rhinconichthys is an extinct genus of bony fish which existed during the upper cretaceous period .

along with its close cousins the great-white-shark-sized or larger bonnerichthys and the immense leedsichthys , rhinconichthys forms a line of giant filter-feeding bony pachycormid fish that swam the jurassic and cretaceous seas for over 100 million years .

rhinconichthys

rhinconichthys <EOT> the discovery , published in the journal cretaceous research , describes the us species – rhinconichthys purgatoirensis – and the japanese species – rhinconichthys uyenoi . the fish have joined just one other fossilised species in the rhinconichthys genus , discovered in england six years ago .

rhinconichthys was estimated to be more than 6 . 5 feet and fed on plankton .

the more than 6 . 5 - feet - long rhinconichthys feasted on plankton using its oar - shaped mouth .

rhinconichthys belongs to an extinct bony fish group called pachycormids , which contains the largest bony fish ever to have lived .

where in the world ? : rhinconichthys purgatoirensis was found in eastern colorado , with other species turning up in england and japan .

the fossil , whose proper genus is rhinconichthys , was taken to the rocky mountain dinosaur resource center in woodland park for study and exhibit .

rhinconichthys was first named in 2010 ,  from fossils that had been discovered in england .  then in 2016 a description of two new species ,  r .  uyenoi from japan and r .  purgatoirensis from the usa were described ,  revealing to us that this fish genus potentially had a global distribution .  rhinconichthys is noted for the large hyomandibulae bones which would have allowed this to have had an incredibly wide gape ,  in turn allowing rhinconichthys to filter large amounts of plankton from the sea water . rhinconichthys is related to the genera bonnerichthys and leedsichthys .

shimada first encountered a rhinconichthys fossil about 30 years ago in the office of his mentor , teruya uyeno , a curator emeritus of the national museum of science and nature in japan . later , in 2010 , shimada and his colleagues uncovered another rhinconichthys in england , which they named r . taylori .

the rhinconichthys lived in the seas of the dinosaur era , about 92 million years ago , and consumed plankton on an industrial scale , according to rmdrc .

one of the authors of the study , kenshu shimada , a paleobiologist at depaul university , said rhinconichthys are exceptionally rare , known previously by only one species from england .

the most defining aspect to the rhinconichthys genus is its peculiar mouth . similar to a modern - day pelican , the fish had a huge mouth that could open extremely wide .

“based on our new study , we now have three different species of rhinconichthys from three separate regions of the globe , each represented by a single skull , ” he said .

scientists have lately discovered two plankton - munching fossil fish species of the rhinconichthys genus from the cretaceous period , swimming the oceans around 92 million years ago when dinosaurs still roamed earth .

' based on our new study , we now have three different species of rhinconichthys from three separate regions of the globe , each represented by a single skull , ' shimada noted .

three different rhinconichthys from three separate geographical regions now turn up in scientific literature , each represented by a single skull . to shimada , it isn ' t any less mind - boggling .

meaning : rhinconichthys is a tribute to an unpublished name coined by 19th century paleontologist gideon mantell for specimens of this genus found in england , while purgatoirensis for colorado’s purgatoire river drainage where the new species was found .

an international team of scientists have discovered two new plankton - eating fossil fish species of the genus called rhinconichthys from the oceans of the cretaceous period , about 92 million years ago , when dinosaurs roamed the planet .

schumacher , b . , shimada , k . , liston , j . , maltese , a . 2016 . highly specialized suspension - feeding bony fish rhinconichthys ( actinopterygii : pachycormiformes ) from the mid - cretaceous of the united states , england , and japan highly specialized suspension - feeding bony fish rhinconichthys ( actinopterygii : pachycormiformes ) from the mid - cretaceous of the united states , england , and japan highly specialized suspension - feeding bony fish rhinconichthys ( actinopterygii : pachycormiformes ) from the mid - cretaceous of the united states , england , and japan . cretaceous research . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2015 . 12 . 017

an international team of scientists have discovered two new plankton - eating fossil fish species , of the genus called rhinconichthys , which lived 92 million years ago in the oceans of the cretaceous period . ( image by robert nicholls )

skulls of the fish known as rhinconichthys were found in colorado and the re - examination of a second one from japan — which triples the numbers of species in the genus known to science and greatly expands their geographical range .

we know such a fish existed thanks to fossils discovered by paleontologist bruce schumacher and described with his colleagues earlier this year . they named the filter - feeder rhinconichthys purgatoirensis , a new species of a genus that had previously been found in england and japan . the colorado species is significantly older than its evolutionary siblings , however , punting rhinconichthys back in time as well as establishing that these fish were present in the western hemisphere through much of the cretaceous .

' i was in a team that named rhinconichthys in 2010 , which was based on a single species from england , but we had no idea back then that the genus was so diverse and so globally distributed , ' said shimada .

rhinconichthys is part of a family called the pachycormids , which includes the largest known bony fishes to live on earth . species in this fish family don ' t have any living descendants , but they lived large during their day . for example , all of the known species of rhinconichthys had a skinny body , and measured at least 6 . 5 feet ( 2 meters ) long , including its immense 1 . 5 - foot - long ( 0 . 5 m ) head .

the new study , ' highly specialized suspension - feeding bony fish rhinconichthys ( actinopterygii : pachycormiformes ) from the mid - cretaceous of the united states , england and japan , ' will appear in the forthcoming issue of the international scientific journal cretaceous research .

this " planktivorous " diet , also known as suspension feeding , is still used by marine vertebrates today , including the blue whale , manta ray and whale shark . thanks to the rhinconichthys findings , researchers know that animals also used this method during the mesozoic era , when the dinosaurs were alive .

" based on our new study , we now have three different species of rhinconichthys from three separate regions of the globe , " said kenshu shimada , researcher on the study . " this tells just how little we still know about the biodiversity of organisms through the earth ' s history . it ' s really mindboggling . "

until now , scientists had only identified one species of this fish , which belongs to the genus rhinconichthys ( rink - oh - neek - thees ) . the new study builds on that count , and shows that these fish lived all over the world , the researchers said . [ image gallery : ancient monsters of the sea ]

moreover , rhinconichthys ' long head housed a large jaw that gaped open like a muppet ' s mouth , shimada said . one pair of bones , called the hyomandibulae , formed a large , oar - shaped lever that helped the jaws protrude and swing open , helping the fish fill its mouth with tasty plankton , he said .

rhinconichthys are outstandingly rare large - mouthed fish , previously known by a single species from england . but that count has been expanded to two more and from other geographical locations , thanks to a new skull discovered in colorado in the united states ( named r . purgatoirensis ) and a reexamined skull from japan ( r . uyenoi ) .

the species discovered in the us was found by bruce a schumacher , as he was conducting field research in 2012 . he noticed a potential fossil protruding from a rock in colorado , and began to slowly chisel away at the surrounding material to reveal the fin rays of a bony fish . his discovery is the most complete rhinconichthys yet .

" based on our new study , we now have three different species of rhinconichthys from three separate regions of the globe , each represented by a single skull , " study co - researcher kenshu shimada , a paleobiologist at depaul university in chicago , said in a statement . " this tells just how little we still know about the biodiversity of organisms through the earth ' s history . it ' s really mind - boggling . "

not that rhinconichthys was the only filter - feeding fish around . along with other research that has identified and named the giant bonnerichthys and planktivorous sharks , schumacher and coauthors point out that there was a wide array of filter - feeding fish throughout cretaceous time . this is about more than species counts . where there are big planktivores , there has to be enough plankton for them to eat . before mantas , before whales , fish such as these were the largest creatures to strain the seas .

further reading - 100 - million - year dynasty of giant planktivorous bony fishes in the mesozoic seas .   -  science 327 ( 5968 )  :  990–993 .   -  matt friedman ,  kenshu shimada ,  larry d .  martin ,  michael j .  everhart ,  jeff liston ,  anthony maltese & michael triebold  -  2010 . -  highly specialized suspension - feeding bony fish rhinconichthys ( actinopterygii :  pachycormiformes ) from the mid - cretaceous of the united states ,  england ,  and japan .   -  cretaceous research 61 :  71–85 .   -  bruce schumacher ,  kenshu shimada ,  jeff liston ,  anthony maltese  -  2016 .

name : rhinconichthys . phonetic : rin - kon - ik - fiss . named by : matt friedman ,  kenshu shimada ,  larry d .  martin ,  michael j .  everhart ,  jeff liston ,  anthony maltese & michael triebold  -  2010 . classification : chordata ,  actinopterygii ,  pachycormiformes ,  pachycormidae . species : r .  taylori  ,  r .  purgatoirensis ,  r .  uyenoi . diet : filter feeder . size : r .  purgatoirensis about 2  -  2 . 7 meters long .  r .  uyenoi .  about 3 . 4 - 4 . 5 meters long . known locations : england .  japan  -  mikasa formation .  usa ,  colorado  -  carlile shale . time period : turonian of the cretaceous . fossil representation : partial remains of several individuals .

study author and paleobiologist kenshu shimada of depaul university was part of the team that named the genus back in 2010 . " [ b ] ut we had no idea back then that the genus was so diverse and so globally distributed , " he said in a press release .

this interesting genus belongs to a now - extinct group of bony fish known as pachycormids , which boasts of the largest bony fish ever to have existed on the planet .

the feeding process is a unique one : a pair of bones called hyomandibulae formed a huge lever to protrude and swing the animals ' jaws open like a parachute , extra wide to receive as much plankton - laced water into the mouth . think of the way sharks open their mouth to attack their food .

suspension - feeding or a plankton - rich diet during the dinosaur age is an emerging area of interest . it is , however , common today among certain marine vertebrates , such as the whale shark and blue whale .

" this tells just how little we still know about the biodiversity of organisms through the earth ' s history , " he said .

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scientists have found two new extinct fossil fish species in japan and colorado . both species are characterised by their huge mouths , which open so widely so that they could gather as much plankton as possible when feeding .

the researchers , from depaul university , say that these species lived about 92 million years ago , a time when dinosaurs were still alive . the us species , r . purgatoirensis , was believed to be around 2 - 2 . 7m long , with the japanese r . uyenoi slightly larger at 3 . 4 - 4 . 5m .

this is because one of its bones – the hyomandibulae – could extend like an oar - shaped lever to swing the jaws open to a wide angle , enabling it to draw in as much plankton as possible when swimming .

" the hyomandibula acts as an elongate lever , " said shimada , " allowing greatly amplified protrusion of the jaws and expansion of the buccal cavity .

" this specialised cranial construction was previously unknown among cretaceous bony fish , and functionally parallels that of the modern paddlefish polyodon and many sharks . "

the researchers write in the report that discoveries like this are changing historical interpretations of fish that feed on plankton .

if you could take a dip in the cretaceous sea that covered colorado around 92 million years ago , you might spot what would initially look like a pretty plain fish . around six feet long , or a comparable to a mid - sized tuna , the streamlined swimmer would have a bullet - like profile . until it opened its mouth . in one swift motion the long lower jaw would snap open , creating a planktivorous parachute to catch some of the ocean’s smallest morsels .

what sort of critter ? : a filter - feeder belonging to an extinct group of ray - finned fish called pachycormiformes .

friedman , m . , shimada , k . , martin , l . , everhart , m . , liston , j . , maltese , a . , triebold , m . 2010 . 100 - million - year dynasty of giant planktivorous bony fishes in the mesozoic seas . science . doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1184743

scientists have discovered the remains of an ancient fish that plied the world’s oceans nearly 100 million years .

scientists have discovered the remains of an ancient fish that plied the world’s oceans nearly 100 million years and used its huge , swinging jaws to capture plankton .

until now , the only fossils of this fish had been found in england .

palaeobiologist at depaul university kenshu shimada said the species had been named r . purgatoirensis and r . uyenoi .

“this tells just how little we still know about the biodiversity of organisms through the earth’s history . it’s really mind - boggling . ”

estimated to have been than 6 . 5 feet , it’s strangest feature might be the pair of bones called hyomandibulae that formed a massive oar - shaped lever to protrude and swing the jaws open extra wide , like a parachute .

that allowed it to ingest the plankton - rich water , similar to methods used by some modern sharks such as the basking and whale shark .

a study describing the new species will appear in the next issue of the journal cretaceous research .

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measuring about 6 . 5 feet long , it feasted on plankton using its giant ' oar like ' mouth .

measuring about 6 . 5 feet long , it feasted on plankton using its giant ' oar like ' mouth from the oceans of the cretaceous period , about 92 million years ago , when dinosaurs roamed the planet .

the new study specifically focuses on highly elusive forms of this fish group that ate plankton .

according to shimada , one pair of bones called hyomandibulae formed a massive oar - shaped lever to protrude and swing the jaws open extra wide , like a parachute , in order to receive more plankton - rich water into its mouth , similar to the way many sharks open their mouth .

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a planktivorous diet , also called suspension - feeding , is known among some specialized aquatic vertebrates today , including the blue whale , manta ray and whale shark .

suspension - feeding in the dinosaur era is a new emerging area of research .

' this tells just how little we still know about the biodiversity of organisms through the earth ' s history . it ' s really mindboggling . '

the new skull from north america , discovered in colorado along with the re - examination of another skull from japan have tripled the number of species in the genus with a greatly expanded geographical range .

according to shimada , who played a key role in the study , these species have been named r . purgatoirensis and r . uyenoi , respectively .

the research team includes scientists from government , museum , private sector and university careers .

they include bruce a . schumacher from the united sates forest service who discovered the new specimen .

it also includes researchers , jeff liston from the national museum of scotland and anthony maltese from the rocky mountain dinosaur resource center .

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comanche national grassland - a new fossil has been discovered in southern colorado that ' s being nicknamed a muppetfish .

it was found in the comanche national grassland in 2013 by dr . bruce schumacher , a paleontologist from the us forest service .

after removing the rock and stabilizing the fossil , the dinosaur resource center started , " jokingly referring to it as ‘the muppetfish’ after its resemblance to the character beaker . "

the discovery is being published in the latest issue of the scientific journal cretaceous research .

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the discovery of fossilized skulls of a muppet - like cretaceous - age fish is helping researchers learn about its geographical distribution .

a muppet - faced fish with a lanky body more than 6 feet long gulped down plankton in earth ' s ancient oceans about 92 million years ago , a new study finds .

researchers identified two new species of the enormous fish , which lived during the cretaceous period , when dinosaurs roamed the world . but like many of its contemporaries , the fish went extinct after an asteroid struck the yucatan peninsula about 66 million years ago .

" we had no idea back then that the genus was so diverse and so globally distributed , " shimada said .

in 2012 , researchers unearthed a new specimen in southeastern colorado , named r . purgatoirensis for the rugged purgatoire river valley where it was found , shimada said . it took excavators more than 150 hours to remove the ancient skull from the surrounding rocks , he added .

in the new study , the researchers described the colorado specimen and reanalyzed the fish fossil from hokkaido , japan , which they called r . uyenoi in honor of shimada ' s mentor . the new analyses helped them learn more about ancient sea life , the researchers said .

" these pachycormids really cornered the market on industrial - scale plankton consumption during the age of the dinosaurs , " shimada said . " the fish had a highly expandable mouth that perhaps looked like a ' tube ' about 1 foot [ 0 . 3 m ] in diameter to take in a large amount of water to filter feed plankton using its gill apparatus . "

" we have just barely scratched the surface of what was likely a complex ecosystem that existed in oceans during the age of the dinosaurs , " shimada said .

follow laura geggel on twitter @ laurageggel . follow live science @ livescience , facebook & google + . original article on live science .

as a senior writer for live science , laura geggel covers general science , including the environment and amazing animals . she has written for the new york times , scholastic , popular science and spectrum , a site covering autism research . laura grew up in seattle and studied english literature and psychology at washington university in st . louis before completing her graduate degree in science writing at nyu . when not writing , you ' ll find laura playing ultimate frisbee . follow laura on

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oscar gonzález - león | josep anton moreno - bedmar | francisco j . vega | angélica oviedo - garcía | miguel franco - rubio

stéphane reboulet | ottilia szives | beatriz aguirre - urreta | ricardo barragán | miguel company | camille frau | mikheil v . kakabadze | jaap klein | josep a . moreno - bedmar | alexander lukeneder | antoine pictet | izabela ploch | seyed n . raisossadat | zdenek vašíček | evgenij j . baraboshkin | vasily v . mitta

sally l . potter - mcintyre | jeremy r . breeden | david h . malone

matthias sinnesael | niels j . de winter | christophe snoeck | alessandro montanari | philippe claeys

new family apotomouridae fam . nov . ( coleoptera : tenebrionoidea ) from lower cenomanian amber of myanmar

tong bao | katarzyna s . walczyńska | samantha moody | bo wang | jes rust

victor m . giraldo - gómez | ibtisam beik | olaf g . podlaha | jörg mutterlose

camille frau | anthony j . - b . tendil | cyprien lanteaume | jean - pierre masse | antoine pictet | luc g . bulot | tim l . luber | jonathan redfern | jean r . borgomano | philippe léonide | françois fournier | gérard massonnat

mário miguel mendes | eduardo barrón | pedro dinis | jacques rey | david j . batten

artai a . santos | uxue villanueva - amadoz | rafael royo - torres | luis miguel sender | alberto cobos | luis alcalá | josé b . diez

daran zheng | edmund a . jarzembowski | su - chin chang | bo wang | haichun zhang

tito aureliano | aline m . ghilardi | pedro v . buck | matteo fabbri | adun samathi | rafael delcourt | marcelo a . fernandes | martin sander

daniela e . olivera | marcelo a . martínez | carlos zavala | germán otharán | denis marchal | guillermina köhler

neil h . landman | brian r . jicha | j . kirk cochran | matthew p . garb | shannon k . brophy | neal l . larson | jamie brezina

sara saber | joseph j . w . sertich | hesham m . sallam | khaled a . ouda | patrick m . o ' connor | erik r . seiffert

jason a . dunlop | paul a . selden | timo pfeffer | lidia chitimia - dobler

taxonomic revision of the genus ichthyosarcolites demarest , 1812 , and description of a new canaliculate rudist from the cenomanian of slovenia : oryxia sulcata gen . et sp . nov . ( bivalvia , hippuritida )

lulu wu | lianfu mei | yunsheng liu | douglas a . paton | jin luo | lu yu | deliang wang | caizheng min | minghua li | libin guo | hui wen

lida xing | martin g . lockley | ying guo | hendrik klein | junqiang zhang | li zhang | w . scott persons | anthony romilio | yonggang tang | xiaoli wang

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euperipatoides kanangrensis is a species of velvet worm of the peripatopsidae family , described in 1996 from specimens collected in kanangra-boyd national park , new south wales .

it is endemic to australia .

euperipatoides kanangrensis

euperipatoides kanangrensis <EOT> collection and culturing of female euperipatoides kanangrensis reid , 1996 was done as described previously ( 48 ) . in situ hybridization was carried out as described by eriksson et al . ( 49 ) .

neurogenesis in the onychophoran e . kanangrensis does not reflect the ancestral pattern of euarthropod neurogenesis .

here we show that the onychophoran nervous system is generated by the massive irregular segregation of single neural precursor cells . furthermore , we have identified homologs of the euarthropod achaete - scute , notch , and delta genes in the onychophoran euperipatoides kanangrensis and have analyzed their expression patterns in the embryonic ventral neuroectoderm . the data show that these genes are not regulated in a precise spatiotemporal pattern as in euarthropods , and thus the selection of neural precursors is distinct in the onychophoran .

in contrast , in e . kanangrensis , a large number of neural precursors segregate from the ventral neuroectoderm . the number and arrangement of neural precursors is different in each hemineuromere within the same embryo and also between embryos of the same stage . these data suggests that the neural precursors in onychophorans segregate in a random , irregular pattern ( fig . s5 a ) . if neural precursors were generated in stereotyped positions , one would expect to see a repetitive pattern in contiguous developmental stages , given the long phase of neurogenesis in e . kanangrensis .

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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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so far , 211 species of velvet worms have been described ( 85 of peripatidae and 126 of peripatopsidae ) , of which 191 are valid species ( 76 of peripatidae and 115 of peripatopsidae ) and 20 represent nomina dubia [ 1–9 ] . in addition to extant representatives , the record of unambiguous fossils includes four species with uncertain relationships to the extant taxa [ 10–13 ] . in the following , we provide an updated classification and a complete list of species of onychophora , which is based on oliveira et al . [ 1 ] .

velvet worms are comparable to " worms with legs " they have an obscurely segmented body with relatively small eyes . they have sensitive antennae used to find food and multiple pairs of legs with slime glands . they catch other smaller insects by entraping them with a mucus lasso . they are unique in that they give birth to live young that go through direct development to become an adult .

tropical regions in the southern hemisphere . they can most commonly be found hiding in rotting logs during the daytime .

the velvet worms are of interest to scientists who study their unique social behavior and reproductive habits .

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► cleavages are superficial and appear identical to that described in the south - african yolk - less ovoviviparous species . ► the initial positioning of the anterior to posterior axis is not fixed in the egg . ► we propose the terms anterior and posterior part of the blastopore to replace older terms . ► the expression of the gene wingless shows the position of the proctodeum . ► this study has clarified the processes that occur in stage 1 of embryonic development in onychophorans .

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m . r . s . conceived the project ; dissected , described and interpreted specimens ; and ran the phylogenetic analysis . j . o . - h . led the integration of developmental data into phylogenetic analysis and the interpretation of results . both authors contributed equally to data analysis , discussion of results and manuscript preparation .

density of scaly ornament in a hallucigeniid spine with three constituent elements ( geological survey of canada 136958 ) .

this file contains details of character coding for phylogenetic analysis , analytical methodology , and transformations implied by our most parsimonious tree .

zipped archive containing character matrix in nexus and excel formats , most parsimonious trees for all values of k in nexus format ( all individual trees , plus mpts ) and human - readable pdf format ( mpts only ) , and tnt script used to generate trees .

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nature is part of springer nature . © 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .

edited by thomas c . kaufman , indiana university , bloomington , in , and approved november 10 , 2010 ( received for review june 28 , 2010 )

the formation of neural precursors is first evident in the ventral neuroectoderm at late stage ii [ stages after walker and tait ( 33 ) ] , when the head and the first five trunk segments have formed . single cells delaminate from the neuroectoderm and form a loose basal layer between the outer ectoderm and the inner mesoderm ( fig . 1 a ) . due to the segregation of additional neural precursors , the basal layer increases to about two cells in width but does not expand further during neurogenesis ( fig . 1 b and c ) . in the basal position , the neural precursors divide to generate smaller intermediate neural precursors ( fig . 1 b ) . the latter form a second basal layer of approximately three to four cells in width , and the innermost intermediate neural precursors differentiate into neural cells . neurons extend their processes into the most basal lateral area of the developing hemi - neuromeres to form the neuropile ( fig . 1 d ) . during neurogenesis , the basal area of differentiating neurons expands , whereas the size of the neural precursor and intermediate neural precursor layers remains the same ( fig . 1 e ) . we detected segregating neural precursors in all stages of neurogenesis , indicating that the layer of segregated neural precursors is continuously replenished .

we observed scattered mitotic divisions in all layers of the developing neuromeres except for the basal layers of differentiating neural cells ( fig . 2 ) . large mitotic cells are visible in the ventral neuroectoderm that are partially aligned in longitudinal and diagonal rows ( fig . 2 a and c ) . the segregated neural precursors seem to divide equally to generate two smaller intermediate precursor cells ( fig . 2 g , inset ) . the intermediate neural precursors also proliferate , but are considerably smaller than the dividing neural precursors and neuroectodermal cells ( fig . 2 b ) .

we have analyzed the distribution of neural precursors that can clearly be identified by their position basal to the neuroectoderm , their rounded shape , and the accumulation of f - actin in the cell cortex ( fig . 2 d–g and fig . s1 ) . at early stages , the neural precursors segregate from all areas of the ventral neuroectoderm ( fig . 2 h ) . however , the formation of neural precursors becomes restricted to the center of the developing hemineuromeres during further development ( fig . 2 g and i–k ) , resulting in the generation of ganglion anlagen , which can clearly be distinguished as metameric units ( fig . 2 b and c ) . the number ( ranging from ∼60 to > 100 ) and arrangement of neural precursors is different in each developing hemineuromere within the same embryo but also between embryos of the same stage ( fig . 2 h–k ) .

( a–f ) expression pattern of ekash . light micrographs of flat preparations ( a–d ) and transverse sections ( e and f ) of embryos stained with a dig - labeled ekash probe ; anterior is toward the left in a–d , dorsal is toward the top in e and f . ( a and b ) ventral views show that ekash expression is homogeneous in the neuroectoderm . transcripts are up - regulated in segregated neural precursors ( arrows ) . circles indicate the position of the limb buds . arrowheads in b indicate the area between the neuromeres which shows low / absent levels of ekash . ( c and d ) sagittal views show that ekash is expressed at low , homogenous levels in the neuroectoderm but is strongly expressed in the segregated neural precursors ( arrows ) . arrowhead indicates the area between the developing neuromeres . ( e and f ) ekash is strongly expressed in the segregated neural precursors ( arrow in e ) and the intermediate precursors ( arrowhead in f ) . l1 to l4 , developing neuromeres of walking leg segments 1–4 ; ml , ventral midline ; ms , mesoderm ; vne , ventral neuroectoderm . ( scale bars : 100 μm in a , 100 μm in b , 50 μm in c , and 50 μm in e and f . )

( a–e ) expression pattern of ekdelta . light micrographs of flat preparations ( a–e ) and transverse sections ( e ) of embryos stained with a dig - labeled ekdelta probe ; anterior is toward the left in a–d , dorsal is toward the top in e . ( a–c ) ekdelta is strongly expressed in the ventral neuroectoderm ( arrows ) . expression is lower between the developing neuromeres ( arrowheads ) . ekdelta is expressed in the sensory organ precursors . ( d ) sagittal view of a stage ii embryo shows that ekdelta is expressed in the ventral neuroectoderm , segregated neural precursors , and mesoderm . arrowheads indicate area between segments . ( e ) at stage iv , ekdelta is expressed in the ventral neuroectoderm and segregated ( arrows ) and intermediate neural precursors ( arrowheads ) l1 to l6 , developing neuromeres of walking leg segments 1–6 ; ml , ventral midline ; ms , mesoderm ; sop , sensory organ precursors ; vne , ventral neuroectoderm . ( scale bars : a . 100 μm ; b , 50 μm ; c , 100 μm ; d , 50 μm ; and e , 50 μm . )

( a–c ) expression pattern of eknotch . light micrographs of flat preparations ( a and b ) and transverse section ( c ) of embryos stained with dig - labeled eknotch probe ; anterior is toward the left in a and c ; dorsal is toward the top in b . ( a and c ) eknotch is expressed homogenously in the ventral neuroectoderm ( arrows ) . ( b ) in addition , eknotch is expressed in the segregated ( arrow ) and intermediate neural precursors ( arrowhead ) , the neuropile and the most basal differentiating neurons ( small arrowheads ) , and the mesoderm ( small arrows ) . l1 , l9 to l11 , developing neuromeres of walking leg segments 9–11 ; ml , ventral midline ; ms , mesoderm ; vne , ventral neuroectoderm . ( scale bars : a and c , 100 μm ; b , 50 μm . )

our data demonstrate that neurogenesis in onychophorans does largely not reflect the ancestral pattern of euarthropod neurogenesis . in all four euarthropod groups , neural precursors are generated at stereotyped positions despite the differences in neural precursor formation ( npgs versus neuroblasts ) . in each hemineuromere , a fixed set of ∼30 npgs / neuroblasts segregates in a pattern that is similar in all euarthropod representatives that have been analyzed ( 35 , 36 ) ( fig . s5 b–d ) . the conservation strongly suggests that this pattern has been present in the last common ancestor of euarthropods .

we conclude that the selection of neural precursors , as well as their arrangement and number , are conserved in all four euarthropod groups , suggesting that this pattern has been present in the last common ancestor of euarthropods , although onychophorans do not share these neural characters .

second , the formation of neural precursor groups in many areas of drosophila neurogenesis strongly suggests that npgs are part of the ancestral pattern of euarthropod neurogenesis and therefore cannot be used to resolve euarthropod relationships . the pars intercerebralis and pars lateralis , for example , are part of the central neuroendocrine system in the drosophila brain and derive from npgs that invaginate and become attached to the brain primordium ( 37 ) . additional examples are the stomatogastric nervous system , which is generated by three large npgs , the bilateral invaginations of the optic primordium and the generation of large precursor groups in the developing polyclonal sensory organs of drosophila ( 38 – 40 ) .

finally , based on the following data , we suggest that the exclusive generation of neural cells from the central area of the ventral neuroectoderm of chelicerates and myriapods represents an ancestral character of arthropod neurogenesis . first , in onychophorans , this mode of neurogenesis can be observed in the ventral protocerebral primordium . in this area , the whole neuroectoderm becomes internalized and forms vesicles that have been termed hypocerebral organs . neural precursors continue to segregate from the hypocerebral organs after their invagination ( 24 ) . second , in drosophila , the embryonic procephalic neuroectoderm that generates the larval brain neuromeres generates almost exclusively neural cells . the epidermis extends over the brain primordium during head involution ( 41 ) . furthermore , fundamental differences in the formation of epidermal cells in the ventral neuroectoderm of insects and malacostracans suggest that the capacity to generate epidermal and neural cells has evolved independently in insects and crustaceans . in insects , the cells that remain in the neuroectodermal layer after segregation of the neuroblasts develop into epidermis . in contrast , in malacostracans , neuroblasts remain in the neuroectoderm and can generate both neural and epidermal cells ( 13 , 28 ) .

based on the data presented here , we suggest the following evolutionary scenario of arthropod neurogenesis . in the last common ancestor of arthropods , the nervous system was generated by a massive irregular segregation of individual neural precursor cells ( fig . s6 ) . proneural genes might have been expressed homogeneously in the whole neurogenic area to confer neural potential to all cells . we speculate that the whole neurogenic area exclusively generated neural precursors , similar to the case in chelicerates , myriapods , and the brain primordia of drosophila and onychophorans .

cell proliferation might have occurred mainly in the neuroectoderm . individual neural precursors became postmitotic , segregated from the ventral neurectoderm and directly differentiated into neural cells . this hypothesis is supported by the nature of the neural precursors in chelicerates and myriapods . in both euarthropod groups , the npgs are postmitotic and directly differentiate into neural cells after their segregation . this ancestral state has been retained in the stomatogastric nervous system of drosophila melanogaster , which is generated by neural precursors that invaginate as large groups and directly differentiate into neurons ( 38 ) . the hypothetical ancestral state is further supported by recent data on neurogenesis in an annelid ( 42 ) . annelids belong to the lophotrochozans , which are a sister group to the ecdysozoa [ e . g . , arthropods , nematodes ( 43 ) ] . in the polychaete capitella sp . i , one to several adjacent neural precursors delaminate from the procephalic neuroectoderm . the neural precursors do not divide after their delamination ; rather , they directly differentiate into neural cells . thus , subsequent stages of neurogenesis must have diverged in the lineage leading to the onychophorans , such as mitotic divisions of the segregated neural precursor cells , the evolution of intermediate neural precursors , and the generation of epidermal and neural cells from the ventral neuroectoderm .

if we assume that the presented evolutionary sequence is correct , we would have to conclude that neuroblasts have gradually evolved from npgs . there is indeed evidence from intermediate states that supports this theory . in the centipede strigamia maritima , all cells of a npg are attached to a single cell of the group rather than to the apical surface as in chelicerates and millipedes ( 14 ) . this cell expresses higher levels of delta transcripts as compared with the remaining cells of the group . thus , delta / notch signaling seems to generate single cells with distinct properties within the npgs in strigamia , although the whole group eventually invaginates and gives rise to neural cells . furthermore , in the basal insect schistocerca americana , groups of four to eight cells are selected in the ventral neuroectoderm ( 12 ) . one cell of the group , the neuroblast , delaminates , whereas the remaining cells of the group differentiate into a cap cell and sheath cells that surround the neuroblast and its lineage .

our data on onychophoran neural precursor formation contradict neither the mandibulata nor the myriochelata hypothesis . however , we suggest that the invagination of npgs and the exclusive generation of neural cells in the ventral neuroectoderm of chelicerates and myriapods represent plesiomorphic characters that cannot be used to support the myriochelata hypothesis . furthermore , the deployment of onychophoran characters for outgroup comparison has to be considered carefully . crown - group euarthropods and probable stem - group onychophorans already existed in the early cambrian period ( 46 – 48 ) . hence , the onychophoran lineage must have had a long evolutionary history diverged from the euarthropod stem lineage . therefore , extant onychophorans might not show the ancestral state of neurogenesis without modifications . indeed , our data show that the development of the nervous system in onychophorans largely does not reflect the ancestral pattern of euarthropod neurogenesis ; rather , it seems to show a mixture of derived characters and ancestral characters that have been present in the last common ancestor of arthropods but have been modified in the euarthropod lineage .

for the detection of f - actin , we used alexa phalloidin 488 ( invitrogen ) ; 2 u dissolved in 10 μl methanol was evaporated to remove the methanol and then resuspended in 200 μl pbs and added to the embryos . after 1 h , the embryos were washed in pbs and used for imaging . to detect mitotic cells , we used the polyclonal rabbit anti - alpha phospo histone 3 antibody ( sigma ) diluted 1 : 200 times in pbs with 0 . 5 % bsa and 0 . 1 % triton ×100 . antibody incubation was done as described in eriksson and budd ( 50 ) .

we thank the members of the a . s . laboratory for continuous stimulating discussions and petra ungerer for critical comments on the manuscript . we are grateful to edina balczo for excellent technical support . we thank noel tait for help with collecting animals . this work was supported by the biotechnology and biological sciences research council .

author contributions : a . s . designed research ; b . j . e . performed research ; a . s . contributed new reagents / analytic tools ; b . j . e . and a . s . analyzed data ; and a . s . wrote the paper .

data deposition : the sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the genbank database ( accession nos . ekash , gu954550 ; ekdelta , gu954551 ; and eknotch , gu954552 ) .

early events in insect neurogenesis . i . development and segmental differences in the pattern of neuronal precursor cells

development of paraperipatus amboinensis n . sp . ( entwicklung von paraperipatus amboinensis n . sp . )

formation and differentiation of the postnaupliar germ band of diastylis rathkei ( crustacea , cumacea ) ii . differentiation and pattern formation of the ectoderm ( translated from german )

studies on the onychophora . vii . the early embryonic stages of peripatopsis , and some general considerations concerning the morphology and phylogeny of the arthropoda

neurogenesis in an annelid : characterization of brain neural precursors in the polychaete capitella sp . i

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researchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .

a survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .

a study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .

the mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena—but this rigor hasn’t always been enough to spur policy changes .

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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2ebda843 - e6da - 4d7a - a001 - db964884e7fa

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3c2f2994 - 3515 - 4a20 - 9a65 - d08030739f5c

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 450341

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mordellistena terminata is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .

it was described by ray in 1946 .

mordellistena terminata

mordellistena terminata <EOT> larva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

formerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .

small , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings

plants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .

ford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .

nomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .

taxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .

american beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .

a manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .

peterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .

the book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .

disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .

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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

tip . you can look up words , expressions , names , titles . . .

couldn ' t select : table ' searchdictionaries . pangrams _ list ' doesn ' t exist

kiwa nederland bv sir wìnston churchilllaan 273 . . . - cappellotto s . r . l .

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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .

species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .