the pied starling or african pied starling , ( lamprotornis bicolor ) is a bird endemic to south africa , lesotho and swaziland .

it is common in most of its range , but largely absent from the arid northwest and the eastern lowlands of south africa .

it is found in open habitats such as grassland , karoo scrub , thornbush and agricultural land , and often associates with farm animals .

pied starling

pied starling <EOT> asian pied starling ( gracupica contra ) complete detail – updated . description and classification of asian pied starling ( gracupica contra ) .

asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) at nest on jarul ( lagerstroemia speciosa ) in kolkata i img 8745 . jpgasian pied starling . . . 203 , 859 bytes asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) calling at kolkata i img 8809 . jpgasian pied starling . . . 191 , 519 bytes asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) feeding on indian coral tree ( erythrina variegata ) in kolkata i img 4005 . jpgasian pied starling . . . 191 , 250 bytes asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) feeding on kapok ( ceiba pentandra ) in kolkata i img 3091 . more

pied starling , de hoop nature reserve , western cape . [ photo duncan robertson © ]

asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) is a common and widespread resident in india . more

the asian pied starling , also known as pied myna , is a species of starling found in south and southeast asia . the taxonomic position has changed with it being placed with the sturnus in the past .

the asian pied starling is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

habit and habitat asian pied starling . asian pied starling , usually found in small groups mainly on the plains and low foothills . they a wide repertoire of calls consisting of whistles , trills , buzzes , clicks and warbling notes……………

information on the asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .

asian pied starling produce a wide repertoire of calls consisting of whistles , trills , buzzes , clicks and warbling notes .

pied starling , west coast fossil park , western cape , south africa . [ photo h . robertson , iziko © ]

size between 20 cm . to 25 cm . and weigh between 75 to 100 g . asian pied starling has a yellowish bill with a bright orange - red base . asian pied starling is strikingly marked in black and white , with long legs .

the calls of the pied starling - or pied mynah are loud , but familiar . the materials for this video have been taken from the net and duly credited at the end of the video .

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the asian pied starling is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .

asian pied starling gracupica contra is being split into gracupica contra and gracupica jalla , following the application of criteria set out by tobias et al . ( 2010 ) .

for more information about pied wagtails , see the bto’s birdfacts and wider countryside report .

cyndy parr changed the thumbnail image of " file : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) feeding on kapok ( ceiba pentandra ) in kolkata i img 3091 . jpg " .

the starling has the reputation for being one of the noisiest and most gregarious garden birds .

archived 2016 topics : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) is being split and placed in the genus gracupica : list g . contra as least concern and gracupica jalla as critically endangered ?

asian pied starling is a bird of north central , central and eastern india , south and east of a line roughly from east punjab , through east rajasthan , west madhya pradesh to the krishna delta .

2 responses to archived 2016 topics : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) is being split and placed in the genus gracupica : list g . contra as least concern and gracupica jalla as critically endangered ?

the starling ' s plumage is mainly blackish with buff edged wing feathers and reddish - brown legs .

the asian pied starlings - also known as pied mynas ( gracupica contra formerly sturnus contra ) - are starlings found in south and southeast asia . they are locally known as gursal , ablak and ablaki maina .

cyndy parr set " file : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) feeding on kapok ( ceiba pentandra ) in kolkata i img 3091 . jpg " as an exemplar on " sturnus contra linnaeus 1758 " .

cyndy parr marked " file : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) - adult feeding juveniles in kolkata i img 9866 . jpg " as trusted on the " gracupica contra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) " page .

asian pied starling , usually found in small groups mainly on the plains and low foothills . they have also adapted well to urban living and are often seen in cities and villages , and are generally seen in small groups

asian pied starlings usually only raise one brood in a season ; however , are likely to replace lost clutches .

cyndy parr marked " file : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) on kapok ( ceiba pentandra ) in kolkata w img 4513 . jpg " as trusted on the " gracupica contra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) " page .

archived 2016 topics : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) is being split and placed in the genus gracupica : list g . contra as least concern and gracupica jalla as critically endangered ? | birdlife ' s globally threatened bird forums

cyndy parr marked " file : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) feeding on kapok ( ceiba pentandra ) in kolkata i img 3091 . jpg " as trusted on the " gracupica contra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) " page .

asian pied starling found in bhutan , china , india , myanmar , nepal , pakistan , bangladesh , cambodia , china , india , laos , myanmar , thailand , viet nam , brunei darussalam , indonesia , malaysia , singapore , and thailand .

luckily , the black - winged starling parents are great ! they even fight over who gets to feed the chick first . we are also eagerly awaiting the hatching of the asian pied starling chick ( or chicks ) . as i get their meals ready , i watch tiny geckos zoom around on the kitchen wall and call out to their mates . not bad company , if you ask me .

asian pied starling has a yellowish bill with a bright orange - red base . asian pied starling is strikingly marked in black and white , with long legs . the flight is slow and butterfly - like on round wings . the plumage is a contrasting black and white , with the upper parts throat and chest being black and the cheeks , lores , wing coverts and rump being white . both sexes are similar in plumage but young ones have dark brown in place of black . the flight is slow and butterfly - like on round wings . they feed on insects , worms , spiders , earthworms , various grains , various fruits and molluscs usually taken from the ground…………

asian pied starling at nest - photo , video and / or article contributions are welcome ! please click here for info the avianweb strives to maintain accurate and up - to - date information ; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please send us an e - mail . more

distribution of pied starling in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .

every winter in poole harbour , winter - roosts of many different bird species are formed in a selection of habitats . some , like the grebe roosts are well studied and documented , but others are still a total unknown . during the winter period of 2014 / 15 nick hopper was commisioned to carry out a survey into the winter roosting habits of pied wagtail , starling and magpie . in the first part of his three part survey you can read about the behaviour and location choices that pied wagtails adopt pre and post roost during the cold winter months .

22 cm ; 76–90 g . medium - sized starling with feathers of forehead and crown hackled , and feathers of hindcrown and nape elongated . nominate race has forehead and cheeks . . .

my journey starts in pejeng where he breeds the starlings as well as pied mynahs and black - winged starlings , which are even more endangered than the bali starlings . to own a bali starling is considered a status symbol in many countries , so they are poached for the pet trade as soon as they are released into the wild . this makes it extremely important that the locals work to help protect them .

craig , a . , feare , c . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . asian pied starling ( gracupica contra ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

this species is instantly recognisable , with its black and white plumage and its long tail that always seems to be on the move . pied wagtails use a wide range of habitats and are even found nesting in the middle of our largest city centres . outside the breeding season , pied wagtails gather to roost in reed beds , greenhouses or in bushes and trees in supermarket car - parks and petrol - stations . presumably , they feel more secure when sleeping with the lights on .

starlings are great at mimicry , with examples including machines , such as telephones and car alarms , and other birds such as curlews and pied wagtails . consequently , it ' s difficult to know what their song is other than a medley of squeaks , clicks and whistles .

a clutch consists of 4 - 6 glossy blue eggs , which are laid one every other day . the incubation usually starts after the third or fourth egg has been laid . the young hatch about 14 to 15 days later . the female broods the chicks for about two weeks , with the female staying at the nest during the night . the chicks are fed by both parents until they fledge ( leave the nest ) about three weeks later . one instance of interspecific feeding has been reported - where a common myna fed a young asian pied starling .

starlings seem to have an insatiable appetite and will eat just about anything from anywhere - except starling proof feeders - and throw much of it about while they are at it ! further , they feed in flocks and so several birds are usually feeding in this lively manner , which is a sight to behold .

each winter many thousands of starling enter the uk from mainland europe often forming large evening murmurations in rural , urban and semi - urban areas . roost sizes can vary greatly year on year , and in this report nick hopper focuses on the winter roost behavior during the 2014 / 15 winter period within poole harbour .

unfortunately , the second bali starling chick died too . the adults are just not good parents and fed themselves before the baby . both were hand - raised and never learned how to properly parent . so we separate them , and each will get a new parent - raised mate in the hope that their new partners will teach them how to care for chicks .

asian pied starlings occur naturally on the plains and low foothills of the indian subcontinent ( south asia ) and southeast asia up to 2 , 300 feet ( 700 meters ) above sea level . these starlings typically remain in areas with easy access to open water . over the last decades , they have expanded their territories . populations of them have also established themselves in dubai .

starling populations have declined seriously ( by over 70 % ) in recent times and are on the red list of birds of high conservation concern . there are several causes of this decline : changes in farming practices , changes in grassland management , loss of invertebrate food through the use of pesticides , fewer nesting sites in urban areas owing to household improvements and poorer survival rates among young birds .

an increasingly common vagrant from eastern europe is the rose - coloured starling . in the summer , the adults have distinctive and unmistakable black and pink plumage - the breast , belly and back being pink . many visitors , however , are juveniles and these can be easily overlooked as they look similar to juvenile common starlings , except that the bill is yellowish , legs are pale pink , and the plumage is a drab pale grey - brown with darker wings .

sexes alike . black and white ( pied ) plumage distinctive ; orange - red beak and orbital skin in front of eyes confirm identity . sociable ; small parties either move on their own or associate with other birds , notably other mynas and drongos ; rather common and familiar over its range but keeps a distance from man ; may make its ungainly nest in garden trees , but never inside houses , nor does it enter houses ; more a bird of open , cultivated areas , preferably where there is water ; attends to grazing cattle ; occasionally raids standing crops .

picture of the asian pied starling has been licensed under a gfdl original source : j . m . gargattribution information , such as the author ' s name , e - mail , website , or signature , that was once visible in the image itself has been moved into the image metadata and / or image description page . this makes the image easier to reuse and more language - neutral , and makes the text easier to process and search for . commons discourages placing visible author information in images . boarisch | català | deutsch | ελληνικά | english | español | français | magyar | italiano | author : j . m . gargattribution information , such as the author ' s name , e - mail , website , or signature , that was once visible in the image itself has been moved into the image metadata and / or image description page . this makes the image easier to reuse and more language - neutral , and makes the text easier to process and search for . commons discourages placing visible author information in images . boarisch | català | deutsch | ελληνικά | english | español | français | magyar | italiano | permission : gnu free documentation license

los angeles zoo animal keepers regularly participate in field projects where their expertise benefits species in danger of extinction . established in 2003 by donor and former zoo commission president shelby kaplan sloan , the animal keeper advanced studies fund ( now underwritten by donor and former trustee dominic ornato ) encourages these opportunities . earlier this year , animal keeper lori rogalski took a break from the zoo’s avian conservation center where she cares for many rare and endangered bird species to participate in a bali starling conservation project . her goal was to lend her skills to the project and to gain insights that might enhance the zoo’s efforts to breed its bali starlings . rogalski shares her insights and travel experience to shine a light on this special species .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .

justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be common to abundant ( feare et al . 1998 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .

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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .

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lars petersson , holger teichmann , joggels , jonathan , frédéric pelsy , dubi shapiro , fran trabalon , tom dudones , laurent demongin , jmdebruyn , paul van giersbergen , hannes lotter .

hitherto treated as conspecific with g . jalla ( see that species ) . four subspecies recognized .

( linnaeus , 1758 ) – extreme e pakistan ( lahore area ) , n & c india ( e to w assam , s to extreme n karnataka and n andhra pradesh ) , s nepal and bangladesh .

( blyth , 1863 ) – ne india ( manipur ) , myanmar ( except s & e ) and sw china ( sw yunnan ) .

( sharpe , 1897 ) – s & e myanmar , thailand ( except e ) , nw laos and cambodia .

introduced ( presumed nominate race ) in united arab emirates and perhaps saudi arabia ; also w india ( bombay area ) , japan and peninsular malaysia # r .

song , by both sexes , a prolonged series of phrases with shrill churrs and a few croaking and . . .

open areas with scattered trees and wet ground , often near cultivated areas and human habitation ; . . .

omnivorous , diet includes animal food , fruit , nectar and flowers , and seeds . fruits taken include those of figs (

season feb–oct ( mainly may–jul ) in india , may–jul in se asia ; possibly apr–sept in arabia ; occasionally double - . . .

not globally threatened ( least concern ) . common to locally abundant in most of indian subcontinent range , uncommon in w ; common to fairly common in se asia . common in bombay . . .

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gracupica contra and g . jalla ( del hoyo and collar 2016 ) were previously lumped as sturnus contra following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as generally common to fairly common , although rare and local in pakistan ( grimmett et al . 1998 ) , while national population sizes have been estimated at < c . 100 introduced breeding pairs in taiwan and c . 100 - 10 , 000 introduced breeding pairs in japan ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be increasing due to range expansions in pakistan and sumatra as ongoing habitat degradation is creating new areas of suitable habitat ( feare and craig 1998 ) .

( amended version of 2017 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t103890729a118852226 .

critically endangered a2bd + 3bd + 4bd ; c2a ( i , ii ) ; d ver 3 . 1

butchart , s . , ekstrom , j . , martin , r , westrip , j . , wheatley , h .

justification : the newly split species has almost completely disappeared from the wild within the past few decades , from which is inferred a very rapid population decline due to trapping for the cage bird trade . any remaining wild population is estimated to be very small , and the interbreeding in captivity of this species and g . contra leaves considerable doubt over the continuing existence of wild populations of g . jalla on java and perhaps anywhere . for these reasons the species is evaluated as critically endangered .

the species is known from java and bali , and formerly from lampung province in east sumatra , indonesia .

the newly split species has almost completely disappeared from the wild within the past few decades , a decline that has gone largely unnoticed due to the species previously being included with the widespread g . contra . wild populations are thought to have gone extinct on sumatra sometime between 1990 and 2000 , had been reduced by 2010 to a tiny remnant in a remote area of central java ( known from trapped birds ) and a small population on bali that may be derived from escapes ( eaton et al . 2015 ) . trend justification : the wild population on java may have been lost within the past few years , with recent records appearing to relate to small numbers of escaped or released birds . the large numbers being supplied to the market by commercial breeders are not readily distinguished from wild - sourced birds as the practice of using closed rings is very rare and not enforced at the point of sale ( s . chng in litt . 2016 ) .

considered to have been similar to g . contra , a bird of open habitats with scattered trees , especially agricultural areas with wet ground and often associated with human habitation ( craig et al . 2016 ) .

conservation actions underway it is not known to occur in any protected areas but key sites have been identified . research proposed surveys of locations where wild populations may persist are required urgently .

( amended version of 2017 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t103890801a118590020 .

starlings : information and species . . . myna information and species . . . myna photo gallery

distribution / habitat . . . subspecies , ranges and id . . . alternate ( globa ) names

they have also adapted well to urban living and are often seen in cities and villages , and are generally seen in small groups . in urban environments , they are becoming so abundant that they are considered pests by many human residents . iucn ( 2006 ) listed them recently as among “100 of the world’s most invasive species” .

slight plumage variations , extent of streaking and size differences have been noted between the different subspecies .

range : found in extreme eastern pakistan , in the lahore area ; northern and central india ( east to western assam , south to extreme northern karnataka and northern andhra pradesh ) ; and southern nepal and bangladesh .

id : similar to the nominate form , except for having reduced streaking on the shoulders and nape ( back of the neck ) .

range : found in the state of manipur located in northeastern india ; also western and northern myanmar and southwestern china ( southwestern yunnan ) .

range : southern and eastern burma ( myanmar ) , southern china ( southeastern yunnan ) , thailand ( except eastern parts ) , northwestern laos and cambodia .

the plumage is a contrasting black and white , with the upperparts , throat and chest being black and the cheeks , lores ( areas between the eyes and the bill ) , wing coverts and rump being white . the bare skin around the eyes are reddish . rarely , leucism ( partial albinism ) has also been recorded with this species .

juvenile birds can be identified by the fact that the black markings of the adults are replaced by dark brown .

most breeding activities have been recorded between march and october . as the breeding season commences , flocks break up and birds pair up , although several pairs may breed in the same vicinity . the courtship ritual involves calling , fluffing of the feathers and head bobbing .

the nest is placed on a large tree ( often banyan , mango , jackfruit or rosewood ) or in urban areas , on man - made structures . it is loosely constructed out of straw into the shape of a dome with an entrance on the side .

their diet mostly consists of insects , worms , spiders , etc . and various fruits .

they produce a wide repertoire of calls consisting of whistles , trills , buzzes , clicks and warbling notes .

they make well known for their outstanding ability to mimic human speech and imitate tunes .

chinese : ? ? ? , ? ? ? . . . czech : špa ? ek indomalajský , špacek strakatý . . . danish : skadestær . . . finnish : kyläkottarainen . . . french : étourneau pie , martin pie . . . german : elsterstar . . . irish : míona breac . . . indonesian : jalak suren . . . italian : storno bianco e nero , storno bianconero asiatico . . . japanese : hoojiromukudori . . . japanese : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . dutch : eksterspreeuw . . . norwegian : svartstrupestær . . . polish : szpak srokaty . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : ékorec strakatý , škorec strakatý . . . spanish : estornino pálido asiático , estornino pío . . . swedish : svartvit stare . . . thai : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …

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a flock of birds seen feeding in short grass in a field on a rainy day .

a flock of birds heard calling from a tall tree during the dawn chorus in a small village .

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endemic to south africa , lesotho and swaziland , generally preferring open habitats with lots of grass , such as cultivated areas , grassland and rural settlements , but generally avoiding larger cities and towns .

it mainly eats arthropods , supplemented with seeds , fruit and nectar , doing most of its foraging on the ground . it often associates with livestock , catching the prey they disturb and removing ticks from their skin . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :

monogamous , usually colonial cooperative breeder , nesting either solitarily or in colonies ranging from a few pairs to several thousand individuals . the breeding pair are typically assisted by up to 7 helpers , who are either immature or unmated adults , often becoming the mate of a bird previously assisted in an earlier breeding season .

egg - laying season is year - round , peaking from august - january .

it lays 2 - 6 eggs , which are incubated solely by the female for about 14 - 16 days .

the chicks are fed by parents and helpers , leaving the nest after about 23 - 27 days ; helpers continue to feed them for about a week more before they become independent .

hockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .

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the breeding season in india is spread from march to september . nest is different from that of the other mynas , being a large untidy globular structure of twigs , leaves , grass and rubbish , placed on a large tree or in urban areas , on man - made structures . it is loosely constructed out of straw into the the shape of a dome with an entrance on the side . eggs 4 - 6 , glossy blue , without markings , which are laid one every other day . the incubation usually starts after the third or fourth egg has been laid . the young hatch about 14 to 15 days later . both sexes share in building and care of the young……………… .

skin around the eyes is orange - reddish . the upper body , throat and breast are black while the cheek , lores , wing coverts and rump are light grayish - white .

the plumage is a contrasting black and white , with the upper parts , throat and chest being black and the cheeks , lores , wing coverts and rump being white . both sexes are similar in plumage but young ones have dark brown in place of black .

the species is found mainly in the plains but in the foothills up to about 700 meter above sea level .

the flight is slow and butterfly - like on round wings . they feed on insects , worms , spiders , earthworms , various grains , various fruits and molluscs usually taken from the ground .

the breeding season in india is spread from march to september . nest is different from that of the other mynas , being a large untidy globular structure of twigs , leaves , grass and rubbish , placed on a large tree or in urban areas , on man - made structures . it is loosely constructed out of straw into the shape of a dome with an entrance on the side .

eggs 4 - 6 , glossy blue , without markings , which are laid one every other day . the incubation usually starts after the third or fourth egg has been laid . the young hatch about 14 to 15 days later . both sexes share in building and care of the young .

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in the winter it has white speckles above and below . the sexes are alike though the male has fewer speckles on the rump and wings . the bill is dark grey - brown during the winter .

the speckles disappear through the course of the winter and by the spring the plumage becomes predominantly iridescent with green and purple . the colour of the base of its quite long yellow beak is different in males and females - it is pink for girls and blue for boys .

juvenile starlings have grey - brown plumage with large white speckles on the underparts and light cream coloured throat , but moult completely in the autumn in to the spotty adult plumage . they have a dark greyish bill .

first winter starlings look most peculiar and give rise to many queries about strange birds in people ' s gardens - they are typically grey - brown on the head and back but blackish with white spots below .

in flight , starlings have pointed , triangular wings and fly fast and direct . when they come in to land they look a little like harrier aircraft with slightly drooped triangular wings .

male starlings can be heard singing throughout the year except when they are moulting in july and august .

starlings seem to feed on just about anything : insects , worms , snails , berries , fruit , scraps , suet . however , they feed only invertebrates - not " junk " food - to their young .

their beak is used to probe the ground and is powerful enough to be opened to part the ground and reach food that is buried , they can also swivel their eyes forward to look along the length of their bill to the area they are probing .

they are often found with lapwings in wetland areas , where they feed on the food that the lapwings have disturbed - this is called commensal feeding .

the male builds the nest from grass in a hole in a wall , tree or building , but the female lines it with feathers , wool and moss . the male may decorate the nest with leaves and petals in order to deter parasites and improve his chances of attracting a mate .

the eggs are pale blue , smooth and glossy , and about 30 mm by 21 mm . the male and female take turns incubating the eggs , and both adults feed the young . the female will sometimes remove an egg from a neighbouring starlings ' nests and lay one of her own in its place so as to give her offspring a better chance of surviving .

starlings will use medium - sized nest boxes with a hole about 45 mm diameter .

juveniles disperse after becoming independent and roam woodlands and the countryside in large flocks . in the autumn , many birds from scandinavia , finland and poland cross the north sea to winter in britain .

in the wintertime , both resident and immigrant birds form large roosts , gathering in buildings , trees or reed beds . the roosts are often several thousand birds ' strong , but those that gather in reed beds , such as on the somerset levels , can comprise a few million birds . as the day draws to a close , the starlings return to the roost and before settling down for the night the increasingly large flock darkens the skies as it swirls around like a swarm of insects , making this one of nature ' s greatest spectacles .

when the young have left their nest , usually by the end of may , seeing both parents dashing back and forth with food for the gaping mouths of up to four juveniles is common . the juveniles are very inquisitive and are always drawn to the pond , where they inevitably find a way in through the netting .

in the winter , the starlings roost at night either in the city centre or in woodlands . between 9 . 00 am and 10 . 00 am , a murmuration of starlings will descend on our suburban gardens looking for food and then again just before dusk , when they are usually also seen bathing and can quickly empty the bird bath of water through their furious splashing .

during the summer and early autumn we rarely see any starlings as they are probably in woodland and farmland areas . their numbers peak in the winter when migrants ( up to 30 million birds from northern europe ) add to the numbers and they search for food in the suburbs , and in the spring when they are feeding juveniles . the migrant birds usually have duller bills .

over the years fewer starlings have been visiting the garden ; a possible explanation is that food is abundant elsewhere , such as in the city centre .

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archived 2016 topics : hill myna ( gracula religiosa ) is being split : list g . religiosa and g . indica as least concern , g . robusta as critically endangered and g . venerata as endangered ?

this is part of a consultation on the red list implications of extensive changes to birdlife’s taxonomy for passerines .

lynx edicions and birdlife international will soon publish the second volume of the hbw - birdlife illustrated checklist of the birds of the world , building off the handbook of the birds of the world series , and birdlife’s annually updated taxonomic checklist .

the new checklist will be based on the application of criteria for recognising species limits described by tobias et al . ( 2010 ) . full details of the specific scores and the basis of these for each new taxonomic revision will be provided in the checklist .

following publication , an open and transparent mechanism will be established to allow people to comment on the taxonomic revisions or suggest new ones , and provide new information of relevance in order to inform regular updates . we are also actively seeking input via a discussion topic here regarding some potential taxonomic revisions that currently lack sufficient information .

the new checklist will form the taxonomic basis of birdlife’s assessments of the status of the world’s birds for the iucn red list . the taxonomic changes that will appear in volume 2 of the checklist ( for passerines ) will begin to be incorporated into the 2016 red list update , with the remainder to be incorporated into subsequent red list updates .

preliminary red list assessments have been carried out for the newly split or lumped taxa . we are now requesting comments and feedback on these preliminary assessments .

large numbers , apparently of this taxon , are being bred in commercial bird farms in central java to supply the trade . however , imports of other taxa into java and apparent mixing of these in captivity seem likely to have reduced the likelihood there being a source of g . jalla stock for conservation breeding ( collar et al . 2012 , eaton et al . 2015 ) ; while chng et al . ( 2015 ) mention large numbers of likely captive - bred juveniles in javan markets these are not listed as definitively this taxon in their appendix .

any remaining wild population is likely to be tiny and clarifying the status ( and indeed identity ) of the birds currently at large within the species native range is a high priority .

it is proposed that the newly split species be listed as critically endangered , under criteria a2d + 3d + 4d ; c2a ( i ) ; d .

chng , s . c . l . , eaton , j . a . , krishnasamy , k . , shepherd , c . r . & nijman , v . 2015 . in the market for extinction : an inventory of jakarta’s bird markets . petaling jaya , selangor , malaysia : traffic .

collar , n . j . , gardner , l . , jeggo , d . f . , marcordes , b . , owen , a . , pagel , t . , pes , t . , vaidl , a . , wilkinson , r . & wirth , r . 2012 . conservation breeding and the most threatened birds in asia . birdingasia 18 : 50–57 .

eaton , j . a . , shepherd , c . r . , rheindt , f . e . , harris , j . b . c . , van balen , s . ( b . ) , wilcove , d . s . and collar , n . j . 2015 . trade - driven extinctions and near - extinctions of avian taxa in sundaic indonesia . forktail 31 : 1 - 12 .

ebird 2016a . steve jones : checklist s24210802 . denpasar , jalan pulau serangan , bali county , nusa tenggara , id . urltoken . accessed 25 th august 2016 .

harris , j . b . c . , green , j . m . h . , prawiradilaga , d . m . , giam , x . , giyanto , hikmatullah , d . , putra , c . a . & wilcove , d . s . 2015 . using market data and expert opinion to identify overexploited species in the wild bird trade . biol . conserv . 187 : 51–60 .

iucn ( 2001 ) iucn red list categories and criteria : version 3 . 1 . gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk : iucn species survival commission .

tobias , j . a . , seddon , n . , spottiswoode , c . n . , pilgrim , j . d . , fishpool , l . d . c . and collar , n . j . ( 2010 ) quantitative criteria for species delimitation . ibis 152 : 724–746 .

this entry was posted in archive , asia , indonesian cagebird trade , taxonomy and tagged bali , cagebird trade , indonesia , java , sumatra . bookmark the permalink .

traffic would like to share information on trade observations of this species , in a bid to quantify and better understand the threat from overexploitation .

gracupica jalla are regularly seen in large numbers in markets in indonesia . 666 individuals were recorded from 44 stalls in three markets in jakarta surveyed in july 2014 ( chng et al . , 2015 ) ( another 116 were gracupica contra floweri ) . furthermore , 242 individuals were recorded from 57 stalls in an inventory of five markets in surabaya , malang and yogyakarta in june 2015 ( chng and eaton , 2016 ) ( 4 more were gracupica contra floweri ) – of these , 2 were observed with closed leg rings . 144 were recorded for sale in bandung in september 2016 ( 2 more were gracupica contra floweri ) – of these , 33 were juveniles , and prices ranging from idr650 , 000 to idr1 million were recorded . it is suspected that most of the gracupica jalla seen in trade are from captive breeding facilities .

reference : chng , s . c . l . & eaton , j . a . 2016 . in the market for extinction : eastern and central java . traffic . petaling jaya , selangor , malaysia .

based on available information , our preliminary proposal for the 2016 red list would be to adopt the proposed classifications outlined in the initial forum discussion .


xyloiulus is an extinct genus of millipede that lived during the late carboniferous which grew up to 2.25 inches ( 5.7 cm ) in length .

fossils of the animal have been found in north america and europe .

the fossils are typically found in sigillarian stumps .

xyloiulus

xyloiulus <EOT> heliminthomorph milliped ( spirobolida , xyloiulidae , xyloiulus ) adult , closeup of midbody region . north america , usa , utah . donor unknown .

helminthomorph milliped ( spirobolida , xyloiulidae , xyloiulus ? ) adult , closeup of anterior end . north america , usa , ? utah . donor unknown .

xyloiulus bairdi pl - holotype . see : hoffman , richard l . 1963 . new genera and species of upper paleozoic diplopoda . journal of paleontology . v . 37 ( no . 1 ) : p . 167 - 174 .

xyloiulus bairdi ; ypm ip 221085 ( holotype ) ; north america ; usa ; ohio ; jefferson county ; dump old diamond mine [ linton mine dump ] , w bank near mouth of yellow creek , & about . 5 mi s of yellow creek village ; donald baird

xyloiulus bairdi ; ypm ip 221083 ( paratype ) ; north america ; usa ; ohio ; jefferson county ; dump old diamond mine [ linton mine dump ] , w bank near mouth of yellow creek , & about . 5 mi s of yellow creek village ; donald baird

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full reference : o . f . cook . 1895 . introductory note on the families of diplopoda , in the craspedosomatidae of north america . annals of the new york academy of sciences 9 : 1 - 9

full reference : j . w . dawson . 1860 . on a terrestrial mollusk , a chilognathous myriapod , and some new species of reptiles , from the coal - formation of nova scotia . quarterly journal of the geological society of london 16 : 268 - 277

hoffman , r . l . ( 1963 ) . new genera and species of upper paleozoic diplopoda . journal of paleontology , 37 ( 1 ) : 167 - 174 page ( s ) : 171 [ details ]

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adult lateral view of whole body . north america , usa , utah . donor unknown .

adult closeup of caudal end . north america , usa , utah . donor unknown .

description : the fossil history of millipedes dates back to the silurian , with some fossil burrows which may be attributed to millipedes having been found in the devonian . since millipedes live in habitats such as moist forest floors , fossilization is a very chancy occurrence . it is thought that they made the transition to fully terrestrial forms early in their evolutionary history . this one has some preserved legs in evidence . the genus was originally named xylobius , but was changed when that name was found to be preoccupied by a eucnemid beetle . the genus ( usually with the incorrect name attached ) was also found in north america and the czech republic .


paraclinus monophthalmus , known commonly as the one-eyed blenny , is a species of labrisomid blenny native to the pacific coast of central america where they occur in shallow waters with plentiful weed growth from costa rica to panama .

this species can reach a length of 8.5 centimetres ( 3.3 in ) tl .

paraclinus monophthalmus

paraclinus monophthalmus <EOT> rosenblatt , r . h . and parr , t . d . , 1969 . , the pacific species of the clinid fish genus paraclinus . , copeia , 1969 ( 1 ) : 1 - 20 .

( of auchenopterus monophthalmus günther , 1861 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .

the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .

a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .

greek , para = the side of + greek , klinein , kline = sloping and bed , due to the four apophyses of sphenoid bone ( ref . 45335 )

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 11482 )

allen , g . r . and d . r . robertson , 1994 . fishes of the tropical eastern pacific . university of hawaii press , honolulu . 332 p . ( ref . 11482 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00479 ( 0 . 00193 - 0 . 01186 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .

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dorsal rays xxviii to xxx , 1 ; anal rays ii , 19 - 21 ; pectoral rays 11 - 14 ; lateral - line scales 36 - 40 ; a distinct spine on upper opercle ; cirri present on nostril , above eye , and on nape ; nape cirrus a narrow triangular flap ; gap between bases of dorsal spines 3 and 4 equal to or greater than distance between dorsal spines 1 and 3 ; first dorsal spine moderately elevated ; membrane between 3rd and 4th dorsal spines usually attached well below midpoint of 4th spine .

greyish with faint dark bars on side ; a black spot on upper part of gill cover ; dorsal fin with broad white margin and ocellus on rear half ; anal fin dark , with thin white margin .

fowler , h . w . , 1944 . , results of the fifth george vanderbilt expedition ( 1941 ) ( bahamas , caribbean sea , panama , galapagos archipelago and mexican pacific islands ) . the fishes . , acad . nat . sci . philadel . , monographs , 6 : 57 - 529 .

galván - magaña , f . , gutiérrez - sánchez , f . , abitia - cárdenas , l . a . , rodríguez - romero , j . , 2000 . , the distribution and affinities of the shore fishes of the baja california sur lagoons . in aquatic ecosystems of mexico : status and scope . eds . m . manuwar , s . g . lawrence , i . f . manuwar & d . f . malley . ecovision world monograph series . , backhuys publishers : 383 - 398 .

günther , a . , 1861 . , catalogue of the fishes in the british museum . catalogue of the acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of the british museum . gobiidae . . . [ thru ] . . . notacanthi . , brithish museum ( natural history ) 3 : 1 - 586 .

günther , a . , 1864 . , on some new species of central american fishes . , proc . zool . soc . london , 14 : 227 - 232 .

jordan , d . s . and evermann , b . w . , 1898 . , the fishes of north and middle america : a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish - like vertebrates found in the waters of north america , north of the isthmus of panama . part iii . , bull . u . s . nat . mus . , 47 : 2183 - 3136 .

jordan , d . s . and gilbert , c . h . , 1882 . , list of fishes now in the museum of yale college , collected by prof . frank h . bradley , at panama , with descriptions of three new species . , proc . u . s . nat . mus . , 5 : 620 - 632 .

jordan , d . s . and gilbert , c . h . , 1883 . , list of the fishes now in the museum of yale college , collected by prof . frank h . bradley at panama , with descriptions of three new species . , proc . u . s . nat . mus . , 5 ( 1882 ) : 620 - 632 .

jordan , d . s . , 1895 . , the fishes of sinaloa . , proceedings of the california academy of sciences ( series 2 ) , 5 : 377 - 514 .

kendall , w . c . and radcliffe , l . , 1912 . , the shore fishes . reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical pacific , . . . by the u . s . fish commission steamer albatross , from october , 1904 , to march , 1905 , lieut . commander l . m . garret , u . s . n . , commanding . xxv . , mem . mus . comp . zool . , 35 ( 3 ) : 75 - 171 .

lopez , m . i . and bussing , w . a . , 1982 . , lista provisional de los peces marinos de la costa rica . , revista de biologia tropical , 30 ( 1 ) : 5 - 26 .

meek , s . e . and hildebrand , s . f . , 1928 . , the marine fishes of panama . part iii . , field mus . nat . hist . , zool . ser . publ . , xv : 709 - 1045 .

i thank ashley macdonald and john pickering , university of georgia , for technical support in building this page .

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elongate , snout bluntly pointed ; cirri present on nostril , above eye ( branched ) , and on nape ( narrow triangular flap ) ; opercle with a distinct spiny projection ; dorsal fin xxviii - xxx , 1 , 1st spine < 10 % of sl , front 3 spines elevated then a deep notch before 4th spine , membrane between 3rd and 4th dorsal spines usually attached well below midpoint of 4th spine ; anal rays ii , 19 - 21 ; pectoral rays 11 - 14 ; pelvic i , 3 ; all fin rays unbranched ; lateral - line scales 36 - 40 ; no skin flaps on scales .

greyish to blackish ; with faint dark bars on side ; a black spot on upper part of gill cover ; dorsal fin with broad white margin and ocellus on rear half ; anal fin dark , with thin white margin ; tail fin clear , with black bar at base .

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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the snake vine moth , ( plusiodonta coelonota ) , is a moth of the family noctuidae .

it is found from india , sri lanka , myanmar , andaman islands , australia , papua new guinea , to south and south-east asia .

plusiodonta coelonota

plusiodonta coelonota <EOT> this research was inspired by the numerous papers of dr . bänziger and his passion for

. the authors thank the florida department of agriculture , division of plant industries , gainesville , fl , for the use of their sem facility and paul skelly for his assistance with the imaging equipment as well as branden apitz for assistance with sem formatting . roland hilgartner and harry fay kindly provided two adult feeding images ( fig .

e , d ) . we also thank harald krenn for suggestions on an earlier review of this manuscript . this project was funded in part by nsf - ddig0807975 ( branham , zaspel ) and nsf - deb0531639 ( weller ) .

bänziger h ( 1969 ) a first record of fruit - piercing noctuid moths in europe . naturwissenschaften 56 : 218

bänziger h ( 1971a ) extension and coiling of the lepidopterous proboscis—a new interpretation of the blood - pressure theory . mitt schweiz entomol ges 43 : 225–239

bänziger h ( 1971b ) blood - sucking moths of malaya . fauna 1 : 3–16

bänziger h ( 1973 [ 1972 ] ) biologie der lacriphagen lepidopteren in thailand and malaya . rev suisse zool 79 : 1381–1469

bänziger h ( 1982 ) fruit - piercing moths ( lep . , noctuidae ) in thailand : a general survey and some new perspectives . mitt schweiz entomol ges 55 : 213–240

species and 2 subspecies ( lep . , noctuidae ) . mitt schweiz entomol ges 59 : 111–138

bänziger h ( 1987 ) biological and taxonomic studies on immature and adult fruit - piercing moths in nepal , with reference to thailand . nat hist bull siam soc 35 : 1–17

spp . ( lepidoptera , noctuidae ) in s and se asia . mitt schweiz entomol ges 62 : 215–233

bänziger h ( 1992 ) remarkable new cases of moths drinking human tears in thailand ( lepidoptera : thyatiridae , sphingidae , notodontidae ) . nat hist bull siam soc 40 : 91–102

( noctuidae ) and notes on the feeding strategies of zoophilous and frugivorous adult lepidoptera . mitt schweiz entomol ges 80 : 271–288

breitenbach w ( 1877 ) vorläufige mittheilung über einige neue untersuchungen an schmetterlingsrüsseln . arch mikrosk anat 14 : 308–317

büttiker w ( 1973 ) vorläufige beobachtungen an augenbesuchenden schmetterlingen in der elfenbeinküste . rev suisse zool 80 : 1–43

büttiker w , krenn hw , putterill j ( 1996 ) the proboscis of eye - frequenting and piercing lepidoptera . zoomorphology 116 : 77–83

clerck ( lepidoptera , noctuidae , catocalinae ) . travaux et documents de l’o . r . s . t . o . m . no . 71 , 322 pp

davis d ( 1986 ) a new family of monotrysian moths from austral south america ( lepidoptera : palaephatidae ) , with a phylogenetic review on the monotrysia . smithson contrib zool 434 : 1–202

evans he ( 1984 ) insect biology : a textbook of entomology . addison - wesley publishing co . , reading , p 436

( hulster ) ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) : a scanning electron microscopic study . ann sci nat 16 : 121–136

fibiger m , lafontaine d ( 2005 ) a review of the higher classification of the noctuoidea ( lepidoptera ) with special reference to the holarctic fauna . esperiana 11 : 7–93

goater b , ronkay l , fibiger m ( 2003 ) catocalinae and plusiinae . noctuidae europeae , vol 10 . entomological press , sorø

grimaldi d , engel ms ( 2005 ) evolution of the insects . cambridge univ . press , cambridge , p 755

hattori i ( 1969 ) fruit - piercing moths in japan . jpn agric res ( quarterly ) 4 : 32–36

heppner jb , lamas g ( 1982 ) acronyms for world museum collections of insects , with an emphasis on neotropical lepidoptera . bull entomol soc am 28 : 305–315

hilgartner r , raoilison m , büttiker w , lees dc , krenn hw ( 2007 ) malagasy birds as hosts for eye - frequenting moths . biol lett 3 ( 2 ) : 117–120 . doi :

holloway jd ( 2005 ) the moths of borneo , parts 15 & 16 ( noctuidae : catocalinae ) , subfamilies euteliinae , stictopterinae , plusiinae , pantheinae . malay nat j 58 : 1–529

holloway jd , kibby g , peggie d ( 2001 [ 2000 ] ) the families of malesian moths and butterflies . in : fauna malesiana handbook , vol 3 . brill , leiden

jack rw ( 1922 ) insect pests of fruits other than citrus in southern rhodesia . rhod agr j 19 : 569–582

kitching ij , rawlins je ( 1998 ) superfamily noctuoidea . in kristensen np ( ed ) handbuch der zoologie 4 ( arthropoda ) , ( 2 ) insecta , ( 35 ) lepidoptera . moths and butterflies , vol 1 : evolution , systematics and biogeography . 351–401 . walter de gruyter , berlin , pp x + 494

krenn hw ( 1990 ) functional morphology and movements of the proboscis of lepidoptera ( insecta ) . zoomorphology 110 : 105–114

krenn hw ( 1997 ) proboscis assembly in lepidoptera - a once in a lifetime sequence of events . eur j entomol 94 : 495–501

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these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .

i am grateful to roberto zucchi for the opportunity to learn a little about trichogramma species in order to prepare this chapter . john pinto kindly corrected a large number of important errors in an earlier draft . without access to john noyes’ universal chalcidoidea database i would never have attempted this summary . the ucd is a resource that has empowered chalcid taxonomists globally .

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check lists for individual taxa that live here , e . g . " birds of alawwa " .

file should be in the following format : taxon name , description , occurrence status , establishment means . csv should not contain a header row . allowed occurrence status values : present , common , uncommon , irregular , doubtful , absent allowed establish means values : native , endemic , introduced