the mariana mallard or oustalet 's duck ( anas oustaleti ) is an extinct type of duck of the genus anas that was endemic to the mariana islands .

its taxonomic status is debated , and it has variously been treated as a full species , a subspecies of the mallard or the pacific black duck , or sometimes as a subspecies of the indian spot-billed duck .

mariana mallard

mariana mallard <EOT> the mariana mallard is an extinct species of mallard that lived only on the mariana islands . the mariana mallard is classed as part of the anas genus however its taxodermic status is open to debate .

living exclusively on the mariana islands the mariana mallard is thought to have migrated between islands such as the saipan , guam , tinian and possibly even the rota island . the reports of mariana mallard on rota are unconfirmed and and allegedly reported two unidentified ducks , not necessarily the mariana mallard .

over the years debates have ranged about the mariana mallard with some claiming the mariana mallard as a subspecies of the indian spot - billed duck , some favoring the mariana mallard to be a subspecies of the pacific black duck while others believe it to be a stand alone species .

a final determination on the mariana mallard and the guam broadbill is published in today ' s federal register .

mariana mallard’s weighed in at around 1 kilograms and grew to around 55cm in length making them slightly smaller than common mallards . as is the case with male mallards , the male mariana mallard had a green head that was not as bright as today’s mallard .

u . s . fish and wildlife service " mariana mallard / anas platyrhynchos oustaleti . threatened and endangered species . urltoken

the mariana mallard was endemic to the mariana archipelago and documented to occur on the islands of guam , tinian , and saipan . there was some speculation that mariana mallards were once found on the islands of rota and pagan ( baker 1948 ; steadman 1992 ; reichel and lemke 1994 ) .

only one comment was received during the comment period . the commonwealth of the northern mariana islands division of fish and wildlife stated that they concurred with our conclusion that the mariana mallard is extinct and should be removed from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife .

amend § 17 . 11 ( h ) by removing the entries for “mallard , mariana” and “broadbill , guam” under “birds” from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife .

the similar appearance of female mallard with both sexes of grey duck makes identification difficult in reducing the mallard population , and interbreeding . the female mallard in flight may actually be a grey duck .

we also requested and received peer review from three experts on the waterbirds and forest birds of the mariana islands . all three peer reviewers concurred with our conclusion that the mariana mallard and the guam broadbill are extinct and should be removed from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife .

this paper provides 70 species accounts documenting new bird records we obtained in the 14 mariana islands north of guam .

no population estimate was ever recorded for the mariana mallard prior to its decline . however , it was believed that they were never abundant due to the limited habitat availability of freshwater marshes and lakes in the mariana archipelago ( baker 1951 ) . the largest number of mariana mallards ever recorded was of 2 flocks of 50 to 60 mariana mallards at lake hagoi , tinian , in 1936 ( kuroda 1942 , cited in reichel and lemke 1994 ) . however , by the 1940s , most observations of mariana mallards on tinian , saipan , and guam were of 12 or fewer birds ( stott 1947 ; marshall 1949 ; kibler 1950 ) . the last mariana mallards observed on guam and tinian were observed in 1967 and 1974 , respectively ( drahos 1977 ; tenorio and associates 1979 ) . on

generally chestnut in color the mariana mallard sported light gray feathers on its underside and had a dark bill that reached a rich olive coloration at the front end . the mix of coloring gave the mariana mallard a distinct look similar to that of a pacific black duck but with a lighter underside . the females of the species looked like today’s female mallards with dark brown feathers and orange feet similar to the males .

saipan , the last wild mariana mallards were observed in 1979 by our biologist eugene kridler ( 1979 ) . at that time , mr . kridler also captured a pair of mariana mallards for captive propagation at pohakuloa , hi , which were then sent to sea world , san diego , ca . all attempts at propagation failed and the last known mariana mallard died there in 1981 ( engbring and pratt 1985 ) . since 1979 , surveys of all the known wetlands on guam , rota , saipan , and tinian have produced no observations of mariana mallards ( tenorio and associates 1979 ; stinson et al . 1991 , 1997 ; reichel

no confirmed sightings or vocalizations of the mariana mallard have been reported since 1979 , despite surveys , and the last captive bird died in 1981 . no confirmed sightings or vocalizations of the guam broadbill have been reported since august 1984 , despite surveys , and the last captive bird died in february 1984 . therefore , we believe enough evidence exists to declare the mariana mallard and guam broadbill extinct and to remove them from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife .

mariana mallards ( anas platyrhynchos oustaleti ) were endemic to the western pacific islands of guam , tinian , and saipan . surveys for this endangered subspecies that were conducted on tinian , saipan , and other islands in the u . s . commonwealth of the northern mariana islands ( cnmi ) from 1983 through 1989 show that the mallard no longer occurs there . following extirpation of mariana mallards on guam in the 1960s , this island subspecies is now extinct . the major causes of extinction appear to be overhunting of small populations and habitat loss .

males and females are alike in appearance , and similar to plumage of the female mallard . the grey duck ' s colouring is darker overall , and the head stripes more pronounced than the female mallard .

the mariana mallard is believed to have been a subspecies that originated as a hybrid between the common mallard ( anas platyrhynchos ) and the grey duck ( anas superciliosa ) ( reichel and lemke 1994 ) . the majority of males and all female mariana mallards resembled the grey duck except their legs were orange , their bill was olive , and they lacked the grey duck ' s prominent brown streak below the eye ( yamashina 1948 ) . the remaining males resembled male common mallards , having green heads and purple - blue speculums ( yamashina 1948 ) .

the mariana mallard and the guam broadbill are protected by the government of guam ( pub . l . 15 - 36 ) . removal of these species from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife does not alter or supersede their designation by the government of guam as endangered species .

possible management actions include predator control , reduction of the mallard population , and protection of wetland habitats . reduction of the male mallard population would directly reduce cross - breeding , and is the surest way of reducing mallards .

the green head and yellow bill of the mallard duck is a familiar sight to many people living in the northern hemisphere . in fact , the mallard is thought to be the most abundant and wide - ranging duck on earth .

it was generally assumed that as the spectacular nuptial plumage of mallard drakes is obviously the result of sexual selection - most species in the mallard group being sexually monomorphic - , hybrid matings would preferentially take place between females of monomorphic relatives and mallard drakes instead of the other way around . but this generalization was found to be incorrect . [ 22 ]

most mallard species are common and not considered threatened . however one threat to their populations includes hybridization with other ducks .

draining and fragmentation of wetlands greatly reduced the quantity and quality of habitat available for the mariana mallard on guam , tinian , and saipan ( stinson et al . 1991 ; reichel et al . 1992 ; reichel and lemke 1994 ) . during the japanese occupation of saipan and tinian between 1914 and 1945 , most wetlands were channelized and converted to rice paddies . also during this time , sugar mill wastes were discharged into lake susupe on saipan , the last known location of the mariana mallard in the wild . since 1945 , many wetlands have been drained or filled in as a result of urban development on guam , tinian , and saipan ( stinson et al . 1991 ; reichel et al . 1992 ; reichel and lemke 1994 ) . the mariana mallard , never great in number , is believed to have lost most of its limited habitat with the decimation of wetlands , while being hunted with little to no enforcement of hunting restrictions .

the mallard / grey limit in taranaki is 10 , and in southland it is 15 from 4 may to 26 july .

after a thorough review and consideration of all information available , we have determined that the mariana mallard and guam broadbill are extinct and should be removed from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife . we determined that none of the five factors addressed in section 4 ( a ) ( 1 ) of the act now affects these species .

mallard plumage is predominant in most mallard / grey duck hybrids , suggesting that male mallards mate with grey duck females , as opposed to the other way around , however , the level of contribution to the hybrid ' s ancestry cannot be ascertained from plumage .

the marianas mallard has probably never been abundant in this small island chain where extensive wetland complexes do not occur . based on historical information the primary reasons for the decline of the marianas mallard are habitat destruction , over - hunting and inadequate regulatory mechanisms in the past .

this final rule revises § 17 . 11 ( h ) to remove the mariana mallard and the guam broadbill from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife due to extinction . the prohibitions and conservation measures provided by the act , particularly sections 7 and 9 , will no longer apply to these species . there is no designated critical habitat for these species .

" marianas mallard . " beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken

based on recent surveys in the mariana islands , the marianas mallard is probably extinct . as a result of these findings a discussion of future threats is academic . however , the existing wetlands that support other wildlife species ( including the endangered race of common moorhen , gallinula chloropus guami ) will continue to suffer in the future from development projects similar to those mentioned above .

the marianas mallard also occurred on the northern marianas islands of tinian and saipan . this species has not been documented on any island north of saipan .

in the proposed rule to delist the mariana mallard and guam broadbill published on january 25 , 2002 ( 67 fr 3675 ) , we requested that all interested parties submit comments on the proposal . we also contacted all appropriate state and federal agencies , county governments , landowners , and other interested parties and invited them to comment . the comment period closed on march 26 , 2002 ( 67 fr 3675 ) .

mallard ( anas platyrhynchos ) is the ancestor of almost all of the varieties of domestic ducks . domestic ducks belong to the subfamily anatinae of the waterfowl family anatidae . the wild mallard and muscovy duck ( cairina moschata ) are believed to be the ancestors of all domestic ducks . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

" marianas mallard . " beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken

located in mallard cove in the new hampshire region , lake winnipesaukee230 has a patio . guests staying at this holiday home have access to a fully equipped kitchen .

mariana mallards were recorded in freshwater marshes , lakes , and rivers , and were also observed in mangrove lagoons ( stott 1947 ; marshall 1949 ; kibler 1950 ) . little was known about their foraging habitat but they were observed foraging on green vegetation and seeds ( marshall 1949 ) . mariana mallards apparently bred from march to august ( kuroda 1941 , cited in reichel and lemke 1994 ; kuroda 1942 , cited in reichel and lemke 1994 ; marshall 1949 ) , and were believed to have laid 1 clutch of 7 to 12 eggs per year ( kuroda 1942 , cited in reichel and lemke 1994 ) .

the grey duck ' s legs and feet are greenish brown , but the legs of hybrids tend to be orange - brown , taking on the color of the mallard ' s legs .

the marianas mallard typically inhabits wet - lands , particularly freshwater / brackish lakes and ponds adjacent to marshes , but mangrove lagoons , streams and flooded fields are also used . in 1984 wetlands in the northern marianas were rated as primary or secondary mallard habitat on the basis of water levels , nesting cover and size . of the 12 surveyed wetlands only four ranked as having primary habitat potential .

grey duck have a white underwing and an iridescent turquoise green speculum on their wing ( lower right ) , whereas the mallard speculum is blue or purple . the blue speculum tends to predominate on hybrids .

in a strict sense this species is nonmigratory . the marianas mallard is known from only three small islands in the mariana archipelago ( guam , tinian , saipan ) . inter - island movement of ducks between saipan and tinian , which are separated by 3 mi ( 4 . 8 km ) of open ocean , does not occur . movements probably occur as a means of obtaining food or in reaction to human disturbances . inter - island movements between guam and rota ( 30 - 40 miles [ 48 - 64 km ] ) have been suspected but never proven .

the marianas mallard was found on guam in the talofofo river valley prior to the second world war with few verified sightings after the war . habitat destruction led to its probable extinction by the 1960s or early 1970s .

the mallard was first introduced into new zealand from europe in the 1860s but failed to acclimatise . after eggs were imported in 1930 from california , the population multiplied so quickly that mallards are now regarded as an invasive species .

grey duck were commonly found in shallow wetlands and fresh water streams , and occasionally in estuaries throughout new zealand until the 1950s . they have suffered severely from loss of habitat , and competition with the introduced mallard duck anas platyrhynchos .

in accordance with 5 u . s . c . 553 ( d ) , we have determined that this rule relieves an existing restriction and good cause exists to make the effective date of this rule immediate . delay in implementation of this delisting could cost government agencies staff time and monies in conducting formal section 7 consultation on actions that may affect a species no longer in need of protection under the act . relieving the existing restrictions associated with this listed species will enable federal agencies to minimize any delays in any ongoing or future project planning and implementation actions that may have affected the mariana mallard and guam broadbill .

while the rapid decline of grey duck has been caused by the loss of wetlands , and hunting , another principle cause is interbreeding with the very large population of introduced mallard anas platyrhynchos . very few pure - bred grey duck remain .

in the hawkes bay game region , fish & game new zealand have a mallard / grey daily bag limit of 6 , comprising no more than 2 hen mallards and 3 grey duck for the season 2 may to 14 june 2009 .

geographic area : united states alabama alaska american samoa arizona arkansas british columbia california colorado connecticut delaware dist . of columbia florida georgia guam hawaii idaho illinois indiana iowa kansas kentucky louisiana maine maryland massachusetts michigan minnesota mississippi missouri montana nebraska nevada new hampshire new jersey new mexico new york north carolina north dakota northern mariana islands ohio oklahoma oregon pennsylvania puerto rico rhode island south carolina south dakota tennessee texas utah vermont virgin islands virginia washington west virginia wisconsin wyoming

the chatham islands are a stronghold for the new zealand subspecies , as there appears to be a lower level of hybridisation with mallard ducks . although now thinly scattered throughout the mainland , more prominent populations are found in the northland , waikato , gisborne and westland regions .

populations of marianas fruit bats , pteropus mariannus , were surveyed on each of the 15 mariana islands in 1983–1984 . it is estimated that a minimum of 8 , 700–9 , 000 fruit bats occur in the archipelago , with about 8245 % of these bats found on the nine northernmost and largely uninhabited islands . the islands of anatahan , pagan , and agrihan had the largest populations , with minimum population . . . [ show full abstract ]

in addition to hybridisation with new zealand grey duck , mallard interbreeding is polluting the genes of its descendent relatives , the american black duck , hawaiian duck , meller ' s duck , florida duck , mexican duck and yellow - billed duck which are endemic to their local regions .

mallard groups can often be seen head dipping or completely upending in the water . they rarely dive though , spending their time near the surface and dabbling for invertebrates , fish , amphibians , and a variety of plants . they also graze on land , feeding on grains and plants .

recent surveys indicate that the marianas mallard is extinct within the northern marianas islands . similar conclusions have already been reached for the guam population . without a viable population it is impossible to describe the current biology of the species . the recovery potential for the species faded when the captive breeding program failed .

the release of feral mallard ducks in areas where they are not native sometimes creates problems through interbreeding with indigenous waterfowl . these non - migratory mallards interbreed with indigenous wild ducks from local populations of closely related species through genetic pollution by producing fertile offspring . complete hybridization of various species of wild ducks gene pools could result in the extinction of many indigenous waterfowl . the wild mallard itself is the ancestor of most domestic ducks and its naturally evolved wild gene pool gets genetically polluted in turn by the domesticated and feral populations . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ]

like elsewhere worldwide the alien mallards are also causing severe “genetic pollution” of south africa’s biodiversity by breeding with endemic ducks . the hybrids of mallard and the yellow - billed duck are fertile and can produce more hybrid offspring . if this continues , only hybrids will occur and in the long term this will result in the extinction of various indigenous waterfowl . the mallard duck can cross breed with 63 other species and is posing a severe threat to the genetic integrity of indigenous waterfowl . mallards and their hybrids compete with indigenous birds for resources such as food , nest sites and roosting sites . [ 10 ]

the mallard is a large and heavy looking duck . it has a body and a long and broad bill . the male has a dark green head , a yellow bill , is mainly purple - brown on the breast and grey on the body . the female is mainly brown with an orange bill .

the mallard ( anas platyrhynchos ) is the best - known and most recognizable of all ducks . it can be found throughout most of north america , europe , asia , new zealand and australia . it is the most common and widespread duck . it can be found in almost any area with a wetland habitat , even in urban areas .

very little information about the food habits of the marianas mallard exists . a . oustaleti has been observed feeding on green vegetation and seeds in very shallow water . assuming the diet of a . oustaleti is similar to a . platyrhynchos , they probably consume floating , emergent , and submerged non - woody plants , grasses , seeds , insects , crustaceans and snails .

sometimes considered to include some or all of a . laysanensis , a . rubripes , a . fulvigula and a . wyvilliana . probable unstable hybrids of a . superciliosa and a . laysanensis , a . wyvilliana or present species , found on some micronesian islands , have been considered a different species , mariana duck ( a . oustaleti ) . hybridization recorded with at least 23 other species of anas , often producing fertile progeny , and also with several species of aix , alopochen , anser , branta , tadorna , cairina , aythya and somateria . proposed race neoborea is synonymized with nominate . two subspecies recognized .

genetic data , in particular the existing phylogenetic discord between mitochondrial dna and nuclear dna , suggest that the currently endangered hawaiian duck ( anas wyvilliana ) is descended from a hybridization event between the mallard ( a . platyrhynchos ) and laysan duck ( a . laysanensis ) that occurred around the pleistocene–holocene boundary # r . this is further supported by circumstantial evidence from the hawaiian subfossil record .

wild ducks were killed illegally by hunters on saipan and tinian as late as the 1970s . both migratory and the native species were subject to mortality from hunters when the marianas mallard population was very small . there was and still is a definite lack of enforcement of game laws at the local level , even though the duck has been protected by territorial and federal laws since the early 1970s .

the mallard inhabits most wetlands , including parks , small ponds and rivers , and usually feeds by dabbling for plant food or grazing ; there are reports of it eating frogs . [ 2 ] it usually nests on a river bank , but not always near water . it is highly gregarious outside of the breeding season and will form large flocks , which are known as a sord . [ 6 ]

carboneras , c . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . mallard ( anas platyrhynchos ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

the anas oustaleti ( marianas mallard ) is 20 - 22 in ( 50 . 8 - 55 . 88 cm ) in length with the silhouette of a mallard . the male ( platyrhynchos type ) has a dark green head with buff feathers intermingled along the sides . there is a dark brown streak running through the eye and a faint white ring on the lower neck . the sides of the body are vermiculated but some brown feathers are found even in the full nuptial plumage , with a lighter area under the wings . the upper breast is a dark reddish chestnut with dusky spots and the bill is black with an olive tip . the upper tail coverts are dark with white tail feathers , and the central upper tail coverts are dark and curled upward . the speculum is a dark blue , and the feet are a reddish orange color , darkening around the webs .

as expected , haplotypes typical of american mallard relatives and spotbills can be found in mallards around the bering sea . [ 26 ] interestingly , the aleutian islands turned out to hold a population of mallards that appear to be evolving towards a good subspecies as gene flow with other populations is very limited . [ 25 ] this unexpected result suggests that reevaluation of the greenland , iceland , and ne canada populations according to molecular and morphological characters is warranted .

excessive hunting and collecting during the prewar and post - war eras contributed to the decline of the marianas mallard . during their pre - war occupation the japanese collected 30 - 40 specimens which reduced an already small gene pool just prior to and during the peak of habitat destruction . during and immediately after island fighting in the second world war , people were forced to live off the land , including wildlife for sustenance . there is a distinct possibility that several mallards were killed during this period .

predation of vertebrates by mallards ( anas platyrhynchos ) seems to be a rare behaviour , only documented in a few cases in relation to fish and amphibians . mallards are largely vegetarian , although the species is considered omnivorous and it can take variable quantities of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates . the foraging behaviour of mallard was observed at a reserve in southwest romania , where a group of mallards comprising one adult female and ten juveniles killed and consumed a grey wagtail ( motacilla cinerea ) and a black redstart ( phoenicurus ochruros ) . these are the first documented records of bird hunting by wild mallards # r .

when they pair off with mating partners , often one or several drakes will end up " left out " . this group will sometimes target an isolated female duck — chasing , pestering and pecking at her until she weakens ( a phenomenon referred to by researchers as rape flight ) , at which point each male will take turns copulating with the female . male mallards will also occasionally chase other males in the same way . ( in one documented case , a male mallard copulated with another male he was chasing after said male had been killed when he flew into a glass window . ) [ 7 ]

mallards frequently interbreed with their closest relatives in the genus anas , such as the american black duck , and also with species more distantly related , for example the northern pintail , leading to various hybrids that may be fully fertile . this is quite unusual among different species , and apparently has its reasons in the fact that the mallard evolved very rapidly and not too long ago , during the late pleistocene only . the distinct lineages of this radiation are usually kept separate due to non - overlapping ranges and behavioral cues , but are still not fully genetically incompatible . mallards and their domesticated conspecifics are , of course , also fully interfertile .

dense cover associated with inhabited wetlands includes large stands of rushes scirpus juncoides , phragmites karka , and various sedges . also important for cover is the fern , acrostichum aureum , which forms hammocks in several marshes . the largest complex of mallard habitat lies in southern saipan , the lake susupe marsh area , a total of 150 - 200 acres ( 60 - 80 hectares ) with peripheral marsh habitat . other areas known to have been used by mallards are much smaller ( e . g . , breeding occurred on lake hagoi , a small pond of about 10 acres ( 4 hectares ) surrounded by 40 acres ( 16 hectares ) of marsh ) . nests have been located in reed swamps and in streamside wetlands .

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printed version : pdf publication date : 02 / 23 / 2004 agencies : fish and wildlife service dates : this rule is effective february 23 , 2004 . effective date : 02 / 23 / 2004 document type : rule document citation : 69 fr 8116 page : 8116 - 8119 ( 4 pages ) cfr : 50 cfr 17 rin : 1018 - ah50 document number : 04 - 3784

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the administrative record file for this rule is available for inspection , by appointment , during normal business hours at the u . s . fish and wildlife service , pacific islands fish and wildlife office , 300 ala moana boulevard , room 3 - 122 , honolulu , hi 96850 .

fred amidon , fish and wildlife biologist , pacific islands fish and wildlife office , at the above address ( telephone : 808 / 792 - 9400 ; facsimile : 808 / 792 - 9580 ) .

federal action on the guam broadbill began on february 27 , 1979 , when the acting governor of guam petitioned us to list the guam broadbill and five other forest bird species as endangered . we issued a notice of review for 12 petitioned animals , including the guam broadbill , on may 18 , 1979 ( 44 fr 29128 ) . in our december 30 , 1982 ( 47 fr 58454 ) , review of vertebrate wildlife , the guam broadbill was considered a category 1 candidate for federal listing . category 1 species were those for which we had substantial information on biological vulnerability and threats to support preparation of a listing proposal , but for which a listing proposal had not yet been published because it was precluded by other listing activities . we published a proposed rule to list the guam broadbill as endangered on november 29 , 1983 ( 48 fr 53729 ) . the final rule determining the guam broadbill to be an endangered species was published on august 27 , 1984 ( 49 fr 33881 ) , and a recovery plan for the guam broadbill and four other listed bird species on guam and rota was published in 1990 ( service 1990 ) .

on june 14 , 1991 ( 56 fr 27485 ) . this proposed rule was withdrawn on april 4 , 1994 ( 59 fr 15696 ) because most of the lands proposed as critical habitat had by this time been incorporated into the guam national wildlife refuge overlay lands . we determined that critical habitat designation was not prudent because it would not provide the guam broadbill with any benefit beyond that already provided by the refuge overlay lands . on april 3 , 2000 , the marianas audubon society and the center for biological diversity filed a suit to challenge our withdrawal of critical habitat for these species . on september 7 , 2000 , we filed a motion to voluntarily remand the nonprudency decision based on subsequent court decisions on critical habitat . this motion set a deadline of june 1 , 2003 , for us to redetermine prudency and designate final critical habitat , if prudent , for the guam broadbill and five other listed species . we published a proposed rule in the

) . on april 16 , 2002 , the guam district court issued a ruling that ordered us to comply with terms of the critical habitat settlement agreement by june 1 , 2003 .

section 4 of the act and regulations promulgated to implement the listing provisions of the act ( 50 cfr part 424 ) set forth the procedures for listing , reclassifying , or removing species from listed status . we may determine a species to be an endangered or threatened species because of one or more of the five factors described in section 4 ( a ) ( 1 ) of the act ; we must consider these same five factors in delisting species . we may delist a species according to section 424 . 11 ( d ) if the best available scientific and commercial data indicate that the species is neither endangered nor threatened for the following reasons : ( 1 ) the species is extinct ; ( 2 ) the species has recovered and is no longer endangered or threatened ; and / or ( 3 ) the original scientific data used at the time the species was classified were in error .

national environmental policy act of 1969 , need not be prepared in connection with regulations adopted pursuant to section 4 ( a ) of the endangered species act of 1973 , as amended . we published a notice outlining our reasons for this determination in the

a complete list of all references cited herein is available upon request from the pacific islands fish and wildlife office ( see addresses section ) .

the primary author of this final rule is fred amidon , ecological services , pacific islands fish and wildlife office , u . s . fish and wildlife service ( see addresses section ) .

- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .

itis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .

fws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .

males have dark green heads with buff feathers ; females are all brown with feathers edged with light brown .

the male superciliosa - type has a dark brown head with brown and buffy on the sides of the head . the scapulars , sides of body and the upper breast are all dark brown with light brown margins . the tail is dark brown with no white , and the central upper tail coverts are flat . the speculum is usually dark blue or purple as in a . platyrhynchos but two specimens had dark green speculums . the bill is olive with black spot in center of mandible and the feet are dark orange , growing darker in the joints and webs .

female platyrhynchos and superciliosa types are indistinguishable from each other and resemble a . superciliosa except for a blue speculum . they are all brown with feathers edged with light brown . the sides of face are marked with light yellow or buffy feathers , and a dark line runs through the eye with a buffy eye stripe above . the tail is brown and has flat feathers . the bill is either blackish or brownish .

a . oustaleti was first described in 1856 as a sub - species of a . boschas , based on one specimen from " les isles malouines " in the paris museum . thirty - eight years later the same specimen was examined and called a . oustaleti . the next six specimens were collected from guam in 1888 and described by oustalet . since then the taxonomy of the species has been debated from time to time . the u . s . fish and wildlife service considers anas oustaleti a true species .

anas oustaleti tend to use dense cover in the middle of the hot tropical day .

recovery actions underway include ongoing surveys and law enforcement by the commonwealth of northern marianas islands division of fish and wildlife and review of development projects affecting wetlands .

u . s . fish and wildlife service regional office , division of endangered species eastside federal building 911 n . e . 11th ave . portland , oregon 97232 - 4181 telephone : ( 503 ) 231 - 6121 urltoken

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you do wonder how a subspecies of duck can become extinct , but that is actually something that has happened here . it is a bit of a shame that it happened , but then who would actually have noticed if it had not been mentioned here ?

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chief , bird section , u . s . g . s . - b . r . d . - p . w . r . c .

banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes

checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada

banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner

check - list of birds of the world , vol . 1 , second edition

considered a hybrid by peters , check - list of birds of the world , 2nd ed . , 1979 ( of anas platyrhynchos × a . superciliosa )

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .

anas platyrhynchos and a . fulvigula ( incorporating diazi ) ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously treated as a . platyrhynchos ( incorporating diazi ) and a . fulvigula following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .

ashpole , j , butchart , s . , ekstrom , j . , malpas , l .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , hence the species is not thought to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

antigua and barbuda ; brunei darussalam ; cayman islands ; cook islands ; djibouti ; dominican republic ; fiji ; gambia ; gibraltar ; guadeloupe ; jamaica ; kiribati ; mali ; martinique ; niger ; nigeria ; panama ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; senegal ; seychelles ; sri lanka ; svalbard and jan mayen ; thailand ; vanuatu ; virgin islands , u . s . ; zambia

where they undergo a flightless moulting period lasting for c . 4 weeks ( scott and rose 1996 )

. its diet consists of seeds and the vegetative parts of aquatic and terrestrial plants ( e . g . crops ) ( del hoyo

and even in abandoned nests of other species ( e . g . herons or crows ) ( flint

" extensive " grazing of wetland grasslands ( c . 0 . 5 cows per hectare ) was found to attract a higher abundance of the species in hungary ( baldi

the species is threatened by wetland habitat degradation and loss from pollution ( e . g . petroleum [ grishanov 2006 ]

) , wetland drainage , peat - extraction , changing wetland management practices ( e . g . decreased grazing and mowing in meadows leading to scrub over - growth )

. the species also suffers mortality as a result of lead shot ingestion ( e . g . in spain [ mateo

( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22680186a119275821 .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .

there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .

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mallards prefer calm , shallow sanctuaries , but can be found in almost any body of freshwater across asia , europe , and north america . they’re also found in saltwater and brackish water and are commonly found in wetlands .

the male , or drake , is the more distinctively colored of the mallards . its iconic green head sits atop a white neckband that sets off a chestnut - colored chest and gray body . females are mottled drab brown in color , but sport iridescent purple - blue wing feathers that are visible as a patch on their sides . they grow to about 26 inches in length and can weigh up to 3 pounds .

mated pairs migrate to and breed in the northern parts of their range and build nests on the ground or in a protected cavity . they normally lay about a dozen eggs , and the incubation period lasts just under a month . mallards are territorial during much of this period , but once incubation is well underway , males abandon the nest and join a flock of other males .

this article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .

this article is part of project anseriformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each waterfowl , including made - up species .

this article is part of project anatidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each waterfowl , including made - up species .

this article is part of project extinct , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each extinct species , including made - up species .

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it breeds in all parts of the europe in summer and winter , wherever there are suitable wetland habitats , although it is scarcer in upland areas .

owing to their highly ' malleable ' genetic code , mallards can display a large amount of variation , as seen here with this female , who displays faded or ' apricot ' plumage .

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15a songbird lane is set in laconia . guests staying at this lodge have access to free wifi . the lodge includes 4 bedrooms , a living room , and a bathroom with a shower . the lodge offers a barbecue .

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albulidae is a family of fish , commonly known as the bonefishes , that are popular as game fish in florida , select locations in the south pacific and the bahamas ( where two bonefish are featured on the 10-cent coin ) and elsewhere .

the family is small , with 11 species in 3 genera .

presently , the bonefishes are in their own order : albuliformes / ˌælbjᵿlᵻˈfɔːrmiːz / .

the families halosauridae and notacanthidae were previously classified in this order , but are now , according to fishbase , given their own order notacanthiformes .

the largest bonefish caught in the western hemisphere is a 16-pound , 3 ounce example caught off islamorada , florida , on march 19 , 2007 .

bonefishes

bonefishes <EOT> bonefishes are popular sport fishes . bonefishes are not considered a food fish in florida , and most are released when caught . halosaurs and spiny eels are of no commercial value .

resolving evolutionary lineages and taxonomy of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) | brian bowen - urltoken

bonefishes and people : in many areas bonefishes are important business for people who make their living running fishing trips , especially in the florida keys . fishermen like to try for bonefishes because the fish are difficult to sneak up on and fight hard when they are hooked . people who fish for bonefishes in most areas need special boats that can enter shallow water with little or no noise . bonefishes are not considered a food fish in florida , and most bonefishes are released when caught . in some areas of the world , however , people do eat bonefish .

bonefishes are elongate , fusiform fishes with a conical snout and a subterminal mouth . like their relatives , the ladyfish and tarpon , bonefishes begin life as leptocephalus larvae and possess a gular plate . however , the gular plate of bonefishes is rudimentary and easily overlooked . bonefishes are sought by many sportsmen , but are of little value as foodfish due to the numerous small bones in the flesh . bonefishes are shallow - water , nearshore inhabitants that forage on sandy or muddy bottoms for worms , mollusks , and small fishes .

the evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish

the evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish .

" albuliformes ( bonefishes and relatives ) . " grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken

" bonefishes and relatives : albuliformes . " grzimek ' s student animal life resource . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken

fishes of the family albulidae , order albuliformes ( bonefishes ) . see fishbase for more information on this family . ( see also :

the evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish . - pubmed - ncbi

habitat : bonefishes live in tropical shallow - water areas . they are most abundant at depths of less than 115 feet ( 35 meters ) and often feed in water less than 3 . 3 feet ( 1 meter ) deep . bonefishes also can be found in shallow grass flats and sandy areas .

" albuliformes ( bonefishes and relatives ) . " grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken

" bonefishes and relatives : albuliformes . " grzimek ' s student animal life resource . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken

bonefishes live in small schools in sometimes extremely shallow water . they are ready to reproduce when they are about three and a half to four years old . the spawning areas of bonefishes , or the areas where they produce and release their eggs , are unknown . bonefishes live for at least nineteen years . spiny eel larvae ( lar - vee ) , or spiny eels in the early stage of development before becoming adults , can reach a length of 3 . 3 to 6 . 6 feet ( 1 to 2 meters ) .

diet : bonefishes feed on a variety of small bottom - dwelling invertebrates and fishes . feeding often takes place in shallow water , where bonefishes can be seen with their fins sticking out of the water as they seek food . as they forage ( for - ihj ) , or search for food , bonefish schools frequently dig in the bottom and disturb the mud and sand .

b . w . bowen . " the evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish . " evolution 55 , no . 4 ( 2001 ) : 807–820 .

bonefishes eat fishes and small invertebrates ( in - ver - teh - brehts ) , or animals without backbones . halosaurs and spiny eels eat bottom - dwelling animals , including worms ; mollusks ( mah - lusks ) , or soft - bodied , usually hard - shelled animals such as clams ; and crustaceans ( krus - tay - shuns ) , or water - dwelling animals without a backbone and that have jointed legs . larger bonefishes also eat fish .

the feature shared by bonefishes and their relatives , the halosaurs ( hah - leh - sawrs ) and the spiny eels , is an open canal , or a tube - shaped passage , in the lower jaw that is an extension of the series of pores and tiny tubes along each side of a fish ' s body used for sensing vibrations ( vie - bray - shuns ) . bonefishes have a long , thin body that tapers , or gets thinner , at each end . the relatives are eel shaped with a very long anal ( ay - nuhl ) fin , the fin that runs along the bottom of the body , and no tail fin . most bonefishes and their relatives are 3 . 3 feet ( 1 meter ) long or shorter .

behavior and reproduction : bonefishes are remarkable because they commonly go into water that is extremely shallow for the size of the fishes . they can use their swim bladder , an internal sac usually used to control position in the water , for breathing . these fishes usually swim in small schools of five to twenty , although they sometimes swim in large schools of one hundred or more . people fishing for bonefishes often find them by spotting their tails sticking out of the water as the fishes dig in the bottom for food .

bonefishes live in shallow tropical waters , or waters with an average annual temperature more than 68°f ( 20°c ) . halosaurs and spiny eels live at the bottom of the ocean in water that is 3 , 281–9843 feet ( 1 , 000–3 , 000 meters ) deep .

citation : " bonefishes , albula vulpes ~ marinebio . org . " marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio

hidaka , iwatsuki & randall ( 2008 ) . " a review of the indo - pacific bonefishes of the albula argentea complex , with a description of a new species " . ichthyological research 55 ( 1 ) : 53–64 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10228 - 007 - 0010 - 5 .

colborn , j . , crabtree , r . e . , shakee , j . b . , pfeiler , e . and bowen , b . w . 2001 . the evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : crytic species and ancient separations in a globally - distributed shorefish . evolution 55 : 807 - 820 .

male bonefishes are ready to reproduce when they are about 15 inches ( 38 centimeters ) long and about three and a half years old . females are ready at a length of about 19 inches ( 48 centimeters ) and about four years of age . spawning , or the production and release of eggs , peaks from november to may . females contain about 0 . 4 million to 1 . 7 million eggs , and the number of eggs increases with the weight of the fish . spawning areas are not known . the long , clear larvae reach a length of about 3 inches ( 8 centimeters ) . the fishes shrink during metamorphosis ( meh - tuh - mor - pho - sus ) , or the changes in form that some animals make to become adults , and the fins appear during the shrinking . in about ten to twelve days , the fishes look like miniature adults . bonefishes grow rapidly until the age of about six years , and then growth slows . bonefishes live for at least nineteen years .

bonefishes , albula vulpes ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , are one of the most important game fishes in the world . these beautiful fish can reach weights and lengths of up to 10 kg and 104 cm respectively , though a more representative size would be about a third of that . bonefishes have 15 - 19 dorsal soft rays , 7 - 9 anal soft rays , 12 - 14 branchiostegal rays , and 69 - 74 vertebrae . bonefishes appear blue - greenish above , with bright silver scales on the sides and below . dark streaks run in between their rows of scales , predominantly on their dorsal side . their bodies are long , thin , and fusiform , with bluntly conical snouts . pectoral and pelvic axillary scales are present , as is a single long scale on each side of the membrane between each ray of their dorsal and anal fins . bonefish have a unique adaptation for tolerating oxygen - poor water ; they inhale air into a lung - like airbladder to supplement oxygen from the water . they are sometimes mistaken for ladyfishes , which look similar . linnaeus first described the bonefish in 1758 . its scientific name can be translated as " white fox . "

bonefishes , albula vulpes , prefer reefs , shallows , estuaries , bays , grass flats , and other brackish areas at depths from 0 to 84 m . they are found worldwide in subtropical warm seas . in the eastern pacific , their range includes waters off california to peru ; the western atlantic range stretches from north carolina to florida , the bahamas , the gulf of mexico , the antilles and the rest of the caribbean to brazil .

a pelagic fish , bonefishes nonetheless feed on benthic creatures such as worms , crustaceans , and mollusks , rooting them out from the sandy bottom . granular teeth , forming specialized dental plates , cover the bonefish ' s tongue and upper jaw , and similar grinders are also present in the throat , helping the fish to grind up its prey . small to medium - size individuals often feed in schools . sharks and barracuda often prey on bonefish .

this paper is a tribute to yosi sinoto , a pioneer in the study of indigenous polynesian fishing technologies and east polynesian prehistory . it builds on his research by considering the historical role of bonefishes ( albula spp . , family albulidae ) across polynesia . bonefishes are relatively large , schooling , nearshore species which , on several grounds , constitute high - return resources as defined by foraging models , especially in relation to polynesian fishing technologies . ecological , life history , and sportfishing data is compiled in support of this claim , while their role in indigenous fisheries is assessed with linguistic , ethnographic , and archaeological evidence . the latter shows that , despite being naturally distributed across the region , and recognized by a common polynesian referent ( kiokio or a close cognate ) , only two polynesian localities ( cook and hawaiian islands ) provide unambiguous historical evidence for well - developed albula fisheries ; their historical importance also is suggested on tubuai ( austral islands ) where they have declined . in tokelau and in the tuamotu islands they play a modest role in contemporary fisheries , while the evidence compiled here suggests more incidental use elsewhere in polynesia . three hypotheses are examined to explain the disjunction between the highreturn potentials of bonefishes and the available evidence for their traditional importance : 1 ) ethnographic and archaeological preservation and / or collection biases are factors ; 2 ) bonefishing was once more widely practiced but has declined as a result of harvesting pressures , climate change , or other processes ; and / or 3 ) geographic variability in conditions favoring bonefish abundance ( e . g . , habitat , food sources ) have led to a discontinuous and uneven pattern of cultural use across polynesia . the available evidence suggests that all three factors may be relevant .

physical characteristics : bonefishes have a blue - green back with narrow , dark , horizontal lines . the sides are silver . the tail is deeply forked . the average weight of a bonefish is 2 to 5 pounds ( 0 . 9 to 2 . 3 kilograms ) , and its average length is 12 to 30 inches ( 30 to 76 centimeters ) , but these fishes can weigh as much as 10 pounds ( 4 . 5 kilograms ) and be 41 inches ( 104 centimeters ) long . the upper jaw juts out beyond the lower jaw and does not have teeth .

in albulidae ( bonefishes ) the body is moderately slender . the snout is distinctively pointed and conical . the mouth is inferior , and the snout projects well beyond the tip of the lower jaw . all fins lack spines . the dorsal fin originates at about the midpoint of the body in albula . in istieus the dorsal fin origin is more forward , and the fin is elongate , extending nearly to the caudal fin . the anal fin is short and originates well behind the base of the dorsal fin . the pelvic fins are positioned below the last dorsal fin rays in albula and under the middle of the dorsal fin in istieus . scales are small . most fishes are less than 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) in length . the back of albula is blue - green in color , with narrow , dark horizontal lines that fade rapidly after death . the sides are silvery .

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forey , p . , d . littlewood , p . ritchie and a . meyer , 1996 | carroll , r . , 1988

body eel - like ; posteriorly directed spine on dorsal edge of rear of maxilla ; premaxilla and maxilla bordering upper jaw ; gill membranes separate ; pectoral fins relatively high on body ; pelvic fins abdominal , with 7 - 11 rays ( the two fins are usually connected by a membrane ) ; anal fin base long and merged with what remains of the caudal fin ; caudal fin skeleton reduced or absent ; tail easily regenerated when lost ; branchiostegal rays 5 - 23 ; swim bladder present . some have photophores .

greek aktis = ray , thunderbolt , beam + greek pterygion , diminutive of pteryx = wing , fin . ref . 45335 .

greek , noton = back + greek , akantha = thorn + latin , forma = shape ( ref . 45335 ) .

the order albuliformes includes three extant families : albulidae , notacanthidae , and halosauridae . the bonefish family ( albulidae ) contains two genera : albula , with possibly eight species , and istieus , with two species . the halosaur family ( halosauridae ) contains three genera : aldrovandia , with six species ; halosaurus , with nine species ; and halosauropsis , with one species . the marine spiny eel family ( notacanthidae ) contains three genera : lipogenys , with one species ; notacanthus , with six species ; and polyacanthonotus , with four species . the fossil record for this order extends back almost 100 million years .

halosaurs have an elongate , eel - like body , which tapers to a point . there is no caudal fin . the anal fin is elongate and extends along the posterior half of the body . there is a single short dorsal fin located just before the midpoint of the body . all fins have soft rays with no spines . the mouth is inferior , and the snout projects well beyond the tip of the lower jaw . most fishes are less than 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) in length . colors range from tan to black .

the notacanthidae , or marine spiny eels , have an elongate , eel - like body , which tapers to a point with little or no caudal fin . the anal fin is elongate and extends along the posterior half of the body . the anal fin consists of spines anteriorly grading to soft rays posteriorly . the dorsal fin in most species has from 26 to 41 isolated spines , from which the family ' s common name " spiny eels " derives . the mouth is inferior , and the snout projects beyond the tip of the lower jaw . most fishes are less than 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) in length . the coloring is typically tan .

this order is worldwide in distribution . the family albulidae occurs in shallow tropical waters worldwide . the notacanthidae and halosauridae are little - known families of deep - sea fishes that occur along the continental slope and rise of the world ' s oceans at depths from 3 , 281 to 9 , 843 ft ( 1 , 000–3 , 000 m ) . bonefish ( albula ) frequent coastal and inshore waters of tropical seas worldwide . in the western atlantic , bonefish regularly occur in the florida keys and the bahamas and throughout the caribbean . halosaurs and spiny eels are deep - sea fishes of worldwide distribution .

bonefish are common in tropical shallow - water areas . they are most abundant at depths of less than 115 ft ( 35 m ) and often feed in water less than 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) deep . bonefish can be found over shallow grass flats and in sandy areas . juvenile bonefish and metamorphic larvae occur along sandy beaches with scattered patches of sea grass in water from 1

to 4 . 3 ft ( 0 . 3–1 . 3 m ) deep . in southern florida bonefish larvae recruit to sandy beaches during winter and early spring and are found in water temperatures ranging from 60 . 8 to 82 . 8°f ( 16 . 0–28 . 2°c ) and salinity levels ranging from 10 . 4 to 37 . 0 ppt .

halosaurs typically are found at depths of 1 , 640–13 , 123 ft ( 500–4 , 000 m ) on the continental slope and rise . spiny eels usually are found at depths of 656–11 , 483 ft ( 200–3 , 500 m ) on the continental slope and rise . they generally hover just above the bottom .

bonefish are remarkable because of their common presence in extremely shallow water ( less than 1 . 6 ft , or 0 . 5 m ) . the fisheries for bonefish in most areas require specialized boats capable of entering shallow water with little or no noise . fish typically swim in small schools of five to 20 individuals , although larger schools of more than 100 individuals are not uncommon . anglers searching for bonefish often detect their presence by spotting their tails protruding from the water as the fish dig in the bottom to feed .

bonefish feed on a variety of small benthic and epibenthic invertebrates and fishes . feeding often takes place in shallow water , where foraging bonefish are seen with their fins protruding from the water . as they forage , bonefish schools frequently dig in the bottom and disturb considerable quantities of mud and sand . xanthid crabs , toadfish ( opsanus beta ) , portunid crabs , alpheid shrimp , and penaeid shrimp make up most of the diet of populations in southern florida . in some areas mollusks and small worms are important in the diet . juvenile bonefish feed on a variety of polychate worms and small crustaceans , principally copepods , amphipods , and caridean shrimp . bonefish are subject to occasional predation by sharks .

halosaurs feed primarily on benthic prey , including worms and small benthic and epibenthic mollusks and such crustaceans as decapods and amphipods . larger species also consume various fish . spiny eels feed mainly on small benthic macrofauna , including worms and small crustaceans , such as amphipods and mysids . species of the genus notacanthus have specialized teeth that form a continuous serrated cutting edge probably used to crop sessile invertebrates . little is known about which animals prey on halosaurs or spiny eels .

in florida male bonefish reach sexual maturity at a fork length ( measured from the tip of the snout to the fork in the tail ) of about 15 . 7 in ( 400 mm ) and an age of about 3 . 5 years . florida females reach sexual maturity at a somewhat larger size , about 19 . 7 in ( 500 mm ) , and an age of about four . gonadal activity is seasonal and peaks from november to may . yolked oocytes are present in the ovaries in every month except august and september and are most abundant november to may . in florida juvenile bonefish and post larvae recruit to sandy beach areas during winter and spring . total fecundity ranges from 0 . 4 million to 1 . 7 million oocytes and increases with fish weight . spawning areas of bonefish are unknown . larvae reach a maximum size of about 3 in ( 76 mm ) . bonefish live for at least 19 years . growth of the bonefish is rapid until the age of about six years and then slows considerably .

little is known about halosaur or spiny eel reproduction . in halosaurs spawning appears to be seasonal in some species , but others spawn year - round . it is unknown where the eggs and larvae develop . in spiny eels spawning occurs year - round . it is unknown where the eggs and larvae develop . spiny eels have remarkable leptocephalus larvae that can reach lengths of 3 . 3–6 . 6 ft ( 1–2 m ) . aside from their extremely large size , the larvae resemble those of eels in appearance .

in many areas of the species ' range , including the waters off the florida keys , bonefish are the basis of economically important recreational fisheries , among them a for - hire charter boat fishery in the florida keys . bonefish are renowned by anglers for their wariness and fighting abilities and often are caught in water as shallow as 1 ft ( 0 . 3 m ) . in the florida keys fishing for bonefish is a year - round activity and provides a significant source of income to professional fishing guides . the commercial sale of bonefish in florida is prohibited ; the limits placed upon the recreational fishery for bonefish are a bag limit of one fish per angler per day and a minimum fish size of 18 in ( 457 mm ) in total length . bonefish are not considered a food fish in florida , and most bonefish are released when caught . halosaurs and spiny eels are of no commercial value .

elongate , eel - like body , which tapers to a point with no caudal fin . the anal fin is elongate and extends along the posterior half of the body . there is a single short dorsal fin located just before the midpoint of the body . all fins have soft rays with no spines . the mouth is inferior , and the snout projects well beyond the tip of the lower jaw . among the largest of halosaurs , reaching a length of almost 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) . can be distinguished from other halosaurs by the deeply pigmented sheath of the conspicuous lateral line . black in color . occurs at depths of 3 , 281–9 , 843 ft ( 1 , 000–3 , 000 m ) in the atlantic and indian oceans . also reported from waters off new zealand .

eastern atlantic from ireland to mauritania and south africa ; western atlantic , including canada to 25°n , and off southern brazil ; western pacific , including australia , new zealand , and japan ; and western indian ocean .

found over the continental slope and rise . little is known regarding specific habitat requirements . appears to be widespread .

feeds principally on benthic prey , including worms and small benthic and epibenthic mollusks and crustaceans , such as decapods and amphipods . larger specimens also consume some fish .

little is known regarding spawning . it is unknown where the eggs and larvae develop . eggs develop into leptocephalus larvae .

not listed by iucn . stocks probably have not been affected by human activities .

because of its occurrence at great depths , the species is of no economic importance .

elongate , eel - like body , which tapers to a point with little or no caudal fin . the anal fin is elongate and extends along the posterior half of the body . it consists of spines anteriorly grading to soft rays posteriorly . the dorsal fin in most species has 28–36 isolated spines . the mouth is inferior , and the snout projects beyond the tip of the lower jaw . attains a length of about 11 . 8 in ( 300 mm ) . typically tan in color . found on both sides of the north atlantic , predominantly tropical in range . occurs at depths from 1 , 969 to 6 , 562 ft ( 600–2 , 000 m ) ; most at 3 , 281–4 , 921 ft ( 1 , 000–1 , 500 m ) .

feeds principally on small benthic macrofauna , including worms and small crustaceans , such as amphipods and mysids .

appears to spawn year - round . it is not known where the eggs and larvae develop . eggs develop into leptocephalus larvae .

hildebrand , s . f . " family albulidae . " in fishes of the western north atlantic , edited by h . b . bigelow . vol . 3 . new haven : sears foundation for marine research , yale university , 1963 .

crabtree , roy e . , christopher w . harnden , derke snodgrass , and connie stevens . " age , growth , and mortality of bonefish , albula vulpes , from the waters of the florida keys . " fishery bulletin 94 ( 1996 ) : 442–451 .

crabtree , roy e . , derke snodgrass , and christopher w . harnden . " maturation and reproductive seasonality in bonefish , albula vulpes , from the waters of the florida keys . " fishery bulletin 95 ( 1997 ) : 456–465 .

crabtree , roy e . , k . j . sulak , and j . a . musick . " biology and distribution of species of polyacanthonotus ( pisces : notacanthiformes ) in the western north atlantic . " bulletin of marine science 36 , no . 2 ( 1985 ) : 235–248 .

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gilbert , carter rowell , and james d . williams . national audubon society field guide to fishes : north america . new york : knopf , 2002 .

nelson , joseph s . fishes of the world . new york : wiley , 1994 .

ricciuti , edward r . fish . woodbridge , ct : blackbirch , 1993 .

schultz , ken . ken schultz ' s field guide to saltwater fish . new york : wiley , 2004 .

morey , sean . " biological profiles : bonefish . " ichthyology at the florida museum of natural history . urltoken ( accessed on september 13 , 2004 ) .

fast - swimming silvery fish with a single dorsal fin , deeply forked tail , and under - slung mouth designed to extract buried invertebrates . popular with light - tackle anglers for an exciting fight , the soft light flesh is best used as fishcake . two species occur in hawaii , one endemic , but are difficult to positively identify without careful examination . several others occur in warm seas worldwide .

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bonefish spawning occurs year round in deep water where currents can easily disperse the developing eggs and larvae to other locations . these fish are generally less reproductively active during the hotter summer months . sexual maturity is reached at two years and near ripe females may be as small as 23 cm . the eggs hatch into ribbon - like larvae that transform into a more fish - like form once they reach about 5 cm , at which point they move closer to shore . their minimum population doubling time is estimated to be between 1 . 4 and 4 . 4 years .

in 1990 , scientists reported that bonefish have caused a few episodes of ciguatera poisoning .

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any of several silvery marine fishes of the family albulidae , especially albula vulpes , a game fish of warm shallow waters worldwide .

a silver game and food fish , albula vulpes , of warm coastal seas . also called ladyfish .

, would certainly cast doubt on whether a purely morphological comparison of geographically isolated bonefish populations is sufficient to adequately define relationships .

described herein was supported in part by nsf grant deb - 0346773 to t .

all content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .

common name for a fish belonging to several species in the two genera of the family albulidae .

the bonefish , is widespread in warm , shallow marine waters ; it is the only bonefish found worldwide . most other species are found in similar waters of the african atlantic , indian , and pacific oceans ;

the threadfin bonefish , is found only in the west indies . the bonefish is silvery in color , with a long , deeply forked tail and a single dorsal fin ; it has a pointed head covered by a thick , transparent cartilage and a receding mouth filled with numerous small rounded teeth .

is distinguished by two long trailing filaments , one extending from its dorsal fin and one from its anal fin . also known as ladyfish and banana fish , the bonefish may reach 3 . 5 ft ( 107 cm ) in length , and 18 lb ( 8 kg ) in weight . it is a bottom dweller of shallow , sandy areas where it feeds on crabs , shrimp , and worms . it is much prized as a game fish , despite the numerous tiny bones that limit its appeal as food . it is classified in the phylum

, phylum of animals having a notochord , or dorsal stiffening rod , as the chief internal skeletal support at some stage of their development . most chordates are vertebrates ( animals with backbones ) , but the phylum also includes some small marine invertebrate animals .

m . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda

sorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .

permit belong to the trinity of south florida flats fish , along with tarpon and bonefish , that help pump an estimated $ 460 million a year into the state economy .

" anglers have fought to protect this fish . so how did it wind up on a miami beach menu ? | miami herald , "

keoni chang , the corporate chef of foodland , a statewide supermarket chain founded by an irish immigrant in 1948 , remembers that his great - grandfather ate poke made of oio ( bonefish ) , caught on the flats , the flesh roughly scraped .

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colborn j 1 , crabtree re , shaklee jb , pfeiler e , bowen bw .

department of fisheries and aquatic sciences , university of florida , gainesville 32653 , usa .

research support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .

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stri staff publications [ 3666 ] a collection of scientific publications by stri staff .

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) by its more pointed lower jaw and higher vertebral and lateral - line scale counts . it is most similar to the indian ocean

differs from its two related species by higher counts of pored lateral - line scales and vertebrae . it has 68–74 ( mode 70 ) lateral - line scales vs . 61–65 ( 63 ) for

in having the pelvic fin tip reaching beyond the anus ( vs . short of or just reaching anus ) and higher numbers of scale rows above the lateral line 9–10 ( 9 ) vs . 7½–8 ( 8 ) for

we greatly appreciate specimen loans from m . sabaj ( ansp ) , j . maclaine ( bmnh ) , a . suzumoto ( bpbm ) , d . catania and t . iwamoto ( cas ) , i . nakamura and t . nakabo ( faku ) , m . a . rogers and k . swagel ( fmnh ) , s . kimura ( frlm ) , g . duhamel and p . pruvost ( mnhn ) , k . matsuura and g . shinohara ( msnt ) , s . l . jewett and j . t . williams ( usnm ) , m . e . anderson , p . c . heemstra , and v . mthombeni ( saiab ) , m . bougaardt and l . j . v . compagno ( sam ) , j . g . nielsen and m . tammes ( zmuc ) , and k . k . p . lim ( zrc ) . we thank g . s . hardy , ngunguru , new zealand , who read the initial manuscript and offered helpful comments . furthermore , we thank w . n . eschmeyer ( cas ) , d . g . smith ( usnm ) , and j . l . earle ( bpbm ) for their valuable comments and suggestions regarding the nomenclatural problem of albula argentea and color information of a . virgata . special thanks to m . e . anderson ( saiab ) for gifting a color transparency of albula oligolepis sp . nov . this study was financially supported in part by the sasakawa scientific research grant from the japan science society awarded to the first author and by the ministry of education , culture , sports , science and technology , japan ( nos . 1364069 and 16570079 ) to the second author .

bauchot m - l ( 1969 ) les poissons de la collection de broussonet au muséum national d’histoire naturelle de paris . bull mus natl hist nat paris ( 2 ) 41 : 125–143

bauchot m - l ( 1994 ) les poissons décrits et figurés dans les manuscripts de quoy au cours du voyage de l’astrolabe ( 1826–1829 ) . cybium 18 : 3–101

bloch me , schneider jg ( 1801 ) systema ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum . post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit , correxit , interpolavit j . g . schneider , saxo berolini . berolini , berlin

spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish . evolution 55 : 807–820

cuvier g , valenciennes a ( 1847 ) histoire naturelle des poissons , vol 19 . levrault , paris

davie p ( 1998 ) wild guide to moreton bay . museum of queensland , south brisbane

forsskål p ( 1775 ) descriptiones animalium avium , amphibiorum , piscium , insectorum , vermium ; quae in itenere orientali observavit . post mortem auctoris edidit carsten niebuhr . mölleri , copenhagen

fowler hw ( 1911 ) a new albuloid fish from santo domingo . proc acad nat sci phila 62 : 651–654

gloerfelt - tarp t , kailola pj ( 1984 ) trawled fishes of southern indonesia and northwestern australia . australian development assistance bureau ( adab ) , directorate general of fisheries , indonesia ( dgf ) , and german agency for technical cooperation ( gtz )

gmelin jf ( 1789 ) caroli a linné . . . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species ; cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decimo tertia , aucta , reformata , 3 vols in 9 parts . lipsiae , 1788–93 . systema naturae linné 1 : 1033–1516

grant em ( 1982 ) guide to fishes . the department of harbours and marine , brisbane

gray je ( 1854 ) catalogue of fish collected and described by laurence theodore gronow , now in the british museum . cat fish gronow . natural history museum , london

gronovius lt ( 1763 ) zoophylacium gronovianum , exhibens animalia quadrupeda , amphibia , pisces , insecta , vermes , mollusca , testacea et zoophyta , quae in museo suo adservavit , examini subjecit , systematice disposuit atque descripsit . fasciculus primus exhibens animalia quadrupeda , amphibia atque pisces , quae in museo suo adservat , rite examinavit , systematice disposuit , descripsit , atque iconibus illustravit . lugduni batavorum

herre awct ( 1953 ) check list of philippine fishes . us fish wildl serv res rep 20 : 1–977

, from japan ( albuliformes : albulidae ) . jpn j ichthyol 51 : 61–66

hildebrand sf ( 1963 ) family albulidae . in : bigelow hb ( ed ) fishes of the western north atlantic . mem sears found mar res 1 : 132–147

hubbs cl , lagler kf ( 1958 ) fishes of the great lakes region . bull cranbrook inst sci 26 : 1–213

hutchins jb ( 2001 ) checklist of the fishes of western australia . rec west aust mus suppl ( 63 ) : 9–50

jordan ds , jordan ek ( 1922 ) a list of the fishes of hawaii , with notes and descriptions of new species . mem carnegie mus 10 : 1–92

klausewitz w , nielsen jg ( 1965 ) on forsskål’s collection of fishes in the zoological museum of copenhagen . spolia zool mus hauniensis 22 : 1–29

kottelat m , whitten aj , kartikasari sn , wirjoatmodjo s ( 1993 ) freshwater fishes of western indonesia and sulawesi . periplus , jakarta

lacepède bge ( 1803 ) histoire naturelle des poissons , vol 5 . chez plassan , paris

leviton ae , gibbs rh jr , heal e , dawson ce ( 1985 ) standards in herpetology and ichthyology : part i . standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology . copeia 1985 : 802–832

linnaeus c ( 1758 ) systema naturae , vol 1 , 10th edn . laurentii salvii , holmiae

nelson js , crossman cej , espinosa - pérez h , findley lt , gilbert cr , lea rn , williams jd ( 2004 ) common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . special publication 29 . american fisheries society , bethesda , md

mcdowall rm ( 1970 ) the galaxiid fishes of new zealand . bull mus comp zool 139 : 341–431

munro isr ( 1967 ) the fishes of new guinea . department agricultural stock and fisheries , port moresby

spp . ) from the eastern pacific ocean inferred from analyses of allozymes and mitochondrial dna . environ biol fishes 63 : 151–159

randall je ( 1998 ) zoogeography of shore fishes of the indo - pacific region . zool stud 37 : 227–268

randall je , allen gr , steene rc ( 1990 ) fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . crawford house press , bathurst

scopoli ja ( 1777 ) introductio ad historiam naturalem , sistens genera lapidum , plantarum et animalium hactenus detecta , caracteribus essentialibus donata , in tribus divisa , subinde ad leges naturae . prague introd hist nat i–x , 1–506

shaklee jb ( 1984 ) albulidae . in : fischer w , bianchi g ( eds ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western indian ocean ( fishing area 51 ) , vol 1 . fao , rome , pp “albu”–“albu albu 3”

smith dg , crabtree re ( 2002 ) albulidae . in : carpenter ke ( ed ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central atlantic , vol 2 , bony fishes part 1 ( acipenseridae to grammatidae ) . fao , rome , pp 683–684

smith dg , randall je ( 1999 ) albulidae . in : carpenter ke , niem vh ( eds ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific , vol 3 . batoid fishes , chimeras and bony fishes part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae ) . fao , rome , pp 1623–1624

smith mm ( 1986 ) albulidae . in : smith mm , heemstra pc ( eds ) smith’s sea fishes . springer - verlag , new york , p 157

van der elst r ( 1981 ) a guide to the common sea fishes of southern african . struik , cape town

weber m , de beaufort lf ( 1913 ) the fishes of the indo - australian archipelago , vol 2 . malacopterygii , myctophoidea , ostariophysi : i siluroidea . brill , leiden

wheeler ( 1958 ) the gronovius fish collection : a catalog and historical account . bull br mus hist ser 1 : 185–249

whitehead pjp ( 1978 ) a guide to the dispersal of zoological material from captain cook’s voyages . pac stud 2 : 52–93

( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( teleostei , albulidae ) . cybium 10 : 211–230

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

the nomenclature of the bonefish family albulidae is currently in a state of revision . until recently , bonefish were considered to be comprised of two species , the circumglobal

this species is known only from the tropical pacific and the atlantic coast of north and central america ( wallace and tringali 2010 ) .

2008 ) . there is very little known about the life history , ecology , population status , or threats acting upon this species . therefore , it is listed as data deficient .

this species is known only from the tropical pacific and the atlantic coast central america ( wallace and tringali 2010 ) .

very little information is available on the population status of this species . there are numerous museum records , including specimens at the smithsonian

this species occurs in deeper waters than the typical habitat of albula species ( smith and crabtree 2002 ) . anecdotal evidence and the capture location of some museum specimens indicate an association with river outflows ( bowen et al . 2008 ) . it is mostly estuarine , especially found in estuaries of rivers along mountainous shores , on soft bottom habitats to depths of 50 m . diet studies indicate that 16 of 17 individuals collected over open sand bottom near the mouth of a river on the pacific coast of costa rica had fish in their stomachs ; one had crab remnants present ( adams unpublished data ) . the maximum size for this species is 51 cm ( tl ) ( robins and ray 1986 ) . additional information on the habitat and ecology of this species is absent .

there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range .

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depth range based on 108 specimens in 9 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 38 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 205 temperature range ( °c ) : 16 . 796 - 28 . 006 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 087 - 7 . 486 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 228 - 37 . 009 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 2 . 877 - 5 . 244 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 025 - 1 . 086 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 259 - 12 . 679 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 205 temperature range ( °c ) : 16 . 796 - 28 . 006 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 087 - 7 . 486 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 228 - 37 . 009 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 2 . 877 - 5 . 244 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 025 - 1 . 086 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 259 - 12 . 679 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .

the bonefish frequents shallow , inshore waters including bays and estuaries . bonefish sometimes feed in water so shallow that their dorsal and caudal fins break the surface . they feed on worms , mollusks , and crustaceans that are picked ( or " grubbed " ) from mud and sand bottoms . bonefish spawn offshore with the leptocephalus larvae migrating inshore to nursery areas .

the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file

froese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2012 ) . species of albula in fishbase . december 2012 version .

pfeiler , e . , van der heiden , a . m . , ruboyianes , r . s . , & watts , t . ( 2011 ) . albula gilberti , a new species of bone fish ( albuliformes : albulidae ) from the eastern pacific , and a description of adults of the parapatric a . esuncula . zootaxa 3088 : 1 - 14 .

kwun , h . j . & kim , j . k . ( 2011 ) : a new species of bonefish , albula koreana ( albuliformes : albulidae ) from korea and taiwan . zootaxa , 2903 : 57–63 .

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hawaiian archaeology , 2014 , ( special publication 4 ) , pp . 51 - 72

name from latin words ' nemo ' meaning absence and ' ossis ' for bones ; referring to the absence of supraneural bones .

marine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 20 - 500 m ( ref . 3545 ) , usually 100 - 400 m ( ref . 5576 ) . deep - water ; 18°n - 35°s , 18°w - 20°e ( ref . 109573 )

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 40 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5576 ) ; common length : 33 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5576 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 51 - 57 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 11 - 13 ; vertebrae : 88 - 92 . this species is distinguished by the following set of characters ( counts & % in parentheses for lectotype ) : no supraneural bones ; dorsal - fin rays 51 - 57 ( mode 52 ) ; total vertebrae 88 - 92 ( 91 ) ; pored lateral - line scales 79 - 89 ( 84 ) ; pre - dorsal scale rows 3 - 8 ( 8 ) ; head length 24 - 32 % ( mean 30 % ) of sl ) ; pectoral - fin length 16 - 21 % ( 19 % ) of sl ; pre - dorsal - fin length 27 - 34 % ( 30 % ) of sl ; dorsal - fin base length 53 - 64 % ( 60 % ) of sl ; postorbital length 13 - 16 % ( 14 % ) of sl ; upper caudal - fin length 18 - 31 % ( 24 % ) of sl ( ref . 109573 ) .