agamyxis pectinifrons , the spotted talking catfish , spotted raphael catfish or whitebarred catfish , is a species of thorny catfish found in the amazon basin where it has been recorded from bolivia , brazil , colombia and peru .

this species grows to a length of 15 centimetres ( 5.9 in ) sl .

agamyxis pectinifrons

agamyxis pectinifrons <EOT> agamyxis : with ( very ) much slime . pectinifrons : with a comb on the forehead , ( probably refers to the toothed dorsal fin spine . )

table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of agamyxis pectinifrons are found here .

agamyxis : from the greek agan , meaning much , and myxa , meaning mucus ; in reference to the mucus produced by the fish .

fuller , p . , 2018 , agamyxis pectinifrons ( cope , 1870 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 3 / 1 / 2009 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018

his month we concentrate on a very weird member of the doradidae family , namely the " spotted talking catfish " agamyxis pectinifrons . this catfish has been in the hobby for many years and is sometimes overlooked in the quest for the more gaudy colours of the members of the loricariidae family , i . e . the l - numbers , but as you can see in the picture below it can even rival them in the colourful stakes .

there are two species in this genus , the aforementioned a . pectinifrons and a . albomaculatus ( peters , 1877 ) . a . pectinifrons is found in ecuador and peru while a . albomaculatus is only found in venezuela . there is not a great deal of differences as far as i can see in the 2 species apart from maybe albomaculatus being a bit slimmer and having more spots . there also seems to be a different pattern in the caudal fin . the first thing you notice is the weird shape reminiscent of the " hunchback of notre dam " and old specimens can get very hunchbacked in their advancing years . this is a very long lived species with reports of 17 years longevity and are very hardy to boot ! .

doradids are often referred to collectively as ‘talking catfishes’ in reference to the fact that many of them are able to produce audible sounds . in some genera ( e . g . acanthodoras , agamyxis ) these are produced via stridulation of the pectoral spines within their sockets , with the pelvic girdle possibly involved in projection of the resultant noise . the ‘elastic - spring apparatus’ is also used to produce sound , this comprising a highly - specialised arrangement of the parapophyses of the fourth vertebrae , the swim bladder plus associated muscles and ligaments .

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a basic setup for the " spotted talking catfish " would be a not too brightly lit aquarium with bogwood or equivalent for them to hide away in the roots or in the crevices of carefully stacked stonework . substrate is not a great issue with either rounded gravel or sand . a regime of monthly water changes should keep this catfish happy for many years .

it is very nocturnal as are most members of this family and you must be aware of their pectoral spines as they can lock them and if your fingers are in the road it can be mighty painful ! . if catching this species for any reason you must not use a net as their spines will get hopelessly entangled . a better method is to lower a container to scoop it up in . if you must handle this fish , make sure that you grasp it forward of the pectoral spines in the head area . in common with most of the doradidae family when out of the water , it can create a sound by grating its fin bones in each socket and amplifying the noise via the swim bladder , which is one reason why it commands the common name of the spotted talking catfish

d 1 / 5 ; a 1 / 11 ; p1 / 5 . dorsal spine toothed on both anterior and posterior surfaces . spinous scutes confined to the posterior half of the body . 3 pairs of barbels . caudal shape , truncate .

dark brown to blue - black , with numerous pale blotches / spots on the head and body . underside somewhat paler , similarly marked . fins dark , with pale stripes and spots which may run together to form transverse bars . old individuals are almost uniformly dark brown with white blotches on the belly .

good community catfish although very nocturnal . may eat very small fish or fry on night time forages .

no reports on the breeding of this species in captivity but may lay its eggs in floating plants in its natural habitat .

a good practice is to drop tablet food at dusk , in the area where it resides . it will eat a wide variety of foods including flake , and frozen foods such as bloodworm .

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this is another fish that can destroy a good net when attempting to transfer them . although it can be a bit painful , it is possible to move this fish by hand . this is best practiced with small fish and rubber gloves initially , but seasoned pros can literally pluck these fish from underneath a rock . you must get a finger between each pectoral fin and the catfishes body with your thumb above the head . due to a reflex driven defensive mechanism the fish will lock its pectoral fins , trapping your fingers ! i recall reading that this action is used by the fish when caught to make itself as difficult to swallow as possible . the fish will remain locked to your fingers until you transfer it and submerge it once again when it will release and dart off to the nearest dark refuge .

whether you transfer the fish by this or more conventional methods you will probably hear why it is called a talking catfish during the transfer . the fish emits a high pitched croaking noise which can be surprisingly loud . the fish achieves this by grinding the base of its pectoral fin bone against its shoulder bone ; much like the noise you can make by grinding your teeth , but louder ! most , if not all , of the 80 - 100 members of the family can " talk " in this manner . amongst these are some true giants ( 4ft + ) which i would very much like to hear .

copyright information for the images used in this article can be found on the species ' full cat - elog page .

150mm or 5 . 9 " sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .

the light coloured spots that make this fish so attractive range from brilliant white to pale yellow in different batches of imports .

will eat any food that reaches it . bloodworm and sinking catfish tablets are best as they can be ' ' aimed ' ' at the fishes daytime hide - out .

needs a dark refuge , but smaller individuals will spend the day in dense vegetation just as happily .

some details , although sketchy . seems to be a bubble nest builder or at least lay its eggs on floating vegetation at the water surface .

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the type locality is given as ‘pebas , equador’ by cope ( 1870 ) but this apparently refers to the settlement of the same name located east of the city of iquitos in loreto region , northern peru , an area once disputably claimed by ecuador . the precise extent of its natural range is a little unclear , though it appears restricted to parts of the amazon basin in bolivia , brazil , colombia and peru .

this species is found in various habitat - types but shows a preference for slow - moving or still waters with an abundance of submerged or floating structures , among which it conceals itself during daylight hours . the whitewater caño yarina , a tributary of the río pacaya located close to the confluence of the ríos marañon and ucayali represents a typical biotope . the main channel is around 100 m wide although the surrounding terrain is inundated for the majority of the year with a short period of low water between july and september with flooded forest comprising 85 % of the area . where there is open water , around 40 % of it is covered by ‘floating meadows’ consisting of rafts of macrophytes which tend to form most thickly around lake and stream margins .

the conditions in caño yarina are typical of amazonian whitewaters with dissolved sediment reducing visibility and the water stained darker during the high water period due to decomposing organic materials . plant species involved in the formation of floating meadows mostly include polygonium sp . , pistia stratiotes , eichhornia crassipes , paspalum sp . and an unidentified leguminous species , with others including unidentified members of the genera azolla , neptunia , ludwigia , salvinia , utricularia and echinochloeta .

during an expedition conducted by the swedish museum of natural history in 1981 this species was collected from a ‘ floating meadow ‘ near pebas alongside numerous other species including bunocephalus coracoideus , trachelyopterus galeatus , lepthoplosternum altamazonicum , anadoras grypus , oxydoras niger , pterodoras granulosus , leiarius marmoratus , sorubim elongatus , pseudorinelepis genibarbis , apistogramma agassizii , a . eunotus , apistogrammoides pucallpaensis , cichlasoma amazonarum , heros efasciatus , hypselecara temporalis , mesonauta mirificus , prochilodus nigricans and rivulus ornatus plus unidentified species of farlowella , pimelodus , pyrrhulina , mylossoma and gymnotus .

best maintained in a dimly - lit set - up with a soft , sandy substrate and plenty of cover in the form of aquatic vegetation , tangles of driftwood or artificial caves of some kind . bright lighting isn’t really appreciated since this species is largely nocturnal by nature .

this species is an omnivorous generalist and will accept most commonly - encountered prepared and frozen foods . a varied diet comprising good quality , dried , sinking pellets or tablets supplemented by regular meals of live or frozen bloodworm , tubifex , mosquito larvae , etc . is ideal , and the occasional whole or chopped earthworm will provide valuable additional protein .

non - aggressive though adult individuals may consume very small fishes . it makes an excellent addition to a medium - to - large - sized community of amazonian species alongside peaceful characins , cichlids and other catfishes , for example . it’s gregarious by nature so will display more natural behaviour when kept in a group of 4 or more specimens , though can be maintained individually if you wish , and it will also group together with similarly - looking relatives such as platydoras armatulus , acanthodoras spinosissimus , and amblydoras hancockii .

no reports of breeding in the hobby other than via the use of hormones to artificially induce the process .

this species , which may also be referred to by the alternative vernacular names ‘spotted raphael’ , ‘white - spotted’ or ‘white - barred’ catfish , is very common in the trade and despite its adult size is recommended to beginners and experienced aquarists alike since it is hardy , attractive and relatively - long - lived . the light body markings are highly variable in terms of exact placement and may be either white or pale to darkish yellow in colour .

it is very similar in appearance to the congener a . albomaculatus with the most useful distinguishing character seemingly represented by collection locality since the latter is known only from the río orinoco drainage in venezuela . both species are probably sold under the same trade names .

members of the family doradidae can be distinguished from all other siluriformes by possession of a unique infranuchal scute , a dermal bone consisting of an elongate plate formed by expansion of a ligament located between the posterior nuchal plate and the rib on the sixth vertebra . this feature is associated with the lateral line canal and represents the first in a series of prominent midlateral scutes exhibited by most doradids . there are two major lineages recognised within the family , one with simple barbels and a comparatively flattened head , the other with fimbriate barbels and a relatively deep head .

within the order siluriformes doradids are most closely related to the family auchenipteridae , most commonly referred to as ‘driftwood’ catfishes by aquarists , and these two were grouped together in the superfamily doradoidea by sullivan et al . ( 2006 ) . in their molecular phylogenetic analysis doradoidea appeared to form a sister group pairing with the family aspredinidae ( banjo catfishes ) with this constituting a significant departure from earlier hypotheses in which the african family mochokidae and asian sisoridae were assumed to be most closely - associated with doradids and aspredinids , respectively . the authors stopped short of naming this putative aspredinidae - doradoidea clade , for the time being at least , ostensibly because certain prominent theories of fish biogeography would require substantial re - assessment if it were accepted .

take care when netting doradids for any reason since the pectoral fin spines and body scutes easily become entangled in the mesh of standard aquarium nets and can break human skin in many cases .

cope , e . d . 1870 - proceedings of the american philosophical society 11 : 559 - 570 contribution to the ichthyology of the marañon .

correa , s . b . , w . g . r . crampton , l . j . chapman and j . s . albert . 2008 - journal of fish biology 72 : 629–644 a comparison of flooded forest and floatingmeadow fish assemblages in an upper amazon floodplain .

ferraris , c . j . , jr . 2007 - zootaxa 1418 : 1 - 628 checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types .

ortega , h . and r . p . vari . 1986 - smithsonian contributions to zoology 437 annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of peru .

reis , r . e . , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . 2003 - in : checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america doradidae ( thorny catfishes ) .

swedish museum of natural history . 1999 - ichthyology section , department of vertebrate zoology , swedish museum of natural history , stockholm , sweden . nrm ichthyology collection database .

greek , agamai = to admire , to astonish + greek , myxo = mucus ( ref . 45335 )

freshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 5 . 8 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : ? - 20 . tropical ; 20°c - 26°c ( ref . 1672 )

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 37054 )

sabaj , m . h . and c . j . ferraris jr . , 2003 . doradidae ( thorny catfishes ) . p . 456 - 469 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 37054 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01413 ( 0 . 00605 - 0 . 03300 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 21 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 8 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 19 of 100 ) .

an unusual species of catfish that despite its look makes a peaceful community species for larger sized fish .

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we have two large iridescent sharks we are looking to find another home for . our tank is too small and they are very large . do you have a big tank ? do you know they can grow 3 - 4 feet ? where are you located ?

looking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .

i ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . any idea where i can get one ?

i have one of these spotted raphael catfish . i never knew what he was until this evening after searching online . i ' ve had him for ten or more years . we ' ve always . . . ( more ) nikki

is a very pretty fish . the body is a dark brown to blackish color adorned with an irregular pattern of small spots that can range from brilliant white to pale yellow . the fins are dark too , with both spots and stripes that may run together forming crosswise bars . this striking white - on - black patterning makes it very attractive and desirable , yet no two look fish look exactly the same !

this fish is a member of the doradidae family . due to its spotted appearance and its ability to vocalize it ' s also commonly known as the spotted talking catfish . it will produces sounds , " croaks " or " clicks , " by rubbing its pectoral fins across grooves in the shoulder , usually heard when removing it from its tank . a few other descriptive common names it is known by include white spotted talking catfish , white spotted doradid , white - spot dorydid , talking catfish , and thorny catfish .

the doradidae family as a group is known as thorny catfish , which is actually a very appropriate descriptive name . they are tough skinned catfish with a well - developed nuchal shield in front of the dorsal fin and bony lumps , forming thorny scutes , along the lateral line . this family is also called " talking catfish " because they can produce audible sounds by rotating their pectoral spines in their sockets . this particular doradid catfish is also one of the " rafael catfish " . another well known rafael is the

the spotted raphael catfish is very hardy and tolerant of most water conditions . it makes a great choice for a beginner or any other aquarist . being nocturnal , it is a bit shy and will look for a nice comfortable hiding place during the day . like the raphael catfish , it likes to burrow in the soft river bottom in the wild , so provide a corner of fine gravel or sand . they also like to wedge themselves into tight spaces , so some hiding places in the hollows of roots or driftwood are appreciated .

they will not harm plants , in fact some floating plant cover will help keep the tank dimly lit , which keeps them happy . if plants are provided , as juveniles they will spend their day in the vegetation . they will start to come out in the evening as it gets dark , to scavenge along the bottom of the tank for tasty morsels . to get the best viewing of these fish , you can add some moonlight led ' s to the tank and watch this little cleaner come to life .

the spotted raphael is a peaceful catfish and does well in a community aquarium . its an excellent companion with most other medium to large fish , only very small fish may get snacked on . with its armored thorny protection it can even be kept with more aggressive tankmates . south and central american cichlids , larger characins , pimelodus , and trichogaster are all good choices . it can be kept singly , but in the wild this is a gregarious species , and a group of 4 or more can be happily kept in a good sized aquarium . it will also school with similar looking catfish relatives .

thorny catfish have a strong first spine on their pectoral fins , which can be used as a defensive weapon . they tend to stick out these side spines out in a very rigid manner , especially when stressed . to catch them it ' s best to use a glass container or plastic bag as these spines can easily get caught in a net . trying to get them untangled is not only stressful , but a bit dangerous . a prick from the spines of this fish is quite painful !

was described by cope in 1870 . they are found in the amazon basin , occurring in bolivia , brazil , colombia , and peru . they are not listed on the ucn red list of endangered species . other common names they are known by are spotted talking catfish , white spotted talking catfish , white spotted doradid , white - spot dorydid , talking catfish , and thorny catfish .

it is one of the " rafael catfish " . other rafael ' s include three almost identical striped species with each originating from different localities , the raphael catfish

it belongs to the doradidae family , which are known as thorny catfish . these are tough skinned catfish with a well - developed nuchal shield in front of the dorsal fin and bony lumps , forming thorny scutes , along the lateral line . this family is also called " talking catfish " because they can produce audible sounds by rotating their pectoral spines in their sockets . the doradidae family is by no means the only types of catfish that can make vocalizations , the squeaker catfish of the mochokidae family are also noted as being very vocal .

. unlike the spotted talking catfish , it is not suitable for a community aquarium as it will eat smaller fish . another is the painted talking catfish

. this is a very pretty with an almost paisley type design in its patterning , and it is also a very peaceful fish that does well in a community aquarium .

spotted raphael catfish are found in a variety of habitats but seem to be most comfortable in slow to still moving water with a lot of plants and roots for concealment . during the rainy season these fish will normally migrate into the flooded food rich forests . in the wild they feed on crustaceans , worms , insects , and plant matter .

groups - they are gregarious in nature and will school with their own kind and with other similar - looking relatives .

the spotted raphael catfish have a cylindrical , arrow - shaped body with a flattened belly . females are more full bodied than males . they can reach up to 5 . 9 inches ( 15 cm ) in length . they are known to have a lifespan of about 10 years , however hobbyists have reported them living up to 15 to 20 years .

these catfish have a large head with small eyes . the mouth is large and there are three pairs of barbels , one on the upper jaw and two on the lower . as with all in its genus , they are tough skinned catfish with a well - developed nuchal shield in front of the dorsal fin . bony bony lumps form thorny scutes along the lateral line .

the dorsal fin stands erect and they have a strong first spine on their pectoral fins . they are called " talking catfish " because they have the ability to produce audible sounds by rubbing their pectoral fins across grooves in the shoulder . this sound is amplified by the swim bladder . croaks or clicks will often be heard when removing them from their tank .

the pectoral spines can be extended out to the side in a very rigid manner and be used as a defensive weapon . these spines can easily become entangled in a net . untangling them is stressful to the fish and a bit dangerous for the keeper , as a prick from these spines can be quite painful .

the body color is a dark brown to bluish - black with an irregular pattern of small spots that can range from brilliant white to pale yellow . the fins are dark too , with both spots and stripes that may run together forming crosswise bars . their bellies are normally lighter in color with similar spots . as these catfish age they become more of a solid darker color with a white underside . no two look fish look exactly the alike .

. in fact these two are so similar in looks that to distinguish them , you need to know where they are collected . the spotted raphael is from the amazon basin in bolivia , brazil , colombia and peru , while the spiny catfish has a very restricted occurrence , known only from the río orinoco drainage in venezuela .

10 years - they have an average lifespan of 10 years , however in captivity they have been known to live as much as 15 to 20 years .

the spotted raphael catfish is fairly hardy , making it a great choice for a beginning fish keeper . they are fairly small and and not very picky about what they eat . these are bottom scavengers that do a great job cleaning the tank .

their water requirements are very easy to meet and their temperament is of a peaceful nature , making them good community fish . there is not usually much of a need to upgrade to a bigger tank as much as it is with some of the larger catfish , unless you want to increase the number of fish you ' re keeping . they do have sharp spines on the dorsal fins and so should be transported using a glass or plastic container rather than a net .

the spotted raphael catfish are omnivores and not fussy terms of feeding . in the wild they will feed on a variety of crustaceans , worms , insects , and plant matter . they are bottom feeders , and in the aquarium they will eat any food that reaches them . feed them daily , being nocturnal they prefer to be fed right before or after the lights are turned off on the aquarium .

to keep a good balance give them high quality sinking pellets everyday , along with freeze - dried bloodworms and tubifex . they will also eat all kinds of live , frozen , and prepared foods , including flakes , that have sunk to the bottom . protein foods are important for them , so the occasional whole or chopped earthworm is good as a regular treat . they will eat snails , so can be employed to clean up a snail overpopulation , as long as the aquarium ' s conditions are suitable for this fish .

omnivore - they do eat some plant matter in the wild , but protein is the main staple of their diet .

yes - they will eat any foods that reach the bottom of the aquarium .

daily - this fish is nocturnal and prefers to be fed right before or after lights out in the aquarium .

these are hardy fish that tolerate most water conditions . in the wild the shallow flood waters of its homeland can cool off drastically at night , and they then tolerate temperatures as low as to 15° c for a short period . but extremes should be avoided in the aquarium to avoid stress and illness .

they are very low maintenance and their tank only requires water changes of 30 % a month . there really isn ' t much that needs to be done for the easy going catfish . this is one of the catfish that have sharp spines not only on the dorsal fins but on the pectoral fin as well . it is better to capture them in a glass or plastic container for transport .

monthly - these low maintenance fish only require water changes of 30 % a month .

the spotted raphael catfish are moderately sized fish . they need a minimum sized tank of 35 gallons , with 45 gallons or more being better . they tend to be nocturnal , getting most active in the evening and nighttime when they come out to scavenge for food . they may seem shy during the day , spending much of their time hiding , but once they are comfortable they will come out for a swim around . as with most catfish they enjoy well oxygenated waters and this can be accomplished using an undergravel filter and a powerhead . they prefer slightly acid water with low hardness .

provide a dimly lit setup with hiding places . plants , twisted roots , and driftwood are the best decor . they will not harm plants and will appreciate some in floating cover as well , to help reduce the light . when young they tend to hide in dense vegetation , but they also like to wedge themselves into tight crevices and to burrow . provide a sandy or fine gravel bottom with at least one corner without plants .

35 gal ( 132 l ) - a 35 gallon tank is minimum , but 45 gallons or more is better , especially for a larger community .

the spotted raphael catfish are peaceful bottom scavengers . they are a good community fish and are friendly with other medium to large community tank mates , avoid fish that are so small they could be considered food . they can be kept singly , but they have a gregarious nature and enjoy being in groups of 4 or more . they will also school with similar looking catfish relatives . with its armored thorny protection it usually be kept with more aggressive tankmates . south and central american cichlids , larger characins , pimelodus , and trichogaster are all good choices .

no - although not venomous , the spotted raphael catfish is armed with a set of spines sharp enough to do damage to the aquarists hand .

yes - this fish is gregarious and enjoys the company of its own kind , keeping 4 or more is recommended .

monitor - can usually be kept with semi - aggressive and even aggressive fish such as cichlids .

threat - is aggressive - the raphael catfish are sometimes used to rid an aquarium of snails .

the spotted raphael catfish has rarely been bred in captivity other than artificially with the use of hormones . some spawning success has said to have happened , but reported as being accidental and there is little information is available .

it is believed that they may be a bubble nest builders in nature , with eggs laid among floating plants . it has been reported that other species of small doradidae could be called nest builders . in the tank they may gather up general debris or find an area with old leaf litter and tidbits of wood , and try to hide beneath it . then other fish of the same species will tend to swim around this " nest . " but whether they had a successful spawn has not been reported . for information on the breeding of catfish in the aquarium , see : breeding freshwater fish : catfish .

the spotted raphael catfish are fairly hardy when mature , but are subject to the same diseases as other tropical fish . disease is not usually a problem in a well maintained aquarium and these catfish are very resilient . the most common problem that happens to this fish are injuries from netting and transportation . take great caution when catching and removing this fish . high nitrate levels can also cause these catfish to develop infected barbels ; this makes it difficult for them to navigate and eat normally . maintain nitrate levels below 20 ppm through regular water changes .

because they are a scaleless fish , catfish can be treated with pimafix or melafix but should not be treated with potassium permanganate or copper based medications . malachite green or formalin can be used at one half to one fourth the recommended dosage . take care when treating disease as the

the best way to proactively prevent disease is to give your fish the proper environment and give them a well balanced diet . the closer to their natural habitat the less stress the fish will have , making them healthier and happy . a stressed fish will is more likely to acquire disease . anything you add to your tank can bring disease to your tank . not only other fish but plants , substrate , and decorations can harbor bacteria . properly clean or quarantine anything that you add to an established tank so not to add new diseases to the tank . for information about fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .

the spotted raphael catfish , also commonly called the spotted talking catfish , is readily available at pet stores and online , and is reasonable in price .

lee finley , catfishes : the complete guide to the successful care and breeding of more than 100 catfish species , t . f . h publications , inc . 2003

dr . rüdiger riehl and hans a . baensch , aquarium atlas vol . 1 , publisher hans a . baensch , 1991

i have one of these spotted raphael catfish . i never knew what he was until this evening after searching online . i ' ve had him for ten or more years . we ' ve always called him the screamer because he would screw when taken out of the water . anyway , this guy , or girl ? , has literally lived it ' s entire life inside a ceramic hide . it would grow too fat to get out , we ' d break it out eventually and it would go into another one . it ' s never swam around . the other dy we broke him out again and made sure there wasn ' t anything else for him to get stuck in . i ' m interested to see if he starts to swim around finally . he is currently snug between some rocks . he can definitely get out though if he wants .

they don ' t move around much during the day . i ' ve had a striped raphael for quite a long time and got the spotted one a year ago . they hide all day until night . i thought for sure my spotted one was stuck in a piece of driftwood . i tried like hell to get him out but couldn ' t . two nights later after i feed the tank and turned lights off here he comes wiggling out of the wood . i used to have ceramic hides but a friend of mines striped cut his soft belly on a one and got an infection and died so now i only use driftwood and rocks ( smooth ) .

i have a raphael and he is indeed my favorite fish . believe it or not , i have had him for more than 30 years ! ! i bought him as a tiny baby about 1980 . he has outlived all other tankmates and even a disasterous event that killed every other fish in the tank for an unknown reason . he is quite large and loves to hide in a cave all the time . does anyone know how long these fish live ?

at least two years prior to giving him to me . i gave my community tank to my brother when i went away to college . all his fish died except for the raphael . he then gave him to a neighbor who had a large cichlid tank . the neighbors fish all died except for the raphael . by this time i had moved back to the area and took the fish back . he ' s been doing great ever since . there have been a few times when i was moving him that i thought he was dead , since he did not swim or move at all , and he just layed upside down at the bottom of the bucket . seems like he was in some kind of suspended animation . this is my favorite fish , even though he doesn ' t move much during the day . he ' s had hundreds of tank mates over the last two decades and he ' s outlasted them all .

update , 9 years later and my spotted raphael is still going strong . he is at least 27 years old now . he still perks up whenever i drop food in the tank and he seems as healthy as ever . it ' s amazing that an aquarium fish can live this long .

hi community ! my spotted raphael was purchased in chico ca when i was a whole three years old . she ' s still doing strong to this day , which surprised be at first , considering i ' m currently 22 and i ' ve moved states twice .

knowing nothing about keeping a fish , i kept her in a 20 gallon tank her whole life with a log in the back , with enough room to enter / exit from either side . she ' s roughly four and a half inches long and very fat .

she ' s extremely social , has never attacked my water snails or clams ( large invasive canal snails / clams ) , and always , without fail , eats anything i drop next to her log - even during the day . she ' s currently 20 years old and stil going strong .

i really think it ' s due time the article be updated to show they live at least an average of 15 / 20 years , considering the other comments i ' ve read . anyway they ' re amazing fish , and having read the comments and article , i ' ll be upgrading to a 45 gallon tank and attempt to find another spotted raphael for her to be friends with .

thank you for your story , and the great info . we have updated the article to include the longer lifespan that is possible in captivity .

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the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .

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citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .

contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .

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aquascaping - aquarium ideas from petfair 2013 , łódź , poland , pt . 6

it is not possible to visually sex this fish and there have been no records of it being bred in captivity .

this fish is generally peaceful towards similar sized or larger fish but can pose a threat to smaller fish .

this fish is generally nocturnal , young fish may venture out during the day for food but will otherwise remain hidden until after dark .

typical thorny catfish shape , dark base colour covered with attractive small light - coloured spots . these spots range from bright white to pale yellow .

this page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 04 .

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freshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 5 . 8 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : ? - 20 . tropical ; 20°c - 26°c ( ref . 1672 ) , preferred ?

opening hours monday - thursday : 7 . 00 am - 14 . 30 pm friday : closed

the spotted raphael catfish is also called the " talking catfish " . this is because it seems to ' talk ' when you take it out of the aquarium ! ( actually it ' croaks ' or ' clicks ' faintly when it ' talks ' . )

this fish is peaceful and does well in a community aquarium . being nocturnal , the spotted raphael catfish or talking catfish is a bit shy and will look for a nice comfortable hiding place during the day .

the spotted raphael catfish , like the striped raphael , likes to burrow in the soft river bottom so provide a corner of fine gravel or sand . they also like some plant cover and hiding places like the hollows of roots . they will not harm plants .

it is best to catch the spotted raphael catfish or talking catfish with a glass rather than a net as they are prone to sticking out their side spines in a very rigid manner when they are stressed . they can easily get caught in a net . not only is it difficult on both the fish and you when you try to get them untangled , it is also a bit dangerous . a prick from the spines of this fish is quite painful !


the hardyhead silverside ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) , also known as the broad-banded hardyhead , broad-banded silverside , capricorn hardyhead , pitted hardyhead , robust hardyhead , robust silverside , slender hardyhead and wide-banded hardyhead silverside , is a silverside of the family atherinidae .

it occurs in the indo-pacific near the surfaceas well as in the mediterranean , having invaded as a lessepsian migrant through the suez canal .

hardyhead silverside

hardyhead silverside <EOT> also known as baitfish , greybacks , atherinomorus ogilbyi , hardyhead silverside , broad - banded silverside , red sea silverside , slender hardyhead , whitebait .

what does hardyhead silverside mean ? this page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym , abbreviation , shorthand or slang term : hardyhead silverside .

the hardyhead silverside , atherinomorus lacunosus , is a silverside of the family atherinidae , found in the indo - pacific near the surface . its length is up to 25 cm .

jurgen freund / hardyhead silverside ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) fish shoal in the reef . raja ampat , west papua , indonesia

also known as baitfish , greybacks , atherinomorus ogilbyi , hardyhead silverside , broad - banded silverside , red sea silverside , slender hardyhead and whitebait . found in large schools on sheltered sandy shorelines and mangrove areas . they feed on zooplankton . length - 14cm depth - 1 - 39m widespread indo pacific these fish are common on shorelines , important food for larger fish species although no commercial value .

a new silverside , atherinomorus aetholepis sp . nov . , from the west pacific

tony wu / hardyhead silversides ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) swarming under the jetty at samarai island in milne bay , papua new guinea .

like other species of silverside , it is likely that this species is abundant and common throughout its range in areas of appropriate habitat .

the flyspecked hardyhead eats mainly mosquito larvae and aquatic insects . it will also eat crustaceans and has been observed eating algae in aquaria .

a greenish - grey hardyhead with an iridescent blue line running along the upper edge of the broad silver midlateral stripe along the side .

tony wu / hardyhead silversides ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) huge shoal swarming under the jetty at samarai island in milne bay , papua new guinea .

justification : the bearded silverside , atherion elymus , has been assessed as least concern . this wide - ranging species is found in a number of habitats and is not known to be under any major threat . like other species of silverside , this species is likely to be abundant and common throughout much of its range .

the video clip " common lionfish or red lion fish - pterois miles , swimming next to large school of fish hardyhead silverside - atherinomorus lacunosus , red sea , marsa alam , abu dabab , egypt " from andriy nekrasov is available on fotolia under a royalty - free license from 30 credits ( credit from $ 0 . 74 ) .

the flyspecked hardyhead has a slender body covered with black dots . the species is endemic to australia . it occurs in some freshwater streams of the northern territory to southern queensland .

the bearded silverside , atherion elymus , is distributed from southern japan , south to northern queensland . it has also been collected from localities close to islands in micronesia , melanesia , fiji and new guinea .

the related unspecked hardyhead , craterocephalus fulvus , was originally described as a subspecies of c . stercusmuscarum . this species occurs in coastal drainages from southern queensland to northern new south wales and the murray - darling river system .

bearded silverside occur in loose aggregations in the photic zone and are found in tidepools , rocky reefs , along rocky shorelines and reef margins . eggs of this species are large and self adhesive . this species has a depth profile of 0 - 6 m .

the flyspecked hardyhead has a slender body covered with black dots . this pattern gave rise to the common name . the fish is golden yellow to deep green above , changing to white below . a dusky to silver stripe runs from the snout to the caudal peduncle .

ivantsoff , w . and l . e . l . m . crowley0 review of the australian silverside fishes of the genus atherinomorus ( atherinidae ) . aust . j . mar . freshwat . res . 42 ( 5 ) : 479 - 505 . ( ref . 2909 )

finrays iv - vii , i - ii + 9 - 10 ; anal finrays 1 - 11 + 12 - 17 . scales in longitudinal series 40 .

scientific synonyms and common names atherinomorus lacunosus forster , 1801 synonyms : pranesus pinguis lacepède , 1803 atherina pinguis lacepède , 1803 , hist . nat . poiss . , 5 : 372 , pl . 11 ( fig . 1 ) ( île maurice ) . type : lost . atherina pectoralis valenciennes , 1835 , in cuv . val . , hist . nat . poiss . , 10 : 447 . syntypes : mnhn no . a 962 ( red sea ) , a 4395 ( suez ) . atherina forskalii rüppell , 1835a , fische des rothen meeres , pl . 33 ( fig . 1 ) ( red sea ) . atherina pinguis : klunzinger , 1884 : 130 , pl . 11 ( fig . 2 ) . atherina forskalii : klunzinger , 1884 , 130 , pl . 11 ( fig . 3 ) jordan & hubbs , 1917 : 462 , pl . 46 roux - estève & fourmanoir , 1955 : 196 . hepsetia pinguis : jordan & hubbs , 1919 : 32 gruvel & chabanaud , 1937 : 11 ben - tuvia , 1953a : 16 , fig . 9 . alanetta forskali : steinitz & ben - tuvia , 1955 : 5 . pranesus pinguis : smith , 1965 : 616 , pl . 99 ( fig . a , b , c ) . common names : ' abou zoubara ' and ' cachcouch ' , given by gruvel & chabanaud in the suez canal .

ben - tuvia , a . 1955 . two indo - pacific fishes , dasyatis uarnak and upeneus rnoluccensis in the eastern mediterranean . nature , lond . , 176 ( 4494 ) : 1177 - 1178 .

gruvel , a . ; chabanaud , p . 1937 . missions a . gruvel dans le canal de suez . ii . poissons . mém . inst . égypt . , 35 : 1 - 30 . , 29 fig .

jordan , d . s . ; hubbs , c . l . 1917 . notes on a collection of fishes from port said , egypt . ann . carneg . mus . , 11 : 461 - 468 .

jordan , d . s . ; hubbs , c . l . 1919 . a monographic review of the family of atherinidae or silversides . stanford univ . publs . , biol . sci . , 87 p . , 12 pl .

klunzinger , c . b . 1884 . die fische des rothen meeres . eine kritische revision mit bestimmungstabellen . i . acanthopteri veri . stuttgart : 133 p . , fig . , 13 pl .

roux - estève , r . ; fourmanoir , p . 1955 . poissons in résultats scientifiques des campagnes de la ' calypso ' . campagne 1951 - 52 en mer rouge . annls inst . océanogr . monaco , 30 : 195 - 203 , 2 fig .

rüppell , e . 1835a . fische des rothen meeres , ( 4 ) : 148 p . , 33 pl . , in neue wirbelthiere zu der fauna von abyssinien gehörig . frankfurt am main , 1835 - 1840 .

smith , j . l . b . 1965b . fishes of the family atherinidae of the red sea and the western indian ocean . ichthyol . bull . rhodes univ . , ( 31 ) : 615 .

steinitz , h . ; ben - tuvia , a . 1955 . fishes from eylath ( gulf of agaba ) , red sea . 2nd rep . bull . sea fish . res . stn israel , ( 11 ) : 3 - 15 .

atherinomorus forskalii . a holotype , smf 1898 , 109 mm sl , from jiddah , saudi arabia ( red sea ) . b non - type material , huj 5292 , 113 mm sl , from elat , israel ( red sea ) . ( for a color version of this figure , see electronic supplementary material , fig . s1 )

atherinomorus lacunosus . a holotype , mnhn a . 4400 , 75 mm sl , from new caledonia . b holotype of atherina morrisi , cas - su 9354 , 102 mm sl , from yaku i . , kagoshima , japan . c holotype of hepsetia pinguis mineri , amnh 19519 , 79 mm sl , from pago pago , samoa ( photographed by t . fukuhara ) . d holotype of pranesus capricornensis , qm i . 8201 , 93 mm sl , from heron i . , capricorn group , queensland , australia . e holotype of pranesus maculatus , ams ib . 5238 , 81 mm sl , from gulf of carpentaria , northern territory , australia . f holotype of pranesus pinguis ruppelli , smf 6856 , 87 mm sl , from jidda , saudi arabia . g non - type material , frlm 26461 , 106 mm sl , from bitung , north sulawesi , indonesia ( fresh condition ) . ( for a color version of this figure , see electronic supplementary material , fig . s2 )

atherinomorus pinguis . a neotype , saiab 5682 , 105 mm sl , from mauritius . b lectotype of atherina pectoralis , mnhn a 4305 , 103 mm sl , mauritius . c non - type material , frlm 28706 , 86 mm sl , from libong i . , trang , thailand ( fresh condition ) . ( for a color version of this figure , see electronic supplementary material , fig . s3 )

observations on a collection of fishes from the mauritius , presented by mr . telfair , with characters of new genera and species

characters of two new species of fishes , from the mauritius , presented by mr . telfair

catalogue critique des types de poissons du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . ( suite ) ( mugiliformes et polynémiformes )

bloch me , schneider jo ( 1801 ) m . e . blochii , systema ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum . post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit , correxit , interpolavit jo . gottlob schneider saxo . berolini . sumtibus austoris impressum et bibliopolio sanderiano commissum , berlin

fricke r ( 1999 ) fishes of the mascarene islands ( réunion , mauritius , rodriguez ) . an annotated checklist , with descriptions of new species . koeltz , königstein

ivantsoff w ( 1984 ) atherinidae . in : fischer w , bianchi g ( eds ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western indian ocean ( fishing area 51 ) , vol 2 . fao , rome , pp “ather ather 1” to “ather ter 1”

eds . fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific , vol 4

a monographic review of the family of atherinidae or silversides . leland stanford junior university publications

redescriptions of the indo - west pacific atherinid fishes , atherinomorus endrachtensis ( quoy and gaimard , 1825 ) and a . duodecimalis ( valenciennes in cuvier and valenciennes , 1835 )

eds . fishes of bitung , northern tip of sulawesi , indonesia . ocean research institute

die fische des rothen meeres . eine kritische revision mit bestimmungstabellen . i . teil

standards in herpetology and ichthyology . part 1 . standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology

quoy jrc , gaimard jp ( 1824–1825 ) chapter ix . description des poissons . in : de freycinet l ( ed ) voyage autour du monde … exécuté sur les corvettes de l . m . “l ' uranie” et “la physicienne , ” pendant les années 1817 , 1818 , 1819 et 1820 , vol 3 . pillet aîné , paris , pp 192–401 , pls 43–65

rüppell e ( 1835–1838 ) neue wirbelthiere zu der fauna von abyssinien gehörig , entdeckt und beschrieben . fische des rothen meeres . commission bei siegmund schmerber , frankfurt am main

fishes of the marshall and marianas islands , vol i . families from asymmetrontidae through siganidae

greek , atherina , the greek name for the eperlane + greek , moros = silly , stupid ( ref . 45335 )

western indian ocean : endemic to the red sea and has invaded the eastern mediterranean through the suez canal .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 3 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 58474 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 5 - 7 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 - 10 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 11 - 15 ; vertebrae : 40 - 44 . this species is distinguished by the following set of characters : lateral process of premaxilla very low and wide ; upper margin of dentary almost flat distally , no distinct tubercle at the posterior end ; posterior tip of the upper jaw reaching to or exceeding a vertical through anterior margin of the pupil , and not reaching to a vertical through center of the pupil ; teeth on endopterygoids large , forming distinct ridges ; anus located around posterior tip of the pelvic fin ; lower gill rakers 20 - 23 ; midlateral scale count 39 - 43 ; lower margin of midlateral band reaching to or just below ventral end of the midlateral ( third ) scale row at the level of the anal fin origin ( ref . 58474 ) .

feeds on zooplankton , small bottom - living invertebrates ( ref . 5980 ) .

kimura , s . , d . golani , y . iwatsuki , m . tabuchi and t . yoshino , 2007 . redescriptions of the indo - pacific atherinid fishes atherinomorus forskalii , atherinomorus lacunosus , and atherinomorus pinguis . ichthyol . res . 54 ( 2 ) : 145 - 159 . ( ref . 58474 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5005 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01122 ( 0 . 00514 - 0 . 02450 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 21 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 37 of 100 ) .

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marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 39 m ( ref . 11897 ) . subtropical ; 32°n - 23°s , 38°e - 154°w

indo - pacific : from east africa to tonga , north to southern japan , and south to northern australia ; except andaman sea . replaced by atherinomorus insularum in the hawaiian islands ( ref . 37816 ) .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48635 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 5 - 8 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 12 - 17 ; vertebrae : 43 - 44 . this species is distinguished by the following characters : lateral process of premaxilla very low and wide ; upper margin of the dentary almost flat distally , no distinct tubercle at the posterior end ; posterior tip of the upper jaw reaching to or beyond a vertical through anterior margin of the pupil , sometimes reaching to the center of pupil ; small teeth on endopterygoids , not forming obvious ridges ; the anus is near or usually behind the posterior tip of the pelvic fin ; lower gill rakers 18 - 24 ; midlateral scale count 40 - 44 ; lower margin of midlateral band reaching below ventral end of the midlateral ( third ) scale row and reaching to almost the center of the fourth scale row at level of the anal fin origin ( ref . 58474 ) .

common in large schools along sandy shorelines and reef margins . reported to be mainly a nocturnal species which usually forms schools ( from several hundred to more than 100 m long and 20 m wide ) ( ref . 9760 ) . feeds mostly at night when the school disperse . feeds on a variety of planktonic crustaceans . preyed upon by sharks , tunas , long toms , and amberjacks which swim alongside the school . among its other predators are crested terns , gannets , sea - gulls and herons . slow moving and not well regarded as bait . extremely important as forage fish for larger species ( ref . 3302 ) . sold fresh , or salted and dried ( ref . 12484 ) . minimum depth reported taken from ref . 57178 .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00741 ( 0 . 00412 - 0 . 01333 ) , b = 3 . 17 ( 3 . 00 - 3 . 34 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 2 se ; based on diet studies .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 39 of 100 ) .

worms and fishbase have the current accepted taxon for this fish as " atherinomorus lacunosus " and " pranesus maculatus " as a synonym .

jeff holmes set " image of atherinomorus lacunosus " as an exemplar on " atherinomorus " .

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this fish is often mistaken for anchovies . they look pretty similar and can be caught on small feathered jigs . the difference is that they have much larger eyes and harder body compared to the indian anchovies . they can often be sighted swimming near surface in schools near covers such as jetties or piers .

they can be caught using small shrimps or prawn meat or simply feathered jig if they ' re in the feeding mood . they ' re not known to be an effective bait for fishing compared to herrings and anchovies .

description common in large schools along sandy shorelines and reef margins . slow moving and not well regarded as bait . feeds on . . .

description common in large schools along sandy shorelines and reef margins . slow moving and not well regarded as bait . feeds on zooplankton , small bottom - living invertebrates ( ref . 5980 ) . extremely important as forage fish for larger species ( ref . 3302 ) . [ details ]

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van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

zenetos , a . , m . e . çinar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicoll , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , s . ; macadie , i . ( 2009 ) . phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 431 - 554 . [ details ]

liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

galil , b . ( 2007 ) . seeing red : alien species along the mediterranean coast of israel . aquatic invasions . 2 ( 4 ) : 281 - 312 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

ben rais lasram , f . ; mouillot , d . ( 2008 ) . increasing southern invasion enhances congruence between endemic and exotic mediterranean fish fauna . biological invasions . 11 ( 3 ) : 697 - 711 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of atherina forskali rüppell , 1838 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of hapsetia pinguis ( lacepède , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of atherina affinis bennett , 1832 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of atherina lacunosa forster , 1801 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of atherina morrisi jordan & starks , 1906 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of atherina punctata bennett , 1833 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of atherinomorus lacunosa ( forster , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of atherion morrisi ( jordan & starks , 1906 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of hepsetia morrisi ( jordan & starks , 1906 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of hepsetia pinguis ( lacepède , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of pranesus capricornensis woodland , 1961 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of pranesus forskalii ( rüppell , 1838 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of pranesus lacunosus ( forster , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of pranesus maculatus taylor , 1964 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of pranesus morrisi ( jordan & starks , 1906 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of pranesus pinguis ( lacepède , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of pranesus pinguis rüppelli smith , 1965 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of atherina puntata bennett , 1833 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of atherina forskalli rüppell , 1838 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of allanetta forskali ( rüppell , 1838 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of atherinomorous lacunosus ( forster , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of pranesus pinguis ruppelli smith , 1965 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of pranesus pinguis mineri nichols & roemhild , 1951 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

hong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en " " urltoken "

alex mustard / pair of bar jacks ( caranx ruber ) hunting silversides ( atherinidae ) inside cave . devil & apos ; s grotto , george town , grand cayman , cayman islands , british west indies . caribbean sea .

alex mustard / silversides ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) school just below surface in evening light , berenice jetty , aqaba , jordan . gulf of aqaba , jordan .

alex mustard / soft corals ( dendronephthya hemprichi ) growing in very shallow water in the shade provided by a jetty , while a school of silversides ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) circle . berenice jetty , aqaba , jordan . gulf of aqaba , jordan .

alex mustard / school of silversides ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) mass below a jetty , creating a false ceiling of fish . berenice jetty , aqaba , jordan . gulf of aqaba , jordan .

jurgen freund / large school of silversides ( atherinomorus lacunosa ) around the reef , moluccas islands , indonesia .

citation : use the citation options below to add these abbreviations to your bibliography .

created to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .

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de silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , smith , j . & livingston , f .

there is no directed commercial fishery for this species . it is infrequently collected for use as bait , however this is unlikely to be driving a significant population decline . this species is likely to be undergoing localised declines in areas of coastal development and urban pollution discharge .

there are no species - specific conservation measures in place , or needed , for this species . however its distribution is likely to coincide with a number of marine protected areas .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

the following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners . there may be duplication .

acuña , r . e . , a . e . openiano and a . b . apongan0 finfish resources . in resource and ecological assessment of panguil bay - terminal report vol . 3 resources of panguil bay . mindanao state university at naawan . ( ref . 47691 )

allen , g . r . and m . v . erdmann0 reef fishes of the east indies . perth , australia : universitiy of hawai ' i press , volumes i - iii . tropical reef research . ( ref . 90102 )

allen , g . r . 0 reef fishes of milne bay province , papua new guinea . in t . werner and g . allen ( eds ) . a rapid biodiversity assessment of the coral reefs of milne bay province , papua new guinea . rap working papers 11 , conservation international , washington , d . c . ( ref . 41464 )

anonymous0 fish collection database of the american museum of natural history . american museum of natural history , central park west , ny 10024 - 5192 , usa . ( ref . 41414 )

anonymous0 fish collection database of the bernice p . bishop museum ( bpbm ) . bishop museum , 1525 bernice street , honolulu , hawai ` i , 96817 - 0916 usa . ( ref . 31667 )

anonymous0 fish collection database of the gulf coast research laboratory ( gcrl ) . the gulf coast research laboratory ( gcrl ) , ocean springs , mississippi , usa . ( ref . 34634 )

anonymous0 fish collection database of the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , grahamstown , south africa . j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , grahamstown , south africa . ( ref . 36670 )

anonymous0 fish collection database of the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) . smithsonian institution - division of fishes . ( ref . 38732 )

anonymous0 fish collection database of the national museums of kenya . national museums of kenya , p . o . box 40658 , nairobi , kenya . ( ref . 31740 )

anonymous0 fish collection database of the natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) . natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) . ( ref . 31982 )

anonymous0 fish collection database of the zoological museum , university of copenhagen . zoological museum , university of copenhagen . ( ref . 40919 )

anonymous0 fish collection of the royal ontario museum . royal ontario museum . ( ref . 47438 )

anonymous0 fish collection of the university of the philippines in the visayas museum . upv museum . ( ref . 43309 )

anonymous0 fish registrations within the museum database of the vertebrate section of the royal museum for central africa . mrac , tervuren , belgium . ( ref . 12818 )

anonymous0 the icthyological collection of the zoological museum hamburg ( zmh ) . division of ichthyology and herpetology , zoological museum hamburg ( zmh ) . ( ref . 35508 )

baissac , j . de b . 0 swiop / wp / 54 - checklist of the marine fishes of mauritius . raf / 87 / 008 / wp / 54 / 90 regional project for the development & management of fisheries in the southwest indian ocean . ( ref . 58078 )

basmayor , l . o . , r . d . dioneda and v . s . soliman0 the fishes and invertebrates of san miguel bay . p . 36 - 47 . in v . s . soliman and r . d . dioneda ( eds . ) capture fisheries assessment of san miguel bay , post - resource and ecological assessment of san miguel bay , phil . , vol . 1 . bfar , fish . sect . prog . and bicol univ . coll . of fish . smb post - rea tech . rep . 1 , 60 p . ( ref . 45161 )

bianchi , g . 0 fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . field guide to the commercial marine and brackish - water species of tanzania . prepared and published with the support of tcp / urt / 4406 and fao ( firm ) regular programme . fao , rome . 199 p . ( ref . 2871 )

bilecenoglu , m . 0 alien marine fishes of turkey - an updated review . p . 189 - 217 . in golani , d . and b . appelbaum - golani ( eds . ) . fish invasions in the mediterranean sea : change and renewal . pensoft . sofia - moscow . ( ref . 94612 )

bundesanstalt für landwirtschaft und ernährung0 verzeichnis der handelsbezeichnungen für erzeugnisse der fischerei und der aquakultur . retrieved 17 june 2003 , from urltoken . ( ref . 47487 )

carl , h . 0 danish fish names . zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished . ( ref . 51471 )

chen , c . - h . 0 checklist of the fishes of penghu . fri special publication no . 4 . 175 p . ( ref . 55073 )

chilika development authority0 fishes of lake chilika . letter from s . k . mohanty , fishery consultant . chilika development authority . ( march 2014 ) . ( ref . 95460 )

chinese academy of fishery sciences0 chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . urltoken ( ref . 58108 )

cinco , e . and j . diaz jr . 0 length - weight relationship of fishes caught in san miguel bay , philippines . in g . silvestre , c . luna and j . padilla ( eds . ) multidisciplinary assessment of the fisheries in san miguel bay , philippines ( 1992 - 1993 ) . iclarm technical report 47 . international center for living aquatic resources management , makati , philippines . ( ref . 45187 )

cinco , e . a . , j . c . diaz , q . p . sia iii and g . t . silvestre0 a checklist of fishes caught in san miguel bay , philippines . in g . silvestre , c . luna and j . padilla ( eds . ) multidisciplinary assessment of the fisheries in san miguel bay , philippines ( 1992 - 1993 ) . iclarm technical report 47 . international center for living aquatic resources management , makati , philippines . ( ref . 43275 )

cinco , e . a . , p . r . confiado , g . c . trono and d . j . r . mendoza0 resource and ecological assessment of sorsogon bay , philippines - technical reports vol . 5 inputs to an integrated coastal resources management plan of sorsogon bay . fisheries sector program department of agriculture - asian development bank , united business technologies , inc . , pasig , philippines . ( ref . 47565 )

cinco , e . a . 0 resource and ecological assessment of sorsogon bay , philippines - technical reports vol . 3 capture fisheries assessment . fisheries sector program department of agriculture - asian development bank , united business technologies , inc . , pasig philippines . 158 p . ( ref . 47531 )

corsini - foka , m . 0 current status of alien species in greek seas . p . 219 - 253 . in golani , d . and b . appelbaum - golani ( eds . ) . fish invasions in the mediterranean sea : change and renewal . pensoft . sofia - moscow . ( ref . 93646 )

de bruin , g . h . p . , b . c . russell and a . bogusch0 fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . the marine fishery resources of sri lanka . rome , fao . 400 p . ( ref . 11298 )

de la paz , r . m . , n . aragones and d . agulto0 coral - reef fishes off western calatagan , batangas ( luzon island , philippines ) with notes on new and rare captures and controversial taxa . philipp . j . sci . 117 : 237 - 318 . ( ref . 6956 )

department of fisheries malaysia0 valid local name of malaysian marine fishes . department of fisheries malaysia . ministry of agriculture and agro - based industry . 180 p . ( ref . 85449 )

economidis , p . s . and e . koutrakis0 common names of comercially important hellenic marine organisms . aristotle university , unpublished technical report . ( ref . 41475 )

economidis , p . s . 0 common names of hellenic marine fishes . aristotle university , unpublished technical report . ( ref . 41474 )

eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) 0 catalog of fishes . updated database version of 2 july 2009 . catalog databases of cas cited in fishbase ( website ) . ( ref . 81932 )

eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) 0 catalog of fishes . updated database version of december 2001 . catalog databases as made available to fishbase in december 2001 . ( ref . 40966 )

eschmeyer , w . n . 0 catalog of the genera of recent fishes . california academy of sciences , san francisco , usa . 697 p . ( ref . 1830 )

eschmeyer , william n . , ed . 1998 . catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905

fao - fies0 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken , april 2014 . ( ref . 95632 )

fao - fies0 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken , march 2012 . ( ref . 90062 )

fao - fies0 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken , [ accessed 13 / 04 / 2015 ] . ( ref . 101110 )

fischer , w . , i . sousa , c . silva , a . de freitas , j . m . poutiers , w . schneider , t . c . borges , j . p . feral and a . massinga0 fichas fao de identificaçao de espécies para actividades de pesca . guia de campo das espécies comerciais marinhas e de águas salobras de moçambique . publicaçao preparada em collaboraçao com o instituto de investigaçao pesquiera de moçambique , com financiamento do projecto pnud / fao moz / 86 / 030 e de norad . roma , fao . 1990 . 424 p . ( ref . 5213 )

fouda , m . m . and g . v . hermosa jr . 0 a checklist of oman fishes . sultan qaboos university press , sultanate of oman . 42 p . ( ref . 6365 )

fourmanoir , p . 0 ichthyologie et pêche aux comores . mém . inst . sci . madagascar , sér . a , 9 : 187 - 238 . ( ref . 13510 )

fricke , r . 1999 . fishes of the mascarene islands ( réunion , mauritius , rodriguez ) : an annotated checklist , with descriptions of new species . koeltz scientific books , koenigstein , theses zoologicae , vol . 31 : 759 p .

fricke , r . , m . kulbicki and l . wantiez0 checklist of the fishes of new caledonia , and their distribution in the southwest pacific ocean ( pisces ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde a , neue serie 4 : 341 - 463 . ( ref . 86942 )

fricke , r . 0 fishes of the mascarene islands ( réunion , mauritius , rodriguez ) : an annotated checklist , with descriptions of new species . koeltz scientific books , koenigstein , theses zoologicae , vol . 31 : 759 p . ( ref . 33390 )

froese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) ( 2015 ) . fishbase ( version jan 2015 ) . in : species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 26th august 2015 ( roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , kunze t . , flann c . , bailly n . , kirk p . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , eds ) . digital resource at urltoken . species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .

ganaden , s . r . and f . lavapie - gonzales0 common and local names of marine fishes of the philippines . bureau of fisheries and aquatic resources , philippines . 385 p . ( ref . 31411 )

gell , f . r . and m . w . whittington0 diversity of fishes in seagrass beds in the quirimba archipelago , northern mozambique . mar . freshwat . res . 53 : 115 - 121 . ( ref . 41878 )

goeden , g . b . 0 a monograph of the coral trout , plectropomus leopardus ( lacepède ) . queensland fish . serv . res . bull . 1 : 1 - 42 . ( ref . 2160 )

golani , d . and s . v . bogorodsky0 the fishes of the red sea - reappraisal and updated checklist . zootaxa 2463 : 1 - 135 . ( ref . 84159 )

grabda , e . and t . heese0 polskie nazewnictwo popularne kraglouste i ryby . cyclostomata et pisces . wyzsza szkola inzynierska w koszalinie . koszalin , poland . 171 p . ( in polish ) . ( ref . 6313 )

hardy , j . d . jr . ( comp . ) 0 coral reef fish species . noaanational oceanographic data center . nodc coral reef data and information management system . usa . 537 p . ( ref . 48497 )

haudricourt , a . - g . and f . ozanne - rivierre0 dictionnaire thématique des langues de la région de hienghène ( nouvelle - calédonie ) . lacito - documents . asie - austronésie . selaf , paris , france . ( ref . 5970 )

helfman , g . s . and j . e . randall0 palauan fish names . pac . sci . 27 ( 2 ) : 136 - 153 . ( ref . 10494 )

herre , a . w . c . t . and a . f . umali0 english and local common names of philippine fishes . u . s . dept . of interior and fish and wildl . serv . circular no . 14 , u . s . gov ' t printing office , washington . 128 p . ( ref . 2857 )

hiatt , r . w . and d . w . strasburg0 ecological relationships of the fish fauna on coral reefs of the marshall islands . ecol . monogr . 30 ( 1 ) : 65 - 127 . ( ref . 275 )

hla win , u . 0 checklist of fishes of burma . ministry of livestock breeding and fisheries , department of fisheries , burma . ( ref . 5736 )

hobson , e . s . and j . r . chess0 feeding oriented movements of the atherinid fish praneus pinguis at majuro atoll , marshall islands . fish . bull . 71 ( 3 ) : 777 - 786 . ( ref . 13784 )

hoese , d . f . , d . j . bray , j . r . paxton and g . r . allen0 fishes . in beasley , o . l . and a . wells ( eds . ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . 2 australia : abrs & csiro publishing , 1472 p . ( ref . 75154 )

huang , z . 0 marine species and their distribution in china ' s seas . p . 404 - 463 . vertebrata . smithsonian institution , florida , usa . 598 p . ( ref . 47843 )

hureau , j . - c . 0 la base de données gicim : gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du muséum . p . 225 - 227 . in atlas préliminaire des poissons d ' eau douce de france . conseil supérieur de la pêche , ministère de l ' environnement , cemagref et muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris . ( ref . 4517 )

ivantsoff , w . and l . e . l . m . crowley0 atherinidae . silversides ( or hardyheads ) . p . 2113 - 2139 . in k . e . carpenter and v . h . niem ( eds . ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . volume 4 . bony fishes part 2 ( mugilidae to carangidae ) . fao , rome . ( ref . 9760 )

ivantsoff , w . 0 atherinidae . in w . fischer and g . bianchi ( eds . ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western indian ocean fishing area 51 . vol . 1 . ( ref . 3302 )

kailola , p . j . 0 the fishes of papua new guinea . a revised and annotated checklist . vol . 1 . myxinidae to synbranchidae . research bulletin no . 41 . department of fisheries and marine resources , port moresby , papua new guinea . 194 p . ( ref . 6993 )

kapoor , d . , r . dayal and a . g . ponniah0 fish biodiversity of india . national bureau of fish genetic resources lucknow , india . 775 p . ( ref . 45255 )

katsanevakis , s . , k . tsiamis , g . ioannou , n . michailidis and a . zenetos0 inventory of alien marine species of cyprus ( 2009 ) . mediterranean marine science 10 ( 2 ) : 109 - 133 . ( ref . 95695 )

khalaf , m . a . and a . m . disi0 fishes of the gulf of aqaba . marine science station , aqaba , jordan . 252 p . ( ref . 48643 )

kimura , s . , d . golani , y . iwatsuki , m . tabuchi and t . yoshino0 redescriptions of the indo - pacific atherinid fishes atherinomorus forskalii , atherinomorus lacunosus , and atherinomorus pinguis . ichthyol . res . 54 ( 2 ) : 145 - 159 . ( ref . 58474 )

kimura , s . 0 a check list of the marine fishes collected around northern palawan and calauit islands , philippines . p . 158 - 167 . in pawikan conservation project - pawb , denr , philippines and toba aquarium , japan . dugongs dugong dugon ( müller 1776 ) of the philippines . a report of the joint dugong research and conservation program . may 1995 . ( ref . 10558 )

kottelat , m . , a . j . whitten , s . n . kartikasari and s . wirjoatmodjo0 freshwater fishes of western indonesia and sulawesi . periplus editions , hong kong . 221 p . ( ref . 7050 )

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larson , h . k . and b . pidgeon0 new records of freshwater fishes from east timor . the beagle , records of the museums and art galleries of the northern territory vol . 20 : 195 - 198 . ( ref . 78572 )

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mccormack , g . 0 cook islands biodiversity and natural heritage database . sent by gerald mccormack as rtf document in may 2000 for use in fishbase . ( ref . 34027 )

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