annachlamys flabellata is a species of scallop , a marine bivalve mollusc in the family pectinidae .

it is found in the sublittoral zone of the continental shelf north of australia .

annachlamys flabellata

annachlamys flabellata <EOT> annachlamys reevei valves more convex then a . flabellata smaller then a . flabellata , maximum 50 mm in size

annachlamys kuhnholtzi colouration inside is white with yellow to yellowbrown marks mostly coloured white with brown valves more convex then a . flabellata more circular then a . flabellata only found in the eastern part of australia to new caledonia

synonyms : pecten leopardus reeve , 1853 ; pecten kuhnholtzi bernardi , 1884 ; annachlamys leopardus rena iredale , 1939 ; annachlamys melica iredale , 1939 .

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annachlamys flabellata colouration inside is white with bright red dots , sometimes only white colourfull shell less convex then a . kuhnholtzi interspace ( i ) between the ribs ( r ) larger then with a . reevei left ( upper ) valve slightly higher then the right ( lower ) valve

note : the form rena differs from flabellata in that it is smaller , more circular , slightly more inflated particularly in the left valve ; ribs of the right valve are smooth , the concentric sculpture being confined to the interstices , externally on the left valve , the shell is frequently coloured orange at the umbones and nebulously patterned over the surface with orange - red ; interior colour yellow . the form melica differs from flabellata in that the concentric sculpture is much stronger and more widely spaced on both valves than in eastern australian specimens . ”

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reeve , l . a . 1853 , " monograph of the genus pecten " , ed . reeve , l . a . ( ed ) , conchologia iconica , vol . 8 , pp . pls 13 - 35 , l . reeve , london

iredale , t . 1939 , " mollusca . part 1 . british museum ( natural history ) , london . great barrier reef expedition , 1928 - 29 " , scientific reports of the great barrier reef expedition 1928 - 1929 , vol . 5 , no . 6 , pp . 209 - 425 , pls 1 - 75

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 411b58c6 - 0828 - 4743 - a2dc - da5f1ccf4d68

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 563d5fca - 85e3 - 41a9 - 83e7 - cec6bdc81c98

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 73027d92 - ef9a - 445f - ba5b - b9da1e0c5e24

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 76aae969 - 4766 - 431a - 87c4 - 39359d7c8e95

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9e8ca583 - 0e9a - 43f6 - 956a - 260b8f66f1a8

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 819bf6b6 - 7e24 - 470f - be7d - 378306e489c2

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 478350

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shell length to 100 mm ; moderately compressed ; right valve slightly more inflated than the left . sculpture : about 18 - 20 strong radial ribs with interstices of about the same width ; shell surface densely covered with fine concentric lamellae ; right valve with broader ribs and narrower interstices . colour : right valve white ; left variably patterned with pink on the ribs . habitat : sand , to 127 metres . distribution : northern new south wales , queensland , northern territory to western australia .

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diversity and distribution of subtidal benthic molluscs from the dampier archipelago , western australia ; results of the 1999 dredge survey ( da2 / 99 ) john d . taylor and emily a . glover

a survey of the benthic molluscs of the dampier archipelago , western australia shirley m . slack - smith and clay w . bryce

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format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3

finds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .

finds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .

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f + + , great white - cream specimen with graphite - grey rays ans brown marks ! ex . coll . b . cook !

f + + , special color with some white marks ! ex . coll . b . cook !

f + , large specimen - good to compare with brazilian specimens . the differences between ornata and sentis are mainly on the ribs , but i admit it is not so clear . . . collected by homer rhode in berry islands

the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .

peacock mantis shrimp are found in the indo - pacific ocean , south of japan , north of australia , and between eastern africa and guam .

peacock mantis shrimp can be found at depths of 3 - 40 m , though they are most typically found at depths of 10 - 30 m . they prefer water temperatures of 22 - 28°c . these mantis shrimp are most commonly found in their u - shaped burrows , often built near the bases of coral reefs on sandy and gravelly areas .

peacock mantis shrimp are crustaceans , most closely resembling lobsters . they are very brightly colored , with a base body color of olive or green , brightly covered orange antennae scales , red raptorial appendages ( used to smash prey ) , red setae on their uropods , and leopard like spots covering the lateral sides of the lower carapace . their compound eyes are blue in color . body coloration is sexually dimorphic , with males being being more brightly colored . the carapace is slightly raised , covering only the lower half of the head , leaving the portion with the eyes exposed . these mantis shrimp average 3 - 18 cm in length . they have long , narrow bodies , and in addition to their raptorial appendages , a pair of maxillopods , three pairs of legs used for holding prey , three pairs of walking legs , and five pairs of swimmerets , before the body terminates in the telson and paired uropods .

typically , stomatopod eggs are carried in a mass by the female , who cares for them until they hatch . not much is known about the larval development of peacock mantis shrimp , specifically . however , the larval development of a related species , split - thumb mantis shrimp (

) has been well documented . the larvae of split - thumb mantis shrimp undergo seven larval stages before reaching maturity . each of the first three stages lasts from 1 - 3 days , and larvae stay in a burrow until reaching the fourth larval stage , which lasts 6 - 8 days . collectively , the final three stages may take 38 days to complete . after completing their seven larval stages , a final molt , taking up to eight days , results in a mature adult .

mantis shrimp mate , spawn , brood , and hatch their eggs in their burrows , making details regarding these processes difficult to observe . peacock mantis shrimp are usually monogamous ; however , individuals have been seen mating with different partners on occasion . females are oviparous , and males have an external copulatory organ ; sperm is released by the male , held briefly by the female , and then released along with her eggs , where fertilization occurs . fertilized eggs join together in a mass , held together with adhesive produced by the female . she carries the egg mass on her front thoracic appendages and broods them in her burrow , caring for , cleaning , and aerating them . she does not eat during this time .

these mantis shrimp are believed to be reproductively active throughout the year , with peaks during the warmer months . mantis shrimp spawn nocturnally .

breeding season peacock mantis shrimp breed year round , with reproductive peaks during warmer months .

maternal investment in mantis shrimp is much higher than paternal investment . females usually stay in their burrows when brooding eggs , rarely leaving the burrow prior to hatching . females use their maxillipeds ( appendages on the head normally used for feeding ) , to clean and aerate the eggs ; they do not typically eat while brooding eggs . male peacock mantis shrimp are not known to exhibit parental investment , although it is possible that they guard their mates ' burrows as do their close relatives , split - thumb mantis shrimp (

( caldwell , 2006 ; cronin , et al . , 2000 ; patek and caldwell , 2006 )

( " odontodactylus scyllarus " , 2012 ; claverie , et al . , 2011 ; patek and caldwell , 2005 ; patek , et al . , 2007 )

there is no information currently available regarding home range or territory size for this species ; however , they tend to remain in or close to their small burrows .

peacock mantis shrimp perceive their environment visually through their stalked compound eyes . they are capable of processing ultraviolet and polarized light , as well as color ; their visual capabilities are extremely important to their success as hunters . mantis shrimp also communicate through vibrations , created by contractions of posterior muscles and known as stomatopod rumbles . these vibrations are used for territorial and defensive purposes ; individuals may create vibrations while in their burrows , warning potential predators or other conspecifics to keep their distance . they are also able to detect smells in the water .

( claverie , et al . , 2011 ; cronin and marshall , 2001 ; cronin , et al . , 2000 ; cronin , et al . , 1994 )

peacock mantis shrimp are carnivorous ; prey items include gastropods , crustaceans , and bivalves . in the wild , they are known to eat scallops such as

, although crabs are their preferred prey . peacock mantis shrimp are " smashers , " using their rapptorial appendages as described above to break open their prey ' s shell . in captivity , these mantis shrimp have been known to attack and eat fishes as well .

peacock mantis shrimp do not have many known predators ; they have , however , been found in the stomachs of yellowfin tuna . smaller individuals in particular may be prey to larger reef fishes . to avoid predators , peacock mantis shrimp hide in their burrows , using vibrations ( " stomatopod rumbles " ) to warn potential attackers .

( patek and caldwell , 2005 ; patek , et al . , 2007 ; potier , et al . , 2004 )

peacock mantis shrimp create their burrows near coral bases ; they constantly create new burrows and abandon older ones , creating new habitats for other animals . although data regarding specific parasitic infections in this species is not currently available , larger individuals in aquaria have been seen with various shell diseases .

( " odontodactylus scyllarus " , 2012 ; baxamusa , 2010 ; caldwell , 2006 ; potier , et al . , 2004 )

peacock mantis shrimp are often kept in aquaria because they are brightly colored and very active . they are used in a variety of research , particularly on vision and digital storage . the eyes of this mantis shrimp are more advanced than human eyes , capable of processing ultraviolet , infrared , and polarized light . current digital storage methods ( cds ) use only a single wavelength in data storage ; if additional wavelengths could be utilized , storage capacity would increase greatly .

although they are popular , peacock mantis shrimp can be problematic to keep in aquaria as they are capable of breaking aquarium glass and are known to be aggressive to other animals kept with them . these animals are sometimes introduced to aquaria accidentally if they happen to be hiding in collected rock or coral .

peacock mantis shrimp have not been evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature and natural resources , but are not considered endangered or threatened by any agency .

frankie chiu ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , jeremy wright ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .

living in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .

living in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .

body of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .

referring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water . also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones . bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans ( below 9000 m ) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone . see also oceanic vent .

having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .

offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .

a large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows . in insects , " incomplete metamorphosis " is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form , and " complete metamorphosis " is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms . butterflies have complete metamorphosis , grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis .

the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .

found in the oriental region of the world . in other words , india and southeast asia .

reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .

the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .

light waves that are oriented in particular direction . for example , light reflected off of water has waves vibrating horizontally . some animals , such as bees , can detect which way light is polarized and use that information . people cannot , unless they use special equipment .

structure produced by the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral polyps ( class anthozoa ) . coral reefs are found in warm , shallow oceans with low nutrient availability . they form the basis for rich communities of other invertebrates , plants , fish , and protists . the polyps live only on the reef surface . because they depend on symbiotic photosynthetic algae , zooxanthellae , they cannot live where light does not penetrate .

mature spermatozoa are stored by females following copulation . male sperm storage also occurs , as sperm are retained in the male epididymes ( in mammals ) for a period that can , in some cases , extend over several weeks or more , but here we use the term to refer only to sperm storage by females .

the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .

2012 . " odontodactylus scyllarus " ( on - line ) . encyclopedia of life . accessed february 22 , 2012 at urltoken .

2013 . " the iucn red list of threatened species " ( on - line ) . accessed august 05 , 2013 at urltoken .

ahyong , s . , s . jarman . 2009 . stomatopod interrelationships : preliminary results based on analysis of three molecular loci .

barber , p . , m . erdmann . 2000 . molecular systematics of the gonodactylidae ( stomatopoda ) using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c ( subunit 1 ) dna sequence data .

baxamusa , b . 2010 . " peacock mantis shrimp " ( on - line ) . buzzle . accessed february 22 , 2012 at urltoken .

brauchli , f . 2008 . " peacock mantis shrimps – pugnacious predators " ( on - line ) . uemis diveworld . accessed august 05 , 2013 at urltoken .

caldwell , r . 2006 . " odontodactylus scyllarus " ( on - line ) . stomatopods for the aquarium . accessed february 22 , 2012 at urltoken .

christy , j . , m . salmon . 1991 . comparative studies of reproductive behavior in mantis shrimps and fiddler crabs .

claverie , t . , e . chan , s . patek . 2011 . modularity and scaling in fast movements : power amplification in mantis shrimp .

cronin , t . , j . marshall . 2001 . parallel processing and image analysis in the eyes of mantis shrimps .

cronin , t . , n . marshall , r . caldwell . 2000 . spectral tuning and the visual ecology of mantis shrimps .

cronin , t . , n . marshall , m . land . 1994 . the unique visual system of the mantis shrimp .

harling , c . 2000 . reexamination of eye design in the classification of stomatopod crustaceans .

manning , r . , h . schiff , b . abbott . 1984 . cornea shape and surface structure in some stomatopod crustacea .

marshall , n . , m . land , c . king , t . cronin . 1991 . the compound eyes of mantis shrimps ( crustacea , hoplocarida , stomatopoda ) . i . compound eye structure : the detection of polarized light .

patek , s . , b . nowroozi , j . baio , r . caldwell , a . summers . 2007 . linkage mechanics and power amplification of the mantis shrimp ' s strike .

reaka , m . , r . manning . 1981 . the behavior of stomatopod crustacea , and its relationship to rates of evolution .

robertson , j . 2009 . " shrimp eyes could help create a new digital storage format " ( on - line ) . national geographic . accessed april 04 , 2012 at urltoken .

san juan , a . 1998 . " stomatopod mating habits " ( on - line ) . stomatopod biology . accessed august 02 , 2013 at urltoken .

taylor , j . , s . patek . 2010 . ritualized fighting and biological armor : the impact mechanics of the mantis shrimp ' s telson .

wortham - neal , j . 2002 . reproductive morphology and biology of male and female mantis shrimp .

zack , t . , t . claverie , s . patek . 2009 . elastic energy storage in the mantis shrimp ' s fast predatory strike .

to cite this page : chiu , f . 2013 . " " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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this paper presents a summary of information on reproduction biology in the scallop , pecten maximus , which is required for the successful reseeding and intensive aquaculture programs developed in france since 1982 . data are presented on the following subjects : environmental factors that sustain gametogenic activity and the time of year this activity occurs ; biochemical changes that are associated with gametogenesis ; the consistency of egg quality ; and development of a simple test to predict egg quality .

cet article présente un résumé des connaissances sur la reproduction de pecten maximus , étape - clé du succès des programmes de repeuplement et d ' aquaculture intensive lancés en france dès 1982 . des données synthétiques renvoient à une bibliographie de base et répondent à des questions aussi variées que : quels facteurs influent sur la gamétogenèse ? a quel moment de l ' année ? quelles sont les modifications de la composition biochimique de pecten maximus enregistrées au cours de la gaméto - genèse ? les gamètes produits sont - ils de qualité constante ? enfin dispose - t - on de tests simples et fiables pour évaluer cette qualité ?

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the structure of subtidal food webs in the northern gulf of st . lawrence , canada , as revealed by the analysis of stable isotopes


barbour 's map turtle ( graptemys barbouri ) is a species of turtle in the family emydidae .

the species is endemic to the southeastern united states .

barbour ' s map turtle

barbour ' s map turtle <EOT> the barbour’s map turtle is protected as a state threatened by florida’s endangered and threatened species rule .

false map turtle - g . pseudogeographica - mississippi map turtle - g . p kohnii - false map turtle - g . s p pseudogeographica

there are no known adverse effects of barbour ' s map turtles on humans .

barbour ' s map turtle is a great turtle for a community habitat with mud turtles , musk turtles , sliders , cooters , other map turtles and painted turtles .

barbour ' s map turtle is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

barbour ' s map turtles aren ' t known to have any negative impacts on humans .

all barbour ' s map turtles are carnivorous . females eat only mollusks as adults , primarily

barbour ' s map turtle nests are subject to predation by snakes and terrestrial mammals , such as raccoons . humans sometimes consume barbour ' s map turtles as food . barbour ' s map turtles are capable of withdrawing into their shells as well as trying to bite if they are unable to escape danger .

information on barbour ' s map turtle ( graptemys barbouri ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .

barbour ' s map turtles are carnivores , so they only eat other animals . females eat mostly

the most popular ones were the sabine map turtle ( graptemys ouachitensis ) and the false map turtle ( graptemys pseudogeographica ) – including the subspecies mississippi map turtle ( graptemys pseudogeographica kohni ) .

barbour ' s map turtles are important predators of mollusks and they and their eggs get eaten by other predators .

barbour’s map turtle is largely limited to clear , limestone - bottomed streams that contain numerous fallen branches and trees . highly aquatic , it spends much time basking on logs , plunging into the water when disturbed . the barbour’s map turtle feeds only in water , and , except when nesting , rarely travels far from shore .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - barbour ' s map turtle ( graptemys barbouri ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - barbour ' s map turtle ( graptemys barbouri ) " title = " arkive species - barbour ' s map turtle ( graptemys barbouri ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

plastron on adult northern map turtle . picture by d . gordon e . robertson

. females usually live in deeper water than males . young barbour ' s map turtles stay closer to the riverbank than adults .

breeding interval barbour ' s map turtles breed annually , and females are capable of producing multiple clutches in a single mating season .

uncommon : rio grande cooters , barbour’s map , pacific pond , western chicken turtle , loggerhead musk , stripe - neck musk , yellow mud ( hatchling ) , florida mud .

240 gallon aquarium – larger female cooters ( particularly river cooters ) , female barbour’s map , larger female spiny softshells , common snappers .

there has been some concern in recent years about map turtles in the wild , and the loss of suitable map turtle habitats .

krysko , k . , k . enge , and p . moler . 2011 . graptemys barbouri carr and marchand 1942 barbour’s map turtle . atlas of amphibians and reptiles in florida .

hill , e . pierson and jonathan d . mays . 2016 . geographic distribution : graptemys barbouri ( barbour ' s map turtle ) . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 79

mays , jonathan d . and e . pierson hill . 2016 . geographic distribution : graptemys barbouri ( barbour ' s map turtle ) . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 79

the area where barbour ' s map turtles generally live and travel is 365 meters along the river for males and 273 meters for females .

sanderson r a ; lovich j e 1988 . graptemys barbouri carr and marchand barbour ' s map turtle . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 421 : 1 - 2 - get paper here

the barbour’s map turtle lives in clear flowing rivers found in florida , georgia and alabama . often spotted basking in the sun on top of rocks and snags , the turtle will dive into the water when threatened . in this turtle species , females grow to more than double the size of males .

how often does reproduction occur ? barbour ' s map turtles breed annually , and females are capable of producing multiple clutches in a single mating season .

sanderson , r . a . 1974 . sexual dimorphism in the barbour’s map turtle , malaclemys barbouri ( carr and marchand ) . master of arts thesis , university of south florida , tampa . 94pp .

sterrett , sean c . , john b . jensen and brian folt . 2014 . graptemys barbouri ( barbour ' s map turtle ) basking height . herpetological review 45 ( 2 ) : 314 - 315

in the wild , female barbour’s map turtles feed almost entirely upon fresh water mussels , snails and crayfish . males take smaller snails , insects , crayfish , and fish .

barbour’s map turtles live in the southeastern united states . they live in alabama , georgia , and the florida panhandle , in and around the apalachicola and the chipola rivers .

barbour ' s map turtles are important predators of mollusks in the areas the inhabit and are preyed on by other predators as eggs , young , and sometimes as adults .

the florida fish and wildlife commission is accepting comment , and holding webinars regarding proposed guidelines for managing the crayfish , pine snake , barbour’s map turtle , blackmouth shiner , saltmarsh topminnow , big cypress fox squirrel and florida burrowing owl .

it is found in the pascagoula river in the united states . it formerly included a population in the pearl river , but in 2010 , that population was described as a separate species , the pearl river map turtle , graptemys pearlensis . the pascagoula map turtle shares its range with the yellow - blotched map turtle , g . flavimaculata .

scientists don ' t know much about how barbour ' s map turtles communicate or sense their environment . in courtship , males touch the faces of females with their front legs .

males engage in a courtship routine in which they touch the face of females with their legs , but communication and perception are otherwise largely unknown for barbour ' s map turtles .

barbour ' s map turtles are considered " vulnerable " by the iucn and are on appendix iii of cites . they are given a global rank of " g2 , " indicating that the species is imperiled . barbour ' s map turtles have a relatively restricted range and are subject to threats to their freshwater ecosystems , including dredging , water impoundment , and pollution .

connor , p . 1993 . cagles map turtle . tortuga gazette , ( 29 ) 10 : 1 - 4 .

fairly easy to acquire : ybs , peninsula cooter , texas map , ouchita map , false map , diamondback terrapin ( as a group ; specific subspecies may be harder to track down ) , razorback musk , mississippi mud , spotted turtle , north american wood turtle , common snapper , alligator snapper .

if you keep your map turtle outside , a heat lamp map can still be used and may even be necessary depending on where you live . if you live in an area where it gets too cold at certain points of the year , an outdoor pond may not be the best choice for your map turtle .

cagle ' s map turtle ( graptemys caglei ) from the guadalupe and san antonio rivers in south central texas , is an ornately patterned species that reproduces well in captivity . as with many map turtle species , there is extreme sexual dimorphism in cagle ' s map turtles . adult females typically reach 10 - 12 inches as adults and males mature at 4 inches and rarely reach more than 5 inches .

males of some map turtle species do not exceed four inches in length even in adulthood limiting their availability in the pet trade .

scientists don ' t know much about how long barbour ' s map turtles live in the wild . the record for the longest lifespan in captivity was 31 years , 8 months , and 9 days . this turtle lived at the national zoo in washington , dc .

having too little exposure to direct sunlight can negatively impact your map turtle’s health . sunlight deprivation can cause problems with their shell and even fungal infections . if your map turtle is in an outdoor pond , make sure some of its basking areas have access to direct sunlight at any point during the day . if you keep your map turtle in an indoor tank , make sure you have a high quality lamp that simulates the sun’s rays . you may have to take your turtle outside occasionally if the lamp doesn’t seem to be doing enough .

5 common map turtles , or northern map turtles as they are more correctly called . picture by d . gordon e . robertson

the false map turtle ( graptemys pseudogeographica ) is found from southern minnesota , wisconsin , and southeast to louisiana and texas . they do not have the broad , muscular heads seen in many map turtle species due to their diet which consists almost entirely of insects and insect larvae instead of crustaceans and mollusks seen in other map turtles . female false map turtles reach 9 inches and males reach 5 inches .

it might be illegal to take a map turtle from the wild in your area . make sure to research what the regulations are in your area before considering catching a wild turtle to keep as a pet .

there is no information about the lifespan of barbour ' s map turtles in the wild . the longest observed lifespan in captivity was 31 years 8 months and 9 days at the national zoo in washington , dc .

2 . ) pacific pond turtle - actinemys marmorata ( 2 subspecies ) ( note : formerly clemmys marmorata , ' western ' pond turtle ) .

ewert , m . a . , p . c . h . pritchard , and g . e . wallace . 2006 . graptemys barbouri – barbour’s map turtle . pages 260–272 in p . a . meylan , editor . biology and conservation of florida turtles . chelonian research monographs no . 3 .

barbour ' s map turtles are considered " vulnerable " by the iucn red list and are listed on on appendix iii of cites . their global rank is " g2 , " which means that they are at risk . barbour ' s map turtles live in a fairly small area . they are threatened by damage to their habitat , which can come from from machines moving sand from the bottom of the river , interfering with the flow of water , or pollution .

like many reptiles , barbour ' s map turtles do not put much time or effort into caring for the young . females dig a nest and cover the eggs with dirt . besides that , neither parents contribute to the survival of their young .

barbour ' s map turtles spend most of their lives in the water , so they are good swimmers . males spend more time in calmer water , probably because they are smaller . barbour ' s map turtles spend a lot of time warming themselves in the sun , especially on limestone rocks , vines , or trees in or near the water . if there is a flood in the stream and river where they live , they move to the spot in the river with the weakest current .

try to maintain a high concentration of oxygen in your map turtle enclosure . you can add lots of extra aquatic plants and use a larger - than - expected filtration unit . by keeping oxygen levels high and ph levels appropriate for the species , you will prevent many of the problems normally encountered by map turtle keepers .

some of the species ( such as the barbour’s map turtle ) have a few juts coming out of the top of their shell , resembling a line of dorsal fins . some also have spike - like juts coming out around the base of their carapace . this helps add to their interesting appearance that makes them desirable to some potential pet owners .

other map turtles , while smaller , exhibit a wide array of carapace “decorations” , colors and habits . you can read more about some of these in the articles linked below . pictured here is the spectacular ringed map turtle ( g . oculifera ) .

because barbour ' s map turtles spend most of their lives in the water , they are good swimmers . females tend to spend more time in turbulent water than males , which may be due to the large difference in size between the sexes . they spend a large amount of their time basking in full sun on limestone edges , vines , and trees in or near the water . when the streams and rivers in which they live flood , barbour ' s map turtles move to where the current is weakest in the river .

field studies indicate that females take 20 or more years to reach breeding age . this fact , along with their small natural range and past over - collection for the pet trade , threatens the future of the barbour’s map turtle . reproduction has not been well - studied in the wild , but pets have produced 6 - 9 eggs in june and july .

pro . s : small adult size ( males only ; females similar in size to male res ! ) , omnivorous ( but more carnivorous than painteds ) , prominent black - tipped knobs provide a strong ‘classic’ map turtle appearance .

all of these bright colors and unique designs make map turtles fairly exotic looking despite the relative ease in acquiring one as a pet . while not often regarded as the most ideal pet turtle , they are certainly one of the more handsome looking genera of pet turtle .

barbour’s map turtles live almost all of their lives in large freshwater systems with limestone bottoms . they leave the water only to lay eggs and bask in the sun on large fallen branches and other accessible areas . they prefer deeper and faster flowing waters than other turtles in the family

level i . ) the best starter turtles : male texas map , male common map , southern painted , midland painted ( mainly males ) , stinkpot , razorback musk .

although highly aquatic , all map turtles need a dry surface on which to bask . commercial turtle docks will suffice for small specimens . cork bark , wedged or affixed via silicone to the aquarium’s sides , is a good option for adults .

hard to acquire : bog turtle . alabama red - belly ( endangered & illegal ! ) .

for outdoor enclosures , we suggest that you do not crowd your map turtles . the addition of lots of aquatic plants , especially floating varieties ( water lettuce , water hyacinth , and duckweed ) helps keep the outdoor map turtle pond healthy and keeps the oxygen level high .

an errata assessment is required to generate a revised pdf without the range map which had been included in error ; no range map was available when this assessment was originally published .

barbour’s map turtles spend nearly all of their lives in large freshwater rivers that have limestone rock on the bottom . they only come out of the water to lay eggs or bask in the sun on big fallen branches . they prefer deeper water that flows faster compared to other turtles in their

female barbour’s map turtles are very impressive , with noticeably - broad heads and shells that may approach 12 inches in length . the narrow - headed males are so much smaller – a mere 3 . 2 to 5 . 2 inches long – as to appear to be of a different species .

29 gallon aquarium – male southern painted , male texas map , male cagles map , male black - knobbed map , musk ( stinkpot , razorback , loggerhead , stripe - neck ) , larger mud turtles ( individuals , not so much species ) or pairs of muds .

in addition to the logs or rocks on the water’s surface that they can climb on , the map turtles will also want some accessories to go below the water’s surface . when map turtles go underwater , they sometimes like to seek out things like logs , thick plants , and mud to hide in . you should have lots of cozy little hiding places that your map turtle can use . make sure that they can no get stuck in the hiding places . if they get stuck they might drown .

loveridge , arthur 1946 . thomas barbour , herpetologist : 1884 - 1946 . herpetologica 3 ( 2 ) : 33 - 39 - get paper here

affordable ( ~ $ 20 - $ 50 ) : rio grande sliders ( a . k . a . ‘ornate res’ ) , common map , texas map , black - knobbed map , loggerhead musk , alligator snapper , 3 - toed box , eastern box , ornate box .

fairly uncommon in the trade : cumberland slider , river cooter , cagles map , common map ( ironic but true ) , blandings , florida chicken turtles , eastern mud , 3 - striped mud , yellow mud ( adult ) , smooth softshells , chinese softshells , eastern box turtle hatchlings .

turtle ( source , age category , species , sex if known ) must be retained by person receiving . georgia does not regulate non - native species . 4 . the following list of species native to georgia may not be held as a pet regardless of its origin or morphology : bog turtle , box turtle

male and female barbour ' s map turtles reproduce sexually , but the specific mating system is not known . males attract females by approaching them with their neck extended in an attempt to be face - to - face . the male then undertakes a courtship routine in which he touches the sides of the female’s head with the inner surfaces of his front legs for a few seconds .

pro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , common , inexpensive , hibernation - capable in the southern u . s .

kirkpatrick , d . t . 1993 . an overview of the map turtles of the united states . retrieved 14 june , 2011 , from dr . david t . kirkpatrick molecular geneticist and turtle - fancier

fish can be hard for them to catch , but they will sometime eat pieces off of dead fish . at pet stores , you can usually find items like frozen shrimp or meal worms , which can be thawed and then given to your map turtle . do not feed your map turtles live meal worms . live meal worms rich in nutrients but there is a small risk that the worms might harm your turtle .

expensive ( ~ $ 75 - $ 150 ) : albino & pastel res , rio grande cooters , barbour’s maps , cagles maps , chicken turtles , stripe - neck musk , spotteds , blandings , north american wood turtles .

for plant matter , they enjoy dark leafy greens . place the greens on their basking areas above the water , as well as have them floating in the water itself . if you have an outdoor enclosure , you can plant some aquatic plants and let them grow naturally . research what kind of aquatic plants grow around the native area of your specific species of map turtle . there are other benefits to having aquatic plants in your map turtle’s outdoor enclosure , which will be covered later .

they are not as skittish as other species of map turtles , but some individuals can be . map turtles in general are sensitive to water quality , so close attention to their water quality is needed .

125 gallon aquarium – female sliders , male cooters , most female maps ( common , mississippi , ouachita ) , male barbour’s maps , blandings , north american wood , male florida softshell , female smooth & smaller female spiny softshells .

like many genera of turtle , graptemys are omnivorous . this term means they eat both plant and animal matter .

map turtles have had a devoted following in the turtle hobby for several years . these north american turtles are secretive and many species are rare in their natural habitats . they are alert baskers and active swimmers . most species are beautiful with intricate patterns . sexual dimorphism is extreme in map turtles with females reaching much larger adult sizes than males . map turtles were recently proposed for cites protection . this proposal did not proceed , but map turtles or " sawbacks " are a good species to consider for a special breeding program .

con . s : hatchlings of small species tend to be delicate . larger than a texas map . lacks the texas map’s rep . for nonchalant personality . much more expensive . carapace prone to algal overgrowth . have a rep . for being prone to health problems with sub - optimal water quality . texas native not a good candidate for hibernation .

hello & welcome to our concise guide to browsing u . s . turtles ! we cover the bulk of u . s . species by level of overall difficulty to help you pick a pet & prepare for it . this is a browsing article , not a care sheet or in - depth analysis ( for in - depth help choosing a good ‘starter’ turtle , read our article on choosing your first turtle ( we also have choosing your first land - based turtle ) ) .

shealy , r . m . 1976 . the natural history of the alabama map turtle , graptemys pulchra baur , in alabama . bull . florida st . mus . biol . sci . 21 : 47 - 111 .

ernst , c . h . and barbour , r . w . 1989 . turtles of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c . - london

there are eleven species of map turtles spread throughout the united states , mostly in the southeastern river systems .

you will need to have a large aquarium tank or a large outdoor pond if you want to keep a map turtle as a pet . they need lots or room to swim around with plenty of places to hide underwater .

female barbour ' s map turtles are much larger than males . the back shell of females is 15 to 33 cm long , and the back shell of males is 9 to 14 cm long . this means that females can be 3 times bigger than males . their heads are wider too , and their lower jaw sticks out farther than their upper jaw .

large : female sliders , female western & larger eastern painted , female barbour’s maps , all cooters ( females moreso than males ) , female chicken turtles , female chinese & smooth softshells , larger male & small female spiny softshells , male florida softshells .

several species of map turtle used to be very popular in the pet trade and bred in captivity in the usa , but their popularity decreased after the enactment of the four - inch regulation in 1975 . prior to the new regulation , thousands of map turtles were bred and hatched out in captivity for the u . s pet trade . you can read more about the four - inch regulation further down of the page .

map turtles are overall not hospitable to being put into a strange environment . they are one of the harder turtle genera to care for as pets , and may not be a good choice for first time turtle owners . the difficulty in caring for them has kept them from being overly popular in the pet trade , despite their unique and beautiful shell designs .

ernst , c . h . , j . e . lovich , and r . w . barbour . 1994 . turtles of the united states and canada , smithsonian institution press .

pro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , distinctive - looking .

pro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , common & inexpensive .

con . s : larger than sliders ; adults deserve 125 + gallon tanks .

availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $

pro . s : predominantly carnivorous , attractive coloration , cold - tolerant & hibernation capable ( hail from northern u . s . around the great lakes ) .

level ii . ) second choice starter turtles : male cagles map , male chicken , male black - knobbed map , loggerhead musk , stripe - neck musk , eastern mud , mississippi mud , yellow mud , 3 - striped mud .

pro . s : small adult size ( males only ; females similar in size to male res ! ) , omnivorous ( but more carnivorous than painteds ) , more ornate coloration than a texas map .

con . s : alabama & mississippi native not a good candidate for hibernation further north ( so only in very southern u . s . ) . somewhat expensive .

tortoise and freshwater turtle specialist group 1996 . graptemys gibbonsi . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 29 july 2007 .

carr and marchand 1942 . a new turtle from the chipola river , florida . proc . new england zool . club 20 : 98

the rare ringed map turtle ( g . oculifera ) is found in the pearl river in mississippi and louisiana . adult females reach 8 inches and males become sexually active at 4 inches . they feed on a variety of insects and insect larvae and the shy hatchlings enjoy daily feedings of mosquito larvae and live blackworms . female ringed map turtles lay only 3 - 4 eggs per clutch .

in addition to the lines on their shell , map turtles also have thicker lines on their face and limbs . the lines are often a bright yellow , and for many specimens ; they are even more noticeable than the “map lines” on their shell .

named after thomas barbour ( 1884 - 1946 ) , associate curator of reptiles and amphibians ( 1923 ) , and , later , director ( 1927 ) of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard .

1 . it is unlawful for any person to possess more than ten ( 10 ) native fresh - water turtles without a valid commercial turtle permit 2 . any person holding a valid commercial turtle permit may acquire live native fresh - water turtles from any source or direct trapping ,

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there are several species of map turtles that are endagered and these species are in some areas illegal to keep without special permits . since some map turtles are so small , the four - inch law can make it harder to find a good pet specimen .

sexual dimorphism is present in barbour ' s map turtles . females are much larger than males . females have a carapace that is 15 to 33 cm long at sexual maturity , whereas mature males have a 9 to 14 cm carapace . therefore , females can be up to three times the size of males . females also have much wider heads than males , along with a lower jaw that extends past the upper jaw .

con . s : large females deserve 125 + gallon tanks . rep . for skittishness .

kirkpatrick , david 1993 . map turtles of the united states . reptile & amphibian magazine ( november / december ) : 7 - 17

black - knobbed map turtles ( g . nigrinoda ) are found in the tombigbee and black warrior river systems in alabama and misssissippi .

map turtles are omnivores . in captivity , the majority of their captive diet consists of floating aquatic turtle food and a variety of aquatic plants . typically , hatchlings and young map turtles feed on more plant matter than adults . physically , adults develop large , muscular jaws in response to a natural diet of hard - shelled snails and crayfish . they also eat a wide variety of insects . freeze - dried shrimp and krill are a great treat for map turtles . these can be bought in most pet stores that offer tropical fish food and supplies .

distribution and habitat : barbour ' s map turtles can be found in the gulf coastal plain in the apalachicola and choctawhatchee river systems . this limited range includes parts of southeast alabama , southwest georgia , and the florida panhandle . the chattahoochee , flint , and chipola rivers in which these turtles reside are clear flowing with limestone rock and cobble bottoms . they are also rich in mollusks and contain many fallen trees and exposed rocks for basking .

barbour ' s map turtles are like many reptiles in that there is little parental investment . the male courts the female to mate with her . once his sperm is deposited he no longer invests time or energy in the young . the female digs a nest in which to deposit eggs and covers it with dirt . once the nesting is complete , the female leaves the eggs and does not invest further time or energy in the offspring .

know that aquatic turtles do not like to be held or cuddled . reptiles in general are not affectionate animals , but it is best that you do not pick up your map turtle at all unless you have to . if you do handle your map turtle , wash your hands thoroughly afterward . aquatic turtles can sometimes spread things like salmonella . this is not too big of a danger so long as you use basic care techniques ( such as washing your hands after handling ) and a little common sense . nut it is still a risk you should be aware of .

availability & cost : uncommon in the pet trade but often common in the live turtle food industry ( which you fund with your purchase ! ) .

description : very small mildly domed black turtle with large orange or yellow patches behind the eyes . size : 3 - 4 . 5 " scl .

a good rule of thumb to determine if an outdoor pond is an option is to research the species of map turtle you own , and see if any live in the wild in your area . if they do live in the wild in your area , then an outdoor pond may have temperatures that are naturally hospitable to them . it is however important to remember that a small pond will get colder in the winter and hotter in the summer than a larger body of water so your pond is not necessarily a good map turtle habitat even if they live in your area .

availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ for hatchlings .

choose the plan that ' s right for you . digital access or digital and print delivery .

the lifespan of map turtles is not very long compared to other turtles . many turtle species can live over a hundred years . american box turtles will as an example live 75 years or more . map turtles tend to only live up to twenty - five years in the wild , and their life expectancy in captivity is lower . so while they make beautiful pets , they do not live long by the standards of a reptile .

many species of turtle and tortoise are endangered in the wild . always check the rules regarding keeping turtles and tortoises as pets that apply to your area .

the cuatro ciénegas slider ( trachemys taylori ) [ 2 ] [ 3 ] is a species of turtle belonging to the genus trachemys of the family emydidae .

barbour ' s map turtle eggs have a shell that holds the developing turtle and a yolk sac . the baby turtles take 58 days to come out of the eggs . they look just like miniature adults when they ' re born , except that their colors aren ' t as bright . their back shell is 37 mm long on average and weighs around 10 . 7 g . whether the turtle is male or female depends on how warm the eggs are before they hatch . if the eggs are less than 25 degrees celsius , only males are born . if the eggs are warmer than 30 degrees celsius , only females are born . males are able to have their own young when they are 2 to 4 years old , but females can ' t until they are 15 to 20 years old . this explains why females are bigger than males . females also have bigger spaces in their shells that allow them to get bigger .

55 gallon aquarium – female southern painted , male midland painted , male common , mississippi or ouachita map , spotted turtles , pacific pond turtles .

alabama map turtles ( g . pulchra ) are found from the yellow river in alabama and florida to the pearl river in mississippi and louisiana .

1 . it is unlawful for any person to possess more than ten ( 10 ) native fresh - water turtles without a valid commercial turtle permit . nothing in

map turtles are freshwater turtles belonging to the genus graptemys in the family emydidae . they are native to north america , where they are found throughout the eastern half of the usa and northward into southern canada . in addition to being called map turtles , they are also known as sawback turtles .

availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 30 for hatchlings . tom c . knows them to be widely abundant in texas , yet hardly anyone shows interest in breeding them ! i ' ve seen turtle pimp offer these .

pro . s : small adult size ( males < females ) , omnivorous , usually peaceful , common & inexpensive , can hibernate in the southern u . s . fairly personable / interactive with humans .

availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 20 for hatchlings .

pro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , ornate & distinctive - looking , inexpensive .

availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 10 for hatchlings .

availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 65 for hatchlings .

con . s : larger than southern or midland painteds . large females deserve 125 + gallon tanks .

availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 15 for hatchlings .

availability & cost : common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 15 for hatchlings .

availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 75 for hatchlings .

pro . s : omnivorous . distinctive & unusual . adult size : up to 8 " scl .

you will also need areas on top of their body of water that they can climb onto , such as logs or mounds made of rock or dirt . map turtles like to come out of the water sometimes and bask in the sun . reptiles cannot regulate their own body heat so access to an external heat source is crucial . if your map turtle is being kept in a tank , you can have a heat lamp set up above their basking areas .

goldfish should be used sparingly , if at all , as a steady goldfish diet has been linked to kidney and liver disorders in other turtle species . a high quality commercial turtle chow can comprise up to 30 % of the diet . a cuttlebone should be available to supplement the calcium provided by whole fishes and similar foods .

adult females of most species of map turtles can reach 7 inches and adult males are considerably smaller , with most only reaching 5 - 6 inches .

dampier , l . 1998 . map turtles : an american specialty . reptile hobbyist , vol . 4 , no . 3 , 36 - 44 .

description : small basking turtle , quite ornate coloration , care like sliders . sizes : males 2 . 75 – 5” , females 4” to 7 15 / 16” .

availability & cost : very common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 15 for hatchlings .

availability & cost : fairly common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 15 for hatchlings .

pro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , most ornate of the u . s . mud / musk , inexpensive . reputedly have ‘stinkpot - like’ personalities ( less shy than young mississippi muds ) .

availability & cost : at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 10 - 15 for hatchlings .

seidel , michael e . & carl h . ernst 2017 . a systematic review of the turtle family emydidae vertebrate zoology 67 ( 1 ) : 1–122 - get paper here

you have opened an old version of the turtle urltoken website . to place an order , or to see our available turtles and tortoises please click here - thank you .

map turtles get their name from their appearance . their carapace ( the top / dome portion of their shell ) has designs on it that resembles those seen on some maps . specifically , it has been noted that the lines on their shells look like waterways on a map . these lines are often a yellow or orange color , with darker colors in between them such as greens and browns . the lines on the map turtles shell can fade some as they age .

barbour ' s map turtles have dark brown or black skin with light yellow or green markings . they have broad heads with special patterns in yellow on the top of their head and behind their eyes . a light - colored bar on their chin goes around the curve of their jaw . the top of their neck , back legs , and tail have stripes . the shell on top of their back is like a big olive green dome with dark spines . the second and third spine are the biggest , but they wear down as the turtle gets older . the part of the shell that covers their belly is yellow and there is a black border at the edge of each section .

con . s : a little larger than s . painted . less ornate plastron than western painted . carapace color varies – green to black ( so your hatchling may not look like the one in a photo ) .

con . s : hatchling musk somewhat delicate . huge heads aren’t to everyone’s taste . musk turtles generally are regarded as prone to aggression toward their own kind & ‘look - a - likes . ’ less likely to be personable than sliders . southeastern u . s . native shouldn’t be hibernated outside its native range or similar conditions .

they are aquatic turtles , and while they can spend time on land ; most of their time is spent in the water . map turtles do not live in salt water ; they only live in freshwater environment such as ponds and rivers . they tend to prefer river systems with flowing water . ideal map turtle environments contain lots of underwater plant matter that they can eat , as well as rocks and logs that they can rest on when heating themselves in the sunlight . commonly referred to as basking .

reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .

availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 20 - 25 for hatchlings .

availability & cost : common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 10 - 15 for hatchlings .

internet have made buying map turtles directly from private breeders a lot easier and it is today often possible to find small turtles without ever having to leave your home .

availability & cost : fairly common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 5 - 10 for hatchlings .

availability & cost : very common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 10 - 15 for hatchlings .

con . s : larger than sliders ; adults deserve 125 + gallon tanks . florida native so hibernation not advised .

pro . s : predominantly carnivorous , males smaller than sliders , usually peaceful , fairly inexpensive , hibernation - capable .

availability & cost : fairly common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 125 - 130 for hatchlings .

there are several drawbacks to map turtles as pets , such as being a challenge to care for in captivity when compared to some other turtles such as red eared sliders .

the type of food you give them will vary depending on which gender of map turtle you have . this is because the females are much larger than the males , and so their superior jaws can consume larger prey . the females can consume prey as large as clams and snails , whereas males have to be fed things like tiny crustaceans and aquatic insects .

availability & cost : one of only 2 non - marine federally endangered turtle species in the united states . the upshot is , can only be had wild - caught & then illegally .

ennen , joshua r . ; jeffrey e . lovich , brian r . kreiser , w . selman , carl p . qualls 2010 . genetic and morphological variation between populations of the pascagoula map turtle ( graptemys gibbonsi ) in the pearl and pascagoula rivers with description of a new species . chelonian conservation and biology . 9 ( 1 ) : 98–113 - get paper here

how large your tank or pond should be depends on how many map turtles you want to keep and what species of map turtles you want to keep . they are not particularly aggressive animals and are social enough that you can keep them together . however , there can be exceptions to this if there is not enough space and food to go around .

pro . s : omnivorous ( but more carnivorous than eastern box ) . smallest north american box turtle . older juveniles & adults fairly affable / interactive with humans & shell provides good protection . eager feeders . can be low - maintenance in year - round outdoor enclosures in compatible climates . fairly easy to find .

level iii . ) medium - level turtles : sliders ( north american ) , cooters ( all ) , eastern & western painted , most maps ( including mississippi , ouachita , false , female common , barbour’s , female texas & cagles , etc… ) , female chicken turtles , chinese softshells , male spiny & smooth softshells , spotted turtles , florida mud , eastern & 3 - toed box turtles .

pro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , look like they’re smiling . hibernate in parts of their range .

pro . s : predominantly carnivorous , males smaller than sliders , usually peaceful , common & inexpensive , hibernation - capable .

these large , active turtles require spacious homes . while a 55 gallon aquarium might suit a small male , females need tanks of 125 – 200 gallon capacity , or commercial turtle tubs and ponds .

the sale , holding for sale , and distribution of live turtles and viable turtle eggs not in connection with a business . “ , sec . 1240 . 62 ( d ) ( 2 ) .

removing your turtles to an easily - cleaned container for feeding will lessen the filter’s workload and help to keep the water clean .

con . s : hatchlings reputedly delicate . plastron plain compared to western & midland painteds . not appropriate for northern winter hibernation .

con . s : larger than sliders ; adults deserve 125 + gallon tanks . small southern alabama range so hibernation not recommended .

pro . s : predominantly carnivorous , males smaller than sliders , usually peaceful , fairly common & inexpensive , hibernation - capable .

bartlett , r . d . 1998 . notes from the field : notes on ringed and other map turtles . reptiles , vol . 6 , no . 5 , 76 - 81 .

availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s but can be found . ~ $ 50 - 75 for hatchlings .

description : medium basking turtle , reticulated carapace , more pointed face than sliders , long - neck , have ‘strike & suck’ maneuver to catch prey . size : males 4 – 7” , females up to 10” .

availability & cost : somewhat uncommon at online vendors ; may appear at larger expo . s . ~ $ 25 - 40 for hatchlings .

availability & cost : fairly common to uncommon at online vendors ; may appear at larger expo . s . ~ $ 130 for hatchlings .

availability & cost : fairly common to uncommon at online vendors ; may appear at larger expo . s . ~ $ 40 for hatchlings .

availability & cost : fairly easy to find online & at expo . s but expensive . cost ~ $ 60 - 125 for hatchlings .

6 . ) most map turtles , including females . map turtles has a group have a reputation for being unusually sensitive to poor water quality ( cagles & black - knobbed have specifically been mentioned ; tom c . thinks common maps may be more resistant ) & skittishness ( mississippi maps have specifically been mentioned ; texas maps may be an exception ) . in all maps the female is drastically larger than the male .

con . s : larger than southern or midland painteds ; bland plastron unlike midland & western painteds ; large females deserve 75 + gallon tanks .

pro . s : omnivorous & can feed on land or in water . very small & quite attractive . northeastern native so hibernation - capable .

wading pools are often easier to manage than aquariums . koi ponds sometimes contain shelves meant to hold plants ; these work well as turtle basking areas . outdoor housing is ideal , assuming that raccoons and other predators can be excluded .

description : small basking turtle , prominent black - tipped dorsal carapace spine knobs , care like sliders . there are 2 subspecies but native range very small . sizes : males 3 – 4” , females 6 – 8 . 5” .

typically , hatchling & young map turtles that are still growing will have a more carnivorous diet than their adult counterparts . this is because young turtles are still growing , and need the extra protein in their diet .

team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .

con . s : larger than sliders ; adults deserve 125 + gallon tanks . uncommon & expensive . largely a texas native so hibernation not advised .

except as otherwise provided in this section , viable turtle eggs and live turtles with a carapace length of less than 4 inches shall not be sold , held for sale , or offered for any other type of commercial or public distribution . ”

description : medium - sized terrestrial turtle which likes to soak . steeply domed carapace , single - hinged plastron , can close the shell tightly , males & females have different coloration / patterning . size : 4 . 5 – 5 . ”

description : medium - sized terrestrial turtle which likes to soak . steeply domed carapace , single - hinged plastron , can close the shell tightly , fairly colorful carapace & head . size : ornate 4 – 5” ( up to 6 ) .

description : small basking turtle , fairly hardy adults , care like sliders . olive brown carapace with intricate designs ( or algae covered ! ) . sizes : males 2 . 75 – 4 . 5” , females 4 – 8 3 / 8” .

availability & cost : very common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 5 - 10 for hatchlings ( color morphs much more expensive ) .

con . s : less prominent keeling along dorsal spine than many maps . carapace prone to algal overgrowth . somewhat hard to find in the pet trade .

the guidelines are part of the state’s imperiled species management plan , which was passed in november 2016 and involved status changes that went into effect in february .

pro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , reduced plastron suggests better adapted to a more aquatic existence ( peterson’s field guide to repiles & amphibians of eastern / central north america page 155 states they’re more aquatic than eastern muds ) . males have larger heads that may rival male loggerhead musk in size .

description : small basking turtle , fairly hardy adults , care like sliders . black carapace , scutes have some light trip , red dorsal red stripe , plain plastron . size : males 3 . 5 – 5” ; females 5 . 5 – 7” .

description : large basking turtle , reticulated carapace , more pointed face than sliders , long - neck , have ‘strike & suck’ maneuver to catch prey . female florida subspecies can be quite thick . size : males 4 - 7” females up to 10” .

description : small bottom - walker , fairly hardy adults , olive brown coloration , most reduced plastron of any u . s . mud turtle , care not well - known but at least some shallow water areas & at least a small land area recommended . they’re a subspecies of the eastern mud , which spends a lot of land , making this turtles’ needs hard to call . size : 4 – 5” .

florida fish and wildlife conservation commission • farris bryant building 620 s . meridian st . • tallahassee , fl 32399 - 1600 • ( 850 ) 488 - 4676

availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . protected in florida , where many online vendors are located . ~ $ 40 for hatchlings .

con . s : hatchlings somewhat delicate . expensive & hard to find . musk turtles generally are regarded as prone to aggression toward their own kind & ‘look - a - likes . ’ less likely to be personable than sliders . southeastern u . s . native shouldn’t be hibernated outside its native range or similar conditions .


chalcosiinae is a subfamily of the zygaenidae , containing many species , mostly little known .

prominent sexual dimorphism , bright aposematic coloration and mimicry complexes are widespread .

chalcosiinae

chalcosiinae <EOT> no one has contributed data records for chalcosiinae yet . learn how to contribute .

chalcosiine day - flying moth caterpillar ( cyclosia midama , chalcosiinae , zygaenidae ) by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu’er , yunnan , china see more chinese caterpillars on my flickr site here … . .

chalcosiine day - flying moth ( pidorus albifascia , chalcosiinae , zygaenidae ) by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu ' er , yunnan , china see more chinese moths on my flickr site here … . .

chalcosiine day - flying moth ( retina sp . , chalcosiinae , zygaenidae ) by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu ' er , yunnan , china see more chinese moths on my flickr site here … . .

chalcosiine day - flying moth , female ( soritia sp . , chalcosiinae , zygaenidae ) by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu ' er , yunnan , china see more chinese moths on my flickr site here … . .

yen , s . - h . , g . s . robinson and d . l . j . quicke . 2005 . the phylogenetic relationships of chalcosiinae ( lepidoptera , zygaenoidea , zygaenidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 143 : 161341 .

yen , s . - h . , g . s . robinson and d . l . j . quicke . 2005 . phylogeny , systematics and evolution of mimetic wing patterns of eterusia moths ( lepidoptera : zygaenidae : chalcosiinae ) . systematic entomology 30 : 358397 .

lower ditrysian family groups : zygaenoidea s . l . ( especially chalcosiinae , procridinae and phaudidae of oriental / indo - australian regions ) , crambidae ( especially acentropinae ( = nymphulinae ) of asia and indo - pacifics ) , hyblaeidae , thyrididae ( strigulininae ) higher ditrysian family groups : uraniidae ( epipleminae ) , epicopeiidae , callidulidae , erebiidae ( syntomini ) . rhopalocera ( especially those are mimetic such as elymnias , penthema and dananinae )

now as ph . d . student of department of biology , imperial college of science , technology and medicine , university of london . ( supervisors : dr . donald quicke , imperial college and dr . gaden robinson , british museum ( natural history ) . thesis : phylogenetic reconstruction of chalcosiinae ( zygaenidae ) of the world , with systematic revision on tribal and generic levels . major interests in lepidoptera : phylogeny / evolution / biology / systematics of : primitive families : micropterigidae , paleosetidae , neopseustidaemonotrysian families : adelidae

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maggie whitson selected " eterusia " to show in overview on " eterusia " .

maggie whitson marked the classification from " species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 " as preferred for " eterusia " .

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dried specimens and a small reverberation chamber ( fig . 1 ) were used to measure the random incidence absorption factors of the wings of each study species ( separately for male and female saturniids ) over the frequency range 20–100 khz ( fig . 2 ) . for each treatment n = 6 sets were used , with each set comprising the maximum number of non - overlapping moth wings of same - sex specimens of a species that could fit on the reverberation chamber floor . the number of wings of each set depended on species size and availability of dried specimens .

small reverberation chamber for the measurement of absorption factors in the ultrasonic spectrum . ( a ) experimental set - up . funnels direct the ultrasound emitted by the transducers into the chamber through a 7 mm opening . the microphone can move freely up and down inside the chamber , allowing for spatial averaging of the reverberation times . ( b ) overview of reverberation chamber showing the engraved diffusers . ( c ) absorption factor of empty reverberation chamber ( eqn 1 ) ; the error bars indicate 95 % confidence intervals ( cis ) ( n = 27 microphone positions ) .

absorption factors of moth wings measured with small reverberation chamber ( eqn 3 ) . ( a ) chalcosiines . ( b - d ) female and male saturniids . the absorption factors of a . mittrei and s . c . ricini differ significantly according to sex for the frequencies indicated by circles . ( e ) absorption factors grouped by preparation group . the absorption factors differ significantly from each other for frequencies within the range 20–40 khz . circles indicate significant difference between male and female saturniids , triangles between female saturniids and chalcosiines , and squares between male saturniids and chalcosiines . all pairwise comparisons were conducted with tukey - kramer test for each frequency separately . one , two , or three symbols correspond to 0 . 01 < p < 0 . 05 , 0 . 001 < p < 0 . 01 , and p < 0 . 001 , respectively . the error bars indicate the 95 % cis and n = 6 sets for each sample .

estimated marginal means of absorption factors of moth wings across the frequency range 20–100 khz . ( a ) estimated marginal mean of each preparation . there is a significant effect of preparation on estimated marginal mean ( anova , f 8 , 45 = 23 . 78 , p < 0 . 001 ) . ( b ) estimated marginal means grouped by preparation group . the estimated marginal means differ significantly according to preparation group ( anova , f 2 , 51 = 19 . 08 , p < 0 . 001 ) and also differ significantly from each other ( tukey - kramer test ) . the error bars show the 95 % cis [ n = 48 in a ( 6 sets×8 frequencies ) and n = 144 in b ( 3 preparations×6 sets×8 frequencies ) ] .

survival advantage of female s . c . ricini over males in terms of smaller detection distance by bats

the detection distance of a target by a bat depends on the transmission loss due to spherical spreading and atmospheric attenuation , and on the target strength ( møhl , 1988 ) . the detection distances of male and female s . c . ricini were compared because they have wings of similar size and shape ; consequently the comparison is feasible because their target strengths , and hence their detection distances , differ due to the different absorption factors of their wings alone . detection distances of moths typically range between 1–10 m ( surlykke et al . , 1999 ) . eqn 13 was used with three hypothetical detection distances within this range for male s . c . ricini in order to derive the respective detection distances of female s . c . ricini ( fig . 4 ) . at 25 khz , where the difference between the absorption factors of male and female s . c . ricini is maximized ( fig . 2 d ) , the detection distance of female s . c . ricini is 20–30 % smaller .

percentage difference in the detection distance of female s . c . ricini compared to three hypothetical detection distances of male s . c . ricini [ r ( 2 ) ] . the difference between the detection distances of male and female s . c . ricini is maximized at 25 khz , where the difference between the absorption factors of their wings is also maximized ( fig . 2 d ) . the detection distances of female s . c . ricini were calculated with eqn 13 for atmospheric attenuation at temperature 20°c and 70 % relative humidity ( surlykke , 1988 ) .

studies have reported bat echolocation calls with dominant frequencies ranging from 11 khz ( euderma maculatum ; fullard and dawson , 1997 ) to 212 khz ( cloeotis percivali ; fenton and bell , 1981 ) , though most insectivorous bats echolocate with dominant frequency 20–60 khz ( fenton et al . , 1998 ) . the ultrasound absorbance of the wings of this study ' s moth species peaks at the lower end of this range ( 20–25 khz ; fig . 2 ) . despite the similar patterns , there are significant differences not only between the nocturnal saturniids and the diurnal chalcosiines ( fig . 2 e ) , but also between male and female a . mittrei ( fig . 2 b ) and s . c . ricini ( fig . 2 d ) .

zeng et al . ( 2011 ) proposed that the scales on the wings are responsible for the ultrasound absorption . the scales have interstitial spaces between them that create a network of interconnected pores similar to that found in porous sound absorbers ( zeng et al . , 2011 ) ; when a sound wave propagates through this network , thermal and viscous effects cause the dissipation of its acoustic energy ( cox and d ' antonio , 2009a ) . in addition , the ultrastructure of the scales resembles a perforated panel backed by air ( zeng et al . , 2011 ) , which could act as a microperforated panel absorber ( cox and d ' antonio , 2009b ) .

male and female saturniid specimens ( a . io from usa , a . mittrei from madagascar , and s . c . ricini from china ) and male chalcosiine specimens ( a . a . analis and c . burmanus from thailand , and e . pulchera from burma ) were obtained from the lepidoptera breeders association ( bourne , uk ) .

the time period for which it takes the sound pressure level to drop 60 db after a sound stops is termed reverberation time and depends on the total absorption inside a reverberation chamber . consequently , by comparing the reverberation time before and after the introduction of an absorbent material ( e . g . moth wings ) inside the chamber , the random incidence absorption coefficient of the introduced material can be derived . the standard for the measurement of the random incidence absorption coefficient in a reverberation chamber essentially concerns frequencies below 20 khz ( iso , 2003 ) . for this frequency spectrum , the measurement procedure requires large chambers and 10 - 12 m 2 of absorbent material ( cox and d ' antonio , 2009c ) ; however , such a quantity of moth wings is practically infeasible . besides , the shorter wavelengths of the ultrasonic spectrum render feasible the measurement of the absorption coefficient with a smaller chamber and smaller quantities of absorbent material . still , since this study did not follow the standard faithfully , the measured absorption quantity has been called absorption factor . the same term was employed by the only other documented study of sound absorption in the ultrasonic spectrum ( zeng et al . , 2011 ) .

even with these measures , the reverberation time is spatially dependent within the reverberation chamber . to reduce the effect of non - diffuseness , two ultrasonic transducers equipped with funnels were utilised to direct the ultrasound into the chamber through 7 mm openings , scattering multi - directionally the acoustic wave that entered the chamber . in addition , the recording device , an ultrasonic microphone , could move freely up and down inside the chamber , allowing for spatial averaging of the measured reverberation times ( fig . 1 a ) .

the absorption factors of the empty chamber and of the moth wings were measured over nine 1 / 3 octave bands that have centre frequencies from 20 to 100 khz . the parameter

( s ) is the reverberation time after the introduction of the moth wings .

) . the wings of each set were placed on a white background of known surface area and an image was obtained . the image was smoothened with edge - preserving bilateral filter (

) . in the binary image , one class of pixels represents the wings and the other represents the background .

first , the recorded signal of main frequency f was filtered with a bandpass digital filter designed with a kaiser window . the filter passed frequencies between f l and f h in order to retain only frequencies within the 1 / 3 octave band , frequencies outside this range were attenuated 80 db ( fig . s2a ) .

the decay curve of the filtered signal has many fluctuations that render difficult the identification of the point where the response drops 60 db after the offset of sound ; therefore , the curve has to be smoothed . the first step of the smoothing process is to obtain the filtered signal ' s envelope by using the hilbert transform :

( s ) is the time point where the signal merges with the noise level . the parameter

is a maximally flat curve , meaning that its gradient is constantly negative . as a result , the curve crosses the −60 db point once . this property makes schroeder ' s integration method useful for the estimation of the reverberation time . however , in most cases l (

) > –60 [ db ] . this means that the signal merges with the noise level before reaching the −60 db point . therefore , the reverberation time has to be estimated using linear regression .

to compare the absorption factors among the nine preparations ( 3 chalcosiines and 3×2 male and female saturniids ; fig . 2 a - d and fig . 3 a ) , a repeated measures model , specifically a subject - by - treatment model ( doncaster and davey , 2007 ) , was fitted . in the model , the absorption factors are the responses , preparation is the between - subjects factor , which is used as the predictor variable , and frequency is the within - subject factor . anova was used to test if the absorption factors differ significantly according to preparation ( fig . 3 a ) , and repeated measures anova to test if there is a significant effect of frequency on absorption factor as well as significant preparation - frequency interaction . the p - values of the repeated measures anova were computed using a greenhouse - geisser correction ( ε = 0 . 79 ) because mauchly ' s test for sphericity indicated that that the sphericity , hence the compound symmetry assumption , does not hold ( χ 2 = 144 . 80 , p < 0 . 001 ) . to do pairwise comparisons between preparations , post hoc tukey - kramer tests were used ( fig . 2 a - d and fig . 3 a ) .

accordingly , a repeated measures model was used for the comparisons among the three preparation groups ( chalcosiines , male and female saturniids ; fig . 2 e and fig . 3 b ) , albeit with the preparation group as the between - subjects factor . the same tests were carried out as with the above model . again , the sphericity did not hold ( χ 2 = 142 . 61 , p < 0 . 001 ) , and a greenhouse - geisser correction ( ε = 0 . 81 ) was used for the calculation of the repeated measures anova p - values . all statistical analysis was conducted in matlab ( mathworks , uk ) , and a p - value of < 0 . 05 was considered statistically significant .

is the noise . the equation is in db form and all quantities are measured in db .

( m ) is the detection distance of the target ( e . g . moth ) , and

) is the atmospheric attenuation factor . the first term of the equation accounts for loss due to spherical spreading and the second one for loss due to atmospheric attenuation .

have wings of similar size and shape , their ratios of incident to returned sound intensity depend on the absorption factors of their wings alone . specifically , they are related as follows :

) , which in this study returns exactly one real solution . eqn 13 was used to compare the detection distances of female and male

we thank colleagues in the laboratories of the centre of ultrasonic engineering at the university of strathclyde for their advice and assistance during this work .

a . n . conceived the study , which was designed by a . n . , f . g . and j . f . c . w . experiments were carried out by a . n . and f . g . ; data analysis was performed by a . n . a . n . , f . g . and j . f . c . w . interpreted the findings . a . n . drafted the article . all authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript .

the research leading to these results has received funding from the european research council under the european union ' s seventh framework programme ( fp / 2007 - 2013 ) / erc grant agreement no . 615030 ; and was also supported by the engineering and physical sciences research council ( epsrc ) grant ep / l026511 / 1 .

all data created during this research are openly available from the university of strathclyde pure / knowledgebase at urltoken .

this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( urltoken ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed .

auditory influences on the flight behaviour of moths in a nearctic site . ii . flight times , heights , and erraticism

handbook of zoology / handbuch der zoologie . lepidoptera , moths and butterflies , morphology and physiology

auditory influences on the flight behaviour of moths in a nearctic site . i . flight tendency

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moths from yunnan , china click on and scroll through images for individual ids… . . by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu ' er , yunnan , china see more chinese moths on my flickr site here …

the view from above - chinese caterpillars seen from the dorsal aspect click individual images for ids… . view all images in the the view from above series on my flickr here . by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu’er , yunnan , china see more chinese caterpillars on my flickr site here … . .

this is a moth species that is quite common in hk . the species is distributed across se asia from thailand to china , but the hk population seems to be especially prominent .

safety in numbers - caterpillars ( click individual images for ids in captions ( where known ) ) by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu’er , yunnan , china see more chinese caterpillars on my flickr site here … . .

red click on and scroll through individual images for ids in captions . by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu ' er , yunnan , china see more chinese insects and spiders on my flickr site here ……

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the root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .

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bode , w . and c . m . naumann . 1988 . little - known accessory glands in female zygaena moths ( lepidoptera , zygaenidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 92 : 2742 .

naumann , c . m . 1988 . the internal female genitalia of some zygaenidae ( insecta : lepidoptera ) : their morphology and remarks on their phylogenetic significance . systematic entomology 13 : 8599 .

naumann , c . m . , g . m . tarmann and w . g . tremewan . 1999 . the western palaearctic zygaenidae . apollo books , stenstrup .

niehuis , o . , c . m . naumann , and b . misof . 2006 . phylogenetic analysis of zygaenoidea small - subunit rrna structural variation implies initial oligophagy on cyanogenic host plants in larvae of the moth genus zygaena ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 147 : 367 - 381 .

niehuis , o . , s . - h . yen , c . m . naumann and b . misof . 2006 . higher phylogeny of zygaenid moths ( insecta : lepidoptera ) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data and the evolution of larval cuticular cavities for chemical defence . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 39 ( 3 ) : 812 - 829 .

tarmann , g . 1994 . a preliminary review of the classification of the zygaenid subfamily procridinae ( lepidoptera ) . nota lepid . suppl . 5 : 115 - 123 .

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no . 11 , alley 10 , lane 93 , shin - nan rd . , sect . 1 , chung - ho city , taipei hsien 235 , taiwan

born in november of 1971 in tainan city of taiwan . b . sc . of department of entomology , national chung - hsing university ( taichung , taiwan ) . m . sc . of institute of biological science , national sun yat - sen university ( kaohsiung , taiwan ) . thesis : phylogenetic analyses of the major lineages of nymphulinae and musotiminae , with taxonomic revision on taiwanese fauna ( lepidoptera , pyralidae s . l . )

awards : on 9th january 2004 dr . shen - horn yen received the 5th r . j . h . hintelmann wissenschaftspreis für zoologische systematik for his thesis " phylogenetic analyses of the major lineages of nymphulinae and musotiminae , with taxonomic revision on taiwanese fauna ( lepidoptera , pyralidae s . l . ) " . the award was presented in a ceremonial act in zoologische staatssammlung münchen organized by the museum ' s management and the " freunde der zoologischen staatssammlung münchen e . v society " .

systematics , phylogenetics and biogeography of elymnias ( with mr . chia - hsuan wei and dr . david lohman )

evolution of mimetic wing patterns of the papilio memnon complex ( with dr . mathieu joron )

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