the roseate spoonbill ( platalea ajaja ) ( sometimes placed in its own genus ajaja ) is a gregarious wading bird of the ibis and spoonbill family , threskiornithidae .

it is a resident breeder in south america mostly east of the andes , and in coastal regions of the caribbean , central america , mexico , the gulf coast of the united states , and on central florida 's atlantic coast at merritt island national wildlife refuge , adjoined with nasa kennedy space center .

roseate spoonbill

roseate spoonbill <EOT> at the tip of south america . the roseate spoonbill is one of six spoonbill

roseate spoonbill - big cypress national preserve ( u . s . national park service )

roseate spoonbill hatchlings are fat , with salmon - pink skin covered in sparse white down .

the roseate spoonbill is easily identified thanks to its bright pink plumage and spoon - shaped bill .

roseate spoonbill - j . n . ding darling - u . s . fish and wildlife service

, egrets and ibises which they are closely related to . the roseate spoonbill is a fairly large

the roseate spoonbill lives in mangrove swamps , tidal ponds , saltwater lagoons and other areas with brackish water .

the roseate spoonbill is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

the roseate spoonbill is designated as a species of special concern in both florida and louisiana ( 3 ) .

inside them , enabling the roseate spoonbill to feed . although they will eat a number of both plant and

roseate spoonbill : flamingo is larger and has a short , thick , hooked bill and black on wings .

found across the world , and although they all inhabit warmer , tropical climates , the roseate spoonbill is the only one that is found in the western hemisphere . like all spoonbill

much of our general knowledge of the roseate spoonbill still comes from r . p . allen ' s monograph (

, the roseate spoonbill is named for its spatula shaped beak , which becomes flatter and broader towards the end , allowing the roseate spoonbill to scoop food out of the water with ease . they are closely related to other large wading

the roseate spoonbill feeds by walking slowly through the water , swinging its distinctive spoon - shaped bill from side to side .

the roseate spoonbill is a sociable bird , and is known to feed , roost and fly in formation with others of its kind .

the roseate spoonbill is found throughout the entire gulf of mexico coastline , south to central america , south america , and the west indies .

development of coastal habitats , climate change and polluted waters all currently threaten the habitat of the roseate spoonbill ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .

source / reference article learn how you can use or cite the roseate spoonbill article in your website content , school work and other projects .

the roseate spoonbill is a large wading bird most commonly found year round in southern florida . easily distinguishable by the large size and pink feathers ,

. the roseate spoonbill can be found in fresh , salt or brackish waters , where the water level is low and is close to roosting sites . the roseate spoonbill is most commonly found in shallow wetlands from bays and estuaries , to mangrove swamps and tidal ponds . despite drastic falls in population numbers in the usa in the late 1800s , the roseate spoonbill colonies there are now healthy and sustainable through much of their native regions .

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it ' s easy to confuse an adult roseate spoonbill with a flamingo , until you look at their bills . though both wading birds are bright pink , it ' s not hard to know which species is called " spoonbill . "

keys birds like the reddish egret , roseate spoonbill , southeastern american kestrel , tricolored heron and white crowned pigeon are in the management plan as threatened .

the roseate spoonbill is found along north america ' s gulf coast , most notably in texas and florida . its range extends through central america , down to

allen , r . p . 1942 . the roseate spoonbill . new york : natl . audubon soc . res . rep . no . 2 . close

the roseate spoonbill can be found on the coasts of texas , louisiana and southern florida . it is also found in the tropics and in central and south america .

the roseate spoonbill is protected by the u . s . migratory bird treaty act and as a state - designated threatened species by florida’s endangered and threatened species rule .

like many other bird species with beautiful plumage , roseate spoonbills were nearly hunted to extinction during the 1800s . their striking pink feathers were popular on women ' s hats , and hunters from all over the united states competed for spoonbill plumes . in the early 1900s , roseate spoonbills began to recolonize areas along the gulf coast and slowly increase in number . today , threats to roseate spoonbill populations come as a result of habitat loss .

, both the male and female construct a nest in trees , thick bushes or reeds where up to four eggs are laid per clutch . the roseate spoonbill chicks usually hatch after an

sprunt , jr . , a . 1939b . the present status of the roseate spoonbill in the united states . fla . nat . no . 12 : 49 - 55 . close

roseate spoonbill : eats minnows , small crustaceans , bits of plants , and insects ; forages by swishing its spoon - like bill from side to side in shallow , muddy water .

the roseate spoonbill gets much of its pink color from the food it eats . the crustaceans that it eats feed on algae which contain pigments that impart a pink / red color .

roseate spoonbills have distinct physical characteristics that set them apart from other wading birds .

roseate spoonbills have varied behavioral traits pertaining to feeding , breeding and general living .

the roseate spoonbill’s post - breeding dispersal range can include georgia , alabama and mississippi ( 4 ) . in the past the species has been seen as far north as illinois ( 5 ) .

the roseate spoonbill spends a lot of its time in shallow water feeding . it sweeps its open bill from side to side in the water to sift up food like small fish , shrimp , mollusks , snails and insects . it has touch receptors in its bill that help it feel its prey . like the flamingo , the roseate spoonbill ' s pink color comes from the food it eats . some of the crustaceans it eats feed on algae that give the spoonbill ' s feathers their rosy pink color .

the specialized bill has sensitive nerve endings which help the birds search for food in shallow water . the diet of the roseate spoonbill primarily consists of crayfish , shrimp , crabs , and small fish .

the cypress swamp is home to our roseate spoonbills in our renovated 1904 flight cage .

one historical threat to the roseate spoonbill was hunting for their feathers , though this practice is now illegal which has allowed the population to rebound . another threat to the spoonbill is the availability of adequate food sources and habitat degradation . in the florida bay , the increased fresh water flow from the everglades may affect prey availability for the spoonbill . other threats include habitat loss and disturbance , pesticides , and illegal shootings ( dumas 2000 ) .

a spoonbill will also chase prey that it detects by sight , but its sense of touch is much more reliable .

the roseate spoonbill is a colonial nester , meaning that they gather in large numbers to produce and rear their young , possibly for protection . roseate spoonbills reach sexual maturity at the age of 3 or 4 , when they migrate to appropriate nesting grounds to find a mate . once paired up on coastal

ns , this bird species inhabits estuaries , marshes , and mangrove swamps along coastal areas . the pink coloration of spoonbill feather

, the legs of the roseate spoonbill are thin and very long , allowing them to walk about in the shallow waters without getting their head or feathers wet . their distinctively long beak is very sensitive to enable the

roseate spoonbill : large ibis with pink body and white upper back and neck . bill is long , gray , and spatulate . sexes are similar . juvenile is white with a hint of pink and has yellow bill .

) , and known locally as pink , pinky , or pink curlew , the roseate spoonbill is unmistakable and one of north america ' s most unusual looking wading birds . its plumage is truly flamboyant , combining a pink body with carmine red on the wings and tail - coverts with a rich tawny , almost orange , tail . the bill is shaped like a spatula , giving this species its name . the roseate spoonbill is one of 6 species of spoonbills worldwide , the only one found in the new world , and the only spoonbill that has brilliantly colored plumage ; the others are chiefly white . it is also the only spoonbill whose head becomes completely unfeathered and colorful as the bird matures .

dumas , j . v . ( 2000 ) roseate spoonbill ( platalea ajaja ) . in : poole , a . ( ed ) the birds of north america online cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken

roseate spoonbill : one to five brown spotted white eggs are laid in a bulky nest made of sticks and built in a low bush or tree . incubation ranges from 22 to 24 days and is carried out by both parents .

most known breeding sites within florida occur within federally owned national parks , wildlife refuges and national audubon society sanctuaries , which started protecting the roseate spoonbill in 1902 ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . the taking of roseate spoonbills , their eggs and their nests is prohibited by the us migratory bird treaty act of 1918 ( 4 ) .

the most distinctive characteristic of the roseate spoonbill is its long spoon - shaped bill . it has a white head and chest and light pink wings with a darker pink fringe and very long pink legs . the roseate spoonbill is about two and a half feet in length with a wingspan of about four and a half feet . both males and females have the same plumage and coloring . the male is slightly larger than the female and its bill is a little longer .

the adult roseate spoonbill is most noted for its stunning pink color and its uniquely - shaped bill . it is the only one of the six spoonbill species with brilliantly colored plumage . its wings , abdomen and feathers on the side of its tail are bright pink , its tail is orange , and its legs are ruby - colored . the feather colors brighten in breeding season .

the roseate spoonbill is known to nest in a wide variety of marine , brackish and freshwater habitats ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . it requires shallow water in which it can feed using its long bill ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .

dumas , jeannette v . 2000 . roseate spoonbill ( platalea ajaja ) , the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca : cornell lab of ornithology ; retrieved from the birds of north america online .

or migrating to their annual nesting sites . the roseate spoonbill is often seen in small flocks when feeding but they have also been found to do this on their own as well . in the wild , they are known to be particularly shy

dumas , jeannette v . 2000 . roseate spoonbill ( platalea ajaja ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .

months between march and june are considered to be the mating season for the roseate spoonbills living in texas .

a spoonbill ' s nostrils are located at top of the bill , making it possible for the bird to breathe while the bill is under water .

roseate spoonbills forage in shallow waters for aquatic invertebrates sweeping their head side to side with the bill partly opened .

roseate spoonbills are very social . they live in large colonies with other spoonbills , ibises , storks , herons , egrets and cormorants . roseate spoonbills fly in flocks in long diagonal lines with their legs and neck stretched out .

to derive nutrition , roseate spoonbills consume a diet comprising aquatic invertebrates , small fishes , plant matter and amphibians .

, and has two small slits close to the top meaning that the roseate spoonbill can still breathe whilst its beak is submerged in the water . the skin on their head is featherless and often has a greenish tinge to it , leading to their lighter coloured beak .

roseate spoonbills roost and nest in colonies with other waterbirds in trees and shrubs at the edges of wetlands and estuaries .

from march through october , roseate spoonbills prefer the bays , marshes and estuaries along the gulf coast . occasionally they will travel inland through the eastern third of texas . in winter , most roseate spoonbills migrate to central and south america .

the roseate spoonbill population was once threatened by hunting . in the mid - to - late 1800s its feathers were used in ladies ' hats and fans . the population was also threatened by loss of habitat due to drainage and pollution in its habitat . by the early 20th century , the population had shrunk to only a few dozen nesting pairs in the united states . special protected areas were set aside for them and in the 1940s they were made a protected species . over time the population recovered and today the roseate spoonbill is no longer a protected species .

only this species amongst the other spoonbills are widely distributed in the western hemisphere . their range stretches from central to south america , along with coastal regions of mexico , bahamas and west indies . roseate spoonbill’s breeding range in usa spreads across louisiana , texas and southern ranges of florida .

touch receptors located in the bill of roseate spoonbill assist it to fathom its prey underwater . whenever they feel any other aquatic creature inside their mouth they reflexively close their bills . this helps them to survive in the wild by finding food easily in muddy water and also at nights .

roseate spoonbills eat primarily small fish and crustaceans . raccoons and coyotes eat roseate spoonbill eggs and young . spoonbills reach sexual maturity at approximately 16 weeks . in texas , their mating season lasts from march through june . nests are built in thick vegetation above water ; are well - built , and deeply cupped . females typically lay two to five brown - speckled white eggs , which hatch after about 24 days . in about eight weeks , the young roseate spoonbills are ready to fly . their life span is as long as ten years .

roseate spoonbill : resident along the pacific coast of mexico south and along the gulf coast from louisiana to the yucatan peninsula . also found in southern florida and throughout the west indies . may stray farther inland during migration . preferred habitats include mangroves , saltwater lagoons , and large , shallow lakes .

like all other spoonbills , the roseate spoonbill frequents shallow aquatic habitats and feeds by tactolocation : while walking , it swings its head and the slightly open “spoon” of its bill in the water from side to side in a semicircular motion . the bill snaps shut when it contacts prey , mainly fish and aquatic invertebrates . it is gregarious while feeding , nesting , and roosting . the full behavioral repertoire of the roseate has yet to be described .

the roseate spoonbill will sleep standing , usually on one leg , with its head buried beneath back and shoulder feathers . the female is also able to rest when lying down during incubation . it is generally a silent bird , although it is known to make calls during breeding displays and when flying ( 3 ) .

the roseate spoonbill nests in colonies . males and females pair off for the breeding season and build a nest together . they build large nests of sticks lined with grass and leaves . the nests are built in trees . the female spoonbill lays two to four eggs . both the female and the male incubate the eggs . the chicks hatch in about three weeks and fledge in around 35 to 42 days . both the male and female feed the chicks until they are about eight weeks old . young roseate spoonbills have white feathers with a slight pink tinge on the wings . they don ' t reach maturity until they are three years old .

spoonbills eat shrimp , shrimp eat algae , and the algae make their own red and yellow pigments , called carotenoids . some scientists believe that the pink coloration that roseate spoonbills acquire as they mature is due to their diet of carotenoid - rich organisms like shrimp . the more they eat , the pinker they get . flamingos are close relatives of the roseate spoonbill . they both have pink feathers , but the flamingos are much larger , with a longer neck .

this spoonbill species grows up to 38 inches tall with a 47 - 52 inch wingspan and can weigh up to 4 pounds . feeding primarily on small aquatic animals such as fish and crusta

s is caused by an abundance of carotenoids , or algae pigments , present in the food the birds eat . as the spoonbill ages , the caroteniods accumulate from all of the aquatic anim

the roseate spoonbill feeds in groups , in both fresh and marine shallow waters ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . it feeds by walking slowly through the water , swinging its distinctive spoon - shaped bill from side to side ( 3 ) . the bill has sensitive nerve endings , allowing it to detect when it comes into contact with prey and snap shut ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . this species is known to shake and beat prey against hard surfaces to break shells and facilitate swallowing and digestion if necessary ( 3 ) . the roseate spoonbill generally feeds on a range of aquatic animals including small fish , crustaceans and insects ( 3 ) .

sources : 1 . about roseate spoonbills ( date unknown ) available at : [ accessed at : 13 apr 2011 ] 2 . christopher perrins , oxford university press ( 2009 ) the encyclopedia of birds [ accessed at : 13 apr 2011 ] 3 . david burnie , dorling kindersley ( 2008 ) illustrated encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at : 13 apr 2011 ] 4 . david burnie , kingfisher ( 2011 ) the kingfisher animal encyclopedia [ accessed at : 13 apr 2011 ] 5 . dorling kindersley ( 2006 ) dorling kindersley encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at : 13 apr 2011 ] 6 . richard mackay , university of california press ( 2009 ) the atlas of endangered species [ accessed at : 13 apr 2011 ] 7 . roseate spoonbill breeding ( date unknown ) available at : [ accessed at : 13 apr 2011 ] 8 . roseate spoonbill conservation ( date unknown ) available at : [ accessed at : 13 apr 2011 ] 9 . roseate spoonbill information ( date unknown ) available at : [ accessed at : 13 apr 2011 ] 10 . tom jackson , lorenz books ( 2007 ) the world encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at : 13 apr 2011 ]

roseate spoonbills build bulky stick nests in trees and shrubs that often hang over standing water . they typically raise 3 to 4 chicks every year .

roseate spoonbills are among the most beautiful birds found in north america . they are often mistaken to be american flamingos due to their colored body type . these birds belong to the spoonbill family that are distributed largely across the coastal regions of america , mexico and caribbean . they are the only spoonbills that live beyond the tropical and warmer climates .

how you can help : join audubon florida’s online advocacy campaign at urltoken , where you will find tips on boating responsibly , creating backyard wildlife habitat , and reporting a sighting of a banded spoonbill .

the roseate spoonbill is generally an uncommon resident in the united states , depending on location and season . historical records indicate that the u . s . population was more abundant before the plume - hunting era than today . it was decimated by feather hunters beginning as early as the 1830s , when john james audubon saw roseate wings being sold as fans in st . augustine , florida , but disturbance at shared rookeries for the highly prized plumes of egrets probably took the greatest toll on the species (

the roseate spoonbill is the only spoonbill endemic ( native ) to the western hemisphere ( bjork and powell 1996 ) . this species can reach a length of 30 - 40 inches ( 76 - 102 centimeters ) with a wingspan of 50 - 53 inches ( 127 - 135 centimeters ) . it has pink wings and underparts ( with some red on the tops of the wings ) with a white neck and back , and pinkish legs and feet . while the species looks almost entirely pink in flight , they actually have no feathers at all on their heads . the pink coloration comes from the organisms on which they feed , which are full of caroteniods ( organic pigment ) ( texas parks and wildlife department , n . d . ) . as the name implies , the roseate spoonbill also has a large , spoon - shaped bill , which it sweeps back and forth in shallow water to capture prey .

gorgeous at a distance and bizarre up close is the roseate spoonbill . locally common in coastal florida , texas , and southwest louisiana , they are usually in small flocks , often associating with other waders . spoonbills feed in shallow waters , walking forward slowly while they swing their heads from side to side , sifting the muck with their wide flat bills .

the roseate spoonbill ( platalea ajaja ) is a striking wading bird that is easily identifiable thanks to its bright pink plumage and spoon - shaped bill ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . it is a large bird , with a wingspan of over a metre , but is mid - sized in comparison to other species in the order ciconiiformes to which the roseate spoonbill belongs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . it is long - legged , long - necked ( 2 ) and has a bald head that is pale green in appearance , with a white neck , breast and back ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . the rest of the plumage is mostly various shades of pink , with dark reddish - pink wing and upper tail feathers ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . there is a yellow patch near the bend of the wing , and the tail is orange ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . the roseate spoonbill’s bill is about 15 to 18 centimetres long and is grey , while the legs are reddish - pink ( 3 ) .

bjork r . , g . v . n powell . , 1996 . roseate spoonbill . pages 295 – 308 in j . a . rodgers , jr . , h . w . kale ii , and h . t . smith ( eds . ) . rare and endangered biota of florida , vol . v : birds . university press of florida , gainesville , fl .

the roseate spoonbill is a resident breeder in south america , generally east of the andes , and coastal areas of central america , the caribbean , and the gulf of mexico ( dumas 2000 ) . mangrove islands and occasionally dredge - spoil islands are the preferred nesting habitat for the species . in florida , the species is found in florida bay , tampa bay , and brevard county .

roseate spoonbills are usually quiet but make low grunting sounds while they are eating with others . young ones emit soft calls unlike the adults who have a raspy voice .

the most devastating threat to the roseate spoonbill has historically been hunting by man ( 3 ) . population numbers dropped dramatically between 1850 and 1890 as a result of hunters selling the feathers for use in fans and hat - making , as well as hunting for meat ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . this species has also suffered from disturbance at breeding colonies shared with heavily hunted egrets ( 3 ) .

roseate spoonbills fly with their head and feet outstretched elegantly looking straight . they form a long line and sometimes that line assumes a ‘v’ shape while flying in a flock .

distribution of the roseate spoonbill in north and middle america and the western caribbean . this species breeds locally within the distribution shown , and locally in south america . in the u . s . , it breeds during winter ( florida bay ) and spring ( elsewhere ) , and individuals regularly disperse north distribution shown during summer and fall . see text for timing of breeding and postbreeding dispersal in other regions .

not the roseate spoonbill ! having a " built - in " spoon on its beak can be a big help at mealtime . all spoonbills take advantage of this adaptation with a special feeding style known as " head - swinging . " the birds plunge their bill nearly vertically under water and swing it side to side in wide arcs . in this way , they snag a host of small animals from the lake bottom .

it ' s ironic that roseate spoonbills were hunted for their plumage : their feather color fades rapidly , so the fans and hats made from their plumes had only a limited lifespan .

the unique spoon - shaped bill of this species is also used in a courtship dance which includes nest material exchanges , dancing , and bill clapping . roseate spoonbills typically don ' t breed until they reach 3 years old , at which time they have reached full size and have grown breeding plumage . the attractive feathers used to attract a breeding mate also attracted plume hunters and poachers in the 1800s that used the feathers to make fashion pieces such as ladies hats . by the 1930s , poaching and low reproductive success rates lead spoonbill population numbers to frop to an estimated 30 breeding pairs . conservation efforts in the united states have allowed the species to reach an estimated 1000 breeding pairs along the florida coast , contributing to an estimated 4 , 000 total breeding pair population along the gulf coast of the united states including texas and louisiana populations . the biggest threat to the roseate spoonbill is now habitat loss , as coastal and estuary lands are drained for urban developments .

roseate spoonbills don ' t mate for life , but they do keep the same mate for an entire breeding season . before they breed , the male and female tempt each other in ritual courtship displays .

today the species has recovered so well that it has no special conservation status . yet scientists worry about a recent decline in the number of breeding pairs in various parts of its range . manmade causes are again suspected , specifically the broad use of pesticides to control mosquitoes and changes in the birds ' wetland habitats ( draining , pollution , etc . ) . with any luck , the roseate spoonbill will be able to cope and will have a rosy future for many centuries to come .

the roseate spoonbill is known to breed in southern usa in florida , louisiana and texas , along both coasts of central america , and south as far as central argentina ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . it is found on most islands in the caribbean sea , with the exception of the lesser antilles , where it is rare ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . this is thought to indicate that the south american populations are distinct from the remaining populations in the usa and central america ( 3 ) .

roseate spoonbills forage in the shallows of fresh , brackish , and marine waters including bays , mangroves , forested swamps , and wetlands . they nest and roost in trees and shrubs along the water ' s edge .

white , d . h . , c . a . mitchell and e . cromartie . 1982b . nesting ecology of roseate spoonbills at neuces bay , texas . auk no . 99 : 275 - 284 . close

the u . s . fish and wildlife service today released its gulf coast vulnerability assessment ( gcva ) , a comprehensive report that evaluates the effects of climate change , sea level rise and urbanization on four gulf coast ecosystems and 11 species that depend on them . the ecosystems are mangrove , oyster reef , tidal emergent marsh and barrier islands . the species are roseate spoonbill , blue crab , clapper rail , mottled duck , spotted seatrout , eastern oyster , american oystercatcher , red drum , black skimmer , kemp’s ridley sea turtle and wilson’s plover .

even the size of the roseate spoonbills doesn’t save themselves from the predators present in water and natural surroundings who hunt them for flesh and eggs . some of them are alligators , pumas , coyotes , raccoons , jaguars , hawks and even humans .

this medium - sized bird ' s body is rather stocky ; its long legs allow it to wade into water . both male and female roseate spoonbills have the same bright pink plumage , though males are somewhat larger and have somewhat longer bills .

als it has eaten and the pink coloration becomes darker . a specialized spoon - shaped bill allows the bird to forage for its food by sweeping the head from side to side as it walks through shallow water . when sensitive nerves along the upper and lower bill feel prey move , the spoonbill clamps the bill shut and the prey is trapped .

) . breeders persisted in only a few locations in florida and louisiana into the 1940s , and the species was virtually extirpated in texas until the 1920s . despite eventual population increases throughout its u . s . range , this spoonbill remains vulnerable , especially in florida , and it is designated a species of special concern in both florida and louisiana .

male and female roseate spoonbills are similar in appearance and colour , although males are slightly larger ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . juvenile roseate spoonbills are mostly white , with dusky - pink wing tips which develop and darken as they mature ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . they have fully feathered heads and pale yellowish - pink bills ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . full adult plumage is thought to develop after four moults , which takes about three years ( 3 ) .

roseate spoonbills forage in the shallows of fresh , brackish , and marine waters with good sources of aquatic invertebrates . these include bays and mangroves to forested swamps and roadside ditches . they nest and roost in trees and shrubs along the water ' s edge .

robertson , w . b . , l . l . breen and b . w . patty . 1983b . movement of marked roseate spoonbills in florida with a review of present distribution . j . field ornithol . no . 54 : 225 - 236 . close

roseate spoonbills are medium - sized waterbirds with a football - shaped body and long legs . the long bill that is flattened into a spoon at the end protrudes from their small head . they fly with their long necks outstretched and often rest with it curled into an s .

roseate spoonbills are pale pink birds with brighter pink shoulders and rump . they have a white neck and a partially feathered , yellowish green head from which their red eyes shine . juveniles are paler pink and have a completely feathered head for 3 years until they attain adult breeding plumage .

roseate spoonbills fly in flocks with other spoonbills , usually in long , strung - out diagonal lines . those that live in the tropics tend not to migrate . in temperate and sub - tropical climates , spoonbills migrate somewhat , mostly as a response to food availability and rainfall patterns .

throughout their distributional range , these beautiful roseate spoonbills inhabit ponds , marshes , swamps and rivers . they can survive in freshwater as well as saltwater habitats , which is why they feed in tidal ponds and estuaries . shallow water bodies adjacent to their nesting sites are preferred feeding areas during nesting .

look out for a long - legged wading bird with pale - pink feathers , but don ' t confuse this big cypress resident with the greater flamingo in the florida keys . spoonbills get their names from the spatulate shaped bill that strains shallow water like a straining spoon . the roseate spoonbill stands 28 - 34 inches tall , and can stretch its wings 47 - 51 inches . both eyes and legs are red , and feathers of the neck , chest and upper back are white . the pale pink body is complimented by bright orange tail feathers and a pale - gray , flattened , spoon - shaped bill . the immature bird ' s feathers are paler colors and each chick has a feathered head unlike their parents .

roseate spoonbills grow to a height of 32 inches ( 81 cm ) , with an average wingspan of 50 inches ( 127 cm ) . their distinguishing characteristics include their pink body and legs , white neck and breast . pale green bald head , spoon - shaped bill , and bright red shoulder patch .

these migrate during the breeding season when they seek partners in distant areas . migratory range of roseate spoonbills extends to south and central america during the winters . it however does not travel beyond north carolina , towards the east . but not all of them are migratory , especially the ones inhabiting the tropical zones .

by the early 20th century , there were only a few dozen nesting pairs of roseate spoonbills on this continent . various groups , including the national audubon society , set aside preserves for the birds . spoonbills received legal protection in the1940s and their numbers slowly started rebounding in parts of the southern u . s .

in the 19 th century laws have been passed to prevent the killing of roseate spoonbills as they were becoming endangered during that time . there are no issues with its population now and hence at present iucn lists them as least concern birds . in louisiana and florida they have been enlisted as species of special concern .

breeding season of roseate spoonbills probably start in the beginning of summer . these spoonbills enter sexual maturity in the third year but some might take another year to start breeding . a typical cycle can be deciphered which can be classified into 4 phases including , formation of pair , phase of betrothal , copulation and nest formation .

roseate spoonbills forage in shallow waters typically less than 5 inches deep . they sweep their partly opened spoon - shaped bill through the water , feeling and looking for crustaceans such as shrimp , prawns , aquatic insects , and fish . once they feel the prey on their bill they snap it closed , often swallowing the item whole .

a spoonbill feeds more by touch than by sight - - a handy adaptation for an animal that often feeds in water that ' s muddy or clogged with dense vegetation . the horny bill is equipped with sensitive touch receptors that detect vibrations given off by prey . when something touches the inside of the spoon , the bill closes on it quickly . this keen sense of touch and fast reflexes allow the bird to feed in cloudy water , and at night .

roseate spoonbills nest in colonies with egrets , ibises , and herons , typically on islands or over standing water . they nest in mangroves , brazilian pepperbush , willows , sea myrtle , and other shrubs near the water . they tend to put their nests in the shadiest part of the tree or shrub , up to 16 feet high .

of around three weeks , and fledge after about a month . the young roseate spoonbills have white plumage with a slight pink tinge , and often won ' t develop the colourful adult feathers for at least a couple of years . both the incubating of the eggs and the feeding of the chicks is shared by the male and female parents .

cream colored eggs hatch in a month’s time , producing pinkish chicks with orange colored bills . after a month they start flying across low lying branches around the nest but can completely fly after a couple of more months . till 3 years the young roseate spoonbills refrain from mating and above that age they follow the same life cycle like the adults .

bjork , r . d . and g . v . n . powell . 1994 . relationships between hydrologic conditions and quality and quantity of foraging habitat for roseate spoonbills and other wading birds in the c - 111 basin . homestead , fl : south florida res . center , everglades natl . park , natl . park serv . , final rep . close

roseate spoonbills wade through shallow water swinging their head side to side with their bill under the water feeling for prey . they tend to forage with their bodies held in a horizontal position just above the water with head hanging down . they fly with the neck outstretched , dipping slightly below the body . spoonbills forage , roost , and nest in groups often with other ibises , herons , and egrets .

unlike most birds , roseate spoonbills are silent and often solitary when they feed . they swish their spoon - shaped bills back and forth in the water to find small invertebrates , fish and crustaceans . during breeding season , the male uses gifts of nesting material to attract the female . once mated , the pair remains monogamous . both male and female take turns sitting on the eggs and feeding the young .

roseate spoonbills are plentiful in much of their range , but that hasn ' t always been the case . in the mid - to late - 1800s , they were driven to the brink of extinction in north america and cuba . spoonbills were intensely hunted for their beautiful feathers , used for ladies ' hats , fans and screens . their numbers also suffered with the draining and pollution of their wetland habitat .

roseate spoonbills slowly walk through shallow water with their bodies held horizontally and their spoon - shaped bill underwater feeling for prey . they sleep while standing , often on one leg with the head tucked under a shoulder . roseate spoonbills are social birds that gather in small to large ( anywhere from 2 to around 400 ) groups when feeding and roosting . they fly to and from feeding and roosting areas with slow and deep wingbeats with their legs and neck fully extended . when foraging spoonbills spot a group of spoonbills flying overhead they stick their necks and bills straight up into the air in a posture called sky gazing . spoonbills share the roosting and nesting colony with egrets , herons , and ibises . at colonies males bob their heads up and down while shaking nearby twigs to get the attention of a female . interested pairs may bite each other ' s bills or may raise their outstretched wings above their body . once paired , males present females with sticks , which they shake while holding them in their bills . pairs generally stay together only for one breeding season .

there is no sexual dimorphism ( difference in form between individuals of different genders in the same species ) in roseate spoonbills . they nest in mixed colonies ( near other wading bird species ) in mangroves or trees and though most breed on the coast , some nest inland . nesting habitats include coastal mangroves and dredged - made islands . ( florida natural areas inventory 2001 ) . the female builds the nest while the male retrieves the nesting materials . the female lays up to three whitish - colored eggs and both adults incubate the eggs for up to 24 days ( smithsonian national zoological park , n . d . ) . the young remain in the nest for approximately 35 - 42 days and are fed by both adults .

roseate spoonbills nest and forage in areas that can be difficult to reach , so obtaining an accurate estimate of their population is difficult . the best available estimates come from the north american breeding bird survey and partners in flight . according to the north american breeding bird survey their populations have increased by nearly 6 . 5 % between 1966 and 2015 . partners in flight estimates the global breeding population at 120 , 000 individuals . the species rates a 10 out of 20 on the continental concern score , which means it is not on the partners in flight watch list and is a species of low conservation concern . in florida , much of their nesting habitat occurs in protected areas including the everglades national park and national wildlife refuges , but their foraging areas are not always under protection and can be affected by changes in water management that increase salinity and affect food availability . nesting spoonbills are also vulnerable to human disturbance from boating and other recreation activities that can result in nest abandonment .

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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

falkland islands ( malvinas ) ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; jamaica ; south georgia and the south sandwich islands ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .

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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : zootaxa . publisher : auckland , n . z . : magnolia press , 2001 - isbn / issn : 1175 - 5326 oclc : 49030618

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males collect sticks for females to build a bulky platform lined with finer plant material such as moss and strips of bark . the completed nest is about 22 inches wide and 4 . 5 inches deep .

pink skinned and covered with white down . eyed closed and unable to stand .

dunne , p . ( 2006 ) . pete dunne ' s essential field guide companion . houghton mifflin harcourt , new york , usa .

lutmerding , j . a . and a . s . love ( 2016 ) . longevity records of north american birds . version 2016 . 1 . patuxent wildlife research center , bird banding laboratory , laurel , md , usa .

sauer , j . r . , d . k . niven , j . e . hines , d . j . ziolkowski , jr . , k . l . pardieck , j . e . fallon , and w . a . link ( 2017 ) . the north american breeding bird survey , results and analysis 1966–2015 . version 2 . 07 . 2017 . usgs patuxent wildlife research center , laurel , md , usa .

sibley , d . a . ( 2014 ) . the sibley guide to birds , second edition . alfred a . knopf , new york , usa .

large , pink wading bird with a long , spoon - shaped bill . adults have brighter pink shoulders and a bare yellowish green head .

juveniles look similar to adults , but are paler pink and have a completely feathered head . spoon - shaped bill is distinctive .

nests and roosts in trees and shrubs including mangrove , sea myrtle , hackberry , and mesquite .

found in freshwater and saltwater wetlands , mangroves , forested swamps , rivers , bays , estuaries , mudflats , and lagoons .

very common in parts of the southeast until the 1860s , spoonbills were virtually eliminated from the united states as a side - effect of the destruction of wader colonies by plume hunters . began to re - colonize texas and florida early in 20th century . still uncommon and local , vulnerable to degradation of feeding and nesting habitats .

coastal marshes , lagoons , mudflats , mangrove keys . forages in shallow water with muddy bottom , in both salt and fresh water , including tidal ponds , coastal lagoons , extensive inland marshes . nests in colonies , in florida mainly in red mangroves , farther west in willows or on coastal islands in low scrub , including mesquite and salt cedar .

forages by wading in shallow muddy water , sweeping bill from side to side with mandibles slightly open , detecting prey by feel . sometimes picks up items that it has found by sight .

2 - 3 , sometimes 1 - 5 . white , spotted with brown . incubation is by both sexes , 22 - 24 days . young : both parents feed young . young clamber about near nest , may leave nest after 5 - 6 weeks , capable of strong flight at roughly 7 - 8 weeks .

both parents feed young . young clamber about near nest , may leave nest after 5 - 6 weeks , capable of strong flight at roughly 7 - 8 weeks .

small fish , aquatic invertebrates . diet is mostly small fish such as minnows and killifish , also shrimp , crayfish , crabs , aquatic insects ( especially beetles ) , mollusks , slugs . eats some plant material , including roots and stems of sedges .

breeds mainly during winter in florida , during spring in texas . nests in colonies . at beginning of breeding season , entire flock may suddenly fly up , for no apparent reason , and circle the area . in courtship , male and female first interact aggressively , later perch close together , present sticks to each other , cross and clasp bills . nest site is in mangroves , tree , shrub , usually 5 - 15 ' above ground or water , sometimes on ground . nest ( built mostly by female , with material brought by male ) a bulky platform of sticks , with deep hollow in center lined with twigs , leaves .

present all year in coastal texas but more common in summer , with some migrating to mexico in winter . there is thought to be some regular seasonal movement between florida and cuba . after breeding season , a few ( mostly immatures ) may stray far north and well inland . rarely strays into southwest from western mexico .

audio © lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .

in the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .

the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .

each map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird’s “climatic range . ”


the large-headed whiting , sillago megacephalus , is a dubious species of coastal marine fish in the smelt-whiting family that has only been recorded from one specimen captured off the coast of china in 1933 .

although very similar to sillago sihama , the species is characterised by an unusually large head which accounts for 33 % of the total body length .

large - headed whiting

large - headed whiting <EOT> crotch - " zimmermann ' s large - headed lady " - e . us

horn - " horn ' s large - headed lady " - southmost texas , az to s . ca

a large - headed elongated fish with long jaws and strong teeth . it is a valuable commercial food fish .

the large - headed seasnake occurs in the northern great barrier reef marine park ( fry et al . 2001 ) .

the warge - headed whiting is one of 29 species in de genus siwwago , which is one of dree divisions of de smewt whiting famiwy siwwaginidae . the smewt - whitings are perciformes in de suborder percoidei . [ 1 ]

‘the main catches have been monk , megs , hake whiting and haddock . ’

whiting whiting , ( species gadus , or merlangius , merlangus ) , common marine food fish of the cod family , gadidae . the whiting is found in european waters and is especially abundant in the north sea . it is carnivorous and feeds on invertebrates and small fishes . ……

more specifically , the large - headed seasnake is active at night . as such , it is more likely to be caught during trawling at night than during the day ( milton 2001 ) .

annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago , smelt or indo - pacific whiting species known to date .

‘cod , hake , whiting , mackerel and skate as well as shellfish were pulled from the sea . ’

grenadier grenadier , any of about 300 species of abundant deep - sea fishes of the family macrouridae found along the ocean bottom in warm and temperate regions . the typical grenadier is a large - headed fish with a tapered body ending in a long , ratlike tail bordered……

the onwy known specimen of warge - headed whiting was taken from taiwanese waters , wif no oder records known of , and no information of de habitat or depf de species wives at avaiwabwe . aspects of de species biowogy and importance to fisheries are compwetewy unknown at de present .

milton ( 2001 ) estimated that this species takes longer to reach sexual maturity than most other sea snakes in australia ( more than two years ) . this estimation was made using data on the size of large - headed seasnakes caught during trawling and the probability of breeding prior to capture .

the large - headed seasnake is one of the three least frequently caught species ( ward 2000 ) and its rarity makes it very difficult to assess changes in its population . however , its rate of capture appears to have decreased between the late 1980s and 2000 ( milton 2001 ; stobutzki et al . 2000 ) .

the large - headed seasnake has been identified as a conservation value in the north ( dsewpac 2012x ) marine region . see schedule 2 of the north marine bioregional plan ( dsewpac 2012x ) for regional advice . the " species group report card - marine reptiles " for the north ( dsewpac 2012x ) marine region provides additional information .

‘experts want a total ban on cod , whiting and hake fishing in the irish sea , a measure that would affect about a fifth of the irish fishing industry . ’

the large - headed seasnake is restricted to northern australia ( cogger 1996 ) , including areas of the gulf of carpentaria , the coast of the northern territory , and the hey , embley and mission rivers near weipa on cape york ( milton 2001 ; porter et al . 1997 ; t . m . ward 2002 pers . comm . ) .

‘the bulk of the diet of large congers is made up of small fish , from cod and hake in deep water to mackerel and herring in shallow water . ’

the large - headed seasnake has been caught during trawling in open water up to 50 m deep on the northern australian continental shelf , and in rivers on cape york ( porter et al . 1997 ; ward 2000 ) . this species primarily occurs where the sea bed consists of soft sediments , such as that used for prawn trawling ( milton 2001 ) .

‘the name , originally a german word , was a general one for any dried white fish , most often cod , but also pollack , whiting , hake , and others . ’

according to milton ( 2001 ) , the large - headed seasnake is the most susceptible to declines from over - fishing of any australian species of sea snake . this is because it is rare , restricted to the gulf of carpentaria and nearby regions , highly vulnerable to trawling , and has a particularly low reproductive rate ( due to its late age at maturity ) .

‘not only will the cuts apply to cod but will apply also to associated species such as whiting , haddock , sole , saithe , monk , plaice , prawns , hake and megrim . ’

( linnaeus ) - " cactus lady " - dorsal spots may be large or small , it ' s the vental pattern that ' s diagnostic . widely dist . across s . us

sillaginid fishes of the world ( family sillaginidae ) : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago , smelt , or indo - pacific whiting species known to date / by roland j . mckay .

sillaginid fishes of the world ( family sillaginidae ) : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago , smelt , or indo - pacific whiting species known to date /  by roland j . mckay .

as part of a bycatch risk assessment and mitigation document ( milton et al . 2008 ) , the research and trawl data available on sea snakes in northern australia since 1976 was gathered and analyzed to identify species specific distribution and catch rates . the large - headed seasnake was found to be one of the two species with a restricted distribution around the south and south - west gulf of carpentaria ( milton et al . 2008 ) .

sillaginid fishes of the world ( family sillaginidae ) : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago , smelt , or indo - pacific whiting species known to date / by roland j . mckay . - version details - trove

guinea , m . l . & s . d . whiting ( 2005 ) . insights into the distribution and abundance of sea snakes at ashmore reef . the beagle ( supplement 1 ) . page ( s ) 199 - 206 .

historically , the large - headed seasnake comprised 0 . 4 % of the bycatch of sea snakes captured during trawling for banana prawns and tiger / endeavour prawns on the northern australian continental shelf ( ward 1996b ) . in addition , the species counted for 3 % of the sea snakes caught during the early northern prawn fishery observer program between 1996 and 1998 , and 1 % caught during research trawling operations on the great barrier reef between 1992 and 1995 ( fry et al . 2001 ) .

paracanthopterygian paracanthopterygian , ( superorder paracanthopterygii ) , any member of a large group of predatory , primarily marine fishes that forms one of about six major branches of the teleostei , or bony fishes . approximately 1 , 340 living species of paracanthopterygian……

frogfish frogfish , any of about 60 species of small marine fishes of the family antennariidae ( order lophiiformes ) , usually found in shallow , tropical waters . frogfishes are robust , rather lumpy fishes with large mouths and , often , prickly skins . the largest species……

hake hake , ( genus merluccius ) , any of several large marine fishes of the cod family , gadidae . they are sometimes classed as a separate family , merlucciidae , because of skeletal differences in the skull and ribs . hakes are elongated , largeheaded fishes with……

adriano , g . , n . vandenberg , j . mchugh , j . forrester , s . slipinski , k . miller , l . shapiro , m . whiting . 2009 . the evolution of food preferences in coccinellidae . biological control 51 ( 2 ) : 215 - 231 .

cod cod , ( genus gadus ) , large and economically important marine fish of the family gadidae . the species gadus morhua is found on both sides of the north atlantic . a cold - water fish , it generally remains near the bottom , ranging from inshore regions to deep……

the large - headed seasnake , like most sea snakes , is viviparous , that is giving birth to live young ( cogger 2000 ) . in addition , male sea snakes have two penises called hemipenes , and each is an autonomous independently functioning penis , though only one is used during mating . mating takes place for long periods and sea snakes must surface for air during that time . the female controls her breathing and , as she swims to the surface , the male is pulled along via the hemipenis . males are unable to disengage until mating is finished ( cogger 2000 ; heatwole 1999 ) .

paracanthopterygian , ( superorder paracanthopterygii ) , any member of a large group of predatory , primarily marine fishes that forms one of about six major branches of the teleostei , or bony fishes . approximately 1 , 340 living species of paracanthopterygian fishes have been described . they range in . . .

cusk cusk , ( brosme brosme ) , long - bodied food fish of the cod family , gadidae , found along the ocean bottom in deep offshore waters on either side of the north atlantic . the cusk is a small - scaled fish with a large mouth and a barbel on its chin . it has one……

as awready noted , de warge - headed whiting is very simiwar to siwwago sihama , but has a head wengf which is 33 % of de body wengf , compared to de 27 - 30 % observed in s . sihama . the first dorsaw fin has 11 spines , whiwe de second dorsaw fin has a singwe spine and 22 soft rays . the anaw fin is simiwar wif two spines and 23 soft rays . there are about 70 wateraw wine scawes . the cowour is uniform aww over de body , wif onwy de tip of de spinous dorsaw fins bwack . [ 3 ] littwe ewse is known , incwuding swimbwadder morphowogy and vertebrae numbers . the specimen described was 158 mm in wengf . [ 4 ]

the onwy specimen of de species ever recorded was taken from paoping harbour in hainan , china in 1933 . lin recorded de new species , designating de onwy sampwe to be de howotype of de species . in preparation of a 1985 review of de siwwaginids , rowand mckay was unabwe to wocate de howotype and has presumed it to be wost . [ 2 ] mckay noted dat based on its description , aww features except an unusuawwy warge head where characteristic of de common species siwwago sihama , suggesting de s . megacephawus is actuawwy a junior synonym of s . sihama . the common name of ' warge - headed whiting ' is a straight transwation from its binomiaw name , signifying de diagnostic head wengf . [ 2 ]

mckay , r . j . , 1992 . fao species catalogue . vol . 14 . sillaginid fishes of the world ( family sillaginidae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago , smelt or indo - pacific whiting species known to date . rome : fao . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 14 ) : 87p . ( ref . 6205 )

with 29 species , the genus sillago has the widest distribution of any smelt - whiting genus , spanning much of the indo - pacific . the genus ranges from the east coast of africa to japan in the east and southern australia in the south , with most species concentrated around south east asia , the indonesian archipelago and australia . many species have overlapping distribution , often making positive identification hard .

sea snakes that inhabit coral reefs and lagoons can be surveyed by travelling slowly ( at about four knots ) along transects in a small boat and visually identifying snakes observed within 3 m of the path of the boat . species can be distinguished by this method if the water is up to 3 m deep . at low tide , surveys can be done on foot , for example by searching the reef flat along transects that are 1000 m long and 20 m wide ( guinea & whiting 2005 ) .

robertson , j . a . , a . ślipiński , m . moulton , f . shockley , a . giorgi , n . p . lord , d . d . mckenna , w . tomaszewska , j . forrester , k . b . miller , m . f . whiting and j . v . mchugh . 2015 . phylogeny and classification of cucujoidea and the recognition of a new superfamily coccinelloidea ( coleoptera : cucujiformia ) . systematic entomology . doi : 10 . 1111 / syen . 12138

it has been suggested that , for a brd to be effective , it must enable the sea snakes to detect the reduced flow posterior to the device ( milton et al . 2009 ) . when tested , the fishbox brd was found to have a relatively large region of reduced flow posterior to the device ( heales et al . 2008 ) . the position of the brd , forward of the codend , has a large effect on the escape of bycatch ( mainly fish ) ( milton et al . 2009 ) . this position , together with the total catch weight , has previously been found to have the largest effect on the survival of sea snakes ( wassenberg et al . 2001 ) . in addition , the length of hauls has been found to impact bycatch rates , with shorter hauls reducing the volume of bycatch ( milton et al . 2009 ; wassenberg et al . 2001 ) . therefore , the placement and the design of the brd and the length of hauls are clearly areas of future research and management solutions to reduce impacts on sea snake populations .

sillago is one of three genera in the family sillaginidae containing the smelt - whitings , and contains 29 species , making sillago the only non - monotypic genus in the family . distinguishing among sillago species can be difficult , with many similar in appearance and colour , forcing the use of swim bladder morphology as a definitive feature . all whiting species are benthic in nature and generally coastal fish , living in shallow , protected waters , although there are exceptions . minor fisheries exist around various species of sillago , making them of minor importance in most of their range .

milton and fry ( 2002 ) found that the bycatch reduction device ( brd ) was more effective at reducing the number of sea snakes captured during prawn trawling than either the turtle excluder device ( ted ) , or a combination of both a brd ( for example the fisheye brd ) and a ted . brds are escape grids or openings designed to enable smaller animals to swim out of the net , and teds are hard grids placed in trawl nets to exclude turtles and other large animals . these devices have two functionalities . firstly , the devices reduce the number of fish caught which decreases the weight of the catch , therefore , reducing the physical damage to sea snakes caught in the nets . secondly , the devices enable any sea snake caught , to escape ( wassenberg et al . 2001 ) .

another cmo program ( called the crew member program or cmp ) was brought into effect in the queensland east coast trawl fishery ( qectf ) during july 2005october 2007 ( courtney et al . 2010 ) . as part of this program , bycatch data were collected from fisheries such as the shallow and deepwater eastern king prawn , scallop , banana prawn , redspot king prawn , north queensland tiger / endeavour prawn , black tiger prawn broodstock collection , beam trawl and stout whiting trawl fisheries . during the study from 8289 trawls , information on bycatch rates , composition and mortality was collected . a total of 3910 sea snakes were captured from the 8289 trawls . identification of the bycatch was made using digital photos taken by trained crew members . the study found that the highest catch of sea snakes was in redspot king prawn fishery , due to an overlap with sea snake habitat ( courtney et al . 2010 ) .

prawn trawling is having a large negative impact on protected sea snake populations ( milton et al . 2008 ) . in order to monitor the sea snakes in the bycatch , and their numbers , a crew member observer ( cmo ) program was established in the northern prawn fishery ( npf ) in 2003 . this program aims to ( inexpensively ) collect data on bycatch such as composition , catch rates and distribution during both npf tiger and banana prawn fishing seasons . the initiative requires csiro and australian fisheries management authority ( afma ) to jointly run annual industry workshops to train the crew in the identification , photographing and recording of sea snakes from bycatch . during the 20032005 seasons , 21 crew member observers on 17 vessels collected data from 7602 tiger and prawn trawls . the observers recorded 4131 sea snakes from 12 species , with over half being photographed for identification and length estimation ( milton et al . 2008 ) .

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northwest pacific : japan , korea , china , and taiwan . possibly to the philippines . . . .

indian ocean : east and west coast of india . very similar in . . .

eastern indian ocean : india and thailand . sillago intermedius is similar to . . .

northwest pacific : hainan , china . this species is possibly a junior synonym . . .

northwest pacific : gulf of tonkin and china . this species is rare . . .

indo - west pacific : india and sri lanka ; northern australia from exmouth gulf , . . .

sillago sihama ( forsskål , 1775 ) mediterranean sea : 12900 - 772 ( 1 . . .

northwest pacific : taiwan . this new species is known only from the . . .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

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this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

the genus sillago is one of three genera in the family sillaginidae , itself part of the percoidea , a suborder of the perciformes . the name sillago was first coined by famed taxonomist georges cuvier as a genus for his newly described species , sillago acuta , which was later found to be a junior synonym of s . sihama . john richardson placed the genus , along with sillaginodes and sillaginopsis in a family , which he named the sillaginidae in 1846 . many species , both valid and invalid were added to the genus , and it was not until 1985 when roland mckay of the queensland museum published a revision of the family sillaginidae that the complex relationships between these names was cleared up . mckay further divided sillago into three subgenera based primarily on the morphology of the swim bladder .

these subgenera are not universally accepted ; for example , fishbase does not currently use them .

the name sillago is derived from a locality or region within australia , possibly after sillago reef near whitsunday island in queensland .

this is an exhaustive list of all species currently considered valid by fishbase , itself based on roland mckay ' s 1992 fao synopsis of the sillaginidae .

all species in the genus sillago are similar to other members of the sillaginidae family in profile , with the distinctive compressed , long , tapering body common to all species . the definitive characteristic for sillago is the presence of a swim bladder , in all but one case ( sillago chondropus ) having a duct - like process from the ventral surface to near the anus . their swim bladders are often complex , further distinguishing them from the genera sillaginodes and sillaginopsis ( which often lacks a swim bladder entirely ) .

members of the genus usually have a silver to gold - brown colour depending on their habitat , with shallow sand flat fish having a more silver appearance , while estuary and silt bottom dwellers having a darker brown colour .

sillagos are generally coastal fish , inhabiting a variety of shallow water habitats including open sand flats , muddy substrates and beaches with moderately strong wave action . some species enter estuaries and even penetrate fresh water for considerable periods , especially during vulnerable stages of their life cycle . shallow water of a few centimetres is also occupied by juvenile sillagos , especially in the vicinity of cover such as seagrass beds or mangroves . a few species are known to inhabit deeper offshore waters , with fish known from trawls up to 180 m ( 600 ft ) deep .

various species of sillago represent minor local fisheries in their ranges , with many having commercial importance . fish are taken by a variety of methods including seine , gill and cast nets as well as by line . recreational fishing for sillago is common , especially in australia where they are valued as food fish or for live bait for larger species . estuarine aquaculture in india , japan and taiwan has utilized sillagos as an important species , and similar trials have been conducted in australia . they can be very delicious when deep fried .

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‘some of the fish should be firm - fleshed and gelatinous like halibut , eel , and winter flounder , and some tender and flaky like hake , baby cod , small pollock , and lemon sole . ’

‘but if you can ' t find the best cod , then use chunky hake , haddock or sea bass fillets instead . ’

‘fish such as hake , cod , tuna , swordfish , sole and sea bass could be on - grown by a ship restocking spanish waters according to those behind the project . ’

‘the bulletin said the contraction during the fourth quarter was reflected in the species such as demersal hake , horse mackerel and rock lobster . ’

‘it is only found in the muscles of amphibians and many fish species such as hake , yellowtail and pilchard . ’

‘except for the poor appearance of the very valuable demersal species , hake , monk , kingklip and sole , the vessels also experience a lot of trouble with the ever - growing number of seals in namibian waters . ’

‘the only other fish with three distinct dorsal fins are hakes and cods . ’

‘the latest hamper included fresh turbot , hake and cod from aberdeen fish market as well as arbroath smokies , smoked salmon and kippers . ’

‘the main species harvested are hake , horse mackerel and pilchard , whilst other species such as monk , anchovy , tuna and sole also contribute to this sector . ’

‘ask your fishmonger what is best for grilling at this time of year - some suggestions are salmon , haddock , tuna , trout , hake , cod . ’

‘other species to be avoided include hake , monkfish , halibut , skate , blue ling , sea bass and shark because they are all threatened species , the guide says . ’

‘the hake industry is , commercially , the most valuable fishing industry in namibia . ’

‘experts warn that continued intensive fishing would mean stocks of cod as well as other popular fish like hake and haddock might never recover . ’

‘asked for his comment , he said it was true that many of south africa ' s quality products ranging from hake to chokka to fruit were exported for high prices . ’

‘like all export related industries , the hake industry has been negatively affected by the strong local currency reducing the amount of money earned . ’

‘they resemble the true hakes in having two dorsal fins and one anal fin and no barbel . ’

‘contraventions of the act related to catching crayfish , hake and toothfish without a permit and offloading catches without inspectors present . ’

stay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates , blog posts , and more .

in this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .

archaic words have a charm that never fades away , from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .

anglerfish anglerfish , any of about 210 species of marine fishes of the order lophiiformes . anglers are named for their method of “fishing” for their prey . the foremost spine of the dorsal fin is located on the head and is modified into a “fishing rod” tipped with……

batfish batfish , any of about 60 species of fishes of the family ogcocephalidae ( order lophiiformes ) , found in warm and temperate seas . batfishes have broad , flat heads and slim bodies and are covered with hard lumps and spines . some species have an elongated , ……

beardfish beardfish , any of the five species of fishes in the genus polymixia constituting the family polymixiidae ( order polymixiiformes ) . beardfishes are restricted primarily to deep - sea marine habitats in tropical and temperate regions of the atlantic and pacific……

bib bib , common fish of the cod family , gadidae , found in the sea along european coastlines . the bib is a rather deep - bodied fish with a chin barbel , three close - set dorsal fins , and two close - set anal fins . it usually grows no longer than about 30 cm ( 12……

brotula brotula , any of about 200 to 220 species of marine fishes placed by some authorities with the cusk eels in the family ophidiidae , and separated by others as the family brotulidae . brotulas are primarily deep - sea fishes , although some inhabit shallow waters……

burbot burbot , ( lota lota ) , elongated fish of the cod family , gadidae , and the only member of the family found in fresh water . the burbot lives in cold rivers and lakes of europe , asia , and north america . a bottom dweller , it descends as deep as 210 metres ( 700……

cave fish cave fish , any of the pale , blind , cave - dwelling fishes of the genera amblyopsis and typhlichthys , family amblyopsidae . cave fishes are small , growing to about 10 cm ( 4 inches ) long , and are found in fresh water in dark limestone caves of the united states . ……

clingfish clingfish , any of more than 150 species of small fishes of the family gobiesocidae ( order perciformes ) . clingfishes are characterized by a strong suction disk located on the undersurface and formed by the pelvic fins and adjacent folds of flesh . they……

cusk eel cusk eel , , any of about 30 species of slim , eel - like marine fishes of the family ophidiidae , found worldwide in warm and temperate waters . cusk eels are characterized by the union of their dorsal , anal , and tail fins into a single long fin , and by the……

eelpout eelpout , any of more than 250 species of elongated marine fishes of the family zoarcidae , found in cold waters and abundant in arctic and antarctic regions . eelpouts are thick - lipped , eel - shaped fishes with the dorsal and anal fins connected around the……

goosefish goosefish , , any of about 25 species of anglerfishes of the family lophiidae ( order lophiiformes ) , found in warm and temperate seas around the world . goosefishes are soft and flabby with wide , flattened heads and slender , tapering bodies . they may grow……

haddock haddock , ( melanogrammus aeglefinus ) , valuable north atlantic food fish of the cod family , gadidae , that is often smoked and sold as “finnan haddie . ” the haddock is a bottom dweller and a carnivore , feeding on invertebrates and some fishes . it resembles……

ling ling , ( molva molva ) , in zoology , commercially valuable marine fish of the cod family ( gadidae ) , found in deep northern waters near iceland , the british isles , and scandinavia . the ling is a slim , long - bodied fish with small scales , a long anal fin , and……

pearlfish pearlfish , any of about 32 species of slim , eel - shaped marine fishes of the family carapidae noted for living in the bodies of sea cucumbers , pearl oysters , starfishes , and other invertebrates . pearlfishes are primarily tropical and are found around the……

pirate perch pirate perch , ( aphredoderus sayanus ) , freshwater fish that is the sole member of the family aphredoderidae . the pirate perch is found in weedy or muddy creeks , rivers , and lakes of eastern north america . noteworthy is the peculiar position of its anus , ……

pollock pollock , , ( pollachius , or gadus , virens ) , north atlantic fish of the cod family , gadidae . it is known as saithe , or coalfish , in europe . the pollock is an elongated fish , deep green with a pale lateral line and a pale belly . it has a small chin barbel……

toadfish toadfish , any of about 80 species of bottom - living fishes constituting the family batrachoididae and the order batrachoidiformes . they are found chiefly in the new world and mostly in warm seas—occasionally in freshwater . toadfishes are heavy - bodied fishes……

trout - perch trout - perch , , either of two species of small , dark - spotted fishes of the genus percopsis ( family percopsidae ) , found in freshwaters of north america . the larger species , p . omiscomaycus , grows about 15 cm ( 6 inches ) long and is found in central north……

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your igfa account is your personal portal to member benefits , including world records , videos , photos , and the latest in game fish conservation .

the international game fish association is a not - for - profit organization committed to the conservation of game fish and the promotion of responsible , ethical angling practices through science , education , rule making and record keeping .

© 2015 international game fish association , 300 gulf stream way , dania beach , fl 33004 .

for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .

department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) ( 2012 ) .

( great barrier reef marine park authority ( gbrmpa ) , 2011 ) [ admin guideline ] .

listed as near threatened ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )

the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .

national : listed as a marine species under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 .

the species is considered to be rare . it is known only from scattered localities , and is rarely caught ( cogger 1996 ; milton 2001 ; porter et al 1997 ) .

sea snakes are air breathing reptiles and must come to the surface to breathe , however they can spend from 30 minutes to two hours diving between breaths . they have one elongate cylindrical lung that extends for almost the entire length of their body which is very efficient for gas exchange . they also carry out cutaneous respiration whereby oxygen diffuses from sea water across the snake ' s skin into the blood . the waste product , carbon dioxide , is then diffused out of the snake ' s body , via the skin ( heatwole 1999 ) .

sea snakes have nostril valves that prevent air entering the lung while underwater . nostril valves open inwards and are held shut from behind by erectile tissue engorged with blood ( heatwole 1999 ) .

sea snakes are able to avoid excess salt accumulation from sea water using a salt excreting gland , known as the posterior sublingual gland , which sits under the tongue . sea snakes shed their skin every two to six weeks , which is more frequently than land snakes and more often than needed for growth alone . the process involves rubbing the lips against coral or other hard substrate to loosen the skin . the snake ' s skin is then anchored to the substrate as it crawls forward , leaving the skin turned inside out behind it . skin shedding allows sea snakes to rid themselves of fouling marine organisms such as algae , barnacles and bryozoans ( heatwole 1999 ) .

sixteen devices were tested during a 1998 study ( brewer et al . 1998 ) . brewer and colleagues ( 1998 ) found that the most effective brds , for most sea snakes , were the austed and nordmore grids with square mesh windows . these devices reduced the rate of sea snake capture from one every second tow to one every four or five tows , thus , reducing sea snake bycatch by up to 50 % ( milton et al . 2009 ) . all other devices resulted in capture rates that were equal to , or slightly higher than , standard trawler net figures . the austed and nordmore grids were found to be most effective when they were located within 50 meshes of the drawstrings and well within the maximum distance required by australian law ( 120 meshes ) ( milton et al . 2009 ) . a mesh pertains to a square of line in the net , one mesh being equal to one square of netting .

during the cmo project ( 20032005 ) , the species had a significantly lower survival rate than most other species in the npf ( milton et al . 2009 ) .

this cmo program has been used in conjunction with logbooks , requested industry collections , scientific observers and fishery - independent surveys for long term bycatch monitoring solutions , and reflects the npf ' s commitment to the sustainability of all species impacted by their fishing activities ( milton et al . 2008 ) .

brewer and colleagues ( 2006 ) found that there was no decrease in sea snake bycatch in the npf when the brd was placed at a distance of 120 meshes from the drawstring . this distance is the maximum allowable distance under australian law ( milton et al . 2009 ) . fishers installing their brds closer to the codend , ( that is , at approximately 70 meshes from the drawstring ) found that bycatch of sea snakes and fish was substantially reduced with negligible prawn loss ( heales et al . 2008 ) .

during the cmo program , cmos and scientific observers found that the ' popeye ' fishbox brd showed the greatest reduction ( 87 % ) in sea snake catch rates and overall bycatch by weight ( 48 % ) when compared to other brd types ( milton et al . 2009 ; raudzens 2006 ) . in addition , the commonly used fisheye brd was also found to have good exclusion ( 43 % reduction in bycatch by weight ) when placed at a distance of 66 meshes from the drawstring ( milton et al . 2009 ) . where sea snake mortality is high , more recent studies have suggested that the device should be placed closer to the drawstring , that is , 50 meshes ( courtney et al . 2010 )

marine bioregional plans have been developed for four of australia ' s marine regions - south - west , north - west , north and temperate east . marine bioregional plans will help improve the way decisions are made under the epbc act , particularly in relation to the protection of marine biodiversity and the sustainable use of our oceans and their resources by our marine - based industries . marine bioregional plans improve our understanding of australia ' s oceans by presenting a consolidated picture of the biophysical characteristics and diversity of marine life . they describe the marine environment and conservation values of each marine region , set out broad biodiversity objectives , identify regional priorities and outline strategies and actions to address these priorities . click here for more information about marine bioregional plans .

brewer , d . , d . heales , d . milton , q . dell , g . fry , b . venables & p . jones ( 2006 ) . the impact of turtle excluder devices and bycatch reduction devices on diverse tropical marine communites in australia ' s northern prawn trawl fishery . fisheries research . 81 : 176 - 188 .

brewer , d . , n . rawlinson , s . eayres & c . burridge ( 1998 ) . an assessment of bycatch reduction devices in a tropical australian prawn trawl fishery . fisheries research . 36 : 195 - 215 .

cogger , h . g . ( 1996 ) . reptiles and amphibians of australia . chatswood , nsw : reed books .

cogger , h . g . ( 2000 ) . reptiles and amphibians of australia - 6th edition . sydney , nsw : reed new holland .

courtney , a . , b . schemel , r . wallace , m . campbell , d . mayer & b . young ( 2010 ) . reducing the impact of queensland ' s trawl fisheries on protected sea snakes . department of employment , economic development and innovation , queensland government .

fry , g . c . , a . milton & t . j . wassenberg ( 2001 ) . the reproductive biology and diet of sea snake bycatch of prawn trawling in northern australia : characteristics important for assessing the impacts on populations . pacific conservation biology . 7 : 55 - 73 .

guinea , m . l ( in press ) . a technique for catching and restraining sea snakes . herpetological review .

heales , d . , r . gregor , j . wakeford , y . yarrow et al ( 2008 ) . effective reduction of diverse fish and sea snake bycatch in a tropical prawn trawl fishery using the yarrow fisheye bycatch reduction device . fisheries research . 89 : 76 - 83 .

heatwole , h . ( 1975 ) . sea snakes of the gulf of carpentaria . in : dunson , w . a . , ed . the biology of sea snakes . page ( s ) 143 - 149 . baltimore , university park press .

heatwole , h . ( 1999 ) . sea snakes . in : australian natural history series . page ( s ) 148 . sydney , nsw : unsw press .

limpus , c . j . ( 1975 ) . coastal sea snakes of subtropical queensland waters ( 23° to 28° south latitude ) . in : dunson , w . a . , ed . the biology of sea snakes . page ( s ) 173 - 182 . baltimore : university park press .

marsh , h . , p . j . corkeron , c . j . limpus , p . d . shaughnessy & t . m . ward ( 1993 ) . conserving marine mammals and reptiles in australia and oceania . in : c . moritz & j . kikkawa , eds . conservation biology in australia and oceania . page ( s ) 225 - 44 . chipping norton , nsw : surrey beatty & sons .

milton , d . , g . fry & q . dell ( 2009 ) . reducing impacts of trawling on protected sea snakes : by - catch reduction devices improve escapement and survival . marine and freshwater research . 60 : 824 - 832 .

milton , d . , s . zhou , g . fry & q . dell ( 2008 ) . risk assessment and mitigation for sea snakes caught in the northern prawn fishery . fisheries research and development conservation corporation and csiro marine and atmospheric research , cleveland .

milton , d . a . ( 2001 ) . assessing the susceptibility to fishing of populations of rare trawl bycatch : sea snakes caught by australia ' s northern prawn fishery . biological conservation . 101 : 281 - 290 .

milton , d . a . & g . fry ( 2002 ) . assessment and improvement of brds and teds in the npf : a co - operative approach by fishers , scientists , fisheries technologists , economists and conservationists . fisheries research and development corporation and csiro marine research . cleveland , queensland : csiro marine research .

porter , r . , s . irwin , t . irwin & k . rodrigues ( 1997 ) . records of the marine snake species from the hey - embley and mission rivers , far n qld . herpetofauna . 27 ( 2 ) : 2 - 7 .

raudzens , e ( 2006 ) . at sea testing of ' popeye ' s fishbox ' bycatch reduction device onboard the fv adelaide pearl for approval in australia ' s northern prawn fishery . available from : urltoken .

stobutzki , i . , s . blaber , d . brewer , g . fry , d . heales , p . jones , m . miller , d . milton , j . salini , t . van der velde , y - g . wang , t . wassenberg , m . dredge , a . courtney , k . chilcott & s . eayrs ( 2000 ) . ecological sustainability of bycatch and biodiversity in prawn trawl fisheries . page ( s ) 512pp . fisheries research and development corporation .

ward , t . m . ( 1996b ) . sea snake bycatch of prawn trawlers on the northern australian continental shelf . marine and freshwater research . 47 : 631 - 635 .

ward , t . m . ( 2000 ) . factors affecting the catch rates and relative abundance of sea snakes in the by - catch of trawlers targeting tiger and endeavour prawns on the northern australian continental shelf . marine freshwater research . 51 : 155 - 164 .

wassenberg , t . j . , d . a . milton & c . y . burridge ( 2001 ) . survival rates of sea snakes caught by demersal trawlers in northern and eastern australia . biological conservation . 100 : 271 - 280 .

australian biological resources study , ed . ( 2013 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .

commonwealth of australia ( 2000c ) . declaration under section 248 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of marine species . f2008b00465 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .

uetz , p . , ed . ( 2010 ) . the reptile database . zoological museum hamburg . available from : urltoken .

epbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .

citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . leioselasma pacifica in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 03 : 45 : 17 + 1000 .

. rome : food and agricuwturaw organisation , uh - hah - hah - hah . pp . 19–20 .

mckay , r . j . ( 1985 ) . " a revision of de fishes of de famiwy siwwaginidae " .

froese , rainer and pauwy , daniew , eds . ( 2007 ) . " siwwago maegacephawus " in fishbase . oct 2007 version , uh - hah - hah - hah .

text is avaiwabwe under de creative commons attribution - shareawike license ; additionaw terms may appwy . by using dis site , you agree to de terms of use and privacy powicy . wikipedia® is a registered trademark of de wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization , uh - hah - hah - hah .

marine ; demersal ; non - migratory . tropical ; 23°n - 16°n , 105°e - 113°e ( ref . 6205 )

northwest pacific : hainan , china . this species is possibly a junior synonym of sillago sihama .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6205 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 12 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 22 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 23 . very similar to s . sihama but with the head length 33 % of standard length .

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00468 ( 0 . 00220 - 0 . 00994 ) , b = 3 . 13 ( 2 . 95 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .

download ' aebr 142 monitoring new zealand’s trawl footprint for deepwater fisheries : 1989–1990 to 2010–2011 ' | mpi - ministry for primary industries . a new zealand government department .

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download ' aebr 110 monitoring new zealand ' s trawl footprint for deepwater fisheries : 1989 - 90 to 2009 - 10 ' | mpi - ministry for primary industries . a new zealand government department .

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an annotated list of lady beetles ( " ladybugs " ) of south - central u . s .

- " bell lady " - common on juniper in may in central texas .

( leconte ) - " micro lady " - e . tx , n . amer . to pacific nw

gordon - " devil lady " - devils river to laredo , tx ( one spmn from latimer co . , ok , det . khs , 1987 . needs confirmation )

genus is very common in c . tx , numerous records from bexar , burnet , hays , kerr , travis , and burnet counties .

gordon & chapin - " casey ' s lady " - central to south texas , west to az and s . ut .

ound at two sites in the texas panhandle , amarillo and near hart . this is an old world sp . that ' s also present in chile and mexico .

species common in the tx panhandle and western ok and ks . native to australia .

" carrizo lady " - only known from type locality , carrizo springs , dimmit co . , texas

( leconte ) - " spider mite destroyer " - northern great plains to ok and east to the atlantic coast as well as along the west coast .

( horn ) - " useful lady " - coastal plains from brownsville to fl and nc .

( blatchley ) - " eyed lady " - mostly southmost tx to fl and scattered e . us records . native to c . amer .

( melsheimer ) - " twice - stained lady " - widely dist . across n . amer .

- " golden lady " - trans - pecos , c . az . known from less than 10 spmns .

mulsant - " dusky lady " - common from sc us to s . ca with scattered se us record , south to s . amer .

horn - " circumspect lady " - one record near palestine , tx , e . to al , n . to mo . only e . n . amer .

- " pacific lady " - trans - pecos , sw us , most records from throughout calif .

horn - " vested lady " - bastrop and lamar counties , e . us

wingo - " arkansas lady " - ok , ar , mo , and sc records , but not known from tx . - very rare sp .