uropterygius marmoratus is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the pacific and indian oceans .

it is commonly known as the marbled reef-eel , marbled eel , marbled snake moray , marbled moray , or the slender conger eel .

uropterygius marmoratus

uropterygius marmoratus <EOT> the following term was not found in genome : uropterygius marmoratus [ orgn ] .

{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . uropterygius marmoratus ( lacepède , 1803 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .

( of uropterygius marmaratus ( lacepède , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of uropterygus marmoratus ( lacepède , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

greek , oura = tail + greek pterygion = little wing . fin ( ref . 45335 )

marine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 20 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 26°n - 24°s

indo - pacific : east africa to the hawaiian , marquesan and tuamoto islands , north to the yaeyamas , south to tonga .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 62 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 54980 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 ; vertebrae : 131 - 139 . color whitish and densely mottled with roundish dark brown spots about the size of eye or slightly larger . gill opening on mid side of the body .

benthic in crevices in shallow water to 121 m ( ref . 58302 , 75154 ) . uncommon inhabitant of reef flats and seaward reefs ( ref . 1602 ) .

randall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene , 1990 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p . ( ref . 2334 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00102 ( 0 . 00046 - 0 . 00225 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 56 of 100 ) .

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liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

( of gymnomuraena marmorata lacepède , 1803 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of scuticaria marmorata ( lacepède , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of ichthyophis pantherinus lesson , 1831 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

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böhlke , e . b . , j . e . mccosker , and d . g . smith / carpenter , kent e . , and volker h . niem , eds .

fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific , vol . 3 : batoid fishes , chimaeras and bony fishes , part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae )

special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

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occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed

abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .

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yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 , " codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases " , pp . 15 pp . + appendices

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : dcd29f53 - ed9d - 4171 - bef9 - 329fc69cc7c8

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : de96aec0 - d058 - 4419 - 9a89 - bdf76ffee8da

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froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . < a href = ' urltoken ' target = ' _ blank ' > www . fishbase . org , version ( 10 / 2011 ) . < / a >

froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2013 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . ; urltoken version ( 12 / 2013 ) .

a general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .

randall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene 1990 fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p .

color whitish and densely mottled with roundish dark brown spots about the size of eye or slightly larger . gill opening on mid side of the body . vertebrae 133 - 138 .

randall , j . e . 2005 reef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 720 p .

describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .

myers , r . f . 1991 micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p .

general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .

enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .

2006 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded july 2006 .

describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .

known or potential benefits of the species for humans , at a direct economic level , as instruments of education , prospecting , eco - tourism , etc . it includes published material or suggestions from the author or others . in any event , the source must be explicitly quoted . can include ecosystem services . however , benefits to ecosystems not specific to humans are best treated under risk statement ( what happens when the organism is removed )

ichthyofauna were studied in the inshore waters around great nicobar island ; 258 species of fin fis . . .

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rhabdias bufonis is a species of parasitic nematode in the family rhabdiasidae .

it was first described from the lungs of the european common toad ( bufo bufo ) but has also been found in a number of other species of frog .

rhabdias bufonis

rhabdias bufonis <EOT> ashleigh smythe marked " rhabdias bufonis " as trusted on the " rhabdias bufonis ( schrank , 1788 ) stiles et hassall , 1905 " page .

negative effects of rhabdias bufonis ( nematoda ) on the growth and survival of toads ( bufo bufo ) .

( 2008 ) rhabdias bufonis . in : mehlhorn h . ( eds ) encyclopedia of parasitology . springer , berlin , heidelberg

negative effects of rhabdias bufonis ( nematoda ) on the growth and survival of toads ( bufo bufo ) . - pubmed - ncbi

hartwich g . uber rhabdias bufonis ( schrank , 1788 ) und die abtremmung von rhabdias dossei nov . spec . ( nematoda , rhabdiasidae ) / / mitt . zool . mus . berlin . - 1972 . - 48 . - s . 401 - 414

kuzmin y . 2003 . rhabdias japalurae sp . nov . ( nematoda , rhabdiasidae ) from the japalures ( reptilia , agamidae ) and some notes on other rhabdias spp . from lizards . acta parasitologica , 48 ( 1 ) : 6 - 11

goodey t . 1924 . two new species of the nematode genus rhabdias . j . helminthol . , 2 : 203 - 208

travassos l . 1926 . enwicklung des rhabdias fulleborni n . sp . deut . trop . zeit . , 30 : 594 - 602

tkach v . v . , kuzmin y . , pulis e . e . 2006 . rhabdias bakeri sp . n . from lungs of wood frog , rana sylvatica , in north america : the last sibling of rhabdias ranae ? j . parasitol . , 92 ( 3 ) : 631 - 636

lu s . c . on rhabdias , a genus of parasitic nematoda of nanking . sinensia , 1934 , 5 ( 1 , 2 ) : 164 - 172 .

baker m . r . 1987 . rhabdias collaris n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from frogs of tanzania . systematic parasitology , 9 : 199 - 201

pereira c . 1928 . fauna helmintologica dos ophidios brasileiros ( 2o ) . rhabdias vellardi n . sp . bol . biol . sao paulo . - 11 : 13 - 22

kloss g . r . 1971 . alguns rhabdias ( nematoda ) de bufo no brasil . papeis avulsos de zoologia , s . paulo . 24 ( 1 ) : 1 - 52

moravec f . 2010 . rhabdias lacertae n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) , the first rhabdiasid species parasitising lizards in europe . syst . parasitol . , 77 : 23 - 27

lhermitte - vallarino , n . , m . barbuto , k . junker , r . boistel , i . ineich , s . wanji , and o . bain . 2009 . rhabdias rhampholeonis n . sp . and rhabdias mariauxi n . sp . ( nematoda , rhabdiasoidea ) , first lung worms from leaf chameleons : description , molecular evidence and notes on biology . parasitology international 58 : 375 - 383

baker m . r . 1978 . morphology and taxonomy of rhabdias spp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from reptiles and amphibians of southern ontario . can . j . zool . 1978 . 56 : 2127 - 2141

lhermitte - vallarino , n . and o . bain . 2004 . morphological and biological study of rhabdias spp . ( nematoda ) from african chameleons with description of a new species . parasite 11 : 15 - 31

lhermitte - vallarino n . , junker k . , bain o . 2009 . reappraisal of the specific status of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasoidea from malagasy chameleons in the paris museum collection . parasite , 16 : 111 - 123

chabaud a . g . , brygoo e . r . , petter a . g . 1961 . description et caracteres biologiques de deux noveaux rhabdias malgaches . an . parasitol . hum . comp . , 36 : 752 - 763

kuzmin , y . 1996 . new nematode species rhabdias vibakari sp . n . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the lung of vibakari snake ( amphiesma vibakari , colubridae ) . vestnik zoologii , 1 - 2 : 73 - 75

kuzmin y . 2001 . rhabdias africanus sp . nov . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) - a new nematode species from the south african toads ( amphibia : bufonidae ) . acta parasitologica , vol . 46 ( 2 ) : 148 - 150

kuzmin y . , tkach v . v . , snyder s . d . 2003 . the nematode genus rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from amphibians and reptiles of the nearctic . comparative parasitology , 70 ( 2 ) : 101 - 114

yamaguti s . 1943 . rhabdias ( ophiorhabdias ) horigutii n . subg . , n . sp . ( nematoda ) from the lung of a japanese snake natrix tigrina . an . zool . jap . , 22 , 1 : 8 - 10

kuzmin yu . , v . v . tkach . 2008 . rhabdias pearsoni sp . n . ( nematoda , rhabdiasidae ) from keelback , tropidonophis mairii ( reptilia , colubridae ) in australia . vestnik zoologii , 42 ( 6 ) : 483 - 488

kuzmin , y . , v . v . tkach , and s . e . bush . 2012 . a new rhabdias species ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from agamid lizards in luzon island , philippines . journal of parasitology , 98 ( 3 ) : 608 - 611

kuzmin y . , tkach v . snyder s . d . 2001 . rhabdias ambystomae sp . n . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the north american spotted salamander ambystoma maculatum ( amphibia : ambystomatidae ) . comparative parasitology , vol . 68 ( 2 ) : 228 - 235

bursey c . r . , hoong d . c . , goldberg s . r . 2012 . a new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) in calotes versicolor ( squamata : agamidae ) from singapore . journal of parasitology , 98 ( 1 ) : 149 - 151 .

rizvi a . n . , bursey c . r . , bhutia p . t . 2013 . two new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabditida : rhabdiasidae ) in anuran hosts from dehradun ( uttarakhand ) , india . journal of parasitology , 99 ( 2 ) : 303 - 306

martinez - salazar e . a . , v . leon - regagnon . 2007 . new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from bufo occidentalis ( anura : bufonidae ) from sierra madre del sur , mexico . j . parasitol . , 93 ( 5 ) : 1171 - 1177

kuzmin , y . , v . l v . tkach and j . a . vaughan . 2005 . rhabdias kongmongthaensis sp . n . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from polypedates leucomystax ( amphibia : anura : rhacophoridae ) in thailand . folia parasitologica , 52 ( 4 ) : 339 - 342

kuzmin y . , junker k . , du peez l . , bain o . 2013 . a new species of rhabdias stiles et hassall , 1905 ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from blommersia domerguei ( guibe ) ( amphibia : mantellidae ) in madagascar . folia parasitologica [ accepted 25 april 2013 ] .

bursey c . r . , s . r . goldberg , l . j . vitt . 2007 . new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) and other helminths from norops capito ( sauria : polychrotidae ) from nicaragua . j . parasitol . , 93 ( 1 ) : 129 - 131

junker k . , lhermitte - vallarino n . , barbuto m . , ineich i . , wanji s . , bain o . 2010 . new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from afrotropical anurans , including molecular evidence and notes on biology . folia parasitologica , 57 : 47 - 61

tkach v . v . , y . kuzmin , r . m . brown . 2011 . rhabdias mcguirei sp . nov . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the flying lizard , draco spilopterus , ( squamata : agamidae ) of the northern philippines . acta parasitologica . 56 ( 4 ) : 406 - 411

martinez - salazar e . a . , v . leon - regagnon . 2006 . rhabdias lamothei n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from leptodeira maculata ( colubridae ) in mexico , including new records of r . fuscovenosa ( railliet , 1899 ) goodey , 1924 . zootaxa 1257 : 27 - 48

luciana de cassia silva do nascimento , evonnildo costa goncalves , francisco tiago de vasconcelos melo , elane guerreiro giese , adriano penha furtado , jeannie nascimento dos santos . 2013 . description of rhabdias breviensis n . sp . ( rhabditoidea : rhabdiasidae ) in two neotropical frog species . systematic parasitology , 86 , 69 - 75

barrella t . h . , k . r . dos santos , r . j . da silva . 2010 . rhabdias filicaudalis n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the snake spilotes pullatus ( serpentes : colubridae ) in brazil . journal of helminthology , 84 ( 3 ) : 292 - 296 .

lhermitte - vallarino n . , m . barbuto , k . junker , r . boistel , o . bain . 2010 . rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from chamaeleonidae ( sauria ) : two new species from trioceros ellioti in east africa and one from brookesia superciliaris in madagascar . parasite , 17 : 91 - 105

bursey c . r . , goldberg s . r . 2005 . new species of oswaldocruzia ( nematoda : molineoidae ) , new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) , and other helminths in rana cf . forreri ( anura : ranidae ) from costa rica . j . parasitol . , 91 : 600 - 605

bursey c . r . , s . r . goldberg , s . r . telford , jr . 2003 . rhabdias anolis n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the lizard , anolis frenatus ( sauria : polychrotidae ) , from panama . j . parasitol . , 89 ( 1 ) : 113 - 117

рауш р . л . , рауш в . р . , атрашкевич г . и . rhabdias bermani sp . n . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) из сибирского углозуба ( hynobius keyserlingi ) с северо - востока азии / / зоол . журнал . - 1984 . - 63 , № 9 . - с . 1297 - 1303 .

lhermitte - vallarino n . , m . barbuto , i . ineich , s . wanji , m . lebreton , l . chirio , o . bain . 2008 . first report of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasoidea ) from lungs of montane chameleons in cameroon : description of two new species and notes on biology . parasite 15 : 553 - 564

elgarhy , m . , and k . garo , " rhabdias aegyptiaca sp . n . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the lungs of bufo regularis ( amphibia : bufonidae ) , in egypt : light and scanning electron microscopic study " , j . union arab biol . , , vol . 26 , issue a , pp . 127 - 137 , 2006

sarkar ( dutta ) m . , b . manna . 2004 . on a new species of the genus rhabdias stiles and hassall , 1905 ( nematoda : rhabditida ) from bufo melanostictus schneider , 1799 from belur and habra , west bengal , india , with a host - parasite list . philippine journal of science , 133 ( 1 ) : 55 - 69

p . cipriani , s . mattiucci , m . paoletti , m . santoro , g . nascetti . rhabdias esculentarum n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from green frogs of the rana esculenta species complex in italy : molecular evidence , morphological description and genetic differentiation from its congeners in frogs and toads . syst parasitol ( 2012 ) 82 : 131 - 146

kuzmin y . , f . t . v . melo , h . f . da silva filho and j . n . dos santos . 2016 . two new species of rhabdias stiles et hassall , 1905 ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from anuran amphibians in para , brazil . folia parasitologica , 63 : 015 . doi : 10 . 14411 / fp . 2016 . 015

maity , p . , a . n . rizvi , c . r . bursey . 2018 . nematode parasites of duttaphrynus stomaticus ( lutken , 1864 ) ( amphibia : anura ) with description of a new species of rhabdias stiles and hassall , 1905 ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from dehradun ( uttarakhand ) , india . acta parasitologica , 63 ( 1 ) , 175–183 .

kuzmin y . , tkach v . v . , brooks d . r . 2007 . rhabdias alabialis sp . nov . and r . pseudosphaerocephala sp . nov . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) in the marine toad , bufo marinus ( l . ) ( lissamphibia : anura : bufonidae ) in central america . j . parasitol . , 93 ( 1 ) : 159 - 165

jeannie nascimento dos santos , francisco tiago de vasconcelos melo , luciana de cassia silva do nascimento , daisy esther batista do nascimento , elane guerreiro giese , adriano penha furtado . 2011 . rhabdias paraensis sp . nov . : a parasite of the lungs of rhinella marina ( amphibia : bufonidae ) from brazilian amazonia . mem . inst . oswaldo cruz , 106 ( 4 ) : 433 - 440

lhermitte - vallarino n . , barbuto m . , junker k . , boistel r . , ineich i . , wanji s . , bain o . 2009 . rhabdias rhampholeonis n . sp . and r . mariauxi n . sp . ( nematoda , rhabdiasoidea ) , first lung worms from leaf chameleons : description , molecular evidence and notes on biology . parasitol . int . , 58 : 375 - 383

kuzmin , y . , a . halajian , s . tavakol , w . j . luus - powell , v . v . tkach . 2017 . description and phylogenetic position of a new species of rhabdias stiles et hassall , 1905 ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the banded rubber frog , phrynomantis bifasciatus ( smith ) ( amphibia : microhylidae ) , in south africa . folia parasitologica , 64 : 035 . doi : 10 . 14411 / fp . 2017 . 035

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pereira c . 1927 . fauna helminthologica de ophidios brasileiros . bol . biol . sao paulo , 10 , 35 : 179 - 185

lhermitte - vallarino n . , o . bain , e . deharo , s . bertani , t . voza , t . attout , p . gaucher . 2005 . a new rhabdiasid nematode , chabirenia cayennensis n . g . , n . sp . , parasitic in the glands of the buccal mucosa of a south american saurian . systematic parasitology , 62 : 151 - 160

martinez - salazar , e . a . , v . leon - regagnon . 2005 . two new species of entomelas ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) , parasites of barisia spp . and mesaspis spp . ( reptilia : sauria ) in mexico . zootaxa , 958 : 1 - 12 .

baker , m . r . 1980 . revision of entomelas travassos , 1930 ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) with a review of genera in the family . systematic parasitology , 1 ( 2 ) : 83 - 90

bursey cr , goldberg sr . helminths in mesaspis monticola ( squamata : anguidae ) from costa rica , with the description of a new species of entomelas ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) and a new species of skrjabinodon ( nematoda : pharyngodonidae ) . parasite . 2006 . 13 ( 3 ) : 183 - 191 .

maupas in seurat l . g . 1916 . contribution a l ' etude des formes larvaires des nematodes parasites heteroxenes . bull . sci . france belgique , ser . 7 , 49 : p . 297 - 377

dujardin f . histoire naturelle des helminthes ou vers intestinaux . - paris , 1845 .

martinez - salazar , e . a . . , v . leon - regagnon . 2005 . two new species of entomelas ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) , parasites of barisia spp . and mesaspis spp . ( reptilia : sauria ) in mexico . zootaxa , 958 : 1 - 12 .

sharpilo , v . p . , v . g . vakker . 1972 . a new species of the genus entomelas travassos , 1930 ( nematoda , rhabdiasidae ) - parasite of lungs of sheltopuzik . vestnik zoologii , no . 6 : 86 - 88

kreis h . a . beitrage zur kenntnis parasitische nematoden . ix . parasitische nematoden aus dem naturhistorischen museum basel . zentrallbl . bakter . , orig . 1940 . 3 : 163 - 208 .

kuzmin , y . , v . v . tkach . 2011 . description of a new species of kurilonema ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from lungs of the skink sphenomorphus abdictus aquilonius ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) in the philippines . journal of parasitology . 2011 . 97 ( 3 ) : 506 - 512

hasegawa h . neoentomelas asatoi gen . et sp . n . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from skinks of the ryukyu archipelago , japan . proc . helminthol . soc . wash . 1989 . 56 , 2 : p . 145 - 150

johnston , t . h . 1916 . a census of the endoparasites recorded as occurring in queensland , arranged under their hosts . proc . of the royal soc . of queensland , 28 : 31 - 79

moravec f . , o . sey . 1990 . some nematode parasites of frogs from papua new guinea and australia . acta soc . zool . bohemoslov . , 54 : 268 - 286

baylis , h . a . 1929 . some parasitic nematodes from the uluguru and usambara mountains , taganyika territory . annales and mahazine of natural history , ser . 10 , vol . iv : 372 - 381

linstow , v . 1903 . parasiten , meistens helminthen , aus siam . archiv fur microscopische anatomie und entwiclungsgeschichte , 62 : ( 117 )

pelobates fuscus , rana temporaria , rana arvalis , rana sibirica , rana dalmatina , bombina bombina , bombina variegata , pelophylax spp . , bufo viridis

schrank f . von paula verzeichniss der bischer hinlanglich bekannten eingeweidewurmer . - munchen , 1788 .

skrjabin k . i . 1916 . parasitic trematodes and nematodes collected by the expedition of prof . v . dogiel and i . sokolov in british east africa . in : scientific results of the zoological expedition to british east africa and uganda made by prof . v . dogiel and i . sokolov in the year 1914 , 1 : 99 - 157 .

gutierrez r . o . 1945 . contribucion al conicimiento de los nematodes parasitos de anfibios argentinos . tesis del museo de la plata , 8 : 37 pp .

baer j . g . 1930 . deux helminthes nouveaux , parasites de uraeotyphlops oxyurus ( gray ) . gymnophione de l ' inde meridionale . revue suisse de zoologie , 37 ( 2 ) : 43 - 52

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ingles l . g . 1936 . worm parasites of california amphibia . transactions of american microbiological society 55 : 73 - 92

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martinez - salazar e . a . 2008 . a new rhabdiasid species from craugastor occidentalis ( anura : brachycephalidae ) from sierra de manantl ? n , jalisco , mexico . revista mexicana de biodiversidad 79 : 81 - 89

yamaguti s . 1954 . helminth fauna of mt . ontake . part 1 . nematoda and acanthocephala . acta med . okayama , 8 : 386 - 392

schuurmans stekhoven j . h . ( jr . ) . 1952 . nematodos parasitarios de anfibios , pajaros y mamiferos de la republica argentina . de acta zoologica lilloana del instituto " miguel lillo " , 10 : 315 - 400

yuen p . h . 1965 . some studies on the taxonomy and development of some rhabdiasoid and cosmocercoid nematodes from malayan amphibians . zool . anz . , 174 : 275 - 298 .

yamaguti s . 1935 . studies on the helminth fauna of japan . pt . 10 . amphibian nematodes . jap . j . zool . , 6 : 393 - 402

martinez - salazar e . a . , j . falcon - ordaz , e . gonzalez - bernal , g . parra - olea , g . perez - ponce de leon . 2013 . helminth parasites of pseudacris hypochondriaca ( anura : hylidae ) from baja california , mexico , with the description of two new species of nematodes . journal of parasitology 99 ( 6 ) : 1077 - 1085

yamaguti s . 1941 . studies on the helminth fauna of japan . pt . 34 . amphibian nematodes , ii . jap . j . zool . , 9 ( 3 ) : 397 - 408

walton , a . c . 1929 . studies on some nematodes of north american frogs . i . journal of parasitology 15 : 227 - 240

von linstow o . 1906 . nematoden des zoologischen museums in konigsberg . arch . naturg . , 72 : 249 - 258

singh s . n . , r . ratnamala . 1975 ( 1977 ) . on a new genus and new species of rhabdiasoid nematode shorttia shortti n . g . , n . sp . , infesting lungs of amphibians . indian journal of helminthology , 27 ( 2 ) : 132 - 138

baker m . r . systematics and zoogeography of three new nematode parasites of the frog breviceps sylvestris sylvestris fitzsimons from south africa . can . j . zool . 1982 . 60 : 3134 - 3142

singh s . n . , r . ratnamala . 1977 . on shorttia thapari n . sp . ( nematoda ) from bufo melanostictus . all - india symposium on helminthology , spinagar , aug . 8 - 11 , 1977 . abstracts of papers : 41 - 42

moravec f . , h . kaiser . 1995 . helminth parasites from west indian frogs , with descriptions of two new species . caribbean journal of science , vol . 31 , no . 3 - 4 , 252 - 268

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sharpilo v . p . 1976 . parasitic worms of reptiles of the fauna of the ussr . kiev , naukova dumka , 288 p .

kuzmin y . , f . t . de vasconcelos melo , j . nascimento dos santos . 2014 . a new species of serpentirhabdias tkach , kuzmin & snyder , 2014 ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) parasitic in the brown ground snake atractus major boulenger ( reptilia : serpentes : dipsadidae ) in brazil . systematic parasitology , 89 : 101 - 106 .

kuzmin y . , e . g . giese , f . t . de v . melo , p . a . f . b . da costa , j . n . santos , g . f . maschio . 2016 . description of serpentirhabdias atroxi n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) , a parasite of bothrops atrox ( linnaeus ) ( reptilia : serpentes : viperidae ) in brazilian amazonia . systematic parasitology , 93 : 37–45 .

lucio - forster a . , liotta j . l . , rishniw m . , and bowman d . d . 2015 . serpentirhabdias dubielzigi n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from captive - bred ball pythons , python regius ( serpentes : pythonidae ) in the united states . comparative parasitology 82 ( 1 ) : 115 - 122 .

agkistrodon piscivorus , lampropeltis sp . , elaphe vulpina , elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata , coluber constrictor

mccallum , g . g . 1921 . studies in helminthology . zoopathologica 1 : 135 - 284

in palaearctic : natrix tessellata , vipera berus , vipera ursinii ( renardi ) , coluber jugularis , vipera ammodytes , eryx johnii ( exp . ) ; in nearctic : heterodon platirhinos , storeria dekayi , storeria occipitomaculata , virginia stiatula , thamnophis ordinoides , thamnophis proximus , thamnophis sauritus , thamnophis sirtalis , lampropeltis triangulum , opheodrys vernalis , regina septemvittata , nerodia cyclopion , nerodia fasciata , nerodia rhombifera , nerodia sipedon , nerodia erythrogaster

railliet m . 1899 . evolution sans heterogonie d ' un angiostome de la couleure a collier . c . r . acad . sci . , 129 : 1271 - 1273

d . h . morais , a . aguiar , m . i . muller , r . b . narciso , l . a . f . silva , r . j . silva . 2017 . morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of the serpentirhabdias viperidicus n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the lancehead snake bothrops moojeni hoge , 1966 ( reptilia : serpentes : viperidae ) in brazil . journal of helminthology , 91 : 360–370 .

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zoologisches museum der universität zürich , winterthurerstrasse 190 , 8057 , zürich , switzerland .

occupy . it has been found in north america , most notably canada . however , it is most common in the european toad and frog habitats .

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alford ra , harris rn ( 1988 ) effects of larval growth history on anuran metamorphosis . am nat 131 : 91–106

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berven ka , gill de ( 1983 ) interpreting geographic variation in life - history traits . am zool 23 : 85–97

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crofton hd ( 1971 ) a quantitative approach to parasitism . parasitology 62 : 179–94

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frandsen f ( 1974 ) a study of danish amphibians parasite fauna . acta parasit polon 22 ( 6 ) : 49–66

. in : rollinson d , anderson rm ( eds ) ecology and genetics of host - parasite interactions . academic press , london , pp 157–83

hassell mp , may rm ( 1989 ) the population biology of host - parasite and host - parasitoid associations . in : roughgarden j , may rm , levin sa ( eds ) . perspectives in ecological theory . princeton university press , new jersey , pp 319–347

holmes jc ( 1982 ) impact of infectious disease agents on the population growth and geographical distribution of animals . in : anderson rm , may rm ( eds ) population biology of infectious diseases . springer - verlag , new york , pp 37–51

holmes jc , zohar s ( 1990 ) pathology and host behaviour . in : barnard cj , behnke jm ( eds ) parasitism and host behaviour . taylor and francis ltd . , london , pp 34–63

( digenea : diplostomatidae ) in perch . j fish biol , 31 : 571–581

kozak a ( 1973 ) the nematode fauna of frogs in the carpathian region of czeckoslovakia . biologia 28 ( 5 ) : 325–334

lincicome dr ( 1971 ) the goodness of parasitism : a new hypothesis . in : cheng tc ( ed ) the biology of symbiosis . university park press , baltimore , pp 139–227

munger jc , holmes jc ( 1988 ) benefits of parasitic infection : a test using a ground squirrel - trypanosome system . can j zool 66 : 222–227

scott me ( 1988 ) the impact of infection and disease on animal populations : implications for conservation biology . conserv biol 2 : 40–56

smith dc ( 1987 ) adult recruitment in chorus frogs : effects of size and date at metamorphosis . ecology 68 : 344–350

smyth jd , smyth mm ( 1980 ) frogs as host parasite systems i . macmillan press ltd . london

thompson sn ( 1990 ) physiological alterations during parasitism and their effects on host behaviour . in : barnard cj , behnke jm ( eds ) parasitism and host behaviour . taylor and francis ltd . , london , pp 64–94

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polyptychoceras is an extinct genus of ammonites from the late cretaceous of asia , europe , and north and south america .

it was first named by hisakatsu yabe in 1927 .

polyptychoceras

polyptychoceras <EOT> file : polyptychoceras ( subptychoceras ) yubarense . jpg — wikipedia republished / / wiki 2

polyptychoceras ( subptychoceras ) yubarense - private collection stage : late cretaceous from 100 . 5–66 ma ( million years ago ) ; upper yezo group locality : obirashibe river , obira , rumoi , hokkaido , japan size : 23x18x8 cm

polyptychoceras vancouverense upper cretaceous , santonian , trent river formation trent river , vancouver island , canada this species is referred to as he paperclip ammonite due to is resemblance . the ammonite was found in three sections and has been glued back together and then prepared . a rare heteromorph from a more unusual location . the ammonite measures 4 . 9cm ' s in length

interestingly , all heteromorphs known from the santonian are endemic to bp and nwp provinces . nostoceratids include nipponites bacchus , hyphantoceras orientale and h . ( ? ) heteromorphum ( found in sakhalin and japan ) , and h . reussianum and h . yabei ( found in sakhalin and the koryak upland ) , while the family diplomoceratidae is represented by mostly sakhalin endemics . only two species were found in northeasterly regions , viz . polyptychoceras ( po . ) pseudogaultinum and po . ( s . ) vancouverense , while others are known from sakhalin ( neocrioceras spinigerum , diplomoceras notabile , pseudoxybeloceras ( ps . ) obstrictum , ps . ( ps . ) quadrinodosum , ps . ( ps . ) sakhalinum and ps . ( subptychoceras ) yubarense ) and only two were found in japan ( polyptychoceras ( po . ) pseudogaultinum and po . ( subptychoceras ) yubarense ) .

. . . 10 . 10e ) , and an upper lamellar layer ( schindewolf 1958 ; closs 1960 ; farinacci et al . 1976 ; hewitt et al . 1993 ) . the basal layer occurs on the convex side of the aptychus and forms the co - marginal lirae that are visible on the inner ( dorsal ) side of the aptychus and are interpreted as growth lines ( kruta et al . 2009 ; f ig . 10 . 10f ) . the aptychi of cretaceous ancyloceratina ( e . g . , baculites , hoploscaphites , and polyptychoceras ) differ from those of jurassic ammonitina in having one or two layers without a sponge - like structure ( kruta et al . 2009 ; f ig . 10 . 10d ) . . . .

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this heteromorph ammonite is quite common in cretaceous shales on the trent and puntledge rivers . they are known to collectors as the paper - clip ammonites or sometime they are referred to as candy canes .

in this sample , fossilized remnants of the shell are still visible over most of the ammonite . these ammonites have 3 parallel shafts , but usually only two are found - - one bend in the paper clip .

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corrigendum to “molecular phylogeny and ontogeny of a new ciliate genus , paracladotricha salina n . g . . .

we ( shao et al . ) established a new genus and described the morphology , cell division , and phylogeny of a chinese population of a hypotrichous ciliate in this electronic - only journal . since this work does not contain a zoobank registration , it is not published in the sense of nomenclature ( iczn , articles 8 . 5 , 9 . 11 ) , that is , it is not a work in which a name or nomenclatural act can be made . . . [ show full abstract ]

megafossil biostratigraphy of the upper cretaceous futakawa formation of the sotoizumi group in the . . .

zoological nomenclature and electronic publication - a reply to dubois et al . ( 2013 )

a group of 19 authors ( dubois et al . 2013 ) recently raised concerns about the latest amendment to the international code of zoological nomenclature ( iczn 2012a , b , c ) , that allows new names and other nomenclatural acts to gain legislative acceptance ( become " available " ) from publications issued and distributed electronically . two editorials by publishers have already responded to some of the . . . [ show full abstract ]

diplomoceras cylindraceum ( j . l . m . defrance , 1816 † ) ( fossil )

oxybeloceras crassum ( r . p . whitfield , 1877 † ) ( fossil )

oxybeloceras mortoni ( f . b . meek & hayden , 1876 † ) ( fossil )

pseudoxybeloceras ( parasolenoceras ) interruptum ( f . schlüter , 1872 † ) ( fossil )

pseudoxybeloceras ( parasolenoceras ) splendens ( m . collignon , 1969 † ) ( fossil )

spiroxybeloceras meekanum ( r . p . whitfield , 1877 † ) ( fossil )

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this volume accompanies an emu school intended to bring contemporary research on mineral reaction kinetics to the attention of young researchers and to put it into the context of recent developments in related disciplines . a selection of topics , methods and concepts , which the contributors deem currently most relevant and instructive , is presented .

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) . boreal – boreal palaeogeographic realm ; tethyan – tethyan palaeogeographic realm . a – arctic province ; bp – boreal pacific province ; nwp – north west pacific province ; nep – north east pacific province ; swp – south west pacific province ; sep – south east pacific province ; wna –western interior of north america ; eu – european province ; ai – african - indian province ; mc – mediterranean / caucasian province .

as noted above , it is possible to subdivide the pacific into various provinces on the basis of mid - and late cretaceous ammonite faunas . in general , this subdivision can be recognised only at the species level ; however , there are some intervals where it is even demonstrable at the generic level .

in addition to sonneratia , the family hoplitidae is represented by gastroplitines , that is , gastroplites ( paragastroplites ) cf . flexicostatus , neogastroplites sp . and n . kamchatkensis , which are confined to the arctic province . however , n . kamchatkensis is morphologically similar to n . americanus , which is widely distributed in the western interior and could be its geographical sibling species .

some taxa were identified exclusively from northeast russia ( bp province ) , having no records ( yet ) in sakhalin or sikhote alin , namely proplacenticeras sutherlandbrowni ( widely distributed also in nep ; see mclearn , 1972 ) , the widespread mortoniceras and stoliczkaia ( lamnayella ) cf . japonica , endemic to the pacific . interestingly , that last - mentioned form is also known from japan , but not from sakhalin .

an assemblage of albian heteromorph ammonites , recorded from the russian pacific coast , is comprised exclusively of turrilitids , namely mariella sp . , m . aff . circumtaeniata , turrilites sp . , pseudhelicoceras sp . and p . carlottense . there is no doubt that these are cosmopolitan genera , but in most cases , identification at species level is fraught with difficulties because of poor preservation . for now , it cannot be stated whether these forms comprised endemics or more cosmopolitan forms , in addition to p . carlottense , which is known from the arctic , bp and nep provinces .

the late cenomanian oae2 ( yazykova , 2004 ) probably was the main trigger to the extirpation of cenomanian faunas . the cenomanian / turonian boundary mass extinctions reflected in the diversity of every biotic group , both at the generic and specific level . some ammonite families and subfamilies disappeared , for example , turrilitidae , acanthoceratinae and lyelliceratidae . amongst species known from the russian pacific , not a single cenomanian taxon survived this crisis .

the global scaphites facies can be clearly traced in northeast russia and sakhalin , from where only endemic representatives are known : scaphites planus , yezoites puerculus , y . subplanus , y . pseudoaequalis and y . teshioensis . species of yezoites predominate , while at the same time scaphites is the dominant genus in eu or mc ( see , amongst others , atabekian & akopian , 1970 ; kaplan et al . , 1987 ; wiese et al . , 1996 ) .

in comparison to the cenomanian when the family desmoceratidae was represented by a few widely distributed taxa , in the turonian this group included only endemics , that is , puzosia ( m . ) takahashii , jimboiceras planulatiforme , pachydesmoceras pachydiscoide , tragodesmoceroidas subcostatus and damesites damesi intermedius , while in northeast russia only kitchinites ishikawai and j . planulatiforme are known . the sole member of the pseudotissotiidae , hourcquia pacifica , is endemic to nwp .

heteromorphs are comparatively diverse in the turonian . of note is that of four nostoceratids identified , namely nostoceras ( eubostrychoceras ) japonicum , nipponites mirabilis , n . sachalinensis and hyphantoceras aff . reussianum , only the first two are known from northeast russia , but all of them occur in sakhalin , including the only one which is truly cosmopolitan , h . reussianum . two endemic forms represent the family diplomoceratidae , one of them occurring in sakhalin , scalarites mihoensis , the other in northeast russia , s . scalaris . in total , the degree of endemicity rose during the turonian and continued this trend in the coniacian .

the family phylloceratidae is still represented by the pacific species h . ( n . ) ramosum as well as the gaudryceratids gaudryceras denseplicatum and g . tenuiliratum , joined now , however , by anagaudryceras politissimum , an immigrant from southern india , which much later , during the maastrichtian , was widely distributed in ai , swp , sep and nep , but in nwp it is confined either to the coniacian ( sakhalin ) or to the late campanian - early maastrichtian ( japan ) . this could also be connected with some temperature maximum , recorded for the coniacian and campanian ( yu . d . zakharov et al . , 2002 ) .

tetragonitids are represented by tetragonites glabrus , which probably appeared already in the cenomanian of alaska ( bp ) , and later extended into the nwp , nep and ai provinces . a similar way of distribution can be determined for t . epigonus , which first appeared in the turonian of japan ( nwp ) and later extended to the eu , ai and swp provinces .

the appearance of binneyites in sakhalin is interesting . this genus was held to be endemic to the northern western interior of north america ( wna province ) . since only a single specimen is known from the northwest pacific , probably , this is an example of post - mortem drift distribution ( compare kennedy & cobban , 1976 ) .

of the family desmoceratidae only kitchinites ishikawai survives , but new ( sub ) species appeared as well , such as k . japonica , jimboiceras mihoense , damesites damesi intermedius and d . sugata . all of them are pacific endemics , with the exception of d . sugata , which is also known from the ai and south eu provinces . hourcquia pacifica , the endemic pseudotissotiid , survived into the coniacian .

the coniacian of sakhalin and japan sees the first member of the family pachydiscidae , an endemic to nwp , menuites ( anapachydiscus ) sutneri . this constitutes one of the earliest appearances of menuites ( anapachydiscus ) ; an even earlier one was noted from post - turonian strata in durban , south africa ( kennedy et al . , 1973 ) .

in the russian pacific , the santonian was characterised by a continued increase of taxonomic diversity , in spite of an abrupt temperature drop across the coniacian / santonian boundary ( yu . d . zakharov et al . , 2002 ) , which is reflected in the disappearance of many coniacian forms . however , as noted before , ammonites did not really depend of climate changes and usually rapidly recovered following such environmental crises .

some long - lived species still occur , such as the phylloceratid , hypophylloceras ( neophylloceras ) ramosum , and the gaudryceratids gaudryceras tenuiliratum and g . denseplicatum . however , these two families also are represented by new species in northeast russia , that is , phyllopachyceras forbesianum ( phylloceratidae ) , and , in sakhalin , phyllopachyceras ezoense ( phylloceratidae ) , anagaudryceras yokoyamai and zelandites kawanoi ( gau - dryceratidae ) .

the family tetragonitidae is represented by the endemic saghalinites saghalinensis , tetragonites glabrus , t . epigonus and t . popetensis , and one immigrant species , pseudophyllites indra , which appeared only in northeast russia . in far east russia , collignoniceratids are represented by the subfamily texanitinae , also with a high degree of provincialism . texanites ( plesiotexanites ) kawasakii and protexanites ( p . ) bontanti shimizui are known only from sakhalin , the latter being an immigrant from eu province , while p . ( p . ) fukazawai and p . ( p . ) shoshonensis have been recorded exclusively from northeast russia ( bp province ) .

desmoceratids are still represented by species and subspecies which appeared earlier , that is , kitchinites ishikawai , k . japonica , damesites sugata and d . damesi intermedius . two others , d . d . damesi and hauericeras angustum , are new and both are endemic . hauericeras angustum probably originated from h . gardeni , after migrating in from ai to japan .

there is a markedly wide distribution of pachydiscids , comprising eupachydiscus haradai , menuites ( m . ) menu , m . ( m . ) naibutiensis and m . ( m . ) japonicus . it appears that m . ( m . ) menu first appeared in the koryak upland , later in sakhalin and japan , and gave rise to two endemic species , m . ( m . ) naibutiensis and m . ( m . ) japonicus , which in turn disappeared from the pacific and migrated elsewhere , more specifically south africa and southern india ( ai province ) , where they appeared during the maastrichtian ( forbes , 1846 ; kennedy & henderson , 1992a , 1992b ; kennedy & klinger , 2006 ) .

the family kossmaticeratidae shows the highest degree of provincialism , with three species of yokoyamaoceras known from northeast russia only , namely y . venustum , y . jimboi and y . kotoi . in sakhalin only two of these , y . jimboi and y . ishikawai , have been recorded .

one the most interesting events in the santonian is the appearance of the mortoniceratine ( brancoceratid ) mortoniceras ? kawasakii , recorded by kawada ( 1929 ) . elsewhere in the world , representatives of mortoniceras sensu stricto are completely unknown from post - albian / lower cenomanian strata . probably , kawada’s specimen is best reassigned to the subgenus mortoniceras ( submortoniceras ) , which is known from the campanian of california and oregon ( anderson , 1958 ) , and could thus represent the precursor of species of mortoniceras ( submortoniceras ) in california .

the family tetragonitidae appears to have evolved furthest , with seven species known from campanian deposits in far east russia . two of these are cosmopolitan ( pseudophyllites indra and tetragonites epigonus ) , another two ( t . glabrus and t . popetensis ) are characterised by wider distribution than the remaining three , t . crassus , saghalinites teshioensis and s . saghalinensis , which are endemic to the north pacific . representatives of saghalinites have not yet been found in northeast russia .

during the campanian , kossmaticeratids demonstrated absolute endemicity and provincialism . three species are known from northeasterly regions , namely yoko - yamaoceras jimboi , y . venustum and y . kotoi , while only one ( y . ishikawai ) was found in sakhalin .

representatives of the collignoniceratidae are known only from the koryak upland , being the endemics protexanites fukazawai and p . aff . shoshonensis . these record the last appearance of this family and of the subfamily texanitinae , both here as elsewhere in the world ( wright et al . , 1996 ) .

representatives of the family tetragonitidae , tetragonites popetensis , pseudophyllites indra and saghalinites sp . , are characterised by a relatively wide distribution . also interesting is the appearance of the kossmaticeratid brahmaites ( subbrahmaites ) sachalinensis , which clearly is an endemic subgenus and species , but this event is correlative with the fad of brahmaites ( b . ) brahma forbes in southern india , southwest france , madagascar ( collignon , 1938 ) and tunisia ( goolaerts et al . , 2004 ) , and also with the occurrence of b . ( b . ) kossmati in western australia ( henderson & mcnamara , 1985 ) .

in comparison to the campanian , heteromorph ammonites are not so diverse , with only two families and four species in all : nostoceras ( didymoceras ) cf . californicum anderson , neancyloceras pseudoarmatum , diplomoceras notabile and glyptoxoceras sp . many seamounts have now been charted , inclusive of data on their fossil records , for example , zelandites japonicus , saghalinites sp . and indeterminate belemnitids , the latter from the magellan rise , ioan guyot ( yu . d . zakharov et al . , 2007 ) .

we thank c . klug ( zürich ) , c . monnet ( lille ) , and d . korn ( berlin ) for their constructive critique and comments .

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pavlovia is an evolute genus . the ribs are strong and well spaced . they are simple on the periumbilical region and on the flank . they generally bifurcate , and sometimes trifurcate , just before running over the venter .

the shell is made of a succession of straight parallel shafts . a given shaft can grow just enough to encompass the previous one or , like in the photographed specimen , it can get much longer than the previous one . the simple ribs are quite smooth on the early stage and get stronger when approaching t

sphenodiscus is highly involute with an extremely compressed whorl section . the surface of the shell is smooth and the venter is very sharp . the suture pattern is complex with many lobes and saddles .

prolyelliceras is highly evolute . it has strong , simple and well spaced ribs which run straight over the venter . on the venter , the ribs bear tubercles on ventral and lateral - ventral positions . the ornamentation is completed by a lateral row of tubercles .

australiceras is an heteromorph genus with whorls very close to each others and simple ribbing . on the juvenile whorls , smooth ribs alternate with ribs bearing conical tubercles . the tubercles get smaller with the growth of the shell until they disappear on the body chamber .

compressed whorl section with a round venter . simple ribs on the periumbilical region , which fork at the start of the flank and then run straight across the venter . the shell is terminated with a simple peristome .

peltoceras marysae is an evolute species . the microconch only shows the first two stages of the macroconch : the inner whorls show fine , dense simple ribs , which then become a bit stronger and sometimes fork . the ammonite is terminated by two lappets .

peltoceras marysae is an evolute species and its ornamentation changes a lot along its growth . the inner whorls show fine , dense simple ribs , which then become a bit stronger and sometimes fork . then appears a bituberculated stage with very strong tubercles . the ornamentation becomes softer on the b

kosmoceras inner whorls are involute and the outer whorls becomes moderately evolute . the fine ribbing on the inner whorls persists on the body chamber and become wavy when approaching the aperture , announcing the lappets . the ventral tubercles , separated by a smooth depression also persists on the

kosmoceras inner whorls are involute and the outer whorls becomes moderately evolute . the fine ribbing on the inner whorls tends to disappear on the body chamber . the ventral tubercles , separated by a smooth depression , disappear on the body chamber which presents a smooth venter . the periumbilical

dactylioceras is highly evolute and has strong slightly inclined forward ribs . the ribs run over the venter and sometimes fork on its outer edge . dactylioceras commune can be distinguished by its almost perfectly round whorl section . the fine ribbing in the inner whorls becomes sparser on the outer

the juvenile whorls form a tightly coiled helical spire covered with a fine ribbing . the body chamber then rolls away from the juvenile whorls before turning back towards them in a ' u ' turn . the ribbing gets stronger on the body chamber . the aperture of the body chamber is right underneath the spire

quite thick involute genus with strong ribbing on the inner whorls and a smooth keel . the ribbing tends to disappear on the body chamber which represents about 90 % of the last whorl .

planispiral heteromorphic genus . strong simple ribs distinctly spaced . aegocrioceras capricornu can be distinguished by its tight coiling and the thickness of the whorl .

planispiral heteromorphic genus . strong simple ribs distinctly spaced . aegocrioceras capricornu can be distinguished by its loose coiling and the very slow growth of the width of the whorl .

the early whorls , planispirally coiled and highly evolute , are followed by a more or less straight section . the senile stage is materialized by a section of shell that turns back on itself in a hook like shape . ornamentation based on straight , radial and simple ribs , with sporadic constrictions . at

small involute species . the last whorl shows two elbows ( a round one followed by a pinched one ) and narrow flanks . the thin ribs start above a flat periumbilical zone and they generally divide into two ribs at mid - flank . the umbilicus has a rectangular shape with rounded angles . the rostrum is prece

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[ 1 ] text - fig . 12e - f ifrim et al . ( 2004 ) [ 2 ] text - fig . 13d - e ifrim et al . ( 2004 )

upper maastrichtian , ifrim et al . ( 2004 ) : ifrim et al . ( 2004 )

kennedy , w . j . . ( 1986 ) : the ammonite fauna of the calcaire à baculites ( upper maastrichtian ) of the cotentin peninsula ( manche , france ) . palaeontology vol . 29 ( 1 ) p . 25 - 83

ifrim , c . . ; stinnesbeck , w . . and lópez - oliva , j . g . . ( 2004 ) : maastrichtian cephalopods from cerralvo , north - eastern mexico . palaeontology vol . 47 ( 6 ) p . 15751627

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. . . - the aptychi of this species are elongated in shape ; at the juvenile stage , they are slightly wider than at the adult stage ( fig . 4 ) . the outer bivalve calcitic plates increase their thickness towards the lateral margin ( see terminology in kruta et al . 2009 ; fig . 1 ) , reaching their maximum thick - ness at some distance from the edge and then decreasing ( fig . 5a , b ) . the surface of the calcitic layer is either smooth , or , in some cases , carries sub - tle longitudinal grooves , growth lines or small shal - low pits in the initial part ( fig . 4c ) . . . .

. . . although aptychi praestriaptyhus and granulapty - chus with a thin calcitic plate were described by trauth ( 1927trauth ( - 1936trauth ( , 1938 , their microstructure rarely became an object of study . the microstructure of aptychi has been studied mainly regarding rela - tively thick form types : laevaptychus and lamellap - tychus ( von zittel 1903 ; schindewolf 1958 ; farinacci et al . 1976 ; hewitt et al . 1993 ; kruta et al . 2009 ) , due to this fact , the typical features of these morpho - types ( e . g . three - layered structure and tubular layer ) were approximated to other types of upper jurassic aptychi . . . .

. . . this lamellar structure makes it possible to understand the mode of aptychi growth : each new lamella was deposited along the lateral margin of the aptychus and slightly overlapped the previous one ; therefore , aptychi grew not only hori - zontally but also vertically , gradually thickening . similarly , with the thickening in a vertical direction , the laevaptychi of aspidoceratid macroconchs grew ( kruta et al . 2009 ) . therefore , despite significant differences in the microstructure and the number of calcitic layers , the growth pattern of aptychi in both sexual dimorphic counterparts of aspidoceratinae was quite similar . . . .

. . . the outer chitinous lamella is sculptured by dense , concentric growth lines and has an indentation at the midline joint in the posterior margin . the outer calcified element of the lower jaw , i . e . , aptychus , is made of calcite ( schindewolf 1958 ; landman et al . 2007 ; kruta et al . 2009 ) . it is distinctly partitioned into paired plates along the harmonic midline joint termed " symphysenrand " by trauth ( 1927 ) , whose english equivalent , symphysis , was introduced by arkell ( 1957 ) . . . .

. . . during activity their hyponomic sinus forms a ventral peristome angle ( v p ) of only 5–158 allowing their hyponome to bend beneath the shell during forward - jetting , i . e . , clear adaptations to their scavenging and carnivorous , nekto - benthic habits . mesozoic ammonoids vary from brevidomic to longidomic and consistently lack a hyponomic sinus indicating basically different propulsion systems ranging from moderate forwards and backwards swimming potential , including the possibility of medusa - like slow propulsion by modified arms and twin - nozzle hyponomes ( westermann , 2013 ) , to vertically migrating or drifting megaplankton , planktivorous habits ( westermann , 1996 ; kruta et al . , 2009 ) . . . .

. . . because recent material is unavailable for comparison , we selected an example of the best preserved aptychus ( amnh 54277 ) from the lower campanian of alabama . in amnh 54277 , the calcitic increments are identifiable and the main lamellar layer ( r1 ) and the outer layer ( r2 ) are well defined in this specimen ( see [ 27 ] for a discussion of aptychus microstructure ) . we assigned a high preservation index ( 5 = excellent preservation ) if the two layers ( r1 and r2 ) could be identified and / or if calcitic increments could be observed ( for very small pieces of aptychus , the outer layer was not always present ) . . . .

. . . aptychus - type lower jaws are characterized by the presence of a pair of calcareous plates ( aptychus in sensu stricto ) that cover the wide area of the underlying outer chitinous lamella with a distinct median depression . the paired calcareous plates are made of calcite ( schindewolf 1958 ; landman et al . 2007 ; kruta et al . 2009 ) . in cross - section along the maximum growth axis , each of the paired plates is built up of obliquely arranged microincrements that were probably secreted from outside by the overlying epithelial issue , as in the case of the anterior calcareous tips of modern nautilids ( tanabe & fukuda 1987b ; seilacher 1993 ) . . . .

. . . the calcite appears as two plates , forming the aptychus ( see landman et al . , 2007b , for a description of the aptychus in baculites ) . the aptychus is only 100 to 200 mm thick in scaphites ( kruta et al . , 2009 ) . the ventral surface of the aptychus is covered with comarginal lirae . . . .

microstructure and mineralogy of the outer calcareous layer in the lower jaws of cretaceous tetragon . . .

tanabe , k . , landman , n . h . & kruta , i . 2011 : microstructure and mineralogy of the outer calcareous layer in the lower jaws of cretaceous tetragonitoidea and desmoceratoidea ( ammonoidea ) . lethaia , vol . 45 , pp . 191–199 . based on the differences in their relative size , overall shape , structure and the degree of development of an outer calcified covering , lower jaws of the ammonoidea have been . . . [ show full abstract ]

we report on well - preserved upper and lower jaws found inside the body chambers of two specimens of didymoceras nebrascense ( meek and hayden , 1856 ) from the upper cretaceous pierre shale of the usa . the finds are described and compared to existing material , and their possible functions are discussed .

documentation of repaired injuries and abnormalities on the jaws ofmodern nautilus sheds light on the ecology and behavior of these animals . it also helps elucidate the function of ammonite aptychi , which are traditionally interpreted as opercula . we examined 219 pairs of jaws belonging to nautilus belauensis , n . mucmmphulus , n . pompilius , and allonautilus scrobiculatus . abnormalities occur in . . . [ show full abstract ]

ammonites are prominent in macroevolutionary studies because of their abundance and diversity in the fossil record , but their paleobiology and position in the marine food web are not well understood due to the lack of preserved soft tissue . we present three - dimensional reconstructions of the buccal apparatus in the mesozoic ammonite baculites with the use of synchrotron x - ray microtomography . . . . [ show full abstract ]

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extinct species : late cretaceous , coniacian - maastrichtian ( 89 . 3 - 70 . 6 ma )