aiptasia diaphana , the yellow aiptasia or glasrose , is a species of sea anemone native to shallow waters in the temperate eastern atlantic ocean and the mediterranean sea .

it has been introduced into the red sea .

aiptasia diaphana

aiptasia diaphana <EOT> sexual plasticity and self - fertilization in the sea anemone aiptasia diaphana . - pubmed - ncbi

development of self - fertilized gametes of the anemone aiptasia diaphana ( scale bars = 10 µm ) .

trioecy , a unique breeding strategy in the sea anemone aiptasia diaphana and its association with sex steroids .

red sea aiptasia - x - guaranteed , reef - safe elimination of aiptasia .

trioecy , a unique breeding strategy in the sea anemone aiptasia diaphana and its association with sex steroids . - pubmed - ncbi

berghia the natural solution berghia nudibranchs are the natural solution for aiptasia anemones . they eat solely aiptasia .

field populations of aiptasia diaphana forming a dense “carpet” on anchor rigs of an abandoned net pen fish farm 1 . 8 km offshore .

frequency of oocytes atresia among hermaphrodites and females in a . diaphana age - groups .

berghia devouring an aiptasia these berghia nudibranchs have overpowered an aiptasia anemone as they consume it from the bottom up .

7 . the method of claim 1 , wherein said at least one stinging capsule is from a nematostella vectensis , rhopilema nomadica and aiptasia diaphana .

16 . the method of claim 9 , wherein said at least one stinging capsule is from a nematostella vectensis , rhopilema nomadica and aiptasia diaphana .

22 . the method of claim 17 , wherein said at least one stinging capsule is from a nematostella vectensis , rhopilema nomadica and aiptasia diaphana .

for information on sea anemone predators , and the chemical and physical methods of aiptasia removal and control , see : aiptasia pests - getting rid of glass anemones .

they can be preyed upon by peppermint shrimp , most butterflyfsh and aiptasia eating nudibranchs .

big & small berghia eating aiptasia berghia nudibranchs will sometimes gang up on an aiptasia anemone to eat it . pictured are 1 / 8 " to 1 / 2 " berghia .

1 / 4 " berghia eating an aiptasia this 1 / 4 " berghia nudibranch is eating a good sized aiptasia anemone . berghia can consume an entire anemone in an hour .

there are 17 species in the aiptasia genus . the species that are well known are the

the will thrive in bright light , but even under poor lighting aiptasia anemones will survive .

all species of the aiptasia genus are easy to care for . aiptasia anemones , though very small , have proven quite hardy and durable . they have the ability to reproduce rapidly in saltwater aquariums where there are plenty of nutrients and good lighting . aiptasia can reach plague proportions in captivity . some aquarists use aiptasia in their refugiums to take out nutrients from the water .

( of adamsia diaphana ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

eat only one thing : the dreaded aiptasia anemone . because they will only eat aiptasia , they are guaranteed 100 % reef safe ! you can learn more about the berghia nudibranch from our

genus is a member of the aiptasiidae family and currently contains 12 species . general common names all the various aiptasia anemones are known by are aiptasia , glassrose anemone , rock anemone , devil ' s plague , aiptasia anemone , pest anemone , and sometimes by this misspelling , aptasia .

berghia eating berghia nudibranchs frequently form a " dog pile " around larger aiptasia when they eat .

citation : schlesinger a , kramarsky - winter e , rosenfeld h , armoza - zvoloni r , loya y ( 2010 ) sexual plasticity and self - fertilization in the sea anemone aiptasia diaphana . plos one 5 ( 7 ) : e11874 . urltoken

aiptaisa means beautiful , and they can be . . . but they can be also reek havoc on reef tanks ! meet the aiptasia sea anemone species and discover the pros and cons of aiptasia in captivity

any - they will thrive in bright light , but even under poor lighting aiptasia anemones will survive .

your source for hungry aiptasia anemone eating berghia nudibranchs , saltwater fish , and live corals for sale .

( of actinia diaphana rapp , 1829 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of aiptasiomorpha diaphana ( rapp , 1829 ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of cribrina diaphana ( rapp , 1829 ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

an unusual mechanism of sex differentiation was observed to occur in the populations of asexually produced sea anemone a . diaphana , giving rise to males , females , and hermaphrodites . the ontogenetic patterns were associated with sex steroid profiles , revealing an original sexual system in a . diaphana pedal lacerates , the first to be reported in the phylum cnidaria .

there are various ways to reduce and control aiptasia populations . sea anemone predators provides a natural , biological method of controlling and possibly eliminating aiptasia anemones . one of the best known methods is using nudibranchs to eat glass anemones . of all the sea anemone predators , the nudibranch berghia verrucicornis is a great choice because it only feeds on aiptasia .

two berghia nudibranchs berghia nudibranchs are captivating creatures . these two berghia can consume a large aiptasia anemone in an hour .

using aiptasia in refugiums to take out nutrients can be effective , yet it can also be risky if any parts of an aiptasia migrates to the main tank . in a refugium , use screening to prevent free floating aiptasia from migrating to your main tank . be sure to have all of your pumps covered . most good quality pumps have guards on them .

using aiptasia in refugiums to take out nutrients can be effective , yet it can also be risky if any parts of an aiptasia migrates to the main tank through the filtration . in a refugium use screening to prevent free floating aiptasia from migrating to your main tank . be sure to have all of your pumps covered . most good quality pumps have guards on them .

this berghia nudibranch appears to be looking at the camera , but it is actually trolling for an aiptasia anemone to eat .

to reduce and control pesky aiptasia in your saltwater aquarium , biological approaches such as fish that eat aiptasia or crabs , shrimps , nudibranchs to eat glass anemones , and more can be used . also various manufactured chemicals and household products can be used .

regular and time consuming manual removal is often required so that an aquarium is not overrun by dense populations of aiptasia . there are various ways to reduce and control aiptasia populations . sea anemone predators provides a natural , biological method of controlling and possibly eliminating aiptasia anemones . other methods include chemical removal and the more risky method of physical removal . there are important considerations when using either of these two methods .

regular and time consuming manual removal is often required so that an aquarium is not overrun by dense populations of aiptasia . other methods of aiptasia control include chemical removal and the more risky method of physical removal . there are important considerations when using either of these two methods .

i would like to purchase a quantity of aiptasia for my berghia nudibranch . if you have some available , please respond . bobtc100 @ urltoken

they generally eat zooplankton , but will always accept other food particles . predators include peppermint shrimp , most butterflyfsh , and aiptasia eating nudibranchs .

common names aiptasia anemones are known by in general include glassrose anemone , glass anemone , pale anemone , rock anemone , trumpet anemone , brown glass anemone , small rock anemone , yellow anemone , tube anemone , aiptasia anemone , devil ' s plague , pest anemone , and aptasia .

propagating aiptasia anemones is fairly easy , just feed it and it will multiply . anemones in general can multiply by sexual and asexual means . aiptasia will multiply asexually by fission , which is where a tiny bit of tissue detached from the foot quickly develops into a new and complete anemone .

the eye of the berghia you can actually see the tiny black eyes of this berghia nudibranch . berghia nudibranch only has eyes for aiptasia anemones .

on the other hand , being easy to grow in the laboratory , makes aiptasia specimens ideal in the scientific world . the aiptasia species are a model system for research and study of their unique adaptations . they are being researched extensively both for medical uses and to learn about their ocean environment .

growth rate and sexual size dimorphism of a . diaphana age - groups . a ) growth ( weight increase ) of a . diaphana lacerates . the points represent the biomass ( mg dry weight = mg dw ) mean ± se of six to eight replicates . each replicate is an average dw of three individuals sampled from the same growing chamber . b ) sexual size dimorphism as indicated by pedal disk diameter presented as mean ± se . numbers inside the bars are the sample sizes .

( of aiptasia saxicola andrès , 1881 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

corals and other anemones are the invertebrates most affected by aiptasia pests . unless you are keeping small rock anemones in a refugium to help control nutrients , they need to be removed as soon as possible . once aiptasia gets a foothold , manual removal to keep populations in check , may very well become an ongoing activity .

a . diaphana age homogeneous populations . a ) pedal lacerates attached to a mesh fabric after the removal of adult sea anemones . b ) homogeneous population at the age of 4 wk developed from pedal lacerates . c ) sea anemones aged 4–12 wk .

aiptasia grow like weeds , take over the reef tank , and are very hard to control ! a variety of approaches include chemical controls to using sea anemone predators .

it is unknown how long they live , but they do reproduce quickly . a mature aiptasia anemones can produce dozens of juveniles in a single day if well fed .

the aiptasia has a pedal disc or ' foot ' with which it attaches to the substrate . if tank conditions are not ideal aiptasia use their " foot " to move along the substrate . they will contract the circular muscles of the foot and push forward , or they may crawl on their side , moving about 4 cm per hour . aiptasia will often opt to simply disconnect and float around , or swim by moving in a spiral motion , until they find a new spot to adhere too .

propagating aiptasia anemones is fairly easy , just cut a piece off and it will grow . anemones in general can multiply by sexual and asexual means . aiptasia will multiply asexually by fission , which is where a tiny bit of tissue detached from the foot quickly develops into a new and complete anemone . aiptasia anemones will tolerate their own " clones " , and these anemones are very prolific . this is why it is very difficult to physically remove these anemones from a rock . any remaining tissues quickly multiply into to new specimens .

don ' t let the pretty white center fool you , this trumpet anemone is just another species of aiptasia ! one of the most dreaded " hitchhikers " next to the mantis shrimp , the trumpet anemone can reach plague proportions in a short time . some natural ways to eliminate them are peppermint shrimp , aiptasia eating nudibranchs and various butterflyfish , especially the copperbanded butterflyfish .

aiptasia , often called " weedy " anemones , are found in tropical and temperate waters around the globe . they live in a relatively wide range of salinities , temperatures , and other water quality conditions .

" ade - 1 , a new inotropic na ( + ) channel toxin from aiptasia diaphana , is similar to , yet distinct from , known anemone na ( + ) channel toxins . " nesher n . , shapira e . , sher d . , moran y . , tsveyer l . , turchetti - maia a . l . , horowitz m . , hochner b . , zlotkin e . biochem . j . 451 : 81 - 90 ( 2013 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]

distribution of sexes in a . diaphana age - groups during reproductive development . five reproductive states were characterized histologically : nonreproductive ( white bars ) , undifferentiated ( gray bars ) , hermaphrodite ( tan bars ) , male ( blue bars ) , and female ( red bars ) . n = number of specimens examined .

to most saltwater aquarists aiptasia are considered a nuisance . they pose great difficulties to a reef environment as they harm other tank mates and quickly overgrow the environment . their rapid reproduction makes them extremely difficult to control .

saltwater aquarists don ' t usually buy glass anemones , but aiptasia is available alive from supply companies for research and scientific study . aquarists generally acquire them as hitchhikers , arriving with live rock or attached to the base of corals .

the typical reef environment is best for these anemones . like most anemone species , they need live rock or some other solid material they can attach to . aiptasia are hardy aquarium anemones that can survive even in dark conditions and will flourish in poor water - quality environments rich in organic nutrients . water changes of 10 % bi - monthly or 20 % a month are typical for most anemones , but with aiptasia , the more nutrients you have the happier it will be .

( of aiptasia saxicola andrès , 1881 ) den hartog , j . c . & van der land , j . ( 2000 - 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

the small rock anemone has a pedal disc or ' foot ' with which it attaches to the substrate . if tank conditions are not ideal they will use their “foot” to move along the substrate . aiptasia anemones do this by contracting the circular muscles of the foot and pushing forward , or they may crawl on their side , moving about 4 cm per hour . often aiptasia will simply opt to disconnect and float around , or swim by moving in a spiral motion , until they find a new spot to adhere too .

anemones are called " rock anemones " because they are found along rocky shorelines , and often dubbed " glass anemones " due to their bodies being somewhat translucent . this pretty rock anemone is also known as the glass rose anemone , trumpet anemone , and yellow aiptasia .

aiptasia is an anemone that saltwater hobbyists don ' t purchase , rather they are accidentally introduced into a saltwater system as a hitchhiker on live rock or attached to the base of corals . unless planning to cultivate this anemone , you would not knowingly purchase live rock or corals with aiptasia on it . however , they can be difficult to see . they are small and will quickly retract when disturbed , hiding inside small crevices and holes in the rock . they can hide for weeks or even months until conditions are suitable before coming out .

aiptasia anemones will tolerate their own “clones” , and these anemones are very prolific . this is why it is very difficult to physically remove these anemones from a rock . any remaining tissues quickly multiply into to new specimens . sexual reproduction has not been described for the species .

small rock anemones are durable and problems are pretty minimal unless your lighting , water movement , and feeding is inadequate . then your anemone will detach to look for “better conditions . ” with better conditions , they can quickly multiply . having a quickly expanding population of aiptasia then becomes the problem .

their body form is the polyp . it is composed of a pedal disc or ' foot ' with which the aiptasia attaches to the substrate . it has a smooth , elongated body column with an oral disc on top . this disk has a mouth with many long stinging tentacles surrounding it .

a two - stage pathway for sex differentiation in a . diaphana lacerates . stage 1 : sexually undifferentiated individuals differentiate equally to either males or hermaphrodites . stage 2 : primary males progress with spermatogenesis and spermiation , whereas hermaphrodites undergo sex allocation in which one gender becomes the dominant gender in the polyp and the other gender represses and often disappears . hermaphrodites that undergo sex allocation may finally become males , females , or mature as hermaphrodites ( i . e . , trioecy ) .

the glass anemone is a carnivore . in the wild aiptasia derive nutrition from their symbiotic alge , zooxanthellae , as well as from the water around them . they use their tentacles to capture organic matter that floats by , then insert the food into their mouths for ingestion . they generally eat zooplankton , but will always accept other foot particles .

do water changes of 10 % monthly or 20 % every other month . they will flourish in poor water - quality environments that are rich in organic nutrients . for most anemones , typical water changes are 10 % twice a month or 20 % a monthly , but with aiptasia , the more nutrients there are , the happier it will be .

genets ( n = 4 ) of a . diaphana were cultured in the indoor system described above ( figure 4 ) , set up to emulate ambient seasonal conditions ( i . e . , light and temperature amplitude ) of the natural reproductive season . spawning was temporally controlled by shifting the photoperiod and water temperature ( as described above ) to match the ambient shifts that occur during the natural gametogenic period during peak reproduction the mesenteries , visible via the transparent body column , were milky white in appearance in males and an orange color in females .

levels of vertebrate - like sex steroids , including progesterone ( a ) , testosterone ( b ) , and estradiol ( c ) , associated with sex differentiation and maturation processes ( d ) in a . diaphana age - groups . steroid levels are expressed as mean ± se of six to eight replicates . each replicate represents three individuals sampled from the same chamber . differences in steroid levels between the weeks were tested using one - way anova , and a tukey hsd test was used for post hoc comparisons . lowercase letters ( a–e ) indicate significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) difference between means .

small rock anemones are easy to care for and they are quite hardy and durable . they have the ability to reproduce rapidly in saltwater aquariums where there are plenty of nutrients and good lighting . some aquarists use aiptasia in their refugiums to take out nutrients from the water . keeping them in a screened off area of the refugium , they will feed on excess nutrients , thus improving water quality .

any substrate is fine as these anemones will inhabit all levels of the tank . they need the same type of lighting found in a typical reef , and moderate lighting is suggested . they will thrive in bright light , but even under poor lighting aiptasia anemones will survive . they prefer a low - to - moderate water movement , but any type of movement is fine , just not stagnant water .

this is yet another anemone that is considered an undesirable addition to a reef tank ! the small rock anemone , also called the rose glass anemone is slightly different from the standard aiptasia in that it has more color , being brown to a pinkish brown instead of clear or gray . whatever color it is , it needs to go ! when you see one , do your best to get rid of it before it reproduces !

the small rock anemone is a carnivore , but these anemones are also equipped with nutritional alternatives for their well - being . in the wild aiptasia derive nutrition from their symbiotic algae , zooxanthellae , as well as from the water around them . they use their tentacles to capture organic matter that floats by , then insert the food into their mouths for ingestion . they generally eat zooplankton , but will always accept other foot particles .

the name aiptasia means " beautiful " . although these little anemones are unpopular with reef hobbyists because of their ability to take over the aquarium , they really can be quite nice looking . they are smaller anemones that only get to be about 1 " ( 3 cm ) in diameter and 3 - 4 " ( 7 . 5 - 10 cm ) tall depending on the species . most specimens are actually much smaller then that too .

aiptasia anemones are found in shallow waters along protected coasts and along intertidal rocky or mangrove lined shorelines . they will also form dense colonies in areas of shallow water , sometimes so dense they look like solid sheets . they are found alone attached to rubble , mangrove roots , dead corals , and other hard substrates . they occur in deep water too , where there is good tidal action . all species are commonly found with live rock .

aiptasia anemones don ' t have a very good reputation with saltwater hobbyists . they have strong stings and don’t “play nice” with other corals and fish . they use venomous cells , nematocyst found in their tentacles , to sting corals and fish . they can reach plague proportions in the aquarium or a reef tank , wreak havoc on the other inhabitants . they are very hard to get rid of and have been known to take over a reef aquarium by quickly reproducing while stinging and killing other tank invertebrates .

the weedy aiptasia is an anemone that saltwater hobbyists don ' t purchase , rather they are accidentally introduced into a saltwater system as a hitchhiker on live rock or attached to the base of corals . they are able to out compete other species in the reef tank . when disturbed they eject dangerous white stinging threads , or acontia . by using venomous cells or nematocyst found in their tentacles , they sting and push other inhabitants away from their " turf " . they have strong stings that can harm , and even kill other corals and fish .

sizes of aiptasia pallida anemones used in this study , quantified as means of three measurements of the body column of each anemone . bold dashes represent medians , open circles represent anemones without gonads , and asterisks represent anemones with gonads . body column diameter was larger in symbiotic anemones than in aposymbiotic anemones for both males and females ( mann–whitney u tests , p < 0 . 001 ) . sample size : n = 9 aposymbiotic females , n = 18 aposymbiotic males , n = 27 symbiotic females , and n = 15 symbiotic males . abbreviations : apofem = aposymbiotic female , apomale = aposymbiotic male , symfem = symbiotic female , symmale = symbiotic male

daly , m . ; fautin , d . ( 2018 ) . world list of actiniaria .

van der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

fishelson , l . , 1971 . ecology and distribution of the benthic fauna in the shallow waters of the red sea . marine biology , 10 / 2 : 113 - 133 . [ details ]

fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .

department of zoology , george s . wise faculty of life sciences , tel aviv university , tel aviv , israel

department of zoology , george s . wise faculty of life sciences , tel aviv university , tel aviv , israel , israel oceanographic and limnological research , national center for mariculture , eilat , israel

editor : ryan l . earley , university of alabama , united states of america

copyright : © 2010 schlesinger et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .

funding : this work was funded by ramot ( horowitz foundation ) tel aviv university . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .

forming a dense “carpet” on anchor rigs of an abandoned net pen fish farm 1 . 8 km offshore .

a ) a dissected anemone illustrating the morphology of the gonads along the mesenteries ( m ) of the polyp . b ) histological section of a female gonad showing well developed oocytes with visible germinal vesicles and nucleoli . c ) histological section of a male gonad showing well developed spermaries . d ) histological section of a hermaphrodite gonad showing well developed oocytes ( o ) alongside interspersed spermaries ( s ) at various stages of development . bar corresponds to 200 µm in b and to 100 µm c and in d .

in laboratory culture , the rate of asexual reproduction was affected by controlled seasonal variations . under june–august ( summer ) temperature–photoperiod conditions genets propagated ca . one order of magnitude more ramets ( time = 77 d , n = 255±27 ) than under december – march ( winter ) conditions ( t = 78 d , n = 23±12 ) . the rate of asexual reproduction differed significantly between the summer and winter treatments ( 2 way anova and tukey ' s hsd test , df = 1 fseason 83 . 61 ; p < 0 . 05 ) . accordingly , each founder genet that produced 255 ramets ( individuals resulting from asexual reproduction ) during summer and in turn produces at least 20 additional ramets during winter can , theoretically , produce over 5 , 000 ramets ( 20 winter x 255 summer ) over a one - year period .

microscopic analysis of ramets ( n = 304 ) sampled from six different laboratory - reared genet lines ( g 1 – g 6 ) , each founded by one individual of a known sex , revealed that the male phenotype was preserved throughout the experiment in one genet ( g 5 ) ( table 1 , figure 2 ) . the other five genets gave rise to both female and male phenotypes , with a skewed female / male ratio in favor of the founder sex ( table 1 ) . in addition , ramets derived from one female genet ( g 2 ) , included not only males and females but also seven hermaphroditic individuals ( table 1 ) .

gametes spawned by g 2 ( n = 3 spawn dates and g 3 ( n = 2 spawn dates ) genet lines self - fertilized . similarly , gametes spawned by g 1 cross - fertilized with gametes of g 5 ( n = 4 spawn dates ) . zygotes derived from “selfing” and out - crossing developed into swimming planula larvae . the embryos underwent “chaotic” cleavage . on d - 4 post - spawning , nematocysts had developed in all planulae ( figure 3 ) .

( a ) released non fertilized oocyte ( sem ) . ( b ) late cleavage stage showing asynchronous “chaotic” cleavage ( sem ) . ( c ) blastula from animal pole perspective , note small micromeres . ( c ' ) blastula from the vegetal pole perspective , showing large yolky macromeres at the vegetal pole ( sem ) . ( d ) prawn chip stage . ( e ) gastrula . the blastopore is marked by an arrow . ( sem ) . ( f ) swimming planula , nematocysts marked by arrowhead ( light micrograph ) .

the culture cell ( 4 ) is placed within a sedimentation chamber ( 6 ) which in turn is encompassed by a water jacket ( 8 ) . a light source ( 18 ) is positioned above the culture cell . a pump ( 20 ) is fixed to a wall in the sedimentation chamber ( 6 ) and connected to the culture cell inlet port ( 15 ) . sediment is drained from the chamber via a waste outlet ( 22 ) connected to the bottom of the chamber . culture temperature is controlled by the water jacket ( 8 ) , using a water chiller ( 24 ) and a thermostat regulated heater ( 26 ) . the legs ( 10 ) of the culture tank stand on the tank ' s bottom ( 12 ) , and water outlets ( 14 ) are interspersed around the top of the cell in the water jacket tank ( 16 ) . scale bar = 20 cm .

to ascertain the rate of pedal laceration ( asexual reproduction ) of this anemone under laboratory conditions , we simultaneously tested the effect of summer ( june – august ) and winter ( december – february ) photoperiod and temperature amplitude as recorded in the eastern mediterranean ( 32°24′9n , 34°50′5e ) . data were obtained from the wise observatory astronomical calendar and medatlas / 2002 database , medar group 2002 ) . culture temperature was controlled by a water jacket ( figure 4 ) , using a 4 m 3 h −1 water circulation pump , a thermostat regulated water chiller and thermostat regulated heaters [ 43 ] – [ 44 ] .

photo - period was controlled as described above , by weekly calibration of light : dark period , following wise observatory astronomical calendar data . temperature amplitudes in the culture systems were calibrated weekly using the water - jacket temperature control system i . e . , regulated heaters and chillers , to follow the seasonal temperature amplitude ( medatlas / 2002 , medar group 2002 database figure s2 ) . six ramets from three genet lines ( two ramets from each genet ) were removed and settled on new substrata , each in a separate , sterilized culture tank . thus , each genet was simultaneously exposed to two different temperature and photoperiod regimes ( three culture tanks under summer conditions and three under winter conditions ) . feeding regime , light quality and intensity , current character and water exchange were uniform in all culture tanks . the number of ramets in each culture tank was counted after 77–78 days following settlement of each founder . data were analyzed using student ' s t test for significance .

eastern mediterranean ( 32°24′9n , 34°50′5e ) temperature amplitude based data obtained from medatlas / 2002 database , medar group 2002 .

we would like to thank dr . eran brockovich and varda wexler for their help with the figures .

conceived and designed the experiments : as ekw . performed the experiments : as raz . analyzed the data : as ekw hr raz yl . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : hr yl . wrote the paper : as ekw hr raz yl .

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carlon db ( 1999 ) the evolution of mating systems in tropical reef corals . tree 14 ( 12 ) : 491–495 .

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) ( coelenterata , actiniaria ) . j ma bio ass uk 73 ( 4 ) : 971–973 .

heyward aj , babcock rc ( 1986 ) self - and cross - fertilization in scleractinian corals . marine biology 90 : 191–195 .

brazeau da , gleason df , morgan me ( 1998 ) self - fertilization in brooding hermaphroditic caribbean corals : evidence from molecular markers . jembe 231 ( 2 ) : 225 .

hamrick jl , godt mt ( 1990 ) allozyme diversity in plant species , in plant population genetics : breeding and genetic resources , . in : brown ahd , et al . , editor . sunderland ma : sinauer . pp . 43–63 .

kalisz s , vogler dw , hanley km ( 2004 ) context - dependent autonomous self - fertilization yields reproductive assurance and mixed mating . nature 430 : 884–887 .

ghiselin mt ( 1969 ) the evolution of hermaphroditism among animals . the quar rev of biol 44 ( 2 ) : 189–208 .

hyman lh ( 1940 ) protozoa through ctenophora , in the invertebrates . new york and london : mcgraw - hill .

schlesinger a , kramarsky - winter e , loya y ( 2008 ) method and apparatus for propagating benthic marine invertebrates , . in : wipo , editor . ramot at tel aviv university .

( mollusca , opisthobranchia ) : life history aspects . marine biology 156 ( 4 ) : 753 .

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mini reef aquarium guide . reef aquarium setup for large reef tanks , nano reef tanks , pico reef or micro reef aquariums with reef tank lighting , filtration , choosing coral reef animals , and problem solving !

setting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !

urticina means nettle , a stinging plant . like all sea anemones they do have a sting , but the urticina cold water sea anemones have much more . . . being very beautiful they are known as flowers of the sea !

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i ' d love to give your clam a new house . i have 110g reef tank set up 25 hrs . he ' d love it !

is fast at disappearing if disturbed . but this quick maneuver is just one of its fast tricks . it is quite small , at only about 1 . 2 " ( 3 cm ) tall , but is also very fast at reproducing . the

anemones are found in shallow waters along protected coasts and along intertidal rocky shorelines . they are found alone attached to rubble , live rock , dead corals , and other hard substrates . they will also form dense colonies in areas of shallow water , sometimes so dense they look like solid sheets . they occur in deep water too , where there is good tidal action .

the small rock anemones are solitary and found at depths of 6 1 / 2 to 9 feet ( 2 - 3 m ) . they live on vertical walls in small quiet harbors and in large pools .

the small rock anemone is quite small , only getting up to about 1 . 2 " ( 3 cm ) tall . it is unknown how long

anemones can live , but they do reproduce quickly . mature specimens can produce dozens of juveniles in a single day if they have plenty of nutrients .

the number of small rock anemones can reach plague proportions in captivity . in some aquariums they will reproduce faster than in others , but the exact reason is unknown . they do seem to reproduce faster in environments high in nutrients and detritus . this anemone , as well as any species of

, is generally regarded as a pest . they can be difficult to control and / or eliminate once they get a foothold .

although anemones are not as dependent on calcium as stony corals , magnesium and calcium is still needed to keep the ph and alkalinity stable and within the correct parameters . additions of trace elements are suggested . phosphates should be kept around 0 . 03 or less .

380 . 0 - 450 . 0 ppm - helps to balance alkalinity . aim for 420 ppm , or 385 ppm if you are using seachem calcium .

7 . 0 - 11 . 0 dkh - ( 2 . 5 to 3 . 9 meq / l ) aim for 10 dkh ( 3 . 5 meq / l ) for reef tanks .

1 , 250 . 0 - 1 , 350 . 0 ppm - test magnesium levels and adjust before checking calcium .

the small rock anemone is quite small , so it can readily be kept in a nano tank of just 1 - gallon or more , however , the tank should be completely cycled . the typical reef environment is best for these anemones . like most anemone species , they need live rock or some other solid material they can attach to .

the small rock anemones are aggressive , and ideally , they are best kept in their own tank . they have strong stings that can harm , and even kill other corals and fish . saltwater hobbyists don ' t purchase these anemones , rather they are acquired accidentally as " hitch - hikers " on live rock or with other corals . they are very hard to get rid of and have been known to take over a reef aquarium .

they can reproduce quickly and will tolerate their own kind , but they are able to out compete other species in the reef tank . when disturbed they eject dangerous white stinging threads , or acontia . also , by using the venomous cells , the nematocyst found in their tentacles , they sting and push other inhabitants away from their “turf . ” they don ' t host clownfish .

have determined that individuals are dioecious , meaning that individuals are of separate sexes .

alf jacob nilsen and svein a . fossa , reef secrets : starting right , selecting fishes & invertebrates , advanced biotope techniques , t . f . h publications inc . , 2003

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html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

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schlesinger a 1 , kramarsky - winter e , rosenfeld h , armoza - zvoloni r , loya y .

department of zoology , george s . wise faculty of life sciences , tel aviv university , tel aviv , israel .

armoza - zvuloni r 1 , kramarsky - winter e 2 , loya y 2 , schlesinger a 3 , rosenfeld h 2 .

national center for mariculture , israel oceanographic and limnological research , eilat , israel department of zoology , tel aviv university , ramat aviv , tel aviv , israel the h . steinitz marine biology laboratory , the interuniversity institute for marine sciences of eilat , eilat , israel rachelarmoza @ gmail . com .

department of zoology , tel aviv university , ramat aviv , tel aviv , israel .

the h . steinitz marine biology laboratory , the interuniversity institute for marine sciences of eilat , eilat , israel .

< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .

you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .

< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

cardioactive peptide that acts on voltage - gated sodium channels ( hnav1 . 5 / scn5a ) and voltage - gated potassium channels ( kv ) ( pubmed :

) . the activity on sodium channels consists of inhibition on sodium current inactivation with no significant effect on current activation . this effect may be caused by direct interaction of the toxin with sodium channel site - 3 ( pubmed :

) . the activity on potassium channels consists of a significant increase of the amplitude of the transient component of the potassium current , shifting the current threshold to more negative membrane potentials . these effects are concentration - dependent and reversible and may be due to a direct interaction between the toxin and the voltage - sensing domain of the channel ( pubmed :

) . physiologically , this toxin increases the amplitude of cardiomyocyte contraction and slows the late phase of the twitch relaxation velocity with no induction of spontaneous twitching . it increases action potential duration of cardiomyocytes with no effect on its threshold and on the cell resting potential . on insects , it shows neurotoxic activity to the blowfly larvae s . falculaty , causing an immediate spasm that progressed to body contraction and paralysis .

< p > manually curated information for which there is published experimental evidence . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences # eco : 0000269 " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

, function , paralytic dose , subcellular location , mass spectrometry , 3d - structure modeling .

" the sea anemone toxin ade - 1 modifies both sodium and potassium currents of rat cardiomyocytes . " nesher n . , zlotkin e . , hochner b . biochem . j . 461 : 51 - 59 ( 2014 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]

has no hemolytic activity on human erythrocytes . has no effect on the shape , color and configuration of cardiomyocytes ( pubmed :

< p > the < a href = " urltoken " > gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href = " urltoken " > controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > manually curated information that is based on statements in scientific articles for which there is no experimental support . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences # eco : 0000303 " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > manually validated information which has been imported from another database . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences # eco : 0000312 " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides information on the disease ( s ) and phenotype ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathology _ and _ biotech _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > ' pathology and biotech ' < / a > section describes the lethal dose ( ld ) , paralytic dose ( pd ) , effect dose ( ed ) or lethal concentration ( lc ) of a protein toxin . < p > < a href = ' / help / toxic _ dose ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

is 16 . 91 + - 5 . 78 µg / kg into blowfly larvae ( s . falculata ) .

< p > this section describes post - translational modifications ( ptms ) and / or processing events . < p > < a href = ' / help / ptm _ processing _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘ptm / processing’ section denotes the presence of an n - terminal signal peptide . < p > < a href = ' / help / signal ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > ptm / processing < / a > section describes a propeptide , which is a part of a protein that is cleaved during maturation or activation . once cleaved , a propeptide generally has no independent biological function . < p > < a href = ' / help / propep ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘ptm / processing’ section describes the extent of a polypeptide chain in the mature protein following processing . < p > < a href = ' / help / chain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ptm / processing " : / help / ptm _ processing _ section section describes the positions of cysteine residues participating in disulfide bonds . < p > < a href = ' / help / disulfid ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > manually curated information which has been propagated from a related experimentally characterized protein . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences # eco : 0000250 " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / structure _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href = " urltoken " > length < / a > and < a href = " urltoken " > molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href = " urltoken " > canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href = " urltoken " > canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is in its mature form or if it represents the precursor . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ processing ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section reports information derived from mass spectrometry experiments done on the entire protein or on biologically active derived peptide ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / mass _ spectrometry ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called ‘primary ( citable ) accession number’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >


toormore ( foaled 19 march 2011 ) is an irish-bred british-trained thoroughbred racehorse .

he was one of the leading two-year-olds in europe in 2013 when he was undefeated in three races including the vintage stakes and vincent o'brien national stakes .

in 2014 he won the craven stakes and finished third in the queen elizabeth ii stakes .

after failing to win for over a year he returned in 2015 to win the lennox stakes and the international topkapi trophy .

in 2016 he recorded another major win in the bet365 mile .

toormore

toormore <EOT> feb 2017 : darley announced toormore was removed from service due to insufficient demand .

toormore proving too strong on his racecourse debut at leicester . image copyright of urltoken

satisfy due diligence requirments on toormore engineering limited in one single ' time - saving ' search . run full background checks for fitness and probity on the directors of toormore engineering limited and anti - money laundering checks ( aml checks ) on toormore engineering limited

" the second horse came travelling up to us very well but toormore showed his courage .

we ' ll send you updates with the latest deals , reviews and articles for toormore each week .

michael leonard is a company director of toormore engineering limited since 2000 and a listed director of 1 other companies .

© 2015 leon whelton , toormore , goleen , county cork . all rights reserved . website by tosnu web solutions

richard hannon said : " toormore is in good form . he switches on when he comes to the racecourse .

toormore’s owners , middleham park racing , will have taken some comfort from shifting power’s victory , which owed much to a determined ride from ryan moore after the colt was first off the bridle , because he is toormore’s work partner .

toormore engineering limited was set up on thursday the 21st of september 2000 . their current address is toormore , burncourt , cahir , co . tipperary , and the company status is normal . the company ' s current directors karen leonard and michael leonard have been the director of 0 other irish companies between them . toormore engineering limited has 2 shareholders .

“he’s not flash and doesn’t show a lot at home , ” hannon said of his national stakes winner , toormore .

" if toormore runs the same race as he did in the queen anne stakes , he will go close . "

toormore returns to seven furlongs in the group one prix de la foret at longchamp , france on sunday , october 4 .

toormore leads godolphin ' s three - pronged attack on the fred cowley mbe memorial summer mile stakes at ascot on saturday .

the latest documents filed with the companies registration office for toormore engineering limited ( which can include the account details ) are listed below .

log - in now to run due diligence checks and compliance checks on toormore engineering limited or click join - up to get started .

top - class miler toormore will carry the godolphin colours for the remainder of his racing career after being sold by middleham park racing .

richard hannon believes toormore will have a " huge chance " of claiming group one gold in the al shaqab lockinge stakes at newbury .

richard hannon and toormore can take the season ' s first classic , the 2000 guineas . ( photo by alan crowhurst / getty images )

the trials season will continue to roll on to the craven stakes at newmarket next thursday , which is set to feature the return of toormore .

they teased us that they would run toormore in the racing post trophy and they announced no nay never’s year was over when he won the morny .

to view the latest credit rating or credit limit on toormore engineering limited simply click ' log - in ' or ' join - up ' below .

workmanlike - in - winning rather than impressive , toormore can improve for his run in the craven stakes . ( photo by alan crowhurst / getty images )

connections of toormore are excited and confident that their star juvenile colt from last year can continue his success at the top - level in the qipco 2000 guineas .

connections of toormore report the four - year - old to be in rude health ahead of his first start of the season in the lockinge stake at newbury .

toormore went on to score by a neck in 1m 43 . 06s on good to soft going , with a length and a half back to breton rock .

richard hannon said : " toormore has come right back to his best this season , winning the lennox stakes at goodwood and another group two in turkey last time .

former champion two - year - olds belardo and toormore spearhead a strong godolphin challenge in the g2 bet365 mile at sandown park , uk , on friday , april 22 .

toormore moved up to take the lead with a quarter - mile remaining but was joined on his outside by dutch connection , who cruised up strongly to dispute the running .

toormore’s last race was in the middle of september and both no nay never and the highly regarded kingman ( unbeaten winner of the solario stakes ) did not run after august .

middleham park racing manager tim palin said : " darley have been interested in toormore for a little while now and we have decided the time is right to let him go .

" so it leaves a lot of questions , but with toormore , no nay never and kingston hill all unbeaten in three races there is a lot to look forward to . ”

like toormore and kingman , roger varian’s kingston hill ( 10 / 1 , bet365 ) also boasts unbeaten credentials , but unlike that pair he hasn’t had a run this season yet .

toormore will now head to newbury for the g1 lockinge stakes over a mile on may 14 , a race in which he was beaten a neck by night of thunder in 2015 .

toormore provided middleham park racing with their first group 1 winner as the unbeaten colt made all to give richard hannon and richard hughes their first success in the goffs vincent o’brien national stakes .

“we haven’t had enough mares booked to toormore to justify standing him so we have informed breeders that we have taken him off the roster , ” confirmed darley’s director of stallions sam bullard .

" toormore was champion two - year - old in 2013 and catapulted middleham park into a different stratosphere , so we will always be grateful to him , richard hannon and richard hughes .

tim palin , middleham park racing manager , who own toormore , told the racing post : “they ( owners ) are absolutely thrilled to own the champion two - year - old in europe .

ryan moore rides toormore to a win at the novae bloodstock insurance craven stakes at newmarket racecourse on april 17 , 2014 in newmarket , england . ( photo by alan crowhurst / getty images )

a member of his sire ' s fifth crop , which numbered 43 and were conceived the year after dick turpin ' s promising 2 - year - old season , toormore only had a neck to spare when scoring on his debut at leicester at the end of may . on his second start , toormore took the veuve clicquot vintage stakes ( eng - ii ) by a similar margin over

queen elizabeth ii stakes winner olympic glory was victorious in the same race for hannon in 2012 and connections are hoping that toormore is as successful when he runs in newmarket’s british classic on may 3 .

toormore warmed up for his principal early - season target , the g1 lockinge stakes , with a battling victory in the g2 bet365 mile at sandown park , uk , on friday , april 22 .

awarded a rating of 122 , toormore was unbeaten in three races including the group 1 national stakes at the curragh which he won by two and three quarter lengths from the previous group 1 winner surdirman .

toormore has today been unveiled as richard hannon’s first ever champion two - year - old in his last ever season as a trainer , as the european two - year - old classification for 2013 is published .

toormore warmed up for his principal early - season target , the g1 al shaqab lockinge stakes , with a battling victory in the g2 bet365 mile at sandown park , uk , on friday , april 22 .

william buick added : " toormore is such a lovely horse and a real joy to ride . they went very quick but this horse has won like that before and he has also won from the front .

outstrip ties in the form of the national stakes winner toormore , who had just outpointed him in the vintage stakes at goodwood . toormore was having just his second race when stepped up to contest the group 2 race and his subsequent comprehensive victory over sudirman at the curragh in ireland’s top juvenile race , suggests that the hannon stable , so stacked with talent , thought a lot of this son of arakan from an early stage .

toormore is one of five possible starters for owner godolphin . the maktoum family’s operation could also be represented by 2014 group one dewhurst stakes victor belardo , likely pacemaker barchan ( both roger varian ) and dutch connection ( charlie hills ) , runner - up to toormore at sandown last month , plus home of the brave ( hugo palmer ) , a comfortable winner on his seasonal reappearance in the listed richard iii stakes at leicester on april 23 .

trained by richard hannon , initially for the middleham park racing syndicate , toormore was unbeaten in his three starts as a juvenile , culminating in his victory in the g1 goffs vincent o’brien national s . at the curragh . returning at three to win the g3 craven s . , toormore was later sold privately to godolphin , for whom he won the g2 qatar lennox s . , g2 international topkapi trophy in turkey and last year’s g2 bet365 mile .

toormore , who is ridden by james doyle for a fourth consecutive time , lines up against 12 rivals including dual group two scorer limato and poule d ' essai des poulains victor make believe plus course and distance winner taniyar .

premier sale graduate toormore headed a group double for goffs uk at sandown today with victory in the group 2 bet 365 mile , with fellow graduate my dream boat winning the group 3 gordon richards stakes earlier on the card .

toormore is one of four runners for godolphin , with the charlie hills - trained dutch connection and roger varian ' s pair of barchan and belardo , seventh and fourth respectively at sandown , also sporting the royal blue colours .

on toormore’s third and final run last term , he came over to ireland and won the group 1 national stakes , comfortably beating the david wachman - trained sudirman , who had won the group 1 phoenix stakes on his previous run . that is high - class juvenile form , and it will be fascinating to see how toormore fares on his debut as a three - year - old on thursday . timeform rated him the best juvenile in europe last season .

" toormore has claims to being the best miler , he ' s already a group one winner and was champion two - year - old , he was only beaten narrowly last year and he must have a huge chance . "

two of the first three horses home from last season’s al shaqab lockinge stakes could line up again with runner - up godolphin’s toormore ( richard hannon ) and third - placed arod ( peter chapple - hyam ) both going forward .

toormore , the winner of the group one national stakes at the curragh , was named as champion european two - year - old of 2013 in the official ratings and rankings , which were announced by the british horseracing authority on thursday .

" realistically toormore needs to win the craven , but sky lantern got beaten in the nell gwyn before going on to win the 1 , 000 guineas [ last year ] , so it wouldn’t be the end of the world . ”

the son of arakan opened his account year with victory in the bet365 mile at sandown when he had the reopposing dutch connection a neck back in second and that pair clash again , although toormore does not have to concede 3lb this time .

toormore finished fourth in the mile group one queen anne stakes at royal ascot in june and was beaten a neck by stable companion night of thunder in the group one al shaqab lockinge stakes , also over a mile , at newbury in may .

toormore began the season perfectly with a group two victory at sandown on april 22 . arod made his first appearance of 2016 at ascot on april 27 , when he was third to gm hopkins ( john gosden ) in the listed paradise stakes .

toormore is burdened with a 3lb penalty for his neck verdict over dutch connection in the group two bet365 mile at sandown in april , but he is a talented performer as he showed when fourth to tepin in the queen anne stakes at royal ascot .

" this should put him spot on for newbury now and we will stick to a mile . he can do seven furlongs no problem and william buick said that toormore has probably got the highest cruising speed of a lot of horses that he has ridden .

richard hannon said : " i am delighted with toormore . i thought that he might need the run - i took him to manton a week ago and he worked very well - and he had a 3lb penalty , so he has done it very well .

rated a + + by truenicks , toormore follows trumpet major as the second group winner sired by arakan out of a danzig line mare . in this regard , it ' s interesting to note that danetime , whose dam was by lear fan ( whose broodmare sire is lt . stevens , a brother to thong ) , did very well when crossed over mares carrying thong ' s descendents such as sadler ' s wells , fairy king , nureyev , and thatch . of course , toormore , a son of nureyev , reverses that pattern .

1993 french film producer , sophie toscan du plantier buys a holiday home in the isolated townland of drinane near toormore outside schull and she uses it as a quiet retreat from her busy life in paris where she is married to french film mogul , daniel toscan du plantier .

“toormore improved markedly with every race and there is no reason to think that he has peaked . the champions of the last six years went on to win seven classics and 26 group 1s . we are shaping up for a really exciting three - year - old season .

toormore ( richard hannon / william buick ) , who was champion two - year - old in 2013 , gained two g2 victories last year , in the seven - furlong qatar lennox stakes at goodwood in july and the international topkapi trophy over a mile at veliefendi , turkey , in september .

, who himself was an impressive winner of the at the races champage stakes ( eng - ii ) on sept . 14 . just a day after outstrip had franked the form , toormore scored the first daylight victory of his life , leading throughout to defeat keeneland phoenix stakes ( ire - i ) winner

a group 1 winner and champion two - year - old , toormore was purchased by peter & ross doyle bloodstock from redpender stud at the 2012 premier yearling sale at doncaster for £36 , 000 . he was raced by middleham park racing and james pak before being sold to godolphin last year . view his pedigree .

kingman set the standard for three - year - old excellence this season with his 4½ - length victory in saturday’s greenham and on thursday it is the turn of toormore , one of the horses he leapfrogged at the top the qipco 2 , 000 guineas market , to show what he is made of in the novae bloodstock insurance craven stakes .

toormore ( ire ) , the champion 2 - year - old colt of 2013 and six - time group winner , will not be standing for darley this season following insufficient demand for his services . the 6 - year - old son of arakan was retired from racing at the end of last year to take up duties at dalham hall stud as part of the darley club .

bred by jimmy murphy of redpender stud under the banner of bec bloodstock , toormore is a son of danetime out ( ire ) ( danetime { ire } ) and is a half - brother to the dual group 2 winner estidhkaar ( ire ) ( dark angel { ire } ) , who was also retired to stud for the 2017 season and stands in ireland at tara stud .

by 2 1 / 2 lengths for the goffs vincent o ' brien national stakes ( ire - i ) . after the race , a stable representative stated that toormore may not run again before next year ' s two thousand guineas ( eng - i ) , and given the way he came home over seven furlongs here , the mile of that classic seems unlikely to be a problem .

he’ll put his unbeaten record on the line against another unbeaten colt in richard hannon’s toormore ( 7 / 1 , ladbrokes ) who made his debut as a sprinter at leicester , where he won by a neck from ertijaal , and built markedly on that run to land the group two vintage stakes at glorious goodwood on his next start , landing the spoils by the same winning margin from outstrip .

the first three horses in the classification – toormore , kingston hill and no nay never – each ran three times , each of them is unbeaten and each won a group 1 on their final start . war command , given the same 119 rating as no nay never , also won a group 1 on his final start having earlier pulled six lengths clear to win the coventry stakes , as well as winning the group 2 futurity .

however , while toormore ’s ( 7 / 1 , ladbrokes ) win in the craven was workmanlike and left plenty of onlookers unimpressed , he did do the job professionally and despite the proximity of 50 / 1 shot the great gatsby giving the race a fairly weak profile when added to the no - show of godolphin’s be ready who finished plumb - last in the race , the earlier form of richard hannon’s runner makes excellent reading , and he is sure to improve for that initial outing .

trained by richard hannon and raced by godolphin , toormore was having his first start this season and claimed a brave win in the group 2 , coming back after being headed in the straight , despite carrying a three pound penalty , to win a swiftly run contest . the five - year - old son of arakan has now won seven of his 17 starts and will contest the group 1 lockinge stakes at newbury with the queen anne stakes at royal ascot and sussex stakes also on the radar .

kingston hill was rated just 2lb lower than toormore last year and , like richard hannon’s horse , he too was unbeaten in three runs as a juvenile . trained by the astute roger varian , the mastercraftsman colt did not make his racecourse debut until september last year , but he won his maiden and a group 3 contest before going on to run out an impressive winner of the group 1 racing post trophy at doncaster . and he achieved all of that in the space of just over a month .

by coincidence , toormore ' s dam , danetime out , is by danetime , who like arakan had rather humble beginnings as a sire . a son of danehill , danetime never won a black - type event , although he was good enough to place third in both the darley july cup ( eng - i ) and haydock park sprint cup ( eng - i ) . despite initially attracting mares of modest quality , danetime would go on to prove himself a very good sire in two hemispheres , getting 32 stakes winners , 20 of them at the group / graded level , including the group i - winning myboycharlie , bushranger , and megatic .

toormore ' s second dam , matila , by the bold ruler grandson persian bold , produced six winners from seven starters , but only one , the dubai duty free ( uae - iii ) second easaar , earned black - type . the third dam , peace girl , was a daughter of dominion , who some might remember carrying dogwood stable ' s colors with distinction in the 1970s before returning for a very successful stud career in england . peace girl captured the nishapour curragh stakes ( ire - iii ) at 2 , an effort that was good enough to earn her a rating as co - champion 2 - year - old filly in ireland . although she never produced a stakes winner , peace girl does also feature as the second dam of david wilson homes jockey club cup ( eng - iii ) scorer hawridge prince and stakes winner hero ' s journey . the family goes back to even better juvenile in star of india , the champion english 2 - year - old filly of 1955 . she is ancestress of numerous outstanding runners , including one thousand guineas ( eng - i ) heroine mrs . mcardy ; champions admire cozzene and ruby tiger ; and group i winners gitano hernando , sweet secret , and seazun .

£59 . 70 to a £1 stake . pool : £45 , 839 . 74 - 559 . 76 winning units

£29 . 50 to a £1 stake . pool : £4 , 170 . 62 - 104 . 32 winning units

distances : hd , 1¾l , 1½l time : 1m 12 . 03s ( slow by 2 . 23s ) total sp : 114 %

distances : 2½l , nk , ¾l time : 57 . 41s ( slow by 0 . 21s ) total sp : 111 %

distances : hd , ¾l , 3l time : 1m 38 . 66s ( slow by 1 . 46s ) unplaced fav : whatsthemessage 5 / 2f total sp : 111 %

distances : 1¾l , nse , nk time : 2m 53 . 43s ( slow by 7 . 43s ) unplaced fav : luv u whatever 5 / 2f total sp : 111 %

distances : 4l , ¾l , nk time : 1m 29 . 63s ( slow by 2 . 33s ) total sp : 116 %

distances : hd , 1¼l , 2¾l time : 1m 31 . 16s ( slow by 3 . 86s ) unplaced fav : different journey 5 / 2f total sp : 117 %

was keen early but made some good late progress and looks one for nurseries .

£144 . 30 to a £1 stake . pool : £63 , 971 . 93 - 323 . 42 winning units

£24 . 00 to a £1 stake . pool : £4 , 618 . 12 - 141 . 81 winning units

distances : 4½l , 1½l , shd time : 1m 13 . 63s ( slow by 3 . 13s ) total sp : 115 %

distances : 1½l , 1¼l , shd time : 1m 39 . 73s ( slow by 2 . 03s ) unplaced fav : shamaheart 7 / 2f total sp : 117 %

distances : nk , 18l , 8l time : 2m 34 . 18s ( slow by 2 . 68s ) total sp : 108 %

distances : nk , 4l , nk time : 2m 2 . 05s ( slow by 1 . 75s ) unplaced fav : lamloom 9 / 4j total sp : 109 %

distances : 7l , 9l , nk time : 1m 38 . 94s ( slow by 1 . 24s ) total sp : 114 %

distances : 1l , nk , 2l time : 1m 29 . 86s total sp : 113 %

distances : hd , 2¼l , 1¼l time : 1m 31 . 21s unplaced fav : alfirak 6 / 4f total sp : 119 %

distances : ¾l , 1¼l , nk time : 2m 11 . 38s ( slow by 3 . 38s ) unplaced fav : check your pockets 9 / 4f total sp : 112 %

pick six : not won . 24 , 281 . 38 carried forward to roscommon tuesday . tote aggregates : 2017 ; 296 , 281 . 2018 ; 128 , 518

£20 . 90 to a £1 stake . pool : £88 , 688 . 16 - 3 , 097 . 60 winning units

£11 . 10 to a £1 stake . pool : £6 , 385 . 65 - 424 . 16 winning units

distances : nk , nk , 1l time : 1m 13 . 14s ( slow by 2 . 94s ) total sp : 123 %

distances : ¾l , 2l , hd time : 1m 13 . 86s ( slow by 3 . 66s ) total sp : 121 %

distances : nk , 1¼l , 1l time : 2m 12 . 59s ( slow by 8 . 09s ) total sp : 111 %

distances : shd , hd , 2l time : 1m 45 . 90s ( slow by 5 . 30s ) unplaced fav : brigand 11 / 10f total sp : 111 %

distances : 2l , nse , 2l time : 1m 48 . 09s ( slow by 7 . 49s ) total sp : 122 %

distances : 4½l , nk , 1l time : 2m 32 . 25s ( slow by 8 . 75s ) total sp : 113 %

£134 . 50 to a £1 stake . pool : £70 , 403 . 42 - 382 . 07 winning units

£31 . 10 to a £1 stake . pool : £7 , 689 . 58 - 182 . 62 winning units

distances : 1¾l , 1l , nk time : 1m 15 . 80s ( slow by 3 . 60s ) total sp : 125 %

distances : nk , 1¾l , hd time : 1m 31 . 96s ( slow by 5 . 86s ) unplaced fav : cupid ' s arrow 4 / 1j , be bold 4 / 1j total sp : 122 %

distances : ½l , 13l , nse time : 2m 40 . 17s ( slow by 5 . 17s ) total sp : 119 %

£294 . 80 to a £1 stake . pool : £64 , 468 . 45 - 159 . 62 winning units

£54 . 30 to a £1 stake . pool : £5 , 729 . 64 - 77 . 96 winning units

distances : 6l , shd , 4½l time : 5m 49 . 80s ( slow by 14 . 80s ) unplaced fav : master sunrise 6 / 4f total sp : 115 %

newton geronimo was withdrawn . price at time of withdrawal 13 / 8f . rule 4 applies to all bets - deduction 35p in the pound

distances : 1½l , hd , 2½l time : 3m 42 . 80s ( slow by 2 . 80s ) unplaced fav : tommy hallinan 9 / 4j total sp : 117 %

distances : 6l , 11l , hd time : 5m 44 . 60s ( slow by 22 . 60s ) total sp : 116 %

distances : nk , 2l , 1¾l time : 3m 44 . 70s ( slow by 4 . 70s ) unplaced fav : excellent team 100 / 30f total sp : 113 %

distances : 1¾l , ½l , nk time : 2m 2 . 21s ( slow by 0 . 21s ) total sp : 120 %

pari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 2 . 90 place 1 . 70 , 2 . 00 , 4 . 40 df 7 . 80 sf 12 . 90

distances : ¾l , ½l , nse time : 2m 31 . 62s ( slow by 2 . 62s ) unplaced fav : north hunter 12 / 5f total sp : 121 %

pari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 25 . 60 place 5 . 70 , 2 . 90 , 2 . 80 df 110 . 70 sf 295 . 60

distances : hd , ¾l , ½l time : 1m 27 . 55s ( slow by 4 . 25s ) total sp : 120 %

pari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 50 place 1 . 80 , 2 . 40 , 1 . 60 df 28 . 80 sf 58 . 00

distances : nse , 1½l , snk time : 1m 52 . 14s ( slow by 3 . 64s ) unplaced fav : flowrider evensf total sp : 121 %

pari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 1 . 50 ( coupled with flowrider ) place 1 . 80 , 1 . 90 sf 8 . 00

pari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 2 . 30 place 4 . 10 , 5 . 10 , 4 . 10 df 64 . 60 sf 146 . 60

distances : hd , 1l , snk time : 1m 25 . 85s ( slow by 2 . 55s ) total sp : 121 %

pari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 50 place 2 . 00 , 3 . 80 , 3 . 00 df 31 . 40 sf 55 . 20

pari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 70 place 1 . 90 , 2 . 20 , 1 . 90 df 26 . 60 sf 50 . 50

distances : snk , 1¼l , 1¾l time : 2m 3 . 57s ( slow by 1 . 57s ) unplaced fav : ducale di maremma 14 / 5f total sp : 121 %

pari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 11 . 80 place 3 . 70 , 3 . 10 , 6 . 60 df 37 . 80 sf 87 . 60

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ironically for a trainer who was initially famed for his success with two - year - olds , the colt , rated 122 , was the first juvenile champion for richard hannon - in his last season .

the charlie hills trained chriselliam , rated 117 , was the top juvenile filly following wins in the fillies’ mile and breeders’ cup juvenile fillies .

however rather than describe the class of 2013 as either a vintage crop or a poor lot matthew tester , the handicapper , described it as the year of “unfinished business” because so few of the top horses turned out after the end of august .

“it is a very exciting bunch but , for me , it was a bit like matrix 2 – it never got to a climax .

" we did not see many of these guys later on in the season . you only find out how good they are when the top horses take each other on and a lot were not asked the big question .

“there is no evidence to suggest that campaigning horses to be champion two - year - old is detrimental to their three - year - old career .

" the last six champions have gone on to win seven classics and 26 group ones . there is no reason to protect them .

“i was particularly disappointed not to see australia , who aidan o’brien was calling the greatest ever , again after he won the group three golden fleece in early september .

tester also wondered how chriselliam managed to get beaten on three of her first four starts before landing group ones either side of the atlantic .

“the key , though , ” he said , “is what happens when she gets her backside in gear . i liken her to finsceal beo , the champion filly of 2006 , who also got stuffed in a tralee nursery and curragh sales race before winning the boussac and rockfel .

" the following season she won the guineas , irish guineas and was just touched off in the french guineas . ”

last year tester named just the judge , then a 20 - 1 shot for the guineas , as his dark horse and this year he believes the aidan o’brien trained indian maharaja , a well - bred facile winner of both starts at two , as a group winner in waiting for 2014 .

as was pretty much already known black caviar and treve shared top billing of 130 in the longines world best racehorses of 2013 , also announced on thursday .

hannon also had the only two british trained horses in the top 10 , olympic glory and toronado .

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a member of his sire ' s fifth crop , the 2 - year - old colt is now 3 - for - 3 .

a look back through the records of major races will soon demonstrate that almost any stallion can sire one good horse . thus , it wasn ' t particularly notable when arakan—who retired to stud in ireland for €5 , 000—came up with

, dick turpin was good enough to win nine of 20 starts , six in group races , including the prix jean prat ( fr - i ) and gran premio vittorio di capua ( ity - i ) .

, a four - time group winner in england . there is an oft used saying that " two swallows does not a summer make , " but arakan now has a third swallow , albeit an autumnal one , in the shape of

, red ransom , and danzig being among those who come to mind . arakan , however , was cast from a totally different mold . with 24 starts over four seasons , arakan ' s record gives a very clear idea of what he was as a racehorse . the picture that emerges from his endeavors shows arakan to have been a tough , progressive performer who was good enough to win group races but was some way short of the best .

placed twice at 2 , he won a one - mile maiden first time out at 3 , then added a seven - furlong handicap at york before taking second in the jersey stakes ( eng - iii ) at royal ascot over the same trip . although arakan did not add to the win column over the remainder of the year , he did confirm that he belonged in group company with a second in the lennox stakes ( eng - ii ) and a third in the victor chandler challenge stakes ( eng - ii ) . the following year , arakan gained his first black - type victories , taking the ngk spark plugs abernant stakes and the bango criterion stakes ( eng - iii ) . despite having good form at six furlongs and a mile , arakan seemed to be one of those seven - furlong specialists , and as a 5 - year - old he made his final six starts over that trip . successful in the vcbet city of york stakes in august , arakan showed himself to be as good as—if not better than—ever on his final two outings , taking the merbury catering consultants supreme stakes ( eng - iii ) and finishing third to group i winner le vie dei colori in the vcbet challenge stakes ( eng - ii ) .

while arakan ' s race record is not out of the top drawer , there is more to be said for his pedigree , at least , when one really digs into it . he is a son of nureyev , and his dam is half sister to group / graded winners donkey engine and petit poucet ( also third in the group i french two thousand guineas ) , who are both by nureyev ' s three - quarter brother fairy king . the family goes quiet for a couple of generations , but arakan ' s fourth dam , georgica , is a half sister to kentucky derby ( gr . i ) victor cannonade . they are out of queen sucree , a half sister to halo and daughter of cosmah . arakan ' s third dam , rythmique , is by the minstrel , and so is 4x4 to almahmoud , who appears as granddam of the minstrel ' s sire , northern dancer , and as dam of cosmah . rhythmique is also similarly - bred to the french two thousand guineas captor l ' emigrant , who was by the minstrel out of cosmah ' s granddaughter suprina .

at 2 : 1st national s . ( ire - g1 ) 1400m , vintage s . ( gb - g2 ) 1400m

at 3 : 1st craven s . ( gb - g3 ) 1600m ; 2nd lennox s . ( gb - g2 ) 1400m ; 3rd queen elizabeth ii s . ( gb - g1 ) 1600m , international topkapi trophy ( tur - g2 ) 1600m

euthanized in march 2018 after suffering a serious leg injury in training in dubai . ( close )

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jules thomas and ian bailey pictured leaving the four courts earlier this month . photograph : collins .

1991 : english journalist , ian bailey moves to ireland and settles in west cork where he meets welsh artist , jules thomas and sets up home with her and her three daughters at the prairie , liscaha , schull .

1995 marie farrell moves to schull with her husband , chris farrell and their five children from glanmire near cork city following their return to ireland from london and they open a craft shop and ice cream parlour in the west cork village .

1996 , december 23rd : the badly beaten body of sophie toscan du plantier ( 39 ) is found in her night clothes near the laneway leading to her holiday home by her neighbour , shirley foster . gardaí , under supt jp twomey of bantry garda station , begin a murder inquiry .

1997 , january 11th : marie farrell rings bandon garda station from a public phone box in cork city , using the alias fiona , to tell them that she saw a man by kealfadda bridge around 3am on the night that ms toscan du plantier was murdered .

1997 , january 20th : chief supt noel smith of west cork garda division issues an appeal on crimeline asking fiona to contact them in confidence at bandon garda station regarding her information about seeing a man at kealfadda bridge on december 23rd , 1996 .

1997 , january 21st : marie farrell again rings bandon garda station regarding her sighting of the man at kealfadda bridge . she again uses the alias fiona for this call which was made from a public phone box in leap in west cork .

1997 , january 24th : marie farrell makes a third phone call , again using the name fiona to tell gardaí that she will not be calling into bandon garda station to meet the investigation team as they requested . gardaí trace the call to the farrell home at crew bay in schull .

1997 , february 4th : schoolboy , malachi reid gives a statement to gardaí that when giving him a lift home , ian bailey told him that he killed ms toscan du plantier , saying that he “went up there with a rock and bashed her fucking brains out” .

1997 , february 10th : ian bailey is arrested at his home at for the murder of sophie toscan du plantier . he is taken to bandon garda station where he is photographed by freelance photographer , mike browne going into the garda station . he is later released without charge . his partner , jules thomas is also arrested at the prairie and taken to bandon garda station . she too is later released without charge . she later says that det supt dermot dwyer meets her in the station and tells her that “the forensics will sort it out” .

1997 , april 17th : state pathologist , dr john harbison tells an inquest into ms toscan du plantier’s death that she died from multiple injuries including laceration of the brain and a fracture of the skull , caused by a blunt instrument .

1997 , september 29th : state solicitor for west cork , malachy boohig sends a 2 , 000 page file on the murder to the dpp . he receives a letter back on 8th october from law officer , robert sheehan with a series of questions for gardaí and no charges are brought .

1997 , december 18th : fine gael spokesman on justice jim higgins claims in the dáil that a series of requests by ms toscan du plantier’s family for information on the murder file has been ignored but this is denied by minister for justice john o’donoghue . mr o’donoghue confirms the department of justice had received “a request for mutual assistance in a criminal matter” from the french authorities in april at a time when the rainbow coalition government was in power . he said the french were seeking “very sensitive material relating to the garda investigation” and “clearly it would be important not to prejudice the garda investigation or any subsequent prosecution by the premature disclosure of information to third parties” .