renea moutonii s a species of land snail with an operculum , a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family aciculidae .

this species is endemic to france .

renea moutonii

renea moutonii <EOT> have a fact about renea moutonii ? write it here to share it with the entire community .

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reports for liguria from before 1989 not verified and uncertain . falkner et al . 2002 : 68 reported findings of intermediate forms and local gradients connecting moutonii and singularis , ripkeni being an intermediate form along a local gradient . they recognised only one single species , r . moutonii , and regarded singularis as a synonym . references : boeters et al . 1989 : 195 , falkner et al . 2002 : 68 , urltoken ( 07 . 2012 ) , welter - schultes 2012 : 84 ( range map ) .

shell light horny brown , finely ribbed ( 50 - 75 ribs / penultimate whorl ) , 6 - 7 . 5 moderately convex whorls , last 3 whorls almost equal in diameter , aperture with weak sinulus , no angularis , margin very oblique / and c - shaped in lateral view , in some populations with an exaggerated sinulus ( a p - like opening at the suture in the last quarter of the last whorl ) , no cervical callus , but the aperture is slightly reflected at the basal side . locally variable , with spatial gradients . diameter larger than in renea bourguignatiana and renea paillona .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .

the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .

a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .

justification : this species has a restricted extent of occurrence ( 313 km 2 ) and a limited number of locations ( less than 10 ) . however , there are no population data available and it is unclear if its habitat is declining or not . therefore the species is considered to benear threatened ( nt ) , almost qualifying for criterion b . if the habitat is proven to be declining , this species will directly qualify for a threatened category .

this species is endemic to france , where it is found in the siagne and the loup valleys , in the alpes - maritimes .

this species is a ground - dwelling species inhabiting the leaf litter of moist deciduous forests , mostly under ivy .

the threats to the species are unknown . this species might be impacted by the ongoing urbanization in this region and by all the activities from the increasing population .

more research is needed on the population and on the distribution of this species . the species is protected under the french law .

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iucn . 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2011 . 1 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 30 june 2017 ) .

muséum national d ' histoire naturelle ( ed ) . 2003 - 2010 . inventaire national du patrimoine naturel ( inpn ) . paris available at : urltoken .

dupuy , d . 1849 . catalogus extramarinorum galliæ testaceorum ordine alphabeticus dispositus , brevioribus specierum nondum descriptarum diagnosibus . - pp . [ 1 - 4 ] . paris .

eu red list : near threatened nt . only known from 10 or so localities .

the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :

we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .

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france . alpes maritimes . near camping rives du loup . 2 . 5 km . se of pont du loup . july 1988 .

© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )

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pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi

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phtheochroa cartwrightana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from manitoba , maine and ohio .

phtheochroa cartwrightana

phtheochroa cartwrightana <EOT> phtheochroa cartwrightana ( kearfott , 1907 ) was number 3798 in the 1983 hodges checklist and includes as a synonym 3820 phtheochroa pecosana kearfott , 1907 , jour . lepid . soc . 68 ( 4 ) : 282 .

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metzler , e . h . & j . w . brown , 2014 . an updated check list of the cochylina ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini ) of north america north of mexico including greenland , with comments on classification and identification . journal of the lepidopterists ' society , 68 ( 4 ) : 274 - 282 .

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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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michigan state university adjunct curator of lepidoptera , research collaborator u . s . national museum of natural history , p

alamogordo , nm 88311 - 0045 u . s . a . , e - mail : metzlere @ msu . edu

systematic entomology laboratory , usda , u . s . national museum of natural history

mexico . we summarize the proposed changes in the classiﬁcation since the end of 1978 . w

the fauna , i . e . , this action seemed a better alternative to

doptera ) of north america . ph . d . thesis , university of min -

north america ( tortricidae ) . j . lepid . soc . 56 : 216 - 233 .

the remarkable endemism of moths in white sands national monument , otero co . new mexico , us

a study of moths in white sands national monument along a transect 2 . 4 km and 300 m documented over 650 described species of moths in 9 years . approximately 40 undescribed species , nearly all of w… " [ more ]

the description of platphalonia magdalenae ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini , cochylina ) found nect . . .

platphalonia razowski , 2011 ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini , cochylina ) was proposed for saphenista mystica razowski & becker , 1983 ( type species ) and several species previously assigned to platphalonidia razowski , 1985 . however , with the exception of the type species , none of the other purported congeners have been listed . we formally transfer 16 species to platplialonia , resulting in the . . . [ show full abstract ]

a new genus of pine - feeding cochylina from the western united states and northern mexico ( lepidopter . . .

eupinivora , new genus , is described and illustrated from the montane regions of western united states ( nevada , utah , wyoming , colorado , arizona , new mexico , and texas ) and mexico ( nuevo león , durango , and estado de mexico ) . as presently defined , the genus includes seven species : e . ponderosae , n . sp . ( usa : arizona ) ( type species ) ; e angulicosta , n . sp . ( mexico : nuevo león ) ; e . albolineana , n . . . . [ show full abstract ]

the lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 11 . a new species of . . .

the u . s . national park service initiated a 10 - year study of the lepidoptera at white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico in late 2006 . arotrura landryorum sp . n . , described here , was discovered in 2007 , during the first year of the study . the male and female adult moths and genitalia are illustrated .

a new generic assignment for tortrix baboquavariana kearfott , 1907 ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) with c . . .

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

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created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .

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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .

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lamoria anella is a species of snout moth described by michael denis and ignaz schiffermüller in 1775 .

it is found in most of europe ( except ireland , great britain , fennoscandia , denmark , the baltic region and slovenia ) , the canary islands , as well as north africa ( including tunisia , morocco and egypt ) , south africa , india , afghanistan , sri lanka and the united arab emirates .

lamoria anella

lamoria anella <EOT> valter jacinto marked " borboleta nocturna / / moth ( lamoria anella ) " as trusted on the " lamoria anella " page .

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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken

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denis j . n . c . m . & schiffermüller i . 1775 . ankündung [ sic ] eines systematischen werkes der schmetterlinge der wienergegend herausgegeben von einigen lehrern am k . k . theresianum . - — : i , 1—323 , pls . 1—3 .

amsel h . g . 1963 . kleinschmetterlinge aus äthiopien . - stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde 121 : 1—12 .

pelham - clinton e . c . 1977 . pyralidae from oman : specimens in the royal scottish museum , edinburgh . - journal of oman studies pecial rep . 1 : 177—178 .

legrand h . 1966 . lépidoptères des îles seychelles et d ' aldabra . - mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle ( a ) 37 ( 1965 ) : 1—210 , pls . 1—16 .

de prins w . & mazzei p . 2016 . some faunistic notes on selected moth species ( lepidoptera ) from the seychelles . - phelsuma 24 : 21—34 .

woods p . j . 2013 . the lepidoptera of curieuse island , seychelles . - phelsuma 21 : 58—64 .

vári l . , kroon d . m . & krüger m . 2002 . classification and checklist of the species of lepidoptera recorded in southern africa . - — : i—xxi , 1—385 .

rebel h . & zerny h . 1917 . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der mit unterstützung der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften in wien aus der erbschaft treitl von f . werner unternommenen zoologischen expedition nach dem anglo - ägyptischen sudan ( kordofan ) , 1914 . 1 . lepidoptera . - denkschriften der österreichischen akademie der wissenschaften , wien 93 : 423—446 , pl . 1 .

asselbergs j . 2008 . order lepidoptera , superfamily pyraloidea . — in : van harten , a . ( ed . ) arthropod fauna of the uae volume i . - — 1 ( 2007 ) : 469—561 .

palaearctic : china , europe , japan , morocco , palestine , russia ( incl . far east ) , syria , tunisia , ukraine .

slamka f . 2006 . pyraloidea ( lepidoptera ) of europe , volume 1 . identification — distribution — habitat — biology . - — 1 : 1—138 .

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the new caledonia blossom bat ( notopteris neocaledonica ) is an uncommon species of megabat in the family pteropodidae .

the species lives in caves in northern new caledonia , and forms colonies of up to 300 .

new caledonia blossom bat

new caledonia blossom bat <EOT> information on the new caledonia blossom bat is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .

new caledonia blossom bat is known from only a few caves in the northern part of the island of new caledonia ( brescia and borel 2004 ; boissenin and brescia 2007 ) .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive photo - new caledonia blossom bat " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive photo - new caledonia blossom bat " title = " arkive photo - new caledonia blossom bat " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

i visited new caledonia for work in july 2010 and of course spent a day looking for some of the very few mammals on new caledonia .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive photo - new caledonia blossom bat at roost " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive photo - new caledonia blossom bat at roost " title = " arkive photo - new caledonia blossom bat at roost " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - new caledonia blossom bat ( notopteris neocaledonica ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - new caledonia blossom bat ( notopteris neocaledonica ) " title = " arkive species - new caledonia blossom bat ( notopteris neocaledonica ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

winkelmann jr , bonaccorso fj , strickler tl . home range of the southern blossom bat ,

winkelmann jr . , bonaccorso fj , goedeke ee , ballock lj . home range and territoriality in the least blossom bat ,

the new caledonia wattled bat is a species of vesper bat in the family vespertilionidae , endemic to new caledonia , and has an iucn classification of endangered . interestingly , the roosts of these bats are only found in three towns : hienghène ( north province ) , païta and sarraméa ( south province ) ( flannery 1995 ; simmons 2005 ) . not much information about the natural history of these species is known and therefore , unfortunately , no conservation legislation or declaration of protected areas for their habitats can be made .

pettersson s , ervik f , knudsen jt . floral scent of bat - pollinated species : west africa vs . the new world .

chalinolobus tuberculatus forster , the long - tailed bat , is one of six species of the australasian genus chalinolobus . this group of lobe - lipped bats is most nearly related to south africa ' s glauconycteris and is included in the cosmopolitan family vespertilionidae . the new zealand chalinolobus is closely similar to c . neocaledonicus of new caledonia and c . picatus of northern and eastern australia .

) in north - eastern new south wales – flexibility in response to seasonal variation .

new caledonia and french polynesia are thought to be the islands most at risk of disappearing under water , with islands in the caribbean and mediterranean and those in close proximity to guyana and madagascar also under threat . the study found that , after a predicted sea rise of between 0 . 5 and 2 . 3 metres , more than 30 percent of the totally submerged islands would be in new caledonia , 30 percent in french polynesia and 10 percent in the mediterranean , with the rest occurring in other regions .

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cladogram showing the evolutionary relationships of orders of angiosperms and the distribution of families containing bat - pollinated taxa among them . five types of bat pollination are highlighted : pollination only by new world phyllostomids , pollination only by old world pteropodids , pollination by both bat families , and single species pollinated either by new world or old world bats . cladogram based on soltis et al . ( 2005 ) .

bonaccorso , f ( 1998 ) . bats of papua new guinea . conservation international tropical field guide series .

one adult female bulmer ' s fruit bat weighed 600 g ( 1 . 3

social organization : bulmer ' s fruit bat occurs in cave - dwelling colonies .

herrera lg , martínez del río c . pollen digestion by new world bats : effects of processing time and feeding habits .

the bats move roost depending on where the fruit are , but fred will probably know if they are around . you can contact mme mediara through the la foa tourist office tel : 41 . 69 . 11 . fred also recognised pictures of the pacific flying fox and new caledonia flying fox though he did not know of any current camps .

muchhala n , potts md . character displacement among bat - pollinated flowers of the genus

winter y , lopez j , von helversen o . ultraviolet vision in a bat .

and the musaceae ) contain genera or species that are primarily bat - pollinated . all four of these families contain species exclusively pollinated by specialized bats in addition to others visited by both specialized and opportunistic nectar - feeders . another eight families contain either subfamilies or tribes whose species rely heavily on bats for pollination . of these families , bat pollination is especially common in agavaceae and cactaceae in the new world and pandanaceae in the old world . among the pantropical families , bat pollination is more common in the new world than in the old world in terms of number of bat - pollinated genera in bombacaceae

the evolution of bat pollination has made a modest contribution to the overall species and generic diversity of angiosperms . what contribution has bat pollination made at higher taxonomic levels ? how many tribes , subfamilies and families are exclusively bat - pollinated , or nearly so ? table

six species of chalinolobus are currently recognised and these fall neatly into four groups . c . tuberculatus , c . neocaledonicus from new caledonia , and c . picatus from northern and eastern australia and new guinea form a single group readily distinguished from the three remaining species by the absence of fur on the wing membranes . in their colour pattern and in the form of their skulls members of this group are remarkably alike . some doubt exists as to the validity of their specific standing .

weight : one adult female bulmer ' s fruit bat weighed 600 g ( 1 . 3

geiselman ck , mori sa , blanchard f . database of neotropical bat / plant interactions .

von helversen d , von helversen o . acoustic guide in a bat - pollinated flower .

bulmer ' s fruit bat ( aproteles bulmerae ) is a megabat endemic to new guinea . it is listed as a critically endangered species due to habitat loss and hunting . it is the only member of the genus aproteles .

had originated and diversified . only the new world agavaceae appears to be approximately coeval with the radiation of glossophagines . particularly striking are differences in the ages of the four families that are most strongly associated with bat pollination today ( bombacaceae

province , papua new guinea , as recently as 1984 . the only other populations reported from recent times are from the vicinity of herowana in

of the 180 , 000 islands on earth , all low - lying islands are particularly at risk and it is thought that over 10 , 000 of them could disappear , along with the species that live on them , if the sea level rise predictions are correct . islands are home to a much higher proportion of endemic species than mainland areas , with the entire population of the alaotran gentle lemur , new caledonia blossom bat , seychelles frog and thousands of other species being found on just one island , or a small group of islands . the submersion of numerous islands will not just impact fauna and flora , with human populations living in coastal areas also being forced to move inland or relocate completely in response to the rising sea levels , and coastal industries being lost .

finally , species richness of bat - pollinated plants within new and old world communities is generally similar , averaging 11·9 ( range 4–33 species ) in the new world and 16·8 ( range 4–28 ) in the old world ( fleming , 2005 ) . the species richness values of nectar - feeding birds and their food plants are generally higher than those of bats except for old world flowers in which , on average , bat plants slightly outnumber bird plants at the community level ( fleming , 2005 ) .

elangovan v , priya eys , marimuthu g . olfactory discrinimation ability in the short - nosed fruit bat

are equivocal ( i . e . the immediate ancestor of bat - pollinated taxa is not clear ) , there is strong evidence of the evolution of bat flowers from bee , moth and hummingbird flowers in the other six families . it is likely that bat - pollinated taxa have evolved frequently from hummingbird - pollinated taxa in certain new world families of epiphytes ( e . g . bromeliaceae , gesneriaceae ) , but strong evidence for this awaits phylogenetic studies , as is the case in the agavaceae and cactaceae , in which hummingbird pollination is not likely to be ancestral to bat pollination .

weight : one adult female bulmer ' s fruit bat weighed 600 g ( 1 . 3 lb ) .

elangovan v , marimuthu g , kunz th . nectar - feeding behavior in the short - nosed fruit bat

horner ma , fleming th , sahley ct . foraging behaviour and energetics of a nectar - feeding bat ,

) . as expected given their wider distribution among islands , island - dwelling pteropodids interact as pollinators with a greater number of plant families than phyllostomids . pteropodids on islands visit flowers in 21 of 41 ( 53 % ) old world bat - pollinated families whereas phyllostomids on islands visit flowers in only eight of 44 ( 18 % ) new world bat - pollinated families ( table

knowledge of new zealand bats dates from cook ' s second voyage to this country during the late eighteenth century when forster captured a long - tailed bat in queen charlotte sound . considerable confusion resulted from dr . gray ' s subsequent identification of short - tailed bats with forster ' s animal . the new zealand chalinolobus was later synonymised with an australian species , c . morio gray . past accounts of these animals are therefore difficult to correlate with the species as now known . this is particularly true of c . tuberculatus . tomes ' description , which alone is based with certainty upon new zealand material , does not mention the characteristic lip - lobule and misses several other notable features . because of these omissions from his description , the specific status of this new zealand bat was not recognised . the structures themselves would have been indistinguishable in poorly preserved specimens .

in south - east asian islands , cactaceae in the west indies ) . exceptions include bat - pollinated species of

santos m , arita ht . priority areas for the conservation of new world nectar - feeding bats . in : fleming th , valiente - banuet a , editors .

) . together , flower placement away from foliage and nocturnal anthesis are the unifying features of the bat pollination syndrome while all other characteristics discussed above , which provide cues and incentives to entice visitation , vary among bat - pollinated species .

we dedicate this review to the memory of otto von helversen for his substantial contributions to our knowledge of bat pollination .

) . the number of independent origins of bat pollination in each group at the ordinal and family levels was analysed with the character analysis by parsimony module . by ‘independent origin’ we mean that the sister - taxon of a bat - pollinated family contained no bat - pollinated species . the converse of ‘independent origin’ ( i . e . non - independent origin ) reflects phylogenetic clustering , or the tendency of related groups to contain bat - pollinated taxa . at the ordinal level , bat pollination has originated independently in about half of the orders in which it occurs ( 14 of 28 orders ; table

genetically welsh , spiritually australian , currently in new york city . i ' ve lived and worked in london , canberra , paris and lusaka , and visited about 100 countries .

fleming th , muchhala n , ornelas jf . new world nectar - feeding vertebrates : community patterns and processes . in : sánchez - cordero v , medellín ra , editors .

about 85 % of the cases of bat pollination appear to have evolved independently at the level of angiosperm family . a particularly striking example of this pattern is the occurrence of bat - pollinated flowers in only one hemisphere or the other in many pantropically distributed plant families . an exception to this pattern occurs in the monocot order zingiberales in which bat pollination is widespread among related families . the common occurrence of bat pollination in the monocots , and especially the zingiberales , may be due to the concentration of many of these taxa in the tropics , particularly the large succulent and / or arborescent species in which bat pollination almost exclusively occurs . of the seven families of monocots in which more than a single species is bat - pollinated ( table

the distribution of bat - pollinated taxa visited by phyllostomids and pteropodids differs at both the ordinal and the family level . of the 28 orders containing bat families , only eight ( 29 % ) contain taxa pollinated by both groups of bats ( table

bestmann hj , winkler l , von helversen o . headspace analysis of volatile flower scent constituents of bat - pollinated plants .

are greatly elongated , being half the length of the skull , while those of the short - tailed bat are much reduced .

( 4 ) information gathered from the database of neotropical bat / plant interactions ( geiselman et al . , 2004 onwards ) .

fleming th , muchhala n . nectar - feeding bird and bat niches in two worlds : pantropical comparisons of vertebrate pollination systems .

olfactory and visual cues and rewards are responsible for attracting bats to flowers , but it is the flower ' s size , shape and durability , its placement on the plant , and time of anthesis that determine whether a bat has access to it and can affect pollination . compared with many insect - or bird - pollinated flowers ( but not hawkmoth flowers ) , bat - pollinated flowers are often relatively large and robust . the original bat pollination syndrome was based on plants pollinated by large , non - hovering pteropodids and applies less widely to new world plants pollinated by hovering phyllostomids (

i would like to express my appreciation to the directors of the dominion museum and the auckland institute and museum who have made study material available . the new zealand deer stalkers ' association has actively co - operated in obtaining many recent records and observations from members throughout new zealand . the new zealand speleological society has located useful skeletal material and miss p . lewis has made available the details of four years’ regular observation . i am indebted to numerous other persons for their assistance in collecting data and to professor l . r . richardson for his supervision and instructive criticism throughout this study .

dunphy bk , hamrick jl , schwager j . a comparison of direct and indirect measures of gene flow in the bat - pollinated tree

giannini np , simmons nb . conflict and congruence in a combined dna–morphology analysis of megachiropteran bat relationships ( mammalia : chiroptera : pteropodidae )

bat - pollinated p . trisecta is nested within a lowland clade of bee - pollinated species , not within an andean hummingbird - pollinated clade

bonaccorso f , winkelmann jr , byrnes dgp . home range , territoriality , and flight time budgets in the black - bellied fruit bat ,

simmons nb , seymour kl , habersetzer j , gunnell gf . primitive early eocene bat from wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation .

it is important to note that analyses conducted at the ordinal and family levels are very ‘coarse’ and should not be interpreted to imply that bat pollination is ancestral in any order or family of angiosperms . as discussed below , the most insightful level of independence in the evolution of bat pollination is at the generic or species level . bat pollination has seldom evolved at the tribal , subfamily or family level . phylogenetic clustering ( non - independence ) at the ordinal and family levels simply indicates that bat pollination shows a tendency to occur in related higher - level taxa . the fact that bat pollination has rarely evolved at higher taxonomic levels ( see below ) emphasizes the relative recency of this mode of pollination .

early development : a newborn bulmer ' s fruit bat is carried for the first few weeks of its life by its mother while she forages .

bat pollination is clearly a derived condition in most angiosperm lineages . what has been the most common evolutionary route to bat pollination : from insect - , bird - or non - volant mammal - pollinated taxa ? based on the preponderance of insect pollination in angiosperms , it is reasonable to hypothesize that bat pollination evolved most often from insect pollination . if this is true , did bat - pollinated taxa evolve most frequently from diurnally or nocturnally pollinated taxa ( e . g . from bee or moth flowers , respectively ) ? alternatively , the most common evolutionary route may have been from diurnal bird - pollinated species ( e . g . from hummingbird flowers in the new world or from sunbird or honeyeater flowers in the old world ) . finally , as suggested by sussman and raven ( 1978 ) , bat - pollinated flowers may have evolved from flowers pollinated by non - volant mammals such as primates , at least in the old world .

struwe l , kadereit jw , klackenburg j , et al . systematics , character evolution , and biogeography of gentianaceae , including a new tribe and subtribal classification . in : struwe l , albert va , editors .

diet : based on dental structures and its close relationship to other fruit - eating bats , bulmer ' s fruit bat is probably an obligate frugivore .

another reason for the higher diversity of bat - pollinated plants in the neotropics than in the paleotropics probably reflects the small size and hovering ability of glossophagines . large , non - hovering pteropodids and their new world counterparts , non - glossophagine phyllostomid bats , often visit large , sturdily built flowers many of which are exserted well away from foliage on erect stalks or long pendants ( figs

age to maturity : bulmer ' s fruit bat is not sexually active by the beginning of its second year and probably does not breed until its third year .

and others have noted , bat pollination is most common in advanced lineages of angiosperms , i . e . in advanced monocots and in the rosids ( fig .

marten - rodriguez s , almarales - castro a , fenster cb . evaluation of pollination syndromes in antillean gesneriaceae : evidence for bat , hummingbird and generalized flowers .

) . seven of the remaining 14 families are endemic to the neotropics and three are endemic to the paleotropics . of the 26 ‘exclusive’ phyllostomid families , 19 ( 73 % ) have pantropical or cosmopolitan distributions , and the other seven are new world endemics . similarly , 17 of 23 ‘exclusive’ pteropodid families ( 74 % ) have pantropical or cosmopolitan distributions , and the other six are old world endemics . thus , 36 of the 53 broadly distributed plant families that contain bat - pollinated plants ( 68 % ) are pollinated by bats in only one hemisphere whereas only about one - third of them have bat - pollinated species in both hemispheres . this again emphasizes the phylogenetically independent nature of the evolution of bat pollination .

bulmer ' s fruit bat was first described from 12 , 000 year - old fossils found in the central highlands in chimbu province , papua new guinea . it may have become extinct there about 9000 years ago . in 1975 , it was discovered in the hindenburg wall area of western province , papua new guinea , in a cave known as luplupwintem . at that time , local inhabitants described the bat as being abundant , perhaps numbering thousands of bats . however , two years later , the colony had been decimated , apparently by hunters who entered the cave with shotguns and store - bought ropes . during the 1980s , no bats were seen and it was feared that the species may have become extinct . however , by 1993 a colony of about 160 bats was known to be living in the same cave .

is a small bat the total length from the snout to the tip of the tail being two and a half to three and a quarter inches . in contrast to

bulmer ' s fruit bat was first described from 12 , 000 - year - old fossils found in the central highlands in chimbu province , papua new guinea . it may have become extinct there about 9000 years ago . in 1975 , it was discovered in the hindenburg wall area of western province , papua new guinea , in a cave known as luplupwintem . at that time , local inhabitants described the bat as being abundant , perhaps numbering thousands of bats . however , two years later , the colony had been decimated , apparently by hunters who entered the cave with shotguns and store - bought ropes . during the 1980s , no bats were seen and it was feared that the species may have become extinct . however , by 1993 a colony of about 160 bats was known to be living in the same cave .

) . overall , pteropodid and phyllostomid bats basically interact with different orders and families of plants . rather than being constrained at deep phylogenetic levels such as orders , these interactions have evolved independently many times in different old and new world plant lineages .

of the five flower characteristics limiting or allowing bat access to flowers , only two appear to be universal or nearly so for all bat flowers . the first is flower / inflorescence placement away from foliage , such as projecting above or below the canopy , emerging from branches or trunk , or borne on deciduous trees after they have dropped their leaves (

one adult female bulmer ' s fruit bat weighed 600 g ( 1 . 3 lb ) . bulmer ' s fruit bat is a cave - dweller that occurs in mid - montane forests . its altitudinal range is at least 1800 to 2400 m ( 5800–7900 ft ) . it is probably an obligate frugivore . it occurs in cave - dwelling colonies .

, but not all of these represent unequivocal results because of the absence of species - level phylogenies . all three potential ancestral pollination modes ( insects , birds and non - volant mammals ) are included in these examples , and generalizations about evolutionary trends are not yet possible . we suspect that bat pollination has evolved most commonly from insect pollination in the old world [ e . g . in the fabaceae ( mimosoideae ) and myrtaceae ] . flowers pollinated by hawkmoths and beetles also appear to be ancestral to bat flowers in certain old world taxa . although we judge that five of the 11 new world examples in table

the new world flower - visiting counterparts of pteropodids are members of a monophyletic clade of phyllostomidae containing the subfamilies glossophaginae , phyllonycterinae and brachyphyllinae . we will call this clade ‘glossophagines’ . in contrast to pteropodids , phyllostomids are echolocating bats whose ancestral feeding mode was insectivory (

bat flowers / inflorescences can be roughly divided into three categories based on their shape : ( 1 ) ‘shaving - brush’ or ‘stamen ball’ with many projecting stamens ( e . g .

) . at the family level , bat pollination has originated independently in about 77 % of the families in which it occurs ( i . e . 51 of 66 families ; table

habitat : bulmer ' s fruit bat is a cave - dweller that occurs in mid - montane forests . it has been found living in a cave at 2300 m ( 7500 ' ) . its altitudinal range is at least 1800 – 2400 m ( 5800 - 7900 ' ) . given its montane distribution , this large bat seems well adapted to cool environmental temperatures .

two small bats , of the size of a mouse , are new zealand ' s only known native land mammals . the few reports of the existence of a third species have not yet been confirmed . there are , however , instances of australian bats being found here , but these are considered to be accidental wind - blown migrants . both new zealand bats are bush - dwelling animals usually seen only during twilight as they pursue insects over clearings or rivers and lakes . fine summer and autumn evenings are favourable for observing these secretive animals .

the body is compact , tapering somewhat in front of the shoulders but not conspicuously behind . in both species of bat the short pendent penis in the male makes distinction between the sexes readily apparent .

to take into account any phylogenetic bias in these analyses , we mapped the occurrence of bat pollination by order and family within each of the five major groups using mesquite ( version 2 . 0 ;

c . morio , which at one time was confused with the new zealand c . tuberculatus , is certainly more distinct from this animal than is any other member of the genus . it is a small chocolate brown bat occurring in tasmania and south - eastern australia , and differs markedly from others of the genus in the absence of the basal ear lobe , in the pointed ear tip and tragus , and in the larger postcalcareal lobe which is supported internally by a minute arm of the calcar .

pollination biologists have long recognized a set of plant characteristics ( syndromes ) that are associated with different kinds of pollinators . the classic characteristics of bat - pollinated flowers ( the ‘chiropterophilous syndrome’ ) , as described by

) . bats , like many other kinds of pollinators , can be opportunistic flower visitors and sometimes visit flowers that do not conform to the classic ‘bat pollination syndrome’ ( e . g . bee flowers such as

= 0·061 ) . families with the highest number of bat - pollinated genera include fabaceae ( 30 genera , rosids ) , cactaceae ( 24 , basal eudicots ) , malvaceae ( 25 , rosids ) and bignoniaceae ( 15 , asterids ) . the number of bat - pollinated genera in two of the three largest groups of angiosperms is correlated with the number of genera per family . significant positive correlations occur in rosids (

) . these orders include arecales and zingiberales ( monocots ) ; santalales ( basal eudicots ) ; fabales , malvales and myrtales ( rosids ) ; and ericales and gentianales ( asterids ) . similarly , as indicated above , only 18 of 67 families ( 27 % ) with bat - pollinated taxa have representatives in both hemispheres . we estimate that bat pollination has evolved independently in about 85 % of these families ( table

, six are either exclusively bat - pollinated or biased toward bat pollination in certain subfamilies or tribes in both hemispheres . within certain families , therefore , pteropodid and phyllostomid bats appear to have had similar effects on angiosperm diversification . at lower phylogenetic levels ( e . g . genera and species ) , however , phyllostomid - pollinated genera and species outnumber pteropodid - pollinated taxa by factors of 1·6 and 2·1 , respectively ( table

the roosting habits permit ready transfer of ectoparasites between individuals and the fur of bats is usually infested . a relatively large bat flea is known from both our species . mystacina is frequently host to numerous small mites .

their rapid erratic flight makes observation on the wing difficult and identification to species virtually impossible . if captured , the species may be immediately distinguished by the length of the tail . in one , the long - tailed bat , the tail is almost as long as the head and the body , and is contained for its entire length in an interfemoral membrane stretched between the legs . the other bat has a short free tail above , but not

but gerald was undeterred and with the help of his colleague gladys he discovered that madame mediara from the ouipoint tribe had a guide who knew the forest and could probably find a fruit bat camp . so off i went .

> 0·50 ) . regression coefficients ( slopes ) were similar in rosids and monocots ( about 0·040 ) , and their reciprocal values indicate that about one in every 25 genera in those groups contains a bat - pollinated species .

) . of these families , 26 are exclusively visited by phyllostomids and 23 are exclusively visited by pteropodids ; 18 families are visited by both families of bats . lists of known bat - pollinated species , by family , in the new and old world are provided in appendices 2 and 3 . in compiling these lists we have attempted to include only those taxa known or strongly suspected to be pollinated by bats . as is the case in much of the pollination literature , however , actual proof of effective pollination by bats is available for only a subset of these taxa .

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) . nocturnal anthesis , the opening of flower buds in the late afternoon or at night , is the second characteristic . the flowers of many bat - pollinated plants open early in the evening and are viable for only one night (

both species were formerly present over a greater part of new zealand than now . even at the beginning of the century they were still to be seen on occasion in some of the main urban areas . they were particularly recorded as roosting in large numbers under the bridges of the river avon in christchurch , but they have apparently failed to urbanise .

the colony at luplupwintem cave had traditionally been protected by the native people of the area , but an inflow of outside cash in the mid - 1970s led to the purchase of caving equipment and guns and to the decimation of the bat colony .

) , all adaptations for visitation by large pollinators . bat pollination is rare or absent in the ‘ginger families’ with more restrictive floral morphology , reduced stamen numbers and smaller nectaries ( i . e . zingiberaceae , costaceae , marantaceae , and cannaceae ;

) . in summary , new world specialized nectar bats are smaller in size with longer tongues and hover whereas their old world counterparts are larger with shorter tongues and do not hover . because of these differences , we might expect plants visited by specialized nectar - feeding phyllostomids to produce smaller flowers with smaller nectar volumes per flower than those visited by their pteropodid counterparts (

( 1 ) this list excludes species reported to be visited by bats in the new world that are introduced from the old world ( bombax , durio , kigelia , mahduca , musa , thespesia , thunbergia , zingiber ) ; visited by bats for fruit , not nectar / pollen ( anacardium , brosimum , carica , chrysophyllum , eugenia , manilkara , muntingia , solanum , symphonia , syzygium ) ; known to be pollinated by wind ( acalypha , alnus , celtis , pinus , quercus ) or small insects ( aristolochia , berberis , bursera , theobroma ) ; or where bat - pollination seems very doubtful ( clusia , vanilla ) .

a ) . each of these families appears to have evolved in the late cretaceous or early cenozoic , well before the evolution of specialized nectar - feeding bats . this temporal mismatch suggests that stem members of these families were not likely to be bat - pollinated .

hypothesized that hummingbird pollination evolved independently numerous times from bee - or moth - pollination in 11 plant families in western north america . compared with those for birds , the evolutionary transitions to bat pollination are less well known . the best documented cases are summarized in table

) . similarly , flower shape shows different trends associated with bat visitors . flowers visited by specialized nectar - feeding phyllostomids are more likely to be tubular in shape and produced by epiphytes and shrubs while flowers visited by pteropodids tend to be produced by trees and of the ‘shaving brush’ type (

) reported that bat pollination occurs in 58 families of plants in about 24 orders ; 43 families contain flowers visited by phyllostomids and 28 by pteropodids . thirteen of the 58 plant families ( 28 % ) are visited by both families of bats . a more complete update of this earlier report (

, and onwards ) indicates that phyllostomids visit 360 species of plants in 159 genera from 44 families ; our literature review indicates that pteropodids visit 168 species of plants in 100 genera from 41 families . in total , bat - pollinated plants are found in 67 families in 28 orders of angiosperms ( table

both new zealand bats congregate in some numbers during the day although occasionally one or a pair of bats may be found beneath the bark of trees such as that of kahikatea . the roosts occur in the hollow branches and trunks of large forest trees or in caves if these are near bush . a single roost may be inhabited for long periods and great accumulations of droppings are sometimes found . such roosts are characterised by a strong musty smell .

mystacina is represented in new zealand by two distinct forms . one occurs throughout the north island and is present in at least northern areas of the south island , but the other is known only from stewart island and a few neighbouring islets . skeletal differences other than those of size are not apparent between these two groups , but in their external appearance they are clearly distinct . in the absence of a full range of specimens the groups are here considered as subspecies .

behavior : bulmer ' s fruit bat roosts in caves . the surviving bats at luplupwintem cave are extremely cautious . if undisturbed , they leave the cave at dusk ; in the presence of people , they leave after dark . all of the bats return to the roost at around 6 : 00 am , before light .

also indicated are the estimated number of independent origins of bat pollination within these lineages by order and family . the phylogenetic hypothesis upon which this summary is based comes from t . h . fleming and w . j . kress ( unpubl . res . ) . the number of families recognized in this hypothesis and in table

) . plant families pollinated by island pteropodids are concentrated in the rosids ; those pollinated by phyllostomids are evenly distributed among monocots , rosids and asterids . about 90 % of these families have pantropical or cosmopolitan distributions . families with restricted geographical distributions include cactaceae in the new world and musaceae and pandanaceae in the old world . most of the flowers visited by bats of both families on islands are produced by trees or tree - like herbs or succulents ( e . g .

almost the entire length is formed by the body , the tail being barely half an inch in extent . nostrils and ears are prominent , and the rough , frosted appearance of the fur contrasts well with the sleek fur of the long - tailed bat . with the exception of the bones of the palm and hand , all

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of the islands adjacent to new zealand , little barrier and kapiti in the north and stewart island and its subsidiary islets in the south still support numbers of bats . of these the southern islands have a considerable population of mystacina but chalinolobus has not been positively reported from them . the southern mystacina are remarkably robust and differ in several other respects from their more delicate northern relations sufficiently to suggest a distinct subspecies . data are as yet insufficient to determine the northern limit of this larger subspecies .

) . we assume that it is cheaper for plants to produce small flowers than large flowers . if this is true , then it should be easier for selection to modify insect - pollinated flowers to attract small hovering glossophagines than to attract larger non - hovering phyllostomids or pteropodids . the presence of small hovering bats ( and birds ) in the new world has thus expanded the range of possible pollinator niches for neotropical plants . the absence of such vertebrate pollinators in the old world has probably constrained the range of vertebrate pollination niches in angiosperms there .

< 0·001 ) : basal angiosperms , 1·4 % ( median 1·4 % , 1 s . d . 0·8 % ) ; monocots , 44·1 % ( 25·0 % , 40·6 % ) ; basal eudicots , 9·4 % ( 5·9 % , 8·2 % ) ; rosids , 9·1 % ( 4·7 % , 11·0 % ) and asterids , 6·4 % ( 4·6 % , 7·7 % ) . ten of the 67 plant families had at least 25 % of their genera with one or more bat - pollinated species . these families were concentrated in the monocots , in which seven of 13 families ( 54 % ) contained relatively high proportions of bat - pollinated genera . all of these families are small and contain a total of seven or fewer genera ( table

in bats the forelimbs greatly exceed the hind - limbs in size . these latter generally play but little part in movement and are usually short and reduced . most bats can only crawl or scramble on the ground . these animals usually furl the wing against the body when roosting , or at the most fold it in some simple manner . however , the molossidae and the new zealand mystacinidae differ from other bats in that peculiar folding processes of the wing enable the forelimb to function fully in walking . these bats crawl of run quite actively by using their wrists .

mystacina pursues insects on the wing , flying at times close to the ground . it may come into the vicinity of lights and has sometimes stunned itself against torches and lanterns . in captivity mystacina readily accepts food from the floor of the cage , and this together with its ability to run quite rapidly and its adeptness when climbing suggest that it may capture much of its food on the branches and leaves of trees . food includes fairly large insects ; spiders , crickets and moths being quickly accepted . strong transverse ridges on the tongue of this bat are suitable for scraping flesh from animal carcasses and mystacina has at times caused considerable damage to the bodies of mutton birds when these were hung to dry . it has not yet been determined whether this bat behaves as a natural scavenger .

summarizes the higher order plant taxa that are associated primarily with bats for pollination . this information is presented at two taxonomic levels , at the family level and within families ( i . e . subfamilies or tribes ) . among families that are strongly associated with bat pollination , we include two families that have recently been reclassified into larger related families by angiosperm phylogeny group ( apg ) ii : bombacaceae

) , all are exclusively tropical in distribution . in addition , many of these same taxa have large flowers ( strelitziaceae ) and / or large floral displays ( agavaceae , arecaceae , pandanaceae ) in closely related taxa that are bird - or insect - pollinated . in the zingiberales , bat pollination is concentrated in the tropical genera with large , accessible flowers that produce copious amounts of nectar and pollen ( i . e .

nectar - feeding bats visiting flowers . ( a ) glossophaga soricina at flowers of mabea occidentalis ( euphorbiaceae ) ; ( b ) artibeus jamaicensis on a flower of ochroma pyramidale ( bombacaceae s . s . ) ; ( c ) eonycteris spelaea on flowers of durio zibethinus ( bombacaceae s . s . ) ; ( d ) pteropus conspicillatus at flowers of castanospermum australe ( fabaceae ) . photo credits : merlin d . tuttle , bat conservation international .

this is a large bat that has been severely hunted for meat at the known sites . the population at luplupwintem was apparently decimated by groups of hunters with shotguns in the late 1970s . the species also appears to be very sensitive to disturbance of its cave roosts . the elevational range of this species overlaps with areas of high human population density . a large bushfire had swept just north of the luplupwintem area just prior to 2001 ( t . flannery pers . comm . ) , and these alpine grasslands are very vulnerable to fire impacts ( l . seri pers . comm . ) . the population has a restricted range .

portraits of flower - visiting bats . approximate body masses are in parentheses . ( a ) glossophaga soricina ( 10 g ) , a basal glossophagine ; ( b ) choeronycteris mexicana ( 16 g ) , a derived glossophagine ; ( c ) artibeus jamaicensis ( 45 g ) and ( d ) phyllostomus elongatus ( 60 g ) , two opportunistic flower - visiting phyllostomids ; ( e ) syconycteris australis ( 20 g ) and ( f ) eonycteris spelaea ( 70 g ) , two specialized nectarivorous pteropodids ; ( g ) pteropus poliocephalus ( 750 g ) and ( h ) epomophorus gambianus ( 100 g ) , two opportunistic flower - visiting pteropodids . photo credits : merlin d . tuttle , bat conservation international .

there has been a decrease in the distribution of native bats which is correlated with the restriction of forest . over the hundred years for which we have information there does not seem to be any suggestion that the density of bats has decreased in unmodified forest . food does not seem to be scarce . it has been suggested that increased predation is a major factor in limiting numbers but there is no good evidence supporting this view . therefore it is suggested that the low numbers are not to be interpreted in terms of changes during the period of current knowledge , but rather as a result of long - standing factors . the possibility that low fertility or high mortality occur should be investigated , and accordingly studies of bat roosts are most desirable .

skeletal material of bats is occasionally found in caves . this may be used for the identification of the two species . the very short ( about 1 . 3 cm . ) broad skull of c . tuberculatus is readily distinguished from the longer ( about 2 . 0 cm . ) and narrow skull of mystacina . immediate differences are apparent if the dentition is examined , for although c . tuberculatus has four upper incisors and six small lower incisors between the large canine teeth , mystacina has only two relatively large upper incisors and a single pair of lower incisor teeth closely crowded between the canines . two premolars and three molars are present in the upper and lower jaws of each bat but in chalinolobus the first of the upper premolars is minute and easily overlooked .

besides its evolutionary implications , long - distance pollination by bats also has important conservation implications . human disturbance in the tropics and elsewhere often fragments plant populations and increases the distance between conspecifics . without long - distance pollinators , plants with self - compatible or mixed mating systems are likely to experience higher rates of self - fertilization within habitat fragments than plants in continuous forests . isolated self - incompatible plants ( the most common mating system in tropical plants ; bawa , 1992 ) will fare even worse because they require pollen from another plant to set any fruit and seeds at all . studies of canopy trees in continuous and fragmented forests in brazil , costa rica , mexico and puerto rico provide support for these generalizations ( gribel et al . , 1999 ; collevatti et al . , 2001 ; fuchs et al . , 2003 ; quesada et al . , 2003 ; dunphy et al . , 2004 ) . thus , bat pollination , along with pollination by other kinds of long - distance pollinators , can serve to ‘rescue’ plants from some of the adverse effects of habitat fragmentation .

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lamoreux , j . ( global mammal assessment team ) , racey , p . a . , medellín , r . & hutson , a . m . ( chiroptera red list authority )

justification : listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence is less than 20 , 000 km 2 , its habitat is severely fragmented , and there is a continuing decline in : extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , and the extent and quality of its habitat .

it forms colonies of up to 300 animals , and is an uncommon species .

it is a cave roosting species . it is usually observed close to their roosting area , foraging near areas of human habitation on coconut flowers ( f . brescia pers . comm . ) . presumably it also forages in tropical moist forest .

threats to this species include disturbance at roosting caves ( mickleburgh et al . 1992 ; brescia and borel 2004 ) , and , to a much lesser extent , hunting ( boissenin and brescia 2007 ) .

the hunting of this species is regulated under wildlife laws ( mickleburgh et al . 1992 ) . it has only been recorded once from riviére bleu national park ( flannery 1995 ) . field surveys of population numbers , range , utilization , and ecology studies are ongoing by iac ( institut agronomique néo - calédonien ) ( brescia and borel 2004 ; boissenin and brescia 2007 ) .

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lamoreux , j . ( global mammal assessment team ) , racey , p . a . , medelln , r . & hutson , a . m . ( chiroptera red list authority )

listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence is less than 20 , 000 km 2 , its habitat is severely fragmented , and there is a continuing decline in : extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , and the extent and quality of its habitat .

the hunting of this species is regulated under wildlife laws ( mickleburgh et al . 1992 ) . it has only been recorded once from rivire bleu national park ( flannery 1995 ) . field surveys of population numbers , range , utilization , and ecology studies are ongoing by iac ( institut agronomique no - caldonien ) ( brescia and borel 2004 ; boissenin and brescia 2007 ) .

p . caniceps species group : ashy - headed flying fox ( p . caniceps )

p . mariannus species group : okinawa flying - fox ( p . loochoensis )

p . melanotus species group : black - eared flying fox ( p . melanotus )

p . personatus species group : bismark masked flying fox ( p . capistratus )

p . poliocephalus species group : big - eared flying fox ( p . macrotis )

p . scapulatus species group : gilliard ' s flying fox ( p . gilliardorum )

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i was working in noumea , which is a strange mixture of the south of france and north queensland , though the driving is better than the former , and the croissants are better than the latter . it is a lovely place but it hardly feels like the pacific .

the ouipoint community is about 2 hours from noumea ( or 30 minutes ne of la foa ) . it’s a nice place to stay . they have a traditional long house sort of thing where you can sleep , complete with flushing toilet and shower .


trichostetha coetzeri is an afrotropical species of flower scarab beetle endemic to south africa , where it occurs in the cape floristic region .

it was first described by perissinotto , šípek & ball , 2014 .

trichostetha curlei

trichostetha curlei <EOT> new treatment : trichostetha curlei perissinotto , sipek & ball , 2014 , . . .

the third instar larvae of trichostetha curlei . petr šípek in perissinotto et al . ( 2014 ) .

trichostetha curlei sp . n . : female dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) habitus . . . | download scientific diagram

typical habitat of trichostetha curlei on the southern slope of the elandsberg range . renzo perissinotto in perissinotto et al . ( 2014 ) .

male trichostetha curlei in its natural habitat on the elandsberg summit , november 2013 . jonathan ball in perissinotto et al . ( 2014 ) .

description of adult and third instar larva of trichostetha curlei sp n . ( coleoptera , scarabaeidae , cetoniinae ) from the cape region of south africa

description of adult and third instar larva of trichostetha curlei sp . n . ( coleoptera , scarabaeidae , cetoniinae ) from the cape region of south africa

trichostetha curlei sp . n . : female dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) habitus ( length 17 . 3 mm ) ( photo : l clennell ) .

( top ) male trichostetha curlei in ( left ) dorsal and ( right ) ventral views . ( bottom ) female in ( left ) dorsal and ( right ) ventral views . lynette clennell in perissinotto et al . ( 2014 ) .

scarab beetles of the genus trichostetha occur across southern africa , reaching their greatest diversity in the cape floral region . one species , trichostetha fascicularis is found across south africa and southern botswana , and is divided into a number of subspecies , but most species have a much more restricted , localized range . the adults typically feed on pollen from a single or small number of flowers , though many species do not appear to feed as adults at all ; the adults being very short lived . no larvae of any species of trichostetha has been described to date .

the new species is named trichostetha curlei , in honour of alfred curle , the south african lepidopterist ( scientist that studies butterflies and moths ) , who first noted the new species . the adult is a 12 . 8 - 18 mm black or dark green scarab beetle with white speckles on its elytron ( the modified forewings of a beetle , which form a wing - case protecting the still useable hindwings ) . the beetles are covered with white hairs , with the males being notably more hairy than the females .

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sciency thoughts : a new species of scarab beetle from the elandsberg mountains of the western cape , south africa .

the larvae is a typical scarab beetle larvae , reaching 38 - 41 mm in length ( considerably larger than the adult ) , with a creamy - white body with orange hairs and a dark - brown head . they were found living in underground rock crevices .

the adults were appeared in november and december ( early summer in south africa ) , and were found to visit the flowers of a wide variety of plants . however they appear to be incapable of feeding , instead apparently using the flowers as mating platforms .

the species was found living on arid quartzite fynbos in the elandsberg range at altitudes of about 1500 m above sea level . this comprises mostly medium density tall shrubs , comprising asters , proteas , ericas and restioids . most of the plants are derived from the fynbos biome , though some elements are associated with the succulent karoo biome .

a new species of scavenger scarab beetle from the early cretaceous of liaoning province , china .

scavenger scarab beetles ( hybosoridae ) are small ( 5 - 7 mm ) , oval scarab beetles , with enlarged mandibles and mouthparts . they are typically carrion feeders , with some species favouring vertebrate dung . they are not a large group of beetles , with only about 600 . . .

a new species of bumble bee scarab beetle from the early cretaceous of inner mongolia .

bumble bee scarab beetles ( glaphyridae ) are small , brightly coloured scarab beetles ; they are active animals , and frequently resemble bumble bees when in flight . there are eight extant genera in the family , two of which have fossil records . another two genera are known from the fossil record only . the fossil record of the family dates . . .

scarabs of the tribe corythoderini are small beetles found living in the nests of termites , found across much of africa and south asia . they are tolerated by the termites , and apparently produce secretions which the termites use in some way , though the relationship is not well understood .

studied palaeobiology & evolution at the university of portsmouth , geosciences via the open university & ecology and conservation at christchurch university , canterbury . have worked in wildlife based tourism , mineral exploration , development , conservation , education & environmental chemistry . occasionally write articles for papers and magazines .

dolichothele mottai & dolichothele camargorum : two new species of tarantula from brazil and bolivia .

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scalarites is a genus of heteromorph ammonites included in the family diplomoceratidae . these fast-moving nektonic carnivores lived in the cretaceous period , from 89.3 to 70.6 million years ago ) .

these fossils have been found in antarctica , brazil , denmark , germany , japan , russia , sweden and united states .

scalarites

scalarites <EOT> phylum : mollusca class : cephalopoda order : ammonitida family : diplomoceratidae genus : scalarites species : s . scalaris

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parent taxon : diplomoceratinae according to w . j . kennedy and u . kaplan 1995

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diplomoceras cylindraceum ( j . l . m . defrance , 1816 † ) ( fossil )

oxybeloceras crassum ( r . p . whitfield , 1877 † ) ( fossil )

oxybeloceras mortoni ( f . b . meek & hayden , 1876 † ) ( fossil )

pseudoxybeloceras ( parasolenoceras ) interruptum ( f . schlüter , 1872 † ) ( fossil )

pseudoxybeloceras ( parasolenoceras ) splendens ( m . collignon , 1969 † ) ( fossil )

spiroxybeloceras meekanum ( r . p . whitfield , 1877 † ) ( fossil )

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ammonoids are an extinct group of marine mollusc animals in the subclass ammonoidea of the class . these molluscs are more closely related to living coleoids ( i . e . , , , and cuttlefish ) than they are to shelled nautiloids such as the living nautilus species . the earliest ammonites appear during the devonian , and the last species died out during the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event .

ammonites are excellent index fossils , and it is often possible to link the rock layer in which a particular species or genus is found to specific geologic time periods . their fossil shells usually take the form of planispirals , although there were some helically spiraled and nonspiraled forms ( known as heteromorphs ) .

the name " ammonite " , from which the scientific term is derived , was inspired by the spiral shape of their fossilized shells , which somewhat resemble tightly coiled rams ' horns . pliny the elder ( d . 79 ad near pompeii ) called fossils of these animals ammonis cornua ( " horns of ammon " ) because the egyptian god ammon ( amun ) was typically depicted wearing ram ' s horns . often the name of an ammonite genus ends in - ceras , which is greek ( κέρας ) for " horn " .

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