the colorado river toad ( incilius alvarius ) , also known as the sonoran desert toad , is a psychoactive toad found in northern mexico and the southwestern united states .

its toxin , as an exudate of glands within the skin , contains 5-meo-dmt and bufotenin .

colorado river toad

colorado river toad <EOT> a large colorado river toad awaits her next meal beneath a refrigerator unit outside an arizona store .

enter " bufo alvarius " or " the sonoran desert toad " , also sometimes called " the colorado river toad " .

the colorado river toad is a nocturnal toad in the family bufonidae . common names for this species are the colorado river toad and the sonoran desert toad . the first described specimen was a female collected in fort yuma , imperial county , california , in 1855 .

re : new colorado river toads . . . . ( 20 ! ! ! )

new colorado river toads . . . . ( 20 ! ! ! ) - page 2

the colorado river toad is the largest native toad in the united states . it is also poisonous and should not be handled , especially by children .

conduct research necessary to determine the feasibility for successfully establishing the colorado river toad in unoccupied habitat . if feasible , implement a pilot introduction into unoccupied habitat , and monitor the success of methods and establishment of the colorado river toad in unoccupied habitat .

baby colorado river toads are born as tadpoles , but grow quickly into toadlets after about one month .

the historical range of the colorado river toad in california extended along the floodplain of the lower colorado river ( lcr ) and in the southern imperial valley . historically , it was documented on the lcr from fort yuma to the blythe - ehrenberg region . the range likely extended along the lcr to extreme southern nevada , near fort mohave . the lower colorado river multi - species conservation program ( lcr mscp ) planning area is on the western edge of the historical range of the colorado river toad .

the colorado river toad is not federally listed . it is listed as threatened in new mexico . natureserve ranks the colorado river toad as secure on a national and global level . additionally , it is ranked as secure in arizona , imperiled in new mexico , and possibly locally extinct in california .

clay county sheriff ' s deputies said david theiss , of kansas city , possessed a colorado river toad with the intention of using it as a hallucinogenic .

habitat loss and alteration in the lcr region likely have had an impact on colorado river toad populations . extensive use of pesticides after world war ii may have had an effect on this species . nonnative species to the lcr that have an effect on many native species , such as the american bullfrog and the spiny softshell turtle , may also affect colorado river toad populations along the lcr . illegal collection of the colorado river toad for use in the drug trade is also a threat to this species .

" toad smoking , " which is a substitute for " toad licking , " is done by extracting venom from the sonoran desert toad of the colorado river . the toad ' s venom — which is secreted when the toad gets angry or scared — contains a hallucinogen called bufotenine that can be dried and smoked to produce a buzz .

colorado river toad adults are active foragers and feed on invertebrates , lizards , small mammals , and amphibians . colorado river toads have been known to eat beetles , wasps , ants , bees , termites , sun spiders , true bugs , butterflies and moths , spiders , mites , scorpions , grasshoppers , locusts , crickets , millipedes , and centipedes . tadpoles eat algae and aquatic insects . the colorado river toad is able to eat prey that is protected by sting mechanisms or defensive secretions .

the poisons of the colorado river toad ( b . alvarius ) and the giant toad ( b . marinus , also called the cane toad ) affect animals as large as dogs , in some instances causing temporary paralysis or even death . the chinese have long used dried toad poison to treat various ailments . contrary to…

predators include raccoons , possibly birds , other mammals , and reptiles . it has been observed that the defensive posture and skin toxins of the colorado river toad protects it from the striped skunk . it is likely that adult colorado river toads are safe from most predators due to the toxicity of their secretions and their large size .

the habitat conservation plan provides conservation measures specific to each species . listed below are the species specific conservation measures for the colorado river toad . click on the arrows to expand the table .

based on results of research conducted under conservation measures crto1 and within funding constraints of the lcr mscp , protect existing unprotected occupied colorado river toad habitat that is located through the research program .

these are highly endangered are they not ? i might be thinking of another toad species . i ' m from colorado

toad - smoking gains on toad - licking - b . alvarius in the wall street journal

deep toad - a movie filmed in arizona probes the wild world of toad - licking .

and the colorado river toad is a protected species . possession of one can get you prison time if you ' re not an animal / reptile rehab person , or otherwise licensed . . .

adult colorado river toads are carnivorous , meaning they eat other animals . they will eat most anything small enough to fit into their mouths including spiders ,

breeding habitat includes seasonal and permanent pools . preferred colorado river toad habitat is described as damp areas near permanent springs or manmade watering holes . they are also known to utilize artificial water bodies , such as canals , flood control impoundments , stock tanks , water irrigation ditches , and reservoirs . agricultural drains , dam seepages , irrigation canals , and backwaters along the lower colorado river are described as " marginal habitat " for this species . habitat for the colorado river toad when dormant or hiding places during active period includes rodent burrows , rocky outcroppings , or in hollows under watering troughs .

2 . historical versus current abundance . both king ( 1932 ) and cole ( 1962 ) reported colorado river toads as common near tucson , arizona , and west to the colorado river . stebbins ( 1985 ) indicated these toads are widespread throughout the desert . today , while colorado river toads seem to be abundant at many desert localities in arizona , they appear to have declined in new mexico ( degenhardt et al . , 1996 ) and california ( jennings and hayes , 1994a ) .

the colorado river toad , also known as the sonoran desert toad , found in arizona , is toxic to dogs when they lick or swallow it . your pet may also suffer if a toad sits in the dog ' s drinking water for a long enough period . the poison in the toad ' s skin may produce effects ranging from severe discomfort to paralysis and death .

4 . conservation . colorado river toads are listed as endangered by the new mexico department of fish and game ( degenhardt et al . , 1996 ) . jennings and hayes ( 1994a ) commented on the status of colorado river toads and noted that they appear to be extirpated from most or all sites in california and " … some investigators have suggested that colorado river toads are imperiled throughout much of [ their ] range … " in southern arizona , these toads seem to be abundant at many desert localities .

the colorado river toad is currently restricted to the sonoran desert in lowland and riparian areas of southern arizona and adjacent corners of southeastern california , southwestern new mexico , and northeastern baja california , through most of sonora , and to seven miles west of guamuchil , sinoloa mexico . this species is found at elevations ranging from above sea level to 1 mile ( 1600 m ) . the colorado river toad is common throughout its range in arizona but has declined in california and new mexico .

the colorado river toad is a mainly terrestrial toad that occurs primarily in desert habitat , including mesquite / creosote lowlands , but also inhabits arid grasslands , oak - woodland habitat , riparian areas , and pine - oak - juniper forest . this species is found at elevations ranging from above sea level to 1 mile ( 1610 m ) . the colorado river toad has been observed in pine - oak woodlands , characterized by high densities of chihuahua pine , mexican pinyon , alligator bark juniper , and various oaks , and a native grassland in chihuahuan desert scrub . this species has also been observed associated with agave , ephedra , prosopis , slasola , yucca , gutierrezia , and grasses . the colorado river toad may have also expanded its range to agricultural areas when large - scale conversion of native habitat to agriculture took place .

develop and implement a multiyear integrated research program to determine the range , status , habitat requirements , population biology , factors that currently limit colorado river toad abundance and distribution , and factors that have contributed to the decline of the species in the lcr mscp planning area .

hill , willie james . 1961 . the developmental pattern of the colorado river toad ( bufo alvarius girard ) from stage one through twenty . thesis : ( m . s . ) - - arizona state university , 1961 - - biology . - ( 35 pages )

wright ( 1966 ) reported a raccoon slitting the bellies of colorado river toads , avoiding the glandular skin and eating the entrails ; other predators may not have learned this means of feeding on these toads . musgrave and cochran ( 1930 ) report that colorado river toads will " inflate to a remarkable degree and remain in this condition for some time " when disturbed ( see photo in hanson and vial , 1956 ) .

colorado river toads , also called the sonora desert toad , have relatively smooth skin outside of the warts on their back legs . discover facts about colorado river toads with information from a published biologist in this free video on toads and amphibians . expert : dr . alan richmond bio : dr . alan richmond is the lecturer and curator of biology at the university of massachusetts . he is a well - published biologist and has a special interest in reptiles and amphibians . filmmaker : demand media

pretty soon the dept . of animal control will be working with peta in an informant style bust tactic to raid the homes where toad venom is being " manufactured " and sold . most of these homes will be right near the colorado river where the toads are indigenous . = )

the colorado river toad breeds from may through august in ponds , slow - moving streams , temporary pools , or man made structures that hold water . in arizona , it usually breeds in temporary pools formed by monsoon rains . breeding and chorusing activity usually occurred one to three nights following rainfall events . however , it has also been found that while breeding activity is stimulated by rainfall , it is not necessary for reproductive activity . the persistence of the colorado river toad over a 6 - year time period has been observed in the absence of successful breeding through many seasons .

[ via myth - busting cane toads in australia , toad - skin secretions , toad envenoming in dogs , tripping over psychoactive toads . ]

f . home range size . dan beck ( unpublished data ) radio - tracked an adult colorado river toad for a period of 390 d in the tucson mountains , pima county , arizona . during that time activity centered around the release site , although movements of > 400 m were noted in a single day .

clutch size is between 7 , 500 and 8 , 000 eggs per female . eggs are deposited in shallow water in pools . when compared to other frogs and toads , the colorado river toad develops from zygote to hatchling at a remarkably fast rate , taking less than 30 days for an egg to develop into a froglet .

only in rare instances do frogs cause any significant damage . some species ( toads , for example ) produce skin secretions that are toxic if ingested . this does not normally present a problem for people , and pets usually learn to avoid such frogs . a few species ( giant toad , colorado river toad ) produce especially copious or toxic secretions , and there have been cases in which dogs have died after biting them .

r . parasites . goldberg and bursey ( 1991a ) reported four nematodes from the gastrointestinal tract of the colorado river toad ( aplectana itzocamensis , physaloptera sp . , physocephalus sp . , and oswaldocruzia pipiens ) . they also found one species of cestode ( nematotaenia dispar ) as well as a species of nematode from the lungs ( rhabdias americanus ) .

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humans will do pretty much anything . as evidence of this truth , look at toad sucking . this is not a metaphor . toad sucking is a real activity , not an urban myth . it is exactly described . you pick up a toad , insert part of it into your mouth , and suck . but it’s not just any toad that gets sucked , and the toad sucking has a surprising payoff . there’s no clear history of when this practice took off . but one thing is for certain—toad sucking can be serious business .

n . feeding behavior . colorado river toads are active foragers . prey includes beetles , grasshoppers , wasps , centipedes , millipedes , ants , termites , solpugids , spiders , snails , scorpions , great plains toads , couch ' s spadefoot toads , small lizards , and mice ( king , 1932 ; arnold , 1943 ; gates , 1957 ; cole , 1962 ; degenhardt et al . , 1996 ) . colorado river toads will eat almost any prey they can subdue and ingest , including those with defensive stinging capabilities ( cole , 1962 ; degenhardt et al . , 1996 ) .

. " the toad involved is the sonoran desert toad , also called the colorado river toad , and carries the binomial bufo alvarius . it is not the closely related marine toad bufo marinus , as some people have insisted , prompted by the early olmec and mayan iconography . of course the licking myth is newspaper hype - - it is the venom that is active , and it is smoked . when the desert toad is stroked near the parotid glands in the neck region , there is the squirting out of this venom and when it is allowed to dry on a hard surface it takes on the texture of rubber cement . it contains up to 15 % 5 - meo - dmt , as well as n - methyl - 5 - methoxytryptamine ,

fine art illustration of a colorado river or sonoran desert toad . the print is hand - signed by the artist and is guaranteed to arrive in perfect condition . the reproduction of this original pen and ink drawing is done on high quality acid - free archival paper . call 1 800 - 913 - 7906 for more information or to order by phone . click here for shipping info .

colorado river toads are impressive amphibians , the largest toads in the sonoran desert , with an equally impressive diet of insects , including the large palo verde wood borer beetles . each summer we are regularly visited inside our home by some of these toads . one in particular visited us for five consecutive years .

~ albert most , bufo alvarius : the psychedelic toad of the sonoran desert . ( 1984 )

a 21 - year - old man has been accused of using a toad to get high .

the colorado river toad was completed on 3 . 18 . 2012 . the last toad i drew was supposed to be the last one for some time . but as i ' ve started putting together collections of animals for my cafepress store ( here ' s an example ) i needed a desert dwelling amphibian - and the sonoran desert toad fit perfectly , and was a lot of fun to draw to boot . i don ' t plan to draw any more toads in the near future , but if you have a suggestion please send me an email . the drawing is based on a photo by alice abela .

in 1983 , albert most , the founder of the church of the toad of light ( yes that was a real thing ) was a big proponent of the recreational use of the sonoran desert toad ' s poison , and even wrote a booklet titled ; " the psychedelic toad of the sonoran desert " . the booklet explained in great detail how to extract and smoke the toad ' s secretions .

he said some internet sites feature an instructional video on how to extract the toad ' s venom .

presumed hybrids with woodhouse ' s toad have been found in central arizona . ( stebbins , 2003 )

take your dog to a veterinarian if there are unusual symptoms or the dog has eaten the toad .

the last verified record from california was in 1955 , from 7 km north of winterhaven , but there have been reports of records from near the arizona side of the colorado river : near the cibola national wildlife refuge ; on the parker strip in la paz county , arizona ; above the confluence of the gila and colorado rivers in yuma county , arizona ; and along the bill williams river , mohave county , arizona . ( thomson , wright , & shaffer , 2016 ) formerly found in extreme southeast california along the lower colorado river and in irrigated lowlands of the southern imperial valley . it is not known whether toads naturally occured in the imperial valley or if they expanded their range there after the development of agricultural irrigation . ( stebbins , 1951 - thomson , wright , & shaffer , 2016 ) outside of california , the species is found in southern arizona , extreme southwest new mexico , and in sonora and northwest sinaloa , mexico , and extreme northern baja california .

h . aestivation / avoiding dessication . degenhardt et al . ( 1996 ) suggest that large size and smooth skin may predispose colorado river toads to desiccation , but there is no experimental evidence for this . indeed , larger size also means lower surface to volume ratio , thus relatively lower expectation of evaporation . there is no direct evidence for aestivation by the species , and it is not likely that they utilize any form of torpor to any greater extent than other species of bufo . dan beck ( unpublished data ) radio - tracked an adult colorado river toad that remained in the same burrow under a railroad tie from 26 september 1988–17 june 1989 . body temperature during that time ranged from 11 . 7 ˚c–29 . 7 ˚c . it is possible that during part of that period below the surface the toad may have been in a state of torpor or aestivation .

4k big sonoran desert toad , catching pet reptiles & amphibians in az , ca , nm herping hd .

experts said it ' s possible to lick the toad ' s venom glands to achieve psychedelic effects . [

4 . if your toad turns into a prince , stop licking it . you ' ve had enough .

e . adult habitat . colorado river toads occur primarily in deserts , including mesquite - creosote bush lowlands , but are also found in arid grasslands , rocky riparian zones with sycamore and cottonwoods , and oak - walnut woodlands in mountain canyons ( schmidt , 1953 ; fouquette , 1970 ; stebbins , 1985 ; holycross et al . , 1999 ) .

the wart - covered quartet of colorado river toads , or bufo alvarius , began stealing the limelight from their larger , greener cousins on jan . 3 , when the police accused bob shepard , a 41 - year - old teacher at a local nature center , of possession of bufotenine , an illegal hallucinogenic chemical found in the venom of these toads .

anonymous is correct . the venom has to be scraped off after the toad has been angered or made scared .

in 1983 , albert most , the founder of the church of the toad of light [ . . . ]

the colorado river toad ( bufo = incilius alvarius ) is a large mainly terrestrial toad ranging in length from 4 . 3 to 7 . 4 inches ( 110 to 187 mm ) . it has leathery skin that ranges in color from olive brown to black with a few , low rounded bumps and enlarged glands on the back of the limbs . females contain reddish - colored warts in straight lines on the back . tadpoles of this species have a brassy coloration , rounded tail , flattened body , and can reach a size of 2 . 2 inches ( 57 mm ) total length .

the toad lives primarily in the sonoran desert of the united states and northern mexico . it is protected in california and new mexico but not threatened in the state of arizona . it is the largest native toad in north american measuring between 6 - 8 inches in length and the second largest among all toads only to the non - native cain toad .

the colorado river toad is a rewarding species to work with . individuals are very aware and seem almost to recognize their keepers . they are eating machines and individuals should be monitored closely as they tend to become very fat , very quickly . reducing the amount of food per feeding will help . be sure to know your local laws regarding this species . you may be able to avoid some serious persecution by the law with just a simple phone call . do the right thing and be responsible .

it is illegal to have the poison from the toad , called bufotenin , in your possession in the state of california .

since that time there have been numerous deaths reported of people trying to get high from licking toads . most often from the non - native cain toad who ' s poison is significantly more toxic to humans than the sonoran desert toad ' s .

i . breeding migrations . during dry , pre - monsoon periods , colorado river toads seek shelter , often in rodent burrows . with the onset of summer monsoon rains , adults move overland to breeding sites . the extent of these overland migrations has not been investigated . breeding usually occurs on one night , 2 or 3 d following a major rainfall event ( sullivan and malmos , 1994 ) .

as for breeding and selling colorado river toads , good luck ! breeding them in captivity involves injecting ground up pituitary glands from other anura into mature female bufo abdomens to hormonally stimulate ovulation . i ' m still waiting to hear from the university library about my copy of the thesis this info comes from , but even the abstract makes it seem like a hell of a lot of work . . .

the first problem with toad licking is that it isn ' t just any toad that will get you high . the most famous culprit — one that has sent a lot of dogs on bad trips — is the cane toad . it and its general family , the family bufonidae , will secrete the stuff that can be sniffed , injected , or ingested to get people hallucinating .

also see the " textfiles " on toad toxins by david g . spoerke , m . s . , rph . , 1986

clay county prosecutor daniel white said possessing the toad is not illegal , but using it to get high off its venom is .

frog and toad - in the desert by ron harton is a fun and well written piece about amphibian life in the desert .

i have to admit , i am rather jealous ! i have tried to get out feelers on the possibility of getting a colorado river toad into canada and so far , i have been told rather blunty to give up . however , they said that about my pyxies , too , and now i have three of them ! i really love the last picture , of the two toads . . . the one on the left is such a cutie . . . i would pick that one for sure ! ! sigh . . . .

white said that for years people experimented with " toad licking , " and now toad smoking is considered a substitute . to do so , a person heats up the frog ' s venom to break down its toxins and preserve the hallucinogen , which is dried .

it has been several years since we last saw this , our favorite toad , but others of his species visit us each summer .

of course the ( toad ) licking myth is newspaper hype – it is the venom that is active , and it is smoked .

the sonoran desert toad received national attention when a story was published by the new york times in 1994 about a teacher in california who became the first person to be arrested for possession of the toad ' s venom . bufotenin had been outlawed in california in 1970 .

outside of california , this toad inhabits a variety of habitats including grasslands , arid desert lowlands , mountain canyons with oaks and sycamores , and pinyon - oak - juniper mountain forests . found near washes , river bottoms , springs , reservoirs , canals , irrigation ditches , stock ponds , streams , temporary pools , and sometimes away from water sources .

then in 2007 , a man in kansas city , missouri was found with the sonoran desert toad in his possession , and was charged with possession of a controlled substance after they determined that he had intended to use the toad and its secretions for recreational purposes . . .

the conservation status of the species is " least concern " . however , in california the toad is classified as " endangered " and in

police found the toad when they went to a northern kansas city home to investigate a suspected meth lab . they later arrested david s . theiss , 21 , and charged him with three counts of possession of a controlled substance and one count of possessing drug paraphernalia — the toad .

it is the largest toad in north america found most commonly in the sonoran desert of southern california , arizona , new mexico , and mexico .

in 1984 , the first widely distributed description of smoking bufo alvarius toad - venom for its 5 - meo - dmt content came in the form of an extraordinary pamphlet titled “ bufo alvarius : the psychedelic toad of the sonoran desert by albert most ( venom press , denton , texas ) .

whether or not this small south - western underground culture of bufo alvarius toad - venom smoking had anything to do with the birth of the urban myth of cane toad licking the much more common bufo marinus toad is impossible to say , since there seems to be no basis to that the myth , and the few unfortunate youths who have been foolish enough to lick cane toads have done so because they have read reports of it in the media . this confusion between the common bufo marinus and the much rarer though very physically similar bufo alvarius toad may however have a fascinating historical precedent .

because you cant trip off weed . . . people lick colorado river toads to ingest the 5 - meo - dmt out of it ' s excretory sacks . as some of us know , dmt , or dimethyltryptamine is an extremely powerful hallucinogen . people dont get high from licking these toads like people get high from weed . they trip out . kinda like acid , but different . research your shit before you call people stupid and make yourself look like an ass .

mr . elam , who has taken an interest in caring for the toads , had developed some empathy for his wards . " one day you ' re sitting by the river ; the next you ' re a prisoner , being squeezed by a bunch of humans , " he said . " and does your opinion even count ? no . you ' re just a toad . "

as toads go , colorado river toads are relatively easy to care for , much in the same way as you would care for smaller species of bufo only on a larger scale . whereas a twenty gallon long tank my suffice for several fowler ' s toads bufo w . fowleri , bufo alvarius grows considerably larger much quicker and are notably more active , thus requiring a greater amount of space . a 50 to 75 gallon glass terrarium should be fine for two pairs of adults .

my own misadventures in toading are recorded within the pages of my book tryptamine palace which has an entire chapter dedicated to the sonoran desert toad . however what was probably my finest experience of smoking toad venom does not come from that chapter , and was supposed to be the very end of the book .

law enforcement authorities have discovered that people are willing to go to great lengths to get high , including a troubling new method that features a frightened toad .

urltoken urltoken in bc you could go herping and find some western toads ( bufo boreas boreas ) . this toad is a close relative of the california toad ( , bufo boreas halophilus ) the kind i have . mine are great pets and don ' t get humongous , so are easy to house and feed .

and finally , no section on psychedelic experiences would be complete without raiding the erwoid vaults . the following account of smoking bufo alvarius toad venom comes from 2003 .

i wish my cane toad was still alive . i didn ' t know they could tangle themselves upside down in submerged plant roots and drown themselves . : (

it ' s diet consists of just about anything it can fit in its mouth . including just about all insects , spiders , some small rodents , and other kinds of toads and frogs . it is primarily nocturnal , meaning it spends most of it ' s day underground only coming out at night . it can usually be found in other small animal holes , taking shelter from the heat till the night time comes . it is a semi - aquatic toad , meaning that it needs some source of water consistently or it will dry out . they can usually be found in river basins or near reservoirs and ponds . during the winter months it burrows deep underground to stay warm , coming out once the monsoon rains start to flood the river basins in june . the toad is most active from june through august coming out to mate and feed .

the following status listings are copied from the april 2018 special animals list and the 2017 endangered and threatened animals list , both of which are published by the california department of fish and wildlife . if no status is listed here , the animal is not included on either cdfw list . this most likely indicates that there are no serious conservation concerns for the animal . to find out more about an animal ' s status , you can go to the natureserve and iucn websites to check their rankings . check here to see the most current complete lists . special animals list notes : 1 ) formerly bufo alvarius . between 2006 & 2009 the scientific name has been changed to cranopsis alvaria , to ollotis alvaria , to incilius alvarius , back to ollotis alvarius and then back to incilius alvarius . the common name has changed from colorado river toad to sonoran desert toad .

the venom of this toad is classed as a schedule 1 controlled substance under us law and it is illegal to possess the venom . possession of the toad in and of itself is not a crime in the usa , but of the three states where the toad is found in the wild , only arizona allows the species to be collected and then only with an arizona fishing license . however it is against arizona state law to remove the species from the state , fishing license or no fishing license .

every time i see a toad , i say that phrase . . . " i ' m not not licking toads " . . . classic ! oh homer : )

johnson , t . r . talking toad and frog poster and cassette . ( includes 20 frogs found in missouri . ) missouri dep . conserv . , jefferson city .

every once in a while you read of someone who , upon hearing about toad - sucking gives it a go and winds up vomiting tremendously and winding up in a hospital . the concoction produced in bufo toad glands not only contains a hallucinogen , but a mix of other agents designed to make predators sick . dogs oddly enough seem to fare reasonably well , though they can get terrifically spaced out . for people , the best advice is to let toad - sucking remain the stuff of legend , and forget about trying it yourself .

the toad from yuma county , arizona , shown above on the top left , was found one night in august on a road between two plowed agricultural fields next to this agricultural drain northeast of yuma arizona , about 20 miles east of california . the sonoran desert toad utilized similar developed habitat in california along with undisturbed desert habitat before its disappearance in the state ( see the imperial county photos to the left . ) this begs the question , why does this toad still persist in similar agricultural habitat nearby in arizona and not in california ?

i want to make clear that the toad emitting venom in the last photo was under minimal stress - it only hunched up like that during the actual emission ( i believe to protect its own eyes from the venom ) and showed no signs of discomfort before or after the actual emission . this is a long - term captive and tame toad that had little or no fear of humans . finally , the venom was not collected ; this was a demonstration carried out by a zoo official to illustrate the defensive mechanism of this toad species .

in october , a kansas city man was charged with possessing a controlled substance after clay county authorities determined he possessed a toad with the intent to use its venom to get high .

as a defense , sonoran desert toads use their large parotoid glands and other warty glands to excrete poisons that may cause paralysis and even death if ingested by dogs and other small animals . toads assume a butting pose , aiming the parotoid glands at an adversary . they also inflate to increase their body size . skin secretions have hallucinogenic properties . ( this is the toad involved in reports of toad licking or the smoking of dried parotoid gland secretions . some states have passed laws against toad licking or smoking , and classify the secretions of these toads as a controlled substance . )

adults are 4 - 7 1 / 2 inches from snout to vent ( 10 . 1 - 19 cm ) . ( stebbins , 2003 ) the largest toad in california before its presumed extirpation .

even dogs get into the act of sucking and licking toads . npr reported a cocker spaniel named lady , which became addicted to licking toads . lady had to go into doggie rehab . online chat rooms are filled with pet owner comments regarding their toad - licking dogs . in areas of texas where bufo alvarius is abundant , reports of toad - licking dogs acting whacked – out are common .

dark olive green color and leathery skin . they are 110 - 187mm in length . a very large toad with cranial crests , elongate parotid glands , raised warts on hind legs ( robinson 2001 ) .

is carniverous and is known to eat snails , beetles , spiders , grasshoppers , lizards , mice , and other smaller toad species . a long sticky tongue aids in catching prey ( mayhew 1968 ) .

this toad is common in the sonoran desert . it occurs in a variety of habitats including creosote bush desertscrub , grasslands up into oak - pine woodlands , and thornscrub and tropical deciduous forest in mexico .

they are an attractive species to the pet keeper due to their size and surprisingly calm and bold demeanor ( for a toad ) in captivity . they seem to tame much more readily than cane toads (

hi ive been lurking for a while . it bugs me when people get wild caught sonoran desert toads . while they may be found in ca , and nm . most of the wc colorado toad come from arizona . in az with a valid fishing license you can take a bag limit of certain wild amphibians . the law also states that az native wildlife , cannot be sold , bought , or traded . they can only be given away . it ' s also against the law to take az native wildlife outside of the state . now im not saying you guys did anything wrong . i live in az so it bugs me when i see kingsnake ads with sonorans for sale . knowing they are illegaly been taken away from my state . other than that . your pics of your toads are great . sonoran are one of my favorite toads . i currently have a great plaines toad i caught in my backyard . it ' s mansoon season now . breeding season ! theres about 4 different toad species near me . i ' m outside of the range for sonorans though . i ' m hoping i can find another red spotted toad this year .

a large toad with relatively smooth skin , prominent cranial crests , and long parotoid glands behind the eyes . there is a large white wart near the corner of the mouth and large warts on the hind legs .

molecular neurobiology student manuscripts from the university of california at berkeley : toad venom . . . their toxicity & psychoactive effects - student paper in neurochemistry . the history and psychoactivity of bufo toads - student paper in neurochemistry .

is nocturnal and more aquatic than most toad species . it is a solitary species , until the mating season in the summer months when large groups of toads gather at temporary pools to mate . if the toad is molested or bothered , it can secrete a poison which irritates the mucous membranes of most predators . this poison can affect animals as large as dogs , and can cause temporary paralysis or death ( mayhew 1968 , robinson 2001 ) .

laws pertaining to frogs vary from state to state . some rare species ( for example , houston toad , wyoming toad , pine barrens treefrog ) may be fully protected under federal or state laws . seasons and bag limits may apply to other species ( bullfrogs , for example ) . permits to remove frogs that are causing damage are available in some states . contact your state wildlife department to determine the legal status of frogs in your area .

did you know ? that , if the toad is molested or bothered , it can secrete a poison ( toxin is called bufotenine ) , which irritates the mucous membranes of most predators . this poison can affect animals as large as dogs , and can cause temporary paralysis or death . in humans it can cause powerful hallucinations when ingested and in large amounts may even be able to kill a person ( “the psychedelic toad of the sonoran desert” ) .

in their survey of 1994 , jennings and hayes noted that this toad is apparently extirpated from most or all of its sites in california . this is likely due to loss of habitat and to pesticide use brought about by modern agricultural methods . according to a california department of fish and game report , no toads have been collected or observed in california since 1955 . this toad has also declined in new mexico , but is abundant in many parts of arizona .

who ' s posterior is the sheriff ' s dept . licking , in regards to the prosecution of this case ? do you know there is a state park in arkansas named toad suck . makes ya think . . . .

) and a full grown adult makes an impressive display animal that usually isn ' t hiding all the time like most ground dwellings true toads . they are unfussy eaters and an adult sonoran desert toad is quite capable of eating an adult mouse , though these should not consititute a significant part of the toad ' s diet due to the reports of complications in amphibians fed regularly with mice and rats . crickets and cockroaches , both captive cultured , are the best staples . our

no we did not smoke or lick any of these toads . our toad catching was purely innocent at the time and it wasn ' t until afterwards when i researched the toads did we find out they have quite the history to them .

there are large elongate paratoid glands which lie beside and come into contact with the obvious cranial crests . this toad species has a white bump that marks the corner of each side of its mouth . its belly color is soft white . it is not so much a vocal species of toad , its call is rather subdued and sounds much like a short hoot , lasting about a second . in captivity , this species shuffles around frequently and these sounds of activity are often mistaken for snuffling vocalizations .

investigators describe mr . shepard as friendly , intelligent and interested in helping others understand the powers of toad venom . he has even made an informational videotape for those who are prosecuting him , mr . elam said , and has helped guide their research .

toad licking has long been recognized as a stupid , risky way to try to get high . but do you know the biochemistry that determines how stupid and risky it actually , and how high you could get . let ' s squeeze some toads .

if i were you i ' d get a rococco ( spelling ? ) or a marine toad instead - easier to come by , no drug implications , and marines can become very tame ( eating dog food out of a bowl for you ) .

i wonder what the availability is on them in canada ? from what i have read of marine toads , they are poisonous and are a potential threat to native species , which means canada may not let them across the border . maybe i should start looking for a native toad species . i have yet to come across anything remotely amphibian in my own city yet i know they are out there . . . . . a nice canadian toad would suit me just fine ! thanks for the suggestions john .

here is a very random description of smoking toad from one of the true psychedelic pioneers , the spiritual advisor baba ram dass ( be here now ) who was formerly chiefly known as timothy leary’s associate richard alpert , phd . ( the psychedelic experience . )

no doubt thanks to enthusiastic descriptions such as this one albert most’s pamphlet was popular underground reading ( non - pun intended ! ) through out the sonoran desert region . most and his friends even formed an informal “church of the toad of light” that was never officially incorporated , and a small but enthusiastic population of bufo alvarius toad - venom smokers has undoubtedly existed since this time . dried bufo alvarius venom was occasionally sold on the underground market as ‘organic dmt’ venom , and has been reported from los angeles to germany !

raccoons have learned to pull a toad out of the water by its leg and flip it over on its back and start feeding on it ' s stomach , a strategy that keeps the raccoon far away from the toad ' s poison glands . the poison has been shown to be toxic to humans ( only very mildly so ) when consumed orally , but there are almost no poisonous effects when smoked . after inhalation users usually experience a warm sensation , euphoria , and strong auditory hallucinations . no long term effects have been reported .

users “milk” the glands of the toad onto a mirror . when it is dry , the user can either take it orally or smoke it . users who use this drug will have symptoms consistent with a hallucinogenic drug , and many report being high anywhere between one and eight hours .

while smoking toad venom might sound extreme , an even more disturbing method to get high possibly includes sniffing fermented human waste . vicky ward , manager of prevention services at tri - county mental health services in kansas city , said she has read e - mail warnings about a drug called jenkem .

while mr . shepard has also been charged with possession of a handful of other hallucinogenic substances , including mescal cactus , psychedelic mushrooms and lsd , it is the toad venom , which mr . shepard told investigators he had dried and smoked , that has drawn attention in an otherwise routine drug bust .

just as a bonus , toads secrete substances that weaken muscles and cause extreme nausea , too . so the overall effect of toad licking can cause a person to have vivid hallucinations , a racing heart , and muscles too weak to carry their constantly - vomiting body to the bathroom , let alone the hospital .

all that aside , once one has a toad in their possession i don ' t believe they require special permits , unless that crazy bill went through a while ago… a quick search of the cites website didn ' t turn up any references for bufo alvarius . couple other bufo species , but not alvarius .

additionally , the researchers only used twenty - one toads in their study and the level of compounds varied dramatically from one toad to the next . their results from the twenty values give an average of 9 . 8 % of 5 - meo - dmt per gram of dried skin . while the actual level of 5 - meo - dmt contained in the venom may be somewhat higher than this study concluded , the variability in the amount of this compound present in any toad ' s venom may render this conclusion irrelevant in practicality . one may never be completely sure how much of the active compounds are actually present in any given dose . ( see

i cannot tell by what logic we call a toad , a bear , or an elephant ugly ; they being created in those outward shapes and figures which best express the actions of their inward frames ; and having passed that general visitation of god , who saw that all that he had made was good . sir thomas browne , 1642 .

as mentioned above , it is illegal to posses the toad in any state except arizona . in arizona it is legal to posses up to to 10 toads with a valid arizona fishing license . however , if it can be proven that the possession of the toads is for recreational drug use , it would constitute a criminal violation there as well .

like most toads , sonoran desert toads eat anything that it can overtake and capture , mainly a variety of invertebrates , but lizards , mice , and toads have also been observed in its stomach contents . sometimes this toad can be seen sitting at night under a street light , eating passing flying insects . tadpoles are presumed to eat algae and detritus .

after two weeks at 55° f the toads were removed from the cold room and kept three hours at room temperature . they were then injected with 2ml . of beef pituitary extract , dissolved in absolute ethanol . the suspension was drawn into a 5 ml . luer - type syringe , and was injected with an 18 gauge needle . the injections were made with the toad placed with the dorsal region facing the palm of the hand , and the cloacal region pointing towards the finger tips . holding the toad in the above manner with the left hand , the injection was made in the lower left quadrant , about one - fourth inch into the abdominal region . care was taken to avoid injury to vital organs , especially blood vessels .

the main defense of this toad is a poison that it secretes from glands in the skin . although this poison won ' t typically kill an adult human , it can make you very sick if you handle the frog and get the poison in your mouth . dogs can get sick or die if they pick up the frog with their mouths and play with it .


pseudandraca is a genus of moths of the endromidae family .

the genus was previously placed in the subfamily prismostictinae of the bombycidae family .

pseudandraca

pseudandraca <EOT> pseudandraca gracilis ( butler ) ( bombycidae ) taken at kashispa , fukushima pref . , northern honshu

pseudandraca gracilis is a moth in the family endromidae . it was described by butler in 1885 . it is found in japan .

pseudandraca gracilis is a moth in the endromidae family . it was described by butler in 1885 . [ 1 ] it is found in japan .

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chapter 21619 provides bibliographic information on scholary research in the basic and applied life , earth and health sciences .

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proximal - type epithelioid sarcoma vs . malignant rhabdoid tumor of the vulva : a case report , review of the literature , and an argument for consolidation

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proyecto de creacion del parque nacional aconquija ( tucuman - argentina ) . informe no . 4

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warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .

1 department of entomology , south china agricultural university , guangzhou , guangdong 510640 , p . r . china . present address : institute of entomology , college of biosafety science and technology , hunan agricultural university , changsha 410128 hunan , china ; and provincial key laboratory for biology and control of plant diseases and insect pests , changsha 410128 , hunan , china

2 department of entomology , south china agricultural university , guangzhou , guangdong 510640 , p . r . china

corresponding author : ling zeng ( nc . ude . uacs @ gnilgnez ) .

this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .

the six species of the genus andraca walker hitherto known from china are reviewed , and a new species , andraca gongshanensis , sp . n . , described from yunnan province , china . adults and male genitalia of all examined species are illustrated , together with a distributional map . a key to all seven chinese andraca species is provided . the types of the new species are deposited in scau ( south china agricultural university , guangzhou , china ) and hunau ( hunan agricultural university , changsha , china ) .

in the present paper , seven chinese andraca species are reviewed , including the description of one new species andraca gongshanensis , sp . n . the early stages of andraca theae ( matsumura 1909 ) are described in detail . a key to the seven chinese andraca species is provided .

specimens of the new species were collected by light trap . the types of previously described species in the natural history museum , london , uk ( bmnh ) were examined . other materials examined in this study are preserved in scau and hunau . morphological terminology used in descriptions follows lemaire and minet ( 1999 ) .

andraca walker , 1865 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 32 : 581 . ( type species : andraca bipunctata walker , 1865 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 32 : 582 , by monotype . type locality : hindostan , india . )

pseudoeupterote shiraki , 1911 , catalogue insectorum noxiorum formosarum : 48 . ( type species : oreta theae matsumura , 1909 , thousand insects of japan , 1 : 582 , by monotype . type locality : formosa ( = taiwan ) ) . type - species designation by monotype .

forewing weakly falcate . ground color varying from shades of brown to sandy grey .

male genitalia . uncus apically single - pointed to weakly indented ; gnathos with two long , basally broad , upcurved arms ; valvae basally broad , sclerotized , long or medium length ; aedeagus short with apex truncated , cornuti present or absent .

female genitalia ( andraca bipunctata ) . eighth segment curved deeply , ventral margin of ostium bursae extends posteriorly as a broad bilobed plate , ductus bursae sclerotized distal to mid - point , tapering to half width ; distal half unsclerotized with slight torsion , corpus bursae lacking a signum .

andraca species have sometimes been described in mustilia ( e . g . , chu and wang 1993 , 1996 ) , and misidentification has also been frequent ( chu and wang 1993 , 1996 ) . andraca was considered to belong to ‘the mustilia lineage’ of prismostictinae forbes , 1955 ( holloway 1987 ; minet 1994 ; lemaire and minet 1999 ; holloway et al . 2001 ) . our own unpublished work also shows that andraca is close to mustilia walker , 1865 and mustilizans yang , 1995 , based on phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences ( coi + 18s + 28s ) ( wang 2010 ) .

sevastopulo ( 1938 ) described the fully grown larvae of the type species . the larvae are gregarious , have short hairs covering the body , and are often heavily parasitized . pupation is in a thin cocoon of brown silk spun among leaves .

adult male andraca spp . a andraca bipunctata walker , l865 from yunnan b andraca olivacea matsumura , 1927 from guangdong c andraca apodecta swinhoe , 1907 from guangxi d andraca flavamaculata yang , 1995 from guangdong e andraca gongshanensis , sp . n . , holotype , from yunnan f andraca melli zolotuhin & witt , 2009 from guangdong g andraca theae matsumura , 1909 from hunan province h andraca theae matsumura , 1909 from hunan province ( in field ) .

andraca bipunctata walker , 1865 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 32 : 582 . type locality : hindustan , india .

andraca bipunctata walker , 1862 : chu & wang , 1993 , sinozoologia , 10 : 241 .

andraca henosa chu & wang , 1993 , sinozoologia , 10 : 242 . type locality : yunnan , china .

andraca henosa chu & wang : chu & wang , 1996 , fauna sinica insecta , 5 : 55 .

[ china ] 2♂♂ , western yunnan , 2005 - vi - 15 , ming - yi tian leg . ; 2♂♂ , dulongjiang , yunnan province , 2006 - vii - 21 , min wang & xiao - ling fan leg . ; 1♂1♀ , gongshan mountain , yunnan province , 2006 - vii - 22 , min wang & xiao - ling fan leg .

camellia sinensis ( theaceae ) , camellia assamica ( theaceae ) , camellia oleifera ( theaceae ) .

this widely distributed species is rather variable in coloration and size . moore ( 1865 ) described andraca trilochoides from a brighter and grayish individual . this taxon was later synonymized with andraca bipunctata by hampson , ( [ 1893 ] ) , an action that was followed by strand ( 1924 ) .

andraca bipunctata is closely related to andraca angulata kishida , 1993 ( nepal and india : sikkim ) , andraca theae ( taiwan ) and andraca stueningi ( vietnam ) . these four species form the bipunctata group , and share the following characteristics : 1 ) male hindtibia with one pair of spurs ; 2 ) two dorsally - directed projections present on subapical part of valva ; 3 ) external surface of aedeagus partially covered with hair - like spines ; 4 ) a cluster of strong spinose cornuti on vesica .

larvae of andraca bipunctata are well - known serious pests of tea trees , camellia sinensis ( theaceae ) ( banerjee 1982 ; chang 1989 ; chen et al . 1992 ; panigrahi 1995 ; ho et al . 1996 ; upadhyay et al . 2001 ) .

andraca olivacea matsumura , 1927 , j . coll . agric . hokkaido . univ . , 19 : 50 . type locality : formosa ( = taiwan ) , china .

andraca hedra chu & wang , 1993 , sinozool . , 10 : 233 . type locality : hainan , china .

andraca hedra chu & wang : chu & wang , 1996 , fauna sinica insecta , 5 : 58 .

andraca olivacea : owada et al . , 2002 , spec . bull . jpn . soc . coleopterol . , 5 : 464 ; kishida , 1992 , lepidoptera of taiwan , 1 ( 2 ) : 153 .

) . hindtibia with two pairs of spurs ; hindwings with rs and m1 connate . male genitalia (

) : uncus thick and round ; valva simple , basal half broad and terminal half narrow ; distal margin of aedeagus with strong lateral spines ; vesica with a cluster of spinose cornuti .

[ china ] 1 ♂ , shimentai provincial nature reserve , yingde city , guangdong province , 2001 - vii - 24 , min wang & guo - hua huang leg . ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2001 - ix - 22 ; 3 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2002 - vi - 11 , guo - hua huang leg . ; 1 ♂ , nanling national nature reserve , ruyuan city , guangdong province , 2002 - vii - 23 , guo - hua huang leg . ; 4 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2003 - iii - 29 ~ 31 ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2003 - vi - 22 ; 2 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2003 - viii - 7 ; 2 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2003 - viii - 18 ; 5 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2004 - iv - 23 ; 1 ♀ , same data but 2004 - iv - 24 ; 2 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2006 - ix - 18 , liu - sheng chen leg . ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2008 - vi - 7 , min wang leg . ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2008 - vi - 7 ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2009 - iv - 1 , hou - shuai wang leg . ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2009 - viii - 10 ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2009 - iv - 1 ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2009 - viii - 10 ; 1 ♂ , maoershan national nature reserve , xingan city , guangxi province , 2003 - iii - 3 , min wang & guo - hua huang leg . ; 6 ♂ ♂ , jianfengling national nature reserve , ledong city , hainan province , 2003 - xi - 29 ~ 31 , guo - hua huang & min wang leg . ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2007 - x - 23 , min wang leg .

wang ( 1995 ) provide a fine color illustration of a fresh living male . owada et al . ( 2002 ) considered andraca olivacens from fukien ( = fujian ) to the synonym of andraca olivacea , whereas zolotuhin and witt ( 2009 ) treated it as a subspecies thereof . we do not comment further on which of these two alternatives may be the most appropriate status for this taxon because we have not seen the types of andraca olivacens .

andraca apodecta swinhoe , 1907 , ann . mag . nat . hist . , 19 ( 7 ) : 49 . type locality : sumatra , indonesia .

andraca apodecta swinhoe : holloway , 1976 , malayan nature society : 85 ; zolotuhin & witt , 2009 , entomofauna , 261 .

) . head covered with reddish - brown hairs ; forewing with black discal spot , smooth outer margin and apically not falcate . male genitalia (

) : uncus triangular , apical half truncate ; valva with two subapical , dorsally - directed projections ; aedeagus short , curved slightly without cornuti , external surface without hair - like spines .

[ china ] 2♂♂ , jinzhongshan mountain , longlin city , guangxi province , 2007 - vii - 31 , liu - sheng chen leg . .

china ( guangxi , yunnan , fujian , shaanxi ) , vietnam , thailand ( chiang mai , nan ) , indonesia ( sumatra , borneo , sulawesi ) .

the species was first recorded from china ( yunnan , fujian , shaanxi ) by zolotuhin and witt ( 2009 ) and is here recorded from guangxi for the first time .

andraca flavamaculata yang , 1995 , insects of baishanzu mountain , eastern china : 354 . type locality : zhejiang , china .

andraca nabesan kishida & owada , 2002 , spec . bull . jpn . soc . coleopterol . , ( 5 ) : 464 ; huang & wang , 2004 , entomotaxonomia , 26 ( 1 ) : 47 . type locality : cao bang , vietnam .

) . body stout . forewing apex falcate ; outer edge smooth and straight ; tornus almost rectangular . male genitalia (

) : uncus long with apex finger - shaped ; tegumen broad with numerous long setae ; valvae basally broad , strongly sclerotized , apex of valva boot - shaped ; sacculus broad , with a strong dorsal spike ; saccus short and narrow ; aedeagus short but strong and straight , distally with a large number of spines .

[ china ] 2 ♂♂ , nanling national nature reserve , ruyuan city , guangdong province , 2002 - iii - 15 , guo - hua huang leg . ; 2 ♂♂ , same data but 2003 - ii - 23 ; 5 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2003 - iii - 29 ~ 31 ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2003 - viii - 30 ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2006 - ix - 17 , zhen li leg . ; 2 ♂♂ , maoershan national nature reserve , xingan city , guangxi province , 2003 - iii - 03 , min wang & guo - hua huang leg . ; 3 ♂ ♂ , mangshan nature reserve , yizhang city , hunan province , 2003 - iii - 31 , guo - hua huang leg . ; 1 ♂ , jiuwandashan national nature reserve , guangxi province , 2003 - vii - 30 , guo - hua huang leg .

urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : e5dd5fb7 - 554b - 48a6 - 9ef3 - 65f1699e9897

) . antenna bipectinate except apex . wings ground color dark brow with dark brow fasciae and reddish - yellow patterns , which is consisting of antemedian , discocellar , postmedian fascia , and reddish - yellow patterns nearly placed on the wholly wings but termen . forewing apex falcate ; outer edge smooth and straight ; tornus almost rectangular . hindwing with anal margin straight ; outer margin angled at vein m3 , straight above and below this .

) : uncus long with wedge - shaped apex ; tegumen broad ; gnathos very well developed , arms upcurved ; valvae basally broad with many long setae , strongly sclerotized , caudally constricted to a spatulate apex ; sacculus broad , without a dorsal spike ; aedeagus short but strong and straight , distally with a large number of spines .

♂ , gongshan mountain , yunnan province , china , 2006 - vii - 22 , min wang & xiao - ling fan leg . , deposited in department of entomology , scau ; paratypes , 2 ♂♂ , same data as holotype but 2006 - vii - 21 . ; 1 ♂ , same data as holotype but 2006 - vii - 23 ; deposited in institute of entomology , hunau .

the specific epithet refers to the type locality ( gongshan mountain , china ) .

this new species is very similar to andraca flavamaculata , but can be distinguished by the following characters of the male genitalia : andraca gongshanensis , sp . n . with uncus apex wedge - shaped , apex of valva constricted and truncate , sacculus without a strong dorsal spike . and andraca flavamaculata with uncus apex finger - shaped , apex of valva boot - shaped ; sacculus broad , with a strong dorsal spike .

andraca melli zolotuhin & witt , 2009 , entomofauna , suppl . 16 : 262 . type locality : guangdong , china .

) . antenna bipectinate except apex . head thinly covered with brown - green hairs . forewing : apically bluntly pointed ; outer edge smooth and straight , tornus nearly rectangular . hindwings distinctly angled at vein m3 , straight above and below this .

) : uncus bluntly triangular with long hairs ; tegumen broad ; gnathos with two extremely medially swollen arms ; valvae flattened , strongly sclerotized , apex narrower and truncate with a dorsally directed projection from the middle ; saccus short and broad ; aedeagus short , strongly curved , with a compact group of long , thick needle - shaped cornuti on dorsal surface .

[ china ] 2 ♂♂ , nanling national nature reserve , ruyuan city , guangdong province , 2007 - vi - 23 , liu - sheng chen collected larvae and reared to adult .

camellia sinensis ( theaceae ) , camellia oleifera ( theaceae ) , fraxinus pennsylvanica ( oleaceae ) and ternstroemia japonica ( ternstroemiaceae ) , pentaphylax euryoides gardn . & champ . ( pentaphylacaceae ) ( new host record ) .

china ( zhejiang , jiangxi , fujian , guangdong , hainan ) ; vietnam ; thailand .

andraca melli was first described by zolotuhin and witt ( 2009 ) , who also reported on the biology of this species .

oreta theae matsumura , 1909 , thousand insects of japan , 1 : 86 . type locality : formosa ( = taiwan ) , china .

) . head densely covered with dark brown hairs ; antenna bipectinate except apex . forewing apex inconspicuously falcate , exterior margin straight . forewing and hindwing each with a dark discal spot .

) : uncus triangular with apex narrowly spatulate ; tegumen broad ; gnathos elongate , medially inflated ; saccus short and broad ; valvae bifurcate apically ; dorsal margin with a subapical hump ; aedeagus bowed with dense apical spines .

[ china ] 1 ♂ , nanling national nature reserve , ruyuan city , guangdong province , 2003 - iii - 29 , guo - hua huang leg . ; 1 ♂ , same data to the former , except 2003 - viii - 12 , guo - hua huang & de - yu xin leg . ; 2 ♂♂ , taibei city , taiwan province , 2009 - viii - 15 , shipher wu leg . ; 10 ♂♂ , wuyunjie national nature reserve , taoyuan city , hunan province , 2010 - vii - 2 , collected the larvae in the field by mr . hong - chun zhou , got the adults from the larvae bred in the entomological laboratory of hunan agricultural university by dr . guo - hua huang ; 3 ♂♂ , houxi town , huangshan city , anhui province , 2010 - vi - 28 , the adults from the larvae collected in the field and bred in laboratory by dr . guo - hua huang .

this species is widely distributed in taiwan and southern china . the larvae were found on

male genitalia of chinese andraca spp . a andraca bipunctata walker , l865 from yunnan b andraca olivacea matsumura , 1927 from guangdong c andraca apodecta swinhoe , 1907 from guangxi d andraca flavamaculata yang , 1995 from guangdong e andraca gongshanensis , sp . n . , holotype , from yunnan f andraca melli zolotuhin & witt , 2009 from guangdong g andraca theae matsumura , 1909 from hunan province .

the early stages of andraca theae matsumura , 1909 from hunan province a–b eggs c first larvae d third larvae e–f final larvae g–h pupa and cocoon .

we would like to thank mr . shipher wu ( taiwan national university , taibei ) , dr . guo - hua huang and mr . hong - chun zhou ( hunau ) , dr . liu - sheng chen ( shihezi university , china ) , mr . de - yu xin and hou - shuai wang ( scau ) for collecting specimens in the field . many thanks to dr . mamoru owada ( national museum of nature and science , tokyo , japan ) , vadim v . zolotuhin ( state pedagogical university of ulyanovsk , russia ) and andreas zwick ( state museum of natural history stuttgart , germany ) for their kind suggestions and help with the manuscript . we are grateful to prof . james mallet ( university college london , uk ) kindly corrected the language of the manuscript . we thank the late dr . g . s . robinson and mr . k . tuck ( the natural history museum , uk ) for checking the types . this work was supported by scientific research fund of hunan provincial education department ( 10b048 ) and the natural science foundation of china ( no . 31100482 ) .

entomological results from the swedish expedition 1934 to burma and british india . lepidoptera : saturniidae , bombycidae , eupterotidae , uraniidae , epiplemidae und sphingidae

effects of temperature on development of the egg stage of the tea bunch caterpillar andraca bipunctata walker .

studies on a granulosis virus of the tea bunch caterpillar andraca bipunctata [ lep . : bombycidae ] and its utilization .

in : heppner jb , inoue h . ( eds ) . lepidoptera of taiwan 1 ( 2 ) : checklist .

ho hy , tao yt , tsai rs , wu yl , tseng hk , chow ys . ( 1996 )

isolation , identification , and synthesis of sex pheromone components of female tea cluster caterpillar andraca bipunctata walker ( lepidoptera : bombycidae ) in taiwan .

. malayan nature society , kuala lumpur : [ viii ] + 264 pp .

in : kristensen np . ( ed ) . lepidoptera , moths and butterflies .

1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology 4 ( 35 ) , walter de gruyter , berlin & new york

a generic revision of the japanese bombycidae , with description of a new genus ( lepidoptera ) .

owada m , kishida y , thinh th , jinbo u . ( 2002 )

fungus cordyceps militaris ( fries ) link infestation in the pupa of the tea pest andraca bipunctata walker .

in : wu h . ( ed ) . east hill zukun hundred insects .

zwick a , regier jc , mitter c , cummings mp . ( 2011 )

increased gene sampling yields robust support for higher - level clades within bombycoidea ( lepidoptera ) .

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here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word prismostictinae . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word prismostictinae and , of course , prismostictinae synonyms and on the right images related to the word prismostictinae .

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endromidae is a famiwy of mods . it was wong considered to be a monotypic famiwy , containing just one species , de kentish gwory , endromis versicowora , found droughout de pawaearctic region [ 1 ] . the famiwy now consists of severaw genera and about 30 species , aww former members of de famiwy bombycidae .

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