ninox is a genus of true owls comprising about 30 species found in asia and australasia .

many species are known as hawk owls or boobooks .

note that the northern hawk-owl surnia ulula is not a member of this genus .

molecular analysis indicates the genus is an early offshoot from the ancestors of the rest of the true owls , and are maybe best-classified in a subfamily ninoxinae with the genera sceloglaux and uroglaux .

the genus was introduced by the english naturalist brian houghton hodgson in 1837 .

the species of ninox are : rufous owl , ninox rufa powerful owl , ninox strenua barking owl , ninox connivens sumba boobook , ninox rudolfi little sumba hawk-owl , ninox sumbaensis morepork , ninox novaeseelandiae norfolk boobook , ninox novaeseelandiae undulata - extinct ( 1996 ) lord howe boobook , ninox novaeseelandiae albaria - extinct ( 1950s ) ninox novaeseelandiae leucopsis ninox novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae southern boobook , ninox boobook ninox boobook boobook ninox boobook cinnamomina ninox boobook fusca ninox boobook halmaturina ninox boobook lurida ninox boobook moae ninox boobook ocellata ninox boobook plesseni ninox boobook pusilla ninox boobook remigialis ninox boobook rotiensis andaman hawk-owl , ninox affinis brown hawk-owl , ninox scutulata hume 's hawk-owl , ninox obscura northern boobook , ninox japonica chocolate boobook , ninox randi white-browed hawk-owl , ninox superciliaris philippine hawk-owl group luzon hawk-owl , ninox philippensis mindoro hawk-owl , ninox mindorensis sulu hawk-owl , ninox reyi mindanao hawk-owl , ninox spilocephala romblon hawk-owl , ninox spilonotus cebu hawk-owl , ninox rumseyi camiguin hawk-owl , ninox leventisi ochre-bellied boobook , ninox ochracea cinnabar boobook , ninox ios moluccan boobook group tanimbar boobook , ninox forbesi halmahera boobook , ninox hypogramma hantu boobook , ninox squamipila christmas boobook , ninox natalis papuan boobook , ninox theomacha manus boobook , ninox meeki speckled boobook , ninox punctulata new ireland boobook , ninox variegata new britain boobook , ninox odiosa solomons boobook , ninox jacquinoti togian boobook , ninox burhani the fossil owls " otus " wintershofensis and " strix " brevis , both from the early or middle miocene of wintershof west , germany , are close to this genus ; the latter was sometimes explicitly placed in ninox ( olson 1985 ) but is now in intutula .

" strix " edwardsi from the late miocene of la grive st. alban , france , might also belong into this group .

ninox

ninox <EOT> " ninox " is an australian army project to develop night vision goggles ; it is named after ninox strenua .

collaborate online with your team . ninox cloud is the most advanced web database .

ninox for mac syncs data nicely with icloud . you ' ll need just one license to install ninox on multiple macs and keep everything in sync . of course , sync does also work with the ipad and iphone app .

keep ahead of tasks with a field of status , priority and due date . ninox helps you to stay on track .

when a user registers his account with ninox and logs in , he will be seen as a user part of your team .

join 99 , 000 ninox users who have discovered how easy it is to build powerful database applications to increase productivity and save time .

after more than twenty - years of searching daintree rainforest for all manner of cryptic life forms , we have at last photographic evidence of this rare red boobook ( ninox boobook lurida ) . the southern boobook ( ninox boobook ) is also known as mopoke , [ . . . ]

the ninox apps for ios are top rated . with the app you even have access when you are on the field or in a plane without internet connection .

in every area , ninox strives to reach the peak of what is possible . we are a company which is extremely picky about every area of our products , just as we know our customers are .

no you don’t . when you buy the mac app , you can use the power of ninox without the cloud subscription . you will be able to use your icloud to sync with your ipad and mac app .

introducing the venator , a mouse forged in the fires of the arena , built on the foundation of extensive research and experience tirelessly gathered by ninox . alright . . . thats enough of the corny lines , lets get to business .

with this major update ninox has made the next step . now , ninox combines the functionality of a database with the ease of use of a spreadsheet . we put lots of effort in redesigning the interface and making ninox more approachable . [ new features & fixes ] ● full spreadsheet functionality . copy & paste + selection of blocks . ● enhanced user interface to speed up browsing ninox databases and tables . ● mail merge : print multiple records at once . ● show thumbnail images in table views and embedded tables . ● all commands are now available from the mac menu bar , too . ● we greatly extended support for keyboard shortcuts . ● added drag & drop support for file attachments . ● database - level undo and redo are finally there . ● choice fields can now be displayed as radio buttons and switches . ● yes / no fields can now be displayed as checkboxes and switches . ● clicking on a map does now look up the address . ● improved scrolling features for large tables . ● number format settings now do offer a prefix option . ● several enhancements of the scripting language . ● improved performance when working with large tables . ● lots of small improvements and bug fixes . ● ninox now supports : catalan , chinese , english , french , german , italian , polish , russian , spanish if you like ninox , please consider to leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot !

ninox goes team ! we’ve added a whole new way to sync your data : ninox cloud ! • invite your teammates and co - workers to collaborate while protecting your data with fine - grained access controls . • changes from one device will be immediately published to all other users . • and the best thing is , your data will always be available - - even when there ' s no internet connection . further improvements include : • redesign of the home screen • databases can be highlighted with individual colors and icons . • improved performance and stability please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot ! 2 . 0 . 1 : fixes a problem with ninox on macos 10 . 10

fixed some minor issues . new in 1 . 6 . 0 ● we rebuilt charts from the ground up to give you 7 different chart types with nice colors . ● it ' s now possible to import selected tables incl . forms , relations , views , layout , data and attachments from other ninox databases . ● enhanced language features enable even more advanced use cases . ● we put a lot of effort in polishing the user interface . ● form width is now adjustable . if you find ninox useful , please consider to write a review . this really makes a difference .

ninox cloud runs on any device with a web browser mac os x 10 . 9 , 10 . 10 , 10 . 11 , 10 . 12 / safari , windows 7 , 8 , 10 / internet explorer 10 and later , iphone ios 8 , 9 , 10 / safari , ipad ios 8 , 9 , 10 / safari , android : beta

ninox goes team ! we’ve added a whole new way to sync your data : ninox cloud ! • invite your teammates and co - workers to collaborate while protecting your data with fine - grained access controls . • changes from one device will be immediately published to all other users . • and the best thing is , your data will always be available - - even when there ' s no internet connection . further improvements include : • redesign of the home screen • databases can be highlighted with individual colors and icons . • improved performance and stability please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot ! 2 . 0 . 2 : performance improvements

ninox goes team ! we’ve added a whole new way to sync your data : ninox cloud ! • invite your teammates and co - workers to collaborate while protecting your data with fine - grained access controls . • changes from one device will be immediately published to all other users . • and the best thing is , your data will always be available - - even when there ' s no internet connection . further improvements include : • redesign of the home screen • databases can be highlighted with individual colors and icons . • improved performance and stability please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot ! 2 . 0 . 3 : performance and stability improvements

ninox is getting even better : this update brings a whole range on improvements including some long - expected features like mulitple choice fields and signature fields . also , the calender synchronization has been enhanced . and we invested heavily to make the ninox cloud synchronization super - reliable . new features : • improved calendar synchronization : - select the calendar to sync with - choose how many months should be synced - synchronization takes effect automatically • new calendar settings for working hours • new field type : multiple choice • new field type : signature • default quality settings for image fields • image field height is now configurable • radio buttons do now support a multi - column layout • improved rendering of colored fields : ninox automatically picks a high - contrast text color • sub tables can now be displayed as a single field • releated records can now be displayed as an embedded form small improvements : • longitude and lattitude have been switched for the location field to meet common conventions • new x button to quickly remove a column filter • sort and filter indicators are now always visible on table views • display of the cursor position on the formula editor • fields do now keep focus when switching between ninox and another app back and forth • new option to duplicate print layouts • color setting for action buttons • improved loading spinner • better handling of thumbnails • lots of enhancements to the nx scripting language . • more than 120 small improvements and bug fixes — your feedback is welcome — please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot !

ninox is a phenomenal databasing program that was actually designed for mac . it was easy to program and , having come from act ! crm , has completely changed our business . not only is it super capable , it was very easy to program . while some additional documentation would be appreciated , the support team was always accessible and assisted us in whatever way they could , including providing example databases . the program itself has been directly ported to ipad and is available on the web with the exact same interface and functionality , and this is unlike any other program that i have found , and a huge selling point . the sync ( between a user’s devices as well as multiple users ) is also phenomenal as well , and works great . overall , ninox is phenomenal . and made for mac , ios , and web , with phenomenal syncing and capabilities ( including programing ) .

ninox 2 . 1 brings a lot of improvements all over the place . we worked hard on polishing but also implemented some nice features . to name a few : calendar • propagate ninox calendar entries to your mac / ios calendar • improved calendar controls data import : • improved import options for ninox cloud databases • date format selector for csv file import general : • click on an email column to send emails to receipient lists • icons for radio buttons and switch fields • copy & paste in print layout designer • improved search in table views • teams can have a background image rights & roles : • visibility of columns in views now depends on access rights • access to change history is now restricatble extended scripting language : • counting loops : for i in range ( from , to ) do . . end • create arrays , like [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] • automatic repair of formulas — new in release 2 . 0 : ninox goes team — additionally to icloud sync for personal use , we added synchronization for teams : • invite your teammates and co - workers to collaborate while protecting your data with fine - grained access controls . • changes from one device will be immediately published to all other users . • and the best thing is , your data will always be available - - even when there ' s no internet connection . further improvements include : • redesign of the home screen • databases can be highlighted with individual colors and icons . • improved performance and stability — your feedback is welcome — please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot ! release 2 . 1 . 1 fixes a small problem with reference fields .

ninox medical is developing a new device for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea ( osa ) . obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a disorder characterized by repetitive episodes of upper airway obstruction that occur during sleep . the breathing stops for periods lasting from 10 seconds and up to minutes , followed by stressful arousals during which the patient gasps for air . as a result , oxygen desaturation occurs , inflammatory process may be triggered and lead to the long term cardiovascular or endocrine co - morbidities such as hypertension , ischemic heart disease , stroke and diabetes .

this update comes with more than 80 small and big improvements - to name a few : new features : • new fiter widget to sepcify date and time ranges • choice filters do now support multiple options • new filter widget for multiple choice fields • improvements of the choice and multiple choice fields • new ui element for free text • advanced settings for database background color and image • user ' s image is now also visible within the database • date picker does now sport buttons for today and to clear the date • extending selections upwards / to the left in spreadsheet mode does now work as expected • support for data matrix bar codes • use styled text elements in calendar , tables , sub tables and forms • enhanced color picker ninox scripting : • functions will now be preserved even if a referenced field is deleted • significant performance improvements when opening or modifying databases with complicated scripts • revised automatic formatting of scripts • improved error handling • lots of new functions and commands — your feedback is welcome — please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thank you so much ! 2 . 3 . 3 : bug fixes

this update comes with more than 80 small and big improvements - to name a few : new features : • new fiter widget to sepcify date and time ranges • choice filters do now support multiple options • new filter widget for multiple choice fields • improvements of the choice and multiple choice fields • new ui element for free text • advanced settings for database background color and image • user ' s image is now also visible within the database • date picker does now sport buttons for today and to clear the date • extending selections upwards / to the left in spreadsheet mode does now work as expected • support for data matrix bar codes • use styled text elements in calendar , tables , sub tables and forms • enhanced color picker ninox scripting : • functions will now be preserved even if a referenced field is deleted • significant performance improvements when opening or modifying databases with complicated scripts • revised automatic formatting of scripts • improved error handling • lots of new functions and commands — your feedback is welcome — please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thank you so much ! 2 . 3 . 2 : bug fixes

this update comes with more than 80 small and big improvements - to name a few : new features : • new fiter widget to sepcify date and time ranges • choice filters do now support multiple options • new filter widget for multiple choice fields • improvements of the choice and multiple choice fields • new ui element for free text • advanced settings for database background color and image • user ' s image is now also visible within the database • date picker does now sport buttons for today and to clear the date • extending selections upwards / to the left in spreadsheet mode does now work as expected • support for data matrix bar codes • use styled text elements in calendar , tables , sub tables and forms • enhanced color picker ninox scripting : • functions will now be preserved even if a referenced field is deleted • significant performance improvements when opening or modifying databases with complicated scripts • revised automatic formatting of scripts • improved error handling • lots of new functions and commands — your feedback is welcome — please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thank you so much ! 2 . 3 . 1 : bug fixes

this update comes with more than 80 small and big improvements - to name a few : new features : • new fiter widget to sepcify date and time ranges • choice filters do now support multiple options • new filter widget for multiple choice fields • improvements of the choice and multiple choice fields • new ui element for free text • advanced settings for database background color and image • user ' s image is now also visible within the database • date picker does now sport buttons for today and to clear the date • extending selections upwards / to the left in spreadsheet mode does now work as expected • support for data matrix bar codes • use styled text elements in calendar , tables , sub tables and forms • enhanced color picker ninox scripting : • functions will now be preserved even if a referenced field is deleted • significant performance improvements when opening or modifying databases with complicated scripts • revised automatic formatting of scripts • improved error handling • lots of new functions and commands — your feedback is welcome — please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thank you so much ! 2 . 3 . 4 : solves a problem with multiple choice fields and for - loops

before this week , i had been using excel to keep track of a long list of locations with a bunch of columns , but i finally cracked - - just too much horizontal scrolling in excel - - and started looking for database soltuions . i had used filemaker many years ago for a similar project , but i knew that the current version is expensive and almost certainly overkill for what i ' m doing . ( i just needed the ability to enter data , and to import and export csv files for use in a web app . ) i found ninox in the app store from a google search and took a chance , and i ' m very glad i did . i was up and running in under 30 minutes , without reading instructions . ( i eventually did need to read some of the online documentation for a few import / export things , but that was a quick process . ) if you ' re familiar with database schemas , most of the features are pretty clear . i wouldn ' t say it ' s for newbies , but you don ' t need much database expertise to use this , and you don ' t need sql experience . knock on wood , the app has been very stable - - i ' ve had zero crashes , and the csv files i ' ve imported and exported have worked perfectly . it ' s also quite speedy on my 2015 macbookpro running high sierra . highly recommended !

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ioc world bird list ( v 8 . 1 ) , website ( version 8 . 1 ) , website ( version 8 . 1 )

gill , f . , and d . donsker , eds . 2018 . ioc world bird list ( v 8 . 1 ) . doi : 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 1 . available at urltoken [ accessed 22 january , 2018 ]

zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2017 . 06 . 15 , website ( version 15 - jun - 17 )

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

choose from a variety of crm - , inventory - , invoicing - , and other pre - made databases — all designed to make your work that much better , and you life that much easier .

make your crm ! for clients , partners , suppliers , pupils , members , employees , applicants .

make an inventory list . record order and sales . stay up to date .

manage projects , sub - projects , mini tasks . calculate effort , time and costs .

organise collections of art , stamps , books , movies and other things you adore .

every business in the world is unique and has its proprietary processes . so should be the tools used for daily work to fit the real needs like a tailormade shirt .

i recommend this application as a great way to compile live data as you need it , and create relationships between different tables quickly .

empower your team to collaborate and to be more productive . reduce coordination efforts and save time to focus on what really matters .

this app has opened a new door for managing projects at work . the key benefit is being able to generate and update data directly on the factory floor .

excellent , lightweight yet sophisticated and powerful database system . i can ' t find anything else like it available for ios and mac .

this is the database development product for ios that i ' ve been waiting for , at a fraction of the total " all in " cost of filemaker .

this really is an outstanding product . more than “just” a database , it’s an entire application development platform .

quick , appetizing , it waltzes through changes in schema without a hitch or complaint . this is not even on the same planet as a flat - filer––with some planning , you can achieve 2nd normal form . worth five stars .

the more you think about new ways to track data , the more useful this software becomes . it’s quickly becoming an indispensable tool for me . highly recommended .

it ' s like excel on steroids . . . . w / excellent ( & reliable ) cloud storage support . someone has outdone themselves !

we are here to provide you with more information , answer any questions you may have and create an effective solution for your needs .

this is in the works , however , currently we are not able to provide that by default . when you have a subscription and you want a native mac app to access data offline , add the mac app to your purchase .

the keepap™ is an investigational device and is limited by u . s . law to investigational use . this product is not currently available for sale or distribution and has not been approved by the u . s . fda or by any other country’s regulatory authority .

● improved positioning and resizing of fields ● new field : phone number ● new field : color ● new field : icon ● time interval fields now support several formats with up to millisecond precision ● new functions : unique ( . . . ) , sort ( . . . ) ● aggregations min ( . . . ) , max ( . . . ) , avg ( . . . ) etc . support multiple arguments ● improved performance when rendering complex forms and tables

● interface language is now selectable by user ● default values for field type email ● improved record navigation controls ● table level trigger scripts : on create , on update ● new function replace ( text , match , replace ) ● new function endof ( appointment ) replaces end ( appointment ) ● new functions latitude ( location ) and longitude ( location ) ● slight improvements when editing choice values ● fixed problem with renaming file attachments in icloud databases ● fixed problem when removing views ● fixed problem with opening attachments on os x 10 . 9 mavericks ● fixed problem with ui freezing on os x 10 . 11 el capitan ● triggers don ' t cascade ( don ' t execute other triggers ) - use a semicolon to update multiple fields instead

i’d give this app five stars if it was documented properly . it is a capable , general - purpose database . it won’t do real heavy lifting ( like filemaker pro ) , but it will handle the needs of most small - to - medium size businesses . its only real problem is a lack of proper documentation , which gives the impression that the developer is good at programming , but not really up to professional standards , as far as documentation goes . i have used relational databases for years , from dbase 3 to sql server , and i am pretty comfortable creating and maintaining databases . i am finding myself able to learn the app , but it is taking me about a week of evenings just to figure out how the app does things . and that’s a shame , because once i figure out an area of the app , i do like their approach . so , i can only recommend this ap on a qualified basis . those unfamiliar with relational databases will probably have a tough time figuring out how to use this app , and even old sql hands are likely to invest more time than they would like learning it .

with family sharing set up , up to six family members can use this app .

important notes : - now available on amazon us , uk , de , fr , it , es , maxgaming eu and international . - black colour now available . - items marked * * are only available with firmware update v1 . 1 ( please see the support page for the download link ) . serial numbers beginning with 0717 or higher come pre - loaded with firmware v1 . 1 .

the venator is designed for gamers who know exactly what they want from their mouse . take a look at the list below and see if its for you !

a shape which is designed to feel like its an extension of your body .

the highest performing sensor available , capable of tracking at speeds of over 250 inches per second ( ~ 6 . 5 meters / s ) , and up to 12 , 000 dpi . the microprocessor inside the venator has also been programmed to synchronise its usb polling rate with the sensor ' s data , for reliable and very low latency tracking . it has also been programmed to have a low lod ( maximum tracking height ) , no angle snapping , and no added smoothing or acceleration .

the omron® d2fc - f - k ( 50m ) switches have one of the highest lifespan of any mouse switches , capable of performing over 50 million clicks . not only that , but they are also pleasant to use - not too hard to press , and not too loud , yet still remaning tactile . they ' re also lightning fast , due to the ultra low latency switch response which has been programmed into the venator ' s microprocessor .

customised for increased tactile feel and extended lifespan of over 24 million scrolls , so you can feel confident when using the scroll wheel , especially in tense situations .

all settings can be adjusted on the mouse , and unlike most mice that don ' t use drivers or software , the venator can store your settings in 3 profiles , where you can choose your dpi , led colours , and led brightness .

the top part of the mouse is coated with matte paint which has been uv cured . it provides excellent levels of grip , even in heated moments , and because of the curing process , is extremely hard wearing . in addition , the sides of the mouse have a textured pattern , designed to help you grip the mouse , without being too delicate or adding extra weight .

if you don ' t like heavy mice , this is the one for you ! weighing only 78 grams , it allows a super fast initial movement response , and less fatigue over extended gaming sessions . combined with the naturally comfortable shape and high grip features , gameplay will be as comfortable as can be .

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rat - culture - fiction . . . normal vocalizations are very high - pitched , well outside the range of human hearing . . . french film , illustrates henri laborit ' s theories on evolutionary psychology and human behaviors by using short sequences in the storyline showing lab rat experiments . . . in harry turtledove ' s science fiction novel homeward bound , humans unintentionally introduce rats to the ecology at the home world of an alien race which previously invaded earth . . .

superoxide dismutase - types - human . . . three forms of superoxide dismutase are present in humans , in all other mammals , and most chordates . . . sod1 , soluble crystallographic structure of the human sod1 enzyme ( rainbow colored n - terminus = blue , c - terminus = red ) complexed with copper ( blue - green . 21 q22 . 1 sod2 , mitochondrial structure of the active site of human superoxide dismutase 2 . . .

religion and sexuality . . . address the moral issues that arise from people ' s sexuality in society and in human interactions . . . sexual morality has varied greatly over time and between cultures . . . " sexual restrictions " is one of the universals of culture peculiar to all human societies . . .

history of ivory coast . . . the date of the first human presence in ivory coast ( also officially called côte d ' ivoire ) has been difficult to determine because human remains have not been well preserved in the country ' s humid climate . . . as a possible indication of a large human presence during the upper paleolithic period ( 15 , 000 to 10 , 000 bc ) , or at the minimum , the neolithic period . . .

thorns , spines , and prickles - in human culture . . . primitive humans are known to have used thorns as tools . . . human history records a variety of cultural references to sharp - pointed plant defensive mechanisms . . .

seemed to think that once the indians were off the reservations , theyd eventually become like everybody else . but they arent like everybody else . when the indianness is drummed out of them , they are turned into hopeless drunks on skid row .

without the constitution and the union , we could not have attained the result ; but even these , are not the primary cause of our great prosperity . there is something back of these , entwining itself more closely about the

heart . that something , is the principle of liberty to allmthe principle that clears the path for allgives hope to alland , by consequence , enterprize [ sic ] , and industry to all .

individuals face evolutionary trade - offs between the acquisition of costly but accurate information gained firsthand and the use of inexpensive but possibly less reliable social information . american crows ( corvus brachyrhynchos ) use both sources of information to learn the facial features of a dangerous person . we exposed wild crows to a novel ‘dangerous face’ by wearing a unique mask as we trapped , banded and released 7–15 birds at five study sites near seattle , wa , usa . an immediate scolding response to the dangerous mask after trapping by previously captured crows demonstrates individual learning , while an immediate response by crows that were not captured probably represents conditioning to the trapping scene by the mob of birds that assembled during the capture . later recognition of dangerous masks by lone crows that were never captured is consistent with horizontal social learning . independent scolding by young crows , whose parents had conditioned them to scold the dangerous mask , demonstrates vertical social learning . crows that directly experienced trapping later discriminated among dangerous and neutral masks more precisely than did crows that learned through social means . learning enabled scolding to double in frequency and spread at least 1 . 2 km from the place of origin over a 5 year period at one site .

an animal ' s world includes environmental challenges that select for adaptive traits across generations [ 1 ] , as well as those that change within individual lifetimes and necessitate adaptive learning [ 2 ] . learning from direct trial and error experiences allows for a wide range of species to rapidly adjust their behaviour to changing conditions [ 3 – 5 ] , but errors can be costly [ 6 , 7 ] . species able to observe and imitate others [ 8 ] , even crudely [ 9 ] , can forgo this cost by adjusting to changing environments through social learning and cultural evolution [ 10 , 11 ] .

in our increasingly human - dominated world , animals frequently face new dangers and opportunities that would profitably be solved through social learning . nowhere may this be more apparent than in our cities , where changing abiotic conditions ; novel anthropogenic foods and other subsidies ; and exotic predators , diseases and competitors are potent , novel and erratic selective forces [ 12 , 13 ] . the behaviour of individual people towards animals is often changing , and recent studies have demonstrated that an ability to discern differences between humans [ 14 , 15 ] may enable successful species to adapt to , and even coevolve with , human behaviour [ 16 ] . because human actions often threaten animals , learning socially about individual people ' s habits would be advantageous .

learning dangers by observing others is well understood in the laboratory [ 17 ] , but difficult to demonstrate in nature because public information can influence an animal ' s behaviour without the need for imitative social learning [ 18 , 19 ] . society can influence an individual ' s behaviour by stimulating ( contagion ) , exposing or supporting an action that already exists in the animal ' s repertoire . such socially influenced traits are subject to cultural transmission , but at best provide weak evidence for social learning as new behaviours need not be acquired [ 20 , 21 ] . by contrast , social animals often model adaptive traits that enable individuals to learn the object , location or circumstances that enhance fitness . such social learning ( i . e . stimulus enhancement or observational conditioning ; [ 19 ] ) is more rudimentary than imitating complex behaviours or learning about goals from others , but it is common among socially tolerant animals [ 22 , 23 ] .

the american crow ( corvus brachyrhynchos ) is a successful resident of north american cities [ 24 ] with a typical fission–fusion social structure within which many traditions and vocalizations appear to be socially learned [ 16 , 25 ] . one such tradition is the tendency of some crow groups to habitually follow or scorn particular humans . in experiments that we expand upon here , crows were capable of discriminating among individual people and remembering those who have aided or threatened them in the past [ 26 ] . threatening people are scolded with harsh vocalizations and may be mobbed by groups of scolding crows . individual crows learn from a single experience when they are captured and scold their captors , but in our experiments many more crows appeared knowledgeable than the few with direct , individual experience . crows recruit and tolerate others of their own and different species in mobs that form around dangerous people . this social tolerance during a situation when a typically neutral stimulus ( a person ) is paired with a signal of danger ( scolding ) could allow naive crows to learn about dangerous situations , locations and individual humans . alternatively , many naive crows may simply be stimulated to mob dangerous people because of the contagious nature of a mob [ 27 ] .

mobbing is a compound social stimulus that includes both visual and auditory signals in response to predators that is found in a variety of taxa including fishes , birds and mammals [ 28 ] . mobbing has multiple functions including predation , deterrence and learning to identify predators [ 29 – 32 ] . here , we are concerned with the latter and seek to distinguish contagious from socially acquired behaviour to understand the relative roles of individual learning and social learning in the acquisition of knowledge about people by crows . we test the hypothesis that observing others mob an object conditions an individual to react to that object and thus subsequently scold it [ 29 ] . our experiments in a field setting advance the relatively poor understanding of social learning pathways in nature [ 22 ] .

we experimentally investigated the roles of individual and social learning by pairing an aversive experience ( capture , banding and release ) with a novel human face ( a full face mask worn by people trapping and handling the birds ) . after trapping , we investigated the strength of the ecologically relevant , unconditioned response ( fear , scolding or mobbing ) to the conditioned stimulus ( people wearing the mask used during trapping , ‘dangerous face’ ) and to similar stimuli ( people wearing other masks not used for trapping or no mask , ‘neutral faces’ ; see the electronic supplementary material , also see marzluff et al . [ 26 ] for details on masks , previous research at sites and discriminatory abilities of subjects ) .

we trapped and then observed crows respond to masks at five sites . we began research at the university of washington ( uw ) main campus , where we contrasted crow responses over a 5 year period ( and ongoing ) to an extraordinary dangerous mask . to test the generality of our findings at uw , and test discrimination among ordinary faces in a fully balanced design , where each mask was dangerous at one site and neutral at all other sites , we conducted five - month long observations at four additional sites ( see the electronic supplementary material ) .

while our goals varied among sites , our field procedures were standardized . two trappers each wore the same mask during capture with a net launcher and banding . in total , birds were held for 10–30 min by the masked trappers , during which time groups of crows who were not captured circled and gave alarm vocalizations ( the electronic supplementary material ) . after releasing the banded birds , we removed our masks while inside a nearby building . each bird was aged based on plumage and colour of the mouth lining ( [ 33 ] ; electronic supplementary material ) . adults were only marked using leg bands ( including colour bands that did not reinforce coloration known to be associated with status ) to minimize long - term stress on the crows . all trapping was carried out at the start of experiments ; once trapping was completed , no additional individual learning by experiencing or observing trapping was possible .

to assess the responses of the crow populations at each site to people with masks after capture , we surveyed crows and their responses to a person slowly walking a 2–3 . 8 km - long route for 1–2 h ( figures 1 and 3 ; electronic supplementary material ) . surveys were carried out by the authors and others who were blind to the experimental objectives and expectations . observations made by blind observers are conservatively biased ( typically ascribing less discriminatory ability to crows because some scold vocalizations were not recognized as such ; [ 26 ] ) . each route included the trapping sites . at each site , the order of trials in which observers wore the dangerous trapping mask and the neutral masks was randomized . during surveys , which were limited to no more than one per day , observers paused briefly to look at each crow encountered and categorized its behaviour . we defined scolding as a harsh , alarm ‘kaw’ directed repeatedly at the observer accompanied by agitated wing and tail flicking [ 34 ] . mobbing ( or a mob ) is defined as contagious activity where more than one crow jointly scolds . mobbing may be accompanied by diving and following the masked observer . observers did not carry binoculars ( so as not to cue birds ) , but noted the unique band combination of each crow when possible , enabling us to determine if a particular individual was previously captured . although attraction of birds along the route to mobs may increase the chance of repeatedly counting the same birds within an experiment , we have no suggestion that it occurred . our routes were long , many of the crows were territorial and wandered little beyond their centres of activity , and we never observed a banded bird in more than a single mob within a trial .

responses of lone , unbanded crows ( solid symbols , scolding ; open symbols , silent ) at site b ( urban and dense suburban bellevue , wa ; for other sites see the electronic supplementary material ) . each of the 11 repeated trials in which the dangerous mask was worn is represented as a straight line with segments proportional to the actual route ( lines 1–11 under the study route , letters orient lines to route ; dashed lines delineate the major segments ) . the locations of all mobs given in response to the dangerous person ' s presence and the responses of all lone unbanded ( never captured ) crows are plotted in a spatially explicit manner for each trial . scolding crows exposed to a mob ( observed within 100 m of the location where mobbing occurred on a previous trial ; these crows have a plus symbol ) are evidence of peer - to - peer social learning . scolding crows that were not exposed to a mob are evidence of social learning by observing the trapping event ( trial 1 ) , evidence of inherent scolding of a masked person ( trials 2–11 ) or the conservative nature of our assessment ( trials 2–11 ) .

ongoing observations at our single long - term research site ( uw ) enabled us to describe the potential effect of social learning by detailing the nature of involvement in scolding by birds that were not trapped . we did this on a temporal basis by comparing the change in the number of birds scolding after trapping with two typical models of population - level cultural learning : linear and exponential rise to maximum [ 35 , 36 ] . network - based approaches [ 37 ] were not possible because many birds were not individually marked . rejection of the linear model would be consistent with lack of social learning . support for the linear model would be consistent with ongoing social learning . support for the exponential rise to maximum model would be consistent with learning by observation of the trapping event , but little or no further learning by observing scolding .

we quantified the geographical spread in scolding by mapping the locations and average number of scolding birds during the first two weeks immediately after trapping , 1 . 25 years after trapping , and 2 . 7 years post - trapping ( 9 , 31 and 38 cumulative number of times crows were exposed to the dangerous mask prior to each time point , respectively ) . since the first 2 years of data suggested that the response area was increasing , we expanded our search of knowledgeable birds off of the typical route at the 2 . 7 year mark . we surveyed in a circular search area with a radius of 1160 m , positioned around our typical route . we started at the perimeter of the circle and worked our way in towards the centre . we drove until we saw a crow perched within 10 m of the ground , put on the mask , approached the crow on foot to observe its response , then removed the mask once back inside the vehicle . we surveyed this area on a weekly basis from 9 october 2008 until 30 november 2008 .


the members of the family percichthyidae are known as the temperate perches .

they belong to the order perciformes , the perch-like fishes .

the name percichthyidae derives from the latin perca for perch and ancient greek ichthys for fish .

temperate perch

temperate perch <EOT> the barber perch can be recognised by its colouration , is found on rocky reefs in temperate marine waters and is endemic to australia .

the splendid perch is bright red or orange with red or yellow fins . juveniles are pink . the species occurs in temperate marine waters of australia and new zealand .

the butterfly perch is a schooling species that occurs in temperate marine waters of australia and new zealand . they are commonly found on coastal reefs and deep reefs at around 100 m depths .

greek perké = perch + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 ) .

johnson ' s gurnard perch was named in honour of jeff johnson the fish collection manager at the queensland museum . johnson ' s gurnard perch has a relatively short snout and long dorsal fin spines .

quality of semen and histological analysis of testes in eurasian perch perca fluviatilis l . during a spawning period

some aspects of the reproductive biology of perch perca fluviatilis l . a histological description of the reproductive cycle

neuman , e . , g . thoresson and o . sanström , 1996 . swimming activity of perch ,

jackson , l . f . and sullivan , c . v . 1995 . reproduction of white perch (

edgar , g . j . 1997 . australian marine life : the plants and animals of temperate waters . reed books . pp . 544 .

endemic to temperate waters of southern australia , from wilsons promontory , victoria , to about albany , western australia , and around tasmania . barber perch form large schools on sheltered coastal reefs , feeding on plankton above rocky reefs , outcrops and drop offs at depths of 7 - 100 m . they are usually found at shallower depths and in more sheltered habitats than butterfly perch .

lake erie yellow perch cohort size at age - 2 and lifetime harvest by cohort plotted against juvenile abundance , 1987–2010 .

this delay in spawning following a short winter could negatively affect temperate species such as yellow perch in two vastly different ways . the prolonged period of elevated water temperature during a ‘delayed ' spawning season may reduce sperm quality ( for example , motility ) . indeed , low sperm quality was associated with a prolonged , warm spawning season in a congener of yellow perch ( eurasian perch perca fluviatilis ) 37 , as well as other temperate fish species ( for example , brown trout salmo trutta 38 ) . because poor sperm quality also may have contributed to failed reproduction following short , warm winters in lake erie , further investigation into climate change effects on male gamete quality is warranted .

craig , j . , 1987 . the biology of perch and related fish . croom helm , london , 333 pp .

edgar , g . j . 2008 . australian marine life : the plants and animals of temperate waters . sydney : reed new holland 2 , 624 pp .

mean daily water temperature from short and long winter - duration treatments used in a controlled laboratory experiment with lake erie yellow perch .

iowa’s popular gamefish , walleye , sauger and yellow perch , are some of the 20 members of the perch family in iowa . the remaining members are various species of darters . members of the perch family have rather slender , elongated bodies and a large bone on the gill cover that ends in a flat spine . the spiny and soft portions of the dorsal fin are completely separated .

tao , y . , berlinsky , d . l . and sullivan , c . v . 1996 . vitellogenin receptors in white perch (

native to temperate areas of europe . introduced to australia by fish acclimatisation societies via tasmania ( 1862 ) and victoria ( 1868 ) . a popular angling species , with good flesh .

hrabik , t . r . , m . p . carey and m . s . webster . 2001 . interactions between exotic rainbow smelt young - of - year and native yellow perch young - of - year in a northern temperate lake . transactions of the american fisheries society 130 ( 4 ) : 568 - 582 .

climate change is most evident in northern temperate and arctic ecosystems , where it is prolonging historically short growing seasons 1 , 2 . longer spring - through - fall growing seasons in northern ecosystems are predicted to have positive effects on temperate ectotherms by increasing fitness 3 through a number of pathways , including increased positive growth 3 , 4 and reduced overwinter mortality 5 . however , the corresponding reduction in winter duration may counter these positive benefits by presenting a mismatch between altered seasonal thermal regimes and the highly evolved seasonal physiology and life history of temperate ectotherms 6 , 7 .

marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; anadromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 10 - ? m ( ref . 7251 ) . temperate ; 52°n - 29°n , 79°w - 57°w

rossier , o . , e . casteila and j . b . lachavanne , 1996 . influence of submerged aquatic vegetation on size class distribution of perch

imbrock , f . , a . appenzeller and r . eckmann , 1996 . diel and seasonal distribution of perch in lake constance : a hydroacoustic study and

as its common name suggests , the red little gurnard perch is a small species of scorpionfish that unlike other species of maxillicosta , has a red body .

may , j . l . & maxwell , j . g . h . 1986 . field guide to trawl fish from temperate waters of australia . hobart : csiro division of marine research 492 pp .

zamora l . , moreno - amich r . ( 2002 ) quantifying the activity and movement of perch in a temperate lake by integrating acoustic telemetry and a geographic information system . in : thorstad e . b . , fleming i . a . , næsje t . f . ( eds ) aquatic telemetry . developments in hydrobiology , vol 165 . springer , dordrecht

the longfin perch has a long - based dorsal fin , and an emarginate caudal fin . the species occurs in australia , new zealand and the kermadec islands .

a male barber perch , caesioperca rasor , in port phillip , victoria . source : rick stuart - smith / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution

how to cite this article : farmer , t . m . et al . short winters threaten temperate fish populations . nat . commun . 6 : 7724 doi : 10 . 1038 / ncomms8724 ( 2015 ) .

perch , , either of two species of fish , the common and the yellow perch ( perca fluviatilis and p . flavescens , sometimes considered as single species , p . fluviatilis ) of the family percidae ( order perciformes ) . the name also is widely , and sometimes confusingly , applied to a variety of other fishes . …

. they may be found in both fresh and salt water . some varieties are popular as game and food fishes . the temperate basses are not closely related to the black basses , which are members of the sunfish family .

hodgson , j . r . , d . e . schindler and x . he , 1998 . homing tendency of three piscivorous fishes in a north temperate lake . trans . am . fish . soc . 127 : 1071–1081 .

heppell , s . a . , jackson , l . f . , weber , g . m . and sullivan , c . v . 1999 . enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ( elisa ) of vitellogenin in temperate basses ( genus

huusko , a . , o . vuorimies and t . sutela , 1996 . temperature and light mediated predation by perch on vendace larvae . j . fish biol . 49 : 441–447 .

relationship between ( a ) bottom water temperature and date and ( b–d ) the probability that a yellow perch female was spent and bottom water temperature during spring 2010–2012 in western lake erie .

lake erie yellow perch ( a ) embryo hatching success and ( b ) larval size - at - hatching versus individual egg mass when exposed to a short and long winter in the laboratory .

differs from the closely - related butterfly perch , caesioperca lepidoptera , in having a more slender body , and in males being more bluish with a dark bar rather than a blotch on the midside .

although climate warming is expected to benefit temperate ectotherms by lengthening the summer growing season , declines in reproductive success following short , warm winters may counter such positive effects . here we present long - term ( 1973–2010 ) field patterns for lake erie yellow perch , perca flavescens , which show that failed annual recruitment events followed short , warm winters . subsequent laboratory experimentation and field investigations revealed how reduced reproductive success following short , warm winters underlie these observed field patterns . following short winters , females spawn at warmer temperatures and produce smaller eggs that both hatch at lower rates and produce smaller larvae than females exposed to long winters . our research suggests that continued climate warming can lead to unanticipated , negative effects on temperate fish populations .

recreational fishing licence requirements and regulations affecting the taking of english perch in victoria are available in the victorian recreational fishing guide , available free from recreational fishing licence sales agents and dedjtr offices and information centres .

stock size . while yellow perch stock size ( that is , number of age - 3 and older mature yellow perch ) varied markedly in both lake erie basins during 1973–2010 , we do not feel that it is responsible for observed recruitment variation . in support of this notion , previous research showed that stock size explained < 1 % of the variation in yellow perch recruitment in both the western and central basins during 1973–2010 ( ref . 54 ) . further , yellow perch spawning stock size generally declined in the west basin during this time period , whereas it increased in the central basin during this same period 48 , 54 . these opposing trends in stock size between adjacent lake basins also suggest that stock size was relatively unimportant to driving recruitment variation , given that we documented near identical responses of recruitment to variation in winter thermal regime .

the white perch can tolerate a wide range of salinity , living in fresh water , landlocked lakes , brackish backwaters and bays , and fullfledged salt water . it is especially at home in ponds connected to the sea .

the butterfly perch is usually pinkish with a dark blotch on the body . the pectoral fins are approximately the same length as the head . adults develop spots , pale blue fin margins and a blue band behind the eye .

white perch average eight to 10 inches long and less than a pound , but in brackish water they can grow to 15 inches or so and about two pounds . they have a long lifespan , and fish 12 years old are not uncommon . their diet varies with the season . white perch eat bottomdwelling insect larvae in the winter and early spring . then during the warmer months they consume large burrowing mayflies , crustaceans , water fleas and small fish . they seldom go into very shallow water , where minnows are abundant , but remain in deep water by day and near shore at sundown . in marine habitats , white perch eat small fish , squid , crabs and shrimp .

a pelagic schooling fish found only in southern australia . adult males are bluish with a black bar on the side . females are pinkish with a blue line below the eye . small juveniles are pink to pinkish - orange with a dark mauve head . barber perch form large schools on sheltered coastal reefs , where they feed on plankton above rocky reefs , outcrops and drop - offs . the closely - related butterfly perch usually occurs in more exposed habitats on deeper reefs .

barracuda , any of about 20 species of predacious fishes of the family sphyraenidae ( order perciformes ) . barracudas are found in all warm and tropical regions ; some also range into more temperate areas . swift and powerful , they are slender in form , with small scales , two well - separated dorsal fins , …

sailfish , ( genus istiophorus ) , ( genus ) , valued food and game fish of the family istiophoridae ( order perciformes ) found in warm and temperate waters around the world . the sailfish has a long , rounded spear extending from its snout but is distinguished from related species , such as marlins , by its…

swordfish , ( xiphias gladius ) , prized food and game fish , probably the single species constituting the family xiphiidae ( order perciformes ) , found in warm and temperate oceans around the world . the swordfish , an elongated , scaleless fish , has a tall dorsal fin , and a long sword , used in slashing at…

mackerel , , any of a number of swift - moving , streamlined food and sport fishes found in temperate and tropical seas around the world , allied to tunas in the family scombridae ( order perciformes ) . mackerels are rounded and torpedo - shaped , with a slender , keeled tail base , a forked tail , and a row of…

hiramatsu , n . , hara , a . , hiramatsu , k . , fukada , h . , weber , g . m . , denslow , n . d . and sullivan , c . v . 2002b . vitellogenin - derived yolk proteins of white perch ,

yellow perch is a common , coolwater iteroparous fish that is widespread across the atlantic , great lakes and mississippi river basins of north america . this species is particularly important in the laurentian great lakes basin , where it serves as an important consumer in the middle of the food web 47 and supports valuable commercial and recreational fisheries . yellow perch supports lake erie ' s largest commercial fishery and second most valuable recreational fishery 48 . recruitment to the fishery has been quite variable in lake erie over the past several decades 48 , a period of time during which variability in winter ice cover also has been increasing 49 .

sanderson , b . l . , t . r . hrabik , j . j . magnuson and d . m . post . 1999 . cyclic dynamics of a yellow perch population in an oligotrophic lake : evidence for the role of intraspecific interactions . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences . 56 : 1534 - 1542 .

) . short , warm winters with little ice cover were consistently followed by weak recruitment to the juvenile ( age - 0 ) stage . by contrast , high juvenile abundances occurred only after long , cold winters . as yellow perch juvenile abundance in lake erie is a strong predictor of both recruitment to the fishery at age - 2 and future lifetime fishery harvest of that cohort (

because the odnr - dow survey design changed during the past 35 + years , we used yellow perch data only from 12 fixed , historical sites , sampled consistently during this time . historical sites were spread across the ohio waters of western ( n = 4 ) and central ( n = 8 ) lake erie 23 . annual juvenile abundances from these historical sites were strongly correlated with overall annual abundances calculated using all sites in both western ( pearson correlation : r = 0 . 92 , n = 24 ; ∼80 sites per year since 1987 ) and central lake erie ( pearson correlation : r = 0 . 94 , n = 21 ; ∼40 sites per year since 1990 ) , indicating that historical sites closely track population - level variation in juvenile yellow perch abundance .

we conducted a controlled laboratory experiment with wild yellow perch to quantify the effects of winter duration on the timing of reproduction , fecundity , egg quality ( that is , egg size , energetic and lipid content ) , embryo hatching success and larval - size - at - hatching . below , we provide details regarding the fish used in the experiment , the experimental design and the treatment of the data .

altered spawning phenology offers yet another pathway by which short , warm winters could weaken annual recruitment . in our study , female yellow perch that were exposed to a short winter ( and hence , earlier arrival of spring temperatures ) did not initiate spawning at their ‘normal ' temperatures in either the laboratory or lake erie . instead , following a short winter , females initiated spawning at warmer temperatures than normal , which occurred during the typical spawning period ( mid - april through may ) .

during the experiment , some females died ( short winter n = 19 ; long winter n = 15 ) . the majority ( 56 % ) of mortalities occurred during the first 3 weeks of october 2011 at the start of the experiment , likely due to transfer stress and failure to acclimate to indoor laboratory conditions . no mortalities occurred once spawning began in the spring ( april–june 2012 ) . once spawning began , we euthanized another group of randomly selected female yellow perch in the short ( n = 14 ) and long ( n = 14 ) winter - duration treatments to assess reproductive development ( results not presented ) . the remaining females in both the short and long winter - duration treatments all spawned , with some being hand - stripped ( short winter n = 7 ; long winter n = 10 ) and some spawning in tanks ( short winter n = 9 ; long winter n = 10 ) . thus , our sample sizes for fecundity , egg quality , embryo hatching success and larval - size - at - hatching for each treatment were based on the number of yellow perch that were able to be successfully hand - stripped of eggs .

whether short , warm winters led to reduced egg size , egg energetic and lipid content , and embryo hatching success through metabolic or maternal endocrine pathways requires further investigation . the difficulty in delineating between these mechanisms is in part due to both sets of processes being controlled by ambient temperature 26 , 27 . for example , for successful reproduction to occur , the metabolic demands of reproduction must be met 27 . in this way , one potential explanation for large eggs being produced after long winters is that the prolonged period of cold temperatures allows for more energy to be allocated to reproduction than under warmer conditions , when maintenance metabolic demands are elevated 27 , 28 , 29 . most certainly , additional research into how seasonally specific metabolic rates 30 and food availability during winter affect energy allocation by females to reproduction ( sensu 29 ) in temperate fishes would be worthwhile .

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species of this family are distributed in australia and south america ( primarily argentina and chile ) . rarely brackish . complete and continuous lateral line . dorsal fins continuous , with or without a notch ; spines 7 - 12 ( 1 - 3 in gadopsis bispinosus ) ; soft rays 8 - 38 . anal fin spines 3 ; soft rays 7 - 13 ( 16 - 20 in gadopsis ) . scales ctenoid , secondarily cycloid . vertebrae 25 - 36 ( 40 - 50 in gadopsis ) . dioecious . poorly defined group , its composition is subject to change . eschmeyer ( 1998 ) recognized 14 valid genera . percilia species are considered to be under its own family perciliidae ( arratia , pers . comm . ) .

the list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .

rather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .

but we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .

unless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .

this list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .

in the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .

when subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .

type genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .

type species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .

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the white bass is a freshwater fish , with its largest populations in the great lakes and the mississippi river system . in pennsylvania the white bass is native to the western counties , especially lake erie and the ohio river watershed . its species name “ chrysops ” refers to the fish’s golden eye .

white bass inhabit large lakes and small to large rivers . they prefer water that is relatively clear , and they rarely maintain a population in lakes less than 300 acres . prime white bass habitat includes extensive water acreage deeper than 10 feet , and gravelly shoals or rock - rubble reefs on which the fish can spawn . in recent years , white bass fishing has been exceptional at the allegheny reservoir , warren county .

white bass are school fish , spawning , feeding and traveling in compact groups . in late april to early june , schools of white bass migrate to spawn over rocky or gravelly shoals , either going to that habitat in a lake or traveling upstream in a river to reach it . the bass appear to return to the same spawning site each spring . spawning takes place near the surface in six or seven feet of water , at 58 to 64 degrees . the females release 25 , 000 to one million minute eggs into the current , accompanied by several spawning males . the eggs are adhesive , drifting to the bottom and sticking to the stones . they hatch in two or three days . successful hatching depends on favorable conditions of current or wave action , and temperature . white bass produce abundant year - classes intermittently . spawning success and year - class survival usually depend on a variety of environmental conditions .

in their native habitat , the atlantic coast from the st . lawrence river to florida and some tributaries of the gulf of mexico , the striped bass is a true anadromous fish , living in salt water but traveling to fresh water to spawn . through stocking , striped bass have reached the west coast . striped bass can also live entirely in fresh water as a landlocked form that cannot reach the sea . in pennsylvania , striped bass are found in the delaware river , and historically had been found throughout the susquehanna river , the fish traveling upstream from the chesapeake bay . dams on the susquehanna had blocked the striped bass upstream migration to spawning grounds , but fish lifts , or fishways , on the dams should soon make access possible to the middle susquehanna for this and other anadromous fishes .

when the santee river in south carolina was impounded during the 1940s , the striped bass present there produced a population that adapted to a freshwater landlocked existence . offspring and subsequent generations of these fish have been stocked in many inland waters , reservoirs and the rivers that run into them throughout north america .

south of pennsylvania and new jersey , fishermen call stripers “rockfish . ” their species name “ saxatilis ” means “dwelling among rocks . ”

striped bass catches in the 15 - to 20 - pound range are not uncommon in pennsylvania . for sea - living striped bass , sizes in excess of 100 pounds have been reported . the pennsylvania state records both for marine and landlocked striped bass are over 50 pounds .

striped bass live in salt water , in brackish estuaries and in fresh water . migratory forms travel from the ocean or saltwater bays into freshwater rivers , above tidal influence , to spawn . landlocked forms of striped bass live in large reservoirs as roaming , mid - water schools . significant lengths of flowing water are needed for successful spawning , sufficient to keep eggs suspended before hatching .

from their saltwater homes , striped bass migrate upstream in the spring to spawn , traveling into the mouths of large freshwater rivers . over stony riffles , several males chase a large female in what appears to be a battle , but it is actually frantic spawning antics and frenzied swimming–the striped bass’s courtship and spawning ritual . male striped bass become mature at about two years of age , with the females usually ready to spawn in their fourth year , when they are 18 to 24 inches long . at all ages , the females are larger and heavier than the males . water temperature signals spawning time , with some spawning occurring at 55 degrees , but most at 60 to 67 degrees . young females may release just 65 , 000 eggs .

marine striped bass make two migrations , one for spawning . the other , in fish two years old or older , occurs when a small percentage move out of their wintering areas , like the chesapeake and delaware bays , and travel north along the coast to new england and southern canada . there they mingle with northern populations of striped bass during the summer . then most return to their winter quarters . in reservoirs , the landlocked freshwater striped bass move according to temperature and dissolved oxygen in the lake , favoring cooler arms of the impoundment during the hot summer .

striped bass feed on just about anything alive that is available . they are a top - level carnivore whether found in salt water or fresh water . young striped bass eat microcrustaceans , or zooplankton , and midge larvae . as they grow , their diet changes to large crustaceans , mollusks and especially other fish . as adults , striped bass live in roving schools , feeding mostly at night . when chasing forage fish near the surface , the splashing and slashing make a spectacular display . substantial increases in abundance of striped bass have occurred in the delaware river since the mid - 1980s because of improved river water quality and harvest restrictions .

the striped bass hybrid is a hatchery - created cross between a white bass and a striped bass . it is stocked primarily because it tolerates warmer water than the purebred striped bass , which , as it grows older and larger , requires well - oxygenated water during the summer . in pennsylvania it is stocked mostly in the western part of the state , in reservoirs such as lake arthur and shenango lake , and in the big - river area of the ohio and allegheny rivers near pittsburgh . here the hybrid typically grows larger than the white bass . fisheries managers in the state do not tend to stock the striped bass hybrid in lakes and rivers that lead to delaware or chesapeake bays to minimize the chance of the hybrids mixing and reproducing with wild marine striped bass .

the hybrid striped bass’s body is stockier than that of a pure striped bass , and its lateral stripes are discontinuous and less distinct . its back is dark , almost black . its sides are silvery , with seven or eight faint and broken - looking lateral stripes , and its belly is white . the anal fin has 11 or 12 rays , and there are two tooth patches on the rear of its tongue . in size it grows to a length and weight midway between its parents . a 10 - or 12 - pounder is considered a big one .

the striped bass hybrid is stocked in larger reservoirs and slow rivers , where there are open - water forage fish like gizzard shad and alewives .

the striped bass hybrid is fast - growing , which is typical of hybrids . it is generally sterile , and can be stocked instead of the purebred striped bass into waters to avoid the purebred’s potential of reproducing too prolifically and outstripping its food source . however , occasionally fertile striped bass hybrids have occurred , and some states have reported the hybrid back - crossing with the white bass . striped bass hybrids feast on forage fish as adults .

encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook

their closest relatives are found in europe : the delectable european sea bass and the spotted sea bass , fishes which are highly regarded as food fishes in their homeland .

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one of the most intriguing types of population fluctuation is that of regular cyclical change . recurrent oscillations in the dynamics of natural populations have generated considerable interest in both the occurrence and cause of these cycles . theoretical models of populations have shown that repeated oscillations can result from a number of factors including combinations of fertility and survival rates , density - dependence , and predator - prey dynamics . cyclic patterns of abundance have been observed in freshwater fishes , although the ability to detect such cycles is often obscured by the influence of environmental factors . understanding the extent to which repeated oscillations in fish populations are driven by external factors or internal processes within the population is an important challenge .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under cooperative agreement # deb - 1440297 , ntl lter . any opinions , findings , conclusions , or recommendations expressed in the material are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .

the eastern red scorpionfish is very common in shallow coastal waters around sydney . the fish is commonly seen by divers as it lies motionless on the bottom , usually moving only when disturbed .

for many years , this species was called scorpaena cardinalis . the 2011 paper by motomura et al ( see below ) , showed that the correct name for the species is s . jacksoniensis and that s . cardinalis occurs in new zealand waters and around the offshore islands of the tasman sea .

use the table to access images and fact sheets of the neosebastid fishes on the site .

the paddletail has a forked caudal fin with rounded lobes . it has a pinkish - grey to red body . adults inhabit deep lagoons and seaward reefs .

the mangrove jack is greenish brown to reddish . in australia it is known from the central coast of western australia , around the tropical north of the country and south to the central coast of new south wales .

as its standard name implies the body of the spotted bigeye is often covered with blotches . it occurs in warm marine waters of the east - indo - west - pacific region .

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this revised version was published online in july 2006 with corrections to the cover date .

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further two observed fish - based types were not considered : the potential stone loach - dominated brook was not sufficiently represented in this study to be verified , and the stickleback brook was considered to represent degradation of lowland trout brooks .

the correspondence between the fish - based typology and the morphology - based german stream typology was rather weak and requires further investigation .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .