lichine ( foaled 5 may 1979 ) was an american-bred , french-trained thoroughbred racehorse who sold for a record-setting $ 1.7 million ( $ 4.9 million inflation adjusted ) as a yearling in 1980 .

although he never threatened to repay his auction price , he was a useful racehorse , winning the listed prix de suresnes as a three-year-old and finishing placed in several group races .

lichine ( horse )

lichine ( horse ) <EOT> lichine ( 1979 ) – sold for record - setting $ 1 . 7 million at keeneland sales in july 1980 [ 3 ]

gr1 , gr1 pl x2 , gr2 , gr2 pl , gr3 x2 , l pl . horse of the year

manila ( 1983 ) – won the 1986 breeders ' cup turf , was voted u . s . champion male turf horse , and was ranked the best long - distance turf horse in american racing history by steve davidowitz of daily racing form

lyphard was the damsire of hatoof , winner of the 1992 1 , 000 guineas and the 1994 u . s . champion female turf horse . lyphard was also the grandsire of 1993 epsom derby winner commander in chief . among his other descendants are deep impact , japan ' s horse of the year in 2005 & 2006 , and the no . 1 ranked horse in the world in 2006 , invasor .

nigrita ( lichine ) . 2 wins - 1 at 2 - at 1000m , 1200m in germany , bremen suchard sprint cup , l , 2d munich grosser sprint preis , l . dam of -

the prieuré - lichine vineyard , created in the 12th century by the former benedictine monks or " prieurs " ( superiors ) of cantenac , was awarded on several occasions from 1444 . in 1745 , the cru was classified third growth of margaux and cantenac by the bordeaux royal administration and in 1855 the prieuré growth was promoted to the rank of fourth classified growth . in 1951 , alexis lichine took over château prieuré - cantenac .

his dam glorious song was canadian horse of the year & north american champion and she produced jet master’s sire rakeen , leading sire rahy and of course the great singspiel .

despite fertility problems and a premature death he was the sire of 13 gr1 winners and 6 champions including horse of the year moon ballad who also won the dubai world cup .

heerman arrived in kentucky at a time when sales would skyrocket . one year after lichine set a record at $ 1 . 7 million , the sale - topper at keeneland july more than doubled in price . in 1985 , seattle dancer sold at that sale for $ 13 . 1 million .

as in previous years , a panel of experts reports post - gallops on what they saw . the amazing thing is how these experienced horsemen ( where were the horse - women , mick ? ) differ in opinion .

september 5 , 2014 in ★★★★★ ♕ , bugs bunny , merrie melodies , warner bros . films | tags : 1957 , backgrounds , bugs bunny , chuck jones , david lichine , elmer fudd , maurice noble , michael maltese , opera , richard wagner , tatania riabouchinska , what ' s opera doc | 1 comment

miesque’s approval ( miesque’s son ) lightly raced middle distance winner ( 46 ) faerie gold ( eton lad ) is full sister to zim horse of the year goldie , their dam a multiple stakes winner . the 2yo on offer is a colt .

in 1980 , the year nureyev was named champion miler in france , niarchos again purchased yearlings in kentucky . this time his expenditures included a record $ 1 . 7 million for french stakes winner lichine , a son of lyphard - - stylish genie ; and $ 45 , 000 for stakes winner pasadoble , a filly by prove out—santa quilla .

allowed to pick a shortlist of three fillies and three colts , the eight - man strong panel came up with seventeen different fillies and thirteen different colts – nineteen of the thirty selections had only one vote ! the old adage ‘it’s difference of opinion that makes horse racing’ still holds true .

" his success in the horse business , producing good race horses and doing well at the sales , gave him the greatest satisfaction in his life , " leslie heerman said . " he found great pleasure in literature and fine sporting art , good wine , antiques , splendid cars , and well - bred dogs ; but his first love was the horse . " heerman said her father enjoyed working with industry leaders like george f . getty ii , paul hexter , w . t . young , patsy pope , paul little , mervyn leroy , anne jackson , connie ring , and many others .

but heerman eventually returned his focus to kentucky and in 1973 with partner susan proskauer purchased buck pond farm in versailles , ky . spectacular bid , dual classic winner in 1979 and horse of the year in 1980 , was born at buck pond in 1979 . heerman acted as agent when spectacular bid sold as a yearling .

" i think the horses miesque met today were better than last year but she was fresher than last year and that could have made a difference , " boutin added . " miesque is not the best horse i have trained but definitely the most constant and easiest to train as a champion because she is so regular . "

tale of the cat ( storm cat ) unraced us - bred mare ( 66 ) hampton rover ( miswaki ) is half sister to four winners out of australian horse of the year research . the mare has produced two multiple winners ( from 2 runners ) and has a 2yo half brother to those . the youngster is inbred 3×3 to mr prospector .

the animation is outstanding throughout , especially in the ballet and love duet between bugs and elmer . indeed , for the ballet sequence the animators studied tatania riabouchinska and david lichine from the original ballet russe , and there’s a genuine seriousness about this scene . yet , the main attraction of the cartoon lies in maurice noble’s extreme background layouts and bold color designs . especially when elmer gets furious , there is a startling emotional use of colors that has not been seen on the animated screen since ‘ bambi ‘ ( 1942 ) .

" it ' s true that i was fearing very much the soft ground for the filly , " boutin ' s daughter translated after the race , " but even though it rains a lot here , the ground remains much drier than it would in europe . the horse i was fearing the most was warning . i respect warning very much , but i knew that warning wouldn ' t like it ( the rain - soaked turf ) either .

the opening sequence , with elmer casting a mighty shadow is a straight homage to ‘the night on bold mountain’ sequence from ‘fantasia’ ( 1940 ) , while the shots of bugs being dressed as brünnhilde and riding an oversized horse are retaken from ‘herr meets hare’ from 1945 ( which , like ‘what’s opera , doc ? ” was also penned by michael maltese ) . in this sense the cartoon is as much a homage to animation history as it is to opera .

dylan thomas ( danehill ) what a horse ! this sire was champion 3yo and older horse , won a derby , the king george and the arc , and rated 132 with timeform . his first crop are 2yo’s in uk in 2011 , and includes aiden o’brien’s highclass furner’s green ( rated 113 ) , who placed in the gr1 irish national stakes . from his first australian crop comes the 2yo filly out of multiple gr1 placed sprint / miler ( 97 ) madonna ( rigoletto ) . the mare has three winners to date , of which one is in turn the dam of a stakes placed multiple winner . the female line is irish , going to multiple classic placed arkadina ( half sister to the dam of successful sire elusive quality ) . interesting pedigree make - up , and one to note . so , too , apparently thought ready - to - run panellist mike de kock : he added her to his shortlist .

thirty - three years ago , when nashua was acquired through sealed bid by a syndicate headed by leslie combs ii for a record $ 1 , 251 , 200 , niarchos was an underbidder . the following year , on jan . 6 , 1956 , niarchos bought nashua ' s dam at auction for a record $ 126 , 000 . the late humphrey s . finney , agent for niarchos , opened the bidding on segula at $ 100 , 000 . he was immediately engaged in a bidding duel by ohio harness horse breeder walter michaels , but finney won .

for two years in a row , the sale has produced equuschampions . sale graduates have an opportunity to compete for a prize of r2 million early in their 3yo career – in that ready - to - run race now is the third richest race in the land , and there only are 185 tickets in the draw . when you buy at the sale , you get special payment deals . your horse is properly broken in , and you are already ahead on the cost of keep compared to buying a yearling . add all that up , and you’d be a fool not to bid , come the first sunday in november .

two opinions are worth noting . mike de kock says he likes to see the horses move , but in the end it’s at the sale when real decisions are made , based on conformation , pedigree , and his team’s opinions . american visitor kip elser , certainly an expert on the ready - to - run concept in his country , added an interesting view . “eyes” , he said , “can be deceiving . ” what he meant was that a horse that strides out well and seems to be going fast may in reality not be going as fast as it seems . conversely , an easy galloper who seems to be loafing may actually be going much faster than it seems . you need a stopwatch to note the differences . and even then the difference between great , good , and moderate is measured in fractions of a second . kip , needless to say , was the only expert with a stopwatch at the gallops .

hussonet ( mr prospector ) american bred mare ( 95 ) colonial dancer ( pleasant colony ) has 2 winners in aus , and is represented here by a half brother . the mare is bred on the his majesty x danzig affinity cross . the youngster was sold as a weanling for a $ 30 . 000 and went at the same price as a yearling last january . the filly out of aus mare ( 88 ) charybdis ( royal academy ) is a half sister to singapore’s 2007 horse of the year why be , who won 19 . the youngster was bought as a weanling in 2006 , for a $ 67 . 000 . winning american mare ( 57 ) thursday island ( sky classic ) is a half sister to khumba mela , a gr3 winner in fr & usa , who bred a french stakes winner . the colt on offer is half brother to a winner in korea . bred on the mr prospector x nijinsky affinity cross ( 2x3 ) , he was bought last january for a $ 24 . 000 .

cataloochee ( al mufti ) winning sprinter ( 53 ) gavelette ( albarahin ) is half sister to three winners , incl gr3 placed stakes winner nondweni . the 2yo filly is her second foal , and is inbred to roberto ( sire of al mufti and of silver hawk ) . twice winning sprinter ( 98 ) mafaatin ( fahal : 1r / 1w ) is half sister to the stakes placed dam of an english gr3 placed stakes winner ( rated 118 ) . the 2yo offered is a colt . six - time winning sprinter ( 62 ) greet the greek ( lichine ) has produced six winners to date , from a variety of sires . she has a 2yo colt here . this is the female line also of leading us 2yo of 2011 , union rags ( grandson of terpsichorist , out of glad rags ) . graeme hawkins identified the colt as a ‘value’ selection for his shortlist . the colt out of ( 182 ) any dream ( muhtafal : 5r / 1w ) is the first foal of his dam , who is half sister to eight winners , incl guineas winner marlin bay . three - time winning sprinter ( 112 ) national feature ( national assembly : 1r ) hails from the potent agrentine e - family . the mare’s seven winning siblings include gr3 winner russian pioneer . her 2yo filly is a first foal . three - time winning miler ( 28 ) dance on silver ( rambo dancer : 3r / 2w ) is dam of two winners , and comes with a half brother to those . lightly raced ( 119 ) once in a while ( rambo dancer : 3r / 2w ) is half sister to six winners , incl gr2 winner boston blues and gr3 placed amabutho . her 2yo is a filly .

el prado ( sadler’s wells ) here are three argentine bred 2yo’s by a son of sadler’s wells who was champion 2yo in ireland , and subsequently made champion sire in the usa . he’s a sire of sires to boot , notably of medaglia d’oro . stakes placed multiple winning us sprinter ( 109 ) my american lady ( gold tribute ) has a filly , her first foal . the mare’s dam is half sister to a host of us stakes winners . the youngster was a strong pick at the ready - to - run gallops , especially for us - visitor kip elser . graeme hawkins , jehan malherbe and dean kannemeyer concurred . five - time winning sprint / miler ( 71 ) hopeitsadiamond ( housebuster ) is half sister to winners and dams of winners in the us . her 2yo filly is a first foal . michael roberts picked her out at the gallops . gr3 placed 6 - time winner ( 45 ) exact ( twining ) is dam of winners in italy & canada . the mare is half sister to a stakes winner ( who is dam of a stakes horse ) . her 2yo is a grey filly , which mike de kock shortlisted at the ready - to - run gallops . graeme hakins added her ( optimistically ? ) as a ‘value’selection .

top spin ( 03g , strategic , dalmacia ) . horse of the year & champion older male miler in singapore in 2008 . 15 wins from 1100m to 2000m , 609 , 300rgt . , s $ 2 , 025 , 973 , singapore derby , sgp - 1 , singapore tc kranji mile , sgp - 1 , singapore derby trial , sgp - 2 , singapore 4yo mile , sgp - 3 , chairman ' s trophy , sgp - 3 , three rings trophy , sgp - 3 , selangor tc piala emas sultan selangor , l , singapore tc kranji b s . , panasonic toughbook s . , raffles resort canouan island caribbean h . , progressive s . , progressive h . , initiation p . , novice s . , benchmark 97 h . , 2d singapore tc 3yo challenge ( 1st leg ) , sgp - 3 , open h . , graduation s . , 3d singapore gold cup , sgp - 1 , singapore tc raffles cup , sgp - 1 , 3yo challenge ( 2nd leg ) , sgp - 2 , 3yo challenge ( 3rd leg ) , sgp - 2 , queen elizabeth ii cup , sgp - 2 , perak derby , l , singapore tc kranji a s . , 4th singapore tc patrons ' bowl , sgp - 1 .

tiger ridge ( storm cat ) five time winning sprinter ( 143 ) seeking the wind ( jallad : 2r / 1w ) is 3 - part sister to gr1 winner divine jury . she’s the dam of five winners , including gr3 placed 5 - time winner martial eagle and a full brother to the 2yo colt on offer . 1400m winner ( 135 ) refined gold ( rich man’s gold : 1r / 1w ) is half sister to three winners by fort wood , including gr3 placed stakes winner loupe . this is the female line of horse chestnut . the 2yo colt is the mare’s second foal . he landed on the shortlist of ready - to - run panellists michael roberts , sean tarry and graeme hawkins . gr2 placed gr3 winner ( 150 ) sporting model ( sportsworld : 7r / 5w ) has produced three winners to date , including a full sister to the 2yo filly on offer . tiger ridge and the mare’s sire sportsworld are from the same female line . two - time middle distance winner ( 153 ) subtle reminder ( zabeel ) is half sister to the dam of new zealand gr1 placed gr2 winner kerry o’reilly , and hails from a gr1 producing us female line . the mare is dam of two multiple winners , one a 9 - timer . on offer a 2yo colt .

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one of the most celebrated animated cartoons of all time , ‘what’s opera , doc’ places the typical elmer fudd - bugs bunny chase routine into the world of wagnerian opera .

the cartoon’s masterstroke is that it uses all the cliches of the chase , which go all the way back to the first bugs bunny cartoon ‘a wild hare’ ( 1941 ) , but that they are carried out in the most serious , wagnerian fashion . the result is ridiculously pompous , mocking wagnerian opera , as well as playing homage to it . milt franklyn’s score quotes music from five wagner operas : ‘der fliegende holländer’ , ‘die walküre’ , ‘siegfried’ , ‘rienzi’ and ‘tannhäuser’ .

the cartoon’s operatic character is emphasized not only by operatic singing , but also by featuring wagnerian magic ( a magic helmet ) , a ballet ( a staple of french opera , but only employed by richard wagner in his very first operas ) , and a sad ending , a cliche of 19th century opera in general . michael maltese provided new lyrics to wagner’s pilgrim chorus from ‘tannhäuser’ and made it into a rather hollywood musical - like love duet between elmer and bugs .

‘what’s opera , doc ? ’ is a brilliant cartoon of pure grandeur and one of chuck jones’s all time masterpieces . what’s most striking is that it was made during the normal grind of a commercial animated cartoon studio . the film took much longer than normal to make , which jones and his unit could only manage to do by cheating on their schedule , stealing time from a much more ordinary short , the road runner cartoon ‘zoom and bored’ ( 1957 ) .

this is bugs bunny cartoon no . 131 to the previous bugs bunny cartoon : piker’s peak to the next bugs bunny cartoon : bugsy and mugsy

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last friday and monday some 150 young thoroughbreds were confronted with the first great excitement of their tender careers : public gallops . experts , self - proclaimed and otherwise , will scrutinize the video footage of those events in the coming week . their object is to decide who can and who can’t , and mark their catalogues before the hammer falls on sunday november 4th . although the gallops will provide the extra information buyers of ‘normal’ yearlings do not have , a sale is still a sale –horses are still unproven , anything can happen . the three highest earners from last year’s sale weren’t the most expensive by any stretch of the imagination ( see next page ) . that’s why every serious bidder needs to study the printed catalogue as much as the hyped - up dvd . karel miedema has done some of the groundwork , grouping his thoughts by sire .

alami ( danzig ) ( 21 ) ranavalona ( ankara ) is a half sister to indian ruby , a stakes winner of 7 ; she has a filly inbred 3x3 to northern dancer . this is an interesting family , third dam malagasy coming out of the blue with a bunch of highly talented offspring . the colt out of 7 - time winner ( 145 ) lovely bird ( bog trotter : 2r ) is his dam’s first foal . the mare is half sister to 3 other winners . ( 100 ) crystal keys ( crystal de roche : 2r ) is dam of a winner by shamikh . the mare , who won 3 herself , is a half sister to 2 dams of graded stakes winners , from a strong female line . another daughter of crystal de roche is winning mare ( 144 ) lady shamrock , whose filly is a half sister to 2 winners . the filly out of ( 49 ) summer mistress ( rocky marriage : 7r / 6w ) is the product of a successful sire x broodmare sire combination . the mare is a winning half sister to gr1 winner golden taipan , from a highclass female line . ( 41 ) smokey dreams ( shoe danzig ) is an unraced half sister to three winners out of 4 - time winner blue line . her filly is inbred 2x3 to danzig and should be a 12 / 1400m performer . winning mare ( 143 ) kitty brown ( west man : 1r ) comes from a strong black - type us female line . the mare has five winning siblings and is represented by a filly , her 1st foal .

albarahin ( silver hawk ) four - time winner ( 98 ) cornish fair ( jungle warrior ) is the dam of 2 winners to date ( from 3 previous foals ) . she’s from an irish sire producing female line and is represented by a filly here . the first foal of winning mare ( 133 ) hello gorgeous ( national emblem ) is a colt . the mare has 5 winning siblings and comes from an american female line . speed is the recurring theme in the family background of ( 91 ) civil affair ( northern guest : 10r / 4w ) , dam of 2 winners to date from 3 runners . she has a half sister to those . ( 51 ) sun fields ( northfields ) is the dam of 3 winners ( and grandam of another ) . the mare is a daughter of champion race filly grey sun , from a top female line . on offer is a filly . stakes pl 5 - time winner ( 11 ) particular passion ( rambo dancer ) has a filly , her 1st foal . the mare is half sister to 2 other stakes horses , their dam a gr3 pl winner of four races .

announce ( n . assembly ) ( 7 ) on the rocks ( icelander ) , winning half sister to gr1 pl gr2 winner sovereign seas , is represented by a colt , her third foal . the grandam is a half sister to guineas winners vistula & muscovy .

caesour ( nureyev ) multiple stakes pl stakes winner of 5 races ( 107 ) divine heights ( divine force ) has a colt , her 1st foal . the mare is a half sister to 4 other winners . interesting mating in terms of pedigree elements , and one to take note of .

camden park ( ap indy ) three - time winner ( 1 ) nasdaq ( jallad : 1r / 1w ) has a black - type argentinian family background . she’s a half sister to four other winners and has a filly on offer .

captain al ( al mufti ) ( 16 ) private fantasy ( jallad ) has a black - type american female line . the mare is half sister to a us stakes winner of 17 . her colt is a 3rd foal , and half brother to a winner .

choctaw ridge ( mr prospector ) stakes placed multiple winner ( 35 ) self made ( thundering force ) is brazilian , and the dam of 3 stakes pl winners there . her colt is a full brother to a 2 - time winner , bred on the notable mr prospector x nijinsky cross ( 2x3 ) .

clash by night ( conquistador cielo ) ( 77 ) belisha beacon ( complete warrior ) is a daughter of gr1 sprinter sounds of light ( whom the catalogue incorrectly credits with wins up to 1700m ) . the filly on offer is a 2nd foal . three - time winner ( 78 ) bella diva ( eli’s star ) also has her second foal , a filly . the mare’s seven winning siblings include stakes placed bel bimbo . the only previous foal of ( 82 ) call cassie ( gallic league ) is a winner . the mare is a full sister to gr3 pl gallic ring and half sister to 2 stakes performers and to the dam of another . the bottom female line is english . ( 140 ) jarita ( icelander ) is the dam of 2 winners to date , and has a half sister to those on offer . the mare is a daughter of gr1 winner miss averof . ( 142 ) joybird ( kentucky slew ) , winning full sister to a stakes winner and half sister to 2 other black type runners , has a filly , her third foal .

copperbelt ( mr prospector ) ( 120 ) fort victoria ( fort wood ) is a daughter of sa oaks winner victoria bay . the colt on offer is the mare’s 2nd foal .

crimson tide ( sadler’s wells ) american bred ( 27 ) roswitha ( manila ) scored 2 wins in brazil before going to stud there . the mare is a half sister to 3 stakes performers in the usa , their dam a half sister to sire cormorant . on offer is a filly , full sister to a winner in brazil .

danehill dancer ( danehill ) australian mare ( 80 ) biloba ( timber country ) is an unraced half sister to three winners ( one a stakes winner of six , from a black - type american female line . on offer is her first foal , a colt acquired for a $ 32 . 000 last january . he’s inbred 1x3 to danehill . interesting .

deep sleep ( rahy ) gr1 pl 4 - time winner ( 104 ) dancer’s choice ( royal prerogative ) is the dam of 5 winners from 7 runners ( two of the winners in turn dams of multiple winners ) . this is a highclass anglo - irish female line . on offer a colt .

doowaley ( sadler’s wells ) three - time winner ( 108 ) double deception ( elliodor : 1r / 1w ) is a daughter of gr3 pl stks winner close friend , from a successful female line . the filly offered is her 2nd foal . ( 47 ) starbright ( fluorescent light ) is the dam of two multiple winners , and has a half sister to those . the mare is a winning full sister to stakes winner aura of light and stakes pl brightsight ( dam of stakes filly harem’s secret ) .

dubai destination ( kingmambo ) winning aus mare ( 125 ) glory days ( bletchingly ) has bred 7 winners to date , incl . gr3 pl stakes winning stayer cockade . the mare’s own dam was runner - up in the gr1 ajc oaks . on offer a colt , acquired for a $ 26 . 000 as a weanling last year .

fan club’s mister ( mr greely ) ( 30 ) sailor’s token ( golden thatch ) is a winning dam of 3 multiple winners incl . gr2 winner royal mariner . on offer a half brother to those . the colt out of multiple winner ( 105 ) decoder ( northern guest ) is a first foal . the mare is a half sister to another winner ( their dam’s only foals ) , and from an american female line .

fantastic light ( rahy ) both the previous foals of aus mare ( 22 ) rhianna louise ( woodman ) are winners , one of them stakes pl . the mare’s dam is a half sister to gr1 allan robertson winner sydney’s dream , from a strong black type family . on offer is a colt , acquired for a $ 4k last january – that was before his stakes pl winning half brother had raced .

hawk wing ( woodman ) the colt out of 5 - time winning australian mare ( 8 ) onwards ( zeditave ) is a half brother to a 4 - time and 7 - time winner down under . the mare herself is full sister to a gr3 pl winner . the youngster was bought as a weanling last year ( a $ 30 . 000 ) .

indigo magic ( gone west ) gr2 pl 4 - time winner ( 63 ) vin fizz ( qui danzig ) is the dam of 4 - time winner singles bar . on offer is her third foal , a filly , with an intriguing pedigree in terms of combining elements . the female line is english .

jallad ( blushing groom ) ( 99 ) cousin linda ( badger land : 8r / 5w ) is a winning half sister to 2 gr1 pl stakes winners by jallad . she’s the dam of gr1 pl gr2 winner rebel king and comes with a jallad filly who is 3 - parts related to cousin john and lucy’s lad . she represents paddock value , if nothing else ! ( 43 ) spacious skies ( n . assembly : 21r / 13w / 1sw ) is a winning full sister to gr1 winner ndabeni and 3 - part sister to gr1 winner grand emporium – among others ! she has a colt , her 2nd foal . take note .

kitalpha ( mr prospector ) multiple winner ( 130 ) hall’s creek ( hallgate : 1r / 1w ) has had one previous foal to race , a winner . she comes with a half sister . the mare herself is half sister to zim champion summer silence , their dam finefields voted broodmare of the year , north of the limpopo . this is the sun lass female line . ( 97 ) coo’er ( jallad ) is a winning half sister to us gr3 winner stark south . her colt is a first foal , inbred 3x4 to raise a native . ( 84 ) cartron ( northern guest : 2r ) , half sister to gr3 winner beautiful stranger , comes with a half brother to a winner in zim ( 54 ) tantalica ( tilden : 2r / 1w ) is an unraced full sister to 3 stakes winners , two of them voted champions in zimbabwe . her offering is a colt . ( 110 ) dupa dear ( tilden : 2r / 1w ) , full sister to gr2 winner dupa dice and 3 other winners , has a colt , her 1st foal .

lavery ( royal academy ) winning mare ( 79 ) beyond the call ( braashee : 1r / 1w ) has had one previous foal , the gr2 natal guineas winner dynamite mike . on offer a half sister . three - time winner ( 103 ) dance on silver ( rambo dancer ) is represented by her 1st foal , a filly . the family background is american . six previous foals , 6 runners , 6 winners incl a stakes winner – that is the record to date of winning mare ( 73 ) amabokoboko ( sunny north ) , who hails from a sire - producing us family . on offer is a colt .

london news ( bush telegraph ) four - time winning mare ( 90 ) chorus line ( jallad : 13r / 7w / 1sw ) has a nz pedigree background . her colt is a 2nd foal , and is bred on an apparently successful sire x broodmare sire cross . the same goes for the colt out of another jallad - mare , ( 115 ) faithful promise , full sister to gr1 runner - up truthofthematter and 2 other multiple winners . nz bred winner ( 134 ) high on life ( zabeel ) is the dam of a winner by jallad . on offer is a half brother . the mare ' s a half sister to the dam ( and grandam ) of stakes horses , from a potent family .

manshood ( mr prospector ) ( 129 ) hail to rule ( al mufti : 3r / 2w / 1sw ) is a gr2 placed gr3 winner of six races , and is the dam of four winners to date , all by different sires . on offer is a half brother to those . the mare is a half sister to two black - type producers .

model man ( elliodor ) ( 39 ) sintra ( n . assembly : 5r / 2w ) is an unraced half sister to 3 stakes horses , and to the dam of another . the mare own dam won twice in france . the colt on offer is the dam’s 2nd foal .

mogok ( storm cat ) gr1 fillies guineas winner bombarda is the dam of ( 65 ) vulcan bomber ( northern guest : 2r / 1w ) . the mare , who is a half sister to 5 winners , has a filly on offer , her 2nd foal .

national emblem ( national assembly ) both runners to date for unraced mare ( 124 ) glitz ( coastal : 11r / 5w ) are winners , incl . stakes winner nondweni . on offer is a half brother . ( 62 ) verve cliquot ( northern guest : 36r / 20w / 1sw ) , full sister to very useful mercury rising , is the dam of a winner and has a half sister to that one here . from the same successful sire x broodmare cross comes a filly out of ( 109 ) dress code ( northern guest : 36r / 20w / 1sw ) . the mare , who is a half sister to champion 2yo imperial despatch , has bred two multiple winners from 3 runners to date . gr3 winner of 5 races ( 23 ) ring the changes ( tete a tete ) has made her mark at stud . she’s dam of 10 winners ( two of them dams of winners ) , incl . 2 stakes winners . there’s a half sister on offer this time . ( 67 ) western flash ( west man : 2r / 1w ) is a half sister to 3 stakes performers , one the dam of gr1 winner divine jury . the only runner to date for the mare is a 3 - time winner . on offer a half brother , her 3rd foal .

pissaro ( green desert ) ( 3 ) nerina’s joy ( fard ) is a winning half sister to stakes winner press king , and comes from an american female line . the colt offered is his dam’s first foal . also with her first foal , a filly , is winning mare ( 136 ) hope and glory ( hallgate ) . the mare’s own dam is a half sister to zim champion hachiman and to two dams of stakes winners . winning stayer ( 44 ) splendid chalice ( royal chalice ) is a daughter of sa oaks winner turndor . her filly offered is her second foal .

portrush ( storm cat ) winning mare ( 53 ) supreme dancer ( qui danzig ) has bred a multiple winner and comes with a half sister to that one .

rambo dancer ( northern dancer ) five - time winner ( 87 ) celestial flame ( all fired up : 5r ) is the dam of four winners from different sires . on offer is a half sister to those . bred on the same sire x broodmare sire cross is the filly out of multiple winner ( 118 ) fidelity bond ( all fired up : 5r ) . the youngster is a half sister to four winners ( from 4 foals by different sires ) , including gr1 pl sprinter fanyana . ( 96 ) competitive edge ( n . emblem : 2r ) is a winning half sister to 3 winners , two of those with black type . the filly on offer is her dam’s 2nd foal .

russian revival ( nureyev ) the filly out of winning mare ( 122 ) free trade ( al mufti : 2r / 1w ) is her dam’s first foal , and inbred 4x4 to hail to reason through the bottom female line of russian revival . that female line has a great record with roberto ( sire here of al mufti , the dam’s sire ) . could be interesting . winning sprinter ( 86 ) catch me ( argosy : 2r / 1w ) is the dam of a winner and comes with a colt , her third foal . all three previous foal of winning mare ( 61 ) veritas ( braashee ) are winners . the female line is black - type american . on offer is a filly . nz bred ( 12 ) passionate love ( college chapel ) has her 2nd foal on offer , a colt . the mare has a black - type european pedigree background . ( 116 ) fast tracks ( desert team : 1r / 1w ) comes from the american female line which gave us home guard and peaceable kingdom . she’s represented by a colt . unraced mare ( 85 ) caspian lady ( rami ) is half sister to 2 dams of graded stakes winners , from the female line of champion wolf power . she’s herself dam of 2 winners and comes with a half sister to those . nz bred mare ( 9 ) oriental queen ( volksraad ) has had 2 runners , both winners , and comes with a half brother to those .

second empire ( fairy king ) three - time winner ( 42 ) south quay ( fine edge ) has seven winning siblings , four of them with black type . she has a colt on offer . ( 127 ) gold index ( golden thatch ) is the dam of 3 winners , including stakes placed etched in gold ( herself dam of a multiple winner ) . she has a half sister to those at this sale .

show a heart ( brave warrior ) australian mare ( 37 ) she sizzles ( snippets ) won twice down under before going to stud . she is represented by a colt , her second foal . he was bought as a yearling earlier this year for a $ 30 . 000 .

silvano ( lomitas ) ( 68 ) western truth ( west man ) is a winning half sister to gr1 pl truthofthematter and 4 other winners , from a highclass female line . the filly on offer is her 3rd foal .

slew the red ( red ransom ) the filly out of 4 - time winner ( 119 ) forest edge ( complete warrior ) is the dam’s 2nd living foal . the youngster is inbred to damascus , the pedigree a variation on the cross of another son of roberto ( al mufti ) with complete warrior mares . gr2 pl sprinter ( 15 ) power steering ( golden thatch ) is the dam of 6 winners from 7 runners ( two of them now dams of winners as well ) . she is out of a half sister to gr1 sprinter military song and comes here with a colt . unraced mare ( 114 ) facination ( muhtafal : 1r ) is half sister to two winners , and from an american female line . she has a colt , her first foal . lightly raced mare ( 83 ) cariad ( northern guest ) , a daughter of gr1 pl gr3 winner fastoll , is represented by her 2nd foal , a colt . also lightly raced was mercury rising’s full sister ( 123 ) gamalakhe ( northern guest ) who also comes with a colt , her first foal . all four runners to date for multiple winning mare ( 137 ) how about now ( red ryder ) are winners ( two of them 6 - timers ) . her youngster on offer is a colt . the potent party time female line is represented here by a colt out of ( 154 ) my lady furness ( west man ) . he’s the first foal of his dam .

street cry ( machiavellian ) bound to kick up a storm at this sale is the colt by current world - wide sire sensation street cry , out of aus mare ( 33 ) scenic storm ( scenic ) . she is a half sister to a stakes winner in hong kong , and from a black - type english female line . he was bought as a yearling earlier this year for a $ 14 . 000 .

super magic ( harry hotspur ) two - time winner ( 50 ) summer pud ( badger land : 1r ) , half sister to 3 other winners , comes from an english female line . her filly is a second foal . three - time winner ( 75 ) antiqua ( jungle warrior ) is the dam of a winner . her own dam is half sister to a host of topclass winners . on offer is a colt . ( 112 ) elimina ( the eliminator : 1r / 1w ) , 3 - time winning full sister to gr3 winner final solution , has bred two winners to date . on offer is a half sister to those .

tale of the cat ( storm cat ) australian mare ( 31 ) santee ( zabeel ) , full sister to the dam of a gr3 winner , is herself the dam of a multiple winner down under . the bottom female line is french . on offer a filly , purchased as a yearling for a $ 50 . 000 .

top size ( roy ) unraced brazilian mare ( 149 ) miss scold ( hostage ) is the dam of 5 multiple winners in brazil , 2 of them stakes pl . she comes with a half sister to those .

woodborough ( woodman ) three - time winning stayer ( 70 ) yellow peril ( royal flo ) hails from the potent corn - family . she has a filly on offer , her first foal , inbred to 3 - part brothers the minstrel & nijinsky ( 3x4 ) . another multiple winner over ground is ( 46 ) star look ( shoe danzig ) , whose 1st foal ( a colt ) is inbred to mr prospector 3x4

lyphard ( may 10 , 1969 – june 10 , 2005 ) was a french thoroughbred racehorse and an important sire .

american bred in pennsylvania , lyphard was a son of northern dancer out of the mare goofed . [ 1 ] he was auctioned as a weanling at november ' s keeneland sales to tim rogers , a horseman from ireland , who then put him up for sale at newmarket in england . there , renowned french trainer and breeder alec head purchased him on behalf of madame germaine wertheimer , widow of the prominent french horseman and owner of the famous house of chanel , pierre wertheimer . germaine wertheimer gave lyphard his name in honor of the ukrainian - born french ballet dancer and choreographer serge lifar .

on the track , lyphard competed in france , ireland , and england , winning six of his twelve starts , including the group one prix jacques le marois and prix de la forêt .

retired after the end of the 1972 racing season , he was sent to stand at stud at the haras d ' etreham near bayeux in normandy . there , his offspring included the filly durtal ( foaled 1974 ) , who won the cheveley park stakes , plus the colt pharly ( 1974 ) , who won several important races in france , including the group one prix de la forêt , prix lupin and prix du moulin de longchamp .

madame wertheimer died in 1974 . in 1978 , lyphard was sent to stand at gainsway farm in lexington , kentucky , where he became famous as the sire of a number of important horses . [ 2 ] in all , he produced 115 graded stakes race winners , including :

jolypha ( 1989 ) – champion 3 - year - old filly in france , who won the 1992 prix de diane and prix vermeille and was a strong third in that year ' s breeders ' cup classic behind eclipse award champion pleasant tap and the race winner , the future u . s . hall of fame colt a . p . indy

at maturity , he reached 15 . 2 hands ( 62 inches , 157 cm ) high . [ 4 ]

in 1996 , lyphard was pensioned from stallion duty at age 27 and lived another nine years . he was one of the oldest horses in the world at the time he was humanely euthanized on june 10 , 2005 as a result of the infirmities of his very old age .

among all the records of foaling and death dates for thoroughbred horses , lyphard is recognized as one of the longest lived ever . at 36 years and 31 days , he is the second longest lived known stallion behind bargain day at 37 years and 17 days ( june 7 , 1965 - june 24 , 2002 ) . other longer lived thoroughbreds include the gelding merrick ( january 25 , 1903 - march 13 , 1941 ) and the supposed australian tango duke legend ( october 8 ( ? ) , 1935 - january 25 , 1978 ) and stop the music ( march 23 , 1970 – july 8 , 2005 ) .

this page was last modified on 11 september 2015 , at 16 : 09 .

this article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) .

on the grand scale of things , the annual ready - to - run sale for 2yo’s is as good as it gets . by far .

seeing the youngsters gallop in the flesh is a whole new experience ( you can watch them on the summerhill website urltoken ) . this year all horses galloped on their own , being asked to show their mettle over about 400m . they came in all shapes and sizes , some laid - back and experienced , others still as green as grass . the good movers impress , but those that don’t aren’t necessarily inferior – with time , everything will change .

in the evaluation of the 2yo’s that follows , the expert’s opinions have been added where appropriate , including some ‘value’ selections volunteered by graeme hawkins , who pulled a fast one over his fellow panellists , each of which only had three of each sex .

as usual , karel miedema comments on the pedigrees ( in sire - order ) , while sporting post’s own panel also gives its views on what they saw at the gallops . now all it needs is a bit of courage on your part !

alphabet soup ( cozzene ) this us - bred sire won the g1 breeders cup classic ( 2000m ) as a 5yo . he’s sire of champion sprinters our new recruit and phantom light in uae and canada , and gr1 filly alphabet kisses in usa . the 2yo colt out of brazilian gr3 winning miler ( 177 ) aliysa ( music prospector ) was foaled in argentina . he’s the first foal of his dam , who raced with success in usa and is full sister to three multiple winners in brazil .

any given saturday ( distorted humor ) us - bred g1 winning stallion , with his first crop of juveniles in the us in 2011 . the 2yo colt out of unraced ( 121 ) our dizzy raine ( danehill ) was sired in australia , from his first southern hemisphere crop . the youngster is half brother to five winners from a variety of sires , incl a stakes placed filly by galileo .

aussie rules ( danehill ) gr1 winning miler , who won the french guineas and sired four stakes winners in his first crop in 2010 . shuttled to australia , where his first crop includes the 2yo filly out of unraced ( 99 ) mariana sunset ( fantastic light ) . she’s the second foal of her dam , who is a daughter of multiple gr1 winner juanmo . the latter is by flying spur , like aussie rules a son of danehill , giving the youngster a double of that champion sire .

black minnaloushe ( storm cat ) twice - winning miler ( 185 ) arrester bed ( jet master ) is half sister to two dams of stakes winners , out of gr1 winner saintly lady . the 2yo filly is her dam’s first foal . six - time winning miler ( 129 ) princess polly ( royal chalice ) is half sister to champion young rake and six other winners , three of which are dams of stakes performers . the youngster is half sister to a winner . gr3 winning sprinter ( 170 ) wendys ( victory speech ) is a daughter of argentine champion sprinter wally . she’s half sister to two dams of graded stakes horses in her country of birth . the 2yo on offer is a colt , who appears on the shortlist of ready - to - run panellist joey ramsden .

caesour ( nureyev ) the sire x dam combination of caesour and ( 23 ) colombe d’or ( elliodor : 15r / 10w / 1sw ) has so far given four winners , incl stakes placed 7 - timer roman eagle . the mare also has a gr2 placed winner by dominion royale and two other winners by sportsworld . grandam kiss of peace , a gr1 winning champion as 3yo , is dam of caesour’s gr2 winning daughter kiss me quick . on offer a 2yo colt .


mandarina luhuana is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family bradybaenidae .

this species is endemic to chichi-jima and minami-jima of the bonin islands in japan .

mandarina luhuana

mandarina luhuana <EOT> mollusc specialist group 1996 . mandarina luhuana . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 7 august 2007 .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .

the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .

a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

size : ca . 4 , 3 cm ( shell diameter ) extinction date : ca . 500 a . d . ( ? )

references : - tadashige habe : " fossil land snails from minami - jima , bonin islands . science reports of the tohoku university , 6 : 51–53 . 1973 - isao sarashinaa ; yoshiki kunitomoa ; minoru iijimaa ; satoshi chibab ; kazuyoshi endoa : preservation of the shell matrix protein dermatopontin in 1500 year old land snail fossils from the bonin islands . organic geochemistry , 39 , ( 2008 ) , 1742 - 1746

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sowerby g . b . ( 1839 ) molluscous animals and their shells ( by gray j . e . , continued by sowerby g . b . ) . in : beechey f . w . ed . the zoology of captain beecheyls voyage to the pacific and behring ' s straits , p . 103 - 155 , h . g . born , london , p . 143 , p . 35 , fig . 4 .

this page was last edited on 29 march 2018 , at 00 : 42 .

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hemipsilichthys papillatus is a species of loricariid catfish endemic to brazil , where it is restricted to the rio preto , a tributary of the paraíba do sul , in the southeastern states of minas gerais , rio de janeiro and são paulo .

this species grows to a length of 9.2 centimetres ( 3.6 in ) sl .

hemipsilichthys papillatus

hemipsilichthys papillatus <EOT> type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 589083 . jpg [ 2834575 ] approved = yes submission by : baena , eduardo on 2010 - 05 - 11 photographed by : baena , eduardo hemipsilichthys papillatus mzusp 53085 holotype standard length : 90 mm dorsal full body copyright©eduardo baena , mzusp . all rights reserved .

type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 589085 . jpg [ 1394738 ] approved = yes submission by : baena , eduardo on 2010 - 05 - 11 photographed by : baena , eduardo hemipsilichthys papillatus mzusp 53085 holotype standard length : 90 mm lateral full body copyright©eduardo baena , mzusp . all rights reserved .

type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 589087 . jpg [ 2186579 ] approved = yes submission by : baena , eduardo on 2010 - 05 - 11 photographed by : baena , eduardo hemipsilichthys papillatus mzusp 53085 holotype standard length : 90 mm ventral full body copyright©eduardo baena , mzusp . all rights reserved .

type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 589084 . jpg [ 1963807 ] approved = yes submission by : baena , eduardo on 2010 - 05 - 11 photographed by : baena , eduardo hemipsilichthys papillatus mzusp 53085 holotype standard length : 90 mm lateral close - up copyright©eduardo baena , mzusp . all rights reserved .

type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 589086 . jpg [ 1765936 ] approved = yes submission by : baena , eduardo on 2010 - 05 - 11 photographed by : baena , eduardo hemipsilichthys papillatus mzusp 53085 holotype standard length : 90 mm ventral close - up copyright©eduardo baena , mzusp . all rights reserved .

type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 589082 . jpg [ 2352753 ] approved = yes submission by : baena , eduardo on 2010 - 05 - 11 photographed by : baena , eduardo hemipsilichthys papillatus mzusp 53085 holotype standard length : 90 mm dorsal close - up copyright©eduardo baena , mzusp . all rights reserved .

pereira , e . h . l . , j . c . oliveira and o . t . oyakawa , 2000 . hemipsilichthys papillatus , a new species of loricariid catfish ( teleostei : siluriformes ) from minas gerais , brazil . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 11 ( 4 ) : 377 - 383 . ( ref . 45132 )

uma nova espécie de loricarídeo pertencente a subfamília neoplecostominae é descrita com base em espécimes obtidos das cabeceiras do rio iguaçu , estado do paraná , sul do brasil . pareiorhaphis parmula é a primeira espécie do gênero descrita para a bacia do rio paraná expandindo a distribuição do gênero . se diferencia das demais espécies do gênero pela presença de uma única e pequena placa na região ventral posterior a abertura branquial e pelo formato de clava do raio indiviso da nadadeira peitoral , estreito na base e alargando - se em direção à extremidade do raio em machos adultos . todas as espécies previamente incluídas em hemipsilichthys com exceção de h . gobio , h . papillatus e h . nimius são transferidas para o gênero pareiorhaphis , que é retirado da sinonímia de hemipsilichthys .

for this reason , the new species is described in pareiorhaphis and h . calmoni , h . garbei ihering , 1911 , h . steindachneri , h . regani giltay , 1936 , h . bahianus ( gosline , 1947 ) , h . cerosus miranda ribeiro , 1951 , h . vestigipinnis reis & pereira , 1992 , h . splendens bizerril , 1995 , h . mutuca oliveira & oyakawa , 1999 , h . stephanus oliveira & oyakawa , 1999 , h . nudulus reis & pereira , 1999 , h . azygolechis pereira & reis , 2002 , h . eurycephalus pereira & reis , 2002 , h . hystrix pereira & reis , 2002 , h . hypselurus pereira & reis , 2002 , and h . stomias pereira & reis , 2002 are herein transferred to pareiorhaphis , while hemipsilichthys gobio , h . papillatus , and h . nimius remain as the only valid species in hemipsilichthys .

h . papillatus is a demersal ( living at or near the bottom of the water body ) species that inhabits small , shallow streams , with clear water and moderate to strong current , and bottoms of rocks , loose stones and gravel . forest and grass is usually present on the margins .

thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

justification : this restricted species is not under any major threat and so has been assessed as least concern . its natural small distribution suggests this species should however , be monitored .

this is a severely restricted species found in the rio preto , a tributary of the paraíba do sul , southeastern brazil . only known from the type locality and a location next to the type .

the paraíba do sul basin is today one of the most industrialized areas of brazil but this species would not be impacted in its tributary . the area in which the rio preto flows in relatively unspoilt .

there are no conservation measures in place and research into the population trends are required .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

greek , hemi = half + greek , psilos = hairless + greek , ichtys = fish ( ref . 45335 )

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 2 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 45132 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 1 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 5 . dorsal series of plates reduced , with no plates in the dorsal series between the dorsal - fin origin and the end of the adipose fin ; both teeth cusps approximately equal in size ( ref . 42856 ) .

found in a small , shallow stream , with clear water and moderate to strong current . bottom formed by rocks , loose stones and gravel . forest and grass usually present on the margins ( ref . 45132 ) .

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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neotrop . ichthyol . vol . 3 no . 2 porto alegre apr . / june 2005

museu de ciências e tecnologia , pucrs , p . o . box 1429 , 90619 - 900 porto alegre , rs , brazil . e - mail : edson . pereira @ urltoken

recent joint collections by mcp and mhnci have resulted in additional material of pareiorhaphis from the upper reaches of the rio iguaçu basin , in the state of paraná , southern brazil . the comparison of the recently collected material with other species allowed the recognition of a new species that clearly contrast with all other species of the genus . this species represents the first record of a pareiorhaphis in the rio paraná basin and this discovery is an indication that additional new species are likely to be found in other headwater tributaries of the rio paraná . in this paper i provide a formal description of that species diagnosing it from the remaining pareiorhaphis species and discuss the reasons for including the new species in the genus pareiorhaphis .

standard length is expressed in mm . all other measurements are expressed as percents of standard length , except subunits of the head which are expressed as percents of head length . in the list of type material museum acronym and catalog number come first , followed by the number of specimens in that lot , the number of specimens measured for the morphometric comparisons in parentheses , the range of standard length , locality , date of collection , and collectors . abbreviations used are sl ( standard length ) and hl ( head length ) .

holotype . mcp 35826 , male , 93 . 3 mm sl ; brazil : paraná : lapa : rio iguaçu basin : rio dos patos , tributary to rio da várzea , on road pr - 427 from lapa to campo do tenente , 25º50 ' 36 . 8 " s 049º43 ' 39 . 2 " w , 29 oct 2004 , e . h . l . pereira , l . f . duboc , v . abilhôa , and r . torres . paratypes . brazil : paraná : mcp 35827 , 59 + 2 c & s ( 29 ) 45 . 7 - 94 . 5 mm sl and mhnci 10883 , 3 ( 1 ) 59 . 6 - 73 . 6 mm sl ; all collected with the holotype . mcp 35556 , 10 ( 7 ) 39 . 6 - 86 . 5 mm sl ; rio dos patos , tributary to rio da várzea , lapa , 25º50 ' 38 " s 049º43 ' 39 " w , 3 jul 2004 , v . abilhôa & l . f . duboc .

diagnosis . pareiorhaphis parmula can be distinguished from all other pareiorhaphis species by having one small plate on each side of the pectoral girdle , just posterior to the gill opening ( vs . abdomen totally naked in all other species ) . the clubshaped pectoral - fin spine , broadening from base to apex on adult males , also distinguishes p . parmula from other pareiorhaphis species with the exception of p . vestigipinnis . from p . vestigipinnis , the new species can be distinguished by having an adipose fin .

pareiorhaphisparmula can be further distinguished from p . vestigipinnis , p . stephane , p . nudula , and p . regani by the longer caudal peduncle ( 34 . 4 - 37 . 9 vs . 27 . 9 - 34 . 0 % sl ) ; from p . eurycephalus , p . hypselurus , p . stomias , and p . splendens by the smaller cleithral width ( 27 . 9 - 31 . 0 vs . 32 . 1 - 40 . 0 % sl ) ; from p . cerosa , p . bahiana , p . azygolechis , and p . mutuca by the smaller caudal peduncle depth ( 8 . 2 - 9 . 2 vs . 9 . 4 - 11 . 7 % sl ) ; from p . garbei , p . calmoni , and p . hystrix by the number of dentary teeth ( 32 - 48 vs . 60 - 89 , 49 - 84 and 42 - 57 , respectively ) ; from p . steindachneri by having the longest hypertrophied odontodes on cheeks of mature males shorter than interor - bital width ( vs . longer than interorbital width ) .

description . counts and proportional measurements presented in table 1 . standard length of measured specimens 43 . 5 to 94 . 5 mm . see fig . 1 for general body aspect . dorsal surface of body covered by plates except for naked area around dorsal fin . body moderately depressed . progressively narrowing from cleithrum to end of caudal peduncle . dorsal profile of body slightly convex , rising from snout tip to origin of dorsal fin and then descending to end of caudal peduncle .

trunk and caudal peduncle mostly ovoid in cross - section , slightly flattened ventrally and more compressed caudally . greatest body depth at dorsal - fin origin . least body depth at shallowest part of caudal peduncle . ventral surface of head , region from pelvic - fin insertion to anal - fin origin , and region around anal fin completely naked . abdomen almost totally naked , except for one ( rarely two ) small platelet on each side just posterior to gill opening . plates difficult to see in specimens smaller than 50 mm sl .

color in alcohol . ground color of dorsal surface of body and head dark grey , sometimes light grey , whitish ventrally . dorsum covered by dark blotches . usually these blotches form - ing four irregular diffuse saddles located at origin of dorsal fin , behind dorsal - fin base , on adipose fin , and between adipose and caudal fins . flanks covered by dark gray blotches , irregularly arranged and sized . sometimes posterior half of flanks with roundish spots or indefinite mid - lateral stripe . mature males with fleshy lobes on margin of head light gray . spines of dorsal , pectoral , pelvic , and anal fins plain grayish or with two or three wide dark stripes . branched rays uniformly grayish or with small , dark - brown blotches along entire length , sometimes forming two or three narrow bands . spines and branched rays of pectoral and pelvic fins of mature males with four or five wide dark dots , sometimes formingdarker irregular lines . caudal fin with two or three narrow bands , more visible when fin widely open . fin membranes hyaline . ventral surface between anal - fin origin and posterior portion of lower lip pale yellow or whitish . ventral margin of head , upper lip , and ventral portion of caudal peduncle grayish .

distribution . pareiorhaphis parmula is known from the rio dos patos , headwaters of the rio iguaçu in paraná state , brazil ( fig . 2 ) .

ecological notes . the type locality where all specimens of pareirhaphis parmula were collected , is a small creek flowing through a landscape of mixed open field and forest . the stretch sampled is narrow ( about 2 - 4 m wide ) and shallow ( about 0 . 4 - 1 . 0 m deep ) . the stream bottom was formed of small to medium - sized rocks , loose stones and gravel . the water was clear and moderate to fast flowing . grass or other vegetation is usually present on the margins . the fishes are usually found among the bottom rocks and stones .

etymology . the name parmula is latin , diminutive from parma , meaning small , light shield , in allusion to the small plate located ventrally just behind the gill opening . a noun in apposition .

the most distinctive feature of p . parmula is the presence of one small plate on each side of the pectoral girdle , just posterior to the gill opening . the condition present in p . parmula differs from that in all other species of pareiorhaphis which have that region completely naked . among the neoplecostominae other genera with plates on the abdomen are neoplecostomus and isbrueckerichthys . the new species can be distinguished from neoplecostomus by lacking a series of papillae on lower lip after of the dentaries and from isbrueckerichthys by having a predorsal spinelet , always absent in the later . pareiorhaphis parmula represents the first pareiorhaphis species in the paraná river basin and an increase in the geographic distribution range of the genus pareiorhaphis .

i thank roberto e . reis ( mcp ) and paulo h . franco lucinda ( unt ) for comments and suggestions on the manuscript . special thanks to luiz f . duboc , vinicius abilhoa and rodrigo torres for their enthusiastic dedication to field work . josé f . pezzi da silva prepared all figures . this research is partially financed by capes with a doctoral fellowship . fieldwork supported by all catfish species inventory ( nsf deb - 0315963 ) .

armbruster j . w . 2004 . phylogenetic relationships of the suckermouth armoured catfishes ( loricariidae ) with emphasis on the hypostominae and the ancistrinae . zoological journal of the linnean society 141 : 1 - 80 .

gosline , w . a . 1947 . contributions to the classification of the loricariid catfishes . arquivos do museu nacional , 41 : 79 - 134 .

, eigenmann & eigenmann e generos alliados . revista da sociedade brasileira de sciencias 2 : 101 - 107 .

montoya - burgos , j . i . 2001 . phylogenetic relationships of the hypostominae ( siluriformes : loricariidae ) with investigations on the phylogeny and evolution of the catfishes . unpublished d . ph . d . thesis , university of genève .

montoya - burgos , j . i . , s . muller , c . weber & j . pawlowski , 1998 . phylogenetic relationships of the loricariidae ( siluriformes ) based on mitochondrial rrna gene sequences . pp . 363 - 374 . in : l . r .

from southern rio de janeiro coastal rivers , southeastern brazil ( teleostei : siluriformes ) . zootaxa , 285 : 1 - 10 .

catfishes ( siluriformes : loricariidae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 148 : 1 - 120 .

, nouvelle espèce de poisson - chat cuirassé du paraguay ( pisces , siluriformes , loricariidae ) . revue suisse de zoologie , 92 ( 4 ) : 955 - 968 .

universidade estadual de maringá núcleo de pesquisas em limnologia , ictiologia e aquicultura / coleção ictiologia av . colombo , 5790 87020 - 900 maringá , pr , brasil tel . : ( 55 44 ) 3011 4632 neoichth @ urltoken


the greenthroat darter ( etheostoma lepidum ) is found in found in colorado , guadalupe and nueces river drainages in texas ; and in pecos river system in new mexico .

it inhabits gravel and rubble riffles , with a preference for spring-fed and vegetated riffles of headwaters , creeks , and small rivers .

greenthroat darter

greenthroat darter <EOT> hubbs , c . , and k . strawn . 1957 . the effects of light and temperature on the fecundity of the greenthroat darter , etheostoma lepidum . ecology 38 : 596 - 602 .

hubbs , c . , a . e . peden , and m . m . stevenson . 1969 . the developmental rate of the greenthroat darter , etheostoma lepidum . amer . midl . nat . 81 : 182 - 188 .

hubbs , c . 1985 . darter reproductive seasons . copeia 1985 ( 1 ) : 56 - 68 .

in new mexico , davenport and archdeacon ( 2008 ) summarized recent survey results . this species was collected annually from bitter creek between 1995–1998 but has not been collected from bitter creek / lost river since 1999 . it was collected from the west side spring ditch in the majority of years sampled , including 2007 . sampling at cottonwood creek in 2002 and 2003 found no greenthroat darters ( the channel was filled with vegetation and tumbleweeds ) ; further sampling is needed to determine the current status of the greenthroat darter in this location . no greenthroat darters were collected from the rio penasco in 2007 , but researchers could not access previously sampled sites on private property .

platania , s . p . 1980 . etheostoma lepidum ( baird and girard ) , greenthroat darter . pp . 661 in d . s . lee et al . , atlas of north american freshwater fishes . n . c . state mus . nat . hist . , raleigh , i - r + 854 pp .

( pflieger 1997 ) ; lepidum : denotes pretty . this darter is a colorful addition to the local fauna ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) .

total adult population size is unknown . this darter is common on the edwards plateau in texas , uncommon in new mexico ( page and burr 2011 ) .

in new mexico , many spring fed tributaries of the pecos river have decreased or ceased to flow since increase in appropriation from the artesian and shallow aquifers ; loss of these habitats led to restriction of greenthroat darters to the few remaining springs with flow ( davenport and archdeacon 2008 ) .

hubbs , c . , m . m . stevenson , and a . e . peden . 1968 . fecundity and egg size in two central texas darter populations . southwestern naturalist 13 : 301 - 323 .

. 1990 ) . this darter is most common in riffle areas with rocky , plant - covered surfaces . eggs are laid on vegetation or on any solid substrate including the undersides of rocks ( page 1983 , sublette

paine , m . d . 1984 . ecological and evolutionary consequences of early ontogenies of darter ( etheostomatini ) . pp . 21 - 30 . in : lindquist , d . g . , and l . m . page ( eds . ) , environmental biology of darters . dr w junk publishers , the hague .

it is easily confused with the orangethroat darter ( etheostoma spectabile ) , which has a less developed banding on the caudal peduncle ; also , the lateral line is almost complete in e . lepidum ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) . female hybrids of e . lepidum x e . spectabile are fertile ; males are sterile ( hubbs 1958 ) . most closely related to allopatric rio grande darter ( e . grahami ) of lower pecos river and closely adjacent area ( platania 1980 ) ; e . grahami is deeper bodied ; has many small red ( on male ) or black ( on female ) spots on side of body , red edge on 1 st dorsal fin ( page and burr 1991 ) .

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justification : listed as near threatened because although the extent of occurrence is fairly large and the species is represented by a relatively large number of subpopulations and locations , the area of occupancy may be less than 2 , 000 sq km and habitat quantity and quality are subject to ongoing slow declines . population size is unknown but apparently not particularly small .

extent of occurrence exceeds 20 , 000 square kilometres and may be roughly 40 , 000 square kilometres .

trend over the past three generations is uncertain but probably slowly declining . regionally , this species faces no immediate danger of extinction ; it persists in much of the historical range in texas and new mexico ; distribution has become somewhat restricted due to habitat alteration ; status of some populations is precarious ( see new mexico department of game and fish 1996 ) . in new mexico , several populations were extirpated in historical times , and others may have been reduced in distribution or abundance ( see new mexico department of game and fish 1996 ) . in new mexico , davenport and archdeacon ( 2008 ) found this species at all previously sampled sites except bitter creek on the bitter lake national wildlife refuge . warren

the primary threat is habitat alteration through groundwater mining , flow diversion , excessive sedimentation , modification of stream morphology , and pollution from industrial , agricultural , and domestic sources ( see new mexico department of game and fish 1996 ) .

) into the riparian area of bitter creek likely caused the disappearance of this species from bitter creek on the bitter lake national wildlife refuge in new mexico ( davenport and archdeacon 2008 ) .

this species would benefit from habitat restoration , improved habitat protection and management , species management , and better information on distribution , abundance , population trend , and threats .

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rio leona at uvalde , uvalde co . , texas ( baird and girard 1853 ) .

: color of species is geographically variable ( hubbs 1976 ) . throat blue or green in males ( lost in preservation ) . 10 to 12 body bars . no black spot on upper margin of pectoral fins , no pale longitudinal streak along lateral line , and no large black rectangular blotches present on sides ( hubbs et al . 1991 ) .

dorsum is olive ; belly of male is orange , female yellow to white . 8 - 13 dark green - brown vertical bars along the side ; bars encircle the body posteriorly , anteriorly extending ventrally only onto upper part of the belly . interspaces between bars yellow and speckled with orange . breast and branchiostegal membranes of male are green , those of female white . 3 vertically aligned spots at base of the caudal fin . prominent black pre - and suborbital bars ; postorbital bar reduced to a spot . in the male 1

dorsal fin has a blue - green margin , clear submarginal band , broad red - orange band , and in some areas of the species’ range a basal blue - green band . the 2

dorsal and caudal fins have many red - brown spots arranged in concentric bands . pelvic and anal fins mostly blue - green , often have orange or red - orange medially . fins of the female mostly spotted with brown . pelvic fins of both sexes clear . in breeding male , colors of fins are accentuated , breast and branchiostegal membranes bright blue - green , and bright orange blotches contrast with the dark green bars on the side of the body ( page 1983 ) .

2 anal fin spines ( hubbs et al 1991 ) . page ( 1983 ) lists the following counts for this species : 43 - 67 ( 48 - 55 ) lateral scales , 19 - 42 pored ; scales above lateral line 5 - 7 ( 6 ) ; scales below lateral line 7 - 10 ; transverse scales 12 - 19 ; scales around caudal peduncle 19 - 25 ; dorsal spines 7 - 12 ( 9 - 10 ) ; dorsal rays 8 - 14 ( 10 - 12 ) ; pectoral rays 9 - 14 ( 11 - 12 ) ; anal rays 4 - 9 ( 6 - 8 ) .

body cross section oval ; body depth contained in standard length less than five times ; head profile rounded , profile in front of eye less than 45 degrees ( hubbs et al . 1991 ) .

rather small and slender , having a small conical head ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) . body deepest under middle of 1

preopercle smooth or weakly serrate ; upper jaw not extending as far as to below middle of eye ( hubbs et al . 1991 ) .

u . s . distribution : a disjunct series of populations inhabits tributaries of the pecos river in new mexico ( platania 1980 ; hubbs et al . 1991 )

texas distribution : inhabits edwards plateau streams , especially spring - influenced headwaters in the colorado river southward to the nueces river basin ( hubbs et al . 1991 ) . warren et al . ( 2000 ) list the following drainage units for distribution of etheostoma lepidum in the state : colorado river , san antonio bay ( including minor coastal drainages west of mouth of colorado river to mouth of nueces river ) , nueces river .

populations in southern drainages are currently stable ( warren et al 2000 ) . common in texas ( page 1983 ) .

: scarce or absent from very eurythermal locations ( hubbs 1985 ) . occurs in a variety of non - turbid stream habitats with substrates from bedrock to silt covered ( platania 1980 ) . a typical riffle species occurring over gravel and rubble , especially when aquatic vegetation is present . it also lives in spring areas , sometimes in cool vegetated pools ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) . largest populations occur in vegetated rocky riffles ( strawn 1955 ; hubbs et al . 1953 ;

hubbs and strawn 1957 ; hubbs and echelle 1972 ) . species benthic after hatching ( hubbs and strawn 1957 ; paine 1984 ) .

spawning season : october or november through may , with populations in stenothermal environments having a longer spawning season than those in more eurythermal environments ( hubbs and strawn 1957 ; hubbs 1985 ) . in the colorado river , texas , spawning occurs november – may ( hubbs 1961a ) ; in the south concho river , texas , spawning occurs october – may ( hubbs et al . 1968 ) . hubbs ( 1985 ) reported marked drop in reproductive activity when water temperature was raised from 20 to 23 degrees c .

spawning habitat : eggs laid on vegetation ( strawn 1956 ) , or on the underside of rocks ( hubbs and strawn 1957 ) .

hubbs and echelle ( 1972 ) reported water supply and habitat problems leading to decline in distribution . species in no immediate danger of extirpation ; however , some populations are in a precarious position ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) .

[ additional literature noting collection of this species from texas locations includes , but is not limited to the following : hubbs ( 1957 ) ; hubbs and hettler ( 1958 ) ; hubbs ( 1960 ) ; hubbs and martin ( 1965 ) ; hubbs 1967 ) . ]

baird , s . f . and c . girard . 1853 . descriptions of new species of fishes collected by mr . john h . clark , on the u . s . and mexican boundary survey , under lt . col . jas . d . graham . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 6 ( 7 ) : 387 - 390 .

evermann , b . w . , and w . c . kendall . 1894 . the fishes of texas and the rio grande basin , considered chiefly with reference to their geographic distribution . bull . u . s . fish comm . 57 - 126 .

hubbs , c . 1957 . distributional patterns of texas fresh - water fishes . the southwestern naturalist 2 ( 2 / 3 ) : 89 - 104 .

hubbs , c . 1958 . fertility of fı hybrids between the percid fishes , etheostoma spectabile and e . lepidum . copeia 1958 : 57 - 59 .

hubbs , c . 1960 . duration of sperm function in the percid fishes etheostoma lepidum and e . spectabile , associated with sympatry of the parental populations . copeia 1960 ( 1 ) : 1 - 8 .

hubbs , c . 1961a . developmental temperature tolerance of four etheostomatine fishes occurring in texas . copeia 1961 : 195 - 198 .

hubbs , c . 1961b . differences in the incubation period of two populations of etheostoma lepidum . copeia 1961 : 198 - 200 .

hubbs , c . 1967 . geographic variations in survival of hybrids between etheostomatine fishes . bulletin of the texas memorial museum 13 : 1 - 72 .

hubbs , c . 1976 . a checklist of texas freshwater fishes . rev . ed . tech . ser . tex . parks wildl . dep . 11 . 12 pp .

hubbs , c . , and a . a . echelle . 1972 . endangered non - game fishes of the upper rio grande basin pp . 147 - 167 . in : rare and endangered wildlife of southwestern unites states . new mexico game and fish dept . , santa fe .

hubbs , c . , and p . s . martin . 1965 . effects of darkness on egg deposition by etheostoma lepidum females . the southwestern naturalist 10 ( 4 ) : 302 - 306 .

hubbs , c . , and w . f . hettler . 1958 . flutuations of some central texas fish populations . the southwestern naturalist 3 ( 1 / 4 ) : 13 - 16 .

hubbs , c . , r j . edwards , and g . p . garrett . 1991 . an annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of texas , with keys to identification of species . texas journal of science , supplement 43 ( 4 ) : 1 - 56 .

hubbs , c . , r . a . kuehne , and j . c . ball . 1953 . the fishes of the upper guadalupe river . texas journal of science 5 ( 2 ) : 216 - 244 .

kuehne , r . a . , and r . w . barbour . 1983 . the american darters . the university press of kentucky . lexington . 177 pp .

page , l . m . 1983 . handbook of darters . t . f . h . publications , inc . , ltd . , neptune city , nj . 271 pp .

page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america , north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .

pflieger , w . l . 1997 . the fishes of missouri . missouri department of conservation , jefferson city . 372 pp .

strawn , k . 1955 . a method of breeding and raising three texas darters . part i . aquarium journal 26 : 408 - 412 .

strawn , k . 1956 . a method of breeding and raising three texas darters . part ii . aquarium journal 27 ( 1 ) : 11 - 32 .

warren , m . l . , jr . , b . m . burr , s . j . walsh , h . l . bart , jr . , r . c . cashner , d . a . etnier , b . j . freeman , b . r . kuhajda , r . l . mayden , h . w . robison , s . t . ross , and w . c . starnes . 2000 . diversity , distribution , and conservation status of the native freshwater fishes of the southern united states . fisheries 25 ( 10 ) : 7 - 29 .

adults occur in gravel and rubble riffles , especially spring - fed and vegetated riffles , of headwaters , creeks and small rivers ( ref . 5723 ) . eggs are found attached to the substrate unguarded ( ref . 7043 ) .

north america : found in colorado , guadalupe and nueces river drainages in texas , usa ; and in pecos river system in new mexico , usa .

6 . 6 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) )

lectotype for boleosoma lepida catalog number : usnm 744 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : j . clark locality : rio leona at uvalde , a tributary of rio nueces , texas . , uvalde county , texas , united states , north america

non - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .

locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .

locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .

comments : eats small crustaceans , aquatic insects , alagae on solid substates in riffles , and aquatic vegetation ( sublette et al . 1990 ) .

note : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .

comments : this species is represented by a moderate number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) , most of which are in texas . texas natural history collections ( 1997 ) mapped 22 collection sites in texas and 8 sites in new mexico .

spawns late october or november through may ( hubbs 1985 ) . eggs laid in several groups and usually are fertilized by largest male present . eggs hatch in 4 - 5 days at 28 c , about 40 days at 9 c ( page 1983 ) .

the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 8 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .

below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .

reasons : occurs in tributaries of colorado , guadalupe , and nueces rivers of edwards plateau , texas , and pecos river system in southeastern new mexico ; common in texas , uncommon in new mexico ; distribution has become somewhat restricted due to habitat alteration through groundwater mining , flow diversion , excessive sedimentation , modification of stream morphology , and pollution from industrial , agricultural , and domestic sources .

comments : boloeosoma phlox cope , formerly assigned to this species , is a junior synonym of e . spectabile ( page 1983 ) . apparently has hybridized with percina caprodes in texas ; hybridization probably related to abnormally high turbidity ( hubbs et al . 1988 ) .

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the geelvink imperial pigeon ( ducula geelvinkiana ) is a bird in the family columbidae formerly considered conspecific with the spice imperial pigeon ( ducula myristicivora ) .

it is endemic to the islands of biak , numfoor and mios num in the indonesian province of papua .

geelvink imperial pigeon

geelvink imperial pigeon <EOT> islands of numfor , biak and mios num , in geelvink bay ( nw new guinea ) .

del hoyo , j . , collar , n . , kirwan , g . m . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . geelvink imperial - pigeon ( ducula geelvinkiana ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

not globally threatened . common on islands in geelvink bay . presence on nearby mainland ( see movements ) , whether as a wanderer or , presumably scarce , resident remains to be . . .

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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .

ducula myristicivora and d . geelvinkiana ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as d . myristicivora following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .

justification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be common ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .

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hitherto considered conspecific with d . myristicivora , but differs on account of its lack of black knob on bill ( 3 ) ; lack of pale vinous wash on hindneck ( 2 ) ; yellow iris , based on photographic evidence ( at least 2 ) ; darker grey head , breast and mantle , with dirtier , darker lower underparts ( ns [ 1 ] ) ; greener - glossed vs bluer - glossed rump ( inconstant character ; entire upperparts of geelvinkiana tend to be more strongly green [ ns ] ) ; smaller size ( wing length effect size –1 . 636 ; score 1 ) . also closely related to d . rubricera ; a close relationship with d . concinna has also been suggested . monotypic .

( see taxonomy comments ) but smaller ( wing 227–232 mm , versus 257–260 mm ) . lacks pink on hindcrown , ear - coverts . . .

advertising call a medium - pitched , coarse “crwwooo” repeated incessantly at rate of one per second . . .

occurs in forest of all types , including secondary and logged areas , from sea - level to 500 m .

no information available , although presumably exclusively frugivorous , gathering at fruiting trees , usually alone or in pairs .

probably mainly resident , but there is at least one mainland record , from hill forests at c . 400 m . . .

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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .

hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .

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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : ducula geelvinkiana . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

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there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .

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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :

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