omalogyra is a genus of minute marine gastropod molluscs in the family omalogyridae .

this genus includes the smallest gastropods , with adult sizes of 1 mm and even less .

omalogyra

omalogyra <EOT> variety omalogyra atomus var . fasciata monterosato , 1877 accepted as omalogyra atomus ( philippi , 1841 ) ( synonym )

variety omalogyra atomus var . polyzona bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1884 accepted as omalogyra simplex ( costa o . g . , 1861 )

omalogyra atomus polyzona ( var . ) brusina , s . , 1872 : e mediterranean - canaries

worms - world register of marine species - omalogyra simplex ( costa o . g . , 1861 )

( of omalogyra atomus var . fasciata monterosato , 1877 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of omalogyra atomus var . fasciata monterosato , 1877 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1877 ( maggio ) ) . notizie sulle conchiglie della rada di civitavecchia . annali del museo civico di genova 9 ( 1876 - 1877 ) : 407 - 428 page ( s ) : 418 [ details ]

fretter v . ( 1948 ) . the structure and life history of some minute prosobranchs of rock pools : skeneopsis planorbis ( fabricius ) , omalogyra atomus ( philippi ) , rissoella diaphana ( alder ) and rissoella opalina ( jeffreys ) . journal of the biological assiociation of the u . k . 27 : 597 - 632 [ details ]

( of omalogyra atomus var . polyzona bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1884 ) gaglini , a . 1993 . familia omalogyridae sars g . o . , 1978 . argonauta suppl . 1 ( enumeratio molluscorum maris nostri ) : 928 - 01 to - 04 , pl . 928 , 929 - 01 to - 04 , pl . 929 , 931 - 01 to - 05 , pl . 931 , 933 - 01 to - 04 , pl . 933 , 934 - 01 to - 04 , pl . 934 , 935 - 01 to - 03 , pl . 935 . [ details ]

to antarctic invertebrates to barcode of life to biodiversity heritage library ( 13 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 42 publications ) ( from synonym skenea nitidissima ( adams , 1800 ) , sensu forbes & hanley , 1850 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 93 publications ) ( from synonym homalogyra atomus ( philippi , 1841 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym truncatella atomus philippi , 1841 ) to clemam ( from synonym skenea nitidissima ( adams , 1800 ) , sensu forbes & hanley , 1850 ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym homalogyra atomus var . vitrea jeffreys , 1867 ) to clemam ( from synonym omalogyra atomus var . fasciata monterosato , 1877 ) to clemam ( from synonym homalogyra atomus ( philippi , 1841 ) ) to dyntaxa to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 1 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to marine species identification portal to pesi to pesi ( from synonym skenea nitidissima ( adams , 1800 ) , sensu forbes & hanley , 1850 ) to pesi ( from synonym truncatella atomus philippi , 1841 ) to pesi ( from synonym homalogyra atomus ( philippi , 1841 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym omalogyra atomus var . fasciata monterosato , 1877 ) to pesi ( from synonym homalogyra atomus var . vitrea jeffreys , 1867 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to itis

( of omalogyra atomus var . polyzona bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1884 ) bucquoy e . , dautzenberg p . & dollfus g . ( 1882 - 1886 ) . les mollusques marins du roussillon . tome ier . gastropodes . paris , j . b . baillière & fils 570 p . , 66 pl . [ pp . 1 - 40 , pl . 1 - 5 , february 1882 ; pp . 41 - 84 , pl . 6 - 10 , august 1882 ; pp . 85 - 135 , pl . 11 - 15 , february 1883 ; pp . 136 - 196 , pl . 16 - 20 , august 1883 ; pp . 197 - 222 , pl . 21 - 25 , january 1884 ; pp . 223 - 258 , pl . 26 - 30 , february 1884 ; pp . 259 - 298 , pl . 31 - 35 , august 1884 ; pp . 299 - 342 , pl . 36 - 40 , september 1884 ; p . 343 - 386 , pl . 41 - 45 , february 1885 ; p . 387 - 418 , pl . 46 - 50 , august 1885 ; pp . 419 - 454 , pl . pl . 51 - 60 , january 1886 ; p . 455 - 486 , pl . 56 - 60 , april 1886 ; p . 487 - 570 , pl . 61 - 66 , october 1886 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 325 , pl 37 , fig . 32 [ details ]

jeffreys , j . g . ( 1860 ) . sur le mollusque designé par mm . forbes & hanley sous le nom de skenea nitidissima . journal de conchyliologie . 8 : 108 - 111 . [ details ]

( of ammonicerina o . g . costa , 1861 ) costa , o . g . ( 1861 ) . microdoride mediterranea ; o , descrizione de poco ben conosciuti od affatto ignoti viventi minuti e micoscropici del meditterraneo , pel professore o . g . costa . tomo primo . con tredici tavole . i - xviii , 1 - 80 . stamperia dell ' iride , napoli . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 67 [ details ]

gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

tate r . 1868 . appendix to the manual of the mollusca of s . p . woodward , a . l . s . london , virtue & co . , 86 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 31 [ details ]

( of ammonicerina o . g . costa , 1861 ) dall w . h . 1927 . note on the genera of costa ' s microdoride . the nautilus , 40 : 134 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of helisalia laseron , 1954 ) sartori , a . f . ; bieler , r . ( 2014 ) . three new species of ammonicera from the eastern pacific coast of north america , with redescriptions and comments on other species of omalogyridae ( gastropoda , heterobranchia ) . zootaxa . 3872 ( 1 ) : 1 - 21 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of ammonicerina simplex o . g . costa , 1861 ) costa , o . g . ( 1861 ) . microdoride mediterranea ; o , descrizione de poco ben conosciuti od affatto ignoti viventi minuti e micoscropici del meditterraneo , pel professore o . g . costa . tomo primo . con tredici tavole . i - xviii , 1 - 80 . stamperia dell ' iride , napoli . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym ammonicerina simplex o . g . costa , 1861 ) to encyclopedia of life to pesi to pesi ( from synonym ammonicerina simplex o . g . costa , 1861 )

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( of truncatella atomus philippi , 1841 ) philippi r . a . ( 1841 ) . zoologische bemerkungen . archiv für naturgeschichte , berlin : 7 ( 1 ) : 42 - 59 ; pl . 5 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 54 [ details ]

( philippi , 1841 ) . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 140616 on 2018 - 07 - 09

costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .

( of homalogyra atomus var . vitrea jeffreys , 1867 ) jeffreys , j . g . ( 1862 - 1869 ) . british conchology . vol . 1 : pp . cxiv + 341 [ 1862 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 479 [ 1864 ] il frontrespizio reca la data 1863 ma in effetti pubblicato nel 1864 . vol . 3 : pp . 394 [ 1865 ] . vol . 4 : pp . 487 [ 1867 ] . vol . 5 : pp . 259 [ 1869 ] . london , van voorst . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 69 [ details ]

gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]

ávila , s . p . ; cardigos , f . ; santos , r . s . ( 2004 ) . d . joão de castro bank , a shallow water hydrothermal - vent in the azores : checklist of marine molluscs . arquipélago ( ciénc . biol . mar . / life mar . sci . ) 21a : 75 - 80 ( look up in ror ) page ( s ) : 78 [ details ]

mayhew , r . and f . cole . 1994 ms . a taxonomic discussion and update of shell - bearing marine molluscs recorded from nw atlantic north of cape cod ( excluding greenland ) , and canadian arctic archipeligo . [ details ]

rosenberg , g . 2004 . malacolog version 3 . 3 . 2 : western atlantic gastropod database . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

rolán e . , 2005 . malacological fauna from the cape verde archipelago . part 1 , polyplacophora and gastropoda . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]

abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]

dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]

hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]

( of homalogyra atomus var . vitrea jeffreys , 1867 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of skenea nitidissima ( adams , 1800 ) , sensu forbes & hanley , 1850 ) forbes e . ; hanley s . c . ( 1848 - 1853 ) . a history of british mollusca and their shells . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : i - lxxx [ 1853 ] , 1 - 486 [ 1848 ] , pl . a - w , aa - zz , aaa - zzz [ dates uncertain ] ; vol . 2 : 1 - 480 [ 1 dec . 1849 ] , 481 - 557 [ 1850 ] ; vol . 3 : 1 - 320 [ 1850 ] , 321 - 616 [ 1851 ] ; vol . 4 : 1 - 300 [ 1852 ] , pl . 1 - 114f [ dates uncertain ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 3 p . 158 - 160 ; pl . 73 fig . 7 - 8 [ details ]

( of truncatella atomus philippi , 1841 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

shell minute , almost planar , spire sunken . protoconch plus teleoconch up to 2

whorls . whorls circular in cross section , smooth or with growth lines encircling whorls ; suture deep . ventral surface of shell of similar shape and sculpture to dorsal surface . aperture circular , lip expanded in mature shells . shell translucent dark brown , margin of aperture sometimes white in mature shells .

distribution : laseron ( 1954 ) gave the distribution as port stephens , nsw southwards to crookhaven , nsw . the australian museum collection holds specimens from port stephens , nsw , southwards to ulladulla , nsw , and lots from port lincoln , sa , and triggs , near perth , wa .

habitat : laseron ( 1954 ) said " abundant in various locations in rock pools and in shallow water , mainly living on algae . the type was abundant on the green weed ulva , at castle rock , middle harbour , port jackson . we also have it from long reef , both on seaweed and beneath stones , also on the surface of a sponge from 10 feet , north harbour , and in mussel beds within the harbour , and from port stephens in the north to crookhaven in the south " . common .

remarks : ponder & de keyzer ( 1998 ) gave an sem photo of one view of the shell of this species , and a drawing of the live animal .

fig . 1–3 : castle rock , middle harbour , nsw ( syntype c . 102494 )

of all the animals , the mollusca have the second largest number of present day species with 200 , 000 + species . there are in excess of 130 , 000 described species of mollusc alive today and conservative estimates put the number of undiscovered or un - described living species at 70 , 000 or more . the fossil record for mollusca includes about 70 , 000 described extinct species and extends back at least to the cambrian ( 543 to 490 million years ago ) and possibly to the neoproterozoic ( ~ 543 – 1000 million years ago ) if kimberella proves to be a mollusc .

ávila , s . p . ; cardigos , f . ; santos , r . s . ( 2004 ) . d . joão de castro bank , a shallow water hydrothermal - vent in the azores : checklist of marine molluscs . arquipélago ( ciénc . biol . mar . / life mar . sci . ) 21a : 75 - 80 ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 78 [ details ]

rolán e . , 2005 . malacological fauna from the cape verde archipelago . part 1 , polyplacophora and gastropoda . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

this species has a tiny , planispiral shell with a smooth periphery . there are fine axial ribs that vary in development . some shells are light brown , others cream with three narrow brown bands .

are moderately rare in beach drift . live animals are occasionally found in shallow rocky habitats . kay ( 1979 ) states that shells have been found in sand samples to depths of 100 m ( 328 ft ) .

maui , oahu and midway ( banded form ) : also known from japan and fanning island .

there ' s a chance that banded and brown forms might be different species but there doesn ' t seem to be any morphological difference between the shells .

cp : composite photo , same shell ; 0 . 7 mm in diameter ; banded : beach drift , mokuleia bay , maui ; fall , 1985 .

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the checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .

these documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .

the checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .

a complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .

gustavo jiménez - uzcátegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hernán vargas , howard l . snell .

nathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .

yves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .

frank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba yánez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andré aptroot .

anne guézou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo díaz , mark gardener .

gustavo jiménez - uzcátegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .

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the “charles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands” , in french “fondation charles darwin pour les îles galapagos” , association international sans but lucratif ( “aisbl” ) , has its registered office located at drève du pieuré 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .


calomera is a genus of ground beetles native to the palearctic , the near east and northern africa .

it contains the following species : calomera alboguttata klug , 1832 calomera angulata fabricius , 1798 calomera aulica dejean , 1831 calomera brevipilosa w. horn , 1908 calomera cardoni fleutiaux , 1890 calomera caucasica m. f. adams , 1817 calomera chloris hope , 1831 calomera concolor dejean , 1822 calomera crespignyi bates , 1871 calomera decemguttata fabricius , 1801 calomera diania tschitscherine , 1903 calomera durvillei dejean , 1831 calomera fischeri m. f. adams , 1817 calomera funerea macleay , 1825 calomera littoralis fabricius , 1787 calomera lugens dejean , 1831 calomera lunulata fabricius , 1781 calomera mamasa cassola & brzoska , 2008 calomera plumigera w. horn , 1892 calomera sturmi menetries , 1832

calomera

calomera <EOT> valter jacinto marked " escaravelho / / ground beetle ( calomera littoralis subsp . littoralis ) " as trusted on the " calomera littoralis littoralis " page .

sampling localities for calomera littoralis in the north - eastern mediterranean and pontic regions .

escaravelho / / beetle ( calomera littoralis subsp . littoralis ) by valter jacinto | portugal

escaravelho / / ground beetle ( calomera littoralis subsp . littoralis ) by valter jacinto | portugal

no one has contributed data records for calomera littoralis littoralis yet . learn how to contribute .

calomera littoralis nemoralis ( olivier , 1790 ) syn . : lophyridia littoralis nemoralis ( olivier , 1790 ) by udo schmidt

in this beautiful np i found 5 differnt tiger beetles ; this calomera species was abundent on sandy patches close to a creek .

( a ) general distribution of calomera littoralis in europe shown as red - shaded area . ( b ) picture of calomera littoralis beetle . ( c ) sampling sites in balkan peninsula , black sea region and turkey shown as black dots . localities coded as in .

background . calomera littoralis is a palearctic species , widely distributed in europe ; inhabiting predominantly its atlantic , mediterranean and black sea coastlines .

( a ) general distribution of calomera littoralis in europe shown as red - shaded area . ( b ) picture of calomera littoralis beetle . ( c ) sampling sites in balkan peninsula , black sea region and turkey shown as black dots . localities coded as in table 1 .

pleistocene phylogeography and cryptic diversity of a tiger beetle , calomera littoralis , in north - eastern mediterranean and pontic regions inferred from mitochondrial coi gene sequences .

pleistocene phylogeography and cryptic diversity of a tiger beetle , calomera littoralis , in north - eastern mediterranean and pontic regions inferred . . . - pubmed - ncbi

( a ) automatic barcode gap discovery ( abgd ) analysis of calomera littoralis and ( b ) results of principal component analysis performed for investigated specimens on main body dimensions .

versatile and stylish wear designed with new mothers in mind , calomera combines comfort with function tooffer breastfeeding mothers the confidence and discretion they need in feeding their precious ones while out and about .

calomera maculicollis , very eager to get away from me . combined with the wind , this was a very frustrating photo to take . my walk was quite interesting though , as there were trees down all over the place .

i ' ve been seeing another calomera species ? ( with the orange stripe down their back ) in force on the acacias for a couple of months , but they seem to have disappeared . in their place these are in abundance .

if it ' s been difficult to find nursing tops that are comfortable yet stylish at the same time , look no further . calomera offers beautiful outfits specially for nursing moms ! loose fit round neckline concealed zipper nursing access at the sides long sleeves model is 175 cm tall model is wearing uk 8 material : dull satin

if it ' s been difficult to find nursing tops that are comfortable yet stylish at the same time , look no further . calomera offers beautiful outfits specially for nursing moms ! loose fit round neckline nursing access with slip closure both side long sleeves model is 175 cm tall model is wearing uk 8 material : neoprene and chiffon

in total , 169 imagines of calomera littoralis were collected with entomological hand net on 43 sites on the mediterranean coasts of the balkan peninsula , crete and turkey as well as on the northern and western coast of the black and azov seas , in the years 2009–2012 ( fig . 1 and table 1 ) . at a site the material was fixed in 96 % ethanol for dna preservation . taxonomic identification of the collected material followed mandl ( 1981 )

taking into account the history of recurrent closing and reopening of the connection between the mediterranean and the black sea in the pleistocene , we hypothesised that it should leave a signature in genetic and possibly morphological polymorphism of calomera littoralis , which is commonly found around both sea basins . thus , we aimed at ( 1 ) exploring and comparing spatial patterns of molecular and morphological diversity of this species in the mediterranean and pontic region , ( 2 ) interpreting the observed patterns in the context of local paleogeography .

to reveal the temporal framework for the divergence of the otus ( potential cryptic species ) defined within calomera littoralis , the time calibrated phylogeny was reconstructed in beast , version 1 . 8 . 1 ( drummond et al . , 2012 ) . a coi sequence of calomera lugens aphrodisia baudi di selve 1864 from genbank ( accession number kc963733 ) was used as an outgroup . this analysis was performed on a reduced dataset , containing only the most distant haplotypes from each otu . hasegawa–kishino–yano ( hky ) model of evolution , selected as best - fitting to our dataset in mega 6 . 2 , and coalescent model were set as tree priors . the strict clock with rate 0 . 0115 , widely used for phylogenetic studies upon insects , was applied for the analyses ( brower , 1994 ) . five runs of 20 m iterations of markov chain monte carlo ( mcmc ) sampled each 2000 iterations were performed . the runs were examined using tracer v 1 . 6 and all sampled parameters achieve sufficient effective sample sizes ( ess > 200 ) . tree files were combined using log - combiner 1 . 8 . 1 ( drummond et al . , 2012 ) , with removal of the non - stationary 20 % burn - in phase . the maximum clade credibility tree was generated using treeannotator 1 . 8 . 1 ( drummond et al . , 2012 ) .

the tiger beetle , calomera littoralis ( fabricius , 1787 ) , is widely distributed in palaearctic , from the iberian peninsula and morocco in the west to the middle asia and russian far east in the east ( putchkov & matalin , 2003 ; serrano , 2013 ; jaskuła , 2011 ; jaskuła , 2015 ) . generally , it is recognised as euryoecious ( jaskuła , 2011 ; jaskuła , 2013 ; jaskuła , 2015 ) . however , in europe it occupies predominantly the very narrow stretch of atlantic , mediterranean and black sea coastal habitats ( cassola & jaskuła , 2004 ; franzen , 2006 ; jaskuła , 2007a ; jaskuła , 2007b ; jaskuła , peśić & pavicević , 2005 ; serrano , 2013 ) .

( a ) maximum clade credibility chronogram with a strict molecular clock model inferred from coi sequences . the numbers next to the respective node indicate bayesian posterior probabilities higher than 0 . 5 . ( b ) mismatch plots for southern and northern lineage . thin solid lines indicate expected frequency under model of population demographic expansion , thick solid lines represent observed frequency , and dashed lines indicate 95 % confidence intervals for the observed mismatch . ssd , sum of squared deviation ; r , harpending’s raggedness index ; d , tajima’s d . ( c ) bayesian skyline plots for southern and northern lineages of calomera littoralis . solid lines indicate the median posterior effective population size through time ; dashed lines indicate the 95 % highest posterior density interval for each estimate .

a total of 81 haplotypes were identified in the dataset composed of 169 individuals from 43 sites from the mediterranean and the pontic areas ( table 1 ) . the phylogenetic network illustrating phylogenetic relationships among haplotypes ( fig . 4 ) uncovered presence of two distinct haplotype groups ( phylogenetic lineages ) . the first group , from now on defined as southern lineage , includes 36 haplotypes present all over the studied range including the balkan peninsula and the pontic area . the other group , from now on defined as northern lineage , is composed of 45 haplotypes present exclusively along the north - western coast of the black sea . the mean k2p genetic distance between both groups of haplotypes is relatively high ( 0 . 039 , sd 0 . 007 ) . both variants of the abgd analysis resulted in partitioning of the dataset into two otus , that may represent distinct operational taxonomic units—potential cryptic species or subspecies within calomera littoralis in the studied area ( fig . 3a ) .

to provide insight into historical demography , i . e . , the temporal changes of the effective population size of calomera littoralis in the studied region , we performed bayesian skyline plot ( bsp ) analysis ( drummond et al . , 2005 ) in beast , version 1 . 8 . 1 ( drummond et al . , 2012 ) . separate analysis was performed for each of the two phylogenetic lineages revealed in our study ( see ‘results’ ) . the northern lineage was represented by 84 individuals from 22 localities , while the southern lineage was represented by 85 individuals from 32 localities . the hky + i model of evolution was used as the best fitting model in case of the eastern lineage , while tn93 + i was used in case of the western lineage . two runs of mcmc , 20 m iterations long sampled each 2000 iterations , were performed . in both cases the runs were examined using tracer v 1 . 6 ( drummond et al . , 2012 ) and all sampled parameters achieved sufficient effective sample sizes ( ess > 200 ) .

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© carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018

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jaskuła r 1 , rewicz t 2 , płóciennik m 1 , grabowski m 1 .

department of invertebrate zoology and hydrobiology , university of lodz , łódź , poland .

laboratory of microscopic imaging and specialized biological techniques , university of lodz , łódź , poland .

1 , rml—right mandible length ; 2 , lh—length of head ; 3 , wh—width of head ; 4 , pl—pronotum length ; 5 , mpw—maximum pronotum width ; 6 , el—elytra length ; 7 , mew—maximum elytra width ; 8 , tbl—total body length .

sl , southern lineage ; nl , northern lineage ; rml , right mandible length ; wh , width of head ; lh , length of head ; mpw , maximum pronotum width ; pl , pronotum length ; el , elytra length ; mew , maximum elytra width ; tbl , total body length . both in abgd and pca analyses 169 specimens from 43 sites from the mediterranean and the pontic areas were used .

( a ) geographic distribution of haplogroups from southern ( blue circles ) and northern ( yellow circles ) lineages and ( b ) median joining network of 81 detected coi haplotypes showing southern ( blue shading ) , and northern ( yellow shading ) lineages .

format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3

finds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .

finds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .

note that a preprint of this article also exists , first published april 30 , 2016 .

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methods . its phylogeography on the balkan peninsula and on the north - western black sea coast was inferred using a 697 bp long portion of the mitochondrial coi gene , amplified from 169 individuals collected on 43 localities .

results . the results revealed two genetically divergent groups / lineages , the southern one inhabiting both the balkan peninsula and the pontic region and the northern one found exclusively in the pontic region . species delimitation based on dna barcoding gap suggested an interspecific level of divergence between these groups . multivariate analysis of eight male and female morphometric traits detected no difference between the groups , implying they may represent cryptic species . the bayesian time - calibrated reconstruction of phylogeny suggested that the lineages diverged ca . 2 . 3 ma , in early pleistocene .

discussion . the presence of the two genetically divergent groups results most likely from contemporary isolation of the pontic basin from the mediterranean that broke the continuous strip of coastal habitats inhabited by c . littoralis . demographic analyses indicated that both lineages have been in demographic and spatial expansion since ca . 0 . 15 ma . it coincides with the terminal stage of mis - 6 , i . e . , wartanian / saalian glaciation , and beginning of mis - 5e , i . e . , eemian interglacial , during which , due to eustatic sea level rise , a wide connection between mediterranean and the pontic basin was re - established . this , along with re - appearance of coastal habitats could initiate north - east expansion of the southern lineage and its secondary contact with the northern one . the isolation of the pontic basin from the mediterranean during the weichselian glaciation most likely did not have any effect on their phylogeography .

the eastern mediterranean , including the pontic area , is recognised as one of the major biodiversity and endemism hot spots on a global scale , as well as a major glacial refugium in europe ( e . g . , myers et al . , 2000 ; kotlík , bogutskaya & ekmekçi , 2004 ; blondel et al . , 2010 ) . among others , it is a consequence of complex geological history of the region that was an archipelago and united with rest of the european continent only in neogene ( pfiffner , 2014 ) . on the other hand , a shallow epicontinental sea , paratethys , occupied vast areas of the continent and regressed gradually leaving relics , such as black , azov and caspian sea ( nahavandi et al . , 2013 ) . local isostatic and eustatic changes of sea level were among superior phenomena shaping local landscapes . for example , there were at least twelve saline water intrusions from the mediterranean sea , and eight intrusions from the caspian lake to the black sea during the last 0 . 67 million years ( ma ) i . e . , in pleistocene ( badertscher et al . , 2011 ) . inevitably , they played an important role in modelling diversity and distribution patterns for numerous organisms , particularly those inhabiting coastal ecosystems both in the mediterranean and in the pontic area . however , the evidence comes mostly from aquatic , predominantly marine or brackish water , taxa ( e . g . , audzijonyte , daneliya & vainola , 2006 ; neilson & stepien , 2011 ) . there is a deficiency of studies focusing upon coastal species inhabiting terrestrial habitats in this region ( akin et al . , 2010 ) .

tiger beetles , cicindelidae latreille , 1806 , seem to be ideal model organisms to test such assumptions . the family , with more than 2 , 600 species , has a worldwide distribution with exception of polar regions and some oceanic islands ( pearson & cassola , 2005 ) . most species , both in larval and adult stage , prefer various types of sandy areas and are habitat specialists ; often inhabiting coastal areas ( pearson & vogler , 2001 ) . several studies dealt with phylogeography of tiger beetles in various regions of the world ( e . g . , vogler et al . , 1993 ; cardoso & vogler , 2005 ; woodcock et al . , 2007 ) , yet so far only few focused on the role of sea level oscillations in their evolutionary history ( vogler & desalle , 1993 ; sota et al . , 2011 ) or compared the diversity patterns on both , the molecular and morphological , levels ( cardoso , serrano & vogler , 2009 ; tsuji et al . , 2016 ) .

following hillis , moritz & mable ( 1996 ) the standard phenol–chloroform method was used to extract dna from all the collected individuals . air - dried dna pellets were eluted in 100 µl of te buffer , ph 8 . 00 , stored at 4 °c until amplification , and subsequently at −20 °c for long - term storage .

fragments of mitochondrial cytochrome oxydase subunit i gene ( coi ) , ca . 700 bp long , were amplified using the jerry and pat pair of primers ( simon et al . , 1994 ) . each pcr reaction was conducted in a total volume of 10 µl and contained dreamtaq master mix ( 1x ) polymerase ( thermoscientific ) , 200 nm of each primer and 1 µl of dna template . the thermal regime consisted of initial denaturation at 94 °c for 2 min , followed by 34 cycles of denaturation at 94 °c for 30 s , annealing at 44 °c for 30 s , and elongation at 72 °c for 60 s , completed by a final extension at 72 °c for 10 min . the amplified products were visualized on 2 . 0 % agarose gels stained with midorigreen ( nippon genetics ) to verify the quality of the pcr reactions . then , the pcr products were chemically cleaned up of dntps and primer residues by adding 5u of exonuclease i ( thermo scientific ) and 1u of fastap alkaline phosphatase ( thermo scientific ) per sample . the coi amplicon was sequenced one way using bigdye sequencing protocol ( applied biosystems 3730xl ) by macrogen inc . , korea .

© 7 . 2 . 5 . the resulting alignment was 697 bp long with no gaps , and composed of 169 coi sequences . the sequence data and trace files were uploaded to bold and subsequently also to genbank ( accession numbers

) . phylogenetic relationships between the haplotypes were visualised with phylogenetic network computed using the neighbour - net algorithm and uncorrected p - distances in splitstree ver . 4 . 13 . 1 (

to test for presence of distinct operational taxonomic units ( otus ) that may represent potential cryptic species / subspecies in the sequenced pool of individuals we used the automatic barcode gap discovery ( abgd ) procedure ( puillandre et al . , 2012 ) . the default value of 0 . 001 was used as the minimum allowed intraspecific distance . the maximum allowed intraspecific distance was set to p max = 0 . 03 and 0 . 06 , as both threshold values have been already used in literature to delimit insect species ( hebert et al . , 2003 ; hebert , ratnasingham & dewaard , 2003 ) . we applied the k2p model sequence correction , which is a standard for barcode analyses ( hebert et al . , 2003 ) . we used primary partitions as a principal for group definition for they are usually stable over a wider range of prior values , minimise the number of false positive ( over split species ) and are usually close to the number of groups described by taxonomists ( puillandre et al . , 2012 ) .

two models of population expansion , demographic and spatial , were examined using mismatch distribution analysis ( slatkin & hudson , 1991 ; rogers & harpending , 1992 ) and tajima’s d neutrality test ( tajima , 1989 ) . analyses were performed for the coi groups , using arlequin 3 . 5 . 1 . 3 ( excoffier & lischer , 2010 ) with 1 , 000 replicates .

to test whether variation of morphometric traits reflects presence of two genetically divergent lineages ( potential cryptic species ) , measurements of eight body parameters ( fig . 2 ) were taken from all the 69 males and 100 females used previously for the molecular analyses : 1 , right mandible length ( rml ) ; 2 , length of head ( lh ) ; 3 , width of head ( wh ) ; 4 , pronotum length ( pl ) ; 5 , maximum pronotum width ( mpw ) ; 6 , elytra length ( el ) ; 7 , maximum elytra width ( mew ) ; and 8 , total body length ( tbl ) . the principal component analysis ( pca ) was performed separately for each sex ( fig . 3 ) . to test for significance ( p < 0 . 01 ) of morphological differences ( separately for males and females ) between the two divergent lineages one - way anosim pairwise test was performed . all the above statistical analyses were done with primer 6 software ( clarke & gorley , 2006 ) .

and ( b ) results of principal component analysis performed for investigated specimens on main body dimensions .

the bayesian time - calibrated reconstruction of phylogeny shows that the two lineages split at ca . 2 ma , i . e . , in early pleistocene ( fig . 5a ) . results of the bsp analyses showing the temporal changes of the effective population size suggests that both lineages experienced rapid population growth that has started ca . 0 . 15 ma ( fig . 5b ) . in both cases , a small decline in effective population size may be observed in most recent times ( < 0 . 05 ma ) . results of the mismatch analysis show that both lineages are currently in the stage of both demographic and spatial expansion ( fig . 5c ) . interestingly , geographical distribution of both lineages shows that the spatial expansion of southern lineage was efficient enough to spread eastwards into the black sea and colonise effectively the north - western black sea coast . the northern lineage has spread only in the pontic region .

the results of pca and anosim revealed no differences in the analysed morphometric traits between the southern and the northern lineages , neither in males nor in females ( fig . 3b ) . in pca ( fig . 3b ) , a very weak gradient ( r = 0 . 03 ) could be seen in case of female body length . females from the northern lineage clade were slightly larger than those from the southern one ( body length ; anosim pairwise tests p = 0 . 03 ) .

concluding , we have demonstrated that pleistocene glaciations and associated sea level changes in the mediterranean / pontic region had a profound effect on the genetic diversity and distribution of widely distributed coastal insect species , generating some level of cryptic diversity . our case study casts more light on the evolutionary relationships between populations of terrestrial animals inhabiting both the mediterranean and black sea shorelines—a phenomenon that is still weakly explored in literature .

the first author would like to thank to iwona jaroszewska , piotr jóźwiak , błażej pawicki , maciej podsiadło , anna stepień , and bartosz ukleja for their kind help in material collecting during the tb - quest expedition to the balkans .

radomir jaskuła and tomasz rewicz conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .

mateusz płóciennik analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .

michał grabowski conceived and designed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , reviewed drafts of the paper .

the sequence data and trace files were uploaded to bold and subsequently also to genbank ( accession nos ku905171 – ku905339 ) .

the study was partly funded by the statutory fundings of the university of lodz . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .

insecta in itinere cl . n . potanin in china et in mongolia novissime lecta

arlequin suite ver 3 . 5 : a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under linux and windows

mantissa insectorum , sistens eorum species nuper detectus adiectis characteribus genericis , differentiis specificis , emendationibus , observationibus .

biological identification through dna barcodes . to the fast publication and worldwide dissemination of high - quality research

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a common leaf beetle , but it is interesting to see the pink / red wings . usually they are well tucked in .

this species of tiger beetle is endemic to north western borneo where it can be found on exposed riverine sediment . a hot bed of mating activity was found on a small section of the river outside the danum rainforest lodge , june 2010 .

these two were enjoying a private moment until i disturbed them . the male didn ' t like it at all and made a rapid exit from the scene .

i ' ve only found this once before , and it was at the other end of the state .

however , baekrung island is very closed to north korea . so very dangerous lol : p

i was turning rocks over again on wednesday . i found this beetle and it had me stumped for a while until i noticed the hint of the faint markings on the pronotum . i know that some beetles darken up over winter , but i am surprised to see how dark this is . is it calomela maculicollis ?

if i ' m right the coloured version is bright red and metallic black elytra . the advantage of finding one dormant is that it was so still when i flipped it : - )

it does seem a bit more streamlined than i usually see though . . . . . as usual i am worried about my own iding

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muricopsinae is a taxonomic subfamily of predatory sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks within the large family muricidae , the murex snails and rock snails .

a study , released in september 2010 , showed that the subfamily muricopsinae is polyphyletic

muricopsinae

muricopsinae <EOT> no one has contributed data records for muricopsinae radwin & d ' attilio , 1971 yet . learn how to contribute .

as examples of the way in which analyses of the ontogeny of spiral cords in muricidae can elicudate phylogeny ; they included both genera in subfamily muricopsinae .

molluscabase ( 2018 ) . muricopsinae radwin & d ' attilio , 1971 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 395163 on 2018 - 07 - 09

muricopsis bucquoy & dautzenberg , & dollfus , 1882 . type species ( o . d . ) : muricopsis blainvillei payraudeau , 1826 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricopsinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricopsinae ] ; le renard , 1996 : 66 ; muricidea auctt . ( non swainson , 1840 ) ; jania bellardi in cossmann , 1882 ( non bellardi ) . subgenus :

ty - jour ti - a new species of muricopsis ( muricidae : muricopsinae ) from sao tome island t2 - novapex : trimestriel de la société belge de malacologie . vl - 8 ur - urltoken pb - la société , cy - bruxelles : py - 2007 sp - 23 ep - 26 sn - 1375 - 7474 au - rolán , emilio au - gori , sandro er -

@ article { bhlpart93116 , title = { a new species of muricopsis ( muricidae : muricopsinae ) from sao tome island } , journal = { novapex : trimestriel de la société belge de malacologie . } , volume = { 8 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { bruxelles : la société , 2000 - } , author = { rolán , emilio and gori , sandro } , year = { 2007 } , pages = { 23 - - 26 } , }

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genus pygmaepterys e . h . vokes , 1978 represented as favartia ( pygmaepterys ) e . h . vokes , 1978 represented as favartia jousseaume , 1880

genus paradoxa fernandes & rolán , 1990 accepted as pradoxa fernandes & rolán , 1993 ( junior homonym of paradoxa marshall , 1894 . )

genus paradoxon fernandes & rolán , 1990 accepted as pradoxa fernandes & rolán , 1993 ( replacement name for paradoxa fernandes & rolán , 1990 non marshall , 1894 , but itself a junior homonym of paradoxon fleutiaux , 1903 . )

biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken

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tulane studies in geology and paleontology was devoted primarily to the geology and paleontology of the coasts and adjacent land areas of the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea . each number

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for all scientific names see vol . 10 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 1 - 10 ) ; vol . 20 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 11 to 20 ) ; vol . 30 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 21 to 30 ) .

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in : okutani , t . ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 365 - 421 ( in japanese ) .

occurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )

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highlight and click the classification term for a definition and additional information . reference : millard , v . g . , 1997 . classification of mollusca . south africa .

attiliosa emerson , 1968 . type species ( o . d . ) : coralliophila icompta berry , 1960 [ = attiliosa nodulosa ( a . adams , 1855 ) ] ; vaught , 1989 : 43 ; tröndle & houart , 1992 : 82 ; houart , 1996 : 15 .

e . h . vokes , 1999 - honduras , 19mm - from rosalind bank in 120 feet of water .

chicomurex ; tröndle & houart , 1992 : 75 ; houart , 1994 : 48 .

( lan , 1981 ) - philippines , 66 - 76mm - some consider c . problematicus to be a subspecies of c . superbus .

( lan , 1981 ) - philippines - 87mm ! - this specimen is 11mm over the listed 1999 world size record , or as we prefer to call it , largest recorded specimen .

( houart , 1981 ) - papua new guinea , 32mm - rare species taken scuba diving prior to volcanic activity on new britain . this specimen has beautiful coloring - - a species which often exhibits a muted tan / brown color .

chicoreus montfort , 1810 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex ramosus linne , 1758 ; tröndle & houart , 1992 : 72 ; chicoracea griffith & pidgeon , 1834 ( err . ) ; cichorium voigt , 1834 ( err . ) ; chicorax pusch , 1837 ; frondosaria schlüter , 1838 ; cichoreus agassiz , 1846 ( nom . nud . ) ; cichoraceus herrmannsen , 1847 ( em . ) ; cichoreum paetel , 1875 ( err . ) ; euphyllon jousseaume , 1880 ; pirtus de gregorio , 1885 ; torvamurex iredale , 1936 ; torramurex salisbury , 1937 ( err . ) ; foveomurex wenz , 1941 ; subgenus :

houart , 1992 , chicopinnatus houart , 1992 : 35 . type species ( o . d . ) : pterynotus orchidiflorus shikama , 1972 , chicoreus ( chicopinnatus ) ; houart , 1994 : 55 ; subgenus :

swainson , 1833 , phyllonota conrad , 1847 ( err . ) , phyconotus simroth , 1907 ( err . ) ; subgenus :

jousseaume , 1880 , chicoreus ( siratus ) ; vokes , 1990 : 124 - 130 .

e . h . vokes , 1978 - south africa , 63mm - endemic to south africa . found uncommonly by scuba divers at depths of 25 to 35 meters of water .

houart - new caledonia , 26 . 7mm - taken by research vessel off new caledonia , in 347 - 375mm of water . a rare endemic species , currently in the collection of travis payne .

( lamarck , 1822 ) - colombia , 99mm - an amazingly variable species found throughout the caribbean . described as

houart , 1992 - indonesia , 48mm - a rare trawled species with an extremely limited distribution , most closely associated with c . ramosus . there are significant differences in the spire ribbing , and other characteristics .

houart , 1985 - mauritius , 22 . 1mm - a scarce endemic . taken from deep water trap . rarely if ever found in collections .

( euthyme , 1889 ) - philippines , 105mm - averages around 80 - 90mm . moderately common from japan and taiwan , west to sri lanka .

( sowerby , 1841 ) - egypt , 50mm - the typical long fronded form is restricted to the northern red sea .

( vokes , 1978 ) is a short - fronded form found in the southern red sea .

abbott & finlay , 1979 - jamaica , 38 - 39mm - red - brown is the most pervasive color , though the original series collected scuba diving by dieter cosman in 1967 contains white and yellow specimens . the largest specimen is 79mm . a true rarity , endemic to

houart , 1984 - somalia , 97 . 5mm - an exceedingly dark specimen . distribution is limited to east africa . most closely related to

houart , 1984 - somalia , 117mm - this specimen greatly exceeds the listed recorded size for the species . it has been officially listed for future publication in the hutsell & pisor molluscan world record sizes publication .

( a . adams , 1855 ) - florida , 80mm - an exceptionally large specimen from the northern gulf of mexico . taken scuba diving in 90 feet of water .

( lamarck , 1816 ) - madagascar , 76mm - the columellar dentition is characteristic . the columellar color can be orange , peach , or bluish - white .

kosuge , 1980 , a name applied to specimens with a non - divided varical wing as illustrated here .

( shikama , 1973 ) - philippines , 31mm - this form is considered the true form of the species ; note the differences in the fronding from the previous image .

vokes , 1978 - israel , 100 . 4mm - rare species limited to the gulf of aqaba and northern red sea around the sinai peninsula region . this specimen was collected at eilat , between 20 - 35 meters of water .

( petit , 1852 ) - mexico , 92mm - dredged off contoy , yucatan . the gulf of mexico is the type locality of the form

( kuroda , 1942 ) - japan , 145mm - central pacific distribution , typically brought up by fishing trawlers .

( crosse , 1872 ) - philippines , 30mm - not to be confused with chicoreus aculeatus .

( crosse , 1872 ) - philippines , 57mm - a specimen with well - developed fronding .

( sowerby , 1834 ) - philippines , 117mm - a large shell for the species .

houart , 1988 - new caledonia , 27mm - an extremely rare species ; trawled in very deep water off southern n . c . this shell won its owner first place in the " single shell worldwide any source " category at both the 1998 sanibel and marco island shell shows .

- an endemic species recently being found by divers , it is still rare in collections . this specimen was collected by j . p . lefort in the early 1990 ' s .

( kosuge , 1980 ) - philippines , 41mm - a rare species taken in tangle nets set in deepwater in the central philippines .

haustellum schumacher , 1817 ; haustellum deshayes , 1830 ? ( pro klein in bruguière , 1792 ) ; brontes montfort , 1810 ( non fabricius , 1801 ) ; brontesia reichenbach , 1828 ( err . ) ; brontis griffith & pidgeon , 1834 ( err . ) ; bronta pusch , 1837 ( error pro brontes ) ; haustellaria swainson , 1833 .

( bernardi , 1859 ) - florida , 67 - 72mm - trawled by fishing boats . originally described as

( e . h . vokes , 1967 ) - colombia , 62mm - rare orange color form . originally described as

hexaplex perry , 1811 . type species ( s . d . jousseaume , 1880 ) : murex cichoreum gmelin , 1791 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 ; houart , 1994 : 87 ; le renard , 1996 : 66 ; houart , 1996 : 5 ; purpura röding , 1798 ( non bruguière , 1789 ) ; exaplex férussac , 1820 ( err . ) ; muricanthus swainson , 1840 ( non swainson , 1833 ) pro centronotus swainson , 1833 ( non schneider , 1801 ) ; bassiella wenz , 1941 pro bassia jousseaume , 1880 ( non quoy & gaimard , 1830 ) ; trunculariopsis cossmann , 1921 ; hexaplex ( trunculariopsis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 43 ; truncularia monterosato , 1917 ( non wiegmann , 1832 ) ; murithais grant & gale , 1931 . subgenus :

swainson , 1833 ; muricantha fischer , 1884 ; muricantha swainson in suter , 1913 ; aaronia verrill , 1950 .

( mcmichael , 1964 ) - western australia , 67 . 5mm - very large for the species ; just 5 . 2mm shy of the largest recorded specimen .

( franchi , 1990 ) - somalia , 95mm - trawled in deep water ; a rare subspecies , which exhibits variable fronding .

homalocantha mörch , 1852 . type species ( monotypy ) : murex scorpio linnaeus , 1758 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 ; tröndle & houart , 1992 : 80 ; houart , 1994 : 44 ; houart , 1996 : 16 ; homalacantha kobelt , 1877 ( err . ) ; homolocantha ludbrook , 1958 ( err . ) .

kosuge , 1979 - philippines , 41mm - a fragile species taken in tangle nets set in deep water .

murex linneaus , 1758 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 ; le renard , 1996 : 66 ; purpura martini , 1777 ( non - bin . ) ; aranea perry , 1810 ( non linnaeus , 1758 ) ; tribulus kobelt , 1877 ( non h . & a . adams in klein , 1853 ) ; acupurpura jousseaume , 1880 ; tubicauda jousseaume , 1880 . subgenus :

ponder & vokes , 1988 ; promurex vokes & ponder , 1988 : 83 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex antelmei viader , 1938 ; houart , 1994 : 8 .

e . a . smith , 1884 - north territory , australia , 55 - 59mm - limited range along northern australia and southern papua new guinea . one of the distinctive murex species with a long shoulder spine .

lightfoot , 1786 - philippines , 131mm - the well - known venus - comb murex .

naquetia jousseaume , 1880 ; naquetia ; tröndle & houart , 1992 : 76 ; houart , 1994 : 51 ; triplex humphrey in harris , 1897 ( non perry , 1810 ) ; rhizophorimurex oyama , 1950 ; pterynotus ( naquetia ) ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] .

( preston , 1910 ) - philippines , 77 - 78mm - typical coloring . rare colorforms include yellow and orange . found from india east through the philippines .

( reeve , 1858 ) - mozambique , 68mm - outstanding and unique color form ; extremely rare . limited to the western indian ocean .

( tapparone canefri , 1875 ) - madagascar , 48mm - also found in the red sea .

d ' attilio & hertz , 1987 - israel , 88mm - taken scuba diving in 20 - 30 meters of water . rare endemic limited to the gulf of aqaba and northern red sea .

( lamarck , 1816 ) - philippines , 48 - 54mm - western pacific distribution .

poirieria jousseaume , 1880 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] poirrieria fischer , 1884 ( err . ) ; subgenus :

shuto , 1969 ( living fossil ) , poirieria ( flexopteron ) ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] ; houart , 1994 : 80 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] . subgenus :

woodring , 1959 , poirieria ( panamurex ) ; houart , 1994 : 50 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] . subgenus :

jousseaume , 1880 , bathymurex clench & farfante , 1945 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] , dallimurex rehder , 1946 . subgenus :

e . h . vokes , 1970 ; poiriera ( pazinotus ) ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] ; houart , 1994 : 35 .

( p . m . costa , 1993 ) - brazil , 6mm - collected in scuba diving depths .

houart & mülhlhäusser , 1990 - somalia , 24mm - trawled in deepwater . a rare species that is almost always found dead - taken .

pterynotus swainson , 1833 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex pinnatus swainson , 1822 ; tröndle & houart , 1992 : 79 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] ; le renard , 1996 : 67 ; houart , 1996 : 107 ; pterymurex rovereto , 1899 pro pteronotus swainson , 1833 ( non rafinesque , 1815 ) ; pteronotus swainson , 1833 ( non rafinesque , 1815 ) ; marchia jousseaume , 1880 ; morchia baker , 1891 ( err . ) ; triplex newton , 1891 ? ( non perry , 1810 ) . subgenus :

pterynotus ( pterynotus ) ; merle , 1994 : 85 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] . subgenus :

jousseaume , 1880 ; pterynotus ( pterochelus ) ; houart , 1994 : 29 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] ; alipurpura p . fischer , 1884 . subgenus :

( brazier , 1878 ) - australia , 70mm - found in darwin harbour , north territory . one of the more beautiful and sought - after muricid species . found in a variety of color forms .

( brazier , 1878 ) - australia , 35 - 45mm - a striking and rare color series , including deep orange , pink and pure white specimens .

radwin & d ' attilio , 1976 - philippines , 42mm - sometimes confused with p . aparrii , which has bifurcated fronds .

houart , 1997 - philippines , 38 - 47mm - typically brown in color ; white is rare . found in the sulu sea . similar to p . albobrunneus .

( kobelt , 1879 ) - philippines , 50mm - a broadly fronded specimen that is almost as wide as its length .

( röding , 1798 ) - japan , 39mm - taken scuba diving in ± 80 feet of water off okinawa .

favartia jousseaume , 1880 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex breviculus sowerby , 1834 ; tröndle & houart , 1992 : 83 minnimurex woolacott , 1957 . subgenus :

perrilliat , 1972 ; caribiella perrilliat , 1972 : 82 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex intermedius c . b . adams , 1850 [ = murex alveata kiener , 1842 ] ; houart , 1994 : 8 ; favartia ( caribiella ) ; houart , 1994 : 82 . subgenus :

e . h . vokes , 1978 ; pygmaepterys vokes , 1978 : 398 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex alfredensis bartsch , 1915 ; houart , 1994 : 8 ; favartia ( pygmaepterys ) ; houart , 1994 : 28 .

d ' attilio & myers , 1986 - solomon islands , 22mm - taken scuba diving in 30 feet of water at mbanika island , russell group , solomons . differs from

( sowerby , 1834 ) by consistently having an extended blunt shoulder spine on the varices in mature shells . locality records only exist for the solomon islands .

( hedley , 1899 ) - christmas id . , line islands , 7 . 3mm - taken scuba diving in ±40 feet of water buried in rubble rock . the species is named for the type locality , funafuti atoll . it is a rather rare species .

smythe & houart , 1984 - oman , 18mm - endemic to the arabian gulf coast of oman . found intertidally , clinging to the underside of a rock . uncommon due to its less frequented locale .

d ' attilio & bertsch , 1980 - philippines , 29mm - this specimen exhibits superior fronding . the fronding tends to be quite variable .

muricopsis ( muricopsis ) ; houart & abreu , 1994 : 121 . subgenus :

olsson & mcginty , 1958 ; risomurex olsson & mcginty , 1958 . type species ( iczn opinion 1623 ( 1991 ) ) : ricinula deformis reeve , 1846 ; muricopsis ( risomurex ) ; vokes & houart , 1986 : 88 , 89 ; rolán & fernandes , 1991 : 11 - 20 ; houart , 1994 ; houart , 1996 : 18 .

( quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) - new zealand , 49mm - taken scuba diving in 22 meters of water . intertidal specimens tend to have poorly developed spines ; longer spines on deepwater specimens . a synonym is murexsul octogonus .

jousseaume , 1880 ; ocenebrellus cossmann , 1903 ( err . ) ; ternaria coen , 1943 . subgenus :

jousseaume , 1880 ; poropteron jousseaume , 1880 . type species ( s . d . jousseaume , 1881 ) murex uncinarius lamarck , 1822 ; pteropurpura ( poropteron ) ; houart , 1994 : 43 . subgenus :

in south africa . it differs from p . debruini by lacking webbing between the longer spines and teeth inside the lip of the aperture .

( sowerby , 1834 ) - california , 83 - 85mm - taken scuba diving . the species exhibits varied frond development .

orania pallary , 1900 ; vaught , 1989 : 44 ; houart & abreu , 1994 : 122 ; houart , 1994 : 74 ; le renard , 1996 : 68 nemofusus cossmann , 1903 .

( dall , 1889 ) - canary islands , 15 - 16mm - this species was originally described by william healy dall as a nassarina , a genus in the family columbellidae . the species was reclassified in the muricidae after radular examination . a tropical species found on both sides of the atlantic . the type locality is barbados . synonym is

typhis montfort , 1810 . ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] ; houart & abreu , 1994 : 124 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ typhinae ] . subgenus :

typhis ( typhis ) ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ typhinae ] . subgenus :

jousseaume , 1880 ; typhis ( haustellotyphis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] . subgenus : hirtotyphis jousseaume , 1880 ; typhis ( hirtotyphis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] ; houart , 1994 : 24 . subgenus :

vella , 1961 ; typhis ( rugotyphis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] . subgenus :

jousseaume , 1882 ; typhis ( talityphis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] ; houart , 1994 : 38 . subgenus :

jousseaume , 1880 ; typhina jousseaume , 1880 . type species ( o . d . ) : typhis belcheri broderip , 1833 ; typhis ( typhina ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] ; houart , 1994 : 38 ; houart , 1991 : 75 ; houart , 1994 : 38 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ typhinae ] . subgenus :

jousseaume , 1880 ; typhis ( typhinopsis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] .

sowerby ii , 1874 - colombia , 36 . 2mm - an extraordinary chocolate - brown specimen with two long tubes extending from body whorl . trawled by fishing boat .

trophon , montfort , 1810 ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ trophoninae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ trophoninae ] ; le renard , 1996 : 67 ; polyplex perry , 1810 ( suppr . ) ; pagodula monterosato , 1884 ; vaught , 1989 : 44 ; pinon de gregorio , 1885 ; enixotrophon iredale , 1929 ; boreotrophon fischer p . , 1884 ; vaught , 1989 : 44 ; houart , 1994 : 30 ; le renard , 1996 : 67 ; nodulotrophon habe & ito , 1965 ; muricidea swainson , 1840 .

( dall , 1908 ) - washington ( state ) , 23mm - a uniquely shaped deep water inhabitat of the united states west coast . this specimen was dredged from 180 meters of water . the species is quite rare .

( reeve , 1848 ) - russia , 48mm - an uncommon species , one of the more beautiful of the genus . from a remote locale north of vladivostok . found by scuba diver inside of shipwreck .

( sowerby , 1880 ) - alaska , 30 - 34mm - dredged in 95 meters of water off tanaga island , in the aleutian islands . a very uncommon species .

. specimens as large as 25mm are infrequently taken scuba diving , or dredging down to 80 fathoms of water . this shell was collected while scuba diving along a rock wall in ±19 meters of water in the san juan islands .

dall , 1891 - alaska , 30 - 31mm - dredged in ± 165 meters of water off attu island , aleutian islands . an extremely rare species .

penna - neme & leme , 1978 - brazil , 65 . 7mm - originally described as a

( schepman , 1911 ) - australia , 41mm - a deep water species trawled in ± 750 meters of water along the continental shelf off new south wales .

( king & broderip , 1832 ) - argentina , 11mm - dredged in 30 meters of water off tierra del fuego province . the genus

is sometimes combined in synonymy with trophon - some taxanomic discrepancies appear in various publications . most recently designated as trophon pallidus ( broderip , 1833 ) .

mclean , 1995 - california , 20mm - dredged in ± 200 meters of water . scabrotrophon is a recently described genus with five species restricted to the northern hemisphere .

oldroyd , 1927 - california , 55 - 58mm - dredged off catalina island in about 92 meters of water . one of the great trophon rarities .

muricidae on this page click name to view image - click » to view caption below .

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latitudinal distribution of modes of larval development . the . . . | download scientific diagram

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figure 5 . latitudinal distribution of modes of larval development . the latitudinal distribution for species with planktotrophic larvae ( blue ) , lecithotrophic larvae ( purple ) and direct development ( green ) is shown using vertical lines from the northern to the southern point of distribution reported in the literature . the panels show the species included in the phylogenetic ( upper ) and all the species present in our database ( lower ) . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0094104 . g005

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description : protoconch 21 / 4 whorls . teleoconch whorls rounded , flattened above , with 6 or 7 foliaceous varices per whorl . sculptured with strong , foliaceous spiral ribs , often bifid , two on the spire whorls , and 5 or 6 on the body whorl , with a further two ribs on the base . aperture oval , inner lip smooth ; outer lip with 4 - 5 low , rounded denticles internally on lower half in mature shells . anterior canal open , equal to or less than length of aperture . colour white , fawn or pink .

distribution : endemic to australia ; caloundra , qld , to at least south - western wa , including tas .

habitat : under rocks and in rubble , low tide to 30 m deep . uncommon .

fig . 1 , 2 : bass strait , tasmania ( c . 350998 )

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moderately large for family ( 40 - 70 mm high ) , with moderately tall spire ( about equal to aperture and canal ) , moderately long , open anterior canal , and large oval aperture , with lips smooth except for spinous digitations of the outer lip . sculpture of many closely spaced , rounded , prominent , finely scaly spiral cords , each interspace filled by 1 narrow secondary cord ; major cords raised into short to moderately long , backward - or upward - directed , semitubular spines where they cross thin , frilly varices ; varices spaced regularly around whorls , 8 - 10 per whorl on large shells , producing roughly octagonal outline in plan view . base of canal bears 2 or 3 rows of longer spines ; fasciole very prominent , formed of a spiral row of many former anterior canals , producing a deep pseudumbilicus on large shells . protoconch of 1 . 5 whorls , with flattened apex and margining keel , last half - whorl evenly convex .

, but most species in late neogene rocks are still in need of revision . they established the new species

n . sp . for specimens from 13 - 168 m off eastern northland , from the three kings islands to coromandel peninsula . the subgenus

is characterised by the shoulder spiral cord on early teleoconch whorls being medial on the whorl , and then ascending , and the intermediate spiral cords developes later than the others . in contrast , all species of

( sensu stricto ) have 3 equally prominent spiral cords commencing together on the first spire whorl . the possible application of this subgenus to the many fossil species from new zealand has not been considered as yet , one of the many questions remaining with the taxonomy of the genus .

with two coarsely spinose cords around the neck , but has weaker spiral cords and so shorter spines on the varices . most other named fossils referred here may not be closely related .

in its smaller size , its much weaker sculpture without obvious spines , and in having a smoothly rounded ( not flattened and keeled ) protoconch apex ; it is moderately common in nukumaruan siltstone in hawke ' s bay and wairarapa . the living northland intertidal species

in the young ( haweran , oxygen isotope stage 5a ) cover beds of hauriri terrace , at the mouth of wairoa stream , waverley beach , west of wanganui , according to fleming ' s ( 1953 ) identifications , but this needs checking . if correct , it would indicate that the temperature at wanganui was significantly higher when the terrace cover was deposited than it is at present .

as distinct genera in her catalogue of the muricidae , and has since ( e . g . , vokes & houart 1986 , p . 86 , 87 ; see particularly the statement by vokes 1988 , p . 36 ) consistently maintained them as distinct genera . we agree with this action . merle & hourt ( 2003 ) have since used the distinct genera

) . uncommon at only a few castlecliffian fossil localities ( notably the basal shellbed member of shakespeare cliff sand at wanganui , but a few specimens occur in pinnacle sand , upper castlecliff shellbed , and tainui shellbed ) and its ancestry is obscure .

is common subtidally at present ( commonly dredged on the inner - mid shelf around the northeastern north island and in cook strait ) and occurs on intertidal rocks in a few localities in the north - eastern north island , from auckland to doubtless bay .

cite this publication as : " a . g . beu and j . i . raine ( 2009 ) . revised descriptions of new zealand cenozoic mollusca from beu and maxwell ( 1990 ) . gns science miscellaneous series no . 27 . " © gns science , 2009 isbn 978 - 0 - 478 - 19705 - 1 issn 1177 - 2441 ( included with a pdf facsimile file copy of new zealand geological survey paleontological bulletin 58 in cd version from : publications officer , gns science , p . o . box 30368 lower hutt , new zealand )

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aphodiites is a genus of fossil beetles from the lias ( lower jurassic ) of schambelen , ( aargau , switzerland ) , and the oldest fossil in the superfamily scarabaeoidea .

its affinities are not clear ; it was originally placed in the aphodiinae ( scarabaeidae ) , but its diagnostic characters are shared by beetles such as glaresis ( glaresidae ) .

aphodiites

aphodiites <EOT> the oldest probable scarabaeoid , aphodiites , is known from the lower lias ( lower jurassic ) of switzerland . it is small ( 5 mm long ) , aphodiine - like , with striated elytra and large prothorax with supposed notal marks indicating the characteristic scarabaeoid features of dorsal articulations of the coxae . larger scarabaeoid - like fossils such as opiselleipon ( 15 mm ) are known from upper lias beds in saxony and geotrupoides ( 35 mm ) from upper jurassic beds .

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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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the fossil record contributes little to understanding scarabaeoid phylogeny . iablokoff - khnzorian ( 1977 ) and crowson ( 1981 ) reviewed what is known .

fossils resembling modern geotrupidae and hybosoridae ( based primarily on the presence of four main anal wing veins ) have been recorded from lower cretaceous deposits in china ( e . g . protoscarabaeus ) . an unusual scarabaeoid with features similar to some termitophilous aphodiinae but otherwise unlike any modern scarabaeoid , is known from lower cretaceous amber of lebanon ( crowson , 1981 ) .

the oldest recorded higher scarabaeoid , eophyllocerus , ( assigned to melolonthinae ) is from eocene coal deposits of germany .

scholtz , c . h . 1990 . phylogenetic trends in the scarabaeoidea . journal of natural history 24 : 1027 - 1066 .

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first notice of the chirostylidae ( deeapoda ) in the fossil record and . . .

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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .

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melanella acicula is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae .

this species is one of many species known to exist within the genus , melanella .

melanella acicula

melanella acicula <EOT> search for ' melanella acicula ' returned 3 matching records . click on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details . [ new search ] [ direct link ]

melanella aciculata gould , a . a . in sowerby , g . b . ii , 1866 : tuamotus ( lapsus )

( of melanella aciculata [ sic ] ) warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]

( of melanella iredalei ( laseron , 1955 ) ) warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]

( of melanella pisorum ( pilsbry , 1917 ) ) warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]

to ansp malacology collection ( from synonym eulima pisorum pilsbry , 1917 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 22 publications ) ( from synonym eulima vitrea a . adams , 1854 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) ( from synonym melanella aciculata [ sic ] ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 4 publications ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym stilifer acicula gould , 1849 )

( of eulima vitrea a . adams , 1854 ) warén , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . suppl 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 56 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

( of cuspeulima iredalei laseron , 1955 ) warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]

( of eulima pisorum pilsbry , 1917 ) warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]

( of leiostraca aciculata [ sic ] ) warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]

( of leiostraca aciculata [ sic ] ) sowerby ii , g . b . ( 1866 ) . monograph of the genus leiostraca . in : conchologia iconica . vol 15 , pl . 1 - 3 and unpaginated text . l . reeve & co . , london . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : pl . 2 , fig . 11 [ details ]

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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .

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shell gallery view « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . » conchological megadatabase on mollusks

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padanon ( pandakan ) island is situated at the far end of the caubian plateau , between hilutungan and olango island . there is a small village of fishermen at the western end of the island , the eastern end has a superb sand flat which is a heaven at low tide for sight viewers and beach lovers . a fee to go on land is asked . the channel between pandanon island and the islands in front ( part of bohol ) is shallow . pipe point is situated on the bohol side of the channel .

none . boats from mactan can bring you there , but they will charge a premium .

in front of the village we could not dive because the villagers claimed it a sanctuary . we suspect they wanted money . tiger point , on the other side of the channel is great diving for naturalists , very ugly when it comes to recreational diving . there is a huge flat at 6 m with mud - sand and coral boulders , full of shells , mainly bivalves . then a small drop - off to 16 - 18 m deep where a kilometers wide sand and mud flat starts .

very plentifull : shells , soft corals , hard corals , gorgonians , nudibranches , crabs , anemones and other things . typical for mud bottoms . nighttime dives are spectacular in marine life .

can be violent . one one occasion we came out several kilometer form the boat .

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cook islands islands : rr = rarotonga , mg = mangaia , at = ‘ātiu , mk = ma‘uke , mt = miti‘āro , ak = aitutaki , pl = palmerston , pn = penrhyn , mn = manuae , tk = takūtea , tn = tongareva ( ts = tongaleva spoken , tw = tongareva written , they say " el " but write " r " ) , mh = manihiki , rk = rakahanga , pk = pukapuka , ns = nassau , sw = suwarrow . after a polynesian name : ^ = orthography query . countries and other : fij = fiji , wt = wallis & futuna , sam = samoa , ton = tonga , niu = niue , ck = cook islands , ckm = cook islands māori , fp = french polynesia , aus = australs , soc = societies , tah = tahiti , tua = tuamotus , mqs = marquesas , mng = mangareva , pit = pitcain group , eas = easter island , haw = hawai‘i , nz = new zealand , nzm = new zealand māori

mccormack , gerald ( 2007 ) cook islands biodiversity database , version 2007 . 2 . cook islands natural heritage trust , rarotonga . online at http : / / cookislands . bishopmuseum . org .

copyright © 2007 ( july ) the cook islands natural heritage trust , all rights reserved . copyright & use policy

description : shell large , long and slender . spire usually slightly bent at early whorls , then straight or weakly convex in outline . whorls very weakly convex , suture well defined . scars from position of outer lip infrequent , one located about 2 whorls before aperture on large specimens . aperture moderately elongate , less than one - quarter of shell length , inner lip slightly reflected over base . outer lip convex in profile , with very shallow sinus at top . shell colourless - transparent or translucent white , polished , glossy .

distribution : indo - west pacific . in eastern australia , occurs from the tropics southwards to sydney , nsw .

habitat : parasitic externally on several species of holothurians ( sea cucumbers ) . common in queensland , rare in nsw .

fig . 1 : heron island , qld . on stichopus variegatus ( c . 134350 ) .