the blackburnian warbler ( setophaga fusca [ formerly dendroica fusca ] ) is a small new world warbler .

they breed in eastern north america , from southern canada , westwards to the southern canadian prairies , the great lakes region and new england , to north carolina .

blackburnian warblers are migratory , wintering in southern central america and in south america , and are very rare vagrants to western europe .

blackburnian warbler

blackburnian warbler <EOT> the blackburnian warbler was named after anna blackburne , an english botanist . no other north american warbler has an orange throat .

lawrence , l . 1953 . notes on the nesting behavior of the blackburnian warbler .

we only shot a blackburnian warbler , a yellow - winged ditto , and a few finches .

this blackburnian warbler ( dendroica fusca ) perched among apple blossoms for subscriber merv cormier of st john , new brunswick .

morse , d . 1994 . blackburnian warbler ( dendroica fusca ) . the birds of north america , 102 : 583 .

ebird range map - blackburnian warbler . ebird . cornell lab of ornithology , n . d . web . 20 july 2012 .

displayed are dsl landscape capability ( lc ) data for the blackburnian warbler for 2010 ( dsl current ) and the . . .

currently , blackburnian warbler populations are not considered threatened . however , wintering habitats are rapidly declining and they are sensitive to forest fragmentation .

blackburnian warbler ( dendroica fusca ) . the internet bird collection . lynx edicions , n . d . web . 20 july 2012 .

in form the song is much like that of the blackburnian warbler , but the loudness , different quality , and lower pitch distinguish it .

lawrence , l . 1953 . notes on the nesting behavior of the blackburnian warbler . the wilson bulletin , 65 : 135 - 144 .

habitat : blackburnian warbler breeds in tall coniferous and mixed forests , but at the other times , it’s found in a variety of woodlands and tall bushes .

the blackburnian warbler is a forest bird that breeds along the eastern seaboard from the maritime provinces to massachusetts and new york and west to alberta . . . .

— blakˈbərnēən noun or blackburnian warbler ( ˈ ) ̷ ̷ | ̷ ̷ ̷ ̷ ̷ ̷ ( s ) usage : often capitalized b etymology : mrs . hugh blackburn , 18th century englishwoman + english ian : a no . american warbler ( …

warbler of the united states ( { dendroica blackburni [ ae ] } ) . the male is

small warbler with a long body . note triangular ear patch , pale eyebrow , and white wingbars .

blackburnian warblers inhabit boreal forests , but during migration can occur in a variety of woodlands .

the blackburnian warbler has gray to black upperparts with long , whitish streaks , dark wings with two broad , white wing bars , a dark line through the eye , and a dark patch behind the eye .

the blackburnian warbler’s nest is a cup of bark fibers , twigs , and grasses , and is lined with moss , lichens , and other materials . it is placed high on an outer branch of a conifer .

same place as previous blackburnian recording . in dense willow stand immediately adjacent to the ms river .

behaviour : blackburnian warbler is an active warbler of the tree canopy , conspicuously flitting , hovering and flycatching in search of insects among the outer leaves . it tends to keep high up in conifers on the breeding grounds . it gleans insects on small branches . it also hawks insects , flying from a perch to grab them in mid air .

the blackburnian warbler is a small songbird with a large breeding range of 1 , 910 , 000 square kilometers . it breeds in coniferous and mixed forests in southeastern canada and the northeastern united states south through the appalachians , and winters in montane tropical forests in southern central america , northern south america , and the andes . the blackburnian warbler has an estimated breeding population of 10 , 000 , 000 , and a conservation rating of least concern .

range : blackburnian warbler breeds from saskatchewan to western newfoundland , southward to northern minnesota and massachusetts , and in mountain southward to northern georgia . it winters in southern central america and northern south america , southward in the andes .

blackburnian warblers inhabit deciduous and coniferous forests during the summer . they prefer coniferous forests , but will be found in spruce trees or hemlock in deciduous forests . in any forest type in their summer range , blackburnian warblers are most active foraging and vocalizing in conifers . tree species preferred by blackburnian warblers are pines

morse , d . 1967 . the contexts of songs in black - throated green and blackburnian warblers .

diet : blackburnian warbler is mostly insectivorous . it eats primarily caterpillars and beetles . it feeds on insects and spiders . it gleans insects on small branches high in tree . it will supplement its diet with fruit in the winter .

protection / threats / status : blackburnian warbler is an uncommon , but known , cowbird host . population’s numbers of this species seems to be holding steady , despite loss of preferred habitat in some areas of breeding and wintering range .

— rusvasis krūminukas statusas t sritis zoologija | vardynas atitikmenys : lot . dendroica fusca angl . blackburnian warbler vok . fichtenwaldsänger , m rus . еловый лесной певун , m pranc . paruline à gorge orangée , f ryšiai : platesnis terminas –… …

stephenson , t . and s . whittle ( 2013 ) . the warbler guide . princeton university press , new jersey , usa .

small warbler with a long body . adult males have a brilliant orange throat and face with a black crown and triangular ear patch .

morse , douglass h . 2004 . blackburnian warbler ( setophaga fusca ) , the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca : cornell lab of ornithology ; retrieved from the birds of north america online : urltoken

zerda lerner , s . , d . stauffer . 1998 . habitat selection by blackburnian warblers wintering in colombia .

morse , douglass h . 2004 . blackburnian warbler ( setophaga fusca ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .

swainson’s name is commemorated in three species : the widespread western raptor , swainson’s hawk ; the southeastern swainson ‘s warbler and our swainson’s thrush .

doepker , r . v . , r . d . earle , and j . j . ozoga . 1992 . characteristics of blackburnian warbler , dendroica fusca , breeding habitat in upper michigan . can . field - nat . 106 : 366 - 371 .

nice , m . 1926 . behavior of blackburnian , myrtle , and black - throated blue warblers , with young .

the blackburnian warbler does not appear to be well adapted to exploiting the periodic massive outbreaks of the spruce budworm caterpillar that occur in the north woods . some studies have indicated that breeding populations may actually fall in outbreak areas , perhaps due to competition with the cape may warbler , which along with the bay - breasted is known to actively seek out and exploit these areas , resulting in large broods and high population densities .

nesting blackburnian warblers are very difficult to study , in part because their nests can be 80 feet up in a tree .

blackburnian warbler : breeds from alberta east to newfoundland , south to the great lakes , southern new england , and along the appalachian mountains to northern georgia . spends winters in the tropics of south america . preferred habitats include mixed forests of hemlock , spruce , and various hardwoods .

chipley , r . m . 1980 . nonbreeding ecology of the blackburnian warbler . pp . 309 - 317 in migrant birds in the neotropics ( a . keast and e . s . morton , eds . ) . smithson . inst . press , washington , d . c .

8 . morse , d . h . 2004 . blackburnian warbler ( setophaga fusca ) , . the birds of north america online ( a poole , ed ) ithaca : cornell lab of ornithology ; retrieved from the birds of north america online : urltoken doi : 102173 / bna102 .

female cerulean warblers have a unique bluish color to the upperparts . the whitish streaks on the back of blackburnian warblers are distinctive .

although the blackburnian warbler is morphologically similar to many of its congeners that share these forests , it differs strikingly from them in coloration . breeding males are characterized by blazing orange plumage over much of the anterior part of their body , a color not shared by other members of this genus .

chipley , r . m . 1980 . " nonbreeding ecology of the blackburnian warbler . " in migrant birds in the neotropics . , edited by a . keast and e . s . morton , 309 - 317 . washington , d . c : smithson . inst . press . close

voice : sounds by xeno - canto blackburnian warbler’s call is a rich “chip” . most frequent song type is high and thin , ending in an ascending buzzy trill “sip - sip - sip - sip - titi - tzeeee” . a variant type sound like “zillup - zillup - zillup - zizizizizi” .

one evening i went walking along a winding lakeside path when i turned a corner and there , at eye level , was the most beautiful bird i have ever seen : a little warbler , beautiful as warblers generally are , but this one with a vivid flame - orange throat and breast that glows in memory still . such was my introduction to the blackburnian warbler ( dendroica fusca ) , the smallest and perhaps the most beautiful of the “spruce warblers . ”

the blackburnian warbler is a brilliantly colored neotropical migrant , one of a large group of dendroica wood warblers that coexist during the breeding season in the northeastern coniferous forests of north america . birds of this group are so similar structurally that early students of bird foraging and niche partitioning wondered how they coexisted . they are now known to separate ecologically by foraging areas ( macarthur 1958 , morse 1968 ) , the blackburnian exploiting a treetop niche .

blackburnian warblers are more tolerant of mixed woodlands than are those two budworm specialists , breeding as far south as the smoky mountains , often in association with hemlocks . neither do blackburnian populations appear to rise and fall as much according to the fortunes of the budworm . indeed , thus far the numbers of this warbler appear remarkably stable , despite ongoing habitat destruction on the wintering grounds and widespread losses of our hemlocks to the introduced wooly adelgid insect pest .

morse , d . h . 1994 . blackburnian warbler ( dendroica fusca ) . in the birds of north america , no . 102 ( a . poole and f . gill , eds . ) . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , and the american ornithologists ' union , washington , d . c .

what made you want to look up blackburnian ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .

blackburnian warblers are insectivorous , diurnal foragers , usually gleaning insects from leaves . they also hover to capture insects from the bottom of leaves . they feed on

morse , d . 1967 . the contexts of songs in black - throated green and blackburnian warblers . the wilson bulletin , 79 : 64 - 74 .

macarthur also recorded details of the warblers ' foraging habits and discovered that they differed too . for example , the cape may warbler hawks flying insects much more often than does the blackburnian and tends to move vertically rather than horizontally ( matching its tendency to remain on the outside of the tree ) . the black - throated green hovers much more than the bay - breasted , and the more variable yellow - rumped has the most varied feeding habits . in addition , macarthur found evidence that food shortage limited the size of the warbler populations .

blackburnian warblers live in the wild for a average of 3 to 6 years . the primary cause of death is not surviving through migration . because of poor weather or insufficient energy stores , death is more common during spring migration , especially when flying over the gulf of mexico . blackburnian warblers are not kept in captivity .

blackburnian warblers breed in southeastern canada , the northeastern u . s . , and the appalachians . they winter mostly in south america . the population appears stable .

blackburnian warbler , wilson’s storm - petrel , swainson’s thrush , lincoln’s sparrow . the common names of all of these birds , common in maine , are based on a person’s name . i’ll bet most of these people aren’t familiar to you . in today’s column , i will give you a little background on the people whose names are commemorated in the bird names .

morse , d . h . 1967 . the contexts of songs in the black - throated green and blackburnian warblers . wilson bull . 79 : 62 - 72 .

young , l . , m . betts , a . diamond . 2005 . do blackburnian warblers select mixed forests ? the importance of spatial resolution in defining habitat .

the most distinctive characteristics of the blackburnian warbler are its treetop ecology and the breeding male ' s color . one of a large genus of morphologically and ecologically similar warblers , the blackburnian is the only one with orange in its plumage . the male ' s striking black - and - orange pattern makes some observers think of a miniature oriole . blackburnian warblers are usually found high in trees , even during migration , and are not readily noticed in the dense foliage unless their high - pitched song announces their presence . at times they may be detected at the ends of branches , picking among leaves for bugs or caterpillars . its canopy nesting habits have defied many researchers ' efforts to study its breeding ecology .

displayed are dsl landscape capability ( lc ) data for the blackburnian warbler for 2010 ( dsl current ) and the future ( dsl 2080 ) ; higher values shown in dark red . lc incorporates habitat , climate , and prevalence to estimate suitable and accessible conditions for the species . lc values can ' t be compared across species . courtesy of k . mcgarigal , umass .

zerda lerner , s . , d . stauffer . 1998 . habitat selection by blackburnian warblers wintering in colombia . journal of field ornithology , 69 : 457 - 465 .

nice , m . 1926 . behavior of blackburnian , myrtle , and black - throated blue warblers , with young . the wilson bulletin , 38 : 82 - 83 .

( ) a beautiful warbler of the united states ( dendroica blackburniae ) . the male is strongly marked with orange , yellow , and black on the head and neck , and has an orange - yellow breast .

the wood - warblers occur throughout north america except for the far northern tundra . the many species of this family have evolved to fill a wide variety of niches including marshes ( yellowthroats ) to tree trunks ( the black - and - white warbler ) , and spruce forests ( the cape may warbler ) . several species can reside in the same area , yet avoid competition by occupying slightly different habitats or feeding in different ways .

curson , j . ( 2018 ) . blackburnian warbler ( setophaga fusca ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

morse , d . h . 1967c . the contexts of songs in the black - throated green and blackburnian warblers . wilson bull . no . 79 : 62 - 72 . close

blackburnian warblers typically live in a 0 . 4 to 1 . 1 hectare area . however , they live on small islands if there are tall , mature trees and suitable food sources .

left to right : cape may , yellow - rumped , black - throated green , blackburnian , and bay - breasted warblers . black areas in stylized conifers show where feeding is concentrated .

blackburnian warblers are migratory , wintering in southern central america and in south america , and are very rare vagrants to western europe . these birds were named after anna blackburne , an english botanist .

the wilson whose name is commemorated in wilson’s storm - petrel , wilson’s plover , wilson’s phalarope , wilson’s warbler and wilson’s snipe is alexander wilson ( 1766 - 1813 ) . wilson played an important role in the development of north american ornithology .

the wood - warblers are known for their colorful plumages – the blackburnian warbler being one of the most striking members of this family with its deep orange - red throat that contrasts with its handsome black and white plumage . however while many species are known for their beautiful breeding plumage colors , they are also known to bird watchers as being extremely challenging to identify when in the fall they revert to their drab tan , olive , and pale colored plumages .

lerner , s . de la zerda and d . f . stauffer . 1998 . habitat selection by blackburnian warblers wintering in colombia . j . field ornithol . no . 69 : 457 - 465 . close

male blackburnian warblers are easily identified by their orange throat , breast and forehead . they have a black crown and cheeks and are noted for their wing bars and tail spots . blackburnian warblers have white bars on a black back , wings , and tail . there are black streaks on a white background on the sides and flanks . the lower breast and stomach is slightly orange , fading to white towards the tail .

description : blackburnian warbler adult male summer is unmistakable with its flaming orange throat and chest , and lighter orange crown centre , supercilium and sides of head . upperparts are almost blackish , and it has a huge white wing patch . in other plumages , the blackish ear - covert patch surrounded by yellow or orangey supercilium , sides of neck and throat , dark greyish upperparts , double white wing bars , pale yellowish underparts with streaked flanks , and very dark legs , are the distinctive features of this warbler . tail shows extensive white in outer feathers when spread . male is brightly coloured , female presents similar pattern , but duller . immature is similar to adult female . immature male with more yellow throat , and immature female much paler .

habitat fragmentation effects are also a concern as these forests are reduced in response to climate change , particularly upslope . range reduction is expected for species that inhabit montane spruce - fir forests at the southern edge of their range 10 . models of future distribution considering habitat and climate changes predicted that landscape capability ( suitable climate and habitat ) for the blackburnian warbler would decrease by 71 % of their 2010 northeastern range by 2080 2 , a loss of ~ 1 % / year .

in summer , male blackburnian warblers display dark gray backs and double white wing bars , with yellowish rumps and dark brown crowns . the underparts of these birds are white , and are tinged with yellow and streaked black . the head is strongly patterned in yellow and black , with a flaming - orange throat . it is the only north american warbler with this striking plumage . other plumages , including the fall male and adult female , are washed - out versions of the summer male , and in particular lack the bright colors and strong head pattern . basic plumages show weaker yellows and gray in place of black in the breeding male . blackburnian warblers ' songs are a simple series of high

the origin of the name “blackburnian” will be obscure to most . in their day , though , the sibling team of ashton and anna blackburn were noted british naturalists . in the years prior to and during our revolution , austin traveled in the american colonies , collecting specimens and sending them to anna at her estate in lancashire , england . no less than seventeen type specimens of our native birds were later described from their collection , so perhaps we can forebear the blackburns their warbler .

a fiery gem of the treetops . in the northern forest in summer , the male blackburnian warbler may perch on the topmost twig of a spruce , showing off the flaming orange of his throat as he sings his thin , wiry song . the female also stays high in the conifers , and the nest is usually built far above the ground . long - distance migrants , most blackburnians spend the winter in south america , where they are often common in mountain forest in the andes .

young , l . , m . betts , a . diamond . 2005 . do blackburnian warblers select mixed forests ? the importance of spatial resolution in defining habitat . forest ecology and management , 214 : 358 - 372 .

blackburnian warbler populations are stable . partners in flight estimates a global breeding population of 10 million birds with 28 % spending some part of the year in the u . s , 72 % in canada , and all of them migrating through mexico on the way south to their wintering grounds . they are a u . s . - canada stewardship species and rate a 9 out of 20 on the continental concern score . they are not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list . back to top

male blackburnian warblers attract their mates by singing in tree tops . when a potential mate comes close , males flick their tail and peck at the branch . males defend their mate from other males by flicking their tail , pecking at branches , and occasionally fighting . blackburnian warblers , like other songbirds , are socially monogamous . males typically help raise and feed the young . in some cases they have been absent , likely due to occasional extra - pair copulations .

blackburnian warblers are typically preyed on by larger birds of prey and some mammals . most predation is on eggs , hatchlings , and fledglings , or on adults as they watch and defend nests . hawks are the most common predators .

blackburnian warblers are strong indicators of mixed deciduous - coniferous forests and undisturbed , mature coniferous forests . surveyors use this species to study the ecology and effect of forest fragmentation by timber harvesting . they are also important for controlling spruce budworm (

— / blak berr nee euhn / a black and white north american wood warbler , dendroica fusca , having an orange throat and an orange and black head . [ 1775 85 , amer . ; named after mrs . hugh blackburn , 18th century englishwoman ; see ian ] * * * …

students of ecology may recall the classic study by macarthur ( 1958 ) wherein the foraging habits of five warblers that breed in our northern coniferous forests were compared . the study demonstrated resource partitioning , wherein the canopy was roughly divided up between species , each exhibiting different foraging preferences . along with the cape may warbler , the blackburnian foraged in the top - most branches of the canopy . between these two , cape mays more frequently went after aerial prey and foraged at the very end of branches , while blackburnians traversed the high foliage in a more methodical fashion .

reproduction : blackburnian warbler’s nest is built by female , well out from the trunk , on a horizontal branch where it’s concealed by foliage or lichen . it’s located from 3 to over 80 feet above the ground , but placement is extremely variable . nest is cup - shaped , densely constructed , hidden in dense vegetation . spider silk secures nest to site . sides consist of twigs , barks , plant fibres and rootlets . it’s lined with lichens , mosses , fine grasses , hair , dead pine needles and sometimes , such exotic substances as string cotton , horsehair and cattail down .

blackburnian warblers usually fly in mixed - species flocks . typically there are 1 to 2 blackburnian warblers per flock , but there can be as many as 7 . they are not very social with each other or other species other than foraging near each other . they have learned to co - exist with other species and avoid direct competition by staying in the upper third of the tree canopy and foraging and nesting on the outside of the branches , a form of niche partitioning . even in the same habitats and with similar food sources , different species of the

blackburnian warblers are , on average , 13 cm in length with a wingspan of 21 cm . like most warblers , they have small , flattened , and short bills , and have thin , black legs with 3 toes in front and one in back ( sibley , 2001 ) .

in most parts of its breeding range , the blackburnian warbler nests in mature coniferous and mixed forest and often occurs in highest densities in old - growth forests . coniferous trees , whether spruce , balsam fir , pine , or hemlock , are an essential habitat component throughout the species range . at the end of the breeding season , young and adults often leave the conifers to forage in food - rich paper birches . as with other warblers , it may use virtually any woody habitat , and occasionally even herbaceous habitats , during migration . in winter it is found in high - altitude forests , woodlands , plantations , and treed pastures .

the kirtland’s warbler is an endangered species restricted to a very specific type of habitat mostly found in michigan ; jack pine forests . its habitat is managed for this species in a few national forests by ensuring that there are jack pine stands of the age and composition this species requires . brown - headed cowbird populations are also controlled on its breeding grounds .

— warbler war bler , n . 1 . one who , or that which , warbles ; a singer ; a songster ; applied chiefly to birds . [ 1913 webster ] in lulling strains the feathered warblers woo . tickell . [ 1913 webster ] 2 . ( zo [ o ] l . ) any one of numerous species of small old… …

cape mays and blackburnians also winter in very different locales , the cape may winters primarily in the west indies whereas the blackburnian is among those few warblers which commonly travel clear to south america . wintering blackburnians were recently reported by some of our traveling local birders as far south as ecuador .

blackburnian warblers sing at dusk and dawn in the frequency range of 4 to 12 khz . they typically sing the same song at both times . males duet during these times and sing at each other after hostile encounters with other males . males are usually stationary , perched higher in tree than females when singing . singing is used to advertise for breeding and to advertise territories . they have two distinct song types , occasionally alternating them during breeding season . they flick their tail and peck at branches while singing during breeding season . blackburnian warblers sing one song while stationary at the top of the tree and during encounters with other males . they chirp twice frequently throughout aggressive encounters with other males . the other song is primarily used while foraging and while in the presence of a female . blackburnian warblers who do not find mates sing the second song type for long periods of time .

members of the parulidae are not colonial nesters but often occur in mixed flocks with other species after the breeding season . they forage in a variety of ways for invertebrates , small fruits , and nectar . while the waterthrushes forage on the ground in streams and wetlands , and the black - and - white warbler creeps along tree trunks , most wood - warblers glean the vegetation of trees and bushes and make short sallies for their insect prey .

the bachman’s warbler is an enigmatic species considered to be extinct by most authorities although slim hopes for its continued existence are kept alive by a few possible sightings over the last thirty years . historically occurring in the southeastern united states , this little known species is thought to have been dependent upon canebrakes on its breeding and wintering grounds in cuba . although the reasons for its decline are unknown , destruction of these canebrakes is the most likely reason for its demise .

macarthur found that each warbler species divided its time differently among various parts of the tree . the cape may , for instance , stayed mostly toward the outside on the top , the bay - breasted fed mostly around the middle interior , while the yellow - rumped moved from part to part more than either of the other two . this is shown in the accompanying diagrams , in which the zones that contained 50 percent of the birds ' feeding activity are blackened .

blackburnian warblers are known for their increased presence during spruce budworm ( choristoneura species ) breakouts , in which their survival and reproduction are greater because of the abundance of prey . these warblers are also well - known for interspecific niche partitioning . which is how they avoid direct competition with species of the same genus ; they coexist by using different parts of the same tree for nesting and foraging .

populations of this species are vulnerable owing to the loss of preferred winter forest habitat in northern south america , although breeding bird survey data suggest that their numbers remain stable . blackburnian warblers are forest - interior species , and their numbers decline in forest fragments . southerly populations breeding in eastern hemlock and fraser fir are at risk as a result of wooly adelgids responsible for heavy mortality of these trees .

some aspects of the blackburnian warbler ' s breeding biology are relatively well known , including foraging ( macarthur 1958 , morse 1968 ) , population dynamics ( morse 1976a ) , interspecific interactions ( morse 1976b ) , habitat selection ( morse 1976a ) , and singing behavior ( morse 1967 ) . some ecological studies have been performed on their wintering grounds in colombia ( chipley 1980 ; lerner and stauffer 1998 ) . recent studies have focused on the effect of silvicultural practices on this and other species ( e . g . , hagan et al . 1996 , meiklejorn and hughes 1999 , hobson and bayne 2000a , cumming and diamond 2002 ) . however , information on many aspects of the species ' life cycle is rudimentary . little is known of its migratory ecology . many aspects of its breeding ecology remain largely or completely unknown , in part a consequence of its treetop existence in northern forests .

blackburnian warblers are around 11 to 13 cm ( 4 . 3 to 5 . 1 in ) long , with a 20 to 22 cm ( 7 . 9 to 8 . 7 in ) wingspan , and weigh 8 to 13 g ( 0 . 28 to 0 . 46 oz ) . the average mass of an adult bird is 9 . 7 g ( 0 . 34 oz ) . among standard measurements , the

blackburnian warblers build a nest consisting of an open cup of twigs , bark , plant fibers , and rootlets held to branch with spider web and lined with lichens , moss , hair , and dead pine needles that ' s placed near the end of a branch . three to five whitish eggs are laid its nest which is usually placed 2–38 m ( 6 . 6–124 . 7 ft ) above the ground , on a horizontal branch .

blackburnian warblers are commonly found throughout southeast canada , from alberta into the great lake areas to newfoundland and into the appalachians as far south as georgia during the summer season . however , during migration , this species is seen throughout the eastern coast of north america and as far west as oklahoma . for the most part , they migrate over the gulf of mexico ; however , some fly over the eastern coast of texas . during the winter they can be found in costa rica , panama , and into peru .

blackburnian warblers spend , on average , 22 minutes on the nest and 5 minutes off the nest after the eggs hatch . both males and females feed the young , females more so than males . males feed more than one hatchling at a time and females typically only feed one young at a time . they feed the young every 10 to 20 minutes . they take 2 to 4 weeks until the young fledge , both parents care for the young during that time . it takes several months before the young are independent of the parents .

blackburnian warblers are solitary during winter and highly territorial on their breeding grounds and do not mix with other passerine species outside of the migratory period . however , during migration , they often join local mixed foraging flocks of species such as chickadees , kinglets and nuthatches . these birds are basically insectivorous , but will include berries in their diets in wintertime . they usually forage by searching for insects or spiders in treetops . the breeding habitats of these birds are mature coniferous woodlands or mixed woodlands , especially ones containing spruce and hemlocks . it typically winters in tropical montane forests .

f ive species of insectivorous wood warblers - - cape may , yellow - rumped , black - throated green , blackburnian , and bay - breasted - - were the subject of a classic study of community ecology ( the science of interpreting species interactions ) . these species often share the same breeding grounds in mature coniferous forests . they had been thought by some ornithologists to occupy the same niche - - in other words , they appeared to assume identical roles in the same bird community . these five warblers would thus be an exception to the ecological rule of competitive exclusion . the rule states that two species with essentially the same niche cannot coexist because one will always out - compete and displace the other .

climate impacts climate - induced habitat loss may impact blackburnian warblers . for example , the eastern hemlock and fraser fir that the birds often breed in at the southern portion of their range are threatened by wooly adelgids ( adelges tsugae ) , a tree pest that appears to be increasing due to climate change 9 . the trees have already nearly disappeared from the hemlock forests of new jersey and southern new england as well as high - elevation forests in the southern appalachians because of wooly adelgids 8 . climate change may also threaten the montane spruce - fir forests that the birds use . boreal forests are expected to become less common because of climate change - possibly becoming locally extinct in the northeastern u . s . under severe climate projections 10 .

for his doctoral dissertation , the late robert macarthur , who became one of the nation ' s leading ecologists , set out to determine whether the five species of warblers actually did occupy the same niche . by measuring distances down from the top and outward from the trunk of individual spruce , fir , and pine trees , macarthur divided the trees into zones and recorded feeding positions of the different warblers within each . a record in zone " t3 " indicated a bird feeding among the abundant new needles and buds of the tip of a branch , between 20 and 30 feet from the top of the tree . a record of " m3 " signified feeding mostly among dead needles at the same height but in the middle zone of a branch . a record of " b2 " represented a warbler feeding on the bare , lichen - covered base of a branch . in all , 16 different positions were distinguished ,

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cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

greenland ; grenada ; iceland ; united kingdom ; virgin islands , u . s .

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open cup of twigs , bark , plant fibers , and rootlets held to branch with spider web . lined with lichens , moss , hair , and dead pine needles . placed near tip of branch of conifer .

dunn , j . l . and k . l . garrett . 1997 . a field guide to the warblers of north america . boston , ma : houghton mifflin co .

lutmerding , j . a . and a . s . love . longevity records of north american birds . version 2015 . 2 . patuxent wildlife research center , bird banding laboratory 2015 .

north american bird conservation initiative . 2014 . the state of the birds 2014 report . us department of interior , washington , dc , usa .

sauer , j . r . , j . e . hines , j . e . fallon , k . l . pardieck , jr . ziolkowski , d . j . and w . a . link . the north american breeding bird survey , results and analysis 1966 - 2013 ( version 1 . 30 . 15 ) . usgs patuxtent wildlife research center 2014b . available from urltoken

sibley , d . a . ( 2014 ) . the sibley guide to birds , second edition . alfred a . knopf , new york , usa .

females / immatures are paler and yellower overall with 2 white wingbars . note distinctive triangular ear patch and yellow eyebrow .

hops around in vegetation and nervously looks around . this video has no audio .

females / immatures lack the orange coloration , showing tones of yellow instead . note triangular ear patch , pale eyebrow , and white wingbars .

the brilliant orange throat and head pattern is distinctive on adult males although the intensity of orange varies among individuals .

females / immatures have a distinctive dull black triangular ear patch and bold wingbars . this video has no audio .

males often sing from the tops of trees and branches . this video has no audio .

: throat and upper breast deep orange . sides of neck , eyestripe , line on forecrown , and eye arc yellow - orange . face patch , crown , and back black . lower breast yellowish with black streaks on sides . belly white or yellowish . wings black with broad white wingbars that run together into a white patch . back black with two creamy white lines . tail black with large white patches in outer tail feathers .

: similar to breeding , but oranges less intense and more yellow . olive edges to black back feathers . wingbars more distinct and less of a continuous white patch .

: throat , upper breast , eyestripe , forecrown stripe , and sides of neck orange yellow . crown , face patch , and flank streaks greenish gray . back gray with dark and light streaking . two broad white wingbars .

: similar to breeding , but more olive - brown above and with less white in the wing .

immature similar to adult female . immature male with more yellow throat , some black in eyeline , and more yellow onto flanks . immature female much paler , with yellowish throat and eyeline , blurry streaking on sides , grayer face patch and crown , and narrower wingbars .

may be especially vulnerable to loss of wintering habitat , with cutting of forest at mid - levels in mountains in the tropics .

woodlands ; conifers in summer . breeds in boreal coniferous and mixed forests , especially spruce and hemlock . in southern part of breeding range in appalachians , can inhabit completely deciduous forests . when migrating , occurs in all kinds of trees and brush . during winter in the tropics , usually in humid mountain forest .

feeds mostly in treetops , searching along small branches and twigs . also hovers to take insects from undersides and tips of foliage . will search dead leaf clumps ; occasionally flies out to catch flying insects . in spruce forests , males tend to forage higher than females . in winter in the andes , forages in mixed flocks with various tropical birds .

4 , sometimes 3 - 5 . white to greenish white , with blotches of reddish brown concentrated near the larger end . only females incubate , probably 12 - 13 days . male feeds female during incubation . young : both parents feed nestlings . when the young leave the nest , the parents separate , each caring for part of the brood .

both parents feed nestlings . when the young leave the nest , the parents separate , each caring for part of the brood .

mostly insects , especially caterpillars . in summer , feeds on many caterpillars , particularly those of spruce budworm ; also eats beetles , ants , flies , and many other insects , also spiders . especially during winter , will take some berries as well .

details of nesting behavior not well known , partly because nests are high and hard to observe . male defends nesting territory by singing , sometimes by attacking intruding males . in courtship , male sings , and performs displays with gliding flight and fluttering wings and tail . nest : almost always placed in dense vegetation near tips of branches of conifers , and usually high , sometimes up to 80 ' above ground . nest ( probably built by female ) is cup - shaped and made of twigs , bark , and fibers ; lined with lichens , moss , grass , hair , and conifer needles .

from wintering areas ( mostly in andes of south america ) , many apparently move north through central america , then fly north across gulf of mexico . fall migration may be spread out over a broader front .

very thin and wiry , increasing in speed and rising to the limit of hearing , sleet - sleet - sleet - sleet - sleetee - sleeeee . also tiddly - tiddly - tiddly - tiddly at same speed and pitch .

audio © lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .

in the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .

the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .

each map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird’s “climatic range . ”

the darker the shaded area , the more likely it is the bird species will find suitable climate conditions to survive there .

the outline of the approximate current range for each season remains fixed in each frame , allowing you to compare how the range will expand , contract , or shift in the future .

the first frame of the animation shows where the bird can find a suitable climate today ( based on data from 2000 ) . the next three frames predict where this bird’s suitable climate may shift in the future—one frame each for 2020 , 2050 , and 2080 .

you can play or pause the animation with the orange button in the lower left , or select an individual frame to study by clicking on its year .

the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season . more on reading these maps .

building collisions kill hundreds of millions of birds each year . senator booker introduced a bill to reduce bird deaths caused by federal buildings .

animal services was able to rescue just three birds after a massive number of spring migrants hit a glass - sided tower in galveston .

tell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .

tell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .

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an estimated 55 % of the species ' north american population breeds within the boreal forest .

this species is one of more than 30 birds selected for in - depth profiles . find out why and see all selected boreal birds »

5 " ( 13 cm ) . breeding male black and white with vivid orange throat , crown patch , and eyebrow ; and large white wing patch ; female similar , but has yellow throat . back of both sexes boldly striped . immature male similar to female .

4 brown - spotted white eggs in a twig nest lined with lichens , mosses , and hair , usually placed high in a large conifer .

blancher , p . 2003 . the importance of canada ' s boreal forest to landbirds . canadian boreal initiative .

macarthur , r . h . 1958 . population ecology of some warblers of northeastern coniferous forests . ecology 39 : 599 - 619 .

morse , d . h . 1970 . ecological aspects of some mixed - species foraging flocks of birds . ecol . monogr . 40 : 119 - 168 .

sauer , j . r . , j . e . hines , and j . fallon . 2004 . the north american breeding bird survey , results and analysis 1966 - 2003 . version 2004 . 1 . usgs patuxent wildlife research center , laurel , md .

birding content provided by national wildlife federation / enature , with support from ducks unlimited / the pew charitable trusts .

be the first to receive news & important conservation alerts about the boreal forest .

affinities within genus uncertain ; some suggestions that closest relative may be s . cerulea , based mainly on similarity of songs , but a molecular phylogeny recovered this species as sister to s . castanea . has hybridized with s . castanea and at least once with mniotilta varia , also possibly with s . pensylvanica and possibly with s . kirtlandii . monotypic .

s canada ( c saskatchewan , locally from alberta , e to s newfoundland and nova scotia ) s in ne usa to c wisconsin and new england , and in appalachians to extreme n georgia . migrates to central america and nw south america , s in andes to c peru and , less commonly , c bolivia .

13 cm ; 9·7 g . male breeding has crown and ear - coverts black , orange lower eye - crescent , fiery orange forecrown patch , supercilium , neck side , throat and upper breast ; . . .

two song types . type 1 song a series of thin , very high - pitched , whistled " swee " notes , . . .

feeds mainly on insects and other arthropods ; occasionally takes berries in winter . forages mainly by gleaning in canopy , also sometimes . . .

long - distance migrant . leaves breeding grounds mostly during aug , moving s chiefly through . . .

not globally threatened ( least concern ) . fairly common throughout range . breeding densities vary with habitat , with 0·7–1·1 pairs / ha in mature red spruce . . .

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previously considered to include species now separated in peucedramidae , zeledoniidae and teretistridae , as well as two genera now in phaenicophilidae . the most comprehensive molecular phylogeny of present family to date # r recovered nine principal clades ; almost all genera correspond to well - supported units , while two confined to west indies are maintained based on other characters . several traditionally recognized genera prove to be paraphyletic or otherwise unsustainable : dendroica is abandoned because setophaga is nested within it and has priority ; ergaticus is embedded within the clade occupied by cardellina ; euthlypis is subsumed within basileuterus ; oporornis is restricted to one species while its former congeners are removed to geothlypis ; parula proves to be widely paraphyletic ( two species move to setophaga , the rest to a resurrected oreothlypis ) ; phaeothlypis is indistinguishable from myiothlypis ; and the three wilsonia are more correctly placed in cardellina ( two species ) and setophaga ( one ) .

previously restricted to a single species ( s . ruticilla ) ; but comprehensive molecular phylogeny reveals that this species is deeply embedded within large clade that includes two species formerly in parula ( s . americana and s . pitiayumi ) and another ( s . citrina ) traditionally in wilsonia , as well as all species previously treated in dendroica # r ; catharopeza might also be subsumed into this genus # r , but better maintained as a separate monospecific genus , in view of unusual morphology and behaviour , as well as its basal position in the clade . as type species of parula , wilsonia and dendroica are all included in present grouping , these names become synonyms of oldest available name for this clade , setophaga .

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amastra albolabris was a species of air-breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family amastridae .

this species was endemic to oʻahu , and was known from the waiʻanae range .

amastra albolabris

amastra albolabris <EOT> information on amastra albolabris is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .

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classified as extinct ( ex ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken

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cowie , r . h . , n . l . evenhuis , c . c . christensen . 1995b . catalog of the native land and freshwater molluscs of the hawaiian islands . backhuys publishers : leiden , the netherlands . 248 pp .

likely extinct ( hawaii biological survey web site http : / hbs . bishopmuseum . org / endangered / ext - snails . html , updated 9 february 1997 ) .

due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to

this species was originally described from waianoe [ waianae ] on oahu , hawaiian islands ( johnson , 1996 ) .

occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .

use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .

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caum , e . l . 1974 . check list of hawaiian land and fresh water mollusca . bulletin of the bernice p . bishop museum , honolulu , 56 : 1 - 80 .

johnson , r . i . 1996 . types of land and freshwater mollusks from the hawaiian islands in the museum of comparative zoology , bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , 155 ( 4 ) : 159 - 214 .

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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

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patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

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iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .

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the leopard shark is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

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