serjeant ( 1781 – after 1787 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse .

in a career that lasted from spring 1784 to autumn 1787 he ran sixteen times and won eight races .

in 1784 he won the fifth epsom derby , the first running of the race under its current name and distance .

he stayed in training for a further three seasons , winning several important races at newmarket , but disappeared from official records after his retirement from racing and does not appear to have been found a place at stud .

serjeant ( horse )

serjeant ( horse ) <EOT> " serjeant at arms m . . . " the youtube account associated with this video has been terminated due to multiple third - party notifications of copyright infringement .

grand parade was the first black horse for 106 years to win the epsom derby .

in the summer of 1948 my love became the third french - trained horse to win the epsom derby and the fifth horse to win both the derby and the grand prix de paris .

pearl diver became the first french - trained horse to win the epsom derby since durbar in 1914 .

terimon , second to nashwan at 500 / 1 , is the longest - priced horse placed in any classic .

the original winner running rein was disqualified as he was actually an ineligible four - year - old horse named maccabeus .

sinndar is the first horse to capture the derby , irish derby and prix de l’arc de triomphe in the same season .

april the fifth was a very popular winner and the first epsom - trained horse to win the derby since amato in 1838 .

assassin was distantly inbred 4 x 4 to bartletts childers , meaning that this horse appears twice in the fourth generation of his pedigree .

nijinsky became the 15th horse to gain the triple crown after winning the derby and 2000 guineas with success in the st leger at doncaster .

sunday featured a power - packed and majestic line - up of 3 - year - old thoroughbred colts , geldings , and fillies on the racetrack climaxing with the blue - riband race at the kingfisher ultra derby , bangalore 2016 . serjeant at arms kept his date with destiny in one of the most anticipated events of the indian horse racing calendar of the season . an enthralled crowd at the grand stands cheered their favourite three - year old colt with an all - win record - serjeant at arms . subscribe to oneindia news channel for latest updates on movies and related videos . you tube : urltoken follow us on twitter : urltoken like us on facebook : urltoken join our circle in google plus : urltoken

dr devious is the first horse to win the derby after contesting the kentucky derby , in which he had finished seventh to lil e tee .

black , robert ( 1893 ) . horse - racing in england : a synoptical review . london : richard bently and son . p . 248 .

phil drake ran five times and won three races , becoming the fifth and last horse to win both the epsom derby and the grand prix de paris .

santa claus won the irish 2 , 000 guineas , the epsom derby and the irish derby . his performances earned him the title of british horse of the year .

pont l’eveque was a very late foal , born at the end of the breeding season on 25 may , making him probably the youngest horse to win the derby .

the classic winning offspring of eclipse include the derby winners saltram ( br c 1780 ) , young eclipse ( b c 1778 ) and serjeant ( b c 1781 ) , and the oaks winner annette ( b f 1784 ) . his son volunteer ( ch c 1780 ) sired the derby winner spread eagle ( b c 1792 ) .

at the second spring meeting , assassin was third in a 200 - guinea sweepstakes race to dennis o ' kelly ' s horse soldier and mr . davis ' horse plutus . [ 8 ] assassin forfeited a match race with the horse cornwall ( later called boringdon ) at the same meeting a few days later , [ 9 ] and at the july meeting in newmarket his owner paid 150 guineas to the owner of young eclipse ( the 1781 derby winner ) for backing out of a match race . [ 10 ]

mahmoud was a light - coloured grey horse of distinctly arab appearance , standing just under 15 . 3 hands high , and bred in france by his owner the aga khan .

shahrastani holds off the strong late challenge of dancing brave in a memorable finish . bold arrangement becomes the first horse to contest both the kentucky derby and derby , finishing second at churchill downs to ferdinand and 14th at epsom .

in their book " a century of champions " , john randall and tony morris rated windsor lad the nineteenth best horse of the 20th century and the sixth best derby winner , behind sea bird , hyperion , mill reef , nijinsky and shergar .

professor to the veterinary college of london , monsieur charles vial de st bel , performed an autopsy on eclipse . his measurements determined that the horse stood 16 . 2 hands . while without artistic pretensions , his detailed drawings reveal significantly different markings from those generally seen in other portraits .

bred by his royal highness william augustus , duke of cumberland , he was foaled at the duke ' s cranbourne lodge stud during the total eclipse of the sun for which he was named . john lawrence described him as a mature horse : " when i first saw him he appeared in high health , of a robust constitution . his shoulder was very thick , but extensive and well placed ; his hind - quarters appeared higher than his fore - hand ; and it was said that no horse in his gallop ever threw his haunches with greater effect , his agility and his stride being on a par . he stood over a great deal of ground , and in that respect was the opposite of flying childers - a short - backed , compact horse , whose reach lay in his lower limbs . " he is thought to have stood around 15 . 2 hands .

snow knight won the the epsom derby , then the following year earned an eclipse award as the american champion male turf horse . at stud he sired awaasif , the dam of snow bride , winner of the 1989 epsom oaks and the dam of lammtarra , winner of the 1995 epsom derby .

lammtarra becomes the first horse to win the derby on his seasonal return since grand parade in 1919 and sets a record time of 2m 32 . 31s , beating mahmoud’s 2m 33 . 8s which was hand - timed in 1936 . the race is switched permanently from wednesday to saturday . vodafone takes over the sponsorship and remains the backer up to 2008 .

kris kin is the first supplementary entry to win the derby . the sir michael stoute - trained colt had initially been entered in the classic as a yearling but was scratched at the start of his three - year - old campaign . connections paid £90 , 000 to add the horse to the line - up at the five - day stage following his victory in chester’s dee stakes .

camelot becomes the 37th horse to follow up victory in the first british classic , the 2000 guineas over a mile at newmarket , with success in the investec derby as he records a convincing five - length win at epsom downs . jockey and trainer , joseph and aidan o’brien , become the first father / son combination to win the premier classic . camelot narrowly fails in his bid to win the triple crown , finishing second behind encke in the st leger at doncaster three and a half months later .

a multi - horse finish rivals that of 1913 as the closest ever . in a four - way photo , sir percy beats dragon dancer , dylan thomas and hala bek a shorthead , a head and a short - head . seven winners have had the prefix sir : sir peter teazle ( 1787 ) , sir thomas ( 1788 ) , sir harry ( 1798 ) , sir bevys ( 1879 ) , sir visto ( 1895 ) , sir ivor ( 1968 ) , and most recently sir percy .

galileo’s half - brother sea the stars shows he is one of the greats as he powers to glory under veteran jockey mick kinane . the john oxx - trained colt becomes the first horse for 20 years to follow up victory in the 2000 guineas with success in the epsom classic and goes on to complete an unbeaten campaign with four further group one wins , annexing the coral - eclipse , juddmonte international , irish champion stakes and prix de l’arc de triomphe . investec takes over sponsorship of the derby and backs all the races at the two - day meeting at epsom .

joe andrews [ ex - dennis o ! ] b c 1778 ( eclipse - amaranda , by omnium ) . sire line eclipse . family 4 - b . owned by sir w vavasour , he won the 1783 stand plate at york . he was described as a " narrow horse , with a long , lean head and neck , but showed great breeding " . later a stallion in the west of england his sole contribution to the stud book was his son dick andrews . he is said to have " died , in obscurity many years before his son , dick , made his blood famous with the chestnut altisidora , manuella , and tramp " .

eclipse ch c 1764 ( shakespeare or marske - spiletta , by regulus ) . sire line eclipse . family 12 .

after the duke ' s death , in october of 1765 , his stable was dispersed at auction by mr richard tattersall . eclipse was purchased by william wildman for 75 guineas . in 1769 dennis o ' kelly purchased a half - interest in him for 650 guineas and later bought the remainder for 1 , 100 guineas .

sir theodore cook wrote of him : " his excellence was not only owing to the races he won , but even more clearly to the astonishing ease with which he won them , and to the fact that in addition to his undoubted speed and stride , he possessed sound wind , an ability to carry heavy weight , and an endurance over long distances which could never be thoroughly tested , for its limit was never reached . "

in 1771 he retired to stud at clay hill , near epsom , surrey , where he stayed until 1788 , when he was moved , in a carriage pulled by a pair , to o ' kelly ' s cannons park stud in stanmore , middlesex . his fee was 50 guineas the first year , and later varied between 25 and 30 guineas .

a great great grandson of the darley arabian , he was an overwhelming success in the stud , becoming the progenitor of the eclipse sire line and thus the tail - male ancestor of nearly every living thoroughbred . the line continued mainly through two sons , pot8os and king fergus .

the excellent racehorse and sire pot8os ( ch c 1773 ) numbered among his get the derby winner and champion sire waxy ( b c 1795 ) , the derby and st leger winner champion ( b c 1797 ) , the derby winner tyrant ( b c 1799 ) and the oaks winner nightshade ( b f 1785 ) .

the champion sire king fergus ( ch c 1775 ) , himself a winner of eight races , got three st leger winners , beningbrough ( b c 1791 ) , hambletonian ( b c 1792 ) and young traveller ( ch c 1788 ) .

other sons of eclipse exerted varying degrees of influence . among them were don quixote ( ch c 1784 ) , dungannon ( b c 1780 ) , joe andrews ( b c 1778 ) , jupiter ( ch c 1774 ) , meteor ( ch c 1783 ) , orlando ( b c 1778 ) , and satellite ( ch c 1774 ) .

oddly enough eclipse was never a champion sire himself , although he was second eleven times between 1778 and 1788 . he died of colic at cannons in 1789 .

this portrait by francis sartorius displays a smaller face marking , and the off - hind sock ends half - way up the cannon bone . in contrast , st bel ' s sketch shows a white nose and an off - hind stocking extending above the hock .

in 1769 he won a £50 plate at epsom , beating mr fortescue ' s gower ( b c 1764 gower stallion ) , mr castle ' s chance ( b c 1763 gower ' s sweepstakes ) , mr jenning ' s trial ( ch c 1764 blank ) and mr quick ' s plume ( br c 1763 feather ) . won a £50 plate at ascot , beating mr fettyplace ' s cream de barbade ( b c 1764 snap ) , winning both heats " very easily " . won the 100gs king ' s plate at winchester , beating mr turner ' s slouch ( b c othello ) , the duke of grafton ' s chigger ( gr c 1763 slouch ) , mr gott ' s juba ( b c 1764 regulus ) , mr o ' kelly ' s caliban ( br c brilliant ) and mr bailey ' s clanvil ( b c bajazet ) with the latter two being distanced in the first heat . walked over for a £50 plate at the same meeting . won the city plate at salisbury , beating mr fettyplace ' s sulphur ( gr c 1762 spectator ) . walked over for the king ' s plate at the same meeting . walked over for the king ' s plate at canterbury . won the king ' s plate at lewes , beating mr strode ' s kingston ( b c 1763 sampson ) . won the king ' s plate at lichfield , beating mr freeth ' s tardy ( b c matchless ) .

in 1770 he defeated mr wentworth ' s bucephalus ( ch c 1764 regulus ) over the beacon course at newmarket . won the king ' s purse at the same meeting , beating " out of sight " mr strode ' s pensioner ( b c blank ) , mr fenwick ' s diana ( b f 1763 regulus ) and chigger , with diana and chigger withdrawn in the 2nd heat . pensioner was distanced . walked over for the king ' s plate at guildford . walked over for the king ' s plate at nottingham . walked over for the king ' s plate at york . won the £319 10s great subscription at the same meeting , beating mr wentworth ' s tortoise ( b c snap ) and sir c bunbury ' s bellario ( b c brilliant ) , both said to be " racers of the highest class " . walked over for the king ' s plate at lincoln . won 150gs at newmarket , beating sir charles bunbury ' s corsican ( b c swiss ) . walked over for the king ' s plate at the same place . walked over for the king ' s plate at nottingham . this was his final race .

dick andrews b c 1797 ( joe andrews - mare , by highflyer ) . sire line eclipse . family 9 . bred by mr lord he was half brother to lavinia ( ch f 1802 pipator ) , ancestress of a fair part of family 9 . the druid noted that when " jemmy rooke had charge of joe andrews and dick andrews . . . on wychwood forest ( oxon ) , when he was sold up ; and it was quite a curiosity to see the latter , with his giraffe - like neck , eat from the top of the rack . in ugliness of ears , and head altogether , he was unrivalled ; and so light was he in the body , as to require very little training . " his notable offspring include : two thousand guineas winner cwrw ( br c 1809 ) , oaks winner manuella ( b f 1809 ) , st leger winner altisidora ( ch f 1810 ) , doncaster cup winner tramp ( b c 1810 ) , ascot gold cup winner sir richard ( b c 1813 ) , nancy ( b f 1813 ) dam of champagne stakes winner and stallion muley moloch ( br c 1830 muley ) as well as ancestress of the " flying filly " mumtaz mahal ( gr f 1921 the tetrarch ) , dick andrews mare ( b f 1810 ) dam of st leger winner st patrick ( ch c 1817 walton ) , and dick andrews mare ( br f 1810 ) dam of doncaster cup winner mercutio ( b c 1819 mowbray ) . dick andrews died in 1816 .

mercury ch c 1778 ( eclipse - mare , by tartar ) . sire line eclipse . family 9 - b . bred by dennis o ' kelly , mercury was the sire of over forty winners , including lord egremont ' s two oaks winners , hippolyta ( ch f 1787 ) and platina ( ch f 1792 ) . his best sons were gohanna and precipitate ( ch c 1787 ) . another son , hermes ( ch c 1790 ) , sired the matriarch gibside fairy ( b f 1811 ) . mercury ' s daughter fractious ( b f 1792 ) was the dam of the derby winner hannibal ( b c 1801 ) and the taproot mare of family 3 - m , amazon ( b f 1799 ) . mercury stood at lord egremont ' s petworth stud in sussex , and died in april of 1793 .

dungannon ( gb ) b c 1780 ( eclipse - aspasia , by herod ) . sire line eclipse . family 33 .

jupiter ( gb ) ch c 1774 ( eclipse - mare by tartar ) . sire line eclipse . family 9 - b .

king fergus ( gb ) ch c 1775 ( eclipse - creeping polly [ tuting ' s ] , by othello [ portmore ' s ] ) . sire line king fergus . family 6 - x .

pot8os ( gb ) ch c 1773 ( eclipse - sportsmistress , by warren ' s sportsman ) . sire line pot8os . family 38 .

saltram ( gb ) br c 1780 ( eclipse - virago , by snap ) . sire line eclipse . family 7 .

satellite ( gb ) ch c 1774 ( eclipse - titania , by shakespeare ) . sire line eclipse . family 4 - a .

volunteer ( gb ) ch c 1780 ( eclipse - mare by tartar ) . sire line eclipse . family 9 - b .

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mr & mrs k . n . dhunjibhoy and mr & mrs z . k . dhunjibhoy rep by . five stars shipping co pvt ltd & mr vispi r . patel

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sky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .

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keith hamer previews the evening cards at windsor , ripon and roscommon and has a tip for every race .

david ord makes a rebecca bastiman - trained sprinter his best bet at pontefract on tuesday after he caught the eye last time .

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owner : mr & mrs k . n . dhunjibhoy and mr & mrs z . k . dhunjibhoy rep by . five stars shipping co pvt ltd & mr vispi r . patel breeder : nanoli winnings : 15 starts : 12 - 3 - 0 , rs . 43 , 535 , 431 + $ 4 , 830 2018 : 2nd allowance race ( tampa bay - feb 23 ) 2017 : won super mile cup ( g1 , ind , 1600m ) won derby bangalore ( g1 , ind , 2400m ) won ruia gold cup ( g1 , ind , 2000m ) 2cd indian derby ( g1 , ind , 2400m ) 2016 : won colts championship stakes ( gr . 1 , ind , 1600m ) won bangalore juvenile million ( gr . 3 , ind , 1400m ) won indian 2000 guineas ( g1 , ind , 1600m ) won mysore 2000 guineas ( g3 , ind , 1600m ) 2cd mysore derby ( g1 , ind , 2000m ) exported to usa in 2017 in training with h . graham motion ( close )

tvg announcer wins big kentucky derby bet . insane reaction shown on - air .

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assassin ( 1779 – c . 1794 ) was a thoroughbred racehorse that won the 1782 epsom derby . his breeder , lord egremont , won the derby for the first time with assassin . assassin raced until he was a five - year - old and was retired to egremont ' s stud in petworth . he was not a successful sire .

assassin was foaled in 1779 at lord egremont ' s estate petworth house . assassin ' s sire , sweetbriar , was an undefeated racehorse that earned 5 , 400 guineas during his racing career for his owner lord grosvenor . sweetbriar stood at oxcrofts farm near balsham . [ 1 ] assassin ' s dam , angelica , was foaled in 1761 and was breed by mr . shafto , the owner of her sire snap . assassin was angelica ' s eighth foal and she produced eleven foals between 1768 and 1782 , including assassin ' s full - sister medëa . angelica was euthanised in 1787 . [ 2 ]

assassin was trained by f . neale at newmarket . [ 3 ] assassin raced until he was five - years - old , winning eight races , and was retired to lord egremont ' s stud at petworth .

assassin ' s derby win was the first for lord egremont , who would go on to win the event four more times .

in october at newmarket , assassin beat the duke of grafton ' s colt puzzle in a match race at 6 to 4 odds against assassin . assassin did not win again as a two - year - old . [ 4 ] assassin was second to plutus in a subscription race at the same meeting , [ 4 ] and was second to the filly ceres in a match race . [ 5 ] assassin forfeited a match race to plutus at the houghton meeting . [ 4 ]

at the craven meeting , assassin received a 70 - guinea " compromise " after the colts brother to rebel and recruit backed out of a 200 - guinea sweepstakes race . [ 4 ] at the first spring meeting , assassin beat berwick to win a sweepstakes race .

on 9 may at epsom , assassin won the derby , beating lord grosvenor ' s colt sweet robin and charles bunbury ' s colt fortunio . [ 6 ] lord egremont won the derby for the first time with assassin , and won the race four more times with hannibal in 1804 , with cardinal beaufort in 1805 , with election in 1807 and with lap - dog in 1826 . [ 7 ]

at the july meeting at newmarket , assassin beat mr . vernon ' s gelding by eclipse . at the october meetings in newmarket , assassin won a match race against the colt achilles and forfeited a match race against dennis o ' kelly ' s colt confederate . [ 6 ]

at the craven meeting , assassin received a forfeiture from the colt ascot . at the newmarket spring meeting , assassin received another forfeiture from the duke of cumberland ' s colt epaminondas , and a few days later beat the colt and later influential sire pot - 8 - os in a match race . at the second spring meeting in newmarket , assassin beat the colt columbus in a 500 - guinea race and beat heron in a 50 - guinea race a few days later . [ 6 ]

by 1789 , assassin was still standing at petworth for a fee of two guineas per mare alongside the more expensive stallions mercury ( 10 guineas ) and trentham ( 3 guineas ) . [ 11 ] for the 1793 breeding season , he was relocated to langley park near colnbrook and stood for a fee of 3 guineas per mare and a five shilling groom ' s fee . [ 12 ] his fee at langley park was reduced to two guineas for the 1794 season [ 13 ] and he did not appear in the register for 1795 .

assassin was not a successful sire . his most notable offspring were the fillies cow [ 6 ] and rag ( foaled in 1786 out of chanticleer ' s dam ) . [ 14 ]

weatherby , edward and james ( 1892 ) . " angelica " . the general stud - book 1–2 : 23 .

pick , william and r johnson ( 1822 ) . " assassin " . the turf register , and sportsman & breeder ' s stud - book 3 : 280 .

pick , william and r johnson ( 1822 ) . " ceres " . the turf register , and sportsman & breeder ' s stud - book 3 : 461 .

pick , william and r johnson ( 1822 ) . " assassin " . the turf register , and sportsman & breeder ' s stud - book 3 : 281 .

rice , james ( 1879 ) . history of the british turf , volume 2 . london : s . low , marston , searle , and rivington . p . 372 .

weatherby , edward and james ( 1789 ) . " advertisements of stallions " . racing calendar 17 : 378 .

weatherby , edward and james ( 1792 ) . " alphabetical list of stallions to cover in 1793 " . racing calendar 20 : 362 .

weatherby , edward and james ( 1793 ) . " advertisements of stallions to cover in 1794 " . racing calendar 21 : 353 .

weatherby , edward and james ( 1858 ) . " rag " . the general stud book 1 : 376 .

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. . . the shade of richelieu was mazarin . now mazarin was alone and defenceless , as he well knew . “foreigner ! ” he ejaculated , “italian ! that is their mean y . . . . . . . “foreigner ! ” he ejaculated , “italian ! that is their mean yet mighty byword of reproach—the watchword with which they

, hanged , and made . . . . . . nt . this was the same emery who became eventually super - intendent of finance . 7 dumas he was sent for by the ministers and he came before them pale . . . . . . t suppose my dress would have been a very safe one . give me my felt hat , bernouin . ” the valet instantly brought to his master a regimental hat with a . . . . . . price of the populace . d’artagnan , meantime , pursued his way with the indifference of a man upon whom such acts of folly made no impression . when he a . . . . . . ter which he in - quired if lieutenant comminges were not the command - ing officer at the outpost . the soldier replied by pointing out to him an office . . . . . . rning to the cardinal . he instantly retired , from a feeling of respectful delicacy ; it was , however , evident that the 14 twenty years after cardinal . . . . . . as a sin to love a priest , just as if one were a priest because one happens to be a cardinal . ” “who ordered monsieur de beaufort to be arrested ? ” “an . . . . . . ments back again . this letter had been conveyed by d’artagnan and had ar - rived in time . the other was that which laporte had placed in the hands of t . . .

copyright © world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .

charlie appleby was wreathed in smiles as he became the first trainer to provide godolphin with an investec derby victory in their blue colours after masar stormed to victory .

wings of eagles caused a huge 40 - 1 upset to propel jockey padraig beggy into the limelight .

dermot weld won his first investec derby at epsom as harzand held off us army ranger to win the premier classic .

golden horn ' s winning time of 2min 32 . 32 is the third - fastest recorded in 236 runnings of the investec derby . workforce set the record of 2min 31 . 33 in 2010 , while the second - fastest was lammtarra ( 2min 32 . 31 ) in 1995 .

australia provides aidan o’brien an unprecedented third consecutive investec derby success and his fifth in total .

ruler of the world gives trainer aidan o’brien back - to - back victories in the premier classic and his fourth investec derby success in all as well as providing a second win for jockey ryan moore . runner - up libertarian , from elaine burke’s yorkshire stables , achieves the best finishing position ever for a female trainer .

pour moi , trained by andre fabre and partnered by 19 - year - old mickael barzalona , becomes the 10th french - trained winner and the first since empery in 1976 . carlton house , owned by the queen , starts the 5 / 2 favourite and finishes a close third .

ryan moore lands a first investec derby victory on workforce a day after clinching an initial british classic success aboard snow fairy in the investec oaks . he was the 32nd jockey to win both epsom downs classics in the same year . workforce , the first derby winner to have been beaten in the dante stakes , breaks the epsom downs’ track record set by lammtarra in 1995 with a time of 2m 31 . 33s and gives trainer sir michael stoute his fifth success , making him the most successful current trainer .

new approach , beaten a nose in the first british colts’ classic , the 2000 guineas at newmarket , wins on his first and only attempt at 12 furlongs .

trainer michael bell enjoys his first derby success when motivator scores in the colours of the royal ascot racing club , which is the first syndicate , with 230 members , to own a derby winner .

kieren fallon becomes the first jockey in 23 years to win the derby two years in succession as north light follows up the victory of kris kin 12 months earlier .

aidan o’brien records back - to - back wins with sons of sadler’s wells , courtesy of michael tabor’s and sue magnier’s high chaparral .

oath was injured in his next race ( king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes ) and never ran again .

the 1000 guineas winner cape verdi is the most recent filly to run , finishing ninth as the 11 / 4 favourite . a supplementary stage is introduced , allowing connections to enter for the derby at the five - day stage at a cost of £75 , 000 .

benny the dip was retired to stud at the end of his three - year - old season . he died after sustaining an injury in a paddock accident in 2003 .

alex greaves is the first woman to ride in the race , finishing last to shaamit on 500 / 1 outsider portuguese lil . shaamit’s handler william haggas is the only current trainer with a 100 per cent record in the derby .

at the age of 58 , lester piggott has his last derby mount on fifthplaced 33 / 1 shot khamaseen .

in a career that lasted just over three months in the spring and summer of 1993 commander in chief won five of his six races , most notably the derby at epsom and the irish derby at the curragh . he was the first derby winner since morston in 1973 not to have raced as a two - year - old .

in a period of seven weeks generous won the derby by five lengths , the irish derby by three lengths and the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes by a record seven lengths .

quest for fame was later trained in the united states where he won the san luis obispo handicap and the hollywood invitational turf handicap in 1992 . he was the first epsom derby winner to win a major race as a five - year - old since st . gatien in 1886 .

kahyasi won the first five races of his seven - race career , including the epsom derby and the irish derby as a three - year - old .

jockey steve cauthen was british champion jockey three times , and won english classic races ten times , including the 2 , 000 guineas , the epsom derby twice , and the st . leger stakes three times .

steve cauthen became the first u . s . jockey in the last 65 years to win the epsom derby when he rode slip anchor to an easy victory .

the first commercial derby sponsorship is from ever ready . the first prize , won by secreto , is £227 , 680 ( compared with £165 , 080 the previous year ) .

teenoso is lester piggott’s ninth and last winner , three more than his nearest pursuers in the most successful riders’ table , jem robinson and steve donoghue , achieved . geoff wragg , son of derby winning jockey and trainer harry wragg , trains teenoso .

shergar sets a record winning distance of 10 lengths under 19 - year - old derby debutant walter swinburn .

nikoli , eighth behind henbit at 4 / 1 , becomes a record eighth consecutive losing favourite .

the first of willie carson ' s four derby victories came aboard in the 200th running of the classic in 1979 with troy , considered one of the top three horses he ever rode . the seven length victory was at the time a post - war record and has since only been bettered by shergar ' s ten length success in 1982 and equalled by slip anchor in the mid - 1980 ' s .

shirley heights is the last epsom derby winner to be both the son of a previous winner ( mill reef , 1971 ) , and the sire of a subsequent winner ( slip anchor , 1985 ) .

the minstrel prevails in a thrilling finish from hot grove , handing a fifth success to trainer vincent o’brien and an eighth to jockey lester piggott . he is the second of two derby winners bred in canada following on from nijinsky ( 1970 ) .

empery , trained by maurice zilber in france , becomes lester piggott’s seventh derby winner .

nobiliary , second to grundy , is the most recent of five fillies to be placed .

morston won the 1973 epsom derby on his second racecourse appearance . he was then injured , and retired undefeated .

perhaps robert ' s most famous victory was beating brigadier gerard in the inaugural running of the benson and hedges gold cup .

mill reef was ranked as number four in a list of the top 100 european racehorses of the 20th century , compiled by racing post .

blakeney was one of the few winners of the race to campaign successfully at four . he later had a successful stud career .

sir ivor won major races in four countries : the national stakes in ireland , the grand criterium in france , the 2000 guineas and the epsom derby in england and the washington , d . c . international in the united states . he was retired to stud at the end of the 1968 season and became a successful stallion .

after being rated the best english - trained two - year - old of 1966 , royal palace won the first two legs of the triple crown , the 2000 guineas and the epsom derby in 1967 . he returned for an unbeaten four - year - old season in 1968 when he won four races which are now group one events .

arthur edward " scobie " breasley was champion jockey in 1957 and continuously from 1961 - 63 .

sea - bird , widely considered the greatest derby winner , beats meadow court and i say in a canter . this is the year epsom downs racecourse installed a watering system .

relko ' s derby win was overshadowed for some time because of the revelation by the daily express that he had failed a drugs test . the incident took place in the context of a series of investigations into the " doping " of horses in british races . it was not until october that the jockey club confirmed relko as the winner , stating that the substances detected could not be positively identified and therefore could not be proved to have affected the result . at the end of june , relko was scheduled to run in the irish derby and made 11 / 8 favourite , but was withdrawn from the race minutes before the start , after appearing to be lame , leading to further suspicions of foul play .

larkspur , who kept his feet while seven rivals fell on the descent to tattenham corner , provides the first of six derby winners for perhaps the greatest trainer ever , vincent o’brien , who also sent out sir ivor ( 1968 ) , nijinsky ( 1970 ) , roberto ( 1972 ) , the minstrel ( 1977 ) and golden fleece ( 1982 ) to victory .

in a racing career that lasted from 1960 to 1961 psidium ran eleven times and won twice . he is best known for his win , as a 66 / 1 outsider in the 1961 epsom derby . he later became a successful stallion .

st paddy is the latest of five derby winners to have the prefix st .

parthia stood as a stallion in england until he was exported to japan in 1968 . the most notable of his european offspring was the filly sleeping partner who won the epsom oaks in 1969 .

in a brief career of five races , hard ridden also won the irish 2000 guineas at the curragh in 1958 .

crepello only had five starts but was undefeated in his last three , all of which are now group one races .

in their book " a century of champions " , john randall and tony morris rated lavandin a “poor” derby winner .

after winning only once from his first nine races , he demonstrated much improved form in the summer of 1954 , becoming the first american colt to win the race in seventy - three years .

pinza was the best british colt of his generation in 1953 , and went on to win the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes . he was then retired to stud , where he had little success .

tulyar also won the st . leger stakes , the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes , the ormonde stakes and the eclipse stakes setting a record for a single season ' s earnings in england .

arctic prince won two races including the derby and was retired after breaking down at ascot in july of the same year .

galcador never raced after his win at epsom and was retired to stud where he made no impact as a sire of winners .

nimbus was sired by nearco , one of the most important sires of the 20th century .

airborne was the most recent of four greys to have won the epsom classic .

dante started favourite at odds of 100 / 30 for the derby stakes , which was run at newmarket despite the recent end of the war .

run as the " new derby " , a wartime substitute for the epsom derby run at newmarket .

run as the “new derby” , a substitute race for the epsom derby run on the july course at newmarket .

watling street ' s winning time equaled the wartime derby record , but was received with little enthusiasm by the spectators who had been anticipating a royal victory .

the bay colt owen tudor was sired by hyperion out of the french - bred mare mary tudor ii .

while blue peter was clearly the best three - year - old in britain in 1939 , the onset of world war ii ended his chance to win the triple crown as the st . leger stakes was cancelled .

making just the second start of his career and ridden by jockey charlie elliott , bois roussel scored an upset victory at odds of 20 / 1 .

mid - day sun was the first winner of the derby to be owned by a woman .

the leading british two - year - old of 1934 , bahram went on to take the triple crown in 1935 by winning the 2000 guineas stakes , epsom derby and st . leger stakes .

hyperion was the most successful british - bred sire of the 20th century and six times champion sire of great britain between 1940 and 1954 .

in their book " a century of champions " , john randall and tony morris rated cameronian as an " average " derby winner .

after the derby , blenheim was being prepared or a run in the eclipse stakes when he sustained a tendon injury . he did not recover sufficiently to resume racing and was retired to stud .

trigo was not considered a serious contender for the derby and he started at odds of 33 / 1 in a field of twenty - six runners .

on unusually hard ground at epsom , felstead started a 33 / 1 outsider in front of a huge and enthusiastic crowd which included the king and queen .

partly because of the death of his owner , call boy never ran again after his win at epsom .

coronach ' s regular jockey was joe childs , whose preferred style of holding up horses for a late run was at odds with coronach’s front running style . after the derby he was reported to have said that “the bastard ran away with me ! ”

although manna had not been favourite , the win was reported to be enthusiastically received , largely because of the popularity of jockey donoghue , who was winning the race for the sixth time .

sansovino was one of sixteen classic winners bred by his owner lord derby , who named the colt after the sixteenth - century italian architect jacopo sansovino .

the win gave donoghue a " hat - trick " of derby wins , following humorist in 1921 and captain cuttle in 1922 .

the name " captain cuttle " was taken from a character in dombey and son by charles dickens , captain edward cuttle .

less than three weeks after the derby , humorist died in his stable from a lung haemorrhage caused by a tubercular condition .

in their book " a century of champions " , john randall and tony morris rated spion kop a “poor” derby winner . more specifically , they rated him equal with aboyeur as one of the two worst colts to have won the race in the 20th century .

wartime restrictions caused the race to take place at newmarket on 31 july , two months later than the customary date . the race carried prize money of only £2 , 050 and attracted only a handful of spectators on a dull and rainy day .

as a three - year - old in 1916 fifinella won the derby and the oaks , both of which were run at newmarket . she was the sixth and most recent filly to win the derby .


the abert 's towhee ( melozone aberti ) is a bird of the family emberizidae , native to a small range in southwestern north america , generally the lower colorado river and gila river watersheds , nearly endemic to arizona , but also present in small parts of california , nevada , utah , new mexico , and sonora in mexico .

the name of this bird commemorates the american ornithologist james william abert ( 1820 – 1897 ) .

abert ' s towhee

abert ' s towhee <EOT> a pair of abert ' s towhee ' s that like me a lot .

flight : abert’s towhee performs rapid wing beats , alternated with wings pulled to sides .

abert ' s towhee , adult , ca , february . ; photographer kevin t . karlson

abert ' s towhee was named by spencer baird in 1852 for lt . james william abert , who obtained the first specimen .

a very large sparrow , abert ' s towhee inhabits riparian corridors in the sonoran desert of arizona . plain and rather secretive , abert ' s towhee stays in its breeding range year - round .

voice : sounds by xeno - canto abert’s towhee’s call is a sharp “peek” . song is a rapid series of “peek” notes .

the abert ' s towhee has a fairly small range of 170 , 000 square kilometers . it occurs in

range : abert’s towhee is resident in its range all year round . it breeds in arizona and northern mexico .

protection / threats / status : abert’s towhee is threatened by fragmentation of riparian habitat and populations declined of as much as 50 % , due to habitat loss . abert’s towhee is a host of brown - headed cowbird , which parasitizes its nest . eggs and chicks are often preyed upon by snakes . the american ornithologist james william abert found the first bird , named abert’s towhee in his honour .

habitat : the abert ' s towhee is found in mesquite bosques and cottonwood - willow associations with an understory of dense shrubs .

the abert ' s towhee was named by spencer baird in 1852 for lt . james william abert , who obtained the first specimen . the abert ' s towhee forages for insects and seeds by scratching on the ground . it is known , however , to sometimes probe low on tree trunks for insects .

abert ' s towhee , or pipilo aberti , is a large , stocky , shy sparrow . the abert ' s towhee has one of the smallest total distributions of any u . s . birds species , making it much sought after by birders who travel to the southwest desert to observe it .

abert ' s towhee in pima county : at one time , many of the riparian habitats of pima county were home to the abert ' s towhee . the destruction of these habitats has caused a decline in the populations of the towhee . protection and restoration of the remaining riparian habitats are important for the towhee , as well as many other species of animals .

habitat : abert’s towhee lives in desert woodlands , streamside thickets , at low altitude . it is also found in suburban yards and orchards .

abert ' s towhee inhabits dense brush and woodlands along sonoran desert rivers and streams in arizona and surrounding states . spencer baird described this species in 1852 (

the abert ' s towhee has one of the smallest total distributions of any u . s . birds species , making it much sought after by birders who travel to the southwest desert to observe it .

the oldest abert ' s towhee on record was at least 8 years and 7 months old , when it was recaptured and rereleased during a banding operation in arizona .

abert ' s towhee : found primarily in the colorado and gila river valleys in arizona and parts of california , nevada , utah , and new mexico . generally prefers desert

( s . f . baird , 1852 ) – sw usa in s arizona and sw new mexico .

general description : abert ' s towhees ( melozone aberti ) are large , sexually monomorphic sparrows . abert ' s are light brown overall with a black mask and reddish - orange under the tail ( rusty red under - tail coverts ) .

reproduction : abert’s towhee’s nest is built in a shrub at about 2 , 5 metres high , but often close to the ground . nest is an open cup made with bits of bark , leaves and vines . it is lined with grasses and hair .

the abert ' s towhee is a large sparrow with gray - brown upper parts and pinkish - brown underparts . the face is dark brown with a light bill . unlike many birds , the plumage between the sexes is identical .

range : the abert ' s towhee occurs in brushy riparian habitat within the lower sonora zone . it occurs in southeastern california , southern nevada , southwestern utah , central arizona , southwestern new mexico , and northern sonora . in arizona , the towhee can be found in suitable habitat along rivers , streams , and washes .

status : the abert ' s towhee has experienced a population decline over the last 150 years , most likely due to habitat loss . many riparian areas , preferred habitat for the towhee , have been cleared or altered by human use . lowered water tables have dried streams and reduced the dense vegetation . salt cedar , an invasive exotic species , provides less than optimal habitat and now covers much of the towhees ' range . the abert ' s towhee is experiencing much of the same habitat loss as the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher and would benefit from habitat protection for the endangered species . 1

tweit , robert c . ; finch , deborah m . 1994 . abert ' s towhee : pipilo aberti . in : poole , a . , ed . the birds of north america online . ithaca , ny : cornell lab of ornithology . online : urltoken

habitat loss has evidently led to widespread reduction in abert ' s towhee populations in most of its historical range , however since 1966 populations of abert towhee appear to be stable , according to the north american breeding bird survey . partners in flight estimates a global breeding population of 800 , 000 birds , with 98 % occurring in the u . s . , and 2 % in mexico . they rate an 11 out of 20 on the continental concern score and are not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list , although they are a u . s . - canada stewardship species . back to top

tweit , robert c . and d . m . finch . 1994 . abert ' s towhee ( melozone aberti ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .

where to find : abert ' s are not common , but check for them at red rock canyon nca , corn creek on the desert national wildlife range , and the henderson bird viewing preserve .

unlike the song of spotted towhee ( pipilo maculatus ) , the song of this towhee is rarely heard . the species ' most characteristic vocalization is the squeal duet given simultaneously by both sexes upon reunion—a call used most often during the long breeding season to promote and maintain a close pair bond . this close and prolonged pair bond allows abert ' s towhee to initiate nesting rapidly in response to changes in weather or food supply , to minimize the nesting period , and to renest quickly after nest failure in an environment where rates of predation and parasitism are high .

the preferred streamside habitat of abert ' s towhee¿the brushy understory of cottonwood ( populus fremonti ) - willow ( salix goodingii ) gallery forests and mesquite ( prosopis spp . ) bosques¿has been cleared and otherwise altered by people , starting with native americans , primarily for agricultural fields and cattle grazing . although this towhee has adapted to some urban and shrubland habitats created by people , including irrigation ditches , these do not equal the extent of habitat lost .

the preferred streamside habitat of abert ' s towhee—the brushy understory of cottonwood ( populus fremonti ) - willow ( salix goodingii ) gallery forests and mesquite ( prosopis spp . ) bosques—has been cleared and otherwise altered by people , starting with native americans , primarily for agricultural fields and cattle grazing . although this towhee has adapted to some urban and shrubland habitats created by people , including irrigation ditches , these do not equal the extent of habitat lost .

unlike the song of the rufous - sided towhee ( pipilo erythrophthalmus ) , the song of this towhee is rarely heard . the species ' most characteristic vocalization is the squeal duet given simultaneously by both sexes upon reunion¿a call used most often during the long breeding season to promote and maintain a close pair bond . this close and prolonged pair bond allows abert ' s towhee to initiate nesting rapidly in response to changes in weather or food supply , to minimize the nesting period , and to renest quickly after nest failure in an environment where rates of predation and parasitism are high .

mitochondrial dna analysis indicates that of the three brown towhees of the american southwest , california and abert ' s are the most closely related , even though california and canyon towhees were once considered a single species .

these are among the very first birds of early morning to begin calling to each other - often with the very first hint of dawn light in the east . abert ' s towhee visit bird feeders with seed and also eat fallen fruit such as dates and olives . when feeding they use their feet to kick away loose leaves and debris exposing hidden beetles , grubs and seeds . a similar bird found mostly in the foothills in more open habitat is the canyon towhee .

reproduction : abert ' s towhees are monogamous and usually mate for life . the mated pair has a year - round territory which serves as its foraging ground and nesting area . abert ' s towhees have two broods per year , usually during the spring and late summer . the female lays two to five eggs which are pale blue with dark brown markings . a new brood is started about nine weeks after the first nest is started .

abert ' s towhee has heavy legs typical of a ground forager , and it spends almost all of the nonbreeding season scratching for insects and seeds or perching in low shrubs or tree branches . its flights , which account for less than 5 % of its daylight hours , are short and low , usually to perch sites , including wall tops in suburban habitats .

along streams in the desert southwest , a sharp pinging note in the thickets announces the presence of abert ' s towhee . if an observer tries to approach , a pair of these towhees may stay just ahead and out of sight , calling in an odd squealing duet when pressed too closely . when undisturbed , they feed on the ground under dense bushes , scratching among the leaf - litter . many southwestern " specialty birds " have extensive ranges in the tropics , but this towhee barely gets across the border into northwestern mexico .

1 . tweit , r . c . , and d . m . finch . 1996 . abert ' s towhee ( pipilo alberti ) . the birds of north america , no . 111 ( a . poole and f . gill , eds . ) . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa , and the american ornithologists ' union , washington , d . c .

description : abert’s towhee has black face . upperparts are cinnamon - brown . underparts are paler grey - brown , with rusty - brown vent . tail is long and dark , with cinnamon undertail coverts . bill is conical and pale grey . eyes are black . legs and feet are pinkish brown . both sexes are similar . juvenile is similar to adult , slightly streaked on chest .

tell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .

) and named it for lt . james william abert , u . s . army ( 1820–1897 ) , who obtained the specimen as a result of a survey of new mexico at the end of the mexican war . abert , a west point graduate , served in the topographical engineers and retired from the army after the civil war with the rank of lt . colonel (

this sparrow is found primarily in the colorado and gila river valleys in arizona and parts of california , nevada , utah , and new mexico . it generally prefers desert riparian and desert wash habitats . the preferred habitat includes dense vegetation , including thickets of willow , cottonwood , mesquite , and saltcedar . but , abert ' s towhee is also found in cities or suburbs in exotic plantings .

rising , j . ( 2018 ) . abert ' s towhee ( melozone aberti ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

after an extended period of dry weather , rain during the breeding season can produce a peak in nesting activity within two weeks . the extended breeding season and tight pair bond enable some abert ' s towhees to produce two broods a year in an inhospitable environment , although as many as six nest attempts may be required . a female can lay the first egg of a new clutch one week after the loss of a nest . cowbird parasitism reduces towhee reproductive success , but few young cowbirds are raised because some towhees abandon nests with cowbird eggs and because cowbird nestlings are generally much smaller then their towhee nestmates .

( van rossem , 1946 ) – sw usa from sw utah s through colorado valley in se nevada to se california , and e along gila r in s arizona , also extreme nw mexico ( extreme n baja california and nw sonora ) .

desert streams , brush , mesquite . typically found in dense brush near water in arid lowlands , as in streamside thickets , edges of ponds or irrigation ditches , understory of cottonwood - willow groves , even riverside marshes . in some areas ( such as around phoenix ) , comes into yards in well - watered suburbs . overlaps in habitat with canyon towhee in some places , but abert ' s stays closer to water in dense cover , avoiding dry open hillsides .

this article was written and prepared by u . s . government employees on official time , and is therefore in the public domain .

vegetation in desert habitats of arizona and parts of adjacent nevada , california , utah , new mexico , and mexico . the global breeding population of this bird species is estimated to be around 800 , 000 individuals . at the current time , it is not believed that the population trends of this species will soon approach the minimum level which would indicate a potential decline . as a result of these population trends , abert ' s towhee at this time has a conservation rating of least concern .

only members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !

behaviour : abert’s towhee feeds on the ground , scratching soil with feet to catch invertebrates and seeds lying under the leaf litter , and then well exposed and easy to find . it also may probes bark on low trunks . it forages in thick understory . it is a secretive bird , staying in its breeding range all year round . it prefers to stay well - hidden under bushes , and disappear into bush when intruder approaches . pairs usually remain bonded for life . they are monogamous and solitary nesters . they have the same territory all year round , to forage and to nest .

) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :

members of this family are for the most part common birds with plenty of available habitat . passerellidae species that have declined and are endangered in many parts of their range are those that require grasslands , such as the grasshopper and henslow ' s sparrows , and one species , the bachman ' s sparrow , which requires open pine forests with a grassy understory .

in mammalian and avian model species , neuropeptide y ( npy ) simultaneously promotes feeding behavior and suppresses the secretion of reproductive hormones , thereby modulating the resource allocation trade - off between investing in essential somatic processes or in the reproductive system . investigations into this dual role of npy in birds have focused on domesticated species and , to our knowledge , no study has examined this role in songbirds . we determined whether npy treatment acutely regulates feeding behavior and activity of the reproductive system in a male songbird , the abert ' s towhee , melozone aberti . intracerebroventricular ( icv ) administration of npy promoted behaviors associated with feeding ( decreased latency to initiate pecking in the food bowl , increased number of feeding bouts following treatment , and increased number of pecks into the food bowl during each feeding bout ) , and it stimulated hopping and drinking behavior . by contrast , we found no effect of npy treatment on plasma testosterone secretion 60 min after treatment . these results suggest that in male abert ' s towhees npy stimulates feeding behavior , but provide no evidence that this peptide concurrently influences testosterone secretion .

lutmerding , j . a . and a . s . love . longevity records of north american birds . version 2015 . 2 . patuxent wildlife research center , bird banding laboratory 2015 .

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recent analysis of mitochondrial genes suggests that the predominantly brown towhees—california , abert ' s , canyon , and white - throated—are more closely related to the melozone ground - sparrows than they are to the predominantly black or green towhees . as a result , “brown towhees” are now placed in the genus melozone . see the 51st supplement to the aou checklist of north american birds for details . future revisions of this account will reflect these changes .

recent analysis of mitochondrial genes suggests that the predominantly brown towhees¿california , abert ' s , canyon , and white - throated¿are more closely related to the melozone ground - sparrows than they are to the predominantly black or green towhees . as a result , " brown towhees " are now placed in the genus melozone . see the 51st supplement to the aou checklist of north american birds for details . future revisions of this account will reflect these changes .

because this nonmigratory towhee spends most of its life on a permanent territory concealed by dense shrubs , it is thought to be secretive and is most often detected by its call notes . in interactions with other birds , however , it is bold and aggressive and where it finds suitable habitat in suburban environments it is often oblivious of humans .

this bird lays two to five blue white eggs with dark brown speckles . they are laid in a nest made of forbs , bark pieces , leaves , and vines lined with dead grass and mammal hair . the nest is usually built in a tree or bush , often 25 to 30 feet above the ground . the female towhee incubates eggs for about 14 days .

molecular analysis indicates that present species and m . crissalis are sister - taxa . geographical variation clinal ; species perhaps better treated as monotypic . proposed race vorhiesi ( described from c . 15 km s of tucson , in arizona ) treated as synonym of dumeticolus . two subspecies recognized .

the worthen ' s sparrow is an enigmatic species historically recorded in the southwestern united states . rare , little known , and difficult to find in its known mexican range , this species may be more adapted to grassland habitats that have disappeared or been drastically altered since european settlement . one of the most commonly seen sparrows in the united states , the house sparrow , is not a member of this family and , as an imported species , is actually more closely related to african weaver finches and european sparrows than north american sparrows .

the introduction article is just the first of 11 articles in each species account that provide life history information for the species . the remaining articles provide detailed information regarding distribution , migration , habitat , diet , sounds , behavior , breeding , current population status and conservation . each species account also includes a multimedia section that displays the latest photos , audio selections and videos from macaulay library’s extensive galleries . written and continually updated by acknowledged experts on each species , birds of north america accounts include a comprehensive bibliography of published research on the species .

cottonwood and willow woodlands , with dense shrubs , along desert streams and rivers . back to top

a large open cup of leaves , bark , and weed stems , located in trees or shrubs .

scratches on the ground ; sometimes probes bark on low trunks like a nuthatch . back to top

north american bird conservation initiative . 2014 . the state of the birds 2014 report . us department of interior , washington , dc , usa .

sauer , j . r . , j . e . hines , j . e . fallon , k . l . pardieck , jr . ziolkowski , d . j . and w . a . link . the north american breeding bird survey , results and analysis 1966 - 2013 ( version 1 . 30 . 15 ) . usgs patuxtent wildlife research center 2014b . available from urltoken

sibley , d . a . ( 2014 ) . the sibley guide to birds , second edition . alfred a . knopf , new york , usa .

still very common in parts of its limited range . could be vulnerable to loss of streamside habitat .

forages mostly on the ground , often scratching with both feet . also forages on bark at base of trees , and in low bushes . members of a pair often forage together .

1 - 4 , usually 3 . pale blue or whitish with markings of dark brown and black . incubation is apparently by female only , about 14 days . young : both parents feed the nestlings . young leave nest about 12 - 13 days after hatching , before they are full - grown , but unable to fly for another week ; tended by parents for a month or more . often 2 broods per year .

mostly insects and seeds . insects make up majority of diet , especially in summer ; major items include beetles , ants , caterpillars , grasshoppers , and cicadas . also eats many seeds , including those of saltbush , weeds , and grasses .

members of pair remain together all year on permanent territories ; courtship and pair formation may occur at any season , but nesting is mainly march through july . both members of pair evidently defend nesting territory . nest site is in dense shrub or tree such as mesquite , willow , baccharis , or elderberry , often well hidden within clump of mistletoe ; usually 5 - 8 ' above the ground , but can be higher . nest ( built by female ) is a bulky open cup , loosely made of weeds , bark strips , grass , leaves , vines , lined with dry grass and sometimes hair .

call is a single bell - like note . song resembles a rapid series of call notes .

audio © lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .

tell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .

bna account authors : tweit , r . c . , and d . m . finch

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short flights , alternates rapid wing beats with wings pulled to sides . may be difficult to spot because it prefers to stay well - hidden under bushes .

and desert wash habitats . preferred habitat includes dense vegetation , including thickets of willow , cottonwood , mesquite , and saltcedar ; also found in cities or suburbs in exotic plantings .

song is a series of squeaky " chip " notes on the same pitch .

they are threatened by cowbird nest parasitism and habitat loss , although some have successfully colonized suburban environments in the phoenix , arizona area . they may also be seen on the campus of arizona state university .

they are an inconspicuous bird because they forage in thick undergrowth and rarely fly any great distance .

a group of towhees are collectively known as a " tangle " and a " teapot " of towhees .

most of the small birds such as the finches , wood - warblers , and sparrows are members of the one hundred and forty - two families found in the largest taxonomic order of birds ; the passeriformes ( pronounced pas - ser - i - for - meez ) .

the new world sparrows and related birds are placed in the passerellidae ( pronounced pass - ur - el - ih - dee ) , a group of one hundred and thirty species in twenty - six genera only found in the new world .

eighty - two species of new world sparrows and towhees in twenty - six genera are found in north america .

members of this family are known for their terrestrial behavior , cheery songs , and in the case of sparrows , challenges to their identification due to similarities in appearance of several species . dark - eyed juncos and various other species are also well known visitors to feeders during the winter months .

members of the passerellidae are small , plump birds with short , finch - like bills adapted to cracking open seeds . their wings are generally short and their tails and legs average in length .

in general , bright colors are not a hallmark of this family although some species do show patches of bright orange and red - brown . brown , white , and gray plumages with streaked and spotted patterns are commonplace for the primarily dull colored sparrows . however there are exceptions , such as the boldly patterned plumages of black , white , and tan plumages displayed by the juncos , and the vibrant black and burnt orange of the towhees .

at least one species of passerellidae can be found in most every habitat in north america . most species are birds of weedy fields , scrub , second growth , and non - forest habitats such as desert , grassland , and marsh . the few species adapted to woodlands frequent the thick undergrowth at forest openings and edges .

like other short distance migrants , most members of this family migrate later in fall , earlier in spring , and often show up at feeders during the winter . some species , such as the fox sparrow , practice " leap frog " migration with more northerly populations migrating further south in the winter .

outside of the breeding season , sparrows and other members of this family flock together for protection from predators . all are generally terrestrial birds that forage on the ground for seeds and arthropods .

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relating to or living or located on the bank of a natural watercourse ( as a river ) or sometimes of a lake or a tidewater .

small feathers that cover the areas where the retrices ( tail feathers ) attach to the rump .

the front part of the head consisting of the bill , eyes , cheeks and chin .

birds do not have two separate cavities for excrement and reproduction like humans do . in birds , there is one single entrance / exit that suits both functions called the vent , cloaca or anus .

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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .

justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

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this species occupies suitable riparian habitat below 1 , 300 m within the shaded area . this species is essentially sedentary year - round .

american ornithologists ' union . 1983 . check - list of north american birds , 6th ed . washington , d . c : am . ornithol . union . close

mearns , b . c . and r . f . mearns . 1992a . audubon to xántus : the lives of those commemorated in north american bird names . new york : academic press . close

) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( a . f . poole and f . b . gill , editors ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .

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a guide to the birds of mexico and northern central america by steve n . g . howell , sophie webb - oxford university press - isbn : 0198540124

female lays 2 to 5 pale blue eggs . incubation lasts about 14 days , by female . chicks hatch altricial , and fledge at about 12 to 13 days of age . this species produces 2 broods per year , the second starting nine weeks after the first .

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grayish - brown upperparts . buffy underparts . black facial area surrounds pale conical bill . dark eye . rusty undertail coverts . long tail . juvenile ( spring to fall ) lightly spotted below . sexes similar . 8 to 9 inches in length .

desert thickets ( especially mesquite and cottonwood - willow ) , farms , orchards , and urban areas .

3 - 4 pale blue - green eggs with markings concentrated at the large end . the eggs have a ? day incubation period . fledging occurs in 12 - 13 days . the nest is a large open cup made from leaves , bark , and weed stems , and is built close to the ground in a bush or tree . nesting pairs generally stay bonded for life .

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note : all distances , elevations , and other facts are approximate . ; last updated 130918

this wary bird was partially obscured from view by some vegetation . nonetheless the conical bill , black facial mask , and long tail are clearly visible . observed at gilbert riparian preserve , gilbert , arizona , usa . 14 feb . 2009 . rich ditch has managed a much clearer photo .

distinguishing characteristics : mostly plain brown to gray in color . small black mask on face around bill . sturdy sparrow - beak . long tail . a bit of tawny color on underside of rump . large , but slightly smaller than a robin .

these large sparrows prefer habitats with thick vegetation with partial shade . for example in gallery forests along riparian streams and mesquite bosques . irrigated yards and orchards in the greater phoenix , arizona area are suitable habitat . despite the thousands of stray / loose house cats in the cities of the sonoran desert these birds are able to survive and nest on the ground . one way they do this is to almost always work in pairs as they search for food on the ground . one of the pair will always be more intent on watching for danger and the two stay in constant contact via short , sharp calls . on spotting even the remotest danger they give a sharper call that warns the other and they both fly up and into cover away from danger .

20–23 cm ; 38·9–55·6 g . large , long - tailed sparrow with relatively uniform appearance . nominate race has lower forehead , lores and chin black , rest . . .

song a rather sharp series of notes , “peep peep chee - chee - chee” , “ sleep cleep . . .

diet on lower colorado r principally insects : in winter 73 % of diet was insects , and in summer 96 % . beetles ( coleoptera ) especially taken , . . .

season mar–sept ; usually double - brooded . pair - bond maintained retained throughout year . nest built by female , taking c . 1 week , a . . .

not globally threatened . classified as “rare” in the usa ( yellow watchlist priority species for conservation ) . much of this species’ preferred streamside . . .

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formerly included in a broader emberizidae . recent phylogeny # r has recovered evidence of eight major clades within this newly recognized grouping : ( i ) melospiza and allies ; ( ii and iii ) melozone , atlapetes , pipilo and allies , which form two sister - clades ; ( iv ) zonotrichia , junco and allies ; and ( v–viii ) all other species , which form a polytomy at base of tree , but can be split into ( a ) arremon , ( b ) spizella , amphispiza , chondestes and calamospiza , ( c ) peucaea , arremonops , ammodramus and rhynchospiza , and finally ( d ) two genera that have often been placed in thraupidae , oreothraupis and chlorospingus .

includes pyrgisoma , which is an objective junior synomym of melozone , the two having same type species ; thus previous use of both genera in hbw and elsewhere was erroneous . one subgroup ( m . fusca , m . albicollis , m . crissalis and m . aberti ) previously placed in pipilo , but subsequently moved to join m . kieneri in kieneria ( or erroneously pyrgisoma ) # r . recent comprehensive molecular phylogeny # r indicates that such generic separation is not required , an action already taken by some authors # r ; present genus is potentially paraphyletic with respect to aimophila , so further data required for clarification # r .

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regulation of feeding behavior and plasma testosterone in response to central neuropeptide y administration in a songbird . - pubmed - ncbi

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j exp zool a ecol genet physiol . 2015 aug ; 323 ( 7 ) : 478 - 86 . doi : 10 . 1002 / jez . 1943 . epub 2015 jun 7 .

regulation of feeding behavior and plasma testosterone in response to central neuropeptide y administration in a songbird .

it has a distinct black face , pale gray bill , gray - brown upperparts , paler gray - brown underparts , and a rust - brown vent . the tail is long and darker than upperparts with rust - brown undertail coverts .

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