hypsoblennius exstochilus , the longhorn blenny , is a species of combtooth blenny found in the western central atlantic ocean .

this species grows to a length of 5 centimetres ( 2.0 in ) tl .

hypsoblennius exstochilus

hypsoblennius exstochilus <EOT> ever since i first saw a photo of a longhorn blenny — hypsoblennius exstochilus — many years ago , the rare little caribbean fish with cirri extending from its head like a pair of telephone communication towers has been on my wish list of must - see animals . that is until we are enticed to explore bonaire’s “wild side” with bas tol , premier dive guide and king of the island’s lionfish slayers , with a promise of finding our long - sought prize hiding in the surge - swept shallows lining a blustery bay on the windy eastern shore .

greek , hypsi = high + greek , blennios = mucus ( ref . 45335 )

western central atlantic : bahamas ( ref . 5521 ) and cuba ( ref . 26340 ) .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 26340 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 11 - 12 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 13 - 15 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 15 - 16 . gill opening extending ventrally to opposite 4th - 7th pectoral - fin ray ; segmented dorsal - fin rays 13 - 15 ; segmented pelvic - fin rays 3 ; last dorsal - fin spine 8 . 5 - 15 . 5 % sl ; dorsal - fin spines slender and flexible ; elongate fleshy flap , which usually projects laterally , present posteriorly on lower lip ; infraorbital bones 4 .

adults inhabit shallow rocky areas ( ref . 5521 ) . oviparous . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) , and are attached to the substrate via a filamentous , adhesive pad or pedestal ( ref . 94114 ) . larvae are planktonic , often found in shallow , coastal waters ( ref . 94114 ) .

böhlke , j . e . and c . c . g . chaplin , 1993 . fishes of the bahamas and adjacent tropical waters . 2nd edition . university of texas press , austin . ( ref . 5521 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00741 ( 0 . 00330 - 0 . 01663 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 ±0 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .

justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .

this species is distributed in the western atlantic from the bahamas ( böhlke and chaplin 1993 ) , and in the caribbean from cuba ( claro 1994 ) , jamaica , and puerto rico to the virgin islands ( williams 2002 ) .

bahamas ; cuba ; jamaica ; puerto rico ; virgin islands , u . s .

this species is known from approximately a dozen specimens ( böhlke and chaplin 1993 ) .

this species is found in rocky areas in water less than 6m deep . typically these areas have rather strong wave action and an eroded bottom that was usually studded with small corals and sea - fans ( böhlke and chaplin 1993 ) . it is oviparous , has distinct pairing , and its eggs are demersal and adhesive ( breder and rosen 1966 ) .

smith - vaniz , w . f . , williams , j . t . , eytan , r . i . & smith , m . l . 2014 .

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beginner ' s aquarium guide ep . 1 - blennies ( + nano news )

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claro , rodolfo , and lynne r . parenti / claro , rodolfo , kenyon c . lindeman , and l . r . parenti , eds .

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

april 17th is national haiku poetry day and to celebrate , we offer blenny haiku . please , no judging or heckling – just having a little fun here – but feel free to contribute your own by commenting at the end of this post . sneaky fangblenny in cleaning stations you lurk no do - gooder , you spinyhead blenny often…

bonaire , september 2013 ~ week 3 of our blenny challenge and we’re a bit silly and punchy from being tossed around in the surf . we wanted to explore the east side of the island – the windward , or wild side as it is known – but conditions have to be absolutely perfect in order for…

bonaire , september 2012 ~ a new species for our life lists but the longhorn blenny images did not come easily . ned describes our adventure in the latest post about our september stay with buddy dive in bonaire over on our travel journal : urltoken but i just had to share another super close - up blenny face here : …

marine life observations from anna & ned deloach . for stories and photos from our life underwater ,

moderately elongate ; short robust head , with very steep front profile ; a very long cirrus with a thick central stalk covered with rear - pointing branches over eye , no cirri at nostrils or on nape ; an elongate fleshy flap at rear end of lower lip ; teeth with blunt flattened tips , in single rows , not movable , no canines on either jaw ; gill openings restricted to sides of body by fusion of gill cover membranes to throat ; dorsal fin xi - xiii ( spines slender and flexible ) , 13 - 16 , with a slight notch between the spiny and soft parts ; pelvic fins i , 3 ; fin rays unbranched , except on tail fin ; lateral line ends under end of spiny dorsal fin ; no scales .

yellowish ; a dark brown bar down through eye to lower body and up along main shaft of eye cirrus ; front and sides of head heavily mottled with white ; white mottling along upper back and front ~ 6 spines of dorsal fin , a dark spot centered on 2nd dorsal spine .

it takes two weeks before the prevailing winds calm sufficiently for us to tackle the shore entry into the rockycove where the blennies make their home . burdened with extra weights , we stumble our way through the minefield of ankle - twisting rocks until we can at last plunge into the relative safety of waist - deep waves .

as the bubbles clear , we find ourselves swimming over an algae garden stretching as far as our eyes can see . within 10 minutes , we find our first blenny poking its head out of a rock hole half - hidden among the billowing fronds . but such glimpses are brief as swells lift us up and away , and we kick , tumble , and struggle for control . with three of us hunting , we locate a longhorn about every 10 minutes or so in depths from three to 10 feet . as it turns out , our blenny hunt is the perfect mission : conditions hover at the edge of doable , yet it’s sufficiently daunting to make for a lively tale . — story and photo by ned and anna deloach

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perophora multiclathrata is a species of colonial sea squirt in the genus perophora .

it is native to the tropical indo-pacific and the western atlantic ocean .

perophora multiclathrata

perophora multiclathrata <EOT> kento furui added the japanese common name " マメボヤ " to " perophora japonica oka , 1927 " .

( of perophora orientalis ärnbäck , 1935 ) arnback , c . l . ( 1935 ) . a notable case of relation in perophora . arkiv f . zool . 28 ( 9 ) : 1 - 6 . [ details ]

( of ecteinascidia multiclathrata sluiter , 1904 ) sluiter , c . p . ( 1904 ) . die tunicaten der siboga - expedition . part 1 . die socialen und holosomen ascidien . siboga - exped . 56a : 1 - 126 . [ details ]

goodbody , i . ( 1994 ) the tropical western atlantic perophoridae ( ascidiacea ) : i . the genus perophora . bulletin of marine science , 55 ( 1 ) : 176 - 192 .

( of perophora formosana ( oka , 1931 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of perophora africana millar , 1953 ) millar , r . h . ( 1953 ) . on the collection of ascidians from the gold coast . proc . zool . oc . london . 123 ( 2 ) : 277 - 325 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

( of perophora formosana ( oka , 1931 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

shenkar , n . ; gittenberger , a . ; lambert , g . ; rius , m . ; moreira da rocha , r . ; swalla , b . j . ; turon , x . ( 2018 ) . ascidiacea world database .

( of ecteinascidia euphues sluiter , 1904 ) sluiter , c . p . ( 1904 ) . die tunicaten der siboga - expedition . part 1 . die socialen und holosomen ascidien . siboga - exped . 56a : 1 - 126 . [ details ]

( of ecteinascidia formosana oka , 1931 ) oka , a . ( 1931 ) . uber eine neue species von ecteinascidia aus formosa . proc . imp . acad . tokyo . 7 ( 4 ) : 173 - 175 . [ details ]

monniot , c . ( 2001 ) . ascidiacea & sorberacea . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : pp . 352 - 355 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

kott , p . ( 1985 ) . the australian ascidiacea part 1 , phlebobranchia and stolidobranchia . mem qd mus . 23 : 1 - 440 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

izquierdo - muñoz , a . ; díaz - valdés , m . ; ramos - esplá , a . a . ( 2009 ) . recent non - indigenous ascidians in the mediterranean sea . aquatic invasions . 4 ( 1 ) : 59 - 64 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

katsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

the tropical western atlantic perophoridae ( ascidiacea ) : i . the g . . . : ingenta connect

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corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .

the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;

the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .

this point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :

this status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .

particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as " no probable or definite " ) .

in the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .

warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .

national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .

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rosana m . da rocha i , ii ; laura p . kremer i , iii

i laboratório de ecologia e sistemática de ascídias , departamento de zoologia , universidade federal do paraná . caixa postal 19020 , 81531 - 980 curitiba , paraná , brasil ii pesquisadora do cnpq . e - mail : rmrocha @ urltoken iii bolsista do cnpq / pibic . e - mail : laurapkremer @ urltoken

with these considerations , our goal in this study was to sample the ascidian community in the area of influence of the port of paranaguá . specifically , we wished to use ascidians as indicator species to better understand the biology of species introductions due to shipping in marine systems .

five locations were sampled within and near paranaguá bay ( fig . 1 ) : ilha das cobras ( 25º29 , 00 ' s ; 48º25 , 50 ' w ) and pier tenenge ( 25º32 , 84 ' s ; 48º21 , 51 ' w ) , sampled on 7 december 2003 ; ilha da galheta ( 25º35 , 00 ' s ; 48º19 , 00 ' w ) on 11 march 2004 ; ilha do mel ( 25º33 , 00 ' s ; 48º18 , 00 ' w ) on 11 march 2004 and 9 june 2005 ; and mero park ( 25º 43 , 00 ' s ; 48º 20 , 00 ' w ) on 14 may 2005 . ascidians were collected by scuba diving at depths of up to four meters , except mero park , where depths reached a maximum of 17 m . samples were anesthetized and fixed in 10 % neutralized formalin .

eighteen species ( tab . i ) were collected , with 30 samples from ilha das cobras , 26 from pier tenenge , nine from ilha do mel , 11 from ilha da galheta and five from parque dos meros . only six samples were of solitary animals , collected at ilha da galheta , ilha do mel and mero park . some samples in the family didemnidae are still unidentified , since larvae ( which have characters of critical importance in species identification ) were absent .

molgula phytophila , the only endemic species in the region ( fig . 2 , tab . ii ) , was found encrusted on fish - nets in the concrete blocks that form the artificial reef in mero park . it is quite possible that this species is synonymous with m . braziliensis millar , 1958 , but the type specimen ( london natural history museum ) of the latter is of poor quality and cannot be used for identification of the former . if synonymous , the specimen in millar ( 1958 ) would be the first recorded in the brazilian coast .

clavelina oblonga , according to van name ( 1945 ) referring to the material hartmeyer collected in são sebastião , são paulo , was first recorded in brazil in ~ 1910 . clavelina oblonga is also found near dakar , senegal , and at ilha faial , azores . in the azores , it was introduced from american populations in 1971 , and is restricted to horta harbor ( monniot & monniot 1994 ) .

the first record for distaplia bermudensis in brazil is that of millar ( 1958 ) , at ubatuba , são paulo . pérès ( 1957 ) recorded this species in the mediterranean sea ( baleares islands ) , but possibly erroneously identified . it was perhaps distaplia rosea della valle , 1881 , common in the mediterranean . since this species is only found on natural substrates it is probably native , and therefore should be carefully studied ( substrate , location , etc . ) in future brazilian studies to clarify its status .

symplegma rubra was first recorded in 1993 in são sebastião , são paulo , brazil ( rodrigues & rocha 1993 ) . however , rodrigues ( unpublished data ) encountered this species in the region since the 1960s .

the remaining cryptogenic species are widely distributed in the world and the entire brazilian coast ( the fourth distribution pattern ; figs 11 - 19 , tab . ii ) . thus it is difficult to determine the origin of these species and their points of introduction .

didemnum granulatum was found first in brazil ( são paulo ) in 1995 ( rocha & monniot 1995 ) , and on the west african coast ( senegal ) in 1994 ( monniot & monniot 1994 ) . this species has not been found in the caribbean , nor on the eastern coast of africa , and thus we believe it to be of pacific origin .

lissoclinum fragile was first recorded in brazil by rodrigues et al . ( 1998 ) in são paulo . the fact that it is found in ports , such as apra harbour , guam ( monniot & monniot 2001 ) , noumea port in new caledonia ( monniot 1992 ) , malakal harbor in palau an also harbors in honolulu , hawaii ( g . lambert 2005 , personal communication ) suggests that it may be passively transported by ships . l . fragile is also considered introduced in tahiti ( monniot et al . 1985 ) and was first reported on the west african coast in 1994 ( monniot & monniot 1994 ) .

botrylloides nigrum was first recorded in brazil in the states of santa catarina and são paulo ( rodrigues 1962 ) . in this study it was found on a cultivated mussel , and so possibly introduced . in brazil , this species is usually epizooic , growing on algae and bivalve shells , such as oysters and mussels .

we thank rafael metri and jim roper for assistance in the field , tatiane r . moreno for helping with species identification , suzana b . farias for helping with geographical coordinates and gretchen lambert for suggestions to the manuscript . cnpq provided a grant for rmr ( process 473408 / 2003 - 01 ) and a scholar ship to lpk .

berrill , n . j . 1975 . chordata : tunicata , p . 241 - 282 .

bjornberg , t . k . s . 1956 . ascídias da costa sul do brasil ( nota prévia ) .

( van name , 1931 ) , a colonial ascidian new to the mediterranean record . .

( phaeophyceae , laminariales ) reduces native seaweed diversity in nuevo gulf ( patagonia , argentina ) .

carlton , j . t . & j . b . geller . 1993 . ecological roulette : biological invasion and the global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms .

costa , h . r . 1969 . notas sobre os ascidiacea brasileiros . v . subclasse pleurogona .

culver , c . s . & . a . m . kuris . 2000 . the apparent eradication of a locally established introduced marine pest .

dalby , j . e . & c . m . young . 1993 . variable effects of ascidians competitors on oysters in a florida epifaunal community .

( tunicata : ascidiacea ) a new addition to the fauna of the portuguese coast .

fernandes , l . f . ; l . zehnder - alves & j . bassfeld . 2001 . the recently established diatom

( coscinodiscales , bacillariophyta ) in brazilian waters . i : remarks on morphology and distribution .

floeter , s . r . & a . soares - gomes . 1999 . biogeographic and species richness patterns of gastropoda on the southwestern atlantic .

harris , l . g . & m . c . tyrrell . 2001 . changing community states in the gulf of maine : synergism between invaders , overfishing and climate change .

report on the tunicata collected during the voyage of the h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 . part ii . ascidiae compositae .

edinburg , report of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 76 , vol . 14 , 429p .

kott , p . 1985 . the australian ascidiacea part 1 , phlebobranchia and stolidobranchia .

kott , p . 1990 . the australian ascidiacea , part 2 , aplousobranchia ( 1 ) .

lambert , c . c . & g . lambert . 1998 . non - indigenous ascidians in southern california harbors and marinas .

lambert , c . c . & g . lambert . 2003 . persistence and differential distribution of nonindigenous ascidians in harbors of the southern california bight .

lambert , g . 2001 . a global overview of ascidians introductions and their possible impact on the endemic fauna , p . 249 - 257 .

millar , r . h . 1956 . xlviii - notes on some ascidians from sierra leone and gambia .

millar , r . h . 1977 . ascidians ( tunicata : ascidiacea ) from the northern and north - eastern brazilian shelf .

millar , r . h . 1988 . ascidians collected during the international indian ocean expedition .

monniot , c . 1965 . etude systématique et évolutive de la famille des pyuridae ( ascidiacea ) .

monniot , c . 1969 - 1970 . ascidies phlébobranches et stolidobranches . in : résultats scientifiques des campagnes de la calypso .

monniot , c . 1989 . ascidies de nouvelle - calédonie . 6 . pyuridae et molgulidae .

monniot , c . 2002 . stolidobranch ascidians from the tropical western indian ocean .

monniot , c . & f . monniot . 1983 . navigation ou courants ? la colonization des açores et des bermudes par les ascidies ( tuniciers benthiques ) .

monniot , c . ; f . monniot & p . laboute . 1985 . ascidies du port de papeet ( polynésie française ) : relation avec le mileu naturel et apports intercontinentaux par la navigation .

monniot , c . & f . monniot . 1994 . additions to the inventory of eastern tropical atlantic ascidians ; arrival of cosmopolitan species .

monniot , c . & f . monniot . 1997 . record of ascidians from bahrain , arabian gulf with three new species .

monniot , f . 1992 . ascidies de nouvelle - caledonie . 12 . le genre

monniot , f . & c . monniot . 1997 . ascidians collected in tanzania .

monniot , f . & c . monniot . 2001 . ascidians from the tropical western pacific .

moure , j . s . ; t . k . s . bjornberg & t . st . loureiro . 1954 . protochordata ocorrentes na entrada da baía de paranaguá .

palacio , j . f . 1982 . revisión zoogeográfica marina del sur del brasil .

pérès , j . m . 1957 . ascidies récoltées dans les parages des baléares par le professeur lacaze - duthiers . ( deuxième partie : iviza et san antonio ) .

rocha , r . m . 1991 . replacement of the compound ascidian species in a southeastern brazilian fouling community .

abbott 1951 ( ascidiacea , molgulidae ) in paranaguá bay , paraná , brazil . a case of recent invasion ?

rocha , r . m . & l . v . g . costa . 2005 . ascidians from arraial do cabo , rj , brazil .

species ( ascidiacea , didemnidae ) from são sebastião channel , south - eastern brazil .

van name , 1945 ( ascidiacea , polycitoridae ) . description of species and ecological notes

rocha , r . m . & c . m . nasser . 1998 . some ascidians ( tunicata , ascidiacea ) from paraná state , southern brazil .

rocha , r . m . ; t . r . moreno & r . metri . 2005 . ascídias ( tunicata ) da reserva biológica marinha do arvoredo , santa catarina , brasil .

rodrigues , s . a . 1962 . algumas ascídias do litoral sul do brasil .

rodrigues , s . a . & r . m . rocha . 1993 . littoral compound ascidians ( tunicata ) from são sebastião , estado de são paulo , brazil .

ross , d . j . ; c . r . johnson & c . l . hewitt . 2003 . assessing the ecological impacts of an introduced seastar : the importance of multiple methods .

ruiz , g . m ; p . fofonoff ; j . t . carlton ; m . j . wonham & a . h . hines . 2000 . invasion of coastal marine communities in north america : apparent patterns , processes and biases .

sommerfeldt , a . d . & j . d . d . bishop . 1999 . random amplified polymorphic dna ( rapd ) analysis reveals extensive natural chimerism in a marine protochordate .

tokioka , t . 1952 . ascidians collected by messrs renzi wada and seizi wada from the pearl - oyster bed in the arafura sea in 1940 .

tokioka , t . 1967 . pacific tunicata of the united states national museum .

traustedt , m . p . a . 1883 . vestindiske ascidiae simplices . anden afdeling . molgulidae og cynthiadae .

van name , w . g . 1945 . the north and south american ascidians .

( de kay , 1843 ) into peter the great bay ( sea of japan ) .

1 contribution number 1526 of the departamento de zoologia , universidade federal do paraná .

caixa postal 19020 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel . / fax : + 55 41 3266 - 6823 sbz @ urltoken

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belize , bermuda , jamaica , puerto rico , netherlands antilles , and it is widely distributed in the indo - pacific region .

zooid 2 . 0 - 2 . 5 mm long . the body musculature is comprised by two boundles of transverse fibers , which are perpendiculars to the dorsal margin of the body and towards to the ventral margin . there are 5 rows of stigmata in the pharynx and 15 - 20 stigmata per row .

kott , p . ( 1985 ) the australian ascidiacea part 1 , phlebobranchia and stolidobranchia mem . qd mus . 23 : 1 - 440 .

millar , r . h . ( 1953 ) on the collection of ascidians from the gold coast proc . zool . oc . london , 123 ( 2 ) : 277 - 325

rocha , r . m . , faria , s . b . , and moreno , t . r . ; marine invertebrate taxonomy workshop i , bocas del toro , august 2003 .

rocha r . m . , et al . ascidians from bocas del toro , panama . i . biodiversity . caribbean journal of science , vol . 41 , no . 3 , 600 - 612 , 2005 .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

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in : nishimura , s . ( ed . ) , guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys , vol . ii . hoikusha , osaka , 573 - 610 ( in japanese ) .

occurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )

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this species is a social ascidian , with individual zooids connected basally by stolons . together , zooids and stolons often form a dense mass similar to a tiny bunch of grapes . individual zooids are globular in shape , measure 2 - 4 mm in diameter , and covered by a pale green tunic . stolons are characterized by distinct , star - shaped flattened terminal buds , yellow in color .

< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water . subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex . co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme . electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .

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this protein is involved in the pathway oxidative phosphorylation , which is part of energy metabolism .

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< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : ‘name’ , ‘synonyms’ , ‘ordered locus names’ and ‘orf names’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

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< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

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< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

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trichonotus is a genus of marine perciform fishes .

species of trichonotus are distributed throughout the indo-west pacific .

this genus is the only member of the family trichonotidae .

trichonotus

trichonotus <EOT> kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name " satulakaivautuja " to " trichonotus setiger bloch and schneider , 1801 " .

justification : trichonotus filamentosus is widely distributed . there are no known major threats . it is assessed as least concern .

katayama , e . , h . motomura and h . endo , 2012 . a new species of trichonotus ( perciformes : trichonotidae ) from somalia and redescription of trichonotus cyclograptus ( alcock , 1890 ) with designation of a lectotype . zootaxa 3565 : 31 - 43 . ( ref . 93824 )

a male elegant sand diver , trichonotus elegans , at tulamben , bali , indonesia . source : klaus stiefel / flickr . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial

justification : trichonotus elegans is widespread throughout the indo - west pacific and can be locally abundant . there are no known major threats . it is assessed as least concern .

trichonotus elegans shimada & yoshino , 1984 , japan . j . ichthyol . 31 ( 1 ) : 15 , figs 1 - 4 . type locality : yaeyama islands , japan .

clark , e . & k . von schmidt , 1966 . a new species of trichonotus ( pisces , trichonotidae ) from the red sea . bull . sea fish . res . sta . , haifa 42 : 29–36 .

dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 39 - 41 . trichonotus halstead is similar to t . setiger but has a beautifully colored dorsal fin ( ref . 48636 ) . no free pterygiophores under dorsal fin ( ref 12934 ) .

clark , e . and m . pohle , 1996 . trichonotus halstead , a new sand - diving fish from papua new guinea . environ . biol . fish . 45 ( 1 ) : 1 - 11 . ( ref . 26146 )

randall , j . e . and a . b . tarr , 1994 . trichonotus arabicus ( perciformes : trichonotidae ) , a new species of sand diver from the arabian gulf and oman . fauna of saudi arabia 14 : 309 - 316 . ( ref . 10682 )

trichonotus filamentosus is found in the western pacific from japan and china . it was recently reported from the chesterfield islands ( kulbicki et al . 1994 ) . it also occurs in indonesia , bali , the philippines , papua new guinea , and new caledonia . it is found at depths of 6 to 35 m ( r . myers unpublished data ) .

trichonotus elegans is found in the western indian ocean from the maldives and chagos , and in the western pacific from indonesia and the andaman sea to fiji , north to the ryukyu islands , south to the coral sea ( anderson et al . 1998 ) . this species is found at depths ranging from 1 to 40 m ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) .

trichonotus elegans is found in coastal reef slopes and deep outer reef lagoons in current channels . usually in large groups with several large males ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) . inhabits sand - rubble bottoms ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) . found hovering above sandy slopes . usually forms a harem of one male - phase fish and about a dozen female - phase fish ( shimada and yoshino 1984 ) . normally buried when no current is running ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) .

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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .

, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .

, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .

cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013

greek , thrix = hair + greek , noton = back ( ref . 45335 )

marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 10 - 40 m ( ref . 90102 ) . subtropical

western indian ocean : maldives ( ref . 30829 ) . western pacific : indonesia to fiji , north to the ryukyu islands , south to the coral sea .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 18 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 3 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 43 - 45 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 39 - 42 . identified by the long filaments on the dorsal fin of the male ( ref . 48636 ) . body scaleless above and below lateral line on anterior half ( ref 12934 ) .

found in coastal reef slopes and deep outer reef lagoons in current channels . usually in large groups with several large males ( ref . 48636 ) . inhabits sand - rubble bottoms ( ref . 90102 ) . found hovering above sandy slopes . usually forms a harem of one male - phase fish and about a dozen female - phase fish ( ref . 37240 ) . normally buried when no current is running ( ref . 48636 ) .

shimada , k . and t . yoshino , 1984 . a new trichonotid fish from the yaeyama islands , okinawa prefecture , japan . jap . j . ichthyol . 31 ( 1 ) : 15 - 22 . ( ref . 37240 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5020 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 12 of 100 ) .

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marine ; demersal ; depth range 18 - 23 m ( ref . 93824 ) . tropical

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 11 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 93824 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 4 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 45 - 46 ; anal soft rays : 37 - 38 ; vertebrae : 53 . this species is distinguished from other congeners in having the following set of characters : elongated dorsal - fin spines in males absent ; d iv , 45 - 46 ; a 37 - 38 ; lateral - line scales 57 - 59 ; free dorsal pterygiophores 2 ; gill rakers 6 + 23 ; in males body markings 12 ; median predorsal - fin scales 10 ; interorbital width 43 . 7 % of eye diameter ; small abdominal scales ( ref . 93824 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .

in the wild , the blue spot sanddiver occurs in small schools above the sandy flats and slopes where current are the strongest . they will spend their time swimming against the current catching zooplankton out of the water column with their large mouths . when startled , they will quickly dive into the sand and stay submerged for long periods of time . the blue spot sanddiver will do well in established reef aquariums or peaceful fish aquariums utilizing live rock for filtration or decoration . they need at least a 3 " sand bed as a substrate and may spend long periods buried in the sand . they are a peaceful fish that will not do well with aggressive tank mates . they need strong , non - laminar water movement , especially lower in the aquarium , to feel comfortable .

the blue spot sanddiver will accept small meaty foods such as brine shrimp . it is advised to purchase live brine with this fish in order to stimulate the feeding response in your aquarium . they will take to other prepared foods once established in their new homes .

due to availability and individuality of each species , colors and sizes may vary .

elegant sand diver hover over sandy - rubble bottoms , diving into the sand when threatened . males usually have a harem of females and juveniles .

males differ from females in both colour and form . males having very long filamentous dorsal - fin spines , taller soft dorsal - fin rays , and a pointed tail .

occurs at the territory of ashmore & cartier islands in the timor sea , and at lizard island , great barrier reef , queensland , and at bramble reef in the coral sea . elsewhere , widespread in the indo - west pacific .

meristic features : dorsal fin iii , 43 - 45 ; anal fin i , 39 - 42 ; pectoral fin 12 - 14 ; lateral line scales 56 - 59 ; vertebrae 53 - 56 . head and anterior half of body mostly naked - except for lateral line scales , 3 - 4 scales behind and below eye , and scales along dorsal and anal - fin bases . males with very long filamentous dorsal - fin spines , taller dorsal - fin rays and a pointed caudal fin ( fin rounded in females ) .

pictorial guide to indonesian reef fishes . part 2 . fusiliers - dragonets , caesionidae - callionymidae

reef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands

shimada , k . & yoshino , t . 1984 . a new trichonotid fish from the yaeyama islands , okinawa prefecture , japan .

as its common name suggests the elegant sand diver can literally dive head first into sandy seabeds .

the species has a very enlongate body and a black spot at the base of the leading dorsal fin rays . these rays are extremely elongate in males .

the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .

allen , g . r . 1997 . marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia . western australian museum . pp . 292 .

hoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .

the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license

liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

balon , e . k . , 1990 . epigenesis of an epigeneticist : the development of some alternative concepts on the early ontogeny and evolution of fishes . guelph ichthyol . rev . 1 : 1–48 .

clark , e . , 1983 . life in an undersea desert . nat . geog . mag . 164 : 129–144 .

clark , e . , j . f . pohle & d . c . shen , 1990 . ecology and population dynamics of garden eels at râs mohammed , red sea . nat . geog . res . exploration 6 : 306–318 .

clark , e . , m . pohle & j . rabin , 1991 . spotted sandperch dynamics . nat . geog . res . exploration 7 : 138–155 .

clark , e . & j . f . pohle , 1992 . monogamy in tilefish . nat . geog . res . exploration 8 : 276–295 .

hubbs , c . l . & k . f . lagler , 1947 . fishes of the great lakes region . cranbrook institute of science , bloomfield hills . 186 pp .

mabee , p . m . , 1988 . supraneural and predorsal bones in fishes : development and homologies . copeia 1988 : 827–838 .

nelson , j . s . , 1994 . fishes of the world . john wiley and sons , new york . 600 pp .

shimada , k . & t . yoshino , 1984 . a new trichonotid fish from the yaeyama islands , okinawa prefecture , japan . japan j . ichthyol . 31 : 15–19 .

clark , e . & pohle , m . environ biol fish ( 1996 ) 45 : 1 . urltoken

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 4 december 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 4 december 2014 ) .

carpenter , k . e . & smith - vaniz , w . f .

there are 34 museum records with up to 31 individuals per lot ( accessed through fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , march 2015 ) . it is presumed to be locally abundant in some areas .

this species is found on sandy bottoms in shallow waters and is seen singly in coastal and sandy slopes . it feeds on zooplankton and reaches a maximum size of 15 cm ( kusen et al . 1991 ) .

there is no species - specific use and trade information available for t . filamentosus .

there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for t . filamentosus . it is found in marine protected areas throughout its range ( iucn and unep 2014 ) .

this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .

carpenter , k . e . & smith - vaniz , w . f . 2016 .

( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t69739591a115473038 .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

western indian ocean : known only from delagoa bay , mozambique to durban , south africa .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 19 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5466 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 45 - 47 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 37 - 39 . amber above with turquoise blue and red dots , faint rosy color below ; anal and pelvic fins with dark red dots ( ref . 5466 ) .

heemstra , p . c . , 1986 . trichonotidae . p . 736 . in m . m . smith and p . c . heemstra ( eds . ) smiths ' sea fishes . springer - verlag , berlin . ( ref . 5466 )

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

marine ; demersal ; depth range 11 - 35 m ( ref . 90102 ) . tropical

western pacific : papua new guinea ( ref . 26146 ) and indonesia ( ref . 28620 ) .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48636 )

like other sand divers , it occurs on sand slopes with strong currents at times ( ref . 48636 ) . minimum depth reported from ref . 26146 .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 48 se ; based on food items .

marine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 10 - 80 m ( ref . 86942 ) . tropical

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 22 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48636 )

dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 39 - 41 . males recognized by long dorsal fin rays and large size ( ref . 48636 ) . under dorsal fin with 1 or 2 free pterygiophores ( ref 12934 ) .

found in steep sand slopes in large aggregations ( ref . 8631 ) . hovers above clean sandy bottoms ; darts into the sand when disturbed . usually slightly silty habitat . usually seen resting on substrate , leaving substrate to grab prey from zooplankton floating over , or when displaying ( ref . 48636 ) .

randall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene , 1990 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p . ( ref . 2334 )

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 45 se ; based on food items .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .

marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 10 - 217 m ( ref . 86942 ) . temperate

western pacific : japan and china . recently reported from the chesterfield islands ( ref . 11897 ) .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 )

dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 43 - 44 . recognized by the black spot on the head . males lack dorsal filaments but have a long extended ventral fin ray ( ref . 48636 ) .

found on sandy bottoms in shallow waters ( ref . 32211 ) . seen singly or in coastal sand slopes ( ref . 48636 ) . feed on zooplankton ( ref . 9137 ) .

masuda , h . , k . amaoka , c . araga , t . uyeno and t . yoshino , 1984 . the fishes of the japanese archipelago . vol . 1 . tokai university press , tokyo , japan . 437 p . ( text ) . ( ref . 559 )

marine ; demersal ; depth range 0 - 2 m ( ref . 10682 ) . tropical

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 11441 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 3 - 4 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 44 - 47 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 36 - 39 ; vertebrae : 52 - 54 . females with an indistinct narrow dark stripe on body above lateral line and no black on anterior part of dorsal fin ; males with a longitudinal row of 14 brown spots and 3 rows of small , dark edged , pale blue spots on body ; dorsal and anal fins with a row of yellow dots on each membrane .

feeds on zooplankton about half a meter above the sand substratum ( ref . 10682 ) .

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eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of trichonotops schultz , 1960 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of taeniolabrus steindachner , 1867 ) nomenclator zoologicus online . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

australia ; british indian ocean territory ; china ; disputed territory ( spratly is . ) ; fiji ; guam ; india ; indonesia ; japan ; kiribati ( gilbert is . ) ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; micronesia , federated states of ; myanmar ; nauru ; new caledonia ; northern mariana islands ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; solomon islands ; taiwan , province of china ; thailand ; timor - leste ; vanuatu

there are 12 museum records with up to 57 individuals per lot ( accessed through fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , march 2015 ) . this species is locally abundant in the philippines ( k . carpenter pers . comm . 2015 ) .

there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for t . elegans . it is found in marine protected areas throughout its range ( iucn and unep 2014 ) .

( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t69739558a115472765 .

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


the san benedicto rock wren ( salpinctes obsoletus exsul ) is a small extinct passerine which was endemic to san benedicto island in the revillagigedo islands off mexico .

it was a subspecies of the rock wren .

san benedicto rock wren

san benedicto rock wren <EOT> san benedicto rock wren , a rock wren subspecies endemic to san benedicto island in the revillagigedo islands off mexico . this subspecies became ext… | pinteres…

in honor of the hoyas ' geological roots , our theme extinct animal for today is the only extinct animal with " rock " in its name : the san benedicto rock wren .

salpinctes obsoletus exsul : san benedicto i . ( revillagigedo islands off s baja california )

ridgway , 1903 – san benedicto i , in revillagigedo is ( off s baja california ) .

this animal is unique , and applicable to the big east conference , for another reason : history knows the exact moment it went extinct . on august 1 , 1952 , the active san benedicto volcano erupted , burying the bird ' s habitat ten feet deep in ash and pyroclastic flow . the san benedicto rock wren was never seen again .

til that the extinction of the san benedicto rock wren , a previously unendangered species , can be traced almost to the minute on the morning of august 1st , 1952 , when a volcanic eruption covered their entire island . : todayilearned

til the san benedicto rock wren became extinct around 9 am on august 1 1952 . the extinction was recorded with such precision because observers were offshore , documenting how the island was being blasted with ejecta from a volcanic eruption . : todayilearned

the rock wren is well named . most descriptions of rock wren habitat mention “rock” for this pale wren of arid , western north america . still , these wrens are also found in nonrocky habitats , as long as there exist areas “rich in crevices , interstices , passageways , recesses , and nooks and crannies of diverse shapes and sizes” (

kroodsma , d . e . 1975a . song patterning in the rock wren . condor no . 77 : 294 - 303 . close

merola , m . 1995 . observations on the nesting and breeding behavior of the rock wren . condor no . 97 : 585 - 587 . close

these wrens are more easily heard than seen . rock wren songs are unmistakable , but beauty lies in the ears of the listener . according to florence m . bailey (

– w north america from s british columbia , s alberta and s saskatchewan s to coastal california ( including islands of san nicolas and san clemente ) , oklahoma and w texas , and w , n & c mexico from baja california ( including san martín i ) s at higher elevations to oaxaca ; n populations migrate to s parts of range .

is a very plain name for a bundle of fire known as the rock wren . it is heard , up on the bluffs , up in the rocks , but it is seen only by those who climb the bluffs regularly , and then it is seen only irregularly . . . . after reading even the most elementary writings of the rock wren i am shocked at society ' s ignorance of this bird

: 290 ) , the rock wren ' s song “ . . . at first hearing seems the drollest , most unbird - like of machine - made tinklings , ” but william l . dawson (

two proposed island races , pulverius ( from san nicolas i and san clemente i , off sw california ) and proximus ( from san martín i , off nw baja california ) , both considered indistinguishable from nominate ; described races costaricensis ( nw costa rica ) and fasciatus ( nw nicaragua ) merged with guttatus , but one or both possibly merit recognition . race guttatus notably more heavily barred below , but voice seemingly very similar to other races . five extant subspecies recognized .

mystery . rock wrens have been little studied and most information about the biology of this species is anecdotal . one curious aspect of this wren ' s biology has received much notice but virtually no study : rock wrens usually build a pavement or walkway of small , flat stones or pebbles that leads to the nest cavity . the nest is usually located in a rock crevice , occasionally far out of sight , but the pavement may give an external sign of the nest ' s location . the function of this pavement is open to speculation .

dawson , w . l . 1923 . the birds of california : a complete , scientific and popular account of the 580 species and subspecies of birds found in the state . vol . 2 . san diego , ca : south moulton . close

: 290 ) considered this wren ' s songs to be “the sprightliest , most musical , and resonant to be heard in the entire west . ” even to mrs . bailey , however , this wren redeems itself , as the song “ . . . comes to be greeted as the voice of a friend on the desert , and its quality to seem in harmony with the hard , gritty granites among which he lives” (

kroodsma , d . & brewer , d . ( 2018 ) . rock wren ( salpinctes obsoletus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

wolf , l . , r . m . lejnieks , c . r . brown and j . yarchin . 1985a . temperature fluctuations and nesting behavior of rock wrens in a high - altitude environment . wilson bull . no . 97 : 385 - 387 . close

what i find interesting about this story is that " hoya " became the nickname rather than " saxa . " rock or rocks is a somewhat reasonable name for a sports team . but by latching onto " hoya " instead , their team name translates to georgetown whats .

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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .

there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .

there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .

howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :

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this is why you shouldn ' t put all your wrens on one island .

it ' s been a while since i ' ve seen this style of writing in wikipedia .

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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

peter e . lowther , donald e . kroodsma , and greg h . farley

the introduction article is just the first of 11 articles in each species account that provide life history information for the species . the remaining articles provide detailed information regarding distribution , migration , habitat , diet , sounds , behavior , breeding , current population status and conservation . each species account also includes a multimedia section that displays the latest photos , audio selections and videos from macaulay library’s extensive galleries . written and continually updated by acknowledged experts on each species , birds of north america accounts include a comprehensive bibliography of published research on the species .

a subscription is needed to access the remaining account articles and multimedia content . rates start at $ 5 usd for 30 days of complete access .

this species breeds locally north of the distribution shown , and winters locally north distribution shown .

janovy , jr . , j . 1978 . keith county journal . new york : st . martin ' s press . close

ryser , jr . , r . a . 1985 . birds of the great basin : a natural history . reno : univ . of nevada press . close

bailey , f . m . 1904a . handbook of birds of the western united states including the great plains , great basin , pacific slope , and lower rio grande valley . 2nd ed . boston , ma : houghton , mifflin and co . close

bent , a . c . 1948b . life histories of north american nuthatches , wrens , thrashers , and their allies . u . s . natl . mus . bull . no . 195 . close

published information on this species is meager . recent published work includes merola ' s (

) observations of 6 color - marked nesting pairs in new mexico . wolf et al . (

lowther , p . e . , d . e . kroodsma , and g . h . farley ( 2000 ) .

) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( a . f . poole and f . b . gill , editors ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .

nelson , 1897 – highlands from s mexico ( chiapas ) s to c honduras .

14–16 cm ; 16·5 g . nominate race has grey - buff supercilium , greyish - brown crown , nape and back with numerous dark streaks tipped white ; mid - back , shoulders and . . .

male repertoire of c . 100 different songs , each a series of identical , repeated syllables , . . .

barren rocky hillsides , screes and boulderfalls , also quarries and recently clear - cut areas in . . .

mostly invertebrates ; small lizards also taken . forages among boulders and rocks ; very active . insular race

season from late may in n and at higher elevations ; earlier in s , e . g . from mid - jan in nw mexico ( baja california ) and from early feb in s . . .

s populations and those on islands apparently sedentary . migratory in n ; withdraws in winter from . . .

not globally threatened ( least concern ) . common in suitable areas over much of its range . has bred in nc canada , at churchill ( n manitoba ) . race

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genetic data indicate a close relationship to polioptilidae , followed by certhiidae and sittidae # r # r # r , and support monophyly of present family , once donacobius is removed ; traditional linear sequence of species and genera , with campylorhynchus listed first , now rearranged to reflect discovered phylogenetic relationships # r # r # r # r # r .

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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .

native to new zealand , kiwis face potential extinction from a range of introduced predators that are also killing many other native bird species .

from the flightless dodo in mauritius to the passenger pigeon in north america , 279 bird species and subspecies have vanished in the last 500 years , researchers estimate . the rate of extinctions worldwide peaked in the early 1900s and then started to decline , but a new study found that bird die - outs have been on the rise since the middle of the 20th century .

" until this study it had been hoped the rate of extinction was slowing , " researcher judit szabo , of charles darwin university in australia , said in a statement . " historically most extinctions have occurred on islands , particularly those in the pacific , but most of the really susceptible species are long gone . "

bird extinctions mainly occurred on islands in previous centuries as humans expanded in the pacific and colonized the americas , disrupting fragile ecosystems . but as island extinction rates have been declining over the past century , more and more species have disappeared on the continents , szabo and her team said .

their study , published online monday ( oct . 8 ) in the journal plos one , shows that habitat destruction for agriculture development is the main cause of recent extinctions on continents and poses the greatest current threat to endangered birds . unsustainable hunting and the introduction of invasive species , such as cats and rats , have been the greatest drivers of extinctions in past centuries , according to the study .

the researchers warn that a combination of invasive species and habitat loss can pose a particularly high threat to birds . for examples , pigs were introduced to the hawaiian islands several centuries ago - - first by polynesians , then again by europeans . the animals ' foraging changes the native landscape in a way that promotes the spread of invasive mosquitoes , which in turn carry bird diseases like avian malaria and avian pox .

the researchers said conservation interventions have helped prevent at least 31 bird extinctions , but now there are many species that only survive because of constant conservation efforts .

" this list would have been much longer were it not for the work being done around the world to stop extinctions , " study researcher stuart butchart , of birdlife international , said in a statement . " but we need to scale up our efforts substantially to avoid further human - induced extinctions . "

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you know that phenomenon where you look at your watch , and then you don ' t know what time it is ? i get that every year when usf plays georgetown . every year , i look up the answer to the " what ' s a hoya ? " question , and by next year i ' ve forgotten it and i have to look it up again .

no one seems to know exactly when or how the term " hoya saxa " was first used at georgetown . many years ago , there was a team at georgetown called the " stonewalls , " and it is suggested that a student applied the greek and latin terms and dubbed them " hoya saxa , " meaning " what rocks ! " hoya has since become a nickname for georgetown’s athletic teams and students . hoia is from the greek word hoios , meaning " such a " or " what a . " the neuter plural of this word is hoia , which agrees with the neuter plural of the latin word saxa , meaning rocks ; thus we have hoya— substituting the letter " y " for " i . " before 1900 , every georgetown student studied both greek and latin , so there was no need to explain what the expression meant .

on november 27 , 2012 , tulane university was invited to the big east conference . georgetown and six other big east schools announced that they would never be seen again either .

the three - star qb is the second atlanta mays prospect in two years to commit to usf .

the bulls picked up their second verbal in two days in the form of a 6’3 " , 240 pound athlete out of polk county .

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