strombus pugilis , common names the fighting conch and the west indian fighting conch , is a species of medium to large sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family strombidae , the true conchs .

s. pugilis is closely similar to strombus alatus , the florida fighting conch .

it is unsettled whether they are distinct species or merely subspecies .

strombus pugilis

strombus pugilis <EOT> subspecies strombus pugilis peculiaris m . smith , 1940 accepted as strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758

marlo added a link to " strombus pugilis " on " strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 " .

strombus pugilis in reeve , 1851 , strombus , pl . 16 , fig . 39

marlo added a link to " let ' s talk seashells ! - > strombus pugilis vs strombus alatus " on " strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 " .

shell length , developmental characteristics and mortality of strombus pugilis larvae reared in laboratory .

colton , 1905 on sexual dimorphism of strombus pugilis alatus , p . 140 :

strombus pugilis peculiaris m . smith , 1940 ( espèce cd _ nom = 575581 )

strombus pugilis var . in kiener , 1843 , pl . ? , fig . 2

strombus pugilis in duclos , 1844 , pl . 17 , fig . 1 , 2

strombus pugilis in duclos , 1844 , pl . 18 , fig . 1 , 2

strombus pugilis var . sloani in duclos , 1844 , pl . 17 , fig . 4

strombus pugilis ( anatomie ) in duclos , 1844 , pl . 17 , fig . 5

strombus pugilis juvenile in duclos , 1844 , pl . 17 , fig . 8 , 9

strombus pugilis nicaraguensis in clench & abbott , 1941 , p . 8 , pl . 6

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; florida , usa ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 0278

strombus pugilis alatus in clench & abbott , 1941 , p . 7 , pl . 5

strombus alatus in reeve , 1851 , strombus , pl . 16 , fig . 40

syn . : strombus pugilis worki petuch , 1993 : 51 - 54 , figs . 1 - 3

strombus pugilis var . " double carène " in duclos , 1844 , pl . 17 , fig . 3

strombus pugilis worki petuch , 1993 ; espirito santo state , brazil ; 78 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke

both strombus alatus and strombus pugilis can exhibit the anomaly that was described as sloani leach , 1814 this name has no validity and is considered a synonym .

both strombus alatus and strombus pugilis can exhibit the anomaly that was described as sloani leach , 1814 . this name has no validity and is considered a synonym .

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; santa maria ? , colombia ; 1972 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 1943

[ obtaining of egg masses of the snail , strombus pugilis ( mesogastropoda : strombidae ) under laboratory conditions ] .

jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 to their own page .

hans - martin braun added the german common name " rote fechterschnecke " to " strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 " .

strombus pugilis in the laboratory . manzano , nancy brito . aquaculture v . 167 no1 - 2 ( aug . 1

development , growth and survival of larvae of the fighting conch strombus pugilis l . ( mollusca : gastropoda ) in the laboratory

reproduction , laboratory culture , and growth of strombus gigas , s . costatus and s . pugilis in los roques , venezuela

comment gijs kronenberg : " south of amazone river , this should be s . pugilis worki petuch . is within variability of s . pugilis "

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; martinique island , lesser antilles , caribbean sea ; 1989 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 6367

colton , h . s . ( 1905 ) . sexual dimorphism in strombus pugilis . nautilus , 3 , 139 - 140 .

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; peanut island , palm beach county , florida ; length 82 . 22 mm ; coll . dennis sargent

[ obtaining of egg masses of the snail , strombus pugilis ( mesogastropoda : strombidae ) under laboratory conditions ] . - pubmed - ncbi

7 . give some facts about the life of a strombus pugilis ( fighting conch ) and explain why this shell is so named .

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; colon bay , colon province , panama , caribbean sea ; 1971 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5575

colton , h . s . ( 1905 ) . sexual dimorphism in strombus pugilis . nautilus , vol . 18 , 138 - 140 .

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; ubatuba , sao paulo state , brazil ; by diver at 5 m ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 6463

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; guarapari , espirito santo state , brazil ; in sand at low tide ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 6463

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; guarapari , espirito santo state , brazil ; muddy sand ; 74 mm ; 11 / 1992 ; coll . ulrich wieneke

bower , w . j . ( 1945 ) . egg laying process of strombus pugilis alatus gmelin . the nautilus 59 ( 1 ) , 35 .

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; playa del carmen , solidaridad municipality , quintana roo state , yucatan peninsula , mexico , caribbean sea ; coll . virgilio liverani

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; puerto rico island , usa , northeastern caribbean sea ; dy diver at 10 m ; 76 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; bonaire island , netherlands antilles , the netherlands , caribbean sea ; 6 / 1971 : coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5577

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; near malmok , aruba island , netherlands antilles , the netherlands , caribbean sea ; beached ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5580

colton , h . s . ( 1905 ) . some notes on living strombus pugilis . the nautilus 19 ( 8 ) : 8588 , pl , 3 .

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; juvenile ; malmok , aruba island , netherlands antilles , the netherlands , caribbean sea ; beached ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5580

syn . : strombus pugilis peculiaris m . smith , 1940 : 35 , 36 left column top row specimen on right [ sp . 500 ] [ = sloani form ]

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; tertiary ( miocene ? ) , jamaica , caribbean sea ; coll . bm ( nh ) no . g4046 ; copyright bm ( nh )

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; portobelo bay , colon province , panama , caribbean sea ; dredged at 120 ft . ; 1987 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 1943

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; portobelo bay , colon province , panama , caribbean sea ; dredged at 120 ft . ; 1987 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5579

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; aruba island , netherlands antilles , the netherlands , caribbean sea ; t : 60 mm , b : 82 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; portobelo bay , colon province , panama , caribbean sea ; snorkeling at 2 - 4 m ; 87 mm ; 2002 ; coll . ulrich wieneke

23 . seasonality in reproductive activity and larval abundance of queen conch strombus gigas .

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; cabo blanco formation , pleistocene ; amuay bay , paraguana peninsula , falcon state , venezuela , caribbean sea ; coll . stichting schepsel schelp no . sss 22216

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; punta mizuc , cancun , quintana roo , yucatan peninsula , mexico , caribbean sea ; at 15 m on sand ; 83 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; porto belo , santa catarina state , brazil ; at 2 - 4 m on muddy sand ; 3 / 1985 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 0728

goodrich , c . ( 1944 ) . variations in strombus pugilis alatus . occasional papers of the museum of zoology , university of michigan , no . 490 , 1 - 10 , fulltext

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; la isabela formation , pleistocene ; la isabela near luperon , puerto plata province , dominican republic , caribbean sea ; coll . stichting schepsel schelp no . sss 51465

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; cactus bay , malmok , aruba island , netherlands antilles , the netherlands , caribbean sea ; at 6 m ; 1987 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 0901

strombus pyrulatus in duclos , 1844 , pl . 19 , fig . 1 , 2

25 . evidence of survival value related to burying behavior in queen conch strombus gigas .

strombus pugilis worki petuch , 1993 ; off vittoria , espirito santo state , brazil ; trawled by shrimp boats from rubble at 20 - 25 m ; 79 mm ; 5 / 2001 ; coll . ulrich wieneke

shell , strombus pugilis poster print by samuel brookes ( 8 x 10 ) shell , strombus pugilis was reproduced on premium heavy stock paper which captures all of the vivid colors and details of the original . the overall paper size is 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches and the image size is 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches . this print is ready for hanging or framing . brand new and rolled and ready for display or framing . print title : shell , strombus pugilis . paper size : 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches . product type : fine art print , artist : samuel brookes .

genetic variation in the queen conch , strombus gigas , across its geographic range . preliminary results

strombus pyrulatus juvenile in duclos , 1844 , pl . 19 , fig . 7 , 8

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; florida , usa ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5410

strombus cf . pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; pliocene / pleistocene ; boca chica , margarita island ( isla margarita ) , new sparta state , venezuela , caribbean sea ; coll . stichting schepsel schelp no . sss 58335

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; off san pedro town , ambergris caye island , belize , caribbean sea ; at 7 ft . in and on sand ; 8 / 1990 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 3730

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; off los taques , paraguana peninsula , falcon state , venezuela , caribbean sea ; dredged on muddy sand at 12 m ; 9 / 2009 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 6378

( of strombus pugilis pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ) liverani v . ( 2014 ) the superfamily stromboidea . addenda and corrigenda . in : g . t . poppe , k . groh & c . renker ( eds ) , a conchological iconography . pp . 1 - 54 , pls 131 - 164 . harxheim : conchbooks . [ details ]

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; off el pico , paraguana peninsula , falcon state , venezuela , caribbean sea ; at 1 - 5 m , in sand and weed ; 1984 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 0693

syn . : strombus cornutus g . perry , 1811 : pl . 12 , fig . 4

12 . developmental plasticity in the shell of the queen conch strombus gigas . martn - mora ,

conch , strombus gigas ( mollusca , gastropoda ) , in mexico . garca santaella , eduardo .

strombus pugilis forma nicaraguensis fluck , 1905 ; sandy bay , atlántico sur , nicaragua , caribbean sea ; taken on sand and mud at a depth of 2 - 3 m ; 69 mm ; 5 / 1993 ; coll . ulrich wieneke

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; florida , usa ; 81 , 7 mm ; coll . goran vertriest

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; florida , usa ; 84 , 6 mm ; coll . goran vertriest

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; playa del carmen , solidaridad municipality , quintana roo state , yucatan peninsula , mexico , caribbean sea ; t : 102 mm , b : 93 mm ; at 12 m on sand ; coll . christian börnke

mörch , 1850 - saudi arabia , 43mm - a pale form . [ synonym : strombus gibberulus albus ]

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 : lamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la guyane française ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dulçaquicoles des antilles françaises . plb editions . 788 pp .

the ciliary photoreceptor in the teleplanic veliger larvae of smaragdia sp . and strombus sp . ( mollusca , gastropoda )

2007 : apicomplexan parasites in strombus gigas in the guadeloupean archipelago . master thesis at the university of antilles - guyane

? syn . : strombus pyrulatus var . albicans sowerby 1st , 1825 : 68 [ nom . nud . ]

6 . the status of queen conch , strombus gigas , research in the caribbean . stoner , allan w .

volland j - m . , gros o . 2012 . cytochemical investigation of the digestive gland of two strombidae species ( strombus gigas and s . pugilis ) in relation to the nutrition . microscopy research and techniques . in press . doi 10 . 1002 / jemt . 22074

strombus linné , 1758 ; vaught , 1989 : 31 ; le renard , 1996 : 41 , strombella schlüter , 1838 , conomurex fischer p . , 1884 ex bayle ms , strombus ( conomurex ) ; vaught , 1989 : 31 .

linné , 1758 - florida keys , 89mm - typical specimens have longer spines on the spire than does strombus alatus .

strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; beach 2 km west of juan griego , margarita island ( isla margarita ) , new sparta state , venezuela , caribbean sea ; beached after storm ; t : 57 mm , b : 72 mm ; 3 / 2008 ; coll . ulrich wieneke

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; centent key , monroe county , florida , usa ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 0342

" family : strombidae " . strombus gigas linnaeus , 1758 . fao species identification sheets . rome : fao . 1977 .

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; palm beach area , florida , usa ; shallow water ; 1985 ; coll . koenraad de turck

16 . structure and optics of the eye of the hawk - wing conch , strombus raninus ( l . ) . seyer ,

" i found an interesting molluscan phenomenon along the south central coast of jamaica . all of the strombus we found had dwarf adult shells . no typical size specimens were present . the largest strombus pugilis was 55mm ; the smallest 50mm ( lower left ) . the upper left specimen is 52mm , which was an average size . the right specimen is a 64mm strombus costatus . typically specimens are found in sizes 20 to 50mm or more for the costatus and 10 to 25mm larger for the pugilis . i ' m not sure what is causing the dwarfism , but warmer than normal water temps might be the culprit causing the mollusks to mature at an earlier stage of growth and create the mature lip at a smaller size . "

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; key largo , monroe county , florida , usa ; 1972 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5413

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; sanibel island , lee county , florida , usa ; 1970 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5409

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; sanibel island , lee county , florida , usa ; 1970 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 4000

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; subadult ; sanibel island , lee county , florida , usa ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 1661

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; pliocene ; south bay , palm beach county , florida , usa ; 95 mm ; coll . rupert hochleitner

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; estero island , lee county , florida , usa ; 11 / 1973 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5407

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; pinellas county , florida , usa ; t : 80 mm , b : 74 mm ; coll . david carroll

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; pinellas county , florida , usa ; t : 85 mm , b : 81 mm ; coll . david carroll

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; peanut island , palm beach county , florida , usa ; length 99 . 31 mm ; coll . dennis sargent

m . r . enriquez - diaz , j . m . volland , j . f . chavez - villegas , d . aldana - aranda , o . gros ; development of the planktotrophic veligers and plantigrades of strombus pugilis ( gastropoda ) , journal of molluscan studies , volume 81 , issue 3 , 1 august 2015 , pages 335–344 , urltoken

strombus alatus , commonly known as the florida fighting conch , contains a small , jagged spire at the top of the shell and about seven whorls .

( linné , 1758 ) - mahe island , seychelles , 57 . 3mm - the nominate form of gibberulus gibberulus [ synonym : strombus gibberulus ] .

2 . settlement and recruitment of queen conch , strombus gigas , in seagrass meadows : associations with habitat and micropredators . stoner , allan w . fishery

the developmental characteristics of strombus pugilis larval organogenesis observed by light microscopy are shown in table 1 . sensory organs ( ocular tentacles ) appeared in early veligers ( 4 d ) . the organs allowing benthic feeding appeared after 29 d of larval development . transformation from pelagic to a primarily benthic behaviour occurred at 25 d and plantigrades were observed at 30 d .

shawl , a . & a . spring . 2003 . culturing the florida fighting conch strombus alatus . tropical fish hobbyist l1 5 : 94 - 97 .

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; fort myers , lee county , florida , usa ; in sandy grass at low tide ; 89 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; keys , monroe county , florida , usa ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5408 ( t ) , 0325 ( b )

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; pleistocene , caloosahatchee river , port la belle , hendry county , florida , usa ; coll . antoine heitz no . 2090 c

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; bermont formation , middle pleistocene ; hendry county , florida , usa ; 1995 ; coll . stichting schepsel schelp no . sss 24294

ariste - zelise o . , santos j . , enriquez diaz m . , montejo j . , volland j - m . & aldana aranda d . 2010 . habitat impact in the reproductive cycle of strombus pugilis in the campeche bank and analysis of apicomplexa and urospherules - like granules . 63 rd annual conference of the gulf and caribbean fisheries institute . san juan , puerto rico

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; peanut island , palm beach county , florida , usa ; t : 92 mm , b : 95 mm ; coll . christian börnke

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; sanibel island , lee county , florida , usa ; by scuba at 55 ' deep ; 1988 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5412

the aims of this study were ( 1 ) to describe , using light microscopy and sem , developmental patterns of organogenesis , growth and mortality of s . pugilis larvae ; ( 2 ) to investigate the ultrastructure of shell and soft tissues in order to facilitate the identification of gastropods in the plankton and in the meiobenthos and ( 3 ) to perform larval rearing in support of aquaculture for strombus species .

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; fort worth inlet , palm beach county , florida , usa ; at 10 ' - 20 ' on sand ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5411

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; pleistocene , new county pit , west of la belle , hendry county , florida , usa ; coll . antoine heitz loc . no . ha 28135

" strombus sloanii . s . anfractu basilari lævis , basi longitudinaliter undulato - sulcato , apice processibus quadratis , compressis , elevatis ; anfractibus superis nodosis , longitudinaliter lineatis , lineis elevatis . "

( lightfoot , 1786 ) - somalia , 114 . 5mm - the coloring varies widely ; this specimen has an unusual dark striped pattern on the back . [ synonym : strombus tricornis ]

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; punta rassa , cape coral - fort myers , lee county , florida , usa ; low tide , exposed sand ; 93 mm ; coll . virgilio liverani

i am working with aaron at stri to collect modern , archaeological , and paleontological shell materials from bocas del toro . strombus pugilis is a species of conch that has decreased in body size at maturity over the past ~ 7000 years possibly due to size - selective human subsistence pressures . i’ll export these shell samples , along with some modern tissue samples , back to psu and attempt to extract and sequence both modern and ancient dna from these materials .

as a juvenile , the fighting conch strombus pugilis lives hidden in the muddy sediments of lagoons . it emerges to compete for mates when it reaches sexual maturity , but only after it has thickened up its outer lip as a protection from predators . by observing the size of shells and the thickness of lips in fossil , archeological and modern conchs the researchers found that size at sexual maturity declined during the past 1 , 500 years in concert with human harvesting .

" sloane ' s strombus . basal whirl smooth ; base with longitudinal undulating grooves ; apex with elevated , compressed , quadrate processes ; superior volutions knotted , longitudinally lineated , the lines elevated . "

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; bermont formation , middle pleistocene ; belle glade ( r441 ) , palm beach county , florida , usa ; 1995 ; coll . stichting schepsel schelp no . sss 24299

( linné , 1758 ) - cabo rojo , puerto rico . the famed rooster tail conch is found in a variety of colors ; this specimen has shades of pink . [ synonym : strombus gallus ]

merz , r . a . ( 1979 ) . a study of the behavioral and biomechanical defenses of strombus alatus , the florida fighting conch . master ' s thesis . university of florida , gainesville .

syn . : strombus dubius sowerby . tryon , 1885 : 109 [ non solander , 1766 , nec swainson , 1823 , nec sowerby 2nd , 1842 nec kiener , 1843 ] based on misidentification by tryon .

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; double spined form ; collected on exposed sand and grass flats at low tide , riviera beach , peanut island , palm beach county , florida , usa ; july 2003 ; coll . aart dekkers no . str0459

( gmelin , 1791 ) - aguadilla , puerto rico - 77mm . a gerontic specimen with a blackened lip . strombs found along the west coast of puerto rico seem to be prone to this type of discoloration . [ synonym : strombus raninus ]

strombidae , or the conchs are one of the more familiar of the molluscan groups . though many larger molluscan species are commonly referred to as conchs , the strombs or generically , strombus are the true conch shells . the number of species in the family numbers around 60 species , which is small in comparison with other molluscan families . yet the size difference between the largest and smallest strombus species is huge . a few grow to be the largest and heaviest of the marine mollusks such as eustrombus goliath

" although strombus alatus is the most common species of strombus in northern areas and its planktonic larvae occur in the neritic waters off north carolina ( thiriot - quievreux 1983 ) , it disappeared from bermuda sometime since the pleistocene , when glaciers forced the gulfstream to the south and into a more east west orientation , bringing it closer to bermuda ( keffer et al . , 1988 ) . bermuda now lies in the central oceanic gyre of the north atlantic , more than 1500 km from the gulf stream . "

gillette , p . & a . shawl , 2006 . effects of diet and sex ratio on the reproductive output of the florida fighting conch , strombus alatus . proceedings of the 57 . annual gulf and caribbean fisheries institute : 57 , 947 - 954 .

hargreave , d . ( 1995 ) . an ontogenetic approach to understanding changes in shell morphology over time : the strombus alatus complex in the plio - pleistocene of southern florida . tulane studies in geology and paleontology , 27 ( 1 - 4 ) , 1 - 52 .

the family strombidae has in recent years undergone a major taxonomic revision . numerous neatly organized subgenera for the various species within the genus strombus have been raised to full genera , and new genera have been errected for species that did not clearly fit within the classic arrangement . the most significant taxonomic change within the family strombidae is that the spindly tibia have been reclassified in the family rostellariidae based on anatomy and shell morphology . the conchological community has been slow to adopt this new classification . the various ' strombus ' species are arranged here according to the revised nomenclature .

plantigrades of strombus pugilis . a . light micrograph of plantigrade with eyes ( white arrowheads ) and tentacles . operculum and foot possess several pigmented dots ( arrows ) . b . showing two eyes located at the bases of tentacles . the proboscis ( pr ) is outside shell . c . proboscis ( pr ) and two ocular tentacles ( arrows ) are well developed . shell appears dirty , covered with biofilm . operculum ( star ) is attached to extended foot , with furrow ( black arrow ) in the propodium ( p ) . d . at 35 d shell has 4 . 5 whorls ; on body whorl the spiral sculpture band ( arrows ) is typical of juveniles of the genus strombus . e . shell of plantigrades is characterized by numerous striae that are typical of adult shell . scale bars : a = 100 µm ; b = 70 µm ; c = 100 µm ; d = 125 µm ; e = 40 μm .

strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; riviera beach , peanut island , palm beach county , florida , usa ; live collected in eel - grass at 1 m ; t : 86 mm , m : 85 mm , b : 84 mm ; 5 / 1985 ; coll . christian börnke

the team suggests that declining yields may not be the only detrimental effects of an evolutionary change to mature at smaller size . the ability to reproduce , the quality of offspring and other vital traits can be damaged by size - selective evolution . further study is required to learn the extent to which the fitness of s . pugilis has decreased because of long - term size - selective evolution .

mitton , j . b . , berg , c . j . , & orr , k . s . ( 1989 ) . population structure , larval dispersal , and gene flow in the queen conch , strombus gigas , of the caribbean . the biological bulletin , 177 ( 3 ) , 356 - 362 .

volland j - m . , aldana aranda d . & gros o . 2008 . detection of apicomplexa like parasites in two species belonging to the family strombidae : strombus gallus , linnaeus , 1758 and s . raninus , gmelin 1791 . 61 st annual conference of the gulf caribbean fisheries institute . pointe à pitre , guadeloupe

late veliger larvae of strombus pugilis . a . light micrograph of 9 d larva . the velum has four lobes and cilia of preoral band are active at periphery ( arrows ) . the digestive tract ( star ) and visceral mass ( vm ) are visible through shell . b . sem view of four - lobed velum of 10 - d larva . long cilia responsible for propelling veliger are located at periphery of velum . c . light micrograph of visceral mass as observed in a living 10 - d veliger through its calcified shell . arrow heads , digestive gland lobes ; dg , digestive gland ; i , intestine ; s , stomach . d–e . sem views of two - whorled shell of 9–10 - d veliger . scale bars = 50 μm .

" in the environment around sanibel island , it is both short and long spired , and at every stage between these extremes . sculpture ranges from feebly nodulous to stoutly spinose . color is protean , uncorrelated with any other character so far as could be learned . in short , the striking feature of alatus , in contrast to typical pugilis , is the absence of uniformity . distribution is from north carolilia to the shores of the gulf of mexico in texas . "

the combined influence of feeding schedule and photoperiod on fighting conch , strombus pugilis ( linné , 1758 ) larvae growth and survival was studied using two feeding schedules ( 12 h and 24 h with food ) and three photoperiods ( 0 h light , 12 h light and 24 h light ) . this effect of feeding and photoperiods was tested in three months ( may , june and july ) . shell length was measured every two days to establish growth for each treatment . for the three experiments , continuous darkness and feeding were advantageous for larvae growth with the higher growth rate ( 42 μm d − 1 ) while continuous light and feeding had a negative effect on growth ( 29 μm d − 1 ) and survival ( 13 % ) . however the highest survival ( 44 % ) was obtained in 12 h light and 24 h feeding .

röding , 1798 - coral sea , 40 - 46mm - these specimens were taken near east diamond island , way out in the middle of nowhere ! a geographical morph with a dark band below the suture line on the body whorl is more typical at this location ( middle specimen ) , though a wider range of coral sea color forms is illustrated here . [ synonym : strombus gibberulus gibbosus ]

pediveligers of strombus pugilis . a . light micrograph of a young swimming pediveliger showing a velum with six lobes . scale bar : 100 μm . b . sem view of the six - lobed velum from 10 - d larva . the foot is covered by an operculum ( arrow ) . in the centre of the large velum the ocular tentacles ( arrows heads ) are obvious . c . sem detail of one lobe of velum showing numerous long cilia at periphery . small nuclei of non - ciliated cells in central part of velum are visible ( arrows ) . d . sem micrograph of operculum ( o ) attached to foot ( f ) . its wrinkled surface is probably due to its uncalcified state . e . semithin midgut transverse section of 14 d pediveliger . dg , digestive gland ; s , stomach ; v , velum . scale bars : a = 100 µm ; b = 70 μm ; c = 10 μm ; d = 20 μm ; e = 50 μm .

" the shell differs from the typical pugilis , especially in its smaller size , varying very little from 55 to 62 mm . the spire is regularly tuberculated , rather high , acute , and sculptured with distinct revolving raised lines ; prominent revolving ridges also mark the entire body - whorl , or in some specimens a large portion of it . the color is uniform dark salmon , except the spire , which tends to whiteness , while the aperture is lighter and brighter than the external parts , and anteriorly has just a suggestion of purple . the epidermis is thin . "

kosloski , m . e . ( 2008 , october ) . are museum collections adequate to test the escalation hypothesis ? : a preliminary case study using the plio - pleistocene strombus alatus species complex from florida . in 2008 joint meeting of the geological society of america , soil science society of america , american society of agronomy , crop science society of america , gulf coast association of geological societies with the gulf coast section of sepm .

the number and types of structures that appear in strombid development during the veliger stage , such as the eyespots , the increase of velar lobes ( from 2 to 6 ) , heart and propodium are similar among the genera laevistrombus from the indo - pacific and strombus and lobatus from the atlantic ( d ' asaro , 1965 ; davis , bolton & stoner , 1993 ; brito - manzano et al . , 1999 ; brito - manzano & aldana - aranda , 2004 ; cob et al . , 2009a , b ) .

discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .

the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .

the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .

citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken

copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .

funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .

here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .

part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .

the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .

similarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] – [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .

we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .

many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .

conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .

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distribution : usa : florida : east florida ; colombia : offshore islands ; costa rica , panama , colombia ; abc islands : curacao ; venezuela : gulf of venezuela , carabobo , sucre , islas los roques , isla margarita ; cuba : north havana province , north matanzas , villa clara , santiago de cuba ; jamaica , puerto rico ; virgin islands : st . croix ; martinique , brazil : ceara , rio grande do norte , pernambuco , alagoas , bahia , espirito santo , rio de janeiro , sao paulo , parana , santa catarina

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animal - based remedies constitute an integral part of brazilian traditional medicine . due to its long history , zootherapy has in fact become an integral part of folk medicine both in rural and urban areas of the country . in this paper we summarize current knowledge on zootherapeutic practices in northeast of brazil , based on information compiled from ethnobiological scientific literature .

in order to examine the diversity of animals used in traditional medicine in northeast of brazil , all available references or reports of folk remedies based on animals sources were examined . 34 sources were analyzed . only taxa that could be identified to species level were included in assessment of medicinal animal species . scientific names provided in publications were updated .

the review revealed that at least 250 animal species ( 178 vertebrates and 72 invertebrates ) are used for medicinal purposes in northeast of brazil . the inventoried species comprise 10 taxonomic categories and belong to 141 families . the groups with the greatest number of species were fishes ( n = 58 ) , mammals ( n = 47 ) and reptiles ( n = 37 ) . the zootherapeutical products are used for the treatment of different illnesses . the most widely treated condition were asthma , rheumatism and sore throat , conditions , which had a wide variety of animals to treat them with . many animals were used for the treatment of multiple ailments . beyond the use for treating human diseases , zootherapeutical resources are also used in ethnoveterinary medicine

the number of medicinal species catalogued was quite expressive and demonstrate the importance of zootherapy as alternative therapeutic in northeast of brazil . although widely diffused throughout brazil , zootherapeutic practices remain virtually unstudied . there is an urgent need to examine the ecological , cultural , social , and public health implications associated with fauna usage , including a full inventory of the animal species used for medicinal purposes and the socio - cultural context associated with their consumption .

humans depend on biodiversity and the capacity of ecosystems to provide a multitude of goods and services that underpin a healthy human and natural environment . biodiversity is essential for human health , for example , in the provision of the raw materials for medicines . indeed , some 20 , 000 species are used in traditional medicine , which forms the basis of primary health care for about 80 percent of the 3 billion people in developing countries . more than half of the world ' s modern drugs are derived from biological resources , which supports the traditional and modern pharmaceutical sectors [

] . although plants and plant - derived materials make up the majority of ingredients used in most traditional medical systems globally , whole animals , animal parts , and animal - derived products ( e . g . , urine , fat , etc . ) also constitute important elements of the materia medica . indeed , zootherapy , the use of animal products in healing , is an ancient and widespread practice across most cultures [

little attention has been paid to the cultural , medical , economic , or ecological significance of zootherapeutic practices , even though the federal government ' s national policy of pharmaceuticals ( política nacional de medicamentos , portaria no . 3916 / 98 ) specifies that " the support to research aiming to use the therapeutic potential of the national flora and fauna , with emphasis on certification of their medical properties , should be continued and expanded " [

] . nevertheless , since the 1980s various publications have shown the importance of zootherapy for traditional communities from distinct socio - cultural - environmental landscapes in brazil . most of the available information on the subject is concentrated in the northeast of the country [

in addition , the edibility of these medicinal resources must be analyzed because there must be complex interactions between diet and the medicinal use . a number of food animals are also used as remedies [

] . although often regarded as supplementary to local peoples ' diet , wild food and medicine are essential in times of crisis and play an important nutritional role . the neglect of traditional food and medicines may seriously deteriorate the health and well being of traditional peoples [

] . furthermore , nature - based traditional food and medicine are generally viewed as interchangeable , diet being highly regarded as the primary basis for sustaining and / or restoring health and well - being . consequently , foods are considered and often times chosen for their distinctive medicinal or healing values .

] . in that context , the aim of this paper is summarize current knowledge on zootherapeutic practices in of northeast of brazil , based on information compiled from ethnobiological scientific literature , aiming to establish a regional data base . contributions is expected in order to increase our knowledge concerning the faunistic resources used in the traditional medicine in the country , alerting for the need of protecting the biodiversity and the traditional knowledge and still emphasize the importance of a therapeutic modality that although widely disseminated at the country , is getting little attention from the scientific community .

the total area of the brazilian northeast is 1 , 561 , 177 . 8 km

, which extends from 02°54 to 17°21s and from 35° to 46°30w and includes nine states : maranhão , piauí , ceará , rio grande do norte , paraíba , pernambuco , alagoas , sergipe and bahia ( figure .

] . this region is home to around 51 million people , representing 28 . 9 % of the total population of brazil , most of whom live in the urban area . the inhabitants of northeast brazil exhibit a high degree of race mixing . according to the 2006 census of brazilian institute for geography and statistics ( ibge ) , people of multiracial ( european , amerindian and african ) background make up 62 . 5 % of the population , while those of total or predominantly black ancestry account for 7 . 8 % . this region was not heavily affected by the wave of european immigration that took place in southern brazil during the 19th century – the northeast was ( and still is ) the poorest part of brazil , and therefore there was little incentive for new immigrants to stay [

as a result of the huge land mass involved , the diverse physio - geography of the region , as well as the conjunction of two major weather systems , provided by the ne and se trade winds , rainfall patterns in northeast brazil are typically diverse and instable . the precipitation within the region varies from being extremely wet , with an annual rainfall of up to around 2 , 000 mm along the coast , to only 300–500 mm in the semi - arid zone , where the rainfall is usually restricted to a few months during the year . the availability of water determines the type and abundance of vegetation and fauna that exists in the region , as therefore in turn the patterns of human exploitation of natural resources [

the predominant vegetation type in this region is composed of several forms of caatinga biome . the structure of these forests can vary considerably from forests composed of mostly spiny trees , 6 to 10 m tall , often with a ground - layer of small deciduous shrubs and annual herbs , predominantly leguminosae , to deciduous woodlands of lower stature , with a high proportion of shrubs and subshrubs and the presence of many cacti , bromeliads and euphorbiaceae [

] . the northeast region as a whole holds more types of vegetation than any other region in brazil . in addition to the caatinga biome , there are the atlantic rainforests , seasonal forests and inland mountain forests ,

and shore dunes , mangroves , cerrados ( savannah - like vegetation ) and ' campos rupestres ' , all of which exhibit rich animal and plant biodiversity .

] . 34 ethnobiological sources documenting the medicinal use of animals were analyzed . only taxa that could be identified to species level were included in the data base . scientific names were updated in accordance with the integrated taxonomic information system ' s " catalogue of life : 2008 annual checklist " [


the maspalomas bow-legged grasshopper ( dericorys minutus ) is a species of grasshopper of the family acrididae .

the species is endemic to the town of maspalomas on gran canaria island , and is considered critically endangered , or almost extinct , since it has n't been found since 1949 .

maspalomas bow - legged grasshopper

maspalomas bow - legged grasshopper <EOT> the maspalomas bow - legged grasshopper ( dericorys minutus ) is a species of grasshopper of the family acrididae .

have a fact about maspalomas bow - legged grasshopper ? write it here to share it with the entire community .

have a definition for maspalomas bow - legged grasshopper ? write it here to share it with the entire community .

the red - legged grasshopper ( melanoplus femurrubrum ) is a species of grasshopper belonging to the genus melanoplus .

chorthippus biguttulus , the bow - winged grasshopper , is one of the most common species of grasshopper found in the dry grassland of northern and central europe .

schistocerca nitens is a species of grasshopper known by several common names , including vagrant grasshopper and gray bird grasshopper .

dactylotum bicolor , also known as the rainbow grasshopper , painted grasshopper , or the barber pole grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper in the family acrididae .

the blue - winged grasshopper , oedipoda caerulescens is a grasshopper in the genus oedipoda .

have a fact about maspalomas ? write it here to share it with the entire community .

have a definition for maspalomas ? write it here to share it with the entire community .

heteracris trimaculata , also known as three - spotted forest grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper .

metaleptea brevicornis , the clipped - wing grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper from north america .

caelifera , grasshopjumper , grasshoppers , hoppergrass , short - horned grasshopper , short - horned grasshopper .

eupropacris abbreviata , commonly known as kilosa noble grasshopper is a species of grasshopper of the family acrididae .

euthystira brachyptera , the small gold grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper belonging to the family acrididae .

the giant south american grasshopper ( tropidacris violaceus ) is a species of grasshopper in the family romaleidae .

the african rice grasshopper , hieroglyphus daganensis is a medium - sized grasshopper species found in the sahel region .

psophus stridulus , commonly known as the rattle grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper of the family acrididae .

cyphocerastis uluguruensis , also known as uluguru mountain grasshopper is a rare species of grasshopper in the family acrididae .

valanga nigricornis , the javanese grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper in the subfamily cyrtacanthacridinae of the family acrididae .

teratodes monticollis , commonly known as the hooded grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper native to india and sri lanka .

dictyophorus spumans , the koppie foam grasshopper or rooibaadjie , is a species of grasshopper in the family pyrgomorphidae indigenous to africa .

the slender burrowing grasshopper ( acrotylus patruelis ) is a species of bandwing grasshopper found throughout africa , southern europe and southwestern asia .

romalea microptera ( syn . romalea guttata ) , known commonly as the eastern lubber grasshopper or just lubber grasshopper , is a grasshopper native to the southeastern and south central portion of the united states .

the foothill yellow - legged frog ( rana boylii ) is a small - sized frog from the rana genus in the ranidae family .

eight vessels and one shore station of the royal navy were named hms grasshopper , named for the grasshopper , a common type of herbivorous insect .

the black - tailed godwit ( limosa limosa ) is a large , long - legged , long - billed shorebird first described by carolus linnaeus in 1758 .

aiolopus is a genus of grasshopper belonging to the family acrididae , subfamily oedipodinae .

the kagu or cagou ( rhynochetos jubatus ) is a crested , long - legged , and bluish - grey bird endemic to the dense mountain forests of new caledonia .

aiolopus strepens is a species of grasshopper belonging to the family acrididae , subfamily oedipodinae .

aiolopus thalassinus is a species of grasshopper belonging to the family acrididae , subfamily oedipodinae .

the southern austroicetes ( austroicetes frater ) is an australian grasshopper in the genus austroicetes .

the pallid - winged grasshopper ( trimerotropis pallidipennis ) is a common grasshopper of the family acrididae , native to the deserts of western north america from british columbia to argentina .

pardillana exempta is a species of grasshopper in the genus pardillana of the family acrididae .

schayera baiulus is a species of grasshopper in the family acrididae , endemic to australia .

chorthippus parallelus , the meadow grasshopper , is a common species of grasshopper found in non - arid grasslands throughout the well vegetated areas of europe and some adjoining areas of asia .

the rufous grasshopper is a medium - sized , broad , brown , ' short - horned ' grasshopper with clubbed antennae that are tipped with a conspicuous white or pale color .

the senegalese grasshopper ( oedaleus senegalensis ) is a medium - sized grasshopper species found in the sahel region of africa , the canary islands , cape verde islands and west asia .

the ant and the grasshopper , alternatively titled the grasshopper and the ant ( or ants ) , is one of aesop ' s fables , numbered 373 in the perry index .

alpinacris tumidicauda is a species of grasshopper only known from otago and southland , new zealand .

oedipoda is a genus of grasshoppers , including the blue - winged grasshopper , oedipoda caerulescens .

phyllochoreia is a genus of grasshopper endemic to the western ghats of india and sri lanka .

chorthippus albomarginatus , the lesser marsh grasshopper , is a common grasshopper of european grassland both damp - marshy and ( despite its name ) dry , including salt - marsh and coastal habitats .

aularches miliaris is a colorful grasshopper belonging to the family pyrgomorphidae found in south and southeast asia .

dociostaurus maroccanus , commonly known as the moroccan locust , is a grasshopper in the insect family acrididae .

the yellow - winged grasshopper ( gastrimargus musicus ) is a common grassland locust in australia and india .

the following is a list of the species of grasshopper , cricket and allied insects recorded from britain .

the red locust ( nomadacris septemfasciata ) is a large grasshopper species found in sub - saharan africa .

alpinacris crassicauda is a species of grasshopper only known from west coast region and tasman region , new zealand .

grasshopper is an outdoor 1988 copper sculpture by wayne chabre , located in salem , oregon , united states .

atractomorpha similis , commonly known as the northern grass pyrgomorph , is a species of grasshopper in the genus atractomorpha .

chorthippus brunneus , a member of the subfamily gomphocerinae , are more commonly referred to as the common field grasshopper .

the southern grasshopper mouse or scorpion mouse ( onychomys torridus ) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae .

sphenarium purpurascens , in spanish : chapulín de la milpa or in portuguese : gafanhoto - do - milho ( translation : the corn field grasshopper ) , is a grasshopper species in the genus sphenarium found in mexico and guatemala .

bugdom 2 follows the adventure of a grasshopper named skip as he tries to get his stolen knapsack from bully bee .

the grasshopper escapement is an unusual , low - friction escapement for pendulum clocks invented by british clockmaker john harrison around 1722 .

the short - winged green grasshopper ( dichromorpha viridis ) is a common species of slant - faced grasshoppers found in north america .

the lipnur belalang ( grasshopper in indonesian ) was a military trainer aircraft built in small numbers in indonesia in the late 1950s .

the species has probably gone extinct near maspalomas as a consequence of the destruction of its habitat caused by touristic development . the recently discovered second site is threatened by the construction of houses . based on this threat , the species occurs only at one location .

phaulacridium otagoense is an endemic new zealand grasshopper found in low altitudes throughout the central south island ( mackenzie basin and central otago ) .

spharagemon collare , common name mottled sand grasshopper , is found in sandy - soiled , grassy areas of northern united states and southern canada .

kuznechik ( grasshopper ) was a bactrian camel that became known for following the soviet red army in its advance towards germany in world war ii .

the morogoro pretty grasshopper ( acanthothericles bicoloripes ) is a species of thericleid orthopteran that is endemic to lowland and submontane rainforests around morogoro in tanzania .

grasshopper glacier is located in shoshone national forest , in the us state of wyoming on the east of the continental divide in the wind river range .

phaulacridium marginale is an endemic new zealand grasshopper found in low altitudes throughout the north island , the south island , stewart island and on many smaller islands .

schistocerca americana is a species of grasshopper in the family acrididae known commonly as the american grasshoppersquitier , j . m . and j . l . capinera .

nsenene is the luganda name for a long - horned grasshopper ( more commonly called bush cricket or katydid ) that is a central ugandan delicacy as well as an important source of income .

the gran canaria crested grasshopper is endemic to gran canaria ( canary islands , spain ) , from which it is only known from a single locality in the north of the island ( sardina del norte , near gáldar ) , where it was recently rediscovered ( h . lópez pers . comm . 2016 ) . it was originally described from a single specimen found at the beach of maspalomas ( chopard 1954 ) , where it was never found again . the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is between 4 and 10 km² , the area of occupancy ( aoo ) is 4 to 8 km² .

el chapulín colorado ( the red grasshopper or as captain hopper in the english version of el chavo : animated series ) is a mexican television comedy series that ran from 1972 to 1981 and parodied superhero shows .

the arbalète sauterelle type a , or simply sauterelle ( french for grasshopper ) , was a bomb - throwing crossbow used by french and british forces on the western front during world war i . it was designed to throw a hand grenade in a high trajectory into enemy trenches .

the migratory locust ( locusta migratoria ) is the most widespread locust species , and the only species in the genus locusta . it occurs throughout africa , asia , australia and new zealand . it used to be common in europe but has now become rare there . because of the vast geographic area it occupies , which comprises many different ecological zones , numerous subspecies have been described . however , not all experts agree on the validity of some of these subspecies . many other species of grasshopper with gregarious and possibly migratory behaviour are referred to as ' locusts ' in the vernacular , including the widely distributed desert locust .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

eades , d . c . , otte , d . , cigliano , m . m . and braun , h . 2016 . orthoptera species file . version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 . available at : urltoken .

critically endangered b1ab ( iii , v ) + 2ab ( iii , v ) ver 3 . 1

in the south of gran canaria , the species has not been found since 1949 and is probably extinct . recently the species has been rediscovered in the north of the island . as the only known locality is strongly affected by the construction of houses , a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred .

the ecology of this species has not been studied . it is likely to prefer coastal open habitats with scarce vegetation , although its habitat preferences are not clear as the species has been only recently re - discovered . its next relatives are specialised on chenopodiaceae as food plants .

for the recently discovered subpopulation near sardina del norte , conservation action needs to be implemented immediately . particularly , the habitat needs to be protected from further deterioration . research on its population size , population trend and ecology is urgently needed . furthermore , a monitoring program needs to be implemented . it also should be studied if the species has survived elsewhere at the coast of gran canaria . the species is not present in protected areas .

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with the help of more than 100 of the iucn species survival commission’s specialist groups , global wildlife conservation has compiled this list of species considered lost across more than 160 countries as part of the search for lost species . the definition of “lost” varied by taxa . we welcome additional nominations and encourage conservationists , scientists and naturalists to launch searches for species on this broad list . report an observation on the search for lost species inauralist page . iucn red list of threatened species status key :

carìábido de doramas ( fide machado , a . , & morera , m . ( eds . ) . ( 2005 ) . nombres comunes de las plantas y los animales de canarias . islas canarias : academia canaria de la lengua .

probably extinct in martì _ n esquivel , j . l . , fajardo gonzìález , s . , cabrera pì©rez , m . ì . , arechavaleta hernìández , m . , aguiar clavijo , a . , martì _ n de abreu , s . , & naranjo morales , m . ( 2005 ) . evaluaciì _ n 2004 de especies amenazadas de canarias . especies en peligro de extinciì _ n , sensibles a la alteraciì _ n de su hìábitat y vulnerables . santa cruz de tenerife : consejerì _ a de medioi ambiente y ordenaciì _ n territorial , gobierno de canarias .

want more info ? go to urltoken or contact us at info @ urltoken .

there are lots of additional ways you can join the global search ! make a donation to support the expeditions . become a corporate sponsor of the initiative or sponsor a specific expedition . share the lost stories on facebook , instagram and twitter .

no matter how big or small , there is always something you can do to help spread the conservation message .

© 2017 global wildlife conservation . all rights reserved . global wildlife conservation is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) .

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

melanoplus femurrubrum . this striking color pattern is not unusual in this species . in the west , similarly patterned ones sometimes have the dark areas colored blue .

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disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .

contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .

the acrididae are the predominant family of grasshoppers , comprising some 10 , 000 of the 11 , 000 species of the entire suborder caelifera .

the silent slant - faced grasshoppers make up the subfamily acridinae of the insect family acrididae .

acridini is a tribe of insects in the subfamily acridinae ( silent slant - faced grasshoppers ) of the insect family acrididae .

the african crake ( crex egregia ) is a bird in the rail family that breeds in most of sub - saharan africa away from the arid south and southwest .

the african golden wolf ( canis anthus ) , also known as the african wolf or thoa , is a canid native to north and northeastern africa .

allomerus decemarticulatus is an amazonian ant species found in the tropics of south america .

the alpine chough , or yellow - billed chough , ( pyrrhocorax graculus ) is a bird in the crow family , one of only two species in the genus pyrrhocorax .

alqōsh ( ܐܠܩܘܫ , judeo - aramaic : אלקוש , ألقوش ) , alternatively spelled al - qosh or alqush , is an assyrian town in northern iraq .

the american kestrel ( falco sparverius ) , sometimes colloquially known as the sparrow hawk , is a small falcon , and the only kestrel found in the americas .

the american robin ( turdus migratorius ) is a migratory songbird of the thrush family .

angling is a method of fishing by means of an " angle " ( fish hook ) .

angling in yellowstone national park is a major reason many visitors come to the park each year and since it was created in 1872 , the park has drawn anglers from around the world to fish its waters .

angolan cuisine is the cuisine of angola , a country in south - central africa .

animal communication is the transfer of information from one or a group of animals ( sender or senders ) to one or more other animals ( receiver or receivers ) which affects either the current or future behavior of the receivers .

animal suicide refers to self - destructive behavior displayed by various species of animal that becomes likened to suicide .

anti - predator adaptations are mechanisms developed through evolution that assist prey organisms in their constant struggle against predators .

the costa rican zebra tarantula , also known as the striped - knee tarantula ( aphonopelma seemanni ) , is a species of tarantula inhabiting most of western costa rica , as well as other parts of central america , such as honduras and nicaragua , and possibly guatemala .

aposematism ( from greek ἀπό apo away , σ̑ημα sema sign , coined by edward bagnall poultonpoulton , 1890 . foldout " the colours of animals classified according to their uses " , after page 339 . ) , perhaps most commonly known in the context of warning coloration , describes a family of antipredator adaptations where a warning signal is associated with the unprofitability of a prey item to potential predators .

the four - spot orb - weaver ( araneus quadratus ) is a common orb - weaver spider found in europe and central asia , and as far as the kamchatka peninsula and japan .

arm slaves are fictional mecha from the light novel , manga , and anime series full metal panic ! .

an artificial fly or fly lure is a type of fishing lure , usually used in the sport of fly fishing ( although they may also be used in other forms of angling ) .

association football club names are a part of the sport ' s culture , reflecting century - old traditions .

the biodiversity of great britain and ireland is probably the most well - studied of any geographical area of comparable size anywhere in the world .

attwater ' s prairie chicken ( tympanuchus cupido attwateri ) is a highly endangered subspecies of the greater prairie chicken that is native to coastal texas and louisiana in the united states .

the australian magpie ( cracticus tibicen ) is a medium - sized black and white passerine bird native to australia and southern new guinea .

the australian owlet - nightjar ( aegotheles cristatus ) is a nocturnal bird found in open woodland across australia and in southern new guinea .

the australian raven ( corvus coronoides ) is a passerine bird in the genus corvus native to much of southern and northeastern australia .

the moroccan auxiliary forces ( berber : idwasen imawwasen or imxazniyen , arabic : القوات المساعدة al - quwwāt al - musā ` idah , french : forces auxiliaires marocaines ) is a paramilitary force legally part of the royal moroccan armed forces but following the command of the ministry of the interior , and supplements the military , gendarmerie and police when needed .

axon guidance ( also called axon pathfinding ) is a subfield of neural development concerning the process by which neurons send out axons to reach the correct targets .

in addition to the normal karyotype , wild populations of many animal , plant , and fungi species contain b chromosomes ( also known as supernumerary or accessory chromosomes ) .

the banded kestrel ( falco zoniventris ) is a bird of prey belonging to the falcon family falconidae .

bandwings , or band - winged grasshoppers ( subfamily oedipodinae ) is a group of insects classified under the family acrididae .

a barber ' s pole is a type of sign used by barbers to signify the place or shop where they perform their craft .

the barred eagle - owl ( bubo sumatranus ) , also called the malay eagle - owl , is a species of owl in the strigidae family .

the barred owl ( strix varia ) is a large typical owl native to north america .

the bat - eared fox ( otocyon megalotis ) is a species of fox found on the african savanna , named for its large ears , .

is a line of small 2 " tall action figure toys , in the form of an anthropomorphised animals with body armor and a unique weapon .

bee 52 is a side scrolling game for the nintendo entertainment system ( nes ) .

for the 1947 docudrama , see the beginning or the end beginning of the end is a 1957 american science fiction film directed by bert i . gordon and starring peter graves and peggie castle .

belonogaster juncea juncea is a subspecies of belonogaster juncea and is classified as a primitively eusocial wasp , meaning that the species is social while exhibiting a morphology that is indistinguishable from that of other castes .

benno ii ( – 27 july 1088 ) was bishop of osnabrück from 1068 until his death .

- - - - the bessarabia germans ( bessarabiendeutsche , germani basarabeni ) are an ethnic group who lived in bessarabia ( today part of moldova and ukraine ) between 1814 and 1940 .

the term bible diet ( also known as the maker ' s diet ) is used to refer to a diet promoted on radio and in books by writer and motivational speaker jordan s . rubin , who says it is based on teachings from leviticus , deuteronomy and other books of the bible , that certain foods are either forbidden ( " unclean " ) or acceptable ( " clean " ) to god .

" big two - hearted river " is a two - part short story written by american author ernest hemingway , published in the 1925 boni & liveright edition of in our time , the first american volume of hemingway ' s short stories .

bio - inspired robotic locomotion is a fairly new sub - category of bio - inspired design .

the biodiversity of new zealand , a large island nation located in the southwestern pacific ocean , is one of the most varied and unique on earth due to its long isolation from other continental landmasses .

bizarre foods with andrew zimmern is a travel and cuisine television show hosted by andrew zimmern on the travel channel .

the black - backed jackal ( canis mesomelas ) is a canid native to two areas of africa , separated by roughly 900 km .

the black - crowned central american squirrel monkey ( saimiri oerstedii oerstedii ) is a subspecies of the central american squirrel monkey .

the black - headed dwarf chameleon ( bradypodion melanocephalum ) is a lizard of the family chamaeleonidae endemic to kwazulu - natal , south africa .

the black - shouldered kite ( elanus axillaris ) or australian black - shouldered kite is a small raptor found in open habitat throughout australia and resembles similar species found in africa , eurasia and north america , which have in the past also been named as black - shouldered kites .

blister beetles are beetles of the family meloidae , so called for their defensive secretion of a blistering agent , cantharidin .

the blue crane ( anthropoides paradiseus ) , also known as the stanley crane and the paradise crane , is the national bird of south africa .

the blue mountains water skink ( eulamprus leuraensis ) is a species of skink in the family scincidae .

the blue - bellied roller ( coracias cyanogaster ) is a member of the roller family of birds which breeds across africa in a narrow belt from senegal to northeast democratic republic of the congo .

the blue - headed vireo ( vireo solitarius ) is a neotropical migrating song bird found in north and central america .

boea is a genus of plants in the gesneriaceae ( gesneriads ) family , with species originating from australia , china , india , malaysia , birma , philippines , polynesia , solomon islands , thailand , papua new guinea , indonesia , nepal , bhutan , cambodia , vietnam and laos .

the boveri–sutton chromosome theory ( also known as the chromosome theory of inheritance or the sutton–boveri theory ) is a fundamental unifying theory of genetics which identifies chromosomes as the carriers of genetic material .

the brook trout ( salvelinus fontinalis ) is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family salmonidae .

the brown anole ( anolis sagrei ) , also known as the bahaman anole or de la sagra ' s anole , is a lizard native to cuba and the bahamas .

the brown thrasher ( toxostoma rufum ) is a bird in the family mimidae , which also includes the new world catbirds and mockingbirds .

brunneria borealis , common name brunner ' s mantis , brunner ' s stick mantis , or northern grass mantis , is a species of praying mantis native to the southern united states .

bugdom is a 1999 platform video game originally created by pangea software for the mac os 9 .

bunyan bugs are a series of synthetic objects used as fly rod bait in fly - fishing , designed to look like a wide variety of insects , including grasshoppers , stoneflies , mayflies , horse flies , bumble bees , ants and caddis flies .

the cactus wren ( campylorhynchus brunneicapillus ) is a species of wren that is native to the southwestern united states southwards to central mexico .

calamovilfa longifolia is a species of grass known by the common names prairie sandreed and sand reedgrass .

the california leaf - nosed bat ( macrotus californicus ) is a species of bat in the family phyllostomidae .

camouflage is the use of any combination of materials , coloration , or illumination for concealment , either by making animals or objects hard to see ( crypsis ) , or by disguising them as something else ( mimesis ) .

the canadian synchrotron radiation facility ( csrf ) ( institut canadien du rayonnement synchrotron - icrs ) was canada ' s national synchrotron facility from 1983 - 2005 .

the cape starling , red - shouldered glossy - starling or cape glossy starling ( lamprotornis nitens ) is a species of starling in the family sturnidae .

caragana arborescens , caragana or siberian peashrub , is a species of legume native to siberia and parts of china ( heilongjiang xinjiang ) and neighboring mongolia and kazakhstan .

the carolina wren ( thryothorus ludovicianus ) is a common species of wren that is a resident in the eastern half of the united states of america , the extreme south of ontario , canada , and the extreme northeast of mexico .

the caspian plover ( charadrius asiaticus ) is a wader in the plover family of birds .

cassava ( manihot esculenta ) production is vital to the economy of nigeria as the country is the world ' s largest producer of the commodity .

cassin ' s sparrow ( peucaea cassinii ) is a medium - sized sparrow .

the cattle egret ( bubulcus ibis ) is a cosmopolitan species of heron ( family ardeidae ) found in the tropics , subtropics and warm temperate zones .

the central american squirrel monkey ( saimiri oerstedii ) is a squirrel monkey species from the pacific coast of costa rica and panama .

the central asian northern desert is an ecoregion in the deserts and xeric shrublands biome , located in the central asian countries of kazakhstan and uzbekistan .

ceratonia siliqua , commonly known as the carob tree , st john ' s - bread , or locust bean ( not to be confused with the african locust bean ) is a species of flowering evergreen shrub or tree in the pea family , fabaceae .

the chamaesaura , also known as grass lizards , are a genus of legless lizards from southern and eastern africa .

chameleons or chamaeleons ( family chamaeleonidae ) are a distinctive and highly specialized clade of old world lizards with 202 species described as of june 2015 .

chapulines , plural for chapulín , are grasshoppers of the genus sphenarium , that are commonly eaten in certain areas of mexico .

chargaff ' s rules states that dna from any cell of all organisms should have a 1 : 1 ratio ( base pair rule ) of pyrimidine and purine bases and , more specifically , that the amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine .

charles valentine riley ( 1843 - 1895 ) was a british - born american entomologist and artist .

charles w . woodworth ( april 28 , 1865 – november 19 , 1940 ) was an american entomologist .

the chinese mantis ( tenodera sinensis ) is a species of praying mantis native to china and other parts of asia and islands off of mainland asia .

is the fourth film adaptation of the popular kamen rider series kamen rider den - o , following kamen rider den - o : i ' m born ! , kamen rider den - o & kiva : climax deka , and saraba kamen rider den - o : final countdown .

cholula ( spanish ) is a city and district located in the center west of the state of puebla , next to the city of puebla de zaragoza , in central mexico .

two species of chough constitute the genus pyrrhocorax of the corvidae ( crow ) family of birds .

the cirl bunting , emberiza cirlus , is a passerine bird in the bunting family emberizidae , a group now separated by most modern authors from the finches , fringillidae .

citrix systems , inc . is an american multinational software company founded in 1989 that provides server , application and desktop virtualization , networking , software - as - a - service ( saas ) , and cloud computing technologies .

climate change in the us state of washington is a subject of study and projection today .

the columbia spotted frog ( rana luteiventris ) is a north american species of frog .

the common dwarf mongoose ( helogale parvula ) , sometimes just called the dwarf mongoose , is a small african carnivore belonging to the mongoose family ( herpestidae ) .

the common myna ( acridotheres tristis ) , sometimes spelled mynah , also sometimes known as " indian myna " , is a member of the family sturnidae ( starlings and mynas ) native to asia .

the common planigale ( planigale maculata ) , also known as the pygmy planigale or the coastal planigale , is one of many small marsupial carnivores known as " marsupial mice " found in australia .

the common poorwill ( phalaenoptilus nuttallii ) is a nocturnal bird of the family caprimulgidae , the nightjars .

the common starling ( sturnus vulgaris ) , also known as the european starling , or in the british isles just the starling , is a medium - sized passerine bird in the starling family , sturnidae .

the common tody - flycatcher or black - fronted tody - flycatcher ( todirostrum cinereum ) is a very small passerine bird in the tyrant flycatcher family .

the islamic dietary laws ( halal ) and the jewish dietary laws ( kashrut ; in english , kosher ) are both quite detailed , and contain both points of similarity and discord .

concordia normal school located in concordia , kansas was a state - funded normal school operated by the kansas state government from 1874 until 1876 .

the corn crake , corncrake or landrail ( crex crex ) is a bird in the rail family .

the corpus clock is a large sculptural clock at street level on the outside of the taylor library at corpus christi college , cambridge university , in the united kingdom , at the junction of bene ' t street and trumpington street , looking out over king ' s parade .

crematogaster is an ecologically diverse genus of ants found worldwide , which are characterised by a distinctive heart - shaped gaster ( abdomen ) , which gives one of their common names , valentine ant .

crepitation refers to situations where noises are produced by the rubbing of parts one against the other , as in .

the cretaceous , derived from the latin " creta " ( chalk ) , usually abbreviated k for its german translation kreide ( chalk ) , is a geologic period and system from to years ( ma ) ago .

crickets , family gryllidae ( also known as " true crickets " ) , are insects related to grasshoppers .

the crimson fruitcrow ( haematoderus militaris ) is a species of bird in the large family cotingidae , not a crow .

crossley ' s vanga ( mystacornis crossleyi ) , also known as crossley ' s babbler - vanga , crossley ' s babbler , or madagascar groundjumper , is a bird species in the family vangidae .

cryptococcus ( greek for " hidden sphere " ) is a genus of fungus .

centrafrican cuisine includes the cuisines , cooking traditions , practices , ingredients and foods of the central african republic ( car ) .

the cutthroat trout is a fish species of the family salmonidae native to cold - water tributaries of the pacific ocean , rocky mountains , and great basin in north america .

daniel otte ( born 14 march 1939 ) is a noted behavior ecologist , a world expert on crickets and grasshoppers and a prominent scientific illustrator .

dave ' s hopper is an artificial fly used for fly fishing , designed to imitate adult grasshoppers and other orthoptera species .

the cuisine of the democratic republic of the congo varies widely , representing the food of indigenous people .

dickinson ' s kestrel ( falco dickinsoni ) is a bird of prey of southern and eastern africa belonging to the falcon family falconidae .

discotettix is an genus of insects found in malaysia , belonging to the tetrigidae family of orthopterans .

discotettix adenanii is an insect found in malaysia , belonging to the tetrigidae family .

discotettix selangori is an insect found in malaysia , belonging to the tetrigidae family .

dissection ( from latin dissecare " to cut to pieces " ; also called anatomization , from greek anatomia , from ana - " up " and temnein " to cut " ) is the process of disassembling and observing something to determine its internal structure and as an aid to discerning the functions and relationships of its components .

dissosteira is a genus of grasshoppers in the family acrididae found in north america .

doctor dolittle is an animated series produced by depatie - freleng enterprises in association with 20th century fox television .

the are the fictional antagonists in the kamen rider series kamen rider w . dopants are normal humans who use gaia memories .

the dusky grouse ( dendragapus obscurus ) is a species of forest - dwelling grouse native to the rocky mountains in north america .

east polden grasslands is a 124 hectare biological site of special scientific interest on the polden hills in somerset , notified in 1999 .

the eastern coyote ( canis latrans var . ) , also known as the new england canid or tweed wolf , is a wild northern american canid of mixed wolf - coyote parentage present in new england , new york , new jersey , pennsylvania , ontario , quebec , new brunswick , nova scotia , and newfoundland and labrador .

the eastern screech owl ( megascops asio ) is a small owl that is relatively common in eastern north america , from mexico to canada .

the echigo - tsumari art triennial is an international modern art festival held once every three years in the niigata prefecture , japan .

the ecology of banksia refers to all the relationships and interactions among the plant genus banksia and its environment .

the ecology of the rocky mountains is diverse due to the effects of a variety of environmental factors .

estella eleanor carothers ( 4 december 1882 – 1957 ) , known primarily as eleanor carothers , was an american zoologist , geneticist , and cytologist known for her work with grasshoppers .

electronic pest control is the name given to the use of any of the several types of electrically powered devices designed to repel or eliminate pests , usually rodents or insects .

electrotettix is an extinct genus of pygmy locust found in amber collected in the dominican republic .

the emu ( dromaius novaehollandiae ) is the second - largest living bird in the world by height , after its ratite relative , the ostrich .

endophenotype is a genetic epidemiology term which is used to separate behavioral symptoms into more stable phenotypes with a clear genetic connection .

endrin is an organochloride with the chemical formula c12h8cl6o that was first produced in 1950 by shell and velsicol chemical corporation .

ensifera is a suborder of the order orthoptera , including insects in the families gryllidae ( true crickets ) , prophalangopsidae ( grigs ) , stenopelmatidae ( jerulalem crickets , king crickets , tree and giant wetas ) , gryllacrididae ( leaf - rolling and raspy crickets ) , cooloolidae ( cooloola monsters ) , rhaphidophoridae ( cave and camel crickets ) , schizodactylidae ( dune or splay - footed crickets ) and tettigoniidae ( bush crickets or katydids ) .

entomology ( from greek ἔντομος , moment , " that which is cut in pieces or engraved / segmented " , hence " insect " ; and - λογία , - logia ) is the scientific study of insects , a branch of zoology .

entomophagy ( from greek ἔντομον éntomon , " insect " , and φᾰγεῖν phagein , " to eat " ) is the human consumption of insects as food : human insectivory .

epicauta vittata is a species of beetle in the family meloidae , the blister beetles .

the etruscan shrew ( suncus etruscus ) , also known as the etruscan pygmy shrew or the white - toothed pygmy shrew is the smallest known mammal by mass , weighing only about on average ( in russian ) .

eumorsea is a genus of grasshoppers in the family eumastacidae , the monkey grasshoppers .

euprenolepis procera is a species of ant found in the rainforests of south east asia .

evidence of common descent of living organisms has been discovered by scientists researching in a variety of disciplines over many decades and has demonstrated common descent of all life on earth developing from a last universal ancestor .

the exopterygota , also known as hemipterodea , are a superorder of insects of the subclass pterygota in the infraclass neoptera , in which the young resemble adults but have externally developing wings .

an exoskeleton ( from greek έξω , éxō " outer " and σκελετός , skeletos " skeleton " ) is the external skeleton that supports and protects an animal ' s body , in contrast to the internal skeleton ( endoskeleton ) of , for example , a human .

the apapane ( himatione sanguinea ) is a species of hawaiian honeycreeper , that is endemic to hawaii .

the fourth season of the syfy reality television series face off premiered on january 15 , 2013 and ended march 26 , 2013 .

fasciclin 2 ( fas2 or fasii ) is a 95 kilodalton cell membrane glycoprotein in the immunoglobulin ( ig ) – related superfamily of cell adhesion molecules ( cams ) .

the fauna of australia consists of a huge variety of animals ; some 83 % of mammals , 89 % of reptiles , 24 % of fish and insects and 93 % of amphibians that inhabit the continent are endemic to australia .

the fauna of the australian capital territory includes representatives from most major australian animal groups .

the fieldfare ( turdus pilaris ) is a member of the thrush family turdidae .

the fiji woodswallow ( artamus mentalis ) is a species of woodswallow in the family artamidae .

fipronil is a broad - use insecticide that belongs to the phenylpyrazole chemical family . fipronil is a broad - spectrum insecticide that disrupts the insect central nervous system by blocking gaba - gated chloride channels and glutamate - gated chloride ( glucl ) channels , resulting in central nervous system toxicity .

first street ( chinese : 第一街 ) is a street in sai ying pun , an early suburb of hong kong .

fishing bait is any substance used to attract and catch fish , e . g . on the end of a fishing hook , or inside a fish trap .

the flap - necked chameleon , chamaeleo dilepis , is a species of arboreal lizard native to sub - saharan africa .

the florissant fossil bed national monument is a national monument located in teller county , colorado .

fly fishing is an angling method in which an artificial " fly " is used to catch fish .

fork - marked lemurs or fork - crowned lemurs are strepsirrhine primates ; the four species comprise the genus phaner .

the four - toed elephant shrew or four - toed sengi is the only living species in the genus petrodromus , which together with three other extant genera rhynchocyon , macroscelides and elephantulus constitutes the order macroscelidea .

foxley wood is an 11 . 36 hectare local nature reserve and site of borough importance for nature conservation , grade 1 , in purley in the london borough of croydon .

francis henry maynard , known as frank h . maynard ( december 16 , 1853 – march 28 , 1926 ) , was an old - time cowboy of the american west who claimed authorship of the revised version of the well - known ballad " the streets of laredo " .

frank phillips ( november 28 , 1873 & ndash ; august 23 , 1950 ) founded phillips petroleum in bartlesville , oklahoma ( marketed as phillips 66 ) in 1917 , along with his brother , lee eldas " l . e . " phillips , sr .

friedmann ' s lark ( mirafra pulpa ) is a species of lark in the alaudidae family .

fringe - toed lizards are lizards of the genus uma in the family phrynosomatidae , native to deserts of north america .

frogs are a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short - bodied , tailless amphibians composing the order anura ( ancient greek an - , without + oura , tail ) .

a gapeworm ( syngamus trachea ) , also known as a red worm and forked worm , is a parasitic nematode worm infecting the tracheas of certain birds .

the garden dormouse ( eliomys quercinus ) is a rodent in the dormouse family .

gavialidium is a genus of insects found in malaysia , belonging to the tetrigidae family of orthopterans .

gavialidium phangensum is an insect found in malaysia , belonging to the tetrigidae family .

a genet ( pronounced or ) is a member of the genus genetta , which comprises 14 to 17 species of small african carnivorans .

geoffroy ' s tamarin ( saguinus geoffroyi ) , also known as the panamanian , red - crested or rufous - naped tamarin , is a tamarin , a type of small monkey , found in panama and colombia .

count giuseppe zinanni or ginanni ( 7 november 1692 ravenna – 23 october 1753 in the same city ) was an italian naturalist .

the glossy ibis ( plegadis falcinellus ) is a wading bird in the ibis family threskiornithidae .

the gnateaters are a bird family , conopophagidae , consisting of ten small passerine species in two genera , which occur in south and central america .

the golden - fronted woodpecker ( melanerpes aurifrons ) is a north american woodpecker .

the golden - rumped elephant shrew ( rhynchocyon chrysopygus ) is the largest species in the african elephant shrew family .

goofy and wilbur is a cartoon produced by walt disney productions and released by rko radio pictures on march 17 , 1939 .

gotthilf hempel ( born march 8 , 1929 ) is a retired german marine biologist and oceanographer .

graeme ruxton is a zoologist known for his research into behavioural ecology and evolutionary ecology .

in zoology , a graminivore ( not to be confused with a granivore ) is an herbivorous animal that feeds primarily on grass ( specifically " true " grasses , plants of the family poaceae ) .

the grand comoro drongo ( dicrurus fuscipennis ) is a species of bird in the dicruridae family .

grasses , or more technically graminoids , are monocotyledonous , usually herbaceous plants with narrow leaves growing from the base .

grasshoppers ( cavallette ) is an animated short by bruno bozzetto which condenses the whole of human civilization into 9 minutes , focusing primarily on the human race ' s predilection for warfare and the vanity of war .

grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses ( poaceae ) , however sedge ( cyperaceae ) and rush ( juncaceae ) families can also be found .

saint gratus of aosta ( san grato di aosta , saint grat d ' aoste ) ( d . september 7 , c . 470 ad ) is the patron saint of aosta .

the great bustard ( otis tarda ) is in the bustard family , the only member of the genus otis .

the great grey shrike , northern grey shrike , or northern shrike ( lanius excubitor ) is a large songbird species in the shrike family ( laniidae ) .

the great horned owl ( bubo virginianus ) , also known as the tiger owl ( originally derived from early naturalists ' description as the " winged tiger " or " tiger of the air " ) or the hoot owl , austing , g . r . & holt , jr . , j . b . ( 1966 ) .

the great potoo ( nyctibius grandis ) is a bird , both the largest potoo species and the largest member of the order caprimulgiformes ( nightjars and allies ) .

the great pyramid of cholula , also known as tlachihualtepetl ( nahuatl for " artificial mountain " ) , is a huge complex located in cholula , puebla , mexico .

the greater kestrel or white - eyed kestrel ( falco rupicoloides ) is a bird of prey belonging to the falcon family falconidae .

the greater rhea ( rhea americana ) is a flightless bird found in eastern south america .

the greater short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma hernandesi ) , also commonly known as the mountain short - horned lizard , is a species of lizard endemic to western north america .

in the earliest times the greeks wore their hair kome ( long ) , and thus they are constantly called in homer karekomoontes .

the green iguana ( iguana iguana ) , also known as common iguana or american iguana , is a large , arboreal , mostly herbivorous species of lizard of the genus iguana native to central , south america , and the caribbean .

the grey - crowned central american squirrel monkey ( saimiri oerstedii citrinellus ) is a subspecies of the central american squirrel monkey .

the grey - necked rockfowl ( picathartes oreas ) is a medium - sized bird in the family picathartidae with a long neck and tail .

the groundhog ( marmota monax ) , also known as a woodchuck , or whistlepig , is a rodent of the family sciuridae , belonging to the group of large ground squirrels known as marmots .

growing up in the universe was a series of lectures given by richard dawkins as part of the royal institution christmas lectures , in which he discussed the evolution of life in the universe .

guindy national park is a protected area of tamil nadu , located in chennai , south india , is the 8th smallest national park of india and one of the very few national parks situated inside a city .

the are a fictional race creatures who act as the antagonists in the 2000 kamen rider series kamen rider kuuga .

habigbagim ( hebrew : הביגבגים ) is an israeli educational television program for preschoolers , which aired on the israeli children channel between 1998 and 2000 .

the hairy frog ( trichobatrachus robustus ) , also known as the horror frog or wolverine frog , is a central african species of frog in the arthroleptidae family .

hawk is a common name for some small to medium - sized diurnal birds of prey , widely distributed and varying greatly in size .

hedotettix is an genus of insects found in china , belonging to the tetrigidae family of orthopterans .

hedotettix brachynota is an insect found in china , belonging to the tetrigidae family .

hedotettix grossivalva is an insect found in china , belonging to the tetrigidae family .

hedotettix xueshanensis is an insect found in china , belonging to the tetrigidae family .

hellgrammite ( roderick rose ) is a fictional character , a supervillain appearing in dc comics , commonly as an enemy of superman .

hemimetabolism or hemimetaboly , also called incomplete metamorphosis and paurometabolism , mcgavin , george c . essential entomology : an order - by - order introduction .

hemolymph , or haemolymph , is a fluid , analogous to the blood in vertebrates , that circulates in the interior of the arthropod body remaining in direct contact with the animal ' s tissues .

henry ' s amazing animals ( more commonly known as amazing animals ) is an educational children ' s nature program produced by dorling kindersley and originally broadcast on the disney channel in 1996 .