rivomarginella morrisoni is a species of freshwater snail , gastropod mollusk in the family marginellidae , the margin snails .

rivomarginella morrisoni is the type species of the genus rivomarginella .

rivomarginella morrisoni

rivomarginella morrisoni <EOT> marginellidae » rivomarginella morrisoni , id : 801283 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : rivomarginella morrisoni r . a . m . brandt , 1968 - id : 2041503050

rivomarginella morrisoni brandt , 1968 . x4 rivers , lakes , and canals along the gulf of thailand . one freshwater species " known from thailand only " ( brandt , 1974 ) .

rivomarginella brandt , 1968 : 275 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : rivomarginella morrisoni brandt , 1968 ; indo - pacific , found in freshwater in south east asia . recent only ; coovert & coovert , 1995 : 93 [ prunini ] .

thailand for brotia armata ( brandt , 1968 ) thailand for filopaludina ( filopaludina ) sumatrensis peninsularis brandt , 1974 thailand for rivomarginella morrisoni brandt , 1968 thailand for stenothyra acuta brandt , 1974 thailand for stenothyra confinis brandt , 1974 thailand for stenothyra cyrtochila van benthem jutting , 1959 thailand for stenothyra glabrata ( a . adams , 1851 ) thailand for stenothyra hardouini de morgan , 1885 thailand for stenothyra koratensis holosculpta brandt , 1974 thailand for stenothyra maculata brandt , 1974 thailand for stenothyra microsculpta brandt , 1974 thailand for stenothyra monilifera ( benson , 1856 ) thailand for stenothyra moussoni martens , 1897 thailand for stenothyra nana prashad , 1921 thailand for stenothyra polita ( a . adams , 1851 ) thailand for stenothyra prasongi brandt , 1974 thailand for stenothyra spinosa brandt , 1974

brandt r . a . m . ( 1974 ) . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand . archiv für molluskenkunde . 105 : i - iv , 1 - 423 . [ details ]

cossignani t . ( 2006 ) . marginellidae & cystiscidae of the world . l ' informatore piceno . 408pp . [ details ]

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en " " urltoken "

thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

burch , j . , seddon , m . , sri - aroon , p . & do , v .

the species is thought to be restricted to central thailand , with a recent record from songkhla lake in southern thailand .

further survey work is required to determine its current range , population trend and ecological requirements , and the species is considered data deficient at present .

the species is thought to be restricted to central thailand . it has been recorded in the mae klong river ( type locality ) , prachin river and nan river . it occurs also in several klongs around bangkok ( klong bang o , klong ban yikkan , klong prapa ) and klong rapipat at babn ta luang in ayutthaya province . in patalung , it was found in a lagoon . this species is poorly known with few verified records . a record from songkhla lake ( songkhla and phatthalung provinces ) requires confirmation (

this is the only species in the largely marine family marginellidae which lives in freshwater . it is found in rivers , lakes , and canals along the gulf of thailand .

without more information on the species ' distribution and ecology , nothing can be inferred of its threats .

no species - specific conservation actions known , however the species requires survey work to determine range , taxonomic status and future threats .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

shell gallery view « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . » conchological megadatabase on mollusks

the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :

we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .

enter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .

e - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .

click on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .

© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 309 seconds . )

© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en "

a few members of this marine or brackish water family have adapted to fresh waters . most inhabit marginally marine environments in the tropics .

telescopium telescopium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) brandt ( 1974 ) indicates this is a snail of " muddy irrigation trenches , drainages and swamps in the mud flats . " native to much of southeast asia .

cerithidea cingulata ( gmelin , 1790 ) native to thailand . this image , and the photographs below are from brandt ( 1974 ) .

carniverous gastropods related to the marine whelks . two freshwater genera , clea and afrocanidia .

brandt ( 1974 ) describes and pictures six clea ( subgenus anentome ) species , but could only confirm clea helena for the territory of thailand . he says of clea helena that it is the only species in thailand that is " not restricted to running water as it is also found in lakes and ponds " , and that it " feeds predominantly on decaying protein , but has been observed to attack living snails and worms . "

clea has been offered for sale in the pet trade and the possibility exists for it to become invasive . harry lee includes this and other information on the genus at urltoken . he also posted a listing of species at urltoken = 1 & h = 0 & o = t & t = 1 .

clea helena ( philippi , 1847 ) ( left ) widespread , southeast asia , indonesia . variable . x3 . clea scalarina ( deshayes , 1876 ) ( right ) mekong river . slightly magnified .

nassa mudsnails , characteristic of tidal mudflats , have also invaded fresh waters . banarescu ( 1990 ) mentions

pygmaenassa - india , nassodonta - east asia , and arcularia - lake chilka , burma .

nassodonta dorri ( wattebled , 1886 ) viet nam . photo bill frank , webmaster jaxshells . org . x3 .

morrisonietta siamensis brandt , 1968 . x10 prefers brackish water of low salinity . several species endemic to various localities in southeast asia ( brandt , 1974 ) .

popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more

brandt r . a . m . ( 1974 ) . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand .

doctype html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en "

search urltoken search urltoken - enter search word . avoid using the word " shell " - e . g . , use mitra instead of mitra shell . * * * google marginellidae on the internet

click on the thumbnail images for an enlarged view . images will open up in a separate , resizeable window .

* turn off your browser ' s pop - up blocker to see enlarged pictures and links . *

1995 . revision of the supraspecific classification of marginelliform gastropods . the nautilus 109 ( 2 & 3 ) : 43 - 110 .

1997 . classification of the mollusca : a classification of worldwide mollusca . 1 - 544 .

afrivoluta tomlin , 1947 : 244 . type species ( o . d . ) : afrivoluta pringlei tomlin , 1947 ; recent , south africa . 70 - 500m .

tomlin , 1947 - endemic to south africa , 86mm ; grows to be the largest known species of marginellid ; trawled from deep water . the species was orignally described as a volute .

marginella ( marginellona ) von martens , 1904 : 108 . type species ( monotypy ) : marginella ( marginellona ) gigas von martens , 1904 ; indo pacific , eastern indian ocean and south china sea . recent . 380 to 1280m ; sigaluta rehder , 1967 : 182 - 183 . type species ( o . d . ) : sigaluta praetasensis rehder , 1967 , [ = marginellona gigas von martens , 1904 ] .

myobarum sohl , 1963 : 750 = 751 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : myobarum laevigatum sohl , 1963 ; late cretaceous ( upper maestrichtian ) of mississippi and georgia .

conuginella laseron , 1957 : 288 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella inermis tate , 1878 ; miocene australia .

serrata jousseaume , 1875 : 167 , 230 . type species ( tautology ) : serrata serrata ( gaskoin , 1849 ) , [ = marginella serrata gaskoin , 1849 ] ; neozelanic , southern australia , indo - pacific . middle oligocene of new zealand , miocene of australia , to recent . intertidal to 370m ; haloginella laseron , 1957 : 284 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella mustelina ( angas , 1871 ) , [ = hyalina ( volvarina ) mustelina angas , 1871 ] ; exiginella laseron , 1957 : 289 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella winteri tate , 1878 .

serrataginella coovert & coovert , 1995 : 82 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : " marginella " spryi clover , 1974 ; indo - pacific and eastern africa . intertidal to 30m .

( clover , 1974 ) - mozambique , 8 - 9mm ; dredged in ± 20 meters of water off pemba . western indian ocean distribution .

: cossignani , t . 2006 . marginellidae & cystiscidae of the world . p . 230 .

stromboginella laseron , 1957 : 289 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella crassidens chapman and crespin , 1928 ; pleistocene of australia .

hydroginella laseron , 1957 : 284 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : hydroginella dispersa laseron , 1957 ; south australia , indo - pacific . recent . intertidal to 550m ; neptoginella laseron , 1957 : 283 . type species ( o . d . ) : neptoginella fascicula laseron , 1957 ; pillarginella gabriel , 1962 : 197 . type species ( o . d . ( monotyoy ) ) : marginella columnaria hedley & may , 1908 .

mioginella laseron , 1957 : 287 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella regula cotton , 1949 ' ; eocene from australia .

protoginella laseron , 1957 : 285 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella lavigata brazier , 1877 , [ = marginella ( prunum ) lavigata brazier , 1877 ; indo - pacific . eocene and pliocene of australia to recent . 13 - 97m .

marginella ( nudifaba ) eames , 1952 : 122 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella ( nudifaba ) rakhiensis eames , 1952 ; eocene of pakistan .

: coovert & coovert , 1995 : 84 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 167 .

alaginella laseron , 1957 : 286 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella ochracea angas , 1871 ; south australia , indo - pacific , south africa . miocene and pliocene of australia to recent . intertidal to 1650m ; carinaginella laseron , 1957 : 287 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella carinata smith , 1891 ; cassoginella laseron , 1957 : type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella palla cotton , 1949 ; triginella laseron , 1957 : 280 - 281 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella malina hedley , 1915 .

( tomlin , 1918 ) - algoa bay , south africa , 6 - 7mm . endemic to s . africa . taken from cray traps set in 100 - 150 meters of water . the elevated spire is a consistent characteristic . the species name is sometimes misspelled " attracta " .

marginella ( hiwia ) marwick , 1931 : 129 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella ( hiwia ) amplificata marwick , 1931 ; eocene of australia to oligocene of new zealand .

austroginella laseron , 1957 : 285 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella muscaria lamarck , 1822 ; south australian . miocene to pleistocene of australia to recent . intertidal to 27m ; plicagenella laseron , 1957 : 285 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella formicula lamarck , 1822 .

( lamarck , 1822 ) - new south wales , australia , 13 - 15mm . type species of genus . dredged on sand in ± 5 fathoms of water .

: cossignani , t . 2006 . marginellidae & cystiscidae of the world . p . 356 .

mesoginella laseron , 1957 : 282 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella turbinata sowerby , 1846 ; neozelanic , south australia , indo - pacific . miocene , pliocene and pleistocene of australia to recent . intertidal to 640m ; deviginella laseron , 1957 : 283 - 284 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella brachia watson , 1886 , [ = marginella ( glabella ) brachia watson , 1886 ] hianoginella laseron , 1957 : 288 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella physa cotton , 1949 ; sinuginella laseron , 1957 : 282 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella inconspicua sowerby , 1846 ; spiroginella laseron , 1957 : 283 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella leia cotton , 1944 [ = marginella turbinata sowerby , 1846 ] urnigenella laseron , 1957 : 287 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella cassidiformis tate , 1878 .

closia gray , 1857 : 36 . type species ( monotypy ) : closia sarda ( kiener , 1834 ) , [ = marginella sarda kiener , 1834 ] . indo - pacific restricted to western indian ocean . recent only . 20 - 140m .

( kiener , 1834 ) - diego suarez , madagascar , 17mm . type species of genus closia . found only in the indian ocean .

ovaginella laseron , 1957 : 280 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella ovulum sowerby , 1846 . neozelanic , southern australia . recent only . 3 - 370m .

balanetta jousseaume , 1875 : 168 , 269 . type species ( monotypy ) : balanetta baylei jousseaume , 1875 ; southern australia , indo - pacific . recent only . intertidal to 183m .

marginella section volvarina hinds , 1844 : 75 . type species ( s . d . redfield , 1870 : 221 ) : marginella nitida hinds , 1844 , [ = marginella ( volvarina ) nitida hinds , 1844 , = voluta mitrella risso , 1826 ] ; neozelanic , southern australia , indo - pacific , eastern pacific , western atlantic , arctic , magellanic / antarctic , mediterranean , west africa , south africa . eocene of france , oligocene to pleistocene of west atlantic , early miocene of western pacific , miocene and pliocene of italy , pleistocene of california to recent ; coovert , & coovert , 1995 : 90 [ prunini ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 167 [ marginellidae ] ; volvoria jousseaume , 1875 ( err . ) volvarina hinds , 1844 ; vaught , 1989 : 54 ; le renard , 1996 : 78 .

( sowerby , 1832 ) - tumbes , peru , 23 - 24mm . collected by fishermen in 5 - 10 meters of water . do not confuse with prunum macleani , which is a rarer species with a more limited distribution .

( born , 1778 ) - guajira peninsula , colombia , 24mm . inhabits a wide swath of moderately deep water on both sides of the atlantic ocean from west africa to the southern caribbean . the species varies considerably . specimens from colombia often exhibit a central band .

( pfeiffer , 1840 ) - eleuthera island , bahamas , 9 - 10mm . found in a blue - hole fed salt water lake in shallow water . the central columellar pillar is visible through the semi - translucent shell . do not confuse with prunum apicinum , which has a thicker , white shell .

( clover , 1974 ) - masirah island , oman , 19 - 20mm . the species name is also spelled " pergrande " . the two faint bands overlaid with white flecks is a consistent characteristic . a sand - dwelling species found intertidal around the arabian peninsula from the gulf of aden to the horn of africa .

. seashells of eastern arabia . p . 148 ( as volvarina pergrandis ) .

. le marginelle di ras hafun . 1 . 5 : 48 - 51 .

. a new species of cypraea from west africa and three new species of marginellidae from the indian ocean . the journal of conchology 28 ( 4 ) : 213 - 216 , pl . 8 [ original description ] .

bullata jousseaume , 1875 : 167 , 250 . type species ( tautology ) : bullata bullata ( born , 1778 ) , [ = voluta bullata born , 1778 ; western atlantic . miocene and pliocene of western atlantic to recent . 1 - 60m ; coovert & coovert , 1995 : 92 [ prunini ] ; marginella subg . volutella swainson , 1830 : ( 2 ) , marginella pl . 1 ( non perry , 1810 ) . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella bullata lamarck , 1822 , [ = voluta bullata born , 1778 ] ; gibberulina monterosato , 1884 : 139 [ invalid emendation , as " nom . sost . " ] .

marginella , section cryptospira hinds , 1844 : 76 . type species ( s . d . gray , 1847 : 142 ) : marginella tricincta hinds , 1844 , [ = marginella ( cryptospira ) tricincta hinds , 1844 ; indo - pacific . pliocene of java to recent . from 0 . 6 to 123m ; coovert & coovert , 1995 : 93 [ prunini ] ; crystospira cotton , 1949 ( err . ) .

( lamarck , 1822 ) - java , indonesia , 31 - 36mm . an uncommon southeast asian species . the illustrated shell was taken in ± 40 meters of water at rembang by fishermen .

. recent & fossil indonesian shells . p . 150 , pl . 50 , fig . 12a & b .

( bavay , 1902 ) - basilan island , philippines , 11 - 12mm . trawled from ± 70 meters of water .

. philippine marine mollusks - vol . ii . p . 432 , pl . 511 , figs . 3a & b .

. marginellidae & cystiscidae of the world . p . 328 . lipe , r . 1992 . marginellas . p . 13 , pl . 6 , fig . 4 .

. shells of the philippines . p . 336 , pl . 96 , fig . 4e .

bert , 1985 - phuket , thailand , 42 - 46mm . found sub - tidally . both banded and unbanded forms are found in the same populations .

hyalina schumacher , 1817 : 234 . type species ( monotypy ) : hyalina pellucida schumacher , 1817 , [ = bulla pallida linne , 1758 ] ; indo - pacific , western atlantic , magellanic / antarctic , south africa , . pliocene of florida to recent . intertidal to 1340m ; coovert & coovert , 1995 : 94 [ prunini ] ; marginella , subg . volvarina section neovolvaria fischer , 1883 : 602 . type species ( monotypy ) : marginella pallida ( linne , 1767 ) , [ = bulla pallida linne , 1758 ] .

marginella , subg . stazzania sacco , 1890 : 138 ( 245 ) ; 1890 : 26 ( 318 ) . type species ( monotypy ) : marginella ( stazzania ) emarginata sismonda , 1847 ; eocene of france , to upper miocene of italy stazzania sacco , 1890 ; coovert & coovert , 1995 : 94 [ marginellini ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 167 [ marginellidae ] ; le renard , 1996 : 77 ( as synonym of marginella ) .

marginella subg . marginella , section dentimargo cossmann , 1899 : 90 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella dentifera lamarck , 1803 ; neozelanic , southern australia , indo - pacific , eastern pacific , western atlantic , west africa , south africa . eocene of france , eocene to pleistocene of western atlantic , oligocene to pliocene of australia , miocene to pliocene of western pacific , to recent . intertidal to 1300m ; dentimargo cossmann , 1899 ; coovert & coovert , 1995 : 95 [ marginellini ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 167 [ marginellidae ] ; volvarinella habe , 1951 : 101 - 102 . type species ( o . d . ) : volvarinella makiyamai habe , 1951 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 167 [ marginellidae ] ; marginella subg . eburnospira olsson & harbison , 1953 : 201 - 202 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella eburneola conrad , 1834 ; volvarinella ( eburnospira ) ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 167 [ marginellidae ] longinella laseron , 1957 : 286 ( non gros & lestage , 1927 ) . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella maugeana hedley , 1915 .

marginella section marginella , gruppe eratoidea weinkauff , 1879 : 140 . type species ( s . d . cossmann , 1899 : 87 ) : marginella margarita kiener , 1834 ; western atlantic . miocene of caribbean , to recent . 1 to 1470m ; eratoidea weinkauff , 1879 ; coovert & coovert , 1995 : 96 [ marginellini ] .

cryptospira subg . cryptospira , section euryentome cossmann , 1899 : 95 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella crassilabra conrad , 1833 ( non marginella crassilabra bory de st . vincent , 1827 ) , [ = marginella silabra palmer , 1937 , = marginella anatina lea , 1833 ] ; eocene of alabama and mississippi , to miocene of trinidad ; euryentome cossmann , 1899 ; coovert & coovert , 1995 : 96 [ marginellini ] .

marginella , subg . glabella , section simplicoglabella sacco , 1890 : 21 ( 313 ) . type species ( s . d . eames , 1952 : 119 ) : marginella ( glabella ) taurinensis michelotti , 1847 ; miocene of italy . simplicoglabella sacco , 1890 ; coovert & coovert , 1995 : 97 [ marginellini ] .

sowerby , 1886 - south africa , 15 - 16mm . a form from the eastern cape peninsula taken scuba diving in ± 15 meters of water .

sowerby , 1886 - south africa , 14 - 16mm . dredged off east london in ± 55 meters of water .

( bolten in röding , p . f . , 1798 ) - south africa , 41mm . grows to be one of the largest south african species in the genus marginella .

redfield , 1870 - south africa , 32 . 5mm ; the color varies ; some are gray , others with rich colors like this illustrated shell .

bozzetti , 1993 - south africa , 23 - 24mm ; immediately identifiable by the black tick markings along the margin of the lip .

- south africa , 15mm ; a multitude of marginella species inhabit the waters off south africa ; this species is probably undescribed , one of many new marginella that have been discovered by scuba divers during the past number of years .

glabella swainson , 1840 : 133 , 324 . type species ( s . d . gray , 1847 : 142 , monotypy ) : voluta faba linne , 1758 ; indo - pacific , west africa . recent only . intertidal to 183m ; coovert & coovert , 1993 : 98 [ marginellini ] ; marginella , section phaenospira hinds , 1844 : 72 . type species ( s . d . gray , 1847 : 142 ) : marginella noduta ( sic ) hinds , 1844 , [ = marginella nodata hinds , 1844 ] ; phoenospira petit , 1851 ( err . ) ; marginella subg . marginella , section faba fischer , 1883 : 602 . type species ( monotypy ) : marginella faba ( linne , 1758 ) , [ = voluta faba linne , 1758 ] ; marginella ( glabella ) ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 167 [ marginellidae ] .

( adams , h . g . , 1869 ) - somalia , 28mm - trawled in ± 200 meters of water . deep and shallow water forms exhibit considerable variation .

marginellidae on this page click name to view image - click » to view caption below .

marginella nebulosa » marginella peelae » marginella sp . » prunum curtum » prunum marginata » prunum pellucidum » prunum pergrandis » serrataginella spryi »


euchelus bicinctus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family chilodontidae .

many specimens of clanculus tonnerrei ( g & h nevill 1874 ) have been misdientified as belonging to this species , following a misidentification of issel ( 1869 ) ( herbert , 1996 ) .

euchelus bicinctus

euchelus bicinctus <EOT> worms - world register of marine species - euchelus bicinctus auct . non philippi , 1849

species euchelus proximus a . adams , 1855 accepted as euchelus circulatus ( anton , 1849 )

species euchelus bicinctus auct . non philippi , 1849 accepted as clanculus tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 )

species euchelus angulatus pease , 1868 accepted as vaceuchelus foveolatus ( a . adams , 1853 )

species euchelus hachijoensis pilsbry , 1904 accepted as herpetopoma rubrum ( a . adams , 1853 )

species euchelus edentulus ( a . adams , 1853 ) accepted as clanculus edentulus a . adams , 1853

to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym clanculus gibbonsi sowerby iii , 1912 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym euchelus bicinctus auct . non philippi , 1849 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 4 publications ) ( from synonym euchelus erythraeensis sturany , 1903 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 4 publications ) ( from synonym clanculus gennesi h . fischer , 1901 ) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym euchelus bicinctus auct . non philippi , 1849 ) to mnhn molluscs type collection ( 2000 - 31160 ) ( from synonym clanculus gennesi h . fischer , 1901 )

species euchelus clathratus ( a . adams , 1853 ) accepted as vaceuchelus clathratus ( a . adams , 1853 )

species euchelus erythraeensis sturany , 1903 accepted as clanculus tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 )

species euchelus ruber ( a . adams , 1851 ) accepted as herpetopoma rubrum ( a . adams , 1853 )

( of euchelus bicinctus auct . non philippi , 1849 ) herbert d . g . ( 1996 ) . observations on clanculus tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 ) ( mollusca gastropoda trochidae ) . tropical zoology 9 : 31 - 45 . [ details ]

between otaki and waikanae . at first sight i took it to be a very small specimen of the banded dotterel ( charadrius bicinctus ) , several specimens of which were lying near , but observing that the colouration of the feet , breast , and head differed very much from that of c . bicinctus , i carefully preserved the skin .

subgenus euchelus ( pareuchelus ) o . boettger , 1907 † accepted as pareuchelus o . boettger , 1907 † ( original rank )

» species euchelus ( herpetopoma ) foveolatus ( a . adams , 1851 ) accepted as vaceuchelus foveolatus ( a . adams , 1853 )

species euchelus lamberti ( souverbie in souverbie & montrouzier , 1875 ) accepted as tallorbis roseola g . nevill & h . nevill , 1869

subgenus euchelus ( nevillia ) h . adams , 1868 accepted as nevillia h . adams , 1868 accepted as alcyna a . adams , 1860

species euchelus gemmula w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as vaceuchelus gemmula ( w . h . turton , 1932 ) ( original combination )

species euchelus natalensis e . a . smith , 1906 accepted as vaceuchelus natalensis ( e . a . smith , 1906 ) ( original combination )

species euchelus scabriusculus a . adams & angas , 1867 accepted as herpetopoma scabriusculum ( a . adams & angas , 1867 ) ( original combination )

subgenus euchelus ( perrinia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1854 accepted as perrinia h . adams & a . adams , 1854 ( original rank )

» species euchelus ( herpetopoma ) pruinosus b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as herpetopoma pruinosum ( b . a . marshall , 1979 ) ( original combination )

species euchelus seychellarum g . nevill & h . nevill , 1869 accepted as herpetopoma seychellarum ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1869 ) ( original combination )

( of euchelus erythraeensis sturany , 1903 ) herbert d . g . ( 1996 ) . observations on clanculus tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 ) ( mollusca gastropoda trochidae ) . tropical zoology 9 : 31 - 45 . [ details ]

( of trochus ( euchelus ) philippi , 1847 ) philippi r . a . ( 1847 ) . versuch einer systematischen eintheilung des geschlechtes trochus . zeitschrift für malakozoologie . 4 : 17 - 26 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 20 [ details ]

ngu ? n : wikipedia . c c trang : 36 . ch ng : euchelus , neomphalidae , vaceuchelus , anatomidae , pendromidae , cantrainea , angaria delphinus , herpetopoma , granata , danilia , choristella , addisoniidae , perrinia , lepetella , pseudococculinidae , vetulonia , lepetellidae , leptothyra , bothropoma , neomphaloidea , scissurelloidea , vaceuchelus scrobiculatus , arene cruentata , ataphridae , agathodonta elongata , pyropeltidae , tecticrater , peltospira , crysomallon , euchelus bicinctus , cinysca , mirachelus corbis , danilia tinei , retiskenea diploura , perrinia stellata , granata sulcifera , lepetelloidea , euchelus guttarosea , danilia affinis , mirachelus clinocnemus , herpetopoma barbieri , didianema pauli , lirapex , lirapex costellata , pyropelta ryukyuensis , angaria melanacantha , sutilizonidae , chilodonta suduirauti , bichoristes , herpetopoma naokoae , hybochelus leucogranulatus , agathodonta meteorae , nodopelta , emiliotia immaculatus , vaceuchelus vangoethemi , danilia stratmanni , vaceuchelus ludiviniae , vaceuchelus pagoboorum , trochaclis , angaria nhatrangensis , peltospira smaragdina , vaceuchelus vallesi , angaria turpini , planorbidella , herpetopoma eboreum , herpetopoma bella , perrinia cecileae , vaceuchelus abdii , pyropelta sibuetae , lacunoides vitreus , nodopelta rigneae , pyropelta oluae , angaria carmencita , cantrainea globuloides , danilia discordata , perrinia docili , cataegis , lirapex humata , danilia angulosa , mirachelus urueuauau , pachydermia , haliotoidea , depressizona exorum , homalopoma imperforata , danilia galeata , trachysma , euchelus atratus , turcica , homalopoma variecostata , bathyphytophilidae , herpetopoma larochei alacerrima , homalopoma fluctuata , vetulonia paucivaricosa , symmetromphalus , choristella tenera , depressigyra globulus , choristella vitrea , cantrainea yoyottei , liotipoma wallisensis , homalopoma umbilicata , leptothyra filifer , planorbidella planispira , vetulonia parajeffreysi , choristella nofronii , lepetodriloidea , angaria rugosa , cantrainea peloritana , danilia eucheliformis , angaria n . . .

please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . pages : 52 . chapters : tricolia , tricolia pullus , lepetodrilus , mikadotrochus , euchelus , neomphalidae , vaceuchelus , anatomidae , pendromidae , addisonia excentrica , cantrainea , leptogyra , herpetopoma , pleurotomaria , angaria delphinus , eulithidium , granata , danilia , addisoniidae , perrinia , perotrochus , pseudococculinidae , choristella , vetulonia , lepetella , entemnotrochus , lepetellidae , bayerotrochus , leptothyra , neomphaloidea , kaiparapelta askewi , bothropoma , scissurelloidea , leptogyra costellata , eulithidium tessellatum , bayerotrochus africanus , copulabyssia colombia , tricolia retrolineata , vaceuchelus scrobiculatus , entemnotrochus rumphii , amphiplica plutonica , pseudococculina rimula , tecticrater , ataphridae , pyropeltidae , copulabyssia riosi , crysomallon , arene cruentata , melanodrymiidae , peltospira , cinysca , agathodonta elongata , copulabyssia leptalea , mirachelus corbis , helicopelta , euchelus bicinctus , perrinia stellata , tricolia saxatilis , pilus conicus , lepetodrilus shannonae , danilia tinei , granata sulcifera , tricolia adusta , lepetelloidea , mirachelus clinocnemus , euchelus guttarosea , phasianella australis , herpetopoma barbieri , danilia affinis , entemnotrochus adansonianus , sutilizonidae , pyropelta ryukyuensis , melanodrymia , osteopelta mirabilis , addisonia brophyi , lirapex , herpetopoma bella , tricolia speciosa , gorgoleptis , lirapex costellata , didianema pauli , leptogyra inconspicua , leptogyra inflata , leptogyra eritmeta , leptogyra verrilli , herpetopoma naokoae , hybochelus leucogranulatus , vaceuchelus vangoethemi , lepetodrilus atlanticus , sutilizona , lepetodrilus gordensis , nodopelta , vaceuchelus ludiviniae , vaceuchelus pagoboorum , melanodrymia galeronae , sutilizona tunnicliffae , pyropelta sibuetae , trochaclis , chilodonta suduirauti , pyropelta oluae , peltospira smaragdina , vaceuchelus vallesi , angaria melanacantha , emiliotia immaculatu . . .

( of euchelus erythraeensis sturany , 1903 ) albano p . g . , bakker p . a . j . , janssen r . & eschner a . ( 2017 ) . an illustrated catalogue of rudolf sturany’s type specimens in the naturhistorisches museum wien , austria ( nhmw ) : red sea gastropods . zoosystematics and evolution . 93 ( 1 ) : 45 - 94 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

fairly common . the distinctness of this form is not beyond doubt , vittata , littorinoides , and strebeli all seem to intergrade somewhat on the mainland , and investigation of specific values in this genus must be left for another occasion . i have , however , used strebeli for a number of chatham shells , evidently not bicinctus , of a uniformly dull colour , and very solid habit ; i have identical shells from dunedin harbour ( the type locality of strebeli ) and other forsterian localities . it may be noted , however , that reeve ' s figure of the type of his littorinoides ( conch . icon . , vol . 3 , pl . 12 , f . 94 ) looks as much like strebeli as it does the form commonly accepted as littorinoides .

this seems to be needed for the various minolioid genera such as talopia gray , 1842 , minolia a . ad , 3860 , talopena iredale , 1918 , spectamen iredale , 1924 , antisolarium , conominolia , zeminailia , and zetela , all of finlay , 1926 , but not ethminolia iredale , 1924 ; of these talopia is the oldest name , and may be taken as the foundation of the family . solariella wood , 1842 , and machaeroplax friele , 1877 , perhaps belong here , but , being northern groups , may be more closely related to other associations . thiele has placed these in his subfamily margaritinae , but iredale has noted ( rec . austr . mus . , vol . 14 , no . 4 , p . 258 , 1925 ) that , as far as austral species are concerned , this should be termed stomatellinae , and to the euchelus - stotnatella series the austral minolioids show little resemblance .

manual of conchology , structural and systematic : with illustrations of the species : tryon , george w . ( george washington ) , 1838 - 1888 : free download , borrow , and streaming : internet archive

tryon , george w . ( george washington ) , 1838 - 1888 ; pilsbry , henry augustus , b . 1862 ; sharp , b

vols . 11 - 17 ( published 1889 - 1898 / 8 ) by george w . tryon , continued by henry a . pilsbry vols . 11 - 17 have imprint : published by the conchological section , academy of natural sciences originally issued quarterly , in 68 pts consists of " first series , marine univalves . " cf . p . [ 4 ] of covers of individual pts includes bibliographical references and index

there are no reviews yet . be the first one to write a review .

herbert d . g . ( 1996 ) . observations on clanculus tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 ) ( mollusca gastropoda trochidae ) . tropical zoology 9 : 31 - 45 . [ details ]

herbert d . g . ( 2012 ) a revision of the chilodontidae ( gastropoda : vetigastropoda : seguenzioidea ) of southern africa and the south - western indian ocean . african invertebrates , 53 ( 2 ) : 381–502 . [ 6 november 2012 ] , available online at urltoken [ details ]

worms - world register of marine species - clanculus tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 )

clanculus ( clanculopsis ) tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 ) · accepted , alternate representation

( of clanculus gennesi h . fischer , 1901 ) fischer h . ( 1901 ) . liste des coquilles recueillies par m . de gennes à djibouti et ali - sabieh , avec description de plusieurs formes nouvelles . journal de conchyliologie . 49 : 96 - 130 , pl . 4 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 123 - 125 [ details ]

( of clanculus gennesi h . fischer , 1901 ) herbert d . g . ( 1996 ) . observations on clanculus tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 ) ( mollusca gastropoda trochidae ) . tropical zoology 9 : 31 - 45 . [ details ]

( of clanculus gennesi h . fischer , 1901 ) bosch d . t . , dance s . p . , moolenbeek r . g . & oliver p . g . ( 1995 ) seashells of eastern arabia . dubai : motivate publishing . 296 pp . [ details ]

( of clanculus gibbonsi sowerby iii , 1912 ) herbert d . g . ( 1996 ) . observations on clanculus tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 ) ( mollusca gastropoda trochidae ) . tropical zoology 9 : 31 - 45 . [ details ]

( of clanculus gibbonsi sowerby iii , 1912 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1–218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

( of clanculus ( clanculopsis ) tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 ) ) herbert d . g . ( 1996 ) . observations on clanculus tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 ) ( mollusca gastropoda trochidae ) . tropical zoology 9 : 31 - 45 . [ details ]

scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .

eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .

to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !

natural history museum ( 2014 ) . dataset : collection specimens . resource : specimens . natural history museum data portal ( data . nhm . ac . uk ) . urltoken

an open source project by the natural history museum ' s biodiversity informatics group .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en "

using cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken

utilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken

popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more

supplier out of stock . if you add this item to your wish list we will let you know when it becomes available .

is the information for this product incomplete , wrong or inappropriate ? let us know about it .

does this product have an incorrect or missing image ? send us a new image .

copyright © loot™ online ( pty ) ltd . all rights reserved . khutaza park , bell crescent , westlake business park . po box 30836 , tokai , 7966 , south africa . info @ urltoken loot is a member of the independent media group of companies . all prices displayed are subject to fluctuations and stock availability as outlined in our terms & conditions .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , 1879 . [ electronic resource ]

, ph . d . , f . r . s . , director of the canterbury museum .

[ read before the philosophical institute of canterbury , 26 th november , 1879 . ]

, i offered a description of the skeleton of this interesting southern ziphioid whale . i then stated on the authority of the late mr . f . fuller , taxidermist of the canterbury museum , who went to secure the skeleton of that specimen , stranded in lyttelton harbour , some details about the characteristic form and colour of the skin of the animal in question . when my informant arrived where the fishermen were at work , he found that the blubber had nearly all been taken off , so that he could only partially obtain the required measurements . from the observations i am about to offer to the society , on two more specimens stranded since then on our sea - beach , it will be seen that some of the statements were far from being correct .

in fact , the animal was so much cut about that its lower part was taken for the upper , and vice versâ and consequently no dorsal fin could be found where it was looked for . the first of the specimens under review was stranded on sunday , the 17th of november , 1878 , near new brighton . there were numerous visitors at the time who observed another whale ( according to other lookers - on , two whales ) in the offing , by which the animal was driven into the surf , where soon it became helpless . gradually it was drifted upon the low sandy beach , where it died only after a long struggle . having received prompt information , i arrived early next morning on the scene , and found the animal quite intact , so that i could not only take the necessary measurements , but also have a careful sketch prepared , which , as the sequel will show , is of importance , in offering us some curious information as to the habits of this species of ziphioids .

colour : head , neck , and anterior portion of the back , as far as the dorsal fin , white ; the rest of the body black ; a white narrow line running along the edge of the dorsal fin , which is otherwise black . the line of division between the two colours is everywhere well marked , except upon

the cheeks , where blackish blotches advance some distance towards the nose . the cylindrical form of the animal for its length is rather slender , its height at the occiput being only 2 feet 3 inches , and at about nine feet from the tip of the lower jaw 3 feet 3 inches , after which it tapers gradually to the tail . the animal proved to be a young female .

the two teeth at the termination of the lower jaw stood half an inch above the gums , having a diameter of one inch where they rose above the latter . they are conical , and have a sharp apex , and are not covered anywhere with enamel , not even on the tip . the dentine shows a number of horizontal lines one above the other , running round the tooth . they are therefore quite different from the teeth of the two specimens described in vol . ix . ( transactions of the new zealand institute ) , which were found to be covered with a rough cement . they are also different from those of another specimen , of which i shall give some details further on .

a single fold begins below the throat , 1 foot 1 inch from the top of the lower jaw . after rising rapidly for four inches , it continues for seven inches more at a smaller angle , ceasing where the black colour of the throat begins . this fold is separated into two portions by a ridge of the breadth of half an inch below the centre of the throat .

lips flesh - coloured ; roof of mouth slaty - black ; no signs of teeth along the jaws ; there is , however , a hardened ridge along both sides of the palate . the extremity of the lower jaw projects about two inches beyond the upper . the head rises steeply above the upper lip to the forehead .

the blow - hole is situated on the vertex of the head just above the eye . both the form and the size of the dorsal fin and of the tail - lobes , show that this species must be a remarkably swift swimmer .

before giving a description of the external appearance of the specimen under review , i wish to allude to another female , 21 feet 6 inches long , of the same species , stranded on may 15th , 1879 , on the sea - beach near kaiapoi , and of which the skeleton was also secured .

this was , doubtless , a full - grown , aged animal , the terminal epiphyses being so well anchylosed to the body of the vertebræ that even the line of junction could be scarcely distinguished , while in the new brighton specimen these discs were still unanchylosed , and detached themselves readily during maceration .

in form of the body , and colouration , this animal resembled in every respect the new brighton specimen . however , the two teeth existing at the tip of the lower jaw could not be felt when passing the fingers over the gums , and were only disclosed when making incisions .

the teeth are the smallest of all those known to me , being 1·98 and 2 inches long , and only ·46 of an inch broad . the left tooth weighs 66 and the right 62 grains . the flattened root is square , and somewhat constricted a quarter of an inch above the base , after which the tooth expands , being broadest about the middle . it then contracts rapidly , running out to a sharp point . this is thus confirmatory evidence that the teeth , with age , are absorbed , and disappear gradually below the gums ; although it is possible that even below the gums they may still be of some use to the animal . it is a peculiar character of the small teeth of the kaiapoi specimen that they should be so very thin , and terminate in a sharp point ; and that the latter should be covered with real enamel , different from any observed upon the dentine in any other teeth of the same species .

is no doubt in my mind that with them the teeth in front of the lower jaw are both permanent and of larger size than those of the females , just in the same manner as they exist in other ziphioid genera . fortunately , however , there is some evidence at hand strengthening such an hypothesis .

dr . hector , in his account of the skull of epiodon chathamiensis , * obtained in the chatham islands , describes the teeth of this species , as follows : —“the lower jaw * * * terminates in two , short , stout , slightly compressed teeth , 2 inches long , and 4 inches in circumference , implanted in shallow sockets . the teeth have slight , irregular striæ , and are worn down into two lateral facets , divided by an acute ridge . the position of the teeth , when the jaws are closed , is 2 inches beyond the upper mandible , and unless they are applied against callosities on the upper lip , it is difficult to conceive how they are worn down to this acute form . weight of teeth 817 and 836 grains . ”

finally , i should like to make a few observations on the nomenclature , and the changes proposed .

in plate viii . , b is the vent , c the pudendum , and d the fold .

[ read before the wellington philosophical society , 11 th october , 1879 . ]

having since made a minute examination , i have not the slightest hesitation in pronouncing it to be a specimen of gould ' s hiaticula ruficapilla ; it appears to be a very common australian species .

mr . gould , in his “handbook to the birds of australia , ” * states : —“the red - capped dotterel is universally dispersed over every part of the sea - shores of australia that i have visited , and everywhere evinces a greater preference for the shingly beach of the ocean , and especially for deep salt - water bays , than for the sides of rivers and inland waters ; it is very numerous in tasmania , on flinders ' island , on the sand - banks at the mouth of the hunter in new south wales , and at port adelaide in south australia ; and gilbert states that it is equally abundant in western australia , where it is likewise so strictly a bird of the coast that he never saw it inland . it is usually met with in pairs , but may be occasionally observed associating in small companies : —

“like the tringœ , this bird resorts to every possible device in order to lure the intruder from its nest ; throwing itself down upon its breast and flapping its wings , as if in the agonies of death , it will so continue until he has approached almost near enough to place his hand upon it , when it moves along for several yards , dragging one of its legs behind , and , if still followed , attempts to fly , and so well imitates the motion of a bird wounded in the wing , that the intruder is easily misled , and the eggs remain undiscovered . ”

“the male has the forehead crossed by a broad band of white , which gradually diminishes to a point at the posterior angle of the eye ; above , a band of black , which also diminishes to a point at the same place ; from the angle of the mouth to the eye , a line of black , which is continued from the posterior angle of the eye down the sides of the neck ; crown of head , nape , and back of neck , rich rusty red ; all the upper surface and wings pale brown , each feather margined with a still lighter tint : primaries , blackish - brown ; the shafts and extreme edge of the inner webs white ; four central tail - feathers dark brown , the remainder white ; all the under surface white ; irides very dark brown ; bill dark reddish brown ; naked part of legs above the tarsi dark greenish grey , tarsi light grey ; feet blackish brown . ”

the example before us is probably an accidental straggler to our shores from australia , it is , however , a very interesting addition to our list of new zealand birds .

it will be remembered that , in 1876 , dr . buller read before this society descriptions of several varieties of the common , wood - pigeon ( carpophaga novœ - zealandiœ ) . i have now the pleasure of bringing under your notice two additional examples of albinism in this species .

no . 1 is a beautiful albino , the whole plumage being pure white , with the exception of the lesser wing - coverts , which are a delicate yellowish - brown colour , but much more decided than in the specimen mentioned by dr . buller . the claws are yellow instead of black , which is the normal colour . this specimen was shot at springhill station , upper whareama , by mr . a . cameron , and by him presented to the museum ; he says it has frequently been seen about the station during the last four years .

no . 2 is a partial albino . the head , neck , back , and fore - part of the breast are light brown , stained in places with coppery - purple ; lesser wing - coverts , coppery - purple ; quills and their coverts , light brown ; quills tipped and margined with white . tail - feathers brown , tipped with white ; under - surface steel grey , changing to brown towards the extremities ; under - parts from breast downwards , white , slightly tinged with brown ; eyes and feet the usual carmine pink ; claws yellowish - pink , tipped with black . this specimen was procured at pahautanui , and presented to the museum by mr . wise , a very old resident in the district .

the next specimen i have to draw your attention to is a curious and interesting variety of the kotuku , or white heron ( ardea syrmatophora ) .

on the right wing , near the “bend , ” is a patch of dark feathers ; thence a band of black and brown passes right over the back and joins a much larger patch of the same colour on the left wing , and then extends obliquely across the breast , becoming fainter as it again approaches the left side . inner webs of primaries , lining of wings and flank - feathers , more or less marked with brown , passing in places into black . a black patch about an inch in length will also be noticed on the outer web of one of the “secondary plume feathers . ”

i have never before heard of a specimen of this species possessing a single coloured feather , and indeed i am informed that “white as a kotuku ” has passed into a proverb amongst the natives . i was therefore surprised , when , on proceeding to examine the six specimens contained in the “type collection , ” in the colonial museum , i found that no less than three of them had the wings , especially the under - surfaces , more or less spotted or dashed with brown and black .

museum collection . it is evidently the result of an accident , and from its appearance i should say that a shot had just passed below the nostril , splitting the bill in the manner shown . the left side of the upper mandible has also been broken off , but this was evidently a subsequent misfortune , as the broken edge is still somewhat sharp ; while the top of the bill and “spike” are smooth and polished . this unfortunate bird was presented to the museum several years ago , by mr . j . d . enys , who shot it at akitea .

[ read before the wellington philosophical society , 27 th september , 1879 . ]

( orange - wattled crow ) have been as yet entirely unknown , and the author , having chanced to find , towards the end of february last , two nests of this species near the ko - i - te - rangi hill , on the hokitika river , forwards the following description of them .

the nests , which were 15 inches externally , were somewhat loosely constructed of twigs and roots , and had well - formed cup - shaped interiors , lined with pine roots and twigs ; they were built in the branches of the coprosma , or “black” scrub , which grows upon the low river - flats of westland , near the mountain ranges . the average height of the scrub in this instance was about 15 feet , while the nests were about 9 feet above the ground , and 200 feet distant from each other ; one contained an egg , the other , two nearly fledged birds . the egg has been presented to the colonial museum . the two young birds were kept for some weeks in a cage for the

purpose of studying their habits ; their wattles were of a light - rose tint , changing into a violet colour towards the base , but after death , when their skins were dried , the wattles assumed a dull orange tint . the parent birds had wattles of the usual rich crimson - lake colour , the base being tinted with violet as in the young birds .

the egg has almost similarly rounded extremities . length 1·7 inch , breadth 1·1 inch ; the under tint of the egg is brownish , mottled with grey and dark brown blotches which are larger and darker at the larger ends .

. translated from the zoology of the voyage of the “novara , ” by professor hutton .

passage imperfectly developed ; transverse processes of the sacral vertebræ triangular , flat ; no paratoids . ( fingers and toes not dilated at the tips ; maxillary teeth ) .

tympanum , sacs , and auditory tubes wanting ; teeth in the upper jaw , and in two faint oblique rows on the palate , behind and between the interior nares . tongue roundish , more or less margined . fingers free . toes half webbed . projection of the navicular bone small .

fitz . verhandl . d . zool - bot . gesellschaft zu wien , jahrg 1861 ; xi ; pag . 218 , taf . vi

body moderately compressed . eyes rather large ; muzzle rather longer than the eye ; exterior nostrils rather nearer to the eye than to the end of the muzzle .

a glandular fold between the posterior corner of the eye and the shoulder ; a second from the eyes , along the sides of the body to the thighs . several warts about the corner of the mouth , and a few smaller ones on the back and on the sides of the rump . two smooth , yellow callosities on the palm of the hand , one on the metacarpus of the thumb , and one near that of the fourth finger . fingers and toes depressed . toes connected by the web for about half their length , the free part bordered by the membrane . projection of the navicular bone faintly elevated . a dark - grey triangular band between the eyes , in front of which is a broadish and lighter oblique stripe ; hind limbs with broad cross bands on a yellowish - brown ground . belly and sides of rump dirty grey - violet , marbled with yellowish - brown ; a

light oblique streak running down from the anterior and posterior corners of the eye , and diverging to the rim of the upper jaw . male without sound - bag .

[ read before the hawke ' s bay philosophical institute , 12 th may , 1879 . ]

in the winter of 1878 , i received a glass jar from hampden , in this provincial district , containing three full - grown living green lizards . they were pretty nearly alike in size ; two of them were spotted with large irregular - shaped light - green spots , or markings , and one was wholly green . they had been found together , a short time before , in a hole , with a fourth , which was accidentally killed ; and , on their capture , were put carefully into a jar , and packed loosely in moss . on my receiving them i found them apparently very well , but unwilling to move or to face the light , seeking to bury themselves more and more in their mossy bed , so i left them alone , believing they were hybernating . meanwhile , i made many enquiries , by letter , as to their “hole , ” its linings , etc . , but gained little reliable information , save that “in it , and with them , was a lot of stuff like blasting powder ; ” this , i have reason to believe , was the fæcal debris . i greatly regretted the loss of the fourth , as i think that would have proved to be a green male .

during the winter i looked at them three or four times , but they always acted in the same manner , as if averse to having their quiet sleep disturbed . on again looking at them early in october , i found them wholly altered ; they were now desirous of coming to the light , restless , and pawing against the glass , and had increased in number , having four little ones ! two being spotted with white , and two entirely green ; their lovely little bodies looking as if cased in silk velvet instead of scales ; this appearance continued for some weeks . i now lost no time in removing them to more suitable

early in november i was sorry to observe that the young ones , although all four had grown rapidly in length , were daily becoming more weak , especially the two entirely green ones ; this , of course , was owing to their not eating . on the 3rd of november one of the young green ones died . at this time , too , the head of one of the adult lizards ( as i believe , the female one ) swelled much , changed to a livid colour , and grew to an unshapely size , with a bloody discharge distilling from its ears . i thought , that something being the matter with its head , the other lizards in their scrambling about over each other ( which they commonly do ) had fixed their sharp claws in its ears , being now tender , and so caused them to bleed , & c . the sick lizard , however , was very patient under it ; and as its disorder increased , the skin of its head became more and more stretched with the swelling , and great and irregular throbbings or undulations were very apparent . ( here i should mention , that the regular pulsation in their throats is always prominently seen ) . and so , as this diseased lizard became

offensive , yet still living ( though not eating ) , dirtying the others with its discharges , anal now as well as aural , i threw it out into the field .

one of the spotted young ones ( which i shall term no . 1 . ) also cast its skin on the 6th december ; like that of the large male it commenced at the snout , but it came away in fragments—perhaps owing to its being both young and tender .

on the 8th december the second young green lizard died , just as the former young one died , from starvation . this one had , in common with the two young spotted ones , plenty of small flies ( now more easily obtained as the summer advanced ) , but it wanted the power to catch any .

about the 12th december the two remaining adult lizards seemed to be getting into a diseased state ; the handsome male , which had so lately shed its outer skin , had something the matter with its ear , from which a bloody discharge was oozing ( resembling in a smaller degree the early diseased state of the adult one that died ) , while the adult female was restless , swelled in the lower abdomen , and discharging a bloody mixture from its anus ; finding this one getting rapidly worse , with its anus greatly swelled and blotchy—starred all round the margin as it were in a curious regular manner—i lost no time in putting it into a bottle of spirits , and , on my going to look at it some ten minutes after , i found , to my astonishment , no less than 26 large living larvæ of that red - brown flesh - fly had been discharged from its anus ! these were each 5 lines long , and it was their posterior ends compacted together and jutting out from the lizard ' s anus which had given it in that part its peculiar appearance . now it flashed across my

mind , —their evident dislike and dread on their first seeing that flesh - fly in their cage ; and that this was also the cause of the death of my first lizard , into which the living larvæ had been deposited through its ears ! causing its head to possess and show those ugly , unnatural throbbings or semi - undulations . i now hastened to the adult male lizard , and caught it , and on gently squeezing its head i saw the posterior end of a larva presenting itself within its ear ; i took a needle and extracted it ; it was much larger than those in the spirits , and gorged with blood . after this the male lizard soon recovered and became lively , though that aural orifice completely closed up , and so remained until the next shedding of its skin , when i was glad to find that it resumed its former appearance . from the time of this discovery i was careful not to give them any more viviparous female flesh - flies , consequently i have had no more similar diseases to notice .

the big male lizard again shed its skin on the 24th january ; this time , however , in fragments , yet done quickly , all being over within two hours . and again this lizard shed its skin on the 15th of march , this time in large pieces ; finding that while it had extricated its hind - legs it could not draw out its tail , i caught it and helped it to do so . it was pleasing to see how quietly it remained in my hand , when it found out what i was doing , and how naturally it moved its long tail in an easy wriggling manner , and with

strong muscular power pulling against me , so that the whole outer skin of the tail came off , as at first , in one unbroken piece . the cast skin is damp , soft , and slightly clammy , on its being shed , but it quickly dries and hardens .

the young lizard ( no . 1 ) next cast off its skin on the 31st december , having assumed the milky appearance already mentioned the day before ; and to my great surprise this same lizard again put on the cloudy milky appearance on the 13th january , and again shed its skin on the following day when its scurf was just a fortnight old ! as before , it began to break away at its snout , but on this occasion , somehow , possibly owing to its fineness , it got rolled up together and backwards behind its eyes , giving the animal with its white wig the drollest appearance imaginable , so that i often laughed outright ! this time it was very slow in casting off its rags , as parts of its skin were still hanging on its sides on the 24th january—just ten days—when i caught it and helped it . this lizard again shed its skin on the 1st march , when it was two days in getting it wholly off : often biting it and tearing at it with its claws . the next time it did so was on the 19th april , having assumed the usual milky appearance two days before ; on this occasion its old scurf first broke through over its back .

the other young lizard ( no . 2 ) again cast off its outer skin on the 5th february , having the day before put on the peculiar milky appearance .

big adult male , 1878 , november 16 ; 1879 , january 24 ; march 15 . * young one , no . 1 , 1878 , december 6 , december 31 ; 1879 , january 14 , march 1 , april 19 . young one , no . 2 , 1878 , december 16 ; 1879 , february 5 .

their manner of taking their prey ( flies ) is peculiar : when the lizard clearly sees the fly , and makes sure it is living , it steals towards it in the most stealthy manner . as the lizard nears the fly , and when within two inches of it , then is the time closely to notice its actions . first it arches its neck to a tolerably sharp angle , and its eyes swell and bulge out , or rather upwards , over their orbits , and the expression of its countenance alters greatly , taking on a fierce look ; next it lifts its little hand - like paws and moves them , only a toe or a finger at a time and often in the air , very slowly and cautiously ( much like a little child does its hands when stealing along on tip - toe ) , and then it nears its head towards its prey , but so very slowly that i have better detected its movement by watching its shadow cast on marked paper by strong sunlight , —reminding me of the almost imperceptible movement of the hour - hand of a clock . at last it has got to

which they also did . the large lizard often puts its tongue out ( “licking its lips” ) when it goes after a fly , especially if a big one ; i am inclined to think that it is hungry then . it is pretty to see the two young lizards going together after the same fly , especially if the fly is crawling above them , within , on the glass roof ; to see them walking slowly , side by side , with measured gait , and step by step , like a pair of hounds in a leash or a couple of miniature fairy - like little creatures , with their heads up , and their little black eyes glistening ; at such times , too , when they at last near the fly , they often trample on each other in their eagerness , but whenever they do so , they always take it very quietly , the one underneath neither struggling nor retaliating .

it has often seemed to me as if it were a natural law , or rule , of these lizards ( a thing understood by them ) , that whenever they trample on , or walk slowly over , each other , or stand , or lie , or even sleep on each other , the under one , or ones , always take it patiently , and rarely ever move at all—not even when the sharp claws of the upper lizard are pressing on the eyes of the one under him : i have often been surprised at this . i have never once seen them fight or fall out , or attempt to bite each other , although confined in so small a compass . they often spend hours lying on each other ' s backs , which is a favourite posture with them , and sometimes sleep , or spend , the whole night thus . i have seen the whole seven thus together in one lump , with , sometimes , the little ones underneath .

they don ' t seem very timid nor easily startled to any great degree with noises , or sights , or sounds . i keep them on the table in my sitting - room , at which i take my meals , etc . , and i have often thrown down a newspaper by their side , or struck the table with a book pretty strongly , yet they never start ; it is the same when the candles are lit . they appear , too , as if they liked to snugly ensconce themselves in their cage under the koromiko branch , or ( the two young ones ) stretched out at full length on the upper side of the twigs .

i believe them to be inoffensive , peaceful , and sociable ; and if , as i have already surmised , the fourth one ( which was killed ) was also a male , then there would have been two couples , at least , hybernating together in one “hole ; ” or that “hole” may have been their usual dwelling - place , seeing there were found in it “ lots of black stuff”—no doubt their dry and hardened fæces , which could not , i think , have been so largely deposited during the short period then passed of their hybernation . an intelligent friend in the country , who is also an observer of nature , has informed me that he has found them , in clearing , “six or seven together , cuddled up under the roots of a flax - bush” ( phormium ) .

and then passing their broad , thin , and large tongue right over their eyes , as if washing them , and always so finishing their drinking . i have also seen them lick the wet koromiko leaves when fresh ; and the young ones , more than once , lick the adult male . their tongue and palate are of a deep purple colour , much like that of some plums , and the tongue , when fully extended ( as in licking ) , has an emarginate appearance , which may , however , be owing to the action of the hyoid muscle .

they seem to like the water , as they often go singly into their water - trough , and remain extended in the water for some time . they can swim very fast , too , but clumsily , as if they were in a great hurry about it ; i have occasionally tried them at swimming in a large vessel of water .

they can run very swiftly , as i have often proved . when they merely walk , their tails are always straight ; but when they make haste their tails are undulated laterally throughout their whole length . here , no doubt , their under - squamæ help them ; this , indeed , i have in a measure ascertained , in my taking the large lizard into my hands and holding it vertically , when , to aid its ascent in crawling , all the squamæ below are used strongly , and one feels them curiously applied against the hand . * this , also , i think , will account for their being able to climb up on the outside of their glass dome , which they can do—in which feat they are no doubt also materially aided by the large transverse scales on their toes , which are a beautiful object , and admirably adapted for climbing purposes . their claws , too , are exceedingly sharp , having a translucent or semi - crystalline appearance , and are set on at almost a right angle to their toes . one can hardly bear to hold them in one ' s hand when they struggle and use their sharp claws .

their tails have also a strong prehensile power , as i have found in their clasping my fingers with them very closely , and so holding on . on one occasion i had to clear the tail of one which was fast , having taken a half - turn over itself in the sharp angle of a twiggy branch of half - withered and flaccid koromiko , which , i suppose , it had pressed down by lying upon it .

they sometimes spring a short distance very nimbly when they wish to get away from any little obstructions ; and they also jump down fearlessly and without hesitation . i have taken them up and allowed them to run over a book , etc . , held horizontally , 2–3 feet above the table , when they would run straight over the edge of the book and drop on the table on all - fours , like a weasel or a cat , and so continue to run as before .

they assume all manner of curious and grotesque positions , some of them being most extraordinary , and some apparently painful , but in reality i suppose are not so . whatever posture they assume they both can and

[ footnote ] * the sensation being just as if every single scale was being forcibly moved forwards in rapid succession by the muscles of the animal .

8 p . m . it had not moved , so also it was at 11 p . m . , when i went to bed , and when i came down the next morning it was still in exactly the same strange position ; i now thought it could not easily get out , so i lifted the glass to help it , but the moment i did so it scuttled away very fast .

they always take a most peculiar attitude to void their fæces , which , however , they do not perform frequently . i always know when they are about to do so ( if on the look - out ) , for with young and old their preparation is pretty much alike . they first lift up their tails in a semi - curvature towards their backs , then they lift their hind - feet from the floor , and so slowly void their one pellet ; which done they gently lower their hind - feet , and then their tail , and move away . on one occasion i saw the adult male lizard , which was quietly at ease among the koromiko twigs , leave its lair and climb up into the water - trough ; at first i thought it was going to drink , or to bathe in the water , but i was agreeably surprised in noting its actions ; having got into the salt - cellar , it placed its feet on both sides , cocked - up its big tail , and voided its pellet into the water ! that over , it leisurely descended to its former resting - place . in their voiding the fæcal pellet the anus of the animal is produced much more than would be supposed . their dung is of a long oval shape 4–5 lines long , and not unlike that of a sheep ; it is black in colour , but always with a white adjunct ( uric acid ) , somewhat resembling that of a fowl , which portion always appears first ; they void rather slowly . sometimes , especially after eating “bluebottle flies , ” the portions of the fly in rather coarse fragments are very plain in the deposit .