crotalus cerastes cercobombus is a venomous pitviper subspecies found in an area that covers much of the eastern part of the sonoran desert in the southwestern united states and northwestern mexico .

the subspecific epithet means buzzertail .

crotalus cerastes cercobombus

crotalus cerastes cercobombus <EOT> crotalus cerastes cerastes hallowell 1854 crotalus cerastes hallowell 1854 : 95 crotalus cerastes cerastes klauber 1944 crotalus cerastes — stebbins 1985 : 229 crotalus cerastes — liner 1994 crotalus cerastes — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 279 crotalus crastes [ sic ] — aldridge & duvall 2002 ( in error ) aechmophrys cerastes — hoser 2009 crotalus cerastes cerastes — beaman & hayes 2008 crotalus cerastes — wallach et al . 2014 : 189 crotalus cerastes cercobombus savage & cliff 1953 crotalus cerastes cercobombus — beaman & hayes 2008 crotalus cerastes cercobombus — skubowius 2012 crotalus cerastes laterorepens klauber 1944 crotalus cerastes laterorepens — klauber 1952 : 112 crotalus cerastes laterorepens — beaman & hayes 2008

teunissen , daisy 2012 . crotalus cerastes cercobombus . litteratura serpentium 32 ( 4 ) : 236 - 245 - get paper here

houston , t . c . 2005 . ophiophagy in a captive sonoran desert sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes cercobombus ) . herpetol . rev . [ in review ]

there are 3 subspecies of sidewinder . mojave desert ( cerastes ) , sonoran desert ( cercobombus ) and colorado desert ( laterorepens ) .

sonoran desert sidewinder ( c . c . cercobombus - savage & cliff , 1953 )

scientific name : crotalus cerastes cercobombus description : sidewinders are know for their sideways locomotion , moving in an s - shaped curve . they can be colored cream , tan , pink or gray without a conspicuous pattern .

sievert , j . 2002 . beobachtungen bei der vergesellschaftung von männlichen crotalus cerastes cerastes hallowell 1854 im terrarium . sauria 24 ( 3 ) : 45 - 46 - get paper here

sievert , jens 2008 . die seitenwinderklapperschlange crotalus cerastes . natur und tier verlag , münster , 64 pp . - get paper here

venomous ! crotalus scutulatus scutulatus and crotalus cerastes laterorepens hybridized in captivity . the validity of the subspecies of c . cerastes is questioned by crother ( 2000 ) . nomenclature : hoser’s 2009 classification and nomenclature has been rejected as unnecessary and unavailable by wüster & bernils 2011 .

strimple , pete 1993 . crotalus cerastes , the sidewinder . litteratura serpentium 13 ( 6 ) : 180 - 183 - get paper here

sievert , j . 2002 . crotalus cerastes hallowell . sauria ( suppl . ) 24 ( 3 ) : 559 - 564 - get paper here

also , shouldn ' t it be crotalus viridus concolor instead of crotalus concolor . since it is a subspecies of the prarie rattlesnake ( crotalus viridus viridus ) . phillip higgins live and let live

randel , c . j . , iii , and h . o . clark , jr . 2007 . mojave desert sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes cerastes ) behavior . sonoran herpetologist 20 ( 9 ) : 96 . - get paper here

cercobombus : mexico ( nw sonora ) , usa ( arizona ) ; type locality : near gila bend , maricopa county , arizona , usa .

bakker , john 2003 . my experiences in keeping and breeding crotalus cerastes hallowell , 1854 . litteratura serpentium 23 ( 3 ) : 141 - 144 - get paper here

tai - a - pin , j . 2008 . crotalus cerastes , de sidewinder of hoornratelslang . lacerta 66 ( 1 - 3 ) : 22 - 29 - get paper here

powell , r . ; inboden , m . & smith , d . b . 1990 . erstnachweis von hybriden zwischen den klapperschlangen crotalus cerastes laterorepens klauber 1944 und crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ( kennicott 1861 ) . salamandra 26 ( 4 ) : 319 - 320 - get paper here

crotalus cerastes - hallowell , 1854 - proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , vol . 7 , p . 95 crotalus cerastes laterorepens - klauber , 1944 - trans . san diego soc . nat . hist . , vol . 10 , p . 94 , fig . 2 , map from original description citations for the reptiles and amphibians of north america © ellin beltz

c . c . laterorepens - colorado desert sidewinder compared to c . c . cerastes - mohave desert sidewinder

rorabaugh , j . c . 2007 . apparent rain harvesting by a colorado desert sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes laterorepens ) . sonoran herpetologist 20 ( 12 ) : 128 - 129 . - get paper here

this subspecies , crotalus cerastes laterorepens - colorado desert sidewinder , is found in southeastern california - roughly south of the san bernardino county line and west to the slopes of the peninsular ranges . the species crotalus cerastes - sidewinder , is found in the southern california deserts , east through southern nevada to extreme southwestern utah , into western arizona , and south into northeast baja california mexico , and northwest sonora , mexico .

walde , andrew d . ; andrea currylow , angela m . walde , joel strong 2016 . arboreal behaviours of the sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes ) rattlesnake herpetology notes 9 : 55 - 58 - get paper here

great article . i am looking to purchase a pair or two of crotalus cerastes sonoran and mojave or other southern cal subspecies . captive born only . cash paid . will p / u within 150 miles .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive photo - sonoran sidewinder ssp . < i > cercobombus < / i > with prey " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive photo - sonoran sidewinder ssp . < i > cercobombus < / i > with prey " title = " arkive photo - sonoran sidewinder ssp . < i > cercobombus < / i > with prey " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

goodman , c . m . , schraft , h . a . & clark , r . w . 2017 . crotalus cerastes ( sidewinder ) diet / scavenging . herpetological review 48 ( 3 ) : 670 .

klauber , laurence m . 1944 . the sidewinder , crotalus cerastes , with description of a new subspecies . transactions of the san diego society of natural history 10 ( 8 ) : 91 - 126 - get paper here

blomstem , patrik , gordon w . schuett , mats höggren and randall s . reiserer . 2016 . fifteen consecutive years of successful reproduction in a captive female sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes ) herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 69 - 72

the sidewinder is a small rattlesnake from the southwest range of the united states and the northwest of mexico . hallowell was the first to describe the species in 1854 as crotalus cerastes ( 58 . 7 cm ) . l . klauber described the subspecies

savage , j . m . and cliff , f . s . 1953 . a new subspecies of sidewinder , crotalus cerastes , from arizona . nat . hist . misc . ( chicago acad . sci . j ( 119 ) : 1 - 7

fig 2 . variation to an extent is common within this species . this photograph illustrates the variation in crotalus concolor .

please note a new website : western rattlers : biological notes on the crotalus oreganus complex from the colorado plateau . urltoken

cerastes : e california , w nevada , sw utah , nw arizona ; type locality : bank of the mojave river and mojave desert , california , usa .

webber , michael m . ; tereza jezkova , and javier a . rodríguez - robles < br / > 2016 . feeding ecology of sidewinder rattlesnakes , crotalus cerastes ( viperidae ) herpetologica , vol . 72 , no . 4 , december 2016 : 324 - 330 . < br / > - get paper here

the dark segment of the rattle closest to the body on an adult c . c . laterorepens is black . the dark segment of the rattle closest to the body on an adult c . c . cerastes is brown , the dark rattle segment may not become fully black on c . c . laterorepens until the snake is an adult with 3 or more rattle segments . the last dark marks on the tail do not always correspond to the color of the dark rattle segment . c . c . cerastes has 21 scale rows . c . c . laterorepens has 23 scale rows . c . c . laterorepens has a higher number of ventral scales than c . c . cerastes . for more information see klauber , 1944 c . cerastes subspecies .

winchell , s . 2007 . klapperschlangen ! die gattung crotalus . reptilia ( münster ) 12 ( 66 ) : 18 - 25 - get paper here

sidewinders are nice snakes ! i publish small herpmagazine rästik ( adder ) , where are articles in estonian but are abridged versions from all articles in english ) . in next issue is article about mojave sidewinder ( crotalus c . cerastes ) . this subspecies is quite interesting but very tiny . especially juveniles whom should force - feed quite long time . very often to 1 year . after that they eat without help . other two subspecies - colorado sidewinder ( crotalus c . laterorepens ) and sonora sidewinder are much bigger . toomas urltoken

brennan , t . c . , holycross , a . t . 2004 crotalus oreganus concolor . geo . dist . herpetol . rev . 35 ( 2 ) .

some rattlesnake species are very rare and have small ranges . the banded rock rattlesnake , crotalus lepidus is " a very obscure , protected species in the chiricahua mountains . " the ridgenose rattlesnake , crotalus willardi , is a another very rare , protected species , also found in the chiricahua mountains in southern arizona , as is sisturus milarius , the western massasauga , " a pygmy rattler . " smaller pygmy rattlers are placed in the genus sisturus . the tiger rattlesnake , crotalus tigris , is also " very rare " and has distinct tiger - like stripes .

hoser , r . 2009 . a reclassification of the rattlesnakes ; species formerly exclusively referred to the genera crotalus and sistrurus . australasian j . herpetol . 3 : 1 - 21 - get paper here

they belong to the genus crotalus , that of rattlesnakes and 3 subspecies are currently recognized by scientists . they are also known by other common names like the horned rattlesnake , sidewinder rattlesnake or sidewinder rattler .

ashton , k . g . 2003 . movement and mating behavior of adult m ale midget - faded r attlesnakes , crotalus oreganu s concolor , in wyoming . copeia 2003 : 190 - 19 4 .

ashton , k . g . and t . m . patton . 2001 . movement and reproductive biology of female midget faded rattlesnakes , crotalus viridis concolor , in wyoming . copeia 2001 : 229 - 234 .

c . c . cerastes - mohave desert sidewinder c . s . scutulatus - northern mohave rattlesnake c . atrox - western diamond - backed rattlesnake c . ruber - red diamond rattlesnake c . m . pyrrhus - southwestern speckled rattlesnake c . o . helleri - southern pacific rattlesnake

wüster , w . & bérnils , r . s . 2011 . on the generic classification of the rattlesnakes , with special reference to the neotropical crotalus durissus complex ( squamata : viperidae ) . zoologia 28 ( 4 ) : 417–419

mackessy , s . p . , k . williams , and k . g . ashton . 2003 . ontogenetic variation in venom composition and diet of crotalus oreganus concolor . a case of venom paedomorphosis ? . copeia 2003 : 769 - 782 .

douglas , michael e . ; marlis r . douglas , gordon w . schuett & louis w . porras 2006 . evolution of rattlesnakes ( viperidae : crotalus ) in the warm deserts of western north america shaped by neogene vicariance and quaternary climate change . molecular ecology 15 : 3353 - 3374

the midget faded rattlesnake is one of the smallest rattlesnakes in colorado plateau region of the united states . these small rattlesnakes are believed to be a stunted form of the great basin rattlesnake ( crotalus lutosus ) similar in superficial appearance to the hopi rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis nuntius ) . although nuntius and concolor are similar it is not believed to be a direct relationship ( douglas et al . 2002 ) . recent studies using mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) and d - 2 loop sequencing has suggested to elevate midget faded rattlesnakes as well as others from the “western viridis complex” to full species status ( douglas et al . 2002 ) .

very nice ! ( have read the dutch version already : ) ) good to hear you ' l keep breeding them . ( just for readers ' info , i ' ve bought 2 crotalus c c neonates from john , and they are absolutely perfect snaks ( if you get them feeding that is : ) ) bye , peter

kinds of rattlesnakes in arizona . a strict inclusion chart of the scientific taxonomy . herein the known species and subspecies are presented according to their scientific classification . the genus sisturus represents the pygmy rattlesnakes , of which one species is known in arizona . in the genus crotalus there are ten species and six subspecies of two of the species .

douglas , m . e . , m . r . douglas , g . w . schuett , l . w . porras , and a . t . holycross . 2002 . phylogeography of the western rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis ) complex , with emphasis on the colorado plateau . in scheutt et al . [ eds . ] , biol . of the vipers 2002 : 11 - 50 .

in conclusion , midget faded rattlesnakes ( crotalus concolor ) are a wonderful and unique species that requires little effort for successful captive propagation . although , keeping and breeding concolor is a rewarding experience for all involved , t hese animals are at high risk from human encroachment and are a species that needs conservational attention . therefore , with an increase in captive propagation , research , and public education this species can be around for many more generations to enjoy .

the western diamondback rattlesnake , crotalus atrox , is the most common species . they are difficult to see ; " they blend in very well . " " many years ago it wasn ' t too uncommon to find six - footers , but now with habitat destruction . . . seeing anything over four feet is pretty rare . " the western diamondback range is arkansas to southern california and south into northern mexico . they have ten rattles at about 5 - 6 years of age .

there are " seventeen different types of rattlesnakes " in arizona . direct elicitation revealed that " types " refers to the " eleven main species and six subspecies " so far known and recorded in arizona . rattlesnakes in arizona belong to two genera of snakes . one species is a member of the genus sisturus . " the smaller pygmy rattlers are in the sisturus . " the remainder are members of the genus crotalus . arizona has more types of rattlesnakes than in any other area in their range , with seventeen of the " thirty known species , including subspecies " of rattlesnakes .

the arizona speckled rattlesnake , crotalus mitchelli , " has a very unique distinction . . . of being the only blue - eyed snake in the entire northern hemisphere . " its coloration " ranges all the way from a snow white , all the way to a grey , all the way to royal blue in some areas , and in the red rock areas it will actually take on a red tint . " their head is small , and as a bat eater they are unique . they are " twice as venomous as a western diamondback " although " full grown at three feet " in length . they are most prevalent in mountains in the gila bend to yuma area . they are an uncommon species .

the venom of the midget faded rattlesnake is composed of a much higher neurotoxin than one would assume . this species carries the presence of a phospholipase a2 - based b - neurotoxin ( concolor toxin ) and several myotoxins ( mackessy et al . 2003 ) which makes concolor venoms highly toxic . in fact concolor is the most toxic out of the ( western rattlesnake clade , crotalus oreganus ) . it was hypothesized that concolor had an ontogenetic variation in venom composition due to is shifts in diet from juvenile to adulthood . however , it was discovered that although juveniles feed predominantly on lizards ( scleoporus ssp . ) and adult s on rodents ( peromyscus and tamias ) there isn ' t much in ontogenetic varia tion in venoms ( mackessy et al . 2003 ) .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

uetz , p . & jirí hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )

mcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . touré

snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

laterorepens : california , arizona , ne baja california , nw sonora ; type locality : the narrows , san diego county , california , usa .

note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .

aldridge , r . d . & duvall , d . 2002 . evolution of the mating season in the pitvipers of north america . herpetological monographs 16 : 1 - 25 - get paper here

alshammari , ahmed m . eman el - abd ; massimo ciccozzi ; alessandra lo presti ; marta giovanetti ; eleonora cella 2014 . single - gene versus double - gene tree analyses in molecular classification of saudi venomous snakes . arab j sci eng . ; < br / > doi 10 . 1007 / s13369 - 014 - 1491 - y - get paper here

beaman , k . r . & hayes , w . k . 2008 . rattlesnakes : research trends and annotated checklist . in : hayes et al . ( eds ) , the biology of rattlesnakes . loma linda university press , pp . 5 - 16

bezy , r . l . , p . c . rosen , t . r . van devender , and e . f . enderson . 2017 . southern distributional limits of the sonoran desert herpetofauna along the mainland coast of northwestern mexico . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 1 ) : 138–167 - get paper here

campbell , j . a . & lamar , w . w . 1989 . the venomous reptiles of latin america . comstock publishing / cornell university press , ithaca

crother , b . i . ( ed . ) 2012 . standard common and current scientific names for north american amphibians , turtles , reptiles , and crocodilians , seventh edition . herpetological circular 39 : 1 - 92

cunningham , john d . 1966 . field observations on the thermal relations of rattlesnakes . southwestern naturalist 11 ( 1 ) : 140 - 142 - get paper here

hallowell , e . 1854 . description of new reptiles from california . proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 7 [ 1854 ] : 91 - 97 - get paper here

heimes , p . 2016 . snakes of mexico . chimaira , frankfurt , 572 pp

jones , thomas r . ; randall d . babb , frank r . hensley , christine liwanpo , and brian k . sullivan 2011 . sonoran desert snake communities at two sites : concordance and effects of increased road traffic . herp . cons . biol . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 - 71 - get paper here

klauber , laurence m . 1952 . taxonomic studies on rattlesnakes of mainland mexico . bulletins of the zoological society of san diego ( 26 ) : 1 - 143

klauber , lawrence m . 1943 . the correlation of variability within and between rattlesnake populations . copeia 1943 ( 2 ) : 115 - 118 - get paper here

lillywhite , harvey b . 2014 . how snakes work : structure , function and behavior of the world ' s snakes . oxford university press , new york , 256 pp

marvi , hamidreza ; chaohui gong , nick gravish , henry astley , matthew travers , ross l . hatton , joseph r . mendelson iii , howie choset , david l . hu , and daniel i . goldman 2014 . sidewinding with minimal slip : snake and robot ascent of sandy slopes . science 346 ( 6206 ) : 224 - 229 ; doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1255718 - get paper here

mcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & touré , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists’ league , 511 pp .

meik , jesse m and andré pires - dasilva 2009 . evolutionary morphology of the rattlesnake style . bmc evolutionary biology 2009 , 9 : 35 - get paper here

nevárez - de los reyes ; manuel , david lazcano , javier banda - leal and ian recchio 2014 . notes on mexican herpetofauna 22 : herpetofauna of the continental portion of themunicipality of hermosillo , sonora , mexico . bull . chicago herp . soc . 49 ( 8 ) : 105 - 115 - get paper here

phelps , t . 2010 . old world vipers . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 558 pp . [ critical review in sauria 33 ( 3 ) : 19 and hr 43 : 503 ]

reiserer , randall s . and gordon w . schuett 2016 . the origin and evolution of the rattlesnake rattle : misdirection , clarification , theory , and progress - get paper here

skubowius , bernd 2012 . auf schlangensuche in arizona . draco 13 ( 50 ) : 62 - 69 - get paper here

stebbins , r . c . 1985 . a field guide to western reptiles and amphibians , 2nd ed . houghton mifflin , boston

wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .

werning , heiko 2012 . die reptilien und amphibien des südwestens . draco 13 ( 50 ) : 18 - 60 - get paper here

this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en "

we request that if you make use of the textual contents of this site in reports , publications , etc . that you cite and credit the author ( s ) and photographer ( s ) . all photos on this website are copyrighted . however , those found in the species account and habitat sections may be used for any noncommercial scientific , educational , or conservation purposes provided that photographs are not altered and continue to bear the copyright symbol and name of the photographer . please contact the photographer regarding commercial use of copyrighted photographs .

it is finally a sunny day in central europe and my sidewinder takes a little sunbath thousands of miles from home . enjoy . . .

eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .

to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

) and sometimes - rocky hills . the difference between the three subspecies ( aside from geographical variations ) is primarily their size , with

all three sidewinders have the characteristic elevated scales ( horns ) above their eyes . it is thought that these " horns " protect the eyes when digging in the sand . the color of the three species varies from yellow , light brown to grey .

is normally of a creamy white color . all three sidewinders have 28 - 45 red - brown spots along the length of their back . along the length of the back are from 141 - 146 scales .

consists primarily of mice , kangaroo rats and lizards . funk ( 1965 ) also mentioned birds ( sparrow ) and small snakes ( arizona ,

is primarily nocturnal and cars kill many snakes while they lay on the ( still ) warm asphalt . in spite of their small size , they are still a complete rattlesnake . the venom is potentially deadly and the only reason that bite accidents normally are not fatal is because of the small quantity of venom that is injected . the rattle is well developed and can be heard from a long distance away .

the male ( captive bred in 1993 in germany ) i bought in february 1996 . the animal was and still is about 40 cm long . it was placed in a terrarium measuring 100 - 50 - 50 cm . this terrarium was heated using a 60 - watt lightbulb , which was placed over a rocky cave . as a substrate i used sand and some rocks . cactuswood and a small water container were placed in the terrarium . the dth was 35° celsius under the lightbulb and 22° celsius at the other end of the terrarium . ntl was 20° celsius .

the male is a moderate eater who eats about six mice between two hibernations . after i had the male for about six months , i bought a beautiful looking female at a snake convention . i could not have been happier , but the very next morning she died !

several months later i bought 10 one - month - old juveniles . each animal was placed in a transparent shoebox with sand as a substrate , a hiding box and a watercontainer . these shoeboxes were placed on a heating strip .

in the beginning all the animals refused to eat , but after several force - feeding they all took pinkies willingly . prey was offered every 7 - 10 days and the juveniles did well . when the animals were about 4 months old they began to die one by one . after research there was no cause found . all the young ate well and then died one or two days later . (

after this disappointment i bought an adult female in october 1998 . because i knew the owner and had seen the animal many times at his house . i was sure i could place the two animals together . well , that was a hit . i put the two together at 1800 hrs and ten minutes later they were in copula until 1120 hrs the next morning . this kind of mating was seen daily over a long period and when the animals were placed in hibernation there were 162 hours of mating on the record . the female had eaten the entire time , sometimes even during mating .

the animals were placed in hibernation in november 1998 at a constant temperature of 15° celsius . in march the animals were placed back in the terrarium with the normal heating . the female started eating right away but the male only wanted to mate . maybe this is the time to mention that according to renae thijssen , two males cannot be kept together . he has seen that some males , who were kept together for a long time , started to bite each other heavily for no apparent reason .

in the following weeks , i observed numerous matings . the female always stayed in the warm area of the terrarium and ate everything she could catch . she became heavier , and on the 24

of june she laid 8 infertile eggs . after i cleaned the terrarium , i offered her two mice , which she took like there was no tomorrow . much to my surprise , the two lovers were in copula the next morning .

went wrong the last time ? was one of the animals infertile or was the female already pregnant and did the eggs die during hibernation ? after discussing this with my friend renae thijssen , we decided to use the following technique . the animals were not placed in hibernation and a 15 - watt heating pad was placed in the rocky cave , which was heated 24 / 7 .

the lightbulb was burning on the normal schedule . this gave the animals the chance to select their favourite spot . it was odd to see that the female stayed in the cool area of the terrarium almost all of the time . the animals just kept on mating and both stayed on their food . in the beginning of march , the female became extremely heavy . with a length of 52 cm , the girth of her body measured about 20 - cm . from march on she stayed on the heating pad at night with the rear end of her body , but as soon as the light went on she went to the cooler area . her eating habits were ferocious , - - 2 - 3 mice were taken and if i were not careful , she would steal the mouse from the male .

from the end of april on she stayed almost constantly on the heating pad . only with the extreme temperatures in the first two weeks of may she would sometimes leave the hotspot .

of may she refused food for the first time since 1998 . she stayed near a mouse with her head resting on it as if she wanted to save it for later . after i removed the smelly mouse after two days she instantly moved to the warm end of the terrarium .

i got a good tip from a friend , renae thijssen . he has bought many young sidewinders in the past and they have all survived . one of his techniques is to give all the juveniles a drop of water on a regular basis . this is done by placing a drop of water on the juveniles mouth with a pipette . i cannot say if this method works , but it is worth trying . who knows ?

shows that young snakes of this species have to " learn to drink " . in all rattlesnake literature it is said that

i would like to thank rena thijssen for his advice and cooperation , and my very good friend fred van lit for editing the english version of this article .

that is a great article . as someone that just moved to the southwest and keeps ` winders , you have put together a very good over view of keeping these animals . thanks , i ` ll use your info for my animals . bill .

hey john that is a very good article you wrote and makes me want to work with sidewinders even more . i am 14 years old and have the experience needed and know the responsibilities towards keeping these snakes . do you think it is okay for me to keep sidewinders as my first venomous . i have worked with these guys before , so i know what i am doing . i have also worked with other rattlesnakes out in the field .

thank you for your article . i have been seriously considering keeping sidewinders lately and this article has given me some much needed insight . luke

great article , very informative and i enjoyed it very much . since the original article was written several years ago , how about writing an update discussing how everything went with the neonates and what you have going on with this species now ? shannon

great article , very informative and i enjoyed it very much . since the original article was written several years ago , how about writing an update discussing how everything went with the neonates and what you have going on with this species now ?

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en " " urltoken "

thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .

this species ' range extends from southeastern california , southern nevada , and extreme southwestern utah , south through southwestern arizona in the united states , to northeastern baja california and northwestern sonora , and isla tiburon , in mexico ( grismer 2002 , stebbins 2003 , campbell and lamar 2004 ) . in sonora , this species occurs north and west of the nogales - hermosillo - guaymas highway , with the heaviest concentration in the desierto de altar ( armstrong and murphy 1979 ) . the elevational range extends from below sea level to about 6 , 000 feet ( 1 , 830 m asl ) ( stebbins 2003 ) , but most localities are below 1 , 200 m asl ( campbell and lamar 2004 ) .

this species is represented by a large number of occurrences . the adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 100 , 000 . this snake is locally common in suitable habitat . its extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , number of subpopulations , and population size are probably relatively stable .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

using this photo this photo and associated text may not be used except with express written permission from thomas eimermacher . to obtain permission for personal , academic , commercial , or other uses , or to inquire about high resolution images , prints , fees , or licensing , or if you have other questions , contact thomas eimermacher dispholidini [ at ] gmail . com . ( replace the [ at ] with the @ symbol before sending an email . )

0000 0000 1206 1220 copyright © 1995 - 2018 uc regents . all rights reserved .

nhpa / photoshot holdings ltd 29 - 31 saffron hill london ec1n 8sw united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7421 6003 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7421 6006 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken

terms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .

myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .

team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .

wildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en " " urltoken "

the average size of a mature sonoran desert sidewinder is 1 . 5 - 2 feet , with some getting as large as 2 . 5 feet in length .

the sonoran desert sidewinder looks as if it has horns over its eyes and is sometimes called the horned rattlesnake . these horns are actually upturned scales , and are not truly horns . the body is typically a sandy tan , gray , or cream color and is patterned with dark blotches of brown or grey on the back and sides . there is a dark cheek - stripe on both sides of the head that starts at the eye and runs diagonally down and backwards above the mouthline . the tail often has a few to several rings . the end of the tail has a rattle on it .

the sidewinder gets its name from the unique sidewinding motion it uses to move . the sidewinding motion is used to move across loose sand without slipping . the sidewinder leaves a series of j marks in the sand .

the sonoran desert sidewinder has elliptical pupils that look like cat ' s eyes and like all pit vipers , has a heat - sensing pit between the nostril and eye on each side of its head .

in the united states , the sonoran desert sidewinder is found only in arizona .

map does not show area of true distribution , only the states in which there is a population . actual distribution in any highlighted state may be limited .

species found in the desertic regions of the southwestern united states and northwestern mexico . in the us they are found in desert regions of eastern california , southwestern utah , southern nevada , and western arizona , and in mexico , it ' s found in western sonora and eastern baja california .

the sidewinder inhabits mostly with wind - blown sands , particularly where sand hummocks are topped with vegetation . but they are also found in areas with open terrain which enables their sidewinding locomotion like open flats , hardpan , and rocky hillsides , and other arid areas usually with creosote bush growth .

, which enhances traction and makes possible its movement on loose windblown desert sand .

however this peculiar locomotion is used by the sidewinder on any substrate and as the snake progresses over the loose sand it leaves a j - shaped impression , with the tip pointing in the direction of travel .

this is a small rattlesnake species , on average adult specimens measures between 17 and 30 inches ( 43 to 76 cm ) in length , males are smaller than the females , which is unusual for this type of snakes .

the sidewinder pattern consists of a ground color that may be yellowish - brown , cream , buff , pink or grayish , overlaid with 30 to 46 dorsal elliptical or rhombus shaped blotches . like other rattlesnakes the sidewinder as a thin neck and a very distinct large triangular head , their tail is thick with the obvious rattle . the belly is white and they have the capability of displaying a different coloration depending on the ambient temperature in a process known as metachrosis .

they have keeled dorsal scales and because of the raised supraocular scales above the eyes , they are sometimes referred to as the horned rattlesnake .

this evolutionary adaptation may help the snake shade the eyes from the sun or possibly prevent sand from drifting over them as the snake lies almost totally buried in it , in ambush waiting for prey .

the sidewinder is active from november to march , maybe longer in the southern part of its range , but during hot months the snake is nocturnal and becomes diurnal during the cooler months . in captivity , they have lived between 20 to 30 years , but in the wild , they probably don ' t live that long .

- found in the us in maricopa , yuma , pima and pinal counties in arizona and south into sonora , mexico .

- found in the united states inhabiting desert areas of riverside county in california to pinal county in arizona and south to sonora and baja california in mexico .

, but the species possess a much weaker venom when compared to other rattlesnake species . its venom is about 16 times less toxic than that of the

this fact combined with their small size venom glands , makes the sidewinder less dangerous to humans than their larger relatives like the eastern diamondback rattlesnake .

the bite symptoms include nausea , chills , coagulopathy , dizziness and shock , and can cause pain , swelling , hemorrhagic bleb formation and ecchymosis .

the sidewinder like most rattlesnakes is an ambush hunter , it stays coiled and waits for unsuspecting prey to approach within striking distance , then strikes and releases the prey . it uses its hollow retractable fangs to inject the venom and kill the prey and also to begin digesting it .

the snake follows the trail of the envenomated animal and swallows it whole . they feed on lizards , mice , birds and even other snakes .

the juveniles sidewinders use their tails to attract lizard prey in a behavior called " caudal luring " . the adult specimens gradually lose this behavior when they make the transition from small lizards to their primary diet item , desert rodents .

the mating season takes place in the spring from april through may , but they do on occasion mate in the fall . like all rattlesnakes they are ovoviparous . females

the young snakes range from 6 to 8 inches in length , they are born inside a thin membrane from which they break out within just a few minutes after birth . the hatchlings will stay with the female in a burrow for a week up to 10 days , after shedding for the first time , they abandon the burrow and are ready to fend for themselves .

, which give no parental care , during this short period the sidewinder female guards and protect the young snakes from predators .

sometimes the females dies of sheer exhaustion after giving birth , which may last 2 to 3 hours .

when they are born the younglings have only a single rattle button at the end of their tail . the sidewinder rattlesnake matures at 2 to 3 years of age and reproducing annually , but might not reproduce for 1 o 2 years if the food supply is scarce .

, it ' s listed as such due to their wide distribution and presumed large population . in the last assessment done in 2007 , their population trend was considered stable .

did you know ? a group of snakes is called a bed , den , pit or nest , find more facts about snakes for kids .

we parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .

a variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the

adult , imperial county , coiled up on a rock at night . © stuart young

black coloring at the base of the rattle . ( compare with the brown coloring of the mohave desert sidewinder . )

california park warning sign . click the picture to see more rattlesnake warning signs .

rattlesnakes are important members of the natural community . they will not attack , but if disturbed or cornered , they will defend themselves . reasonable watchfulness should be sufficient to avoid snakebite . give them distance and respect .

" rattlesnakes are also among the most reasonable forms of dangerous wildlife : their first line of defense is to remain motionless ; if you surprise them or cut off their retreat , they offer an audio warning ; if you get too close , they head for cover . venom is intended for prey so they ' re reluctant to bite , and 25 to 50 percent of all bites are dry - no venom is injected . "

leslie anthony . snakebit : confessions of a herpetologist . greystone books , 2008 .

adults are 17 - 33 inches . ( 43 - 84 cm ) . snakes encountered will generally be 12 - 18 inches . juveniles are about 7 inches at birth .

a heavy - bodied venomous pit viper with a thin neck , a large triangular head , and a thick tail with a rattle on the end made of loose interlocking segments . a new rattle segment is added each time the skin is shed , which can be more than one time per year . pupils are elliptical . scales are keeled . the supraocular scale over each eye is enlarged and raised up over the eye giving the appearance of a " horn " over each eye . these scales can fold down over the eyes to protect them when the snakes is buried or crawling in underground burrows . has two pits , one on each side of the front of the head above the mouth that are used to sense heat when hunting warm - blooded prey .

pale cream , tan , brown , pink , or grayish back color usually closely matches the soil surface allowing the snake to blend in with the background . around 40 darker blotches on the back . a dark stripe extends through each eye .

juveniles are born with only a single rattle button at the end of the tail .

primarily nocturnal and crepuscular during periods of excessive daytime heat , but also active during daylight when the temperature is more moderate . not active during cooler periods in winter .

moves with a sidewinding locomotion , throwing raised loops of the body to the side to push itself forward in an s - sheped curve . a sidewinders trail looks like a series of parallel j - shaped lines pointing roughly 45 degrees from the direction of movement .

rattlesnakes have long , hollow , movable fangs connected to venom glands . the fangs are replaced if broken . a snakes uses its fangs to inject a toxic venom which quickly immobilize its prey . a rattlesnake can control the amount of venom injected . though the amount of venom a sidewinder injects is relatively small and rarely deadly , bites on humans are still potentially dangerous without immediate medical treatment . sometimes a rattlesnake bites but does not inject venom . these are called " dry bites . " a dry bite may still require medical attention . even a dead snake can bite and inject venom if the jaws open reflexively when they are touched .

when alarmed , a rattlesnake shakes its tail back and forth . the movement rubs the rattle segments together producing a buzzing sound which serves as a warning . newborn snakes have only one rattle segment which does not make a sound .

eats mainly lizards when young , and eats increasingly larger prey including small rodents when grown . an ambush hunter , it sits buried beneath the surface of loose sand with just the top of the head showing , near kangaroo rat warrens , and lizard or rodent trails , then strikes at and releases the prey . the snake then follows the trail of the envenomated animal and swallows it whole . young snakes may use their tail to lure their prey ( caudal luring . ) they coil up and lie still , raise up the tail , and wiggle it . pits on the sides of the head sense heat . these heat sensors help the snake to locate prey by their warmth . long , hollow , movable fangs connected to venom glands inject a very toxic venom which quickly immobilizes the prey . the snake can control the amount of venom injected and the fangs are replaced if broken .

click on this picture to see an illustrated interpretation of the various ways pit vipers ( including rattlesnakes ) perceive their prey , using their eyes , their sense of smell , their ability to detect vibrations , and their ability to sense heat . © frank buchter

rattlesnakes are ovoviparous . the mother keeps her fertilized eggs inside her body and gives birth to living young . females probably start bearing young at three years of age and breed annually . ( klauber , 1982 ) breeding occurs in the spring . 2 to 18 young are born from july to september . ( stebbins & mcginnis , 2013 )

inhabits primarily areas of wind - blown sands , especially where sand hummocks are topped withvegetation . also found in hardpan , open flats , rocky hillsides , and other desert areas , especially those grown with creosote bush , where the terrain is open , not obstructed by rocks or vegetation , allowing the broad sidewinding locomotion .

" douglas et al . ( 2006 , mol . ecol . 15 : 3353–3374 ) , using mtdna , found several geographically distinct lineages within

the following status listings are copied from the april 2018 special animals list and the 2017 endangered and threatened animals list , both of which are published by the california department of fish and wildlife . if no status is listed here , the animal is not included on either cdfw list . this most likely indicates that there are no serious conservation concerns for the animal . to find out more about an animal ' s status , you can go to the natureserve and iucn websites to check their rankings . check here to see the most current complete lists . this snake is not included on the special animals list , which indicates that there are no significant conservation concerns for it in california .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

warning : this animal is venomous and bites may cause injury or death . if encountered it should be left alone .

copyright© 2000 - 2018 , arizona herpetological association . all editorial content and graphics on this site are protected by u . s . copyright and international treaties and may not be copied without the written permission of arizona herpetological association , which reserves all rights .

this paper presents and analyzes the domain of rattlesnakes of arizona as expressed by a person of greater than common knowledge . taxonomic classification of rattlesnakes and rattlesnake attributes are the primary focus . cause - effect , spatial , functional and sequence relationships are also expressed in the domain .

i interviewed a person dedicated to educating people about rattlesnakes . he lectures on rattlesnakes and presents live rattlesnake shows . his educational efforts focus on understanding rattlesnake behavior and what is proper and safe human behavior in relation to rattlesnakes . he tries to convince people to not kill rattlesnakes , to relocate them instead . he encourages understanding of the beneficial role of rattlesnakes in rodent control and consequent human disease vector control .

my informant is called upon to remove and relocate rattlesnakes from human use areas . he releases them into habitats undisturbed by people . he is the founder and owner of a live rattlesnake exhibit , a business and a vehicle for educating the public . he has been featured in articles and other media because of his experience with , knowledge of , and interest in rattlesnakes . he majored in communications and studied zoology at the university level .

most of the interview took place in the informant ' s place of work , a live rattlesnake exhibit . the interview incorporated a live rattlesnake show with the informant handling and displaying five large and venomous rattlesnakes . the interview was concluded at a place of refreshment . just under two hours was spent with the informant on the first day . another hour was spent to review the material .


hemigrammus pulcher is a semi-popular aquarium species , also known as the pretty tetra , garnet tetra or black wedge tetra .

in the wild , the species is found near iquitos in the peruvian amazon , and probably also in brazil and colombia .

hemigrammus pulcher

hemigrammus pulcher <EOT> hemigrammus rhodostomus is found in the lower amazon river of south america in paraguay and aripiranga .

also known as the garnet or black wedge tetra , h . pulcher is deservedly popular in the hobby . it’s both hardy and inexpensive , and is a good choice for the beginner . there was previously a subspecies , h . pulcher haraldi . this has now been reclassified as a distinct species , h . haraldi .

the south american tetras , placed in the subfamily tetragonopterinae within characidae , comprise numerous genera , including hemigrammus , hyphessobrycon , paracheirodon ( the neon , green , and cardinal tetras ) , and tetragonopterus .

description : it is hard to describe the body colors of pretty tetra , because it depends on the light , but it can range from violet to copper . the belly area is lighter , sometimes yellow . there is a shiny copper marking behind the gill cover . the upper part of the iris is red . the fins are transparent . a shiny light line extends on the caudal pedunce , and a thick black band runs below this line . hemigrammus pulcher was first imported to europe in the late 1930’s , and it has been succesfully bred a little later . like all hemigrammus , the taxonomic status of this species is currently uncertain and scientists agree that a full revision is required .

like all hemigrammus , the taxonomic status of this species is currently incertae sedis , meaning uncertain . the genus is currently used as something of a catch - all for over 70 species of small characin . most experts agree that a full revision is required , with the likely outcome that many species will be placed into new or different genera .

this species occurs in the peruvian amazon in the marañon and ucayali river basins ( ortega et al . 2012 ) in the amazon basin of colombia ( mojica et al . 2005 ) , and in the napo river basin of ecuador ( barriga 2012 ) . it apparently also occurs in brazil , although this may be the similar - looking hemigrammus haraldi ( f . lima pers . comm . 2007 ) .

will do fine in most ‘general’ community tanks . it is lively , quite colourful and peaceful . it’s a good tankmate for most livebearers , danios , rasboras , other tetras and peaceful bottom dwellers such as corydoras or smaller loricariids . it can also be kept with the majority of commonly available gouramis and dwarf cichlids . it is quite shy , so don’t keep it with anything much larger or more boisterous . in a biotope tank as described above , it can be combined with other hemigrammus or hyphessobrycon species , pencil fish , apistogramma dwarf cichlids and the aforementioned bottom dwellers .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en " " urltoken "

thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

chuctaya , j . , ortega torres , h . , correa , e . , reis , r . & lima , f .

justification : this species is assessed as least concern because it has a wide distribution , is common , and there are no known major threats currently affecting it .

this species has a stable population trend at present . it appears to be relatively common around iquitos and probably in another localities in the peruvian amazon .

this species inhabits large streams and rivers , and probably associated flood plains . a generalist mid - water swimmer , feeding on insects , plant matter , and the like .

the species is harvested for the pet trade , although not currently at a level that is causing concern .

it is harvested for the aquarium trade , but probably not as intensively in a way that could jeopardize natural populations . there are no other meaningful impacts known to affect the species .

there are no conservation measures in place and research into the population trends are required . it is not known if populations are found in protected areas .

chuctaya , j . , ortega torres , h . , correa , e . , reis , r . & lima , f . 2016 .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

endemic to the upper amazon in peru . the vast majority of specimens seen for sale in the uk originate from commercial farms in eastern europe .

a standard 24″ x 15″ x 12″ ( 60cm x 37 . 5cm x 30cm ) – 70 litre tank is suitable for a small shoal of these .

as it is captive bred , it’s adaptable and will do well in most tanks . it does look particularly effective in a heavily - planted arrangement , though , and can appear a little washed out in very spartan setups .

if you really want to see it at its best , you could set up a biotope tank . use a substrate of river sand and add a few driftwood branches ( if you can’t find driftwood of the desired shape , common beech is safe to use if thoroughly dried and stripped of bark ) and twisted roots . a few handfuls of dried leaves ( again beech can be used , or oak leaves are also suitable ) would complete the natural feel . allow the wood and leaves to stain the water the colour of weak tea , removing old leaves and replacing them every few weeks so they don’t rot and foul the water . a small net bag filled with aquarium - safe peat can be added to the filter to aid in the simulation of black water conditions . use fairly dim lighting . under these conditions , the true beauty of the fish will be revealed .

easy to feed . it will readily accept just about anything offered . for the best condition and colours offer regular meals of small live and frozen foods such as bloodworm , daphnia and brine shrimp , along with dried flakes and granules .

always buy a group of at least 6 of these , preferably 10 or more . it is a shoaling species by nature , and will fare much better when in the company of its own kind . it actually looks far more effective when maintained like this anyway .

apparently , it can be sexed by examining the swim bladder , which is fairly visible through the translucent skin of the fish . this tapers to a point in males , but is rounded in females . adult females also tend to be slightly larger and more heavy - bodied than males .

quite easily accomplished . you’ll need to set up a separate tank if you want to raise decent numbers of fry . something around 18″ x 10″ x 10″ in size is fine . this should be very dimly lit and contain clumps of fine - leaved plants such as java moss or spawning mops , to give the fish somewhere to deposit their eggs . alternatively , you could cover the base of the tank with some kind of mesh . this should be of a large enough grade so that the eggs can fall through it , but small enough so that the adults cannot reach them . the water should be soft and acidic in the range ph 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 , gh 1 - 5 , with a temperature of around 80 - 84°f . filtering the water through peat is useful , as is the use of ro water . a small air - powered sponge filter bubbling away very gently is all that is needed in terms of filtration .

it can be spawned in a group , with half a dozen specimens of each sex being a good number . condition these with plenty of small live foods and spawning should not present too many problems .

alternatively , it can be spawned in pairs . under this technique , the fish are conditioned in male and female groups in separate tanks . when the females are noticeably full of eggs and the males are displaying their best colours , select the fattest female and best - coloured male and transfer them to the spawning tank in the evening . they should spawn the following morning .

in either situation , the adults will eat the eggs given the chance and should be removed as soon as eggs are noticed . these will hatch in 24 - 36 hours , with the fry becoming free swimming a 3 - 4 days later . they should be fed on an infusoria – type food for the first few days , until they are large enough to accept microworm or brine shrimp nauplii . the eggs and fry are light sensitive in the early stages of life and the tank should be kept in darkness if possible .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

tank size - max . 40 liter max . 60 liter max . 80 liter max . 100 liter max . 150 liter max . 200 liter max . 250 liter max . 300 liter max . 400 liter max . 500 liter > 500 liter

social behavior : a peaceful and active schooling characin , that is a good choice for a general community tank , but can be a little shy , so keep them only with similar sized and peaceful fish . they should be kept in a group of at least 6 species .

diet : omnivorous ; they will readily accept all kinds of foods , but regular live foods are necessary to maintain their colors .

decoration : they can be kept either in a densely planted tank , or in a biotope aquarium . in the latter case use river sand as substrate and decorate the tank with some driftwood branches or roots . a few dried leaves in their tank can stain the water like in their natural habitat , or you can use peat filtered ro water . use subdued lighting .

feeds on worms , small crustaceans and plants . in captivity , spawning takes place among plants and eggs usually hatch in 20 to 24 hours ( ref . 7020 ) . maximum length reported to reach 4 . 5 cm tl ( ref . 7020 ) . aquarium keeping : in groups of 5 or more individuals ; minimum aquarium size 60 cm ( ref . 51539 ) .

eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .

to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !

greek , hemi = half + greek , gramma = letter , signal ( ref . 45335 )

freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 5 . 0 - 6 . 0 ; dh range : 5 - 12 . tropical ; 23°c - 27°c ( ref . 1672 )

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 3 . 3 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 38376 )

lima , f . c . t . , l . r . malabarba , p . a . buckup , j . f . pezzi da silva , r . p . vari , a . harold , r . benine , o . t . oyakawa , c . s . pavanelli , n . a . menezes , c . a . s . lucena , m . c . s . l . malabarba , z . m . s . lucena , r . e . reis , f . langeani , c . moreira et al . … , 2003 . genera incertae sedis in characidae . p . 106 - 168 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 38376 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01445 ( 0 . 00642 - 0 . 03257 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 23 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 8 ±0 . 31 se ; based on food items .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en "

the pretty tetra can be recognized on the black wedge that is found on the back part of the fish ' s body right under the deep red area . the base colour of this tetra is greenish and there is a hint of a shoulder spot . the body is decorated with golden to greenish highlights . the largest scientifically measured pretty tetra was 3 . 3 cm long ( slightly longer than 1 1 / 4 inch ) . they are however known to grow bigger in captivity .

wild pretty tetras live where the water temperature is 23 – 27°c ( 73 – 81°f ) , the ph 5 . 0 - 6 . 0 ( acidic ) and the dh range 5 - 12 ( soft ) . keeping optimal water conditions is especially important if your want to spawn pretty tetra fish in your aquarium . the pretty tetra feeds on small crustaceans , worms and plants in the wild . always keep this fish in groups consisting of at least 5 - 6 individuals .

in the wild , the pretty tetra spawns among plants and the eggs will normally hatch within 20 - 24 hours . a well planted aquarium is therefore a good idea , since this will resemble the natural breeding grounds for the pretty tetra .

sexing pretty tetras is a bit tricky when they are not in breeding condition . the males are however equipped with a characin hook on the anal fin . females in good condition will have heavier bodies than the males . as mentioned above , you should always keep at least six pretty tetras together .

a five gallon aquarium ( roughly 20 l ) is large enough to serve as breeding aquarium for a reasonably sized group of pretty tetras . a plastic mesh basket can be used to keep the adult fish from eating the eggs . suspend the basket one inch from the bottom .

the pretty tetra appreciates acidic water , so peat moss is a good idea . the water should also be very soft .

during the mating process , the male will press the female against a suitable surface . you can for instance include artificial spawning strips when you set up the breeding aquarium . the first spawning will normally contain a smaller amount of eggs than the following spawnings .

when the spawning is over , the adults should ideally be moved before the eggs hatch and the fry swims up through the mesh and gets eaten . newly hatch pretty tetra fry look like slivers of glass and will stay on the bottom for 2 - 3 days before they become free swimming . they will appreciate having a piece of java moss or similar to hide in . the tiny fry can eat infusoria during the first week , and then gradually move up to microworms and newly hatched brine shrimp .

keeping and breeding astyanax bimaculatus - breeding astyanax bimaculatus black phantom tetra - information about keeping and breeding black phantom tetras in aquariums . black skirt tetra - information about keeping and breeding black skirt tetras in aquariums . bloodfin tetra - information about keeping and breeding bloodfin tetras in aquariums . breeding the black tetra - breeding notes for gymnocorymbus ternetzi cardinal tetra fish - an introduction to cardinal teras - paracheirodon axelrodi . cardinal tetra - information about all aspect of keeping and breeding cardinal tetras . congo tetra - an introduction to congo tetra - micralestes interruptus . glowlight tetra - information about keeping and breeding glowlight tetras in aquariums . lemon tetra - information about keeping and breeding lemon tetras in aquariums . my experiences with swordtail characins - corynopoma riisei . and how to breed them . neon tetra fish - an introduction to neon tetras . neon tetra - an indepth article about neon tetras , their breeding and the dreaded neon tetra disease . serpae tetra - an introduction to the serpae tetra .

tetra is the common name for various small , often colorful , tropical , freshwater fish within the two characiform ( order characiformes ) families characidae —and in particularly its subfamily tetragonopterinae , the " south american tetras " —and alestiidae , the " african tetras . " the african tetras formerly were classified in alestiinae as a subfamily of characidae , and remain within characidae in some classifications .

the term tetra is not a formal taxonomic rank , but rather is the common name used for numerous small fish scattered over numerous genera and different families and subfamilies . because of the popularity of tetras in the fish - keeping hobby , many unrelated fish are commonly known as tetras . even fish that are vastly different may be called tetras , such as hydrolycus scomberoides , occasionally known as the sabretooth tetra or vampire tetra , which is placed in the characinae subfamily within characidae .

being small and brightly colored , and often easy to keep in captivity , many tetras , such as the neon tetra , paracheirodon innesi , are extremely popular for home aquariums . whether seen in aquariums or in the wild in a clear stream , tetras , add to the wonder of nature for humans . tetras also are valuable ecologically due to their role in food chains , preying upon smaller invertebrates , such as insects , and being prey for larger fish , mammals , birds , and so forth .

tetras traditionally were classified within the family characidae ( characins ) , and in particularly the subfamilies tetragonopterinae ( south american tetras ) and alestiinae ( african tetras ) . however , this family has undergone much taxonomic revision and many authorities have moved the african tetras to the family level , called alestiidae ( nelson 2006 ) .

both characidae and alestiidae belong to the order characiformes . characiformes are characterized by well developed teeth ( most are carnivores ) and the presence of a pelvic fin ( with five to twelve rays ) and normally an adipose fin , and a body that is almost always scaled ( nelson 1994 ) .

characidae is a large and diverse family of freshwater subtropical and tropical fish , with members found in central and south america , southern north america , and africa , and include such varied forms as the piranhas , the tetras , a blind cavefish in mexico ( populations of astyanax mexicanus found in caves ) and brazil ( stygichthys typhlops ) , and a species found as far northward as southwestern united states ( astyanax mexicanus ) ( nelson 1994 ) . the characins are distinguished from other fish by the presence of a small adipose fin between the dorsal fin and caudal fin . both the characidae family and the alestiidae families are comprised only of freshwater fish .

the african tetras , now placed in the family alestiidae , include 18 genera , including alestes ( = brycinus ) and hydrocynus , with about 110 recognized species in total ( nelson 1994 ) .

the following are some species with the common name of tetra . though the list below is sorted by common name , in a number of cases , the common name is applied to different species , depending on country and context . since the aquarium trade may use a different name for the same species , advanced aquarists tend to use scientific names for the less - common tetras . the list below is incomplete .

bali , n . , and w . fink . 2004 . paracheirodon simulans animal diversity web . retrieved november 14 , 2007 .

nelson , j . s . 1994 . fishes of the world , 3rd edition . new york : john wiley & sons . isbn 0471547131

nelson , j . s . 2006 . fishes of the world , 4th edition . new york : john wiley & sons . isbn 0471250317

new world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards . this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3 . 0 license ( cc - by - sa ) , which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution . credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation . to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats . the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here :

note : some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed .

this page was last modified on 2 april 2008 , at 17 : 36 .

content is available under creative commons attribution / share - alike license ; additional terms may apply . see terms of use for details .

unfortunately questions regarding fish , plants , diseases or tank setup will be ignored if submitted via the form below ! in order to ask such a question , please click this link ! the form below shall be used to ask about the website , functionality , issues or to give feedback . thanks a lot !

work properly ! please , consider enabling javascript in order to maximise your user experience while browsing .

work properly ! please , consider enabling cookies in order to maximise your user experience while browsing .

usual size in fish tanks : 2 - 4 cm ( 0 . 79 - 1 . 57 inch )

recommended water hardness ( dgh ) : 4 - 12°n ( 71 . 43 - 214 . 29ppm )

their favorite food is live bloodworms , the rummy nose tetra will also readily accept a variety of store bought foods in any form .

rummy nose tetras are egg layers . the eggs take 3 - 4 days to hatch and the fry take another 2 - 4 days to absorb their yolk sacs .

h . bleheri and petitella georgiae are similar species that are often mistaken for the h . rhodostomus that we find in the aquarium industry . in fact , so close is the resemblance that many of the rummy nose tetras we find in the industry today might actually be h . bleheri or p . georgiae .

test kits should be used once a week in order to monitor water quality .

never put an airline to the cave as it will produce big bubbles that may stress out the fish .

they are among the most beautiful fish to watch when kept in shoals . they can be quite delicate when first moved to another tank . once they become established , they do well . they are peaceful fish .

i had a pair of those rummy noses . . . they are rare here in my place , and quite expensive . . . but they are beautiful species . . i love them . .

hi , i just did a water change in my 18 . 5 litre tank where i have 2 rummy noses , 1 betta , and 2 cardinal neons . i gave the tank a real good clean so i took the fish out . as i went to put them back in , i noticed that a rummy nose was upside down almost , as i looked closer he has an eyeball missing . i put them back into their tank and he was bobbing along but the betta was going over to him now and then attacking him , i kept my eye on him and he is swimming around now . does anyone one know what happened and will he make it ?

all comments must be submitted by registered members . please , click this link to login or register !

please , verify whether your login and password are valid . if you don ' t have an account here , register one free of charge , please .

unfortunately this page doesn ' t allow discussion . please , find any other page that fits your area of interest as over 99 % of our pages allow discussion . the reason why no discussion is allowed here is this page is too general . thanks a lot for understanding ! click here to search , please !

a tetra is one of several species of small freshwater fish from africa , central america , and south america belonging to the biological family characidae and to its former subfamilies alestidae ( the " african tetras " ) and lebiasinidae . the characidae are distinguished from other fish by the presence of a small adipose fin between the dorsal and caudal fins . many of these , such as the neon tetra ( paracheirodon innesi ) , are brightly colored and easy to keep in captivity . consequently , they are extremely popular for home aquaria .

tetra is no longer a taxonomic , phylogenetic term . it is short for tetragonopterus , a genus name formerly applied to many of these fish , which is greek for " square - finned " ( literally , four - sided - wing ) .

because of the popularity of tetras in the fishkeeping hobby , many unrelated fish are commonly known as tetras , including species from different families . even vastly different fish may be called tetras . for example , payara ( hydrolycus scomberoides ) is occasionally known as the " sabretooth tetra " or " vampire tetra " .

( a twin - lobbed , or forked , tail fin whose upper and lower lobes are of equal size ) and a tall dorsal fin characterized by a short connection to the fish’s body .

additionally , tetras possess a long anal fin stretching from a position just posterior of the dorsal fin and ending on the ventral caudal peduncle , and a small , fleshy adipose fin located dorsally between the dorsal and caudal fins . this adipose fin represents the fourth unpaired fin on the fish ( the four unpaired fins include the caudal fin , dorsal fin , anal fin , and adipose fin ) , lending to the name tetra , which is greek for four .

) lack this appendage . ichthyologists debate the function of the adipose fin , doubting its role in swimming due to its small size and lack of stiffening rays or spines .

although the list below is sorted by common name , in a number of cases the common name is applied to different species . since the aquarium trade may use a different name for the same species , advanced aquarists tend to use scientific names for the less - common tetras . the list below is incomplete .

carey , r . tetras and barbs : a complete guide to the successful care and breeding of two of the most popular groups of aquarium fish . tfh publications , inc . , 2009

moyle , p . , & cech , j . fishes : an introduction to ichthyology ( 5th ed . ) . pearson , benjamin cummings , 2004

this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 4 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .


fusus brevis is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

fusus brevis is a nomen dubium

fusus brevis

fusus brevis <EOT> buccina e . pseudopurpura ; f . fusus ; g . fusus brevis ; h . buccinum pilosum primum , sive crassum ; i . mitra papalis ; k . mitra episcopi ; l . turris babylonica ; m . buccinum granulatum rotundum ; n . buccinum aculeatum ; o . buccinum undosum ; p . buccinum lineatum ; q . digitellus ; r . turricula ; s . turricula plicata ; t . turricula filis cincta ; v . turricula granulata ; w . buccinum scalare ; x . buccinum spirale ; y . buccinum foliorum

buccina e . pseudopurpura ; f . fusus ; g . fusus brevis ; h . buccinum pilosum primum , sive crassum ; i . mitra papalis ; k . mitra episcopi ; l . turris babylonica ; m . buccinum granulatum rotundum ; n . buccinum aculeatum ; o . buccinum undosum ; p . buccinum lineatum ; q . digitellus ; r . turricula ; s . turricula plicata ; t . turricula filis cincta ; v . turricula granulata ; w . buccinum scalare ; x . buccinum spirale ; y . buccinum foliorum .

buccina e . pseudopurpura ; f . fusus ; g . fusus brevis ; h . buccinum pilosum primum , sive crassum ; i . mitra papalis ; k . mitra episcopi ; l . turris babylonica ; m . buccinum granulatum rotundum ; n . buccinum aculeatum ; o . buccinum undosum ; p . buccinum lineatum ; q . digitellus ; r . turricula ; s . turricula plicata ; t . turricula filis cincta ; v . turricula granulata ; w . buccinum scalare ; x . buccinum spirale ; y . buccinum foliorum | dpla

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

saginafusus iredale , t . , 1931 type species : saginafusus pricei pricei smith , e . a . , 1887

melongena schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817 type species : unknowngenustype

pugilina schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817 type species : pugilina morio linnaeus , c . , 1758

hemifusus swainson , w . a . , 1840 type species : hemifusus colosseus lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822

volema röding , p . f . , 1798 type species : volema paradisiaca röding , p . f . , 1798

pyrula lamarck , j . b . p . a . de type species : unknowngenustype

taphon adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : taphon striatum gray , j . e . in griffith , e . & e . pidgeon , 1834

depth : 0 to 30 m ( live 0 . 3 to 0 . 3 m )

distribution : venezuela : unlocalized ; st . vincent & the grenadines : grenada ; trinidad & tobago : trinidad , tobago ; guyana , french guiana , surinam , brazil : para , maranhao , ceara , rio grande do norte , paraiba , pernambuco , alagoas , bahia , espirito santo , sao paulo , parana , santa catarina

comments : nude name ; based on " gmel . murex morio sp . 62 . var . " , but with no description or indication ; " der ungekerbte mohr " is a common name . röding gave exactly the same citation for his

references : deshayes ( 1844 ) s ; e . h . vokes ( 1971 ) s ; petit ( 2003 ) s

beschreibung der naturalien - sammlung der universitat zu rostock 3 pp . [ i - ii ] + 101 - 165 . rostock . [ stated date : 17 may 1807 . ]

systema naturae systema naturae , 10th ed . , vol . 1 824 pp . laurentii salvii : holmiae [ stockholm , sweden ] .

deliciae naturae selectae deliciae naturae selectae 1 viii + 132 pp . , 38 pls . nürnburg .

conchology iv + 5 pp . , 61 pls . william miller : london .

museum boltenianum viii + 199 pp . hamburg . [ stated date : - - sep 1798 . ]

essai d ' un nouveau système des habitations des vers testacés [ iv ] + 287 pp . , 22 pls . schultz : copenhague . [ stated date : - - - - - 1817 ; true date : post 1 mar . ]

the national phytoplankton monitoring network ( pmn ) is a community - based network of volunteers monitoring marine phytoplankton and harmful algal blooms ( habs ) . pmn recognizes the interrelationships between humans and coastal ecosystems while providing volunteer citizen scientists with meaningful opportunities for hands - on science engagement . the pmn enhances the nation’s ability to respond to and manage the growing threat posed by habs by collecting important data for species composition and distribution in coastal waters and creating working relationships between volunteers and professional marine biotoxin researchers .

nccos delivers ecosystem science solutions for stewardship of the nation’s ocean and coastal resources , in direct support of nos priorities , offices , and customers , and to sustain thriving coastal communities and economies .

national centers for coastal ocean science 1305 east west highway , rm 8110 silver spring , md 20910 phone : ( 240 ) 533 - 0300 / fax : ( 301 ) 713 - 4353 email : nccos . webcontent @ urltoken

standardized rights statement this rights statement should be used for items for which the copyright status is unknown and for which the organization that has made the item available has undertaken an effort to determine the copyright status of the work . typically , this rights statement is used when the organization is missing key facts essential to making an accurate copyright status determination . urltoken

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

sive responsio secunda ad maledicam . . . joan . cochlaei de scripturae et ecclesiae authoritate replicam