luteostriata abundans is a species of brazilian land planarian in the subfamily geoplaninae .

it is a common species in human-disturbed areas in brazil ’s southernmost state , rio grande do sul .

luteostriata abundans

luteostriata abundans <EOT> " " ' luteostriata abundans " " ' is a species of brazilian land planarian in the subfamily geoplaninae .

" luteostriata abundans " is a small to medium - sized land planarian with an elongate body and parallel margins .

luteostriata ceciliae ( e . m . froehlich and leal - zanchet , 2003 )

luteostriata ernesti ( leal - zanchet and e . m . froehlich , 2006 )

luteostriata graffi ( leal - zanchet and e . m . froehlich , 2006 )

the neotropical land planarian obama anthropophila is a predator of luteostriata abundans , another neotropical land planarian . in this video , we can see an idividual of o . anthropophila trying to capture an individual of l . abundans , which manages to escape .

how can i put and write and define abundans in a sentence and how is the word abundans used in a sentence and examples ? 用abundans造句 , 用abundans造句 , 用abundans造句 , abundans meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .

prasniski met , leal - zanchet am ( 2009 ) predatory behavior of the land flatworm notogynaphallia abundans ( platyhelminthes : tricladida ) . zoologia 26 : 606–612 . doi :

specimens with seven stripes instead of only five were considered a variety of " geoplana marginata " and named " geoplana marginata " var . " abundans " because of the " abundant " number of stripes .

the present work was undertaken with the following objectives in view : ( 1 ) to determine prey preference and predation frequency of notogynaphallia abundans ( graff , 1899 ) based on laboratory experiments , and ( 2 ) to analyze species predation behavior .

( of geoplana abundans ( graff , 1899 ) ) graff , l . von . ( 1899 ) . monographie der turbellarien . ii . tricladida terricola vol 1 : xii + 574 pp . engelmann , leipzig , 574 pp page ( s ) : 306 [ details ]

twenty specimens of n . abundans , between 20 and 40 mm long when extended , were collected from under fallen logs , leaves and bricks , in leaf litter or under other material on the ground , within fragments of native forest , and in gardens , in são leopoldo , brazil .

( of notogynaphallia abundans ( graff , 1899 ) ) carbayo , f . ( 2010 ) . a new genus for seven brazilian land planarian species , split off from notogynaphallia ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) . belgian journal of zoology , 140 : 91 - 101 ( supplement ) page ( s ) : 96 [ details ]

notogynaphallia abundans presented diverse strategies for capturing and immobilizing prey . a similar plasticity in predatory behavior , thereby enabling predator adaptation to various prey - responses , has also been demonstrated in polyclads and rhabdocoels by koopowitz et al . ( 1976 ) and wrona & koopowitz ( 1998 ) . here we demonstrated plasticity in an additional group of flatworms , suggesting such plasticity may be wide - spread .

the predatory behavior of n . abundans includes the encounter , capture and immobilization of prey , bringing the prey to the level of the pharynx , and feeding . the trials conducted to examine this behavior showed a mean time span between capture and end of feeding of ca . 28 min 45 s ± 15 min 47 s ( mean ± s . d . , n = 5 ) .

there are several other cup fungi with hairy exteriors that may be confused with " h . hemisphaerica " . " jafnea semitotsa " is larger ( 2 & ndash ; 5 cm diameter ) with a brown interior and a short stipe . " trichophaea boudieri " and " trichophaea bullata " are smaller ( 1 & ndash ; 6 mm diameter ) . " trichophaea abundans " is another small species that prefers to grow in burned areas .

the first experiment showed that n . abundans ubiquitously accepted all five species of land isopods as prey , and did not accept any other additional item offered . the second experiment showed that the mean weekly consumption of all flatworms was 3 . 4 isopods with a maximum of eight isopods consumed per week and of 25 isopods consumed in five weeks . after five weeks , seven flatworms , which eat an average of 4 . 1 isopods per week , presented an average increase of 21 . 3 mg in body mass , which corresponds to 34 . 2 % of the average body mass of those specimens . five flatworms , which consumed an average of 3 . 0 isopods per week , showed an average decrease of 42 . 0 mg in body mass , corresponding to - 43 . 3 % of their average body mass . there was a positive relationship ( r 2 = 0 . 52 , f = 10 . 816 , d . f . = 1 , 10 , p = 0 . 008 ) between the number of preyed isopods and the increase / decrease in body mass ( fig . 1 ) .

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zoologia ( curitiba , impr . ) vol . 26 no . 4 curitiba dec . 2009 epub dec 04 , 2009

programa de pós - graduação em biologia , universidade do vale do rio dos sinos . avenida unisinos 950 , 93022 - 000 são leopoldo , rio grande do sul , brasil

key words : diet ; isopods ; planarians ; prey preference ; weekly consumption .

land flatworms are carnivorous , preying upon slugs , snails , earthworms , nemerteans , land isopods , insect larvae , termites , springtails , mites and other arthropods , besides other land planarians ( ( du bois - reymond marcus 1951 , froehlich 1955 , dindal 1970 , ogren 1995 , jones & cumming 1998 , winsor et al . 1998 , ohbayashi et al . 2005 ) . some species may feed on velvet worms , large insects and harvestmen ( graff 1899 , froehlich 1955 , carbayo & leal - zanchet 2003 ) .

once in the laboratory , the flatworms were kept individually in terraria ( 13 . 0 x 6 . 6 x 3 . 5 cm or 9 . 0 x 5 . 5 x 2 . 6 cm , depending on the size of each specimen ) . each terrarium contained moist soil and leaves and was sheltered from direct sun - light .

to examine the predatory behavior , in order to describe mainly the phases from capture to feeding , three specimens of flatworms were used and five trials were conducted . for each trial , a flatworm and 2 to 5 isopods were placed together in a petri dish with a slightly moistened bottom . the predatory events were recorded on video and subsequently described after computer analysis of the video records . isopod exoskeletons were examined under the stereomicroscope .

the flatworm crept with the anterior extremity raised and waving slightly from side to side showing sensory behavior . in some observations on the process , the isopod , when exploring the environment , collided with the anterior or median regions of the body of the flatworm ( figs 2 , 6 - 7 and 10 ) , and was then very quickly captured ( see below ) . in other observations , the isopod moved close to the anterior extremity or the median region of the body of the flatworm , touching it softly ( figs 14 - 16 ) , then being quickly captured . in another observation , the isopod moved to the side of the planarian , apparently touching it slightly ( figs 21 and 22 ) . muscular wave - movements were observed on the margin of planarian body , and when the isopod was at the level of the posterior third of the planarian body , it was captured .

prey capture was achieved by quickly moving the anterior or posterior region onto the prey , immediately enveloping it ( figs 3 and 23 ) . during entrapment the ventral surface of the flatworm made initial contact with the dorsum or side of the prey , pressing it against the substratum or against the median region of the planarian body ( figs 8 and 17 ) . in order to hold the prey against its body , the flatworm bent the anterior or the posterior third of the body laterally , so that the ventral surface was perpendicular to the ground . another type of capture was performed with the anterior region ( ca . 1 / 5 of the body length ) rapidly encircling the prey , so that it was lifted from the ground ( fig . 11 ) .

when capture was achieved using the anterior portion of the body , after immobilizing the prey , the flatworm turned the ventral surface to the ground and glided over the prey ( fig . 19 ) , until the prey was at the level of the mouth , which is located on ventral surface approximately at the end of the median third of the body . when capture occurred with the posterior extremity , after immobilizing the prey , the flatworm , bending the body posteriorly , gradually moved the anterior extremity towards the prey , freeing the posterior end to regain contact with the ground ( figs 26 - 28 ) . afterwards , the flatworm crept over the prey ( fig . 29 ) to bring it into contact with its mouth . the time for bringing the prey to the mouth ranged from 10 s to 2 min 42 s ( 1 min 31 s ± 1 min 6 s , mean ± s . d . , n = 5 ) , with median of 2min3s .

for external digestion and subsequent ingestion of prey tissues , the flatworm kept the body in a hairpin or s - shaped bend , with the median third of the body flattened ( figs 20 and 30 ) . it stayed motionless while it sucked the prey , although the anterior end sometimes made slow side - to - side movements . during this process , the flatworm was observed to change position probably in order to have access to other parts of the prey ' s body . the time for external digestion and ingestion ranged from 12 min 50 s to 51 min 20 s ( 27 min ± 14 min 50 s , mean ± s . d . , n = 5 ) , with median of 25 min 7 s . examination of the isopod exoskeleton after being sucked showed that the ventral surface of the isopod body is ruptured , and that the soft tissues had been consumed with the exception of the intestine , which remained with the exoskeleton .

land flatworms seem to manifest oriented - search behavior to locate prey , as was demonstrated by fiore et al . ( 2004 ) for bipalium adventitium , which detects and follows chemical trails from earthworms . in the present work , we did not investigate the behavior for locating prey . the ability to search for and track prey and the role of chemo - receptors in the process of prey location remain open topics for most land flatworm species .

alford , d . v . ; b . boag ; p . m . johns & g . w . yeates . 1998 . report on the oecd workshop on terrestrial flatworms . pedobiologia 42 : 385 - 388 . [ links ]

araujo , p . b . 1999 . subordem oniscidea ( isópodos terrestres , " tatuzinhos " ) , p . 237 - 256 . in : l . buckup & g . bond - buckup ( eds ) . os crustáceos do rio grande do sul . porto alegre , ufrgs , 503p . [ links ]

ball , i . r . & t . b . reynoldson . 1981 . british planarians . cambridge , cambridge university press , 125p . [ links ]

barker , g . m . 1989 . flatworm predation of terrestrial molluscs in new zealand and a brief review of previous records . new zealand entomologist 12 : 75 - 79 . [ links ]

blackshaw , r . p . 1990 . studies on artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) ( tricladida : terricola ) , a predator of earthworms . annals of applied biology 116 : 169 - 176 . [ links ]

blackshaw , r . p . 1991 . mortality of the earthworm eisenia fetida ( savigny ) presented to the terrestrial planarian artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) ( tricladida : terricola ) . annals of applied biology 118 : 689 - 694 . [ links ]

blackshaw , r . p . 1997 . the planarian artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) feeding on earthworms in soil columns . soil biology and biochemistry 29 : 299 - 302 . [ links ]

blackshaw , r . p . & v . i . stewart . 1992 . artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) ( tricladida : terricola ) , a predatory terrestrial planarian and its potential impact on lumbricid earthworms . agricultural zoology review 5 : 201 - 219 . [ links ]

carbayo , f . & a . m . leal - zanchet . 2003 . two new genera of geoplanid land planarians ( platyhelminthes : tricladida : terricola ) of brazil in the light of cephalic specialisations . invertebrate systematics 17 : 449 - 468 . [ links ]

carbayo , f . ; j pedroni & e . m . froehlich . 2007 . colonization and extinction of land planarians ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) in a brazilian atlantic forest regrowth remnant . biolological invasions 10 : 1131 - 1134 . [ links ]

christensen , o . m . & j . g . mather . 2001 . long - term study of growth in the new zealand flatworm arthurdendyus triangulatus under laboratory conditions . pedobiologia 45 : 535 - 549 . [ links ]

dindal , d . l . 1970 . feeding behavior of a terrestrial turbellarian bipalium adventitium . american midland naturalist 83 : 635 - 637 . [ links ]

du bois - reymond marcus , e . 1951 . on south american geoplanids . boletim da faculdade de filosofia , ciências e letras da universidade de são paulo , série zoologia , 16 : 217 - 255 . [ links ]

ducey , p . k . & s . noce . 1998 . succesful invasion of new york state by the terrestrial flatworm , bipalium adventitium . northeastern naturalist 5 ( 3 ) : 199 - 206 . [ links ]

ducey , p . k . ; m . messere ; k . lapoint & s . noce . 1999 . lumbricid prey and potential hepetofaunal predators of the invading terrestrial flatworm bipalium adventitium ( turbellaria : tricladida : terricola ) . american midland naturalist 141 : 305 - 314 . [ links ]

ducey , p . k . ; l - j . west ; g . shaw & j . delisle . 2005 . reproductive ecology and evolution in the invasive terrestrial planarian bipalium adventitium across north america . pedobiologia 49 : 367 - 377 . [ links ]

ducey , p . k . ; m . mccormick & e . davidson . 2007 . natural history observations on bipalium cf . vagum jones and sterrer ( platyhelminthes : tricladida ) , a terrestrial broadhead planarian new to north america . southeastern naturalist 6 ( 3 ) : 449 - 460 . [ links ]

fiore , c . ; j . l . tull ; s . zehner & p . k . ducey . 2004 . tracking and predation on earthworms by the invasive terrestrial planarian bipalium adventitium ( tricladida , platyhelminthes ) . behavioural processes 67 : 327 - 334 . [ links ]

froehlich , c . g . 1955 . on the biology of land planarians . boletim da faculdade de filosofia , ciências e letras da universidade de são paulo , série zoologia , 20 : 263 - 271 . [ links ]

graff , l . von . 1899 . monographie der turbellarien . ii . tricladida terricola . leipzig , engelmann . 574p . [ links ]

jennings , j . b . 1959 . observations on the nutrition of the land planarian orthodemus terrestris ( o . f . müller ) . biological bulletin 117 : 119 - 124 . [ links ]

jones , h . d . & m . s . cumming . 1998 . feeding behaviour of the termite - eating planarian microplana termitophaga ( platyhelminthes : turbellaria : tricladida : terricola ) in zimbabwe . journal of zoology 245 : 53 - 64 . [ links ]

koopowitz , h . ; d . silver & g . rose . 1976 . primitive nervous systems . control and recovery of feeding behavior in the plolyclad flatworm , notoplana acticola . biological bulletin 150 : 411 - 425 . [ links ]

leal - zanchet , a . m . & e . m . froehlich . 2006 . a species complex in the genus notogynaphallia ogren and kawakatsu ( platyhelminthes : tricladida : terricola ) with a taxonomic revision of homonyms of geoplana marginata schultze & müller and a reinterpretation of notogynaphallia caissara ( froehlich ) anatomy . belgian journal of zoology 136 : 81 - 100 . [ links ]

macarthur , r . h . & e . r . pianka . 1966 . on optimal use of a patchy environment . american naturalist 100 : 603 - 609 . [ links ]

ogren , r . e . 1955 . ecological observations on the occurrence of rhynchodemus , a terrestrial turbellarian . transactions of the american microscopical society 74 : 54 - 60 . [ links ]

ogren , r . e . 1995 . predation behaviour of land planarians . hydrobiologia 305 : 105 - 111 . [ links ]

ohbayashi , t . ; i . okoshi ; h . sato & t . ono . 2005 . food habit of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp , 1962 ( tricladida : terricola : rhynchodemidae ) , known as predatory flatworm of land snails in the ogasawara ( bonin ) islands , japan . applied entomology and zoology 40 : 609 - 614 . [ links ]

olewine , d . a . 1972 . further observations in georgia on the land planarians , bipalium kewense and geoplana vaga ( turbellaria : tricladida : terricola ) . association of southeastern biologists bulletin 19 : 88 . [ links ]

winsor , l . 1983 . a revision of the cosmopolitan land planarian bipalium kewense moseley , 1878 ( turbellaria : tricladida : terricola ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 79 : 61 - 100 . [ links ]

winsor , l . ; p . m . johns & g . w . yeates . 1998 . introduction , and ecological and systematic background , to the terricola ( tricladida ) . pedobiologia 42 : 389 - 404 . [ links ]

wrona , f . j . & h koopowitz . 1998 . behavior of the rhabdocoel flatworm mesostoma ehrenbergii in prey capture and feeding . hydrobiologia 383 : 35 - 40 . [ links ]

yeates , g . w . ; b . boag & p . m . johns . 1998 . field and laboratory observations on terrestrial planarians from modified habitats in new zealand . pedobiologia 42 : 554 - 562 . [ links ]

zaborski , e . r . 2002 . observations on feeding behavior by the terrestrial flatworm bipalium adventitium ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , terricola ) from illinois . american midland naturalist 148 : 401 - 408 . [ links ]

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graff , l . von . ( 1899 ) . monographie der turbellarien . ii . tricladida terricola vol 1 : xii + 574 pp . engelmann , leipzig , 574 pp [ details ]

tyler , s . , artois , t . ; schilling , s . ; hooge , m . ; bush , l . f . ( eds ) ( 2006 - 2018 ) . world list of turbellarian worms : acoelomorpha , catenulida , rhabditophora .

( of geoplana ( geoplana ) marginata schultze & müller , 1857 ) schultze , max ; müller , f . ( 1857 ) . beiträge zur kenntniss der landplanarien nach mittheilungen des dr . fritz müller in brasilien und nach eigenen untersuchungen von dr . max schultze . abhandl . d . naturforschenden gesellschaft in halle . , 4 ( 1 ) : 19 - 38 , 61 - 74 [ 1856 ] page ( s ) : 24 [ details ]

tyler , s . ; schilling , s . ; hooge , m . ; bush , l . f . ( comp . ) . ( 2006 - 2016 ) . turbellarian taxonomic database . version 1 . 7 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

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carbayo , f . ( 2010 ) . a new genus for seven brazilian land planarian species , split off from notogynaphallia ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) . belgian journal of zoology , 140 : 91 - 101 ( supplement ) [ details ]

carbayo , fernando , marta alvarez - presas , cláudia t . olivares , fernando p . l . marques , et al .

a woodlouse ( plural woodlice ) is an isopod crustacean with a rigid , segmented , long exoskeleton and fourteen jointed limbs . mostly they feed on dead plant material , and they are usually active at night . woodlice form the suborder oniscidea within the order isopoda , with over 5 , 000 known species .

common names for woodlice vary throughout the english - speaking world . a number of common names make reference to the fact that some species of woodlice can roll up into a ball . other names compare the woodlouse to a pig .

the woodlouse has a shell - like exoskeleton , which it must progressively shed as it grows . the moult takes place in two stages ; the back half is lost first , followed two or three days later by the front . this method of moulting is different from that of most arthropods , which shed their cuticle in a single process .

on the underside of her body until they hatch into offspring that look like small white woodlice curled up in balls . the mother then appears to " give birth " to her offspring . females are also capable of reproducing

, woodlice are said to have an unpleasant taste similar to " strong urine " .

both of these groups of terrestrial segmented arthropods are about the same size . they live in very similar habitats , and they can both roll up into a ball . pill millipedes and pillbugs appear superficially similar to the naked eye . this is an example of

pill millipedes can be distinguished from woodlice on the basis of having two pairs of legs per body segment instead of one pair like all isopods . pill millipedes have twelve to thirteen body segments , with a large shield - like posterior segment , whereas woodlice have eleven , and small posterior segments . in addition , pill millipedes are smoother , and resemble normal millipedes in overall colouring and the shape of the segments .

hemilepistus reaumuri lives in " the driest habitat conquered by any species of crustacean " .

- like lungs in their paddle - shaped hind legs ( pleopods ) , called pleopodal lungs . woodlice need moisture because they rapidly lose water by

a few woodlice have returned to water . evolutionary ancient species are amphibious , such as the marine - intertidal sea slater ( ligia oceanica ) , which belongs to family ligiidae .

producing compost and overturning the soil , they have also been known to feed on cultivated plants , such as ripening strawberries and tender seedlings .

woodlice can also invade homes en masse in search of moisture and their presence can indicate dampness problems .

they are not generally regarded as a serious household pest as they do not spread disease and do not damage sound wood or structures .

where the people are : language and community in the poetry of w . s . graham

" how now , sow bug ? , " discover , august 1999 , 68 . available from : urltoken

rod preston - mafham & ken preston - mafham ( 1993 ) . " crustacea . woodlice , crabs " .

prasniski , m . e . t . ; leal - zanchet , a . m . ( 2009 ) . " predatory behavior of the land flatworm

this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 30 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .

compendium of all the terrestrial and freshwater flatworms ( tricladida ) . last indexed october 17 , 2015

weissius capaciductus . zma v . pl . 3059 . 1 . dorsal view of whole . . .

the subfamily geoplaninae ( geoplanidae ) includes land planarian species of the neotropical region . in argentina , the knowledge about land planarian diversity is still incipient , although this has recently increased mainly in the atlantic forest ecosystem . however , other regions like chacoan forests remain virtually unexplored .

this is the first report of the genus notogynaphallia in argentina ( chacoan subregion , neotropical region ) which increases its geographic distribution in south america . also , as a consequence of features observed in species of the genus , we propose an emendation of the generic diagnosis .

land planarians are free - living flatworms that live in humid environments . they cannot endure desiccation since they have not developed mechanisms for water conservation ( kawaguti

) . therefore , they hide from the sunlight ( under fallen logs and leaf litter ) and exhibit greater activity at night , predating on soil invertebrates such as earthworms , snails , slugs , insects and arachnids ( negrete et al .

so far have been described for brazil ( over 70 % of the species ) and also for colombia , panama , paraguay and peru ( tyler et al .

) . this genus groups geoplaninae species of small and medium - sized body ( 16–70 mm in length ) , with a reproductive system that includes a dilated intrabulbar prostatic vesicle opening broadly into a richly folded male atrium , in which folds form an eversible penis . also , the distal ascending portions of the ovovitelline ducts are arranged laterally to the posterior portion of the female atrium , joining each other behind it . additionally , the female genital canal is dorso - anteriorly flexed , arising from the posterior region of the female atrium ( ogren and kawakatsu

in argentina , where the land planarian diversity is still incipiently known , there are no records of this genus . recently , the research about land flatworms has increased , mainly in the atlantic forest ecosystem ( negrete and brusa

) . however , other regions , such as the chacoan forests , remain virtually unexplored . there are few old records of land planarians in the chacoan province ( neotropical region ) in asunción , paraguay ( graff

) . unfortunately , the original landscape has suffered changes since then , mainly by deforestation and population growth , and there are no recent records of land planarians in this region .

in this paper , we describe a new species of land planarian , which represents the first land planarian species from this ecosystem in argentina and the first record of notogynaphallia in this country . also , as a result of new features observed in species of the genus , we propose an emendation of its diagnosis .

land planarians were collected between 2007 and 2012 in native forests within la marcela farm ( 26°17′35″s , 59°06′67″w ) in formosa province , north - eastern argentina . the ecosystem belongs to the chacoan province , chacoan subregion ( neotropical region ) , which extends through southern bolivia , western paraguay , a small portion of southern brazil and north central and eastern argentina ( morrone

) . however , in this region , the native forests are highly fragmented and reduced to small patches due to farming . the specimens were manually collected during the day beneath fallen logs in these forest fragments . some animals were directly fixed in 10 % formaldehyde , and others were killed in boiling water and then fixed in 10 % formaldehyde and conserved in 70 % ethanol . land planarians were sectioned in fragments , dehydrated in an ascending series of ethanol and embedded in paraplast® . sagittal and transverse serial sections ( 6–8 μm thick ) of the anterior region , transverse sections of the pre - pharyngeal region ( 6–8 μm thick ) and sagittal serial sections of the pharynx and copulatory apparatus ( 6–8 μm thick ) were performed with a microtome and stained with masson’s trichrome and haematoxylin–eosin methods ( bancroft and gamble

the type specimens were deposited in the invertebrate collection at museo de la plata ( mlp ) , argentina .

notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : b36a4c5f - d452 - 4502 - 8af5 - 774460dcf61a

holotype : mlp - he 6807 . formosa , argentina , 17 september 2012 ; anterior region 1 : transverse sections on 14 slides ( 6–8 μm thick ) ; anterior region 2 : sagittal sections on 32 slides ( 8 μm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 6 slides ( 8 μm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 47 slides ( 7 μm thick ) .

paratype 1 : mlp - he 6808 . formosa , argentina , 17 september 2012 ; anterior region 1 : transverse sections on 12 slides ( 6 μm thick ) ; anterior region 2 : sagittal sections on 42 slides ( 8 μm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 6 slides ( 8 μm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 56 slides ( 7 μm thick ) .

paratype 2 : mlp - he 6808 . formosa , argentina , 17 september 2012 ; anterior region : sagittal sections on 29 slides ( 8 μm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 7 slides ( 8 μm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 25 slides ( 6 μm thick ) .

paratype 3 : mlp - he 6809 . formosa , argentina , 3 october 2007 ; anterior region : sagittal sections on 18 slides ( 8 μm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 8 slides ( 8 μm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 24 slides ( 8 μm thick ) .

paratype 4 : mlp - he 6809 . formosa , argentina , 3 october 2007 ; anterior region : sagittal sections on 18 slides ( 8 μm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 8 slides ( 8 μm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 42 slides ( 8 μm thick ) .

paratype 5 : mlp - he 6809 . formosa , argentina , 3 october 2007 ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 23 slides ( 6 μm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 68 slides ( 6 μm thick ) .

paratype 6 : mlp - he 6809 . formosa , argentina , 3 october 2007 ; anterior region 1 : transverse sections on 22 slides ( 6 μm thick ) ; anterior region 2 : sagittal sections on 16 slides ( 6 μm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 21 slides ( 6 μm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 26 slides ( 6 μm thick ) .

paratype 7 : mlp - he 6809 . formosa , argentina , 5 october 2007 ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 6 slides ( 7 μm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 23 slides ( 7 μm thick ) .

paratype 8 : mlp - he 6809 . formosa , argentina , 5 october 2007 ; anterior region 1 : transverse sections on 16 slides ( 6 μm thick ) ; anterior region 2 : sagittal sections on 18 slides ( 6 μm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 5 slides ( 6 μm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 18 slides ( 6 μm thick ) .

species of notogynaphallia with dorsal surface black and ventral surface dark grey with a thin longitudinal whitish line along the body ; eyes dorsal , with clear halos ; glandular margin absent ; prostatic vesicle intrabulbar , with two regions : a tubular proximal portion and a globose distal portion with narrow lumen ; common glandular ovovitelline duct and female genital canal constituting a “c” ; female atrium tubular proximally and wide distally .

type locality . la marcela farm , pirané department , formosa province , argentina .

habitat . the flatworms were found on the ground under fallen logs and palm leaves in environments with native vegetation .

etymology . the specific name derives from the language of toba indigenous people that inhabit the chacoan region ; naweĩ means black , which refers to the colour of the dorsal surface of this species .

the body is elongated with parallel margins . in live specimens , the anterior end is pointed , becoming rounded after fixation . the posterior end narrows abruptly , ending sharp - edged . the colour pattern of the dorsal surface of live specimens is black ( fig .

) . the ventral surface is dark grey with a whitish and thin median longitudinal line along the body ( fig .

) , which becomes weaker behind the gonopore . the eyes , with small clear halos , surround the anterior tip uniserially in an irregular row , and they extend toward both body margins for 2–5 mm in two and three longitudinal rows . further back , they spread to both sides of the dorsal surface , forming various rows ( 15–20 ) at the end of the first third of body . at the level of the pharynx , the eyes are still dorsal ( 6–8 rows of eyes ) . they become less numerous in the copulatory apparatus region , and a few reach the posterior end ( fig .

photograph of a live specimen of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . ( holotype ) . dorsal view

schematic drawing of the external appearance of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . a ventral view of the first 4 mm of the body ( paratype 6 ) . b distribution pattern of eyes along the body , in dorsal view ( paratype 3 )

after fixation , body length of the specimens ranged between 19 and 42 mm . the maximum width was 2 . 4–8 . 3 mm and maximum height 1 . 2–2 . 4 mm . the mouth was located at a distance of 54–62 % from the anterior tip and the gonopore at 69–79 % ( table

measurements of external characters of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . all the measurements ( mm ) were obtained from fixed specimens

there are no musculo - glandular specializations . the dorsal epidermis is ciliated from the anterior tip until 1 . 9–2 . 5 mm ( fig .

) . the creeping sole on the ventral epidermis is narrow ( 30–40 % of body width ) and progressively widens ( fig .

) . the epidermis receives abundant secretions from xanthophil glands of two types ( amorphous and fine granular secretions ) and erythrophil and cyanophil glands with granular secretions . also , rhabditogen secretions are abundant both in dorsal ( rhammites ) and ventral ( small rhabdites ) epidermis ( fig .

) . sensory pits , as simple invaginations ( 25–40 μm deep ) , surround the anterior tip ( fig .

) . they spread along the ventral body margins in a single row forming the sensory border until ~ 6 mm from the anterior tip ( fig .

transverse sections of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . a detail of the cephalic region ( paratype 6 ) . b , c anterior tip ( paratype 1 ) . d , e pre - pharyngeal region , in dorsal ( d ) and ventral ( e ) view ( paratype 4 ) . the arrow indicates the dorsal ciliated epidermis and the head arrows indicate rhabditogen secretions

the cutaneous musculature , consisting of the three typical layers of geoplaninae ( see below ) , exhibits the same arrangement at the pre - pharyngeal region , and its thickness relative to the body height ( varying between 5 and 7 % ) is similar to that of the pre - pharyngeal region . the parenchymatic musculature is ill - defined , being composed by intermingled fibres in the surrounding parenchyma .

the dorsal epidermis is 20–40 μm high , and ventrally , it is 25–40 μm high . the ventral epidermis is ciliated on the creeping sole , which is approximately 90–95 % of the body width ( fig .

) . rhabditogen cell bodies are located in the parenchyma , below the cutaneous musculature ( fig .

) . their glandular secretions are abundant in the dorsal epidermis and the body margins ( rhammites ) and in the ventral epidermis partially occupy its height ( small rhabdites ) ( figs .

) . numerous glands with fine and coarse granular erythrophil secretion and glands with fine granular and amorphous cyanophil secretion , whose cell bodies are located into the parenchyma , open through the entire epidermis . the creeping sole receives openings of abundant cells with erythrophil coarse granular secretion and cyanophil amorphous secretion and less numerous cells with erythrophil fine granular secretion and erythrophil amorphous secretion . there is no glandular margin .

schematic drawing of a transversal section of the pre - pharyngeal region of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . ( holotype ) . for simplicity , only the cutaneous longitudinal muscle layer was drawn

the cutaneous musculature is composed of a subepithelial circular layer followed by a diagonal layer with decussate fibres and a longitudinal layer arranged in bundles . cutaneous muscular index ( cmi ) varies between 3 and 7 % ( table

) . the parenchymatic musculature is composed by ill - defined supra - intestinal and subintestinal transverse layers and dorso - ventral fibres located between the intestinal branches ( fig .

) . the thickness of the parenchymatic musculature ( pmi ) represents 1 . 5–2 % of the body height ( table

the pharynx ( 1 . 5–5 . 1 mm in length ) is cylindrical , with the dorsal insertion posteriorly displaced ( 0 . 5–1 . 1 mm ) ( fig .

) . the mouth is located in the middle of the pharyngeal pouch ( 2 . 1–5 . 7 mm in length ) . the epithelial lining of the outer surface of the pharynx is cuboidal and ciliated . the outer pharyngeal musculature is arranged in a thin longitudinal subepithelial layer ( 2 . 5–5 μm thick ) followed by a thicker circular layer ( 7 . 5–20 μm thick ) . the pharyngeal lumen is lined with a columnar and ciliated epithelium . the inner pharyngeal musculature consists of a thick layer of circular fibres ( 85–200 μm thick ) and a subjacent longitudinal thin layer ( 5–10 μm thick ) . the pharynx receives secretion from abundant glands , the cell bodies of which are located both laterally and anteriorly to the pharynx , and their cell necks extend to the pharyngeal epithelium . four types of pharyngeal glands occur : abundant glands with ( 1 ) erythrophil , fine granules and ( 2 ) xanthophil amorphous secretion , as well as less numerous glands with ( 3 ) erythrophil and ( 4 ) cyanophil amorphous secretion . the oesophagus ( 150–350 μm in length ) is lined with a columnar and ciliated epithelium . its subjacent musculature ( 40–125 μm thick ) is continuous with the internal pharyngeal musculature , but it is thinner than the latter . the oesophagus : pharynx ratio varies from 5 to 10 % .

sagittal sections of the pharynx of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . a holotype . b paratype 2 . c paratype 3 . d paratype 5 . the head arrow indicates the outer pharyngeal musculature and the arrow indicates the inner pharyngeal musculature

the testes are arranged in two or three irregular rows on each side of the body , situated dorsal to the intestinal branches and just below the supra - intestinal transverse parenchymatic layer ( figs .

) . they begin before the ovaries and extend to the pre - pharyngeal region , slightly before the pharyngeal root . they are located at a distance between 10–17 % and 47–54 % of the body length from the anterior end ( table

) . sperm ducts run among the fibres of subintestinal parenchymatic muscle layer , located slightly dorsal , medially displaced , to ovovitelline ducts ( fig .

) . their distal portions are expanded with their lumen full of spermatozoa . they bend slightly toward the dorsum and the sagittal plane , going through the common muscle coat , and open , close to each other , into the proximal portion of the prostatic vesicle ( fig .

) . the intrabulbar prostatic vesicle is composed by a tubular and sinuous proximal portion ( ~ 1 mm in length on average ) followed by a globose part with narrow lumen ( figs .

) . the prostatic vesicle broadly communicates with the male atrium . the ejaculatory duct is absent . the male atrium possesses richly folded walls , and thus , the communication with the female atrium occurs through a narrow lumen ( figs .

) . the male atrium is longer than the female atrium ( 1 . 8 times on average ) .

sagittal schematic reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . ( holotype )

sagittal sections of the reproductive system of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . a copulatory apparatus ( holotype ) . b proximal portion of the prostatic vesicle ( paratype 5 ) . c distal portion of the prostatic vesicle ( paratype 4 ) . d male atrium ( holotype ) . e ovary ( paratype 3 ) . f detail of the female reproductive system ( holotype ) . ( * ) spermatozoa

sperm ducts are lined with a ciliated squamous epithelium , and they are enveloped by a thin circular muscle layer ( 2 . 5 μm thick ) . the prostatic vesicle , both the sinuous portion as the globose one , is lined with a ciliated columnar epithelium traversed by erythrophil fine and coarse granular secretion and scarce erythrophil amorphous secretion arising from cell bodies located in the vicinity of the prostatic vesicle and in the surrounding parenchyma . these glandular secretions are more abundant and strongly stained in the globose portion ( fig .

) . a thin muscular layer composed by interwoven circular , longitudinal and oblique fibres ( 5–15 μm thick ) surround the prostatic vesicle . the male atrium is lined with a columnar epithelium , taller in the distal portion of the male atrium than in its proximal portion . the epithelium of the male atrium is only ciliated in its proximal portion , in the transition with the prostatic vesicle ( fig .

) . its muscularis is composed by a thin subepithelial circular layer ( 5–20 μm thick ) followed by a thicker longitudinal subjacent layer ( 15–40 μm thick ) ( fig .

) ; it is thicker distally than proximally . the proximal part of the male atrium receives granular secretion from abundant cyanophil glands and less abundant erythrophil glands . the distal part receives openings from erythrophil glands with granular secretion and less abundant cyanophil glands with amorphous and coarse granular secretions . the cell bodies of these glands are located internally to the common muscle coat . the lumen of prostatic vesicle and male atrium of some specimens present spermatozoa . around the male organs , the common muscular coat is mainly composed by longitudinal fibres , with some circular and oblique fibres , thicker dorsally ( 30–40 μm thick ) than ventrally ( 20 μm thick ) .

) . they are ventral , situated just below the intestine , and ovoid in shape ( fig .

) . the ovovitelline ducts emerge dorsally from the middle of the ovaries and pass along their dorsal side . the proximal portions of the ovovitelline ducts are full of spermatozoa ( fig .

) . the ovovitelline ducts run backward , and at the level of the proximal portion of the female atrium , they ascend almost vertically , bending a short track toward the sagittal plane to join above the female genital canal and form the common glandular ovovitelline duct ( fig .

) . the common glandular ovovitelline duct is short ( 100–200 μm in length ) which , together with the female genital canal ( 100–300 μm in length ) , constitutes a “c” ( fig .

) . the proximal portion of the female atrium is tubular , and its lumen progressively widens to form a cavity with scarcely folded walls ( figs .

the ovovitelline ducts are lined with a ciliated cuboidal epithelium , and they are enveloped by a circular muscle layer ( 2 . 5–5 μm thick ) . the distal ascending portions of the ovovitelline ducts receive scarce secretion of the shell glands . the lining epithelium of the common glandular ovovitelline duct is ciliated and columnar , receiving abundant secretion of the shell glands ( figs .

) . the musculature of the common glandular ovovitelline duct is formed by intermingled circular and longitudinal fibres ( 5–15 μm thick ) . the female genital canal is lined with a ciliated columnar epithelium followed by a subjacent musculature composed by intermingled circular and longitudinal fibres ( 10–30 μm thick ) . the epithelium of the female genital canal receives erythrophil granular secretion and cyanophil amorphous secretion from glands located below the musculature . the female atrium is lined with a columnar epithelium , and the subjacent muscularis is composed by two layers , a circular subepithelial ( 10–25 μm thick ) and a longitudinal subjacent ( 15–40 μm thick ) . abundant erythrophil granular secretion and scarce cyanophil amorphous secretion , from glands situated outward of its muscularis , open into the female atrium . spermatozoa were observed in the lumen of the female genital canal and female atrium of the holotype ( fig .