519 , title = { monograph of the cuban genus viana ( mollusca : archaeogastropoda : helicinidae ) } , journal = { breviora . } , volume = { 298 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { cambridge , mass . : museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , [ 1952 - } , author = { clench , w j and jacobson , m k } , year = { 1968 } , pages = { 1 - - 25 } , }

@ article { bhlpart62995 , title = { classification of the helicinidae : review of morphological characteristics based on a revision of the costa rican species and application to the arrangement of the central american mainland taxa ( mollusca : gastropoda : neritopsina ) } , journal = { malacologia . } , volume = { 45 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { [ ann arbor , institute of malacology ] 1962 - } , author = { } , year = { 2004 } , pages = { 195 - - 440 } , }

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» genus caloplisma crosse & p . fischer , 1893 accepted as helicina ( tristramia ) crosse , 1863 represented as helicina lamarck , 1799

» genus cinctella a . j . wagner , 1910 accepted as helicina ( oxyrhombus ) crosse & p . fischer , 1893 represented as helicina lamarck , 1799

» genus concentrica a . j . wagner , 1905 accepted as helicina ( oxyrhombus ) crosse & p . fischer , 1893 represented as helicina lamarck , 1799

» genus discoidea a . j . wagner , 1905 accepted as nesiocina richling & bouchet , 2013 ( invalid : junior homonym of discoidea agassiz , 1834 [ echinodermata ] ; nesiocina is a replacement name )

» genus eualcadia a . j . wagner , 1907 accepted as alcadia gray , 1840

» genus hispida a . j . wagner , 1907 accepted as alcadia ( penisoltia ) h . b . baker , 1954 represented as alcadia gray , 1840

» genus leialcadia a . j . wagner , 1907 accepted as alcadia ( idesa ) h . adams & a . adams , 1856 represented as alcadia gray , 1840

» genus orbiculata a . j . wagner , 1905 accepted as helicina ( oligyra ) say , 1818 represented as helicina lamarck , 1799

» genus punctisalcata a . j . wagner , 1905 accepted as helicina ( oxyrhombus ) crosse & p . fischer , 1893 represented as helicina lamarck , 1799

» genus retorquata a . j . wagner , 1905 accepted as helicina ( tristramia ) crosse , 1863 represented as helicina lamarck , 1799

» genus rostrata a . j . wagner , 1905 accepted as helicina ( tristramia ) crosse , 1863 represented as helicina lamarck , 1799

» genus schrammia guppy , 1895 accepted as alcadia ( idesa ) h . adams & a . adams , 1856 represented as alcadia gray , 1840

» genus sturanyella pilsbry & cooke , 1934 accepted as sturanya a . j . wagner , 1905 ( objective junior synonym ( same type species ) )

» genus turbinata a . j . wagner , 1905 accepted as helicina ( tristramia ) crosse , 1863 represented as helicina lamarck , 1799

» genus perenna guppy , 1867 accepted as lucidella ( poenia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1856 represented as lucidella swainson , 1840

» genus bakerviana aguayo & jaume , 1957 accepted as calidviana h . b . baker , 1954

» genus callida a . j . wagner , 1908 accepted as calidviana h . b . baker , 1954

» genus fitzia guppy , 1895 accepted as viana h . adams & a . adams , 1856

» genus hapata gray , 1856 accepted as viana h . adams & a . adams , 1856

» genus rhynchocheila shuttleworth , 1877 accepted as viana h . adams & a . adams , 1856

» genus torreviana aguayo , 1943 accepted as troschelviana ( microviana ) h . b . baker , 1928 represented as troschelviana h . b . baker , 1922

bouchet p . , rocroi j . p . , hausdorf b . , kaim a . , kano y . , nützel a . , parkhaev p . , schrödl m . & strong e . e . ( 2017 ) . revised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . malacologia . 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

* biogeographical questions ( e . g . in the caribbean and on pacific islands )

biogeographical questions ( e . g . in the caribbean and on pacific islands )

a revision of the new caledonian species is finally published ( richling 2009 ) . it is based on very comprehensive collections made by the staff of the malacology of the muséum national d ' histoire naturelle de paris ( mainly philippe bouchet and simon tillier ) in the 70s and 80s . the project was carried out in a close cooperation with the mnhn , paris .

the lesser antilles harbour a diversity of very pretty , shiny coloured helicinids . by this colouration the species are perfectly camoulaged for an arboreal life style on and under leaves of shrubs , palms and trees . one of the most beautiful helicinids of the area is helicina rhodostoma already described by gray in 1824 . it is easy distinguished by the unusual basal spine .

besides a still wanting alpha - taxonomical revision of the lesser antillean species questions about the real generic affinities arise from the former confusion of the genera helicina and alcadia ( see also richling 2004a ) . this leads directly to the difficult biogeographical discussions in that area that still suffer from a lack of data from really thoroughly studied groups of organisms , especially among the invertebrates .

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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .

common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

c . michael hogan set " image of oligyra orbiculata " as an exemplar on " oligyra orbiculata ( say , 1818 ) " .

jennifer hammock split the classifications by smithsonian type specimen data from plicatula to their own page .

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new records of diplomys labilis ( bangs , 1901 ) ( mammalia , rodentia , . . .

first record of boana maculateralis ( caminer & ron , 2014 ) . . .

first record of the bignose unicornfish , naso vlamingii ( perciformes , . . .

ambidexter symmetricus manning & chace , 1971 ( decapoda , processidae ) : . . .

check list is a peer - reviewed , open access , on - line journal devoted to publishing annotated list of species , notes on geographic distribution of one or a few species , and distribution summary of a taxonomic group . these data are essential for studies on biogeography and provide a baseline for the conservation of biodiversity as a whole . the first step to undertaking effective conservation action is to understand species’ geographic distribution . check list was established to cater to this need by publishing papers on the geographic distribution of species and higher taxonomic groups .

doaj , scopus , zoological abstracts , ebsco host , and index copernicus . member journal of the brazilian association of science editors ( abec ) and of the committee on publication ethics ( cope ) .

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eutrochatella _ pulchella _ pulchella _ gray _ 1824 _ 11mm _ jamaica . jpg

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taxonomy of the gastropoda is still under revision , and more and more of the old taxonomy is being abandoned , as the results of molecular studies slowly become clearer .

these snails have an open pallial cavity which absorbs oxygen . most notably , they have only one pair of tentacles . about 130 species can be found in australia . three main groups are :

these snails , semi - slugs and slugs have two pairs of tentacles . they breathe using lungs . in australia , we have about 3000 species .

this is a group of semi - slugs and one of the most speciose families .

semi - slugs are snails that cannot retract into their shell as it is much reduced in size .

charopids or pinwheel snails are micro - snails ( from 1 . 2 - 7 . 0mm ) with an estimated 750 australian species . charopidae have their greatest diversity in eastern australia .

camaenids are generally larger than snails in most other families . in eastern australia , the stable moisture regime and acidic soils have resulted in the evolution of a number of arboreal species

caryodids are endemic to eastern australia and are generally large . they include our largest land snail , the giant panda snail .

the carnivorous snails eat meat and their diet includes a range of invertebrates including other snails . the long neck is a feature of these snails .

the snail whisperer has just finished filming a scope segment in the malacology lab at the queensland museum . the highlight of the segment is fat albert who is a giant panda snail ( hedleyella falconeri ) from mt tambourine . fat albert proved to be an upcoming movie star for the duration of the filming .

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this is one of the six major gastropod lineages and contains a large number of terrestrial species and a few freshwater and brackish water species . all have an operculum . all extant members of this clade are in the subclade cycloneritimorpha .

terrestrial species are found in four families . they are indicated in green in the list below .

freshwater species are found in one family , the neritidae in the superfamily neritoidea . they are indicated in blue in the list below . exclusively marine families are in black .

operculate , terrestrial snails , distributed widely in the tropics and sub - tropics . distributions were taken from “compendium of landshells” by r . tucker abbott , the website urltoken and the discover life web site . an excellent resource for helicinids is dr . ira richling’s web site :

operculate , terrestrial snails , distributed widely in the tropics and sub - tropics . distributions were taken from “compendium of landshells” by r . tucker abbott and the discover life web site .

operculate , terrestrial snails . they are minute and several species are restricted to caves

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afrarpia is a genus of moths of the crambidae family .

it contains only one species , afrarpia mariepsiensis , which is found in south africa .

afrarpia

afrarpia <EOT> type species : afrarpia mariepsiensis maes , 2004 . journal of afrotropical zoology 1 : 61 , pl . 1 fig . e , pl . 6 . by original dedsignation and monotypy .

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de joannis j . 1927 . pyralidae d ' afrique australe , principalement du district de lourenço - marques . - bulletin de la société des lépidoptéristes de genève 5 ( 4 ) : 181–256 .

maes k . v . n . 2004b . new scopariinae from eastern and southern africa ( lepidoptera , pyraloidea , crambidae ) . - journal of afrotropical zoology 1 : 57–71 .

[ south africa , kwazulu - natal ] , natal , estcourt , leg . j . m . hutchinson .

hampson g . f . 1901e . in : ragonot , e . l . , monographie des phycitinae et des galleriinae . – in : romanoff , n . m . , mémoires sur les lépidoptères . - — 8 : i–xli , 1–507 , 560 , pls 24–57 .

nyiira z . m . 1973 . pest status of thrips and lepidopterous species on vegetables in uganda . - east african agricultural and forestry journal 39 ( 2 ) : 131–135 .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 14257♂ , rmca ; 1♂ , 9♀ , genitalia slides maes 14239♀ , 1191♂ , rmca , bmnh , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 774 , absrc ; paratypes 1♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slides maes 519 , 552 , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 14120 , rmca ; paratypes 3♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slides maes 553 , 554 , absrc .

holotype ♀ , genitalia slide maes 20763 , tmsa ; paratypes 8♀ , genitalia slide maes 1113 , 20681 , 20762 , absrc , tmsa .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 20680 , tmsa ; paratypes 5♂ , tmsa , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 858♂ , absrc ; 15 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , genitalia slides maes 462♂ , 465♀ , 433♀ , absrc , rmca .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 795 , absrc ; 53 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , absrc , nmk , usnm , tmsa .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 1187 , absrc ; paratypes 2♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides 20124 , 20117 , 20122 , 20105 , nmk .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 20693 , tmsa ; paratypes 4♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slide maes 979 , absrc , tmsa .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 1030 , absrc ; paratypes 8♂ , 7♀ , genitalia slides maes 1031 , 1032 , 1189 , 1190 , 20102 , absrc , nmk , bmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 855♂ , rmca ; 8 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , genitalia slide maes 415♀ , 466♀ , 857♀ , rmca , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 893 , absrc ; 32 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , absrc , nmk , bmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 14312 , rmca ; paratypes 1♂ , 9♀ , genitalia slides maes 14306 , 14307 , rmca , nmk , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 1305 , absrc ; paratypes [ number not stated ] , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 1247♂ , absrc ; paratype 1♀ , genitalia slide maes 1249♀ , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 20748♂ , nmnw ; paratypes 2♂ , 4♀ , genitalia slide maes 20751♀ , nmnw , zmhb , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 600♂ , absrc ; paratype 1♂ , genitalia slide maes 587♂ , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 873 , absrc ; paratypes 3♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slides maes , 20111 , 20249 , nmk .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 484 , absrc ; paratypes 2♀ , genitalia slides maes 485 , 486 , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 20746♂ , nmnw ; paratypes 7♀ , genitalia slide maes 1037♀ , nmnw , zmhb , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 20719 , tmsa ; paratypes 4♂ , 6♀ , genitalia slide maes 20738 , tmsa , absrc , mhng , rmsa .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 473♂ , rmca ; 39 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , genitalia slides maes 490♂ , 474♀ , rmca , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 949 , absrc ; paratypes 5♂ , 17♀ , genitalia slide maes 950 , absrc , rmca , nmk .

holotype ♂ , zmhb ; paratypes 29♂ , 18♀ , genitalia slides 38 / 10 , maes 20761 , 1006 , zmhb , tmsa , absrc .

holotype ♀ , genitalia slide pyralidae 21342♀ , bmnh ; paratypes 2♀ , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 382♂ , rmca ; paratypes 1♂ , genitalia slide maes 467♂ , 1 specimen , abdomen lost , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 743♂ , rmca ; paratypes 4♀ , genitalia slides maes 408♀ , 409♀ , rmca , absrc .

holotype ♀ , genitalia slide maes 468♀ , rmca ; paratypes 3♀ , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide k . maes 851♂ , absrc ; paratypes 2♂ ( 1 without abdomen ) , 1♀ , genitalia slide k . maes 1309♀ , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 593 , absrc ; paratypes 2♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slides maes 566 , 594 , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 769 , absrc ; paratype 1♀ , genitalia slide maes 20424 , nmk .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 20425 , nmk ; paratypes 2♂ , nmk , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 249♂ , rmca ; 72 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , genitalia slides maes 360♀ , 247♀ , 733♀ , 205♂ , 134♂ , 248♂ , rmca , bmnh , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 1059♂ , absrc ; paratypes 4♂ , 6♀ , genitalia slides maes 1058♀ , 20085♂ , 20086♀ , 20126♀ , absrc , nmk .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 1067 , absrc ; paratypes 2♂ and 9♀ , genitalia slides ♀1068 , ♀1183 , ♂20714 , absrc , tmsa , bmnh , rmca .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 1017♂ , absrc ; paratypes 5♂ , 6♀ , genitalia slide maes 1079♀ , absrc , usnm .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 595 , absrc ; paratype 1♂ , absrc .

holotype ♂ , absrc ; 33 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , genitalia slides maes 1365 , 1366 , 1332 , 1331 , 1303 , absrc , bmnh .

holotype ♂ , absrc ; paratypes 6♂ , genitalia slides maes 1347 , 1138 , 1346 , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 1349 , absrc ; 16 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , genitalia slides maes 1348 , hayden 263 , absrc , rmca .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 993 , absrc ; paratypes 1♂ and 4♀ , genitalia slide maes 20715 , absrc , tmsa .

holotype ♂ , genitalis slide maes 1033 , absrc ; paratypes 3♂ and 4♀ , genitalia slide maes 1229 , bmnh 21992 , absrc , bmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 489♂ , rmca ; paratypes 1♀ , genitalia slide maes 472♀ , 1 specmen , abdomen missing , rmca , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 383♂ , rmca ; paratypes 2♀ , genitalia slide maes 384♀ , rmca , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 470♂ , rmca ; paratypes 1♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slides 487♀ , 488♂ , rmca , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 14158 , rmca ; paratypes 14♂ , 12♀ , genitalia slides maes 14160 , 14163 , 14164 , rmca , absrc .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 941 , absrc ; paratypes 9♂ , 5♀ , genitalia slides maes 939 , 940 , 14161 , 14162 , absrc , rmca , nmk .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 1073♂ , absrc ; 26 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , genitalia slides maes 1071♀ , 1070♀ , 1069♂ , 1072♂ , 1042♂ , 1043♀ , 20747♂ , nmnw , zmhb , absrc .

holotype ♂ , absrc ; 28 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , genitalia slides maes 591 , 20428 , 904 , 909 , 910 , 903 , absrc , nmk , rmca .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide maes 953 , absrc ; paratypes 4♂ , absrc , nmk , rmsa .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 742 , absrc ; paratype ♀ , genitalia slide 1108 , absrc .

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mallosia graeca is a species of beetle in the lamiinae subfamily , that can be found only in greece .

the species is 13 – 30 mm long , and brown coloured .

mallosia graeca

mallosia graeca <EOT> dorcadion tomentosum sturm , 1843 mallosia graeca var . cardoriensis pic , 1900 saperda graeca sturm , 1843

oggetto del messaggio : re : mallosia ( s . str . ) graeca ( sturm , 1843 ) - cerambycidae - greece

longhorn beetles ( cerambycidae ) of the west palearctic region [ mallosia _ graeca ] hoskovec m . , rejzek m . : longhorn beetles ( cerambycidae ) of the west palearctic region [ urltoken ]

renvaze f . and renvaze j . - p . : note sur la biologie de mallosia graeca ( sturm , 1843 ) ( coleoptera , cerambycidae ) . bulletin de la société entomologique de mulhouse 601 : 4 - 7 , ( 2004 ) .

fauna europaea 2 . 4 [ 113972 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) : fauna europaea [ urltoken ] [ as mallosia graeca ( sturm , 1843 ) ] data retrieved on : 9 march 2012

the point for mallosia is marked with a " yellow pin " . that data were taken in field - notes when being in the field on the lake shore . . . searching for dragonflies . . . not rechecked the coordinates at home . . . even if do that normally . sorry for that

cosmin , it is no problem ! this is a normally procedure in terrain . . . . . i ' ve checked this from my own curiosity . moreover yours massage is very interesting as form communication between us . googleearth is very useful tool to sending coordinates . cheers ! jacek ps . a yellow pin have : urltoken 37 . 847092 , 22 . 465857 below is screen from google earth : this is very beatiful place ! ! ! ! urltoken in down - central zone is exactly yours locality ( locus mallosia )

( sturm , 1843 ) is a species endemic to greece . it is mainly known from peloponnese peninsula but can also be found in atica , the greek mainland . the host plant of this spectacular european longhorn beetle has long been unknown . in 1967 carl von demelt [ ❖ ] observed a number of specimens of this insect and suggested that the species developed in "

" ( in root system of a small thistle species , asteraceae , transl . and note by authors ) . this information has then been repeated in later works ( e . g . bense , 1995 ) . the correct host ,

( apiaceae ) , has only been discovered by a french group ( renvaze & renvaze , ✧ ) in 2004 . also another species of genus

von demelt c . : beitrag zur kenntnis der cerambycidenfauna griechenlands ( col . ) . entomologische zeitschrift 77 : 57 - 66 , 1967 .

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24 . v . 2010 - grecia - ee , peloponneso ( 37 . 854341 / 22 . 459604 ) , cosmin manci leg .

raccolti nel sud della grecia , peloponese ( 37 . 854341 / 22 . 459604 ) , in 24 . maggio . 2010 , leg . cosmin manci .

: ok : . good species . can you put the more precise locality ? peloponnes is vague . . . .

yes cosmin , my opinion is that coordinates are the most precise instrument to identify a locality , but have also a toponym , like a province , or a big city is better , in this way you can identify the locality without search on google earth , for example , and understand immediatly if the specimen is interestring or new for the country .

so " greece : korinthia : kionia ( near ) : stimfalia lake " is on my label .

you have the exact coordinates there . . . ( 37 . 854341 / 22 . 459604 ) . . . more precise than that but if you really need a toponym . . . near stimphalia lake .

cosmin , i ' ve checked this coordinates simply paste into google maps . locality is in center of lake : - )

write please , how do you obtain the reading measurements ? simply from gps ? check it please .

ambienti costieri ( spiagge sabbiose , scogliere , foci , paludi costiere , stagni salmastri etc . )

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2004 - 05 - 07 by prof . paolo audisio & by mr . gianfranco sama

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