scoliodon is a genus of requiem shark , and part of the family carcharhinidae .

it was formerly thought to include only a single indo-pacific species , the spadenose shark ( s. laticaudus ) , but recent taxonomic research has found two species , and the formerly excluded junior synonyms need to be resurrected .

scoliodon

scoliodon <EOT> carcharias laticauda , carcharias laticaudus , carcharias muelleri , carcharias mülleri , carcharias palasoora , carcharias sorrahkowah , carcharias ( physodon ) mülleri , carcharias ( prionodon ) palasorra , carcharias ( prionodon ) sorrahkowah , carcharias ( scoliodon ) laticaudus , physodon muelleri , physodon mülleri , physodon mulleri , scoliodon cf . laticaudus , scoliodon palasorrah , scoliodon sorrakawah , scoliodon sorrakowa , scoliodon sorrakowah , squalus ( scoliodon ) laticaudus , squalus ( triglochis ) mulleri

please send your images of " scoliodon laticaudus " to info @ urltoken scoliodon laticaudus müller & henle , 1838 , © randall , j . e . , urltoken

scoliodon laticaudus : spadenose shark - notes for t . y . b . sc . sem vi

froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2009 ) . " scoliodon laticaudus " in fishbase . august 2009 version .

external characters systematic position phylum : chordata sub - phylum : vertebrata division : gnathostomata superclass : pisces order : squaliformes family : carcharinidae genus : scoliodon species : sorrakowah distribution : indian , pacific west indies and eastern coasts of south america and atlantic oceans . grace white recognises 9 species 4 in indian waters scoliodon sorrakowah is called black shark .

simpfendorfer , c . ( 2009 ) . " scoliodon laticaudus " . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 2 . international union for conservation of nature .

at the base of caudal fin the tail bears two shallow depressions , one dorsal and one ventral , known as caudal pits , which are characteristics of the genus scoliodon .

setna , s . b . and p . n . sarangdhar , 1948 . description , bionomics and development of scoliodon sorrakowah ( cuvier ) . rec . indian mus . , 46 ( 14 ) : 25 - 53

( of scoliodon sorrakowa ( bleeker , 1853 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of scoliodon sorrakawah ( bleeker , 1853 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of scoliodon palasorrah ( bleeker , 1853 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

thillayampalam , e . m . , 1928 . scoliodon ( the common shark of the indian seas ) . in the indian zoological memoirs on indian animal types . lucknow , methodist publishing house , vol . 2 : 116 p .

springer , v . g . , 1964 . a revision of the carcharhinid shark genera scoliodon , loxodon , and rhizoprionodon . proc . u . s . natl . mus . , 115 ( 3493 ) : 5 59 - 632

wourms , j . p . ( 1993 ) . " maximization of evolutionary trends for placental viviparity in the spadenose shark , scoliodon laticaudus " . environmental biology of fishes 38 : 269–294 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00842922 .

{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . scoliodon laticaudus müller & henle , 1838 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .

caira , j . n . and s . m . durkin ( 2006 ) . " a new genus and species of tetraphyllidean cestode from the spadenose shark , scoliodon laticaudus , in malaysian borneo " . comparative parasitology 73 ( 1 ) : 42–48 . doi : 10 . 1654 / 4185 . 1 .

white , w . t . , p . r . last and g . j . p . naylor , 2010 . scoliodon macrorhynchos ( bleeker , 1852 ) , a second species of spadenose shark from the western pacific ( carcharhiniformes : carcharhinidae ) . pp . 61 - 76 . in p . r . last , w . t . white , and j . j . pogonoski ( eds ) . descriptions of new sharks and rays from borneo . csiro marine and atmospheric research paper no . 32 . ( ref . 84283 )

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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müller , j . and henle , f . g . j . 1839 . systematische beschreibung der plagiostomen . plagiostomen , berlin .

) is a small coastal shark which is abundant in the northern indian ocean and southeast asia . despite being commonly caught in fisheries there are no data available on the status of the spadenose shark . it is likely that its life history will make it more resilient to fishing than larger , longer - lived , species of elasmobranchs . however , because of its limited fecundity concern exists that fishing will lead to recruitment overfishing .

the spadenose shark is an abundant inshore species throughout southeast asia and northeastern africa . it occurs in the indonesian archipelago as far as java and kalimantan . it is commonly recorded from the lower reaches of rivers in at least malaysia , sumatra and borneo ( compagno 1984b ) .

the abundance of this species in inshore waters makes it a major component of a variety of fisheries in southeast asia . for example , kasim ( 1991 ) reported that the annual recorded catch of spadenose shark in the verval coast , india from 1979 - 1981 averaged 823 t . this was taken mostly by trawl and gillnet fishing . parry - jones ( 1996 ) reported that the spadenose shark was the most commonly observed coastal species in chinese market surveys . unfortunately , there are no data available on the overall catch of this species , or the impact of fishing on stocks . the occurrence of this species in estuarine and inshore areas may also make this species susceptible to the impacts of habitat degradation and modification . however , there are no data available on this subject .

there are no known conservation or management measures that apply specifically to this species .

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description temperature range : 26 . 0 - 29 . 0 °c ( ref . 4959 ) . 120 cm record unconfirmed . found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and . . .

description temperature range : 26 . 0 - 29 . 0 °c ( ref . 4959 ) . 120 cm record unconfirmed . found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and squids . viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ; litter size varies from 1 to 14 . size at birth 12 to 15 cm . forms large schools . utilized for human consumption . [ details ]

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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

( of carcharias macrorhynchos bleeker , 1852 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of carcharias muelleri müller & henle , 1839 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of carcharias palasoora bleeker , 1853 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of carcharias sorrahkowah bleeker , 1853 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of carcharias sorrakowah ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of physodon muelleri ( müller & henle , 1839 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

hong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

greek , skolex = worm + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )

western central pacific : w indonesia , malaysia , gulf of thailand , singapore , borneo , philippines , china , hong kong , taiwan and japan ; exceptions , e indonesia , new guinea , northern australia , and remainder of the oceania region .

maturity : l m ? range ? - 39 . 7 cm max length : 63 . 6 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 84283 ) ; 70 . 7 cm tl ( female )

occurs in shallow , inshore waters , most abundant near large freshwater outflows , e . g . pearl river estuary ( hong kong ) and the large borneo drainage systems ( ref . 84283 ) .

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 34 of 100 ) .

marine ; brackish ; demersal ; amphidromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 10 - 13 m . tropical ; 26°c - 29°c ( ref . 4959 ) ; 34°n - 26°s , 32°e - 130°e

indo - west pacific : persian gulf ( ref . 68964 ) , somalia ( ref . 30573 ) , tanzania , mozambique ( ref . 5213 ) , pakistan to java in indonesia ; then japan , china , and taiwan . reported from australia ( ref . 4959 ) .

maturity : l m 34 . 3 , range 33 - 35 cm max length : 100 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5450 ) ; max . reported age : 6 years ( ref . 244 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . bronze grey above , white below , fins sometimes darker than body ; no conspicuous markings ( ref . 9997 ) .

found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers ( ref . 244 ) . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods ( ref . 244 ) . forms large schools ( ref . 244 ) . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and cuttlefish ( ref . 244 ) . viviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . common by - catch of the inshore demersal gillnet fisheries , particularly those operating off kalimantan ( ref . 58048 ) . utilized fresh for human consumption ; processed into fishmeal and used as bait for other sharks and bony fishes ( ref . 244 ) . maximum sizes up to 120 cm unconfirmed ( ref . 244 ) .

viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ( ref . 244 ) . maternal and foetal placenta comprises the entire placenta ( ref . 39556 ) . transplacental nutrient transfer may be hemotrophic ( ref . 39556 ) . litter size varies from 1 ( ref . 58048 ) to 14 ( ref . 9997 ) . size at birth about 13 to 15 cm tl ( ref . 9997 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .

compagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 . rome : fao . ( ref . 244 )

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00427 ( 0 . 00243 - 0 . 00750 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 18 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 ±0 . 4 se ; based on diet studies .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( k = 0 . 88 ; tm = 2 ; tmax = 6 ; fec = 1 ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .

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. colour light grey , yellowish or brownish grey above , without a colour pattern .

indo - west pacific : tanzania , pakistan india , sri lanka , malaysia , singapore , thailand , java , borneo , china , taiwan island , japan . apparently absent from australasia and oceania .

shark of continental and insular shelves close inshore , frequently in rocky areas . often very abundant in its range and occurring in large schools . the spadenose shark is very common in the lower reaches of

, with an unusual columnar placenta . fertilized eggs are unusually small , 1 mm in diameter and with little yolk . developing embryos apparently derive very little of their nutriment from yolk , have no yolk in their developed yolk sacs , and establish a placental connection with the maternal uterus extremely early in their development . thus embryos and fetuses are nourished by the mother during the entire

sizevaries from 1 to 14 , and size at birth between 13 and 15 cm . in malaysian waters these sharks apparently can

curves and estimated average sizes at ages from 1 to 5 years . his data indicates that both

between 1 and 2 years old and reach a maximum age of about 5 years for the largest known males and at least 6 for the largest females .

gobies ( tripauchenidae ) and bombay ducks ( harpadontidae ) , as well as shrimp and cuttlefish . harmless to people .

at 33 to 35 cm and reaching at least 69 cm ; size at birth 12 to 15 cm , averaging about 14 cm .

in indian and pakistani waters , commonly taken in artisanal and commercial fisheries . caught with

nair , r . v . , k . k . appukuttan and m . e . rajapandian , 1974 . on the systematics and identity of four pelagic sharks of the family carcharhinidae from the indian region . indian j . fish . , 21 ( 1 ) : 220 - 32

teshima , k . , m . ahmad , and k . mizue , 1978 . studies on sharks . 4 . reproduction in the telok anson shark collected from perak river , malaysia . jap . j . ichthyol . , 25 ( 3 ) : 181 - 9

compagno , l . j . v . , 1979 . carcharhinoid sharks : morphology , systematics and phylogeny . unpublished ph . d . thesis , stanford university , 932 p . available from university microfilms international , ann arbor , michigan

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fao fisheries synopsis , no . 125 , vol . 4 , pt . 2

special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

müller & henle , 1838 : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018

: field marks : a small , unmistakable requiem shark , with a very long , flat , laterally expanded , spadelike snout , small eyes , small , smooth - edged bladelike teeth with oblique cusps , distal blades , and no cusplets , a stocky compressed body , short , broad triangular pectoral fins , the first dorsal fin well rearward on the back with its rear tip about over the pelvic midbases , the second dorsal fin much smaller than the first and with its origin well behind the anal origin , the anal fin much larger than the second dorsal and with a straight posterior margin and a base without long preanal ridges , and a caudal fin with its postventral margin only moderately concave , not deeply notched . it is bronzy grey above , white below , without conspicuous markings .

diagnostic features : body moderately stout . head broad , greatly depressed , and trowel - shaped ; snout parabolic or bell - shaped in dorsoventral view , very long , with preoral length greater than internarial space and mouth width ; eyes small , without posterior notches ; spiracles absent ; no papillose gillrakers on internal gill openings ; nostrils small , internarial space about 4 to 6 times nostril width ; anterior nasal flaps very short , narrowly triangular , and not tubular ; labial furrows very short to rudimentary , with uppers shorter than lowers and falling far behind eyes ; teeth similar in upper and lower jaws , anteroposteriors with slender oblique cusps and distal blades but no cusplets or serrations ; cusps of lower teeth not prominently protruding when mouth is closed ; 25 to 33 / 24 to 34 rows of teeth . interdorsal ridge absent or rudimentary ; no dermal keels present on caudal peduncle ; upper precaudal pit transverse and crescentic . first dorsal origin over or behind pectoral rear tips , its midbase much closer to pelvic bases than to pectorals and its free rear tip about over pelvic midbases ; second dorsal fin much smaller than first , its height 1 / 3 of first dorsal height or less , its origin behind anal midbase ; pectoral fins very broad and triangular , not falcate , pectoral length from origin to free rear tip about equal to pectoral anterior margin ; pectoral origins under interspace between fourth and fifth gill slits ; anal fin much larger than second dorsal , with short preanal ridges and a straight or slightly concave posterior margin . colour light grey , yellowish or brownish grey above , without a colour pattern .

) , pakistan to java in indonesia ; then japan , china , and taiwan . reported from australia ( ref .

host - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !

indo - west pacific : somalia ( ref . 30573 ) , tanzania , mozambique ( ref . 5213 ) , pakistan to java in indonesia ; then japan , china , and taiwan . reported from australia ( ref . 4959 ) .

100 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5450 ) ) ; max . reported age : 6 years ( ref . 244 )

bronze grey above , white below , fins sometimes darker than body ; no conspicuous markings ( ref . 9997 ) .

depth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 7 . 5 - 7 . 5 temperature range ( °c ) : 27 . 917 - 27 . 917 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 279 - 0 . 279 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 691 - 35 . 691 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 513 - 4 . 513 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 392 - 0 . 392 silicate ( umol / l ) : 4 . 834 - 4 . 834 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .

demersal ; amphidromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; brackish ; marine ; depth range 10 - 13 m

depth : 10 - 13m . from 10 to 13 meters . habitat : demersal . temperature range : 26 . 0 - 29 . 0 °c ( ref . 4959 ) . 120 cm record unconfirmed . found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and squids . viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ; litter size varies from 1 to 14 . size at birth 12 to 15 cm . forms large schools . utilized for human consumption .

amphidromous . refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea ( in both directions ) , but not for the purpose of breeding , as in anadromous and catadromous species . sub - division of diadromous . migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km . characteristic elements in amphidromy are : reproduction in fresh water , passage to sea by newly hatched larvae , a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long , return to fresh water of well - grown juveniles , a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water , followed by reproduction there ( ref . 82692 ) .

the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file

used for this species include indian dog shark , sharp - nosed shark , trowel - nose shark , and yellow dog shark .

are small . the corners of the mouth are well behind the eyes and have poorly developed furrows at the corners . there are 25–33 tooth rows in the upper jaw and 24–34 tooth rows in the lower jaw ; each tooth has a single slender , blade - like , oblique cusp without serrations . the first

, which are very short and broad . the second dorsal fin is much smaller than the

. there is no ridge between the dorsal fins . the back is bronze - gray in color , and the belly is white . the fins are plain but may be darker than the body . the maximum known length is 74 cm ( 29 in ) , though there are unsubstantiated reports of individuals reaching 1 . 2 m ( 3 . 9 ft ) .

. it is typically found close to the coast in water 10–13 m ( 33–43 ft ) deep , often close to rocky bottoms . this shark is frequently reported from the lower reaches of rivers in

eggs measure only 1 mm ( 0 . 039 in ) in diameter , while the developing

become dependent on their mother for sustenance at a length of only 3 mm ( 0 . 12 in ) . the placental stalk , formed from the

female spadenose sharks probably mate at least once per year , and breeding takes place year - round . the

of the spadenose shark is five to six months long , and the young are born at a length of 12–15 cm ( 4 . 7–5 . 9 in ) . the litter size is six to 18 . males

at a length of 24–36 cm ( 9 . 4–14 . 2 in ) , and females at a length of 33–35 cm ( 13–14 in ) . estimates of the age at maturity range from six months to two years . the

, and hook - and - line . the meat is eaten or used as bait for other fishes , the fins are valued for

despite its commercial importance , overall fishery statistics for the spadenose shark are lacking . a 1996 report found it to be the most common coastal shark on

fisheries ; from 1979 to 1981 , an average of 823 tons were caught annually off verval , india .

this shark may also be negatively affected by coastal development , due to its inshore habitat preferences .

compagno , l . j . v . ( 1984 ) . sharks of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . rome : food and agricultural organization . pp . 533–535 . isbn 92 - 5 - 101384 - 5 .

carrier , j . c . , j . a . musick and m . r . heithaus ( 2004 ) . biology of sharks and their relatives . crc press . pp . 52 , 502 . isbn 0 - 8493 - 1514 - x .

martin , r . a . hammerhead taxonomy . reefquest centre for shark research . retrieved on august 30 , 2009 .

fowler , s . l . , r . d . cavanagh , m . camhi , g . h . burgess , g . m . cailliet , s . v . fordham , c . a . simpfendorfer , and j . a . musick ( 2005 ) . sharks , rays and chimaeras : the status of the chondrichthyan fishes . international union for conservation of nature and natural resources . p . 313 . isbn 2 - 8317 - 0700 - 5 .

arthur , j . r . , a . t . a . ahmed ( 2002 ) . checklist of the parasites of fishes of bangladesh . food and agriculture organization of the united nations . p . 30 . isbn 92 - 5 - 104854 - 1 .

davidson , a . ( 2003 ) . seafood of south - east asia : a comprehensive guide with recipes ( second ed . ) . ten speed press . p . 125 . isbn 1 - 58008 - 452 - 4 .

sen , d . p . ( 2005 ) . advances in fish processing technology . allied publishers . p . 499 . isbn 81 - 7764 - 655 - 9 .

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1 . body - long , laterally compressed , spindle - shaped tapering at both ends .

6 . largest part of the body is trunk extending from behind the gill - slits upto the cloacal aperture .

9 . mouth - wide crescentric opening , present on the ventral side of the head .

14 . caudal fin present along the ventral and dorsal surfaces of tail and forms dorsal and ventral lobe .

15 . anal fin present in the mid - ventral line . length - 5 cm in front of caudal fin opposite to the second dorsal fin

20 . lateral line - a faint line running on either side of the body extending from head to the tail .

3 . hammer - shaped head i . e . head is flattened in front and expanded sideways into 2 conspicuous lobes

10 . presence of 2 dorsal fin . first is situated in front of the pelvic fin and second is opposite to the anal fin

10 . it inflict wounds on its victim by means of string on the tail .

distribution : mediterranean and atlantic oceans particularly in america , west indies , china and gulf of mexico . in india pristis cuspidata and p . microdon species are found

sketchbook of fishes - 25 . ( longnose ) saw shark - william buelow gould , c1832

distribution : mediterranean , red sea , atlantic and pacific oceans . indian ocean has t . marmorata species

8 . in between the pectoral fins and head on either side - a pair of large eletric organs are present .

3 . naked skin with characteristic of open groove loding the lateral line system .

geographical distribution : marshes and lakes of fresh water and brackish water of west africa , india , burma and malaya . in fresh water of india n . chital is found

6 . short dorsal fins without spine . at the level of the dorsal fin ventral fin is situated

geographical distribution : in tropical and warm parts of atlantic and indian oceans . e . pecilopterus is found in indian ocean to china seas

2 . body colour : bluish and silvery below . pectoral fins have black spots

6 . hypobatic tail i . e . ventral lobe of the tail fin is large

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froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . < a href = ' urltoken ' target = ' _ blank ' > www . fishbase . org , version ( 10 / 2011 ) . < / a >

< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >

froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2013 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . ; urltoken version ( 12 / 2013 ) .

a general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .

compagno , l . j . v . and v . h . niem 1998 carcharhinidae . requiem sharks . p . 1312 - 1360 . in : k . e . carpenter and v . h . niem ( eds . ) fao identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao , rome .

bronze grey above , white below , fins sometimes darker than body ; no conspicuous markings .

viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta . maternal and foetal placenta comprises the entire placenta . transplacental nutrient transfer may be hemotrophic . litter size varies from 1 ( ref . 58048 ) to 14 . size at birth about 13 to 15 cm tl . distinct pairing with embrace .

breder , c . m . and d . e . rosen 1966 modes of reproduction in fishes . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , new jersey . 941 p .

defines and describes life history of a living organism , meaning the course of obligatory developmental transformations in an organism from fertilised zygote to maturity . it includes stages through which an organism passes , ie , metamorphosis , instars , gametophyte / embryophyte , and , transitions from sessile to mobile forms . also discusses timing , though morphology of each form would be better placed in the field for morphology .

riede , k . 2004 global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales . final report of the r & d - projekt 808 05 081 . federal agency for nature conservation , bonn , germany . 329 p .

describes the periodic movement of organisms from one locality to another ( e . g . , for breeding ) . usually includes locality , timing , and hypothesized purpose .

100 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ) ; max . reported age : 6 years

bouhlel , m . 1988 poissons de djibouti . placerville ( california , usa ) : rda international , inc . 416 p . compagno , l . j . v . 1984 fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 .

describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .

general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .

indo - west pacific : somalia , tanzania , mozambique , pakistan to java in indonesia ; then japan , china , and taiwan . reported from australia .

enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .

2006 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded july 2006 .

describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .

coppola , s . r . , w . fischer , l . garibaldi , n . scialabba and k . e . carpenter 1994 speciesdab : global species database for fishery purposes . user & quot ; s manual . fao computerized information series ( fisheries ) . no . 9 . rome , fao . 103 p . compagno , l . j . v . 1984 fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 .

known or potential benefits of the species for humans , at a direct economic level , as instruments of education , prospecting , eco - tourism , etc . it includes published material or suggestions from the author or others . in any event , the source must be explicitly quoted . can include ecosystem services . however , benefits to ecosystems not specific to humans are best treated under risk statement ( what happens when the organism is removed )

a checklist of the fishes of kerala state is presented , along with their scientific and common name . . .

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urogenital system in vertebrates : tybsc course semester - vi – usz0601of univer . . .

respiratory system of vertebrates : notes for the tybsc course usz0601sem vi o . . .

nervous systems in vertebrates : t . y . b . sc . sem vi notes

assessment of some hydrological parameters of ulhas river estuary , in the vic . . .

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animal type : shark ( dog fish ) t . y . b . sc . ( zoology ) paper - i university of mumbai , mumbai :

animal type : shark ( dog fish ) t . y . b . sc . ( zoology ) paper - i university of mumbai , mumbai dr . rahul patil assistant professor , department of zoology veer wajekar arts , science & commerce college , phunde , navi mumbai

habits & habitat marine , carnivorous and predaceous feeding on crabs , lobsters , worms an fishes . sharp teeth are weapon sexes are separate fertilization in internal , development is direct viviparous : develop inside uteri .

external characters shape , size and colour body elongated / spindle shaped and laterally compressed streamlined full grown individual measures up to 60 cm . head , trunk and tail head : dorsoventrally flattened , pointed rostrum trunk : almost oval tail : posterior half of the body is bent upwards colour : dark gray dorsally and pale white ventrally .

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it is situated a little behind the apex on the ventral side of the anterior region of the body . mouth is bounded by upper and lower jaws each bearing 1 or 2 rows of sharply , pointed and backwardly directed teeth . teeth are adapted for holding and tearing of the prey .

two crescentic apertures , the nares or nostrils are present ventro - laterally and anterior to mouth .

they are exclusively olfactory , have no role in respiration , as they are not connected to mouth cavity by internal nostrils .

anterior to each pectoral fin , on either side of the body vertically elongated external gill slits or branchial clefts are present in a series of 1 to 5 . they are main respiratory organs .

between two pelvic fins , on the tail region an elongated median groove or cloacal aperture is found .

it leads into a small chamber , the cloaca , which is the common exit for digestive and urinogenital system .

within either lateral edge of cloaca , the abdominal pores are situated on elevated papillae . the abdominal cavity opens to the exterior through these abdominal pores .

a faint lateral line runs along either lateral side of the body . it marks the position of an underlying sensory lateral line canal system which opens outside at intervals through minute pores .

on the head and snout several minute ampullary pores of the ampullae of lorenzini open at dorsal surface . they secrete mucus when pressed .

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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .

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, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .

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eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of physodon valenciennes , 1838 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of scolliodon ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

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müller , j . & f . g . j . henle in müller , j . & f . g . j . henle . 1838 .

ahmad , a . , a . a . abdul haris hilmi , a . c . gambang , s . ahemad and a . r . solahuddin ( eds . ) ( 2004 ) elasmobranch resources , utilization , trade and management in malaysia . : marine fishery resources development and management department , southeast asian fisheries development center .

bianchi , g . ( 1985 ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . field guide to the commercial marine and brackish - water species of tanzania . : prepared and published with the support of tcp / urt / 4406 and fao ( firm ) regular programme . fao , rome . 199 p .

bor , p . h . f . ( 2002 ) nederlandse naamlijst van de recente haaien en roggen ( chondrichthyes : elasmobranchii ) van de wereld . : world wide web electronic publication www . rajidae . tmfweb . nl , version ( 05 / 2002 ) .

bouhlel , m . ( 1988 ) poissons de djibouti . : placerville ( california , usa ) : rda international , inc . 416 p .

carl , h . ( 2003 ) danish fish names . : zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished .

chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken

compagno , l . j . v . ( 1999 ) checklist of living elasmobranchs . : p . 471 - 498 . in w . c . hamlett ( ed . ) sharks , skates , and rays : the biology of elasmobranch fishes . johns hopkins university press , maryland .

compagno , leonard j . v . , 1984 : sharks of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . fao fisheries synopsis , no . 125 , vol . 4 , pt . 2 .

department of fisheries malaysia ( 2009 ) valid local name of malaysian marine fishes . : department of fisheries malaysia . ministry of agriculture and agro - based industry . 180 p .

eschmeyer , william n . , ed . , 1998 : catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905 .

fao - fies ( 2015 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrieved from urltoken [ accessed 13 / 04 / 2015 ] .

fao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .

fischer , w . , i . sousa , c . silva , a . de freitas , j . m . poutiers , w . schneider , t . c . borges , j . p . feral and a . massinga ( 1990 ) fichas fao de identificaçao de espécies para actividades de pesca . guia de campo das espécies comerciais marinhas e de águas salobras de moçambique . : publicaçao preparada em collaboraçao com o instituto de investigaçao pesquiera de moçambique , com financiamento do projecto pnud / fao moz / 86 / 030 e de norad . roma , fao . 1990 . 424 p .

froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .

kharbhari , j . p . ( 1982 ) marine fisheries information services india . : central marine fisheries research institute : 18 - 23 .

kotlyar , a . n . ( 1984 ) dictionary of names of marine fishes on the six languages . : all union research institute of marine fisheries and oceanography , moscow . 288 p .

liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .

masuda , h . , k . amaoka , c . araga , t . uyeno and t . yoshino ( 1984 ) the fishes of the japanese archipelago . vol . 1 . : tokai university press , tokyo , japan . 437 p . ( text ) .

mohsin , a . k . m . , m . a . ambak and m . n . a . salam ( 1993 ) malay , english , and scientific names of the fishes of malaysia . : occas . publ . fac . fish . mar . sci . univ . pertanian malays . 11 : 226 p .

panglima laot lhok krueng aceh ( 2008 ) list jenis ikan yang ada di perairan aceh : fish species / jenis ikan . : urltoken


the podocopida are an order of ostracods in the subclass podocopa .

it is divided into five suborders – bairdiocopina , cypridocopina , cytherocopina , darwinulocopina , and sigilliocopina .

it is the most diverse of the four orders of ostracods , and also has a rich fossil record .

podocopida

podocopida <EOT> kento furui added the japanese common name " ポドコピダ目 " to " podocopida " .

kento furui added the japanese common name " カイミジンコ目 " to " podocopida " .

on limnocytherina axalapasco , a new freshwater ostracod ( podocopida : limnocytheridae ) from mexican crater lakes . - pubmed - ncbi

brandão , s . n . ; angel , m . v . ; karanovic , i . ; perrier , v . & meidla , t . ( 2018 ) . world ostracoda database . podocopida . accessed at : urltoken ; = 1091 on 2018 - 07 - 09

brandão , s . n . ; angel , m . v . ; karanovic , i . ; perrier , v . & meidla , t . ( 2018 ) . world ostracoda database . podocopida . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 1091 on 2018 - 07 - 09

order podocopida ordovician to present ; antennae uniramous ; 5 pairs of postoral appendages ; marine , freshwater , and terrestrial . class malacostraca cambrian to present ; typically with compound eyes , stalked or sessile ; 8 thoracic and 6 abdominal segments , each potentially capable of bearing a pair of appendages ; about 22 , 000 species . …

martin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

yan wong marked " file : costanera de la ciudad de paraná . jpg " as hidden on the " costa neviani 1928 " page .

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, littoral and sub - littoral , some ( particularly in freshwater ) are planktonic ; hence not keyed out here . with some 1600 species worldwide , this is the largest group of recent ostracoda .

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dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…

horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …

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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b39eaad5 - 87b6 - 4a7b - 90b9 - 269b56b0a4a5

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 114deb37 - 88f1 - 4bc7 - 8832 - 16a1e19c8319

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 262261

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the northern viscacha ( lagidium peruanum ) is a species of rodent in the family chinchillidae .

it is known from peru and chile , at elevations from 300 to 5000 m , and may also be present in bolivia .

northern viscacha

northern viscacha <EOT> northern viscacha ( lagidium peruanum ) adult and young cordillera blanca massif , andes , peru .

mountain viscacha ( lagidium viscasia ) resting in a wetland area of lauca national park in northern chile .

) , which is also sometimes called the northern mountain viscacha , is a rodent and a member of the chinchillidae family , which also includes chinchillas . these little guys can be found in peru , northern

the mountain viscacha is found in the extreme southern portion of peru , western and central bolivia , northern and central chile , and in western argentina .

peru , 15th - century inca site located 2 , 430 metres ( 7 , 970 ft ) above sea level . northern viscacha ( lagidium peruanum ) .

the southern viscacha has a patchy distribution comprising parts of western bolivia , northern chile , western argentina and possibly extreme southern peru ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .

nature picture library - northern viscacha ( lagidium peruanum ) two playing together , huascaran national park , cordillera blanca , andes , peru - cyril r . . .

northern viscachas make their burrows in the crevices of the rocky habitat they prefer and live in large colonies that can include up to 80 animals . the northern viscacha is not a territorial animal , but colonies tend to be separated from one another by some distance .

the northern viscacha is currently listed on the iucn red list as a species of least concern . it is believed to be a widely distributed species with a healthy population .

mountain vizcacha ( lagidium cf . peruanum ) in ecuador : first record of chinchillidae from the northern andes

mountain vizcacha ( lagidium cf . peruanum ) in ecuador - first record of chinchillidae from the northern andes

southern mountain viscacha - lagidium viscacia the southern mountain viscacha looks like a long - tailed rabbit . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

the southern viscacha is native to the mountainous parts of western argentina , southern peru , western and central bolivia , and northern and central chile . it lives among rocks and around crags where the vegetation is sparse .

the rocky territory that the northern viscacha lives in has sparse vegetation , so the little herbivore feeds on the hardy grasses that can survive in this somewhat harsh environment . it also dines on lichens and mosses . northern viscachas typically feed in the evenings and early nighttime hours . their daytime hours are usually spent basking in the sun on rocks .

the southern viscacha is native to the mountainous parts of western argentina , southern peru , western and central bolivia and the northern and central parts of chile . it lives in and among rocks and around crags where the vegetation is sparse .

the northern viscacha is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species

this species occurs in northern , central and eastern argentina , southern and western paraguay , and southeastern bolivia ( spotorno and patton 2015 ) .

the fur on their lower body is lighter than their upper parts and can be white , pale gray or yellow . the ends of their long tails are darker than the rest of the northern viscacha ' s body , usually rust or black in color .

northern viscachas look a little like a cross between a squirrel and a rabbit . they have large ears for their bodies , soft , thick fur , and a bushy curled tail . northern viscachas that live at lower elevations are typically gray in color , while those living up higher tend to be brown .

rowlands iw . 1974 . mountain viscacha . symposium of the zoological society of london 34 : 131 - 141 . [ links ]

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - southern viscacha ( lagidium viscacia ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - southern viscacha ( lagidium viscacia ) " title = " arkive species - southern viscacha ( lagidium viscacia ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

. although they are typically found between the timber and the snow lines in the andes mountains at elevations between 3 , 000 to 5 , 000 meters - - or 10 , 000 feet to 16 , 000 feet - - they can also be found in low coastal ranges at only 300 meters - - or 980 feet . in addition , the northern viscacha is one of only 70 mammal species that live in the unique winter rainfall - valdivian forests in chile .

although the southern viscacha is locally hunted for its meat and fur , it is still a very common species , and is not thought to be declining at a rate to warrant significant concern ( 1 ) .

there are seven species in this family . they are all found in south america . they have thick , very soft fur ; large ears ; big eyes ; and bushy tails . their hind legs are longer than their front legs . they live in colonies . most species , except for the plains viscacha , live in rocky crevices or burrows in the mountains . plains viscacha live on the plains and dig burrows .

the southern viscacha is a common species and locally abundant but it is prone to wide swings in population due to adverse weather conditions . it is hunted for its flesh and its fur but not to such an extent as to reduce its numbers significantly . the

the southern viscacha has yellowish - grey upperparts , paler underparts , and a black - tipped , bushy tail . the body fur is long and soft , while that on the tail is coarse . the long , fur - covered ears have a white fringe and both the short front legs and longer hind legs have four digits on the feet . the soles of the feet have fleshy pads called " pallipes " and they can move about with agility over rocky surfaces . the weight of an adult southern viscacha is about

the southern viscacha is a common species and locally abundant , but it is prone to wide swings in population due to adverse weather conditions . it is hunted for its flesh and its fur , but not to such an extent as to reduce its numbers significantly . the

the southern viscacha has yellowish - grey upperparts , paler underparts and a black - tipped bushy tail . the body fur is long and soft while that on the tail is coarse . the long fur - covered ears have a white fringe and both the short front legs and longer hind legs have four digits on the feet . the soles of the feet have fleshy pads called " pallipes " and they can move about with agility over rocky surfaces . the weight of an adult southern viscacha is about 3 kilograms ( 6 . 6 lb ) .

northern viscacha ( lagidium peruanum ) * family : chinchillidae , * genus : lagidium , * species : l . peruanum , * phylum : chordata , * class : mammalia , * order : rodentia , * type : mammal , * diet : omnivore , * average life span in captivity : 6 - 8 years , * size : averages 6 . 9 in ( 175 mm ) , * weight : up to 19 . 8 lb ( 9 kg ) , * * viscachas or vizcachas are rodents of two genera ( lagidium and lagostomus ) in the family chinchillidae . they are closely related to chinchillas , and look similar to rabbits . more info : urltoken or urltoken

this species occurs in southern peru , southern and western bolivia , northern chilie and western argentina ( woods and kilpatrick 2005 ) . it occurs between 2 , 500 m asl to 5 , 100 m asl . the distribution limit of this species in western bolivia needs to be revised . this species is not present in southern peru ( h . zeballos pers . comm . ) .

there are currently no known conservation measures in place for the southern viscacha , but it does occur in several protected areas . although hunting is not currently considered a major threat to this species , it needs to be monitored in case it starts to have a severe impact on the population ( 1 ) .

the southern viscacha ( lagidium viscacia ) is a species of rodent in the family chinchillidae found in argentina , bolivia , chile , and peru . it is a colonial animal living in small groups in rocky mountain areas . it has long ears and hind legs and resembles a rabbit in appearance apart from its long , bushy tail .

the southern viscacha ( lagidium viscacia ) is a species of rodent in the family chinchillidae and is found in argentina , bolivia , chile and peru . it is a colonial animal living in small groups in rocky mountain areas . it has long ears and hind legs and resembles a rabbit in appearance apart from its long , bushy tail .

this species occurs in southern peru , southern and western bolivia , northern chile and western argentina . it occurs between 700 m in the rio negro province of argentina to above 4 , 800 m in the mountains from central peru through bolivia , chile and northwestern argentina ( spotorno and patton 2015 ) . the distribution limit of this species in western bolivia needs to be revised . this species is not present in southern peru ( h . zeballos pers . comm . ) .

during the day , the southern viscacha emerges from the clefts and crevices it colonises , to forage for food , and bask on rocky perches in the sun ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . it runs and leaps amongst the rocks with incredible agility , and eats a wide variety of plants including grasses , mosses , and lichens ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .

the southern viscacha is one of three south american rodent species commonly referred to as mountain viscachas ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . in common with its two congeners , the southern viscacha looks remarkably like a long - tailed rabbit ( 3 ) . soft dense fur covers its body , from the tips of its elongate ears to the end of its long , curled tail ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the forelimbs are relatively short , while the contrastingly long and muscular hind - limbs enable it run and jump with ease ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the colour of its fur varies seasonally and with age , but generally the upperparts are grey to brown , with tints of cream and black , while the under - parts are pale yellow or tan ( 2 ) .

like all mountain viscachas , the southern viscacha is a gregarious species that forms small to very large colonies , comprising one or more family groups ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . the timing of the breeding season is not documented for this species , but the gestation period has been estimated at 120 to 140 days , with just a single young born at a time . the young is born fully haired with its eyes open , and is normally weaned after eight weeks , and reaches sexual maturity at around a year ( 3 ) .

, one of several recognized species of " mountain viscachas , " lives in the andes mountains of peru at elevations ranging from approximately 3 , 000 - 5 , 000 meters . this corresponds to the area contained between the timber and snow lines .

, while often locally abundant , exhibits a scattered distribution across its range . it is not uncommon to have dense populations separated from other such populations by over 10 kilometers . there is seemingly little or no difference in habitat structure between occupied areas and the unoccupied areas between populations .

live in dry , rocky , habitats between the timber line and snow line of the andes mountains . vegetation is relatively sparse and characterized mainly by coarse grasses .

are often found near water that offers more succulent vegetation than drier areas within their habitat . they occupy burrows among rocks and crevices .

, excluding their bushy tails which reach lengths of about 200 - 400mm , are approximately 300 - 450mm in length . they posess dense , soft fur on their bodies and long , coarse fur on the dorsal surface of their tails . their pelage coloration varies from dark grey at low elevations to brown at higher elevations . the ventral portion of their fur is lighter , and can be white , yellowish , or light gray . the dorsally curled ends of their tails vary from rusty to black in color .

have long , hair - covered ears . females have only a single pair of mammae .

individuals reach sexual maturity after one year . the mating period ranges from october to december , in which all adult females become pregnant . gestation lasts approximately 140 days and one offspring is produced . while females may undergo a post - partum estrus , it is unlikely that a second pregnancy in a given year will result given the length of the gestation period and the timing of the mating season . the offspring are precocious , and feed on a mixture of their mother ' s milk and vegetation . while females posess two ovaries and two uterine horns , only the right ovary and uterine horn are functional . if the right ovary is surgically removed , the left then becomes functional .

live in large colonies of up to 80 individuals . these colonies are segregated into small family units of 2 to 5 individuals which occupy a single burrow . these animals are poor diggers , so their burrows consist of crevices among cliffs and rocks . they are not territorial and rarely aggressive . when the breeding season begins males are driven out of their family burrow by the female , at which point they disperse throughout the colony and exhibit some degree of promiscuity . much of the day is spent basking and preening on exposed rocks . feeding begins in the afternoon and lasts until after sunset , at which time individuals return to their burrows .

are quick and agile , able to get from rock to rock with either short hops or leaps of over 2 meters , if alarmed . when alarmed they produce a high - pitched call to warn the colony of a potential threat .

eat most of the sparse vegetable material they find in their habitats . this includes tough grasses , lichens , and moss . they feed primarily from late afternoon until after the sun sets .

are used as a source of meat and fur , however their pelts are not in particularly high demand .

, perhaps because they are the smallest of the mountain viscachas , are not particularly sought after for their fur or as a source of meat .

matthew wund ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .

living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .

having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .

animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .

this terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .

the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .

to cite this page : wund , m . 2000 . " lagidium peruanum " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352

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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .

a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all

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" wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals . " - - publisher ' s website .

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these rodents weigh about 1 . 25 kilograms on average , or 2 . 75 pounds , and are approximately 300 to 450 millimeters in length , or about 12 to 17 inches , excluding their tails . this animal ' s long tail is usually about 200 to 400 millimeters in length , or about 8 to 16 inches .

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like all members of this family , viscachas have thick , soft pelage , except on their tails where it is coarse . they have pale yellow or grey upper parts , and a black tail tip . overall , viscachas look like rabbits . they have long , fur covered ears , edged with a fringe of white fur . all feet have four digits . the enamal of the incisors is not colored .

species is a habitat generalist ( cofre and marquet 1999 ) . inhabits rocky mountain areas as well as rock outcrops in steppe habitat ( galende and trejo 2003 ) . this herbivorous species is specialized and restricted to rocky habitats where it colonizes rock crevices . available habitat is patchy ( walker et al . , 2003 ) . it occurs up to 4 , 800 m asl ( barquez et al . 2006 )

restricted to sparsely vegetated , rocky habitats , from 2 , 500 metres to 5 , 100 metres above sea level ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .

mountain viscachas are reputed to eat just about any plant they encounter . their diet is principally composed of grasses , mosses and lichens .

mating occurs from october through december . after a gestation of 120 - 140 days , a female gives birth to a single , precocious young . the young are born fully furred , with their eyes open , and are able to eat solid food on their first day of life . nursing continues for eight weeks . females are remarkable for the large number of ova they ovulate ( around 300 ) during each estrus period .

amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )

this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , however , restricted to rock formations . it occurs in a number of protected areas , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category . this species is hunted and should be periodically evaluated for impacts of this threat .

classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

species occurs in low local abundances ( cofre and marquet 1999 ) . it is a very common species although it has a patchy distribution , populations may fluctuate in relation to extreme seasonal weather .

it is locally hunted by people for meat and fur although , in general , this does not significantly impact populations ( barquez et al . 2006 ) . there appear to be no major threats to this species .

its elevation range is about 2 , 500 to 5 , 100 metres ( 8 , 200 to 16 , 700 ft ) above sea level .

and is mostly active soon after dawn and again in the evening . at these times it emerges from its underground hiding place to feed on what plant material is available which is mostly

. part of the day is spent perched on a rock sunbathing , grooming or resting . southern viscachas are a colonial species and do not venture far from rocks so that they can plunge underground if danger threatens . they have various calls that they use to communicate with each other .

breeding starts in the last quarter of the year when mating takes place . the gestation period is about 130 days and a single

pup ( or sometimes two ) is born which has its eyes open and is fully clad in fur at birth . it suckles for about eight weeks but is able to supplement the milk with solid food within hours of its birth . the average lifespan is unknown but one individual survived for nineteen years in captivity .

dunnum , j . ; vargas , j . ; bernal , n . ; zeballos , h . ; lessa , e . ; ojeda , r . ; bidau , c . ( 2008 ) . lagidium viscacia . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 5 january 2009 .

walker , r . susan ; novaro , andrés j . ; perovic , pablo ; palacios , rocio ; donadio , emiliano ; lucherini , mauro ; pia , mónica ; lópez , maría soledad ( 2007 ) . " diets of three species of andean carnivores in high - altitude deserts of argentina " . journal of mammalogy 88 ( 2 ) : 519–525 . doi : 10 . 1644 / 06 - mamm - a - 172r . 1 .

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restricted to sparsely vegetated , rocky habitats , from 2 , 500 metres to 5 , 100 metres above sea level ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .

this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken

congeners species belonging to the same genus . gestation the state of being pregnant ; the period from conception to birth .

eisenberg , j . f . ( 1989 ) mammals of the neotropics . university of chicago press , chicago .

nowak , r . m . ( 1999 ) walker ' s mammals of the world . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , maryland .

macdonald , d . ( 2001 ) the new encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , oxford .

tirado , c . , cortés , a . and bozinovic , f . ( 2007 ) metabolic rate , thermoregulation and water balance in lagidium viscacia inhabiting the arid andean plateau . journal of thermal biology , 32 : 220 - 226 .

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spotorno , a . e . and patton , j . l . 2015 . superfamily chinchilloidea bennett , 1833 . in : patton , j . l . , pardinas , u . f . j . and d ' elia , g . ( eds ) , mammals of south america volume 2 : rodents , pp . 762 - 778 . university of chicago press .

in bolivia , there are three subspecies ; further taxonomic review is needed to confirm whether these should be considered to be distinct species ( n . bernal pers . comm . ) . lagidium peruanum is now grouped with l . viscacia .

justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population although it is restricted to rock formations . it occurs in a number of protected areas , and it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category . this species is hunted and should be periodically evaluated for impacts of this threat .

the species occurs in low local abundances ( cofre and marquet 1999 ) . it is a very common species although it has a patchy distribution , populations may fluctuate in relation to extreme seasonal weather . osgood ( 1943b ) recognized seven subspecies that might occur in chile , while crespo ( 1963 ) recognized five subspecies in central and southern argentina , and s . anderson ( 1997 ) mapped the ranges of three subspecies in bolivia ( spotorno and patton 2015 ) .

it inhabits rocky mountain areas as well as rock outcrops in steppe habitat ( patton et al . 2015 ) . this herbivorous species is specialized and restricted to rocky habitats where it colonizes rock crevices . available habitat is patchy ( walker et al . 2003 ) . it occurs up to 4 , 800 m asl ( barquez et al . 2006 ) . this species is highly gregarious , and live in colonies ranging in size from 4 - 75 individuals , with an overall density of 0 . 162 individuals per ha due to the clumped distribution of occupied boulder fields ( spotorno and patton 2015 ) .

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justification : this species is listed as least concern due to its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .

this species has been eliminated from a fair portion of its native range . however , it has expanded beyond its native range in response to anthropogenic modifications to its habitats . there remains a lack of detailed data on its distribution ( spotorno and patton 2015 ) .

in argentina this species was classified as the source of a national plague in 1905 and was eradicated from many areas ( godoy 1963 ) . it is also hunted commercially for meat and fur ( spotorno and patton 2015 ) . it has a high niche overlap with cattle ; if more livestock are raised it is more likely to be affected compared to greater rheas ( pereira and quintana 2009 ) .

there are no conservation measures in place and it seems that none are needed at present .

florian a . werner¹ , karim j . ledesma² , and rodrigo hidalgo b . ³

1 albrecht - von - haller - institute of plant sciences , university of göttingen , untere karspüle 2 , 37073 göttingen , germany ; < florianwerner @ urltoken > . 2 department of biological sciences , florida atlantic university , boca raton , u . s . a ; < kledes @ urltoken > . 3 colegio nacional eloy alfaro , gonzales suarez y sucre , cariamanga , ecuador ; < rodrigohb20022002 @ urltoken > .

fig . 1 . geographical distribution of the genus lagidium . the arrow marks the location of cerro ahuaca . modified after rowlands ( 1974 ) .

fig . 3 . mountain vizcacha ( lagidium cf . peruanum ) at cerro ahuaca . photo courtesy of lf león .

thanks to luis fernando león and especially to daniel hidalgo ; also to veronica saenz marin for her assistance with the drawing of the distribution map . we gratefully acknowledge the support by idea wild , minox and the german academic exchange service ( daad ) . this is publication no . 122 of the yanayacu natural history research group .

eisenberg jf and kh redford . 1999 . mammals of the neotropics . the central neotropics . volume 3 . the university of chicago press , chicago . [ links ]

grimwood jr . 1969 . notes on the distribution of some peruvian mammals . 1968 . american committee for international wild life protection and new york zoological society . special publication 21 : 1 - 86 . [ links ]

henle k , kf davies , m kleyer , c margules , and j settele . 2004 . predictors of species sensitivity to fragmentation . biodiversity and conservation 13 : 207 - 251 . [ links ]

inamhi . 1950 - 1999 . anuario meteorológico no . 1 - 39 . instituto nacional de meteorología e hidrología , quito . [ links ]

pacheco v . 2002 . mamíferos del perú . pp . 503 - 549 , in : diversidad y conservación de los mamíferos neotropicales ( g ceballos and ja simonetti , eds . ) . instituto de ecología de la universidad nacional autónoma de méxico . [ links ]

pearson op . 1948 . life history of mountain viscachas in peru . journal of mammalogy 29 : 345 - 374 . [ links ]

pearson op . 1957 . additions to the mammalian fauna of peru and notes on some other peruvian mammals . breviora 73 : 1 - 7 . [ links ]

redford k and jf eisenberg . 1992 . mammals of the neotropics : the southern cone . volume 2 . the university chicago press , chicago . [ links ]

sierra r ( ed . ) . 1999 . propuesta preliminar de un sistema de clasificación de vegetación para el ecuador continental . proyecto inefan / gef - birf y ecociencia , quito . [ links ]

spotorno ae , jp valladares , jc marin , re palma , and c zuleta . 2004 . molecular divergence and phylogenetic relationships of chinchillids ( rodentia : chinchillidae ) . journal of mammalogy 85 : 384 - 388 . [ links ]

walker s , aj novaro , and o monsalvo . 1994 . situación del «chinchillón» en el sur del neuquén : implicaciones de su estructura metapoblacional para su conservación . libro de resúmenes de las vii jornadas de mastozoología , sarem ( sociedad argentina para el estudio de los mamíferos ) . vaquerías , córdoba . [ links ]

walker rs , g ackermann , j schachter - broide , v pancotto , and aj novaro . 2000 . habitat use by mountain vizcachas ( lagidium viscacia molina , 1782 ) in the patagonian steppe . zeitschrift für säugetierkunde 65 : 293 - 300 . [ links ]

weir bj . 1974 . reproductive characteristics of hystricomorph rodents . symposium of the zoological society of london 34 : 265 - 301 . [ links ]

wilson de and dm reeder ( eds ) . 1993 . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference . second edition . smithsonian institution press . [ links ]

woods ca and cw kilpatrick . 2005 . infraorder hystricognathi . pp . 1538 - 1600 , in : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference . ( de wilson and dm reeder , eds ) . third edition , volumen 2 . the johns hopkins university press . [ links ]

cricyt centro regional de investigaciones científicas y técnicas av . ruiz leal s / n parque gral . san martin 5500 - mendoza república argentina urltoken c . p . 9120 . casilla de correo 128 http : / / urltoken / contacto / enrique . lessa @ gmail . com ; e _ m _ neot @ urltoken

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and is mostly active soon after dawn and again in the evening . at these times , it emerges from its underground hiding place to feed on what plant material is available , which is mostly

. part of the day is spent perched on a rock sunbathing , grooming , or resting . southern viscachas are a colonial species and do not venture far from rocks so that they can plunge underground if danger threatens . they use various calls to communicate with each other .

pup ( or sometimes two ) is born which has its eyes open and is fully clad in fur at birth . it suckles for about eight weeks , but is able to supplement the milk with solid food within hours of its birth . the average lifespan is unknown , but one individual survived for 19 years in captivity .

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least concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in the wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist . if no status is listed , there is not enough data to establish status .

long - tailed chinchilla - chinchilla lanigera the long - tailed chinchilla is often kept as a pet . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing

woods , charles a . , and c . william kilpatrick / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .

mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .