lejopyge laevigata is a species of agnostid trilobite belonging to the genus lejopyge .

it existed during the guzhangian to the paibian age ( around 500.5 to 497 million years ago ) of the cambrian .

it has a cosmopolitan distribution and is an important index fossil in biostratigraphy .

lejopyge laevigata

lejopyge laevigata <EOT> the last occurrence of lejopyge calva is below the gssp . just above the gssp is the highest occurrence of agnostoid trilobite ptychagnostus atavus . conodonts : conodont laiwugnathus laiwuensis occurs immediately below the fad of trilobite lejopyge laevigata . carbon isotopes : the fad of lejopyge laevigata is near the peak of a long negative δ 13 c excursion .

the gssp coincides with the lowest occurrence of the cosmopolitan agnostoid trilobite lejopyge laevigata at a level 121 . 3 m above the base of the huaqiao formation .

a new species of trilobite , pianaspis ( ? ) leveni , is described from the radfords creek group , dial range trough , north - western tasmania . its age is late middle cambrian , either of the lejopyge laevigata ii zone , or the l . laevigata iii zone .

proposed gssp for the base of cambrian stage 7 , coinciding with the first appearance of lejopyge lae . . .

the base of the guzhangian stage is defined at the base of a limestone ( calcisiltite ) layer , 121 . 3 m above the base of the huaqiao formation in the louyixi section along the youshui river in northwestern hunan , china . this level coincides with the lowest occurrence of the agnostoid trilobite lejopyge laevigata . the horizon corresponding to the fad of lejopyge laevigata is near the peak of a rather long negative δ 13 c excursion of up to 0 . 58‰ .

niklas axheimer , mats e . eriksson , per ahlberg , anders bengtsson ; the middle cambrian cosmopolitan key species lejopyge laevigata and its biozone : new data from sweden . geological magazine ; 143 ( 4 ) : 447–455 . doi : urltoken

the species and subspecies of the late middle cambrian agnostid trilobite lejopyge are reviewed . lejopyge cos opik is shown to be a junior synonym of lejopyge laevigata armata . in sweden the middle - upper cambrian boundary is placed at the boundary between the lejopyge laevigata and agnostuspisiformis zones . the reassignment of l . cos to l . l . armata and other criteria suggest that this boundary in australia should be drawn within the mindyallan cyclagnostus quasivespa zone between the l . cos and blackwelderia sabulosa faunas . it is suggested that the middle - upper cambrian boundary in north america be placed well up into the cedaria zone ; in china it is at some as yet undefined position within the blackwelderia sinensis zone ; on the siberian platform it should be placed between the zones of lejopyge laevigata armata - lomsucaspis alta and agnostus pisiformis - ' homagnostus fecundus ' ; and in north - west siberia between the zones of maiaspis spinosa - oidalagnostus trispinifer and acrocephalella granulosa - koldiniella prolixa .

ten species of agnostid trilobites , including a new species , utagnostus ( ? ) nevel , are described from two localities within the lower sedimentary succession of the radfords creek group , dial range trough , north - western tasmania . the faunas from both localities ( near gunns plains ) are of late middle cambrian age ; one is either of the lejopyge laevigata ii zone or the l . laevigata iii zone and the other is either of the l . laevigata iii zone or the damesella torosa - acsionepea janitrix zone .

in the northeastern wall of the quarry the rock sequence is about 3 . 6 m thick , and includes the middle - upper cambrian boundary . the lower and middle part of this section contains agnostids indicative of the lejopyge laevigata zone . these include , e . g . , lejopyge laevigata , diplagnostus planicauda , and peronopsis insignis . a bradoriid arthropod , anabarochilina primordialis ( linnarsson , 1869 ) , is common throughout the l . laevigata zone . stinkstone lenses in the topmost part of the section contain agnostus pisiformis in abundance , indicating the a . pisiformis zone . a conglomeratic limestone ( the exporrecta conglomerate ) was previously exposed at the base of the section ( wallerius 1895 , 1930 ) .

the first occurrence of lejopyge laevigata has been recognized worldwide . this species has been identified from rocks in argentina , australia , china , denmark , england , germany , norway , sweden , north greenland , india , kyrgyzstan , turkestan , uzbekistan , kazakhstan , northern poland , russia , and the usa .

( 2002 ) late middle cambrian trace fossils from the lejopyge armata horizon , zanskar valley , india and the use of precambrian / cambrian lithostratigraphy in the indian subcontinent .

daily , b . , jago , j . b . 1975 . the trilobite lejopyge hawle and corda and the middle–upper cambrian boundary . palaeontology , 18 , 3 , 527–550 .

relationships of australian species of the agnostoid genera goniagnostus and lejopyge are discussed and some revisions made . goniagnostus consists of g . ( goniagnostus ) , containing g . ( g . ) nathorsti and g . ( g . ) scarabaeus ; g . ( criotypus ) containing g . ( c . ) oxytorus and g . ( c . ) lemniscatus ; and g . ( allobodochus ) containing g . ( a . ) fumicola and g . ( a . ) spiniger . representatives of lejopyge are l . armata , l . laevigata , l . calva , l . dubium , l . multifora and l . cosfordae . goniagnostus is considered to have evolved from triplagnostus ( triplagnostus ) and lejopyge possibly from onymagnostus .

in the southwestern wall of the quarry the rock sequence is 1 - 3 m thick . a fairly diverse fauna , including abundant l . laevigata , l . armata , hypagnostus sulcifer , diplagnostus planicauda and anabarochilina primordialis along with agnostus neglectus , a . pater , acrocephalites stenometopus , toxotis pusilla , proceratopyge conifrons and peronopsis insignis , shows that this section is referable to the l . laevigata zone . in the northwestern part of the quarry , this zone is overlain by the a . pisiformis zone . as in the northeastern wall , unfossiliferous alum shales occur between stinkstones containing the l . laevigata and a . pisiformis faunas . hence there is an interval ( ~ 70 cm ) of uncertainty concerning the zonal and series boundaries .

in the luuoyixi section the huaqiao formation consists of dark , thin - bedded , thinly laminated lime mudstones , argillaceous limestones , and fossiliferous limestone lenses . light - colored ribbbon limestones are present in places . the gssp occurs in a succession of dark gray to black limestones ( lime mudstones , or calcimicrites and calcisiltites ) and fine - grained argillaceous limestones interbedded with lenses of fossil rich limestone ( calcisiltie ) . lejopyge laevigata first appears in the lower part of a 82 cm thick layer of dark gray , thinly laminated calcisiltite , overlying another layer of thinly laminated , dark gray calcisiltite .

a core drilling at almbacken in the village sodra sandby , scania , southern sweden , penetrated a c . 30 in thick succession of upper lower cambrian and middle cambrian strata . only the uppermost part of the lower cambrian ( gislov formation ) was recovered , comprising c . 1 . 50 m of unfossiliferous siltstones and a thin limestone bed at the base of the core . the core contains the most complete middle cambrian succession so far documented in scania . it contains a stratigraphical sequence from the lejopyge laevigata zone ( upper paradoxides forchhammeri superzone ) to the holmia kjerulfi - group zone ( upper lower cambrian ) . there is no faunal evidence for the presence of the acadoparadoxides oelandicus superzone . the middle cambrian is 28 . 30 m thick . . .

. . . all agnostoid species recovered from the gudhem quarry are very well known and have been described in detail ( e . g . westergård , 1946 ; robison , 1984 robison , , 1988 laurie , 1989 ; peng & robison , 2000 ) . because the fad of l . laevigata is currently under discussion as a potential stage base marker , only this species and the closely related material . . . .

. . . however , the latter is now recognized as a separate species ( e . g . robison , 1984 robison , , 1988 laurie , 1989 ; peng & robison , 2000 ) , although minute marginal spines are occasionally present in l . laevigata ( daily & jago , 1975 ; laurie , 1989 ; peng & robison , 2000 ; babcock et al . 2005 ) . specimens from gudhem , like elsewhere in the world , show variation in the degree of effacement of furrows on the acrolobes . . . .

. . . outside this , only lejopyge and pseudophalacroma were recognised as monophyletic groups . consequently westrop et al . ( 1996 ) stated that their analysis did not support the finely divided , gradistic classifications of öpik ( 1979 ) or laurie ( 1988 laurie ( , 1989 ) but are consistent with robisons ( 1982 ) more conservative approach . in an analysis of constraint trees based on the classification of species by robison ( 1984 robison ( , 1994 ) and laurie ( 1988 laurie ( , 1989 ) the most parsimonious trees in both analyses , as expected , had greater lengths than the unconstrained analysis ( westrop et al . , 1996 ) . . . .

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in the image above , agnostida ( yellow ) is seen as an early order , arising in the early cambrian and persisting to the late ordovician .

cephalon : no facial sutures or eyes ; glabella divided by transglabellar suture into anteroglabella and posteroglabella ; cephalothoracic aperture present . thorax : 2 thoracic segments bearing distinctive articulating structures , but no articulating half - ring on anterior thoracic segment . pygidium : axis usually wide , inflated , 3 or fewer segments , one of which usually carries a tubercle ; posterior axial rings effaced ( posteroaxis ) ; pygidial margin often bearing posterolateral spines . cuticle thin . superfamilies : agnostoidea and condylopygoidea ( each described below ) .

superfamily condylopygoidea cephalon : with transversely oriented basal glabella lobes , separated by medial plate , together forming a clear occipital structure , anterior glabellar lobe laterally expanded around anterior end of posteroglabella , sometimes separated by a median sulcus . thorax : as in typical agnostina . pygidium : axis with 3 - segmented anteroaxis ; broad , posteriorly rounded posteroaxis . family : condylopygidae genera : condylopyge ( / paragnostus ; fallagnostus ) , miraculaspis , pleuroctenium ( = dichagnostus ) .

the arrangement of genera and families for suborder agnostina is via jell and adrain 2003 , superceding some of the classification of agnostida in the 1997 treatise . for listed genera , synonyms are shown in parentheses .

( see figure at right ) were first documented ( muller and walossek 1987 ) , they proved very different from previously described trilobite limbs ( e . g . , those of

, etc . ) . this cast doubt about the presumed inclusion of the suborder agnostina within the class trilobita . however , no appendages from fully grown holaspid agnostines have ever been documented , leaving room for the contention that larval limbs may not resemble those of adults . the argument has also been made that agnostid trilobites may represent evolution via progenesis ( maturity achieved while the body retains immature morphology ) , which suggests that even adult agnostines could retain the presumed larval form . no limbs of protaspides or meraspides of " conventional " trilobites has been described either , so the speculation that the limbs of

cotton , t . j . & r . a . fortey . 2005 . comparative morphology and relationships of the agnostida .

fortey , r . a . 2001 . trilobite systematics : the last 75 years .

ramskold , l . & g . d . edgecombe . 1991 . trilobite monophyly revisited .

it has been suggested that agnostida , via their small size , widespread distribution , and large numbers , might have been planktonic . however , there are a number of logical inconsistencies with this contention ( via pers . comm . brian chatterton 2003 ) :

1 ) most agnostida are blind , while most modern pelagic arthropods are sighted .

2 ) they are often found complete , articulated , right way up among complete articulated , right way up ptychopariid and other trilobites that everyone would accept as benthic .

3 ) agnostid numbers often vary radically in different beds when collecting through a section ( richard fortey , in his work on spitsbergen , argued that pelagic forms should occur in small numbers throughout the section rather than in great numbers at some levels and few or none at others ) .

5 ) the widespread occurrence of species of agnostids does not require they be pelagic ; deep cold water benthic species usually have much more widespread dispersal patterns than shallow shelf species ( there have been a number of papers pointing this out for a wide range of organisms ) . agnostids are typically associated with deep , cold water deposits .

6 ) the morphology of agnostids ( low , flat bottomed , wide ) is much more typical of benthic than pelagic forms . the latter are often as high as wide , and with obvious adaptations for powerful swimming appendages .

7 ) while agnostids are small , they are not so small that they would have been operating in a very low reynolds number environment ( hydrodynamically speaking ) . therefore , to stay up in the water column , they would either have to work hard ( to counteract the weight of their shell ) , or have some buoyancy mechanism to achieve neutral buoyancy . there is no evidence for this . agnostid trilobites are not particularly thin shelled and some could even be argued to be moderately thick shelled .

8 ) agnostid appendages ( only known from orsten deposits ) may appear slightly unusual when compared with those of adult benthic trilobites . however , the only known appendages are for very small agnostids ( meraspides ) . we do not know what the appendages of other trilobites at that stage would have looked like .

9 ) most enrolled agnostids seem to be juveniles . adult forms are almost all outstretched , and preserved dorsal side uppermost ( if they are not disarticulated ) . this suggests that the mature stages at least were crawling around on the sea floor , dorsal side uppermost ( not partly enrolled in the water column as suggested by some ) .

in summary , at the very least , agnostids spend some of their adult lives on the sea floor . they did not just come down to the sea floor to moult ( otherwise we would only find moults in reasonable articulated form , the correct way up ) . why did they not spend all of their adult lives on or close to the sea floor ? the pelagic argument does not explain all of the data . arguing that most or all agnostids were benthic , widespread , deep , cold water forms explains more of the available facts .

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the louyixi section is situated along the south bank of the youshui river ( fengtan reservoir ) , about 4 km northwest of luoyixi ( 4 km southeast of wangcun ) , in northwestern hunan , china at a latitude of 28°43 . 20’ n and a longitude of 109º57 . 88’ e .

peng , s . , babcock , zuo , j . , lin , h . , zhu , x . , yang , x . , l . e . , robison , r . a . , qi , y . , bagnoli , g . , chen , y . , 2009 . the global boundary stratotype section and point ( gssp ) of the guzhangian stage ( cambrian ) in the wuling mountains , northwestern hunan , china . episodes 32 / 1 , p . 41 - 55 .

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. . . robison ' s concept of ptychagnostidae taxonomy was not accepted unconditionally by other authors . laurie ( 1988 laurie ( , 1989 ) reinstated the generic status of triplagnostus , zeteagnostus , and acidusus and subgeneric status of aotagnostus . but , according to robison ' s criticism , laurie emended the generic diagnoses . . . .

. . . the differential characters of this species included a spiny pygidium ( with long posterolateral spines ) , a narrow axis on both the cephalon and pygidium . the width of glabella and rachis was not measured and , thus , the variability of these characteristics was not indicated in the original publication ; also , the width of rachis and glabella did not differ superficially from g . scarabeus whitehouse , 1939 ( laurie , 1989 ) . specimens from siberia which were assigned to g . longispinus ( egorova et al . , 1982 ; here pl . 2 , fig . . . .

. . . the border furrow is narrow and evenly impressed and the border is narrow , roll - like and of even width . this specimen most likely belongs to criotypus , but in that genus , the arcuate scrobicules are usually well developed ( laurie 1989 ) , which is certainly not the case in this specimen . goniagnostus does not have arcuate scrobicules , but it tends to have a less tapered posteroglabella which is often expanded . . . .

. . . ordinary vehicles can be driven along the length of the section , and can be parked adjacent to the gssp point . westergård , 1946 ; pokrovskaya , 1958 ; öpik , 1961 , 1979 palmer , 1968 ; khairullina , 1970 khairullina , , 1973 robison et al . , 1977 ; yang , 1978 , ergaliev , 1980 egorova et al . , 1982 ; robison , 1984 robison , , 1988 robison , , 1994 laurie , 1989 ; lu and lin , 1989 ; yang et al . , 1991 ; dong , 1991 ; tortello and bordonaro , 1997 ; geyer and shergold , 2000 ; peng and robison , 2000 ; jago and brown , 2001 ; babcock et al . , 2004 babcock et al . , , 2005 axheimer et al . , 2006 ; ) , and its first appearance has . . .

. . . the ptychagnostidae have received a considerable amount of taxonomic treatment over the last 20 years or so with disparate views on the arrangement of species being presented by öpik ( 1979 öpik ( ) , laurie ( 1988 öpik ( , 1989 ) , robison ( 1982 robison ( , 1984 robison ( , 1994 ) , westrop et al . ( 1996 ) and peng & robison ( 2000 ) . öpik ( 1979 recognised as many as 15 genus group names , and laurie ( 1988 laurie ( , 1989 ) 12 , while robison ( 1984 ) recognised only five . westrop et al . ( 1996 ) undertook a cladistic analysis of 42 species from the family , using agnostus pisiformis and peronopsis brighamensis as outgroups . . . .

. . . consequently westrop et al . ( 1996 ) stated that their analysis did not support the finely divided , gradistic classifications of öpik ( 1979 ) or laurie ( 1988 laurie ( , 1989 ) but are consistent with robisons ( 1982 ) more conservative approach . in an analysis of constraint trees based on the classification of species by robison ( 1984 robison ( , 1994 ) and laurie ( 1988 laurie ( , 1989 ) the most parsimonious trees in both analyses , as expected , had greater lengths than the unconstrained analysis ( westrop et al . , 1996 ) . however , the tree based on lauries classification was considerably shorter than that based on the classification of robison . . . .

. . . almbacken core . goniagnostus nathorsti is known from several regions in scandinavia , as well as from , e . g . , canada , australia , siberia , and china ( westergård 1946 ; öpik 1979 ; laurie 1989 ; peng & robison 2000 ; jago & brown 2001 ) . . . .

a core drilling through cambrian strata at almbacken , scania , s . sweden : trilobites and stratigraphical assessment

to calibrate australian spore - pollen zones to the international geological timescale using high precision u - pb dating of tuffs interbedded with fossil - bearing strata .

the taxonomic relationships of some australian species of the agnostid subfamily ptychagnostinae are discussed and some revisions made . the genus ptychagnostus consists of two species , p . punctuosus and p . affinis . zeteagnostus is emended to include z . incautus and z . scarifatus . acidusus is emended to include a . atavus , a . acidusus , a . germanus , a . occultatus , a . michaeli , a . aculeatus and . . . [ show full abstract ]

the type species of phoidagnostus , p . limbatus whitehouse , 1936 , is redescribed on the basis of further excavation of the holotype which has revealed an associated pygidium . this also demonstrates that the species hypagnostus varicosus öpik , 1961 is a junior subjective synonym of p . limbatus . phoidagnostus is closely related to toragnostus and cotalagnostus .

a re - assessment of the brachiopod genus spanodonta prendergast from the lower ordovician of western . . .

the poorly known plectambonitacean genus spanodonta prendergast is re - assessed and its type species , s . hoskingiae prendergast 1935 from the lower ordovician of western australia , redescribed . the only other species assigned to the genus , s . tingriensis liu , is rejected from it . the genus is considered to be most closely related to aporthophyla ulrich & cooper and is therefore assigned to the . . . [ show full abstract ]

the types and other specimens of agnostus fallax linnarsson 1869 are examined and reinterpreted . it is shown that the application of this specific name to many specimens from around the world is largely in error . the species is considered sufficiently different from the type species of peronopsis , p . integra ( beyrich , 1845 ) to warrant erection of a new genus axagnostus with a . fallax as the . . . [ show full abstract ]

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( 2010 ) stratigraphic significance of the cambrian ichnofauna of the zanskar region , ladakh himalaya , india . jour . geol . soc . india . v . 75 ( 3 ) , pp . 503–517 .

( 2001b ) illustrations of polymerid trilobites from the huaqiao formation ( middle - upper cambrian ) , paibi and wangcun sections , northwestern hunan , china .

s . peng , babcock , l . e . and zhu maoyan ( eds . ) , cambrian system of south china . press of university of science and technology of china , hefei , pp . 99–104 ( 310 ) .

( 2004 ) polymerid trilobites from the cambrian of northwestern hunan , china . v . 1 corynexochida , lichida , and asaphida . science press beijing , pp . 1–207 .

peng , s . , hughes , n . c . , heim , noel , a . , sell , bryan , k . , zhu xuejian , myrow , p . m .

( 2009 ) cambrian trilobites from the parahio and zanskar valleys , indian himalaya . jour . paleo . soc . , pp . 1–96 .

( 1993 ) paleomagnetic constraints on timing of the neoproterozoic breakup of rodinia and the cambrian formation of gondwana . geology , v . 21 , pp . 889–892 .

nanjing institute of geology and mineral resources , palaeontological atlas of east china , 1 ; volume of early paleozoic . geological publishing house , pp . 28–254 . ( in chinese )

r . endo and c . e . resser ( eds ) , the sinian and cambrian formations and fossils of southern manchoukuo . manch . sci . mus . bull . , v . 1 , pp . 103–302 .

w . s . mckerrow and c . r . scotese , ( eds . ) , palaeozoic palaeogeography and biogeography . geol . soc . mem . london , pp . 1–21 .

( 1996 ) agnostids trilobites from the cambrian sequence of zanskar and their stratigraphic significance . curr . sci . , v . 71 , pp . 951–954 .

( 1998 ) trace fossils from the cambrian sequence of zanskar ( ladakh himalaya ) . jour . geo . soc . india , v . 51 , pp . 777–784 .

( 2006 ) paleontology and biostratigraphy of the cambrian successions of zanskar region of ladkah himalaya , india . unpublished thesis , wihg and hnbg university , pp . 1–125 .

( 2007 ) early - middle cambrian biostratigraphy of the zanskar basin , tethys himalaya . icms - xxi , lucknow , pp . 195–196 .

( 2008 ) additional cambrian trilobites from kurgikah valley zanskar basin , northwest himalaya .

i . rábano , r . gozalo and d . garcía - bellido advances in trilobite research ( eds . ) , cuadernos del museo geominero , no . 9 . instituto geológico y minero de españa , madrid , pp . 365–367 .

( 2008 ) paleobiogeography and paleoecology of cambrian fauna , zanskar basin , northwest himalaya , india . “palaeozoic climates” international congress , abstract , pp . 89 .

( 2008 ) pelmetazoan columnals ( echinoderm ) and brachiopods from the ordovician of zanskar himalaya : implication on age constraint of cambro - ordovician angular unconformity . international conference on development of early paleozoic biodiversity : role of biotic and abiotic factors , and event correlation” ( igcp project 503 ) , moscow , russia , extended abstract , pp . 105–107 .

( 2009 ) integrated ichnological and sedimentological studies of the parahio formation ( cambrian ) of the zanskar region ( zanskar - spiti basin ) , northwest himalaya . jour . geol . soc . india . v . 74 , pp . 723–737 .

( 1980 ) geology of the zanskar area , ladakh himalaya . him . geol . , v . 8 , pp . 1009–1033 .

( 1994 ) arc assembly and continental collision in the neoproterozoic east african orogen : implications for the consolidation of gondwanaland . ann . rev . earth and plane . sci . , v . 22 , pp . 319–351 .

( 1982 ) late lower cambrian trilobites from southern dahongshan region , hubei . acta palaeo . sinica , v . 21 , pp . 302–308 ( in chinese ) .

regional geological surveying team of hubei ( ed . ) , palaeontological atlas of hubei province , 328–422 , pl . 119–171 . hubei science and technology press ( wuhan ) . ( in chinese )

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( 1986 ) late middle cambrian trilobites from zanskar , ladakh , northern india . riv . ital . di paleo . strati . , v . 92 , pp . 171–188 .

( 1978 ) middle and upper cambrian trilobites of western hunan and eastern guizhou . professional papers of strat . and palaeo . , v . 4 , pp . 1–82 . ( in chinese ) .

( 1993 ) early cambrian paleobiogeography and revision of positions of paleocontinents . stra . and paleo . china , v . 2 , pp . 223–234 .

palaeontological atlas of southwest china ; guizhou province , pt . 1 . geological publishing house , beijing . pp . 385–595 ( in chinese ) .

( 1981 ) trilobite , in geological surveying team of xinjiang bureau of geology , institute of geological sciences of xinjiang bureau of geology , and investigating department of xinjiang bureau of petroleum ( ed . ) , palaeontological atlas of northwestern china , xinjiang volume ( late proterozoic - early palaeozoic ) . geological publishing house , beijing , pp . 134–214 ( in chinese ) .

( 1988 ) the cambrian system in eastern asia , correlation chart and explanatory notes . international union of geological sciences , pp . 1–81 .

( 1987 ) cambrian trilobites of north china : chinese cambrian trilobites housed in the smithsonian institution . science press , beijing , pp . 1–459 .

( 1980 ) cambrian trilobite faunas of southwestern china . palaeo . sinica n ser . b , v . 16 , pp . 1–497 .

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( 1995 ) cambrian stratigraphy and trilobites from henan . palaeontologia cathayana , v . 6 , pp . 1–166 .

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( 1989 ) upper cambrian trilobites from tangshan , hebei province , north china . palaeontologia cathayana , v . 4 , pp . 199–259 .

singh , b . p . j geol soc india ( 2011 ) 77 : 219 . urltoken

the global standard stratotype - section and point ( gssp ) of the furongian series ( uppermost series of the cambrian system ) and the paibian stage ( lowermost stage of the furongian series ) , has been recently defined and ratified by the international union of geological sciences ( iugs ) . the boundary stratotype is 369 metres above the base of the huaqiao formation in the paibi section , northwestern hunan province , china . this point coincides with the first appearance of the cosmopolitan agnostoid trilobite glyptagnostus reticulatus , and occurs near the base of a large positive carbon isotopic excursion ( spice excursion ) .

. . . this species occurs at 25 . 73 - 25 . 35 m and is indicative of the o . gibbosus zone , the base of which coincides with the first appearance datum ( fad ) of glyptagnostus reticulatus ( see peng et al . 2004 ; ahlberg & terfelt , 2012 ; nielsen et al . 2014 ) . the o . gibbosus zone is succeeded by a 20 cm thick suc - cession with o . truncatus ( fig . 4b - d ) , agnostus ( ho - magnostus ) obesus ( fig . 4g , h ) and the phosphatocop - ine cyclotron cf . . . .

. . . ripperdan et al . 1992 ; saltzman et al . 2000saltzman et al . , 2004miller et al . 2015 ) . the onset of the spice is associated with the base of the furongian series ( peng et al . 2004 ) , whereas the toce occurs in the lower eoconodon - tus conodont zone near the top of the cambrian ( e . g . miller et al . 2014miller et al . , 2015 . . . .

. . . it obviously means that if you find rocks hosting a . pisiformis you know that those particular beds should belong to the biozone with the same name . stratigraphically this belongs to the topmost part ( the global guzhangian stage ) of the informal cambrian series 3 ( e . g . , peng et al . , 2004 peng et al . , , 2006peng et al . , , 2009 ) . the first appearance datum ( fad ) of a . pisiformis marks the base of the eponymous biozone . . . .

. . . in december 2004 , the international subcommission on cambrian stratigraphy held a ballot on the subdivision of the cambrian system and a fourfold subdivision was approved ( babcock et al . 2005 ) . the global stratotype section and point of the paibian stage ( and the furongian series ) was defined at the lowest occurrence of theagnostid trilobite glyptagnostus reticulatus by peng et al . ( 2004 ) . the lowermost cambrian series and stage were named in 2007 ( terreneuvian and fortunian , respectively – seelanding et al . 2007 ) . . . .

. . . høyberget & bruton , 2008 ) . thus , the base biostratigraphy of the middle cambrian series 3 ( fig . 2 ) is most precisely defined by the fads of a number of agnostids ; these have commonly been used to define chronostratigraphic units in the cambrian ( e . g . , peng & robison , 2000 ; peng et al . , 2004 peng et al . , , 2009a peng et al . , , b , 2012 peng et al . , , 2014 babcock et al . , 2005 babcock et al . , , 2007 babcock et al . , , 2015 ) . fortunately , cambrian agnostids are often abundant in shaly environments and can be associated with fossil graptolites . . . .

. . . based on the significant works of westergård ( 1922westergård ( , 1947 ) and henningsmoen ( 1957 ) , terfelt et al . ( 2008terfelt et al . ( , 2011 ) divided the furongian ( roughly corresponding to the traditional " upper cambrian " , excluding the a . pisiformis zone ) of scandinavia into two parallel zonations based on agnostoids and polymerids , respectively . this biostratigraphical scheme is used herein ( fig . 4 peng et al . 2004 ; ahlberg & terfelt 2012 ; nielsen et al . 2014 ) , which is not found in the drill core . however , olenus gibbosus ( fig . 6e–g , m , n ) occurs at 11 . 56–11 . 14 . . .

. . . the cambrian epoch 3 was dominated by thrombolites and dendrolites ( zhuravlev , 1996 ; woo et al . , 2008 ; woo and chough , 2010 ) , whereas maze - like maceriate reefs ( most likely sponge - microbial reefs ) ( shapiro and awramik , 2006 ; lee et al . , 2010lee et al . , , 2014a ) and columnar stromatolites ( campbell , 1976 ; ) flourished during the furongian ( cf . zhuravlev , 1996 ) . at the same time , several geological events are known to occur across the cambrian epoch 3–furongian boundary , including a positive excursion of δ 13 c ( steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion : spice ) and a major trilobite faunal turnover ( saltzman et al . , 2000 ; peng et al . , 2004 ) . the primary purpose of this study is to re - examine the characteristics of cambrian epoch 3 and furongian reefs , and the related geological events . . . .

. . . the cambrian epoch 3–furongian boundary was placed where there is a great faunal turnover among polymerid trilobites ( saltzman et al . , 2000 ; peng et al . , 2004 peng et al . , , 2012 ) . recent geochemical and sequencestratigraphic studies suggest that there were global events across the cambrian epoch 3–furongian boundary , including carbon and sulfur isotope excursions and a eustatic sea - level fall ( saltzman et al . , 2000saltzman et al . , , 2004chen et al . , 2011 ) . . . .

. . . many polymerid trilobites became extinct and were replaced by new trilobite fauna across the cambrian epoch 3–furongian boundary ( pratt , 1998 ; saltzman et al . , 2000 ; peng et al . , 2004 peng et al . , , 2012álvaro et al . , 2013b ) . several workers argued that this event indicates a mass extinction that also affected other organisms such as inarticulate brachiopods ( e . g . , bambach , 2006 ) . . . .

. . . the cambrian period is characterized by four positive and six negative excursions in the marine δ 13 c record that were related to eustatic sea - level changes , perturbations in the oceanic carbon cycle and , as a consequence , extinctions and evolutionary radiations in the cambrian fauna ( peng et al . 2004 ; babcock et al . 2005 ; zhu , babcock & peng , 2006 ; peng , babcock & cooper , 2012 ) . one of the prominent positive excursions , the steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion ( spice ) , is situated at the base of the paibian stage ( furongian series ; saltzman , runnegar & lohmann , 1998 ; saltzman et al . 2000 ) . . . .

. . . it has been identified in carbonate and organic - rich successions of slope and platform environments of antarctica , argentina , australia , england , kazakhstan , newfoundland , north and south china , siberia , sweden and the usa ( e . g . glumac & walker , 1998 ; saltzman , runnegar & lohmann , 1998 ; saltzman et al . 2000 saltzman et al . , 2011 peng et al . 2004 ; zhu et al . 2004 ; lindsay et al . 2005 ; gill , lyons & saltzman , 2007 ; gill et al . 2011 ; kouchinsky et al . 2008 ; sial et al . 2008 sial et al . , 2013 ahlberg et al . 2009 ; hurtgen , pruss †author for correspondence : thomas . wotte @ urltoken & knoll , 2009 ; chen et al . 2011 chen et al . , 2012 woods et al . 2011 ; ng , yuan & lin , 2014 ) . . . .

. . . global migration of cosmopolitan agnostoids must have been a rapid and synchronous event ( ahlberg et al . 2009 ) . the onset of spice correlates with biomere extinctions in laurentia , as well as extinctions recognized in correlatable beds in australia and south china ( saltzman et al . 2000 ; peng et al . 2004 ) . thus , as shown by ahlberg et al . ( 2009 ) , the barren and phosphatocopine intervals recognized by eriksson and terfelt ( 2007 ) coincide with the extinction event at the end of the marjumiid biomere and the same driving mechanism is postulated . . . .

. . . the two taxa are regarded either as valid ( palmer 1962 ) or invalid subspecies , with the two morphotypes intergrading into one another ( pratt 1992 ) . on a global scale , the weakly reticulated morphotype always precedes the strongly reticulated one ( peng et al . 2004 ) . in scandinavia , g . reticulatus is represented by the strongly reticulated morphotype , i . e . , g . reticulatus reticulatus , which occurs in the olenus gibbosus through the olenus truncatus zones ( ahlberg and ahlgren 1996 ) . . . .

to better understand the environmental conditions that promoted early animal evolution and the environmental changes that ensued from early animal evolution ( i . e . , co - evolution of life and environm… " [ more ]

potential global standard stratotype - section and point ( gssp ) for a cambrian stage boundary defined . . .

the base of the ptychagnostus ( or acidusus ) atavus zone is one of the most clearly recognizable horizons on an intercontinental scale in the cambrian system , and would serve as an excellent position for the base of a new stage - level chronostratigraphic subdivision . among well - exposed , readily accessible sections in laurentia , the “stratotype ridge” section , drum mountains , western utah , usa , . . . [ show full abstract ]

the global boundary stratotype section and point ( gssp ) of the drumian stage ( cambrian ) in the drum . . .

the global boundary stratotype section and point gssp ) for the base of the drumian stage ( cambrian series 3 ) is defined at the base of a limestone ( calcisiltite ) layer 62 m above the base of the wheeler formation in the stratotype ridge section , drum mountains , utah , usa . the gssp level contains the lowest occurrence of the cosmopolitan agnostoid trilobite ptychagnostus atavus ( base of the p . . . . [ show full abstract ]

the luoyixi section , exposed in a roadcut along the youshui river ( fengtan reservoir ) , guzhang county , hunan province , china , is proposed as the stratotype for the base of an unnamed stage boundary ( base of the cambrian stage provisionally termed stage 7 ) . the proposed position of the gssp is 121 . 3 m above the base of the huaqiao formation , at a horizon coinciding with the first appearance of . . . [ show full abstract ]

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this guidebook provides detailed itineraries of three of the geological field trips related to the 2017 joint meeting of the gsa northeastern and north - central sections in pittsburgh . the first chapter outlines a walking trip of downtown pittsburgh and the escarpment to its south , consisting of seven “pitt stops” investigating geological , archaeological , and historical aspects of the gateway to the west . venturing further afield , the second chapter describes a trip that explores periglacial features as far as the upper youghiogheny river basin in maryland and the laurel highlands of pennsylvania . the third chapter investigates hydrologic aspects of the 1889 johnstown , pennsylvania , flood , largely following the progress of the flood from its point of origin to the city of johnstown .

this volume includes seven field guides that explore the diverse geology of virginia from its appalachian highlands to the atlantic shore . the guides cover an array of topics ranging from cave and karst development in the valley and ridge to the exceptional fossil localities at the carmel church quarry and the cliffs near stratford hall to precambrian rocks in the blue ridge mountains . three guides focus on the paleozoic to proterozoic tectonic history of the blue ridge and piedmont provinces , two guides discuss the stratigraphy and fossil assemblages preserved in cenozoic deposits on the atlantic coastal plain , one guide examines paleozoic stratigraphy and cave formation in western virginia , and the final guide explores the relationship between the geology of the fall zone and the civil war during the petersburg campaign in 1864–1865 .

this volume accompanies an emu school intended to bring contemporary research on mineral reaction kinetics to the attention of young researchers and to put it into the context of recent developments in related disciplines . a selection of topics , methods and concepts , which the contributors deem currently most relevant and instructive , is presented .

new technology has opened vast reserves of " unconventional " natural gas and oil from shales like the marcellus in the appalachian basin , making the united states essentially energy independent for the first time in decades . shale gas had its origins in the oil embargos and energy crises of the 1970s , which led to government research to increase domestic energy supplies . the first large - scale shale gas production was successful on the barnett shale in texas in the late 1990s , followed a few years later by the marcellus shale in pennsylvania . shale gas has changed thinking about fossil energy supplies worldwide , but the development of these resources has been controversial . activists have made claims that hydraulic fracturing may contribute to climate change , threaten groundwater resources , and pose risks to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems , and human health . this volume explores the geology , history , technology , and potential environmental impacts of marcellus shale gas resources .

1 . introduction 2 . strata of the changhia formation 3 . the zonations and ranges of the trilobite genera and species of the changhia formation 4 . correlationof the changhia formation with its age - equivalent strata in other regions of china and other countries 5 . crisis events and faunal recoveries of cambrian trilobites 6 . the research on trilobite taxonomy based on disarticulated elements 7 . phylogeny of the trilobite genera of the families dolichometopidae walcott , 1916 , solenopleuridae angelin , 1854 and menocephalidae hupe , 1953a 8 . description of main genera and species

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middle and basal upper cambrian strata are well exposed in an old quarry at gudhem in the falbygden area of västergötland , south - central sweden . the exposures consist of finely laminated alum shale with scattered stinkstone ( orsten ) lenses , up to 2 . 3 m in diameter . four sections have been measured and sampled in order to establish the succession of trilobite species . fossils are generally preserved only in the stinkstone , and not in the shale . trilobites , including agnostids , and bradoriid arthropods are generally common , whereas lingulate brachiopods and hyoliths are minor faunal constituents .

in the northeastern wall of the quarry the rock sequence is about 3 . 6 m thick , and includes the middle - upper cambrian boundary . the lower and . . .

at the northwestern entrance to the quarry there are exposures of the hypagnostus parvifrons zone . a section here consists of a more or less coherent limestone bed at the top , underlain by at least 4 m of unfossiliferous alum shales . the limestone bed has yielded h . mammillatus in abundance , as well as h . parvifrons and fragmentary specimens of paradoxides paradoxissimus .


dickens hill ( foaled 25 january 1976 ) was an irish thoroughbred racehorse and sire .

the colt showed promising form as a two-year-old in 1978 , winning the anglesey stakes and being narrowly beaten by the english-trained tap on wood in the national stakes .

in the following year he emerged as the best irish racehorse of his generation , winning the ballymoss stakes and the irish 2000 guineas in ireland in spring and the weight-for-age eclipse stakes in britain in july .

he also finished runner-up to the outstanding english-trained colt troy in both the epsom derby and the irish derby .

at the end of his three-year-old season he was sold and exported to the united states where he made little impact as a racehorse and proved to be a disappointment as a breeding stallion .

dickens hill ( horse )

dickens hill ( horse ) <EOT> where was dickens born ? on 7 february 1812 , charles dickens was born in portsmouth . his parents named him charles john huffam dickens .

when did dickens live ? dickens was born in england in 1812 . he died in 1870 .

valerie , the sleigh with the dickens carolers really needs a horse . maybe you could bring the horse back in the future . . my sleigh needs some " horse power " .

how did dickens die ? in 1864 dickens and ellen ternan were in a train crash . dickens was not badly hurt , but he was never very well after this accident .

happy times the dickens family never had much money . charles had seven brothers and sisters . mr dickens dreamed of being rich . mrs dickens dreamed of owning a school . somehow things never went right .

we suggest a visit to blists hill victorian town will take at least 3 hours .

aoc , 8½f , gulfstream park , beating monument hill , tannersville , midnight mischief .

excellent quality , beautiful horse . the horse is beautiful by itself but i love it with the 4 - piece dickens carolers in sleigh by valerie . they are both exquisite . thanks valery and qvc .

dickens is a success in 1833 , he sold his first story . at first dickens called himself ' boz ' . this was his pen - name .

pictures in dickens many of dickens ' s books had pictures . the pictures helped readers follow the story . two artists were famous for their dickens drawings . they were george cruikshank and hablot k browne , known as ' phiz ' .

two famous books of his many books , dickens liked david copperfield best . in it he wrote about mr micawber , who seems very like dickens ' father .

my horse arrived today and it would not stand up . it falls over all the time . i guess my sleigh will have no horse .

see the night sky spectacularly lit up over blists hill victorian town with a fantastic family fireworks display .

growing up by 1824 mr dickens had enough money to send charles back to school .

dickens loved acting . he had his own little theatre at home . while acting in a play in 1857 , dickens fell in love with ellen ternan , an actress .

why do people read dickens ? many of dickens ' stories came out in weekly or monthly parts , as serials . each month people could read a new chapter in the story . perhaps this is why dickens ' books make good films and tv serials too .

" maybe horse who revealed his brilliance at epsom . - free online library "

one of dickens’s goals in writing nicholas nickleby was to expose the ugly truth about yorkshire boarding schools . in the preface to the novel dickens has this to say about yorkshire schoolmasters :

while working in the blacking factory , dickens visited his parents on sundays - in prison .

grand parade was the first black horse for 106 years to win the epsom derby .

dickens ( c kallisto ) grosser freiberger premium - preis , 2nd deutsches derby ( g1 ) .

dickens walked for miles around the city , watching and listening . he made notes for new stories .

how was britain changing ? dickens saw many changes during his life , made by the industrial revolution .

the dickens family had a pet raven ( a large black bird ) . its name was grip .

in the summer of 1948 my love became the third french - trained horse to win the epsom derby and the fifth horse to win both the derby and the grand prix de paris .

dickens lived through the industrial revolution . he wrote about how life was changing , especially for poor people .

c : highclere , agent for rancho rosada , agent b : ky . horse center , agent

adhir says mukul is being used by bjp as troy horse to break tmc to reap benefit .

who was charles dickens ? charles dickens is a famous english writer . people all over the world enjoy his stories . one of them is oliver twist , the story of a poor boy in victorian times . books by dickens can be funny and sad . his stories are full of interesting ' characters ' ( people ) .

a famous man dickens became so famous people knew him as he walked about london . he was a celebrity .

dickens almost became an actor not a writer . having a bad cold stopped him getting his first acting job .

pearl diver became the first french - trained horse to win the epsom derby since durbar in 1914 .

the name " captain cuttle " was taken from a character in dombey and son by charles dickens , captain edward cuttle .

terimon , second to nashwan at 500 / 1 , is the longest - priced horse placed in any classic .

in early 1838 dickens and hablot browne , the illustrator for nickleby , travel to yorkshire to see the boarding schools for themselves .

dickens was a show - off . he loved to give public readings from his books . in 1842 , he visited america .

dickens was the most famous novelist in britain . there were lots of others , such as sir walter scott and charlotte brontë .

family life dickens and his wife had 10 children . but their marriage was not happy . in 1858 , they split up .

what made dickens angry ? dickens was angered by the sad things he saw . in his books , he tried to show what was wrong . in nicholas nickleby , he wrote about a terrible school , dotheboys hall , where unwanted children were cruelly treated .

dickens’s own mother , elizabeth dickens , was the model for the always - confused , comic mrs . nickleby . luckily for charles she didn’t recognize herself in the character . in fact , she asked someone if they “really believed there ever was such a woman” .

dickens keeps busy in 1846 dickens became editor of the daily news , a newspaper . he did not like being told what to do by the owners , so in 1850 he started his own magazine , household words . now he could write what he liked .

the original winner running rein was disqualified as he was actually an ineligible four - year - old horse named maccabeus .

ready for his sleigh ! equipped with a black bridle and reins , this charming , tan - colored horse is prepared to pull a cart of passengers through the winter snow . he sports dark hooves and a brushed , or flocked , appearance . from the valerie parr hill collection .

sugarman jr , hill g , forquera r , frost fj . coding of race on death certificates of patients of an urban indian health clinic , washington , 1973–1988 .

sinndar is the first horse to capture the derby , irish derby and prix de l’arc de triomphe in the same season .

dickens hill ( ire ) ch . h , 1976 { 11 - e } dp = 13 - 8 - 7 - 0 - 0 ( 28 ) di = 7 . 00 cd = 1 . 21 - 14 starts , 5 wins , 4 places , 3 shows career earnings : $ 435 , 301

april the fifth was a very popular winner and the first epsom - trained horse to win the derby since amato in 1838 .

dickens died in june 1870 , at home in kent . he was working on a new book . it was the mystery of edwin drood .

this is a very large horse , probably unrealistic during victorian times . it does make a statement . thanks val for excellent execution .

hubbard rl , marsden me , rachal jv , et al . drug abuse treatment : a national study of effectiveness . chapel hill , nc : university of north carolina press ; 1989 .

lyphard ' s wish set a hot pace until tattenham corner closely followed by milford . at tattenham corner , willie carson on troy seemed to be getting nowhere on his horse , being stuck in on the rails in 7th place . into the straight , milford faded and 3 furlongs from home , the irish 2 , 000 guineas winner dickens ' s hill , took charge and was shaping like a likely winner when troy arrived on the scene on the outside like a torrent erupting .

nijinsky became the 15th horse to gain the triple crown after winning the derby and 2000 guineas with success in the st leger at doncaster .

in 1979 hern won his first derby , with sir michael sobell ' s troy , who beat dickens hill by a spectacular seven lengths . the following year he regained the trainers ' championship after bringing off the epsom classic double , winning the derby with mrs arpad plesch ' s henbit , and the oaks with r d hollingsworth ' s bireme .

it was a harder day’s journey than yesterday’s , for there were long and weary hills to climb ; and in journeys , as in life , it is a great deal easier to go down hill than up . however , they kept on , with unabated perseverance , and the hill has not yet lifted its face to heaven that perseverance will not gain the summit of at last .

dickens is here describing the kind of three - cornered hat worn by men in the 18th century , familiar to us from historical paintings and costume dramas . planché’s

hard times in 1822 the family moved to london . now times were hard . mr dickens was sent to prison for six months for not paying his bills .

dr devious is the first horse to win the derby after contesting the kentucky derby , in which he had finished seventh to lil e tee .

in 1843 , dickens wrote a christmas carol . it is one of his most famous stories . in it , we meet the miser scrooge - and three ghosts !

nicholas nickleby was the third novel of charles dickens . the first installment was published on march 31 , 1838 and the last installment was published on october 1 , 1839 .

charles dickens was born on february 7th in 1812 and died in 1870 . view a timeline of noteworthy events and facts , both professional and personal , in his life .

phil drake ran five times and won three races , becoming the fifth and last horse to win both the epsom derby and the grand prix de paris .

showing true boldness of a soldier the great horse resisted gay mecene ' s challenge to win by a length and a half . troy had crowned himself the european horse of the year , although he didn ' t beat his rivals as comprehensively as in the two derbies , he turned in a most gallant performance .

in 1820 most people in england worked on farms . when dickens died in 1870 , most people worked in towns . many poor people worked in factories and lived in slums .

the great horse had become the first to win the epsom derby . irish derby , king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes and the benson and hedges .

we love to see dogs at blists hill victorian town . they’re welcome to visit with you so long as they’re kept on their leads . sadly , we can’t let them inside any exhibits with food or our eating places .

possibly perfect , 1990 , american champion female turf horse , won yellow ribbon invitational stakes , santa ana handicap , gamely handicap , ramona handicap , beverly d . stakes

santa claus won the irish 2 , 000 guineas , the epsom derby and the irish derby . his performances earned him the title of british horse of the year .

pont l’eveque was a very late foal , born at the end of the breeding season on 25 may , making him probably the youngest horse to win the derby .

shooter’s hill was not always a place whereon one could rest in safety . indeed , it bore for long years a particularly bad name as being the lurking - place of ferocious footpads , cutpurses , highwaymen , cut - throats , and gentry of allied professions who rushed out from [ the ] leafy coverts and took liberal toll from wayfarers… . so long ago as 1767 [ eight years before the date of the mail - coach’s passage over shooter’s hill in

don ' t miss out ! pre - purchase a souvenir guide , to be collected with your tickets on arrival at blists hill victorian town . the guide is already great value so we can ' t offer an online discount .

children love blists hill victorian town . there is plenty of space for them to run around , animals for them to see , sweets to buy and in the summer they can join in all the fun of the victorian fair .

troy became the fourth horse to complete the treble of the epsom derby , irish derby and king george . he followed the footsteps of nijinsky , grundy and the minstrel .

the great bay horse simply flew past the field like a plane taking of a runaway . the way troy won that day was like a cheetah laying an ambush for his prey and then launching a devastating assault in the appropriate time to pounce on his victims . the acceleration showed was phenomenal . troy had won by the largest margin since manna won in 1925 ( 8 lengths ) . it was perhaps the most convincing derby win since sea bird won in 1965 . troy left the field as if they were pillars . dickens hill finished second followed by northern baby and the favourite ela - mana - mou .

mahmoud was a light - coloured grey horse of distinctly arab appearance , standing just under 15 . 3 hands high , and bred in france by his owner the aga khan .

possibly perfect , 1990 , american champion female turf horse , won yellow ribbon invitational stakes , santa ana handicap , gamely handicap , ramona handicap , beverly d . stakes [ 13 ]

abelson , edward ; tyrrel , john ( 1993 ) . the breedon book of horse racing records . breedon books publishing . isbn 978 - 1 - 873626 - 15 - 3 .

blists hill victorian town is our largest attraction , and we recommend you allow at least 3 hours to see everything . you can pick up a free attraction map on the day , or download it to help you plan your trip before you arrive .

on 6 june , northern baby started at 66 / 1 outsider for the 200th running of the derby stakes over one and a half miles at epsom downs racecourse . he raced just behind the leader before turning into the straight in third place before moving up to dispute the lead with two furlongs left to run . he was quickly overtaken by troy and dickens hill but stayed on to finish third , beaten seven lengths and three lengths . northern baby returned to england for one of britain ' s most prestigious weight - for - age races , the eclipse stakes over ten furlongs at sandown park racecourse and finished third behind dickens hill and crimson beau . in august , the colt was dropped in class for the group three prix de la cote normande at deauville racecourse in which he started second favourite behind wolverton . northern baby won the race easily by two and a half lengths from lord zara , with wolverton in fourth .

dickens got the idea for smike as he wandered through a churchyard near bowes academy . he read the engravings on the tombstones of the boys who died while attending bowes and the idea sprang into his mind .

maine law requires at least five residents to sign an application for a ballot initiative . the richardsons were joined on the application by bucksport police chief sean geagan , laurie fogelman , who is involved in domestic violence issues , father and gun owner christopher dickens of blue hill , and mother amy fiorilli of otis . the richardsons have become involved in the gun control and gun safety debate in maine and nationally in the years since their daughter died in a slaying that remains unsolved .

i just love my horse and the carolers in the sleigh too . i also have the 26 " street lamp from valerie and i ' m going to put something under it to make it look taller and then put a blanket of snow down . dashing through the snow in a one horse open sleigh . i just love christmas and i can ' t wait to start decorating .

on 6 june , northern baby started at 66 / 1 outsider [ 6 ] for the 200th running of the derby stakes over one and a half miles at epsom downs racecourse . he raced just behind the leader before turning into the straight in third place before moving up to dispute the lead with two furlongs left to run . he was quickly overtaken by troy and dickens hill but stayed on to finish third , beaten seven lengths and three lengths . northern baby returned to england for one of britain ' s most prestigious weight - for - age races , the eclipse stakes over ten furlongs at sandown park racecourse and finished third behind dickens hill and crimson beau . in august , the colt was dropped in class for the group three prix de la cote normande at deauville racecourse in which he started second favourite behind wolverton . northern baby won the race easily by two and a half lengths from lord zara , with wolverton in fourth . [ 3 ]

i just received this huge horse and he is beautiful . my horse fell over too , so i just broke a popsicle stick to fit under his front leg and glued it on and now he is proud to stand tall and pull the sleigh and the stick doesn ' t show . perfect . . . try to think of a quick fix before returning , you will glad that you did .

i received my horse same day as the sleigh . my horse would not stand up and believe the legs were uneven and the horse was top heavy to cause this problem . i did not want to return it as no more were available . i decided to try to remedy the problem some how and went to a near by craft store . they were so nice and while i was there i was stopped by several people who admired the horse and how beautiful and big it was . working with the craft store folks we decided on some drapery weights and glue for the back uneven leg to hold it in place better . it did help . they also suggested i glue the legs to a board so it would never fall over . not sure if i want to do that , or purchasing some fishing weights and wrap around the back unstable leg . when i put the horse and sleigh together . the straps to the sleigh seemed to help hold the horse up better too . i love this set so much as as winter sleigh ride is something i have always wanted to do . i will place on my table with fluffy fake snow around it for the holidays . i love it so much , it is beautiful .

portsmouth was the home of the royal navy . his father , john dickens , worked as a clerk for the navy . his mother ' s name was elizabeth barrow . she wanted to be a teacher and run a school .

the horse didn ' t stand well at first , but after i attached it to valerie ' s carolers in the sleigh , it was perfect . love the whole look . i recommend getting the sleigh also ! !

this clydesdale - like horse is an ideal addition to the dickens ' family of carolers in the sleigh ! he arrived in great condition ; flocking , mane and tail ( looks like doll hair ) are beautifully done ! his uplifted leg gives a feeling of movement ! will display on dining room buffet to be reflected in the mirror . will add cotton around the display to depict snowfall and maybe a snowman on order . looking fwd to the holidays ! ! !

shahrastani holds off the strong late challenge of dancing brave in a memorable finish . bold arrangement becomes the first horse to contest both the kentucky derby and derby , finishing second at churchill downs to ferdinand and 14th at epsom .

readers like a good story , with interesting characters . dickens was very clever at making up characters . people all over the world know oliver twist , scrooge and david copperfield , even if they have not read the books in which these characters appear .

in 1939 , he was commissioned into the north irish horse before seeing active service in north africa and italy . together with a fellow officer , major michael pope , he organised an impromptu race meeting on the trotting course at ravenna .

a top - class middle distance runner . in 1979 , troy blazed the british racetrack like a true champion . he was head and shoulders above any other british racehorse in that year . willie carson places him amongst the three best horses he has ever ridden . his trainer dick hern , at that time rated him to be the best horse he had ever trained ( brigadier gerard , who dick hern trained was rated the 2nd best horse of the century by timeform ) .

the original illustrator was hablot knight browne , who was better known as phiz . when browne as selecting a pen name he originally thought he might use the name nemo . however , he changed it to phiz because it sounded better with dickens’s pen name , boz .

during the school holidays there are great family friendly activities and drop - in workshops . every day during our main summer season children love meeting the animals , getting stuck in at the fairground and taking a ride on the horse & carriage .

all the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for de ' colletage ( nzl ) . de ' colletage ( nzl ) is a mare born in 2006 october 7 by ekraar out of cashcade

in their book " a century of champions " , john randall and tony morris rated windsor lad the nineteenth best horse of the 20th century and the sixth best derby winner , behind sea bird , hyperion , mill reef , nijinsky and shergar .

troy ' s third - place prize money from the arc took his total earnings to £450 , 428 , a record for a horse trained in britain or ireland , which stood for three years until it was surpassed by glint of gold . [ 17 ]

thus , troy was bred to be a typical top class middle - distance horse with the combination of speed and staying blood . his breeding gave him the ability to launch his run 3 to 4 furlongs from home rather than produce a great burst in the end .

] a project was set afoot for building a town on the summit of shooter’s hill , but it came to nothing , which is not at all strange when one considers how constantly the dwellers there would have been obliged to run the gauntlet of the gentlemen whom americans happily call “road - agents . ” and here is a sample of what would happen now and again , taken … from the … columns of a london paper , under date of 1773 . “on sunday night , ” we read , “about ten o’clock , colonel craig and his servant were attacked near shooter’s hill by two highwaymen , well mounted , who , on the colonel’s declaring he would not be robbed , immediately fired and shot the servant’s horse in the shoulder . on this the footman discharged a pistol , and the assailants rode off with great precipitation . ” that they rode off with nothing else shows how effectually the colonel and his servant , by firmly grasping the nettle danger , plucked the flower safety . ( 36 - 7 )

troy had been syndicated for 7 , 2 millions pounds , a record sum at the time . timeform gave him a rating of 137 . he was rated as one of the top middle distance horse of the decade ( compared to mill reef , nijinsky and alleged ) .

sadly schools like dotheboys hall really did exist . in early 1838 dickens and hablot browne , the illustrator of nicholas nickleby , visited yorkshire to get a firsthand look at the situation . it was a very short visit , just two days , but it was enough to gather all the material they needed .

snow knight won the the epsom derby , then the following year earned an eclipse award as the american champion male turf horse . at stud he sired awaasif , the dam of snow bride , winner of the 1989 epsom oaks and the dam of lammtarra , winner of the 1995 epsom derby .

troy that day proved he was a truly great horse and not just a very good horse . he claimed a permanent place in the list of all - time greats like nijinsky or mill reef , however that day , it was a great regret to racing that ile de bourbon , the 1978 champion could not participate , due to fitness . it would have been one of flat racing ' s great spectacles witnessing the two champions take on each other ( ile de bourbon won the 1978 king george against a top class field the previous year and that season decimated rivals in the coronation cup , including gay mecene ) .

an implement used for attaching to the hind - wheel of a vehicle when about to proceed down hill , with a view of regulating its momentum . no carriage or other vehicle should be without this convenience , as it is rarely applied , is never in the way , and prevents accidents and damage . an implement acting on the same principle as the skid , and known as a stop - drag , consists of five or more pieces of wood , united on the outside by a strong joined iron hoop , the wood pressing on the nave of the wheel . the annexed figure [ see illustration ] shows a wheel on a declivity , the chain drawn tight by the pressure of the breeching on the horse ; the brake closely surrounding the nave , and forming an effectual drag . ( 917 )

after years of negotiation with the quebec government , punctuate by protests on parliament hill and blockades of the roads leading into the contested forest , the algonquin briefly celebrated an agreement with the quebec government and a local logging company . the agreement was to preserve half of the old - growth trees still remaining within the wildlife reserve and an important moose corridor . the agreement also was to provide for a comprehensive study of the 10 , 000km area used by the algonquin .

sadly , in the arc troy was beaten by three troikas . he finished a gallant third . had troy been his old self he surely would have won . it was a sad sight that in his farewell race he couldn ' t be the first horse to complete the historic epsom derby , irish derby , king george and arc combination .

william richard hern was born on january 20 1921 at holford , near bridgwater in somerset , the eldest of the three sons of captain roy hern , who farmed some 300 acres . educated at monmouth school before spending a year at millfield , dick had been winning prizes at horse shows since early boyhood , and hunted with the west somerset foxhounds .

the messenger , jerry cruncher , has galloped from temple bar ( a large gate marking the entrance to the city of london between london and westminster [ gaspey , vol . 1 , 51 ] ) . temple bar is a little over a mile west of london bridge ( where the dover road begins ) , so the gallop to catch the mail - coach at shooter’s hill would be a gallop of a little over nine miles ( harper , “the road to dover” ) .

lammtarra becomes the first horse to win the derby on his seasonal return since grand parade in 1919 and sets a record time of 2m 32 . 31s , beating mahmoud’s 2m 33 . 8s which was hand - timed in 1936 . the race is switched permanently from wednesday to saturday . vodafone takes over the sponsorship and remains the backer up to 2008 .

…carrying their divine rights with a high hand . according to the oed , the “divine right of kings” is the monarchical doctrine that “kings derive their power from god alone , unlimited by any rights on the part of their subjects . ” the dover road that lay … beyond the dover mail , as it lumbered up shooter’s hill . the dover road , 70 . 75 miles long , ran from london bridge ( on the surrey side of the thames river ) to dover ( harper , “the road to dover” ) . shooter’s hill , 8 . 25 miles along the dover road from london bridge , is an eminence from which the city of london could be seen during the daytime ; in the 18th century it was known for a mineral spring where queen anne herself ( r . 1702 - 1714 ) was said to take the waters . at night , however , it was dangerous . according to charles harper , in his account of the dover road ( 1922 ) ,

champion three - year - old and brilliant winner of the kentucky derby and dubai world cup rated 128 by timeform . uniquely talented : a g1 horse on dirt , turf and synthetic tracks . brilliantly consistent : out of the first two only twice in his career . three stakes winning juveniles in his first crop , including g2 winner untamed domain and g2 - placed sunny skies .

northern baby did not appear on the racecourse until october 1978 when he was one of eighteen two - year - olds to contest a maiden race over 1600 metres at saint - cloud racecourse and won by one and a half lengths . later that month he was moved up sharply in class when he was sent to england for the group one william hill futurity over one mile at doncaster racecourse . he started third favourite , but was never in contention and finished eighth behind the irish - trained sandy creek . [ 5 ]

kris kin is the first supplementary entry to win the derby . the sir michael stoute - trained colt had initially been entered in the classic as a yearling but was scratched at the start of his three - year - old campaign . connections paid £90 , 000 to add the horse to the line - up at the five - day stage following his victory in chester’s dee stakes .

traders in the avarice , indifference , or imbecility of parents , and the helplessness of children ; ignorant , sordid , brutal men , to whom few considerate persons would have entrusted the board and lodging of a horse or a dog ; they formed the worthy cornerstone of a structure , which , for absurdity and a magnificent high - minded laissez - aller neglect , has rarely been exceeded in the world .

anne m . libby , heather d . orton , and paul spicer are with the american indian and alaskan native programs at the university of colorado , denver , and health sciences center , aurora . richard p . barth is with the university of north carolina , chapel hill . mary bruce webb is with the administration for children and families , us department of health and human services , washington , dc . barbara j . burns is with duke university , durham , nc . patricia wood is with the child and adolescent services research center , san diego , calif .

at stud the great horse produced five group winners and seven stakes winners . his progeny includes pilsudski ( 1986 breeders ' cup turf , 1997 champion stakes , irish champion stakes , japan cup ) , oath ( 1990 epsom derby ) , fastness ( eddie read handicap and 1996 america ' s best miler ) and pelder ( prix ganay , premio parioli and the best 3yo of italy ) , all of them , classic winners .

harper goes on to record that blackheath was a popular meeting - place in english history , and the “mutinous intent” of dickens’ horses to return the carriage to blackheath might be taken as an allusion to blackheath’s history as a site of collusion and revolt . two famous revolts – one led by wat tyler in 1381 and another by jack cade in 1450 – began with the gathering of rebels on blackheath ; and the place gained a milder reputation as a rendezvous for various more peaceful assemblies . as harper puts it :

camelot becomes the 37th horse to follow up victory in the first british classic , the 2000 guineas over a mile at newmarket , with success in the investec derby as he records a convincing five - length win at epsom downs . jockey and trainer , joseph and aidan o’brien , become the first father / son combination to win the premier classic . camelot narrowly fails in his bid to win the triple crown , finishing second behind encke in the st leger at doncaster three and a half months later .

a multi - horse finish rivals that of 1913 as the closest ever . in a four - way photo , sir percy beats dragon dancer , dylan thomas and hala bek a shorthead , a head and a short - head . seven winners have had the prefix sir : sir peter teazle ( 1787 ) , sir thomas ( 1788 ) , sir harry ( 1798 ) , sir bevys ( 1879 ) , sir visto ( 1895 ) , sir ivor ( 1968 ) , and most recently sir percy .

this illustration , from fairholt’s costume , gives us an idea of the kind of boots the coach - passengers are wearing as they trudge up shooter’s hill beside the mail . … every posting - house and ale - house … a posting - house was named for the post – the conveyance of letters around the country . to travel or ride post was , in one sense , to ride with the mail , and a posting - house was a kind of way station where travelers could change horses and refresh themselves in the course of a journey ( oed ) . …the guard got down to skid the wheel for the descent… a skid , according to the dictionary of daily wants ( 1859 ) , is

in the 2 , 000 guineas en route . therefore the colt made his seasonal debut in 1979 in the 9 - furlong heath stakes ( now known as the feilden stakes ) at newmarket , which he won with enough ease to see him start favourite in the derby . as it happened , the 200th running of the derby might as well have been a one - horse race as troy won by a street , but ela - mana - mou still ran well , finishing fourth ( just ahead of lyphard ' s wish ) with

in the official international classification for 1978 , troy was rated the tenth best two - year - old in europe , seven pounds behind the top - rared tromos . troy was given a rating of 122 by the independent timeform organisation , twelve pounds behind tromos and was described in their annual racehorses of 1978 as " just the type to develop into a high - class three - year - old " . [ 6 ] troy was given an end of season rating of 137 by timeform in 1979 , the fourth highest awarded to a derby winner up to that time , [ 17 ] and was named their horse of the year . in the gilbey racing awards , based on poits accrued in major races troy was named champion racehorse of the year and middle distance champion . the compilers of the international classification was less impressed : he was named the best three - year - colt in europe but was rated a pound behind three troikas . [ 10 ] he was named british horse of the year for 1979 by the racecourse association , taking twenty - seven of the thirty - two votes . [ 17 ]

his epsom derby win , was one of the most emphatic victories ever in the history of the blue riband . troy in my rating would rank amongst the british all - time greats . he could be categorized with great horses like crepello , sir ivor , alleged , generous , nashwan grundy , etc . . . all great horses in their own right but marginally below the superstars like mill reef , nijinsky , shergar or dancing brave ( horse one can see once in a lifetime ) . troy had truly remarkable acceleration and in top gear looked like a missile cruising .

galileo’s half - brother sea the stars shows he is one of the greats as he powers to glory under veteran jockey mick kinane . the john oxx - trained colt becomes the first horse for 20 years to follow up victory in the 2000 guineas with success in the epsom classic and goes on to complete an unbeaten campaign with four further group one wins , annexing the coral - eclipse , juddmonte international , irish champion stakes and prix de l’arc de triomphe . investec takes over sponsorship of the derby and backs all the races at the two - day meeting at epsom .

troy , a big , powerfully built bay horse with three white socks , was bred in county meath , ireland , by the ballymacoll stud , the breeding operation of his owners , industrialist sir michael sobell and his son - in - law lord weinstock . [ 3 ] he was sired by petingo , the leading english two - year - old of 1967 , and was out of the mare la milo . [ 4 ] la milo had previously produced washington d . c . international winner admetus . troy was sent into training with dick hern at west ilsley in berkshire .

the comparisons made here ( of the three - cornered hat to a church spout , a flour - scale , a greyhound’s nose , etc . ) suggest that dickens’ comparison of the three - cornered hat to a spittoon participates in a tradition of pejorative similes . ( a spittoon is a “receptacle for spittle , usually a round flat vessel of earthenware or metal” [ oed ] in which saliva and tobacco might be deposited ; the shallow basin of the spittoon must have borne some resemblance to the hat’s shallow crown . ) the three - cornered hat was the typical head - dress for men until the late 18th century , and planché attributes its demise to the french revolution :

northern baby was a small , lightly - built chestnut horse with a narrow white blaze , two white socks and one white coronet , bred by the kinghaven farm stud in ontario . he was one of many important winners sired by the canadian - bred northern dancer , who won the kentucky derby in 1964 before becoming one of the most successful breeding stallions in thoroughbred history . he was the first foal of two rings , a tough and consistent racemare who won nine of her thirty - one races including the nassau stakes . two rings was great - granddaughter of the broodmare gallita , whose other descendents included nadir , mashaallah and mark of esteem .

in 1978 the independent timeform organisation gave northern baby a rating of 109 , twenty - five pounds below their top - rated two - year - old tromos . in the following year he was rated 127 by timeform , ten pounds below the top - rated racehorse troy . in the official international classification he was rated thirteen pounds below the top - rated three troikas . as a four - year - old , northern baby was rated 119 by timeform , eighteen pounds below the top - rated moorestyle . in the international classification he was rated eight pounds behind moorestyle and seven pounds inferior to the top - rated older horse ela - mana - mou .

a fortnight later , troy ran in the irish derby . rivadon set a scorching pace being a pacemaker for troy . the bart and the two french colts , fabulous dancer and scorpio followed him . just before the turn , the bart took the lead . at this point , troy was moved up into a handy position behind them and when pulled to the outside cruised to a most facile win . the pacemaker , rivadon played an instrumental win in troy ' s victory as he had got the field well strung out . it was also enough to get troy of the bit . troy had won by 4 long - looking lengths . no horse had any hope of catching him .

northern baby was a small , lightly - built chestnut horse with a narrow white blaze , two white socks and one white coronet , [ 2 ] bred by the kinghaven farm stud in ontario . he was one of many important winners sired by the canadian - bred northern dancer , who won the kentucky derby in 1964 before becoming one of the most successful breeding stallions in thoroughbred history . he was the first foal of two rings , a tough and consistent racemare who won nine of her thirty - one races including the nassau stakes . [ 3 ] two rings was great - granddaughter of the broodmare gallita , whose other descendents included nadir , mashaallah and mark of esteem . [ 4 ]

in 1978 the independent timeform organisation gave northern baby a rating of 109 , twenty - five pounds below their top - rated two - year - old tromos . [ 5 ] in the following year he was rated 127 by timeform , ten pounds below the top - rated racehorse troy . in the official international classification he was rated thirteen pounds below the top - rated three troikas . [ 3 ] as a four - year - old , northern baby was rated 119 by timeform , eighteen pounds below the top - rated moorestyle . in the international classification he was rated eight pounds behind moorestyle and seven pounds inferior to the top - rated older horse ela - mana - mou . [ 9 ]

in truth , ela - mana - mou ' s pedigree looked rather old - fashioned even at the time of his birth , hence the fact that he cost a mere 4 , 500 gns as a yearling . he proved a rare bargain at this price , thus providing a dream start to racehorse ownership for max and audry muinos , for whom he was trained in 1978 and ' 79 at pulborough in sussex by guy harwood . their luck didn ' t end with him , either , because they celebrated ela - mana - mou ' s sale at the end of the horse ' s three - year - old campaign in 1979 by re - investing some of their profits in a 20 , 000 - gns yearling - who , named

i feel like a little girl who just got her very first horse ! i was waitlisted for him last year , but did not get one . i was so excited when qvc sent me an e - mail indicating he was back in stock . i ordered him immediately , he arrived within days and he is perfect . he stands up properly , his mane and tail are in nice condition , his bells jingle when shook and his coat looks great . i haven ' t brought the sleigh out of storage yet but i do have a fine purpose for him in the meantime . my lord of the rings barbie doll legolas is currently seated on him , bow in hand ready to ride into battle ! lol i may have to see how king aragorn looks on him next .

in a very short career , troy proved particularly successful as a sire of fillies and broodmares . he sired helen street , winner of the 1985 irish oaks and france ' s prix du calvados : helen street produced street cry , the sire of 2007 kentucky derby winner street sense . by another daughter , sheer audacity , troy was also the damsire of the 1999 epsom derby winner , oath . troy also sired walensee , who raced in france and won the 1985 prix vermeille and was voted that country ' s champion 3 - year - old filly . she was the dam of westerner , the 2004 and 2005 european champion stayer . through another daughter , cocotte , troy was the damsire of pilsudski , the 1997 european champion older horse . troy ' s son tropular sired the prix du jockey club winner ragmar .

jockey : jeff teter trainer : janet e . elliot owner : william c . lickle breeder : john hartigan

* current year statistics include all north american races and dubai world cup day . career statistics include results from all countries .

* current year includes north american and dubai world cup day statistics ; all previous years include results from all countries .

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jockey : alex o . solis trainer : robert b . hess , jr . owner : jones - jones - smith breeder : hughes farm , inc .

according to the australian stud book [ 6 : 413 ] merman ' s grandam , surf , was bred to rosicrucian in 1882 . she proved barren and was covered by coltness and exported to australia , where she foaled seaweed , a chesnut filly , in 1883 . contrarily the general stud book [ 15 : 459 ] records that surf produced her first foal ( by coltness ) in 1882 , was then covered by rosicrucian and exported that year . merman was sent to england in 1897 and there won his share of races , including the cesarewitch , the jockey club cup stakes ( now the british champions long distance cup ) , the goodwood cup , the goodwood plate ( now the goodwood stakes ) and the ascot gold cup .

owner : mrs j . binet breeder : egmont stud winnings : 14 starts : 5 - 4 - 3 , $ 435 , 301 at 2 won anglesey s . - g3 ( ire ) , 2nd national s . - g2 ( ire ) , 3rd tyros s . ( ire ) at 3 won ballymoss s . - g2 ( ire ) , air cool irish 2 thousand guineas - g1 , coral eclipse s . - g1 ( eng ) , 2nd vauxhall trial s . - g3 ( ire ) , derby s . - g1 ( eng ) , irish sweeps derby - g1 ( ire ) at 4 3rd canadian turf h . - g3 ( 50 , 000 ) sold 34 , 000 gns . newmarket houghton sale . second hwt in ireland ( close )

feb . 26 , 1979 : total solar eclipse turns day into night in brandon , man .

flashback : how tv news covered the last total eclipse to cross the u . s . mainland

as images come flowing from the rail at churchill downs and pimlico , documenting every move of kentucky derby winner nyquist’s quest for the triple crown , a dedicated team in paris , ky . is still drowning in images from triple crowns past . kate lossen isn’t quite sure what her official title is in her capacity with the [ … ]

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