canthigaster is a genus in the pufferfish family ( tetraodontidae ) .

a fish from this genus is sometimes referred to as a " toby " ( a generally accepted name that originated in australia ) or a " sharpnose puffer " .

canthigaster

canthigaster <EOT> aquarium fish : the papuan ( canthigaster papua ) and ocellated toby ( c . solandri )

the papua toby ( canthigaster papua ) is one of the most attractive members of the genus .

the blacksaddle toby looks similar to the crowned puffer , canthigaster coronata and the mimic leatherjacket , paraluteres prionurus .

aquarium fish : the papuan ( canthigaster papua ) and ocellated toby ( c . solandri ) — advanced aquarist | aquarist magazine and blog

the fingerprint toby ( canthigaster compressa ) is not as common in the aquarium trade as these similar congeners . the husbandry of all these species is similar .

canthigaster papua has long been considered a color form of c . solandri . note the differences between this photo and the shots of c . solandri below .

the ambon toby ( canthigaster amboinensis ) differs from its close relatives in the length of the snout and the coloration . this species is often found in the surge zone .

indo - pacific : east africa south to transkei , south africa ( ref . 4919 ) and east to the line , marquesan , and oeno islands , north to southern japan , south to lord howe island . replaced by canthigaster jactator in the hawaiian islands and canthigaster punctatissimus in the tropical eastern pacific ( ref . 37816 ) . also recorded from southeast atlantic .

an adult male ocellated toby ( canthigaster solandri ) can be a very beautiful beast . even though it has been known to eat sps corals in nature , some aquarists have successfully kept in reef aquariums .

scientific synonyms and common names canthigaster rostrata bloch , 1786 synonyms : c . sanctaehelenae ( see remarks for that species ) tetrodon rostratus bloch , 1786 , nat . ausl . fische , 2 : 8 , pl . 146 ( fig . 2 ) ( ' india ' ) . type : lost . canthigaster rostratus : jordan & edwards , 1886 : 246 ( madeira ) . canthigaster rostratus : fowler , 1936 , 2 : 1115 poll , 1959 : 348 , fig . 118 randall , 1968 : 280 , fig . 311 . tetrodon capistratus lowe , 1939 , proc . zool . soc . london : 90 ( madeira ) . common names : sapo [ pr ]

( of canthigaster rostratus ( bloch , 1786 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

moura , r . l . and r . m . c . castro , 2002 . revision of atlantic sharpnose pufferfishes ( tetraodontiformes : tetraodontidae : canthigaster ) , with description of three new species . proc . biol . soc . wash . 115 ( 1 ) : 32 - 50 . ( ref . 43205 )

one final interesting tidbit - there are some very interesting mimetic relationships that exist between several tobies and three filefish species . all of these are examples of batesian mimic - where a toxic species is mimicked by a non - toxic form . the saddled toby ( canthigaster valentini ) is mimicked by the saddled filefish ( paraluteres prionurus ) , the pearl toby is mimicked by the red sea puffer mimic ( paraluteres arquat ) while an undescribed monacanthid , known commonly as the spotted puffer mimic ( paraluteres sp . ) , resembles the ocellated toby .

dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 9 . differs from other atlantic canthigaster species by the long anterior extension of the lower horizontal dark stripe on the flank ( composed of irregular horizontal and diagonal bars and originating as a solid stripe on the ventral caudal fin margin ) . this stripe reaches the pectoral fin base . differs from c . jamestyleri by the presence of a dark caudal - fin margin , the absence of vertically oriented bars on the caudal fin , the possession of fewer stripes and spots on body especially on the dorsum , as well as by the absence of a small black irregular spot on the anal fin base ( ref . 43205 ) .

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cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013

greek , kanthos = the outer or inner corner of the eye , where the lids meet , 1646 + greek , gaster = stomach ( ref . 45335 )

named in honor of josé lima de figueiredo , for his contributions to the advancement of the taxonomy of brazilian marine fishes , as well as for his long term encouragement and support to the authors ( ref . 43205 )

marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 35 m ( ref . 43205 ) . tropical ; 9°n - 33°s

western atlantic : southern caribbean to santa catarina , brazil , including the oceanic islands of atol das rocas and fernando de noronha .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm ng male / unsexed ; ( ref . 42064 )

inhabits coral - rich as well as coral - poor areas , and areas with rocky bottoms ( ref . 43205 ) . often in pairs , hovering over the reef during the day ( ref . 43205 ) . feeds on vegetation , sponges , crustaceans , and mollusks ( ref . 42064 ) .

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02818 ( 0 . 01185 - 0 . 06704 ) , b = 2 . 94 ( 2 . 73 - 3 . 15 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 ±0 . 36 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .

marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 30 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 32°n - 32°s

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4919 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 9 - 10 . many white spots scattered on body ( ref . 559 ) .

occurs in clear lagoon and seaward reefs , ref . 48637 . found with sponges at various depths ( ref . 48637 ) . prefers sheltered areas in the form of holes in dead and living corals . solitary or paired . feeds on sponges , polychaetes , filamentous algae and on smaller quantities of tunicates , crustaceans , echinoderms and corals .

myers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 ±0 . 32 se ; based on food items .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .

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carpenter , k . e . , comeros - raynal , m . , harwell , h . & sanciangco , j .

is widespread in the western atlantic and is found from south carolina , usa and bermuda to brazil , and it appears to be common .

inhabits a wide range of habitats , including coral reefs , mangroves , and seagrass beds , at depths ranging from 1 to 90 meters .

is a component of the marine aquarium trade , however there are no indications of population declines from harvesting at present time . there have been no documented population declines in

, however due to its affinity with coral reefs , mangroves , and seagrass beds this species may be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for

, however its distribution overlaps with several marine reserves in parts of its range . it is therefore listed as least concern . we recommend monitoring of its harvest levels .

this species is distributed in the western atlantic from cape fear , north carolina south along the u . s . coast , bermuda , the bahamas , and throughout the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea to trinidad ( moura and castro 2002 , quattrini

2004 ) . its depth range is 1–98 m . records from brazil may be misidentifications ( moura and sazima 2000 , monteiro - neto

anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; bermuda ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; dominica ; dominican republic ; grenada ; guatemala ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .

is generally common throughout most of its range , but it may be locally abundant around coral reefs and rubble piles ( sikkel 1990 ) . it is considered very abundant by loh and pawlik ( 2014 ) . it is one of the most abundant meso - omnivores in the western atlantic ( tuya

1997 ) . it is one of the most abundant ( 86 . 48 % frequency of occurrence ) and common ( present at 88 % of all locations sampled ) in the canary islands ( falcón 1996 , tuya

2004 ) . long - term surveys of an artificial reef , from 1962–1979 , revealed no significant fluctuation in sighting abundance of this species ( ogden and ebersole 1981 ) .

was among the 10 most abundant species collected by trawl in a shallow tropical lagoon in belize , although it was not the most abundant tetraodontid .

was more abundant in mangrove creeks than in other sampled habitats . ( sedberry and carter 1993 ) .

may be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range .

is found in a variety of habitats , including coral reefs and marginal habitats such as seagrass beds ( moura and castro 2002 ) , and mangrove creeks , as well as artificial reefs ( ogden and ebersole 1981 ) . it is an omnivorous species , feeding on seagrass , sponges , crabs and other crustaceans , molluscs , polychaete worms , sea urchins , starfishes , hydroids and algae ( randall 1996 ) .

showed little variation in abundance with depth over a range of 1 . 52–4 m , but did exhibit significant nocturnal declines in abundance ( rooker

1997 ) . mass mortalities have been observed in juveniles of this species in multiple locales off the yucatan peninsula ( sikkel 1990 ) . this species visits rubble mounds created by the sand tilefish ,

( büttner 1996 ) . during trawls of mangrove , seagrass , and sand / rubble habitats in belize , this species was collected most frequently in mangrove creeks ( sedberry and carter 1993 ) . this species visits cleaner gobies (

was studied off san blas islands , panama . sexes were dimorphic . in mixed coral and rubble habitat , females defended territories against other females and small males . from one to six female territories were included within the territories of certain large males . these haremic males visited their females and patrolled their territories throughout the day . smaller , non - haremic males occupied territories or home ranges within or adjacent to those of haremic males or were wanderers . spawning between a haremic male and a territorial female occurred within the female ' s territory . the female prepared an algal nest into which demersal eggs were deposited . there was no parental care . eggs were spherical , translucent , and measured approximately 0 . 66 mm in diameter . larvae were about 1 . 4 mm total length and closely resembled those of other species of

spp . are known for their general lack of characters , and are generally differentiated on the basis of colour differences .

is a component of the marine aquarium trade . in the brazilian aquarium trade , 1 , 065 individuals of this species ( representing 0 . 53 % of all species ) were exported from january 1995 to november 2000 ( monteiro - neto

is collected for the marine aquarium trade , there are no indications of population declines from harvesting .

2008 ) . of 704 zooxanthellate reef - building coral species which were assessed by using the international union for conservation of nature red list criteria , 32 . 8 % are in categories with elevated risk of extinction ( carpenter

globally , 16 % of mangrove species are at elevated risk of extinction . particular areas of geographical concern include the atlantic and pacific coasts of central america , where as many as 40 % of mangroves species present are threatened with extinction ( polidoro

2010 ) . in the caribbean , approximately 24 % of mangrove area has been lost over the past quarter - century ( fao 2007 ) .

there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for c . rostrata , however its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas .

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carpenter , k . e . , comeros - raynal , m . , hardy , g . & sanciangco , j .

is distributed in the eastern central atlantic , where it is known from oceanic islands including the canarian archipelago in macaronesia , cape verde island , and madiera , and has been recorded in the straight of gibraltar .

inhabits rocky reef habitats and artificial structures at depths ranging from 0 to 20 metres .

may be a component of the marine aquarium trade , however there are no indications of population declines from harvesting at present time . there have been no documented population declines in

, however its distribution overlaps with several marine reserves in parts of its range . it is therefore listed as least concern .

2007 ) and madeira ( ribeiro 2008 ) . this species has been reported in the straight of gibraltar ( brito

may be extending its range northward due to warming ocean temperatures ( wirtz 2005 ) . it is found at depths ranging from 0–20 metres .

cape verde ; gibraltar ; morocco ; portugal ( azores , madeira ) ; spain ( canary is . )

2010 ) . in the waters off madeira island , this species was among the 10 most abundant species sampled over rocky reefs . it was recorded common and abundant in the locations studied along the south coast of madeira island ( both protected and non - protected ) and did not show significant differences in any size categories within locations in all types of bottom studied ( ribeiro 2008 ) .

is a bentho - demersal meso - carnivore usually found as solitary individuals . it is associated with rocky reefs consisting of boulders , vertical walls , platform and outcroppings which are often colonized by various algae , and can also be found associated with artificial reefs .

species ( gladstone 1987 , kobayashi 1988 , sikkel 1990 , sikkel and sikkel 2012 ) .

are known for their general lack of characters , and are generally differentiated on the basis of colour differences .

this species has been identified as a potential aquarium species from portuguese waters ( calado 2006 ) .

. due to its affinity with reef structures , this fish may be experiencing population decline .

of 704 zooxanthellate reef - building coral species which were assessed by using the international union for conservation of nature red list criteria , 32 . 8 % are in categories with elevated risk of extinction ( carpenter et al . 2008 ) .

there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for c . capistrata , however its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas .

is endemic to the hawaiian islands , where it is common and locally abundant .

is usually found in the vicinity of coral reefs at depths ranging from 5 to 165 metres , on sand or sand and rubble bottom or algal flats .

and it appears to be locally abundant . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for

, however its distribution overlaps with several marine reserves in parts of its range .

it is therefore listed as least concern . we recommend monitoring of its harvest levels and habitat status .

2008 ) , it has been recorded there ( e . g . , kosaki

united states ( hawaiian is . ) ; united states minor outlying islands ( johnston i . )

was the twentieth most abundant species at the moderately deep terraces and banks of the northwestern hawaiian islands ( parrish and boland 2004 ) . during surveys of midway atoll in the northwestern hawaiian islands , this species is encountered occasionally outside lagoons on open rubble and sand substrates ( randall

due to its association with coral reefs , c . coronata may be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range .

is usually found on sand or sand and rubble bottom or algal flats , often in the vicinity of coral reefs . it is also seen on clear coastal reefs , usually along deep slopes or over soft substrates ( randall

is typically found below depths of 23 metres , but is occasionally seen in as little as six metres ( randall 1985 ) . when in shallow waters , it is usually found in lagoons or bays .

feeds on a wide variety of benthic organisms , mostly algae , but also gastropods , sponges , bivalves , polychaetes , tunicates , crabs , sea urchins , heart urchins , brittle stars , bryozoans , peanut worms , various small crustaceans and foraminiferans ( randall 1985 ) .

is a component of the aquarium trade . between 1967–2003 , 30 , 146 individuals have been collected from hawaii for export , valuing a total $ 33 , 046 . 50 usd .

is among the top 50 most frequently collected species from hawaii ( walsh 2001 ) .

. this species is a component of the marine aquarium trade in hawaii , however there are no present indicators of decline as a result of harvesting for the aquarium trade . also , due to its association with coral reefs , this species of fish may be experiencing population declines .

both the papuan and ocellated tobies are excellent aquarium inhabitants . the only possible drawback with these tobies is that some individuals will nip the fins of other fishes .

) , the frogfishes ( antennariidae ) , the porcupinefishes ( diodontidae ) and the pufferfishes ( tetraodontidae ) . apparently , by increasing their size these animals reduce the chances that a predator will be able to ingest them , or by suddenly inflating they might startle a would - be predator , or make themselves difficult to extract from a reef crevice .

the two species differ in coloration . the papuan toby is brown overall with blue spots on the side of the body , blue lines on the back and the dorsal surface of the caudal peduncle , a black spot at the base of the dorsal fin and orange on the underside of the snout . the ocellated toby has spots on the side of the body , on the back and caudal peduncle , with some lines radiating from the eyes , and has no or little orange on the ventral surface of the snout , head or belly . both species typically have orange on the tail , but c . papuensis usually sports more orange . the papuan toby is probably sexually dichromatic and dimorphic . in the closely related c . solandri the males attain a larger size and typically have fewer , larger spots than females . there also appears to be some size and color differences between the sexes in the papuan toby .

toby fighting usually begins with bouts of displaying , where the combatants increase their apparent size by erecting a ridge on the back and belly . they perform these lateral displays to try and drive their opponent away with out actually coming to blows . but , if one individual does not back down and leave the area biting will usually ensue . this can result in severe injuries . the problem with captive combat , is that the fish that retreats cannot “leave the area” since our aquariums are so much smaller than the normal toby territory and hence this subordinate is chastised by the more dominant , or territory holding fish . if it gets to the point where biting occurs you will need to separate the fish or risk losing one of them to injury . you could try taking the dominant fish out of the tank and placing it in a different aquarium for a week or two , and then try adding the more aggressive fish back into the tank and see what happens . in some cases the subordinate will accept its position in the pecking order from the onset and avoid the more dominant fish . in these cases lethal fighting usually does not occur .

if a specimen shows chronic , abnormal distention of the abdomen it may be suffering from an internal infestation of nematode worms of the genus philometra . unlike normal toby inflation , the distended abdomen of fish suffering from this infection will be asymmetrical in form and will change shape as the parasites move around . schleser ( 1994 ) recommends introducing fenbendazole ( add at a volume of 1 % of the active ingredient ) to gelatin based foods to eradicate intestinal worms .

a smaller c . solandri beginning to preform an aggressive display . note the partially erected ridge on the ventrum .

although it can break the ice at parties , provoking your toby to inflate is not a good puffer maintenance practice . this will stress your fish and it could prove to be fatal if your toby ingests air . tobies sometimes have difficulty expelling air from the stomach and end up bobbing helplessly at the water ' s surface . another word of warning ; these fish are not strong swimmers , so make sure all siphons tubes have strainers or small specimens may end up in your power filter .

myers , r . f . 1999 . micronesian reef fishes . coral graphics , guam , pp . 330 .

schleser , d . m . 1994 . captive husbandry of batfish ( family ogcocephalidae ) . aquarium frontiers , spring : 27 - 29 .

copyright © 2002 - 2018 by pomacanthus publications , llc , all rights reserved .

description found among coral heads and rocks of subtidal lagoon and seaward reefs to a depth of 55 m or more . feeds mainly on . . .

description found among coral heads and rocks of subtidal lagoon and seaward reefs to a depth of 55 m or more . feeds mainly on filamentous green and red algae , tunicates , and on smaller amounts of corals , bryozoans , polychaetes , echinoderms , mollusks , and brown and coralline red algae . forms shoals ( 10 - 100 or more ) which often contains the filefish , @ paraluteres prionurus @ ( about 5 % of shoal ) mimicking @ c . valentini @ to protect it from predators ( refs . 4919 and 5503 ) . [ details ]

the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license

froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

( of tetraodon gronovii cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of tetraodon valentini bleeker , 1853 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of tetrodon taeniatus peters , 1855 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of cathigaster valentini ( bleeker , 1853 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]

marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 20 m ( ref . 104836 ) . tropical ; 40°n - 14°n , 29°w - 13°w

dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 9 . absence of dark stripe extending anteriorly from the ventral caudal fin margin onto the caudal peduncle or flank ; presence of a horizontal dark stripe extending from the dorsal caudal fin margin anteriorly to the pectoral fin base ; absence of a conspicuous ( larger than eye ) spot slightly ahead and below dorsal fin base ; absence of bars on the caudal fin ( ref . 43205 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 15 se ; based on food items .

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: from madeira to angola and gulf of mexico , west indies and bermuda .

bloch , m . e . . 1785 - 1795 . naturgeschichte der ausländischen fische , berlin , 1 , 1785 : viii + 136 pp . , 36 pl . ( cix - cxliv ) ; 2 , 1786 : viii + 160 pp . , 36 pl . ( cxlv - clxxx ) ; 3 , 1787 : xii + 146 pp . , 36 pl . ( clxxxi - ccxvi ) ; 4 , 1790 : xii + 128 pp . , 36 pl . ( ccxvii - cclii ) ; 5 , 1791 : vi + 152 pp . , 36 pl . ( ccliii - cclxxxviii ) ; 6 , 1792 : iv + 126 pp . , 36 pl . ( cclxxxix - cccxxiii ) ; 7 , 1793 : xii + 144 pp . , 36 pl . ( cccxxvccclx ) ; 8 , 1794 : iv + 174 pp . , 36 pl . ( ccclxi - cccxcvi ) ; 9 , 1795 : ii + 192 pp . , 36 pl . ( cccxcvii - ccccxxix ) .

fowler , h . w . 1936 . the marine fishes of west africa , based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition 1909 - 1915 . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 70 ( 1 ) , jan . 21 , 1936 : pp . vii + 1 - 606 , fig . 1 - 275 ; ( 2 ) , nov . 18 , 1936 : pp . 607 - 1493 , fig . 276 - 567 .

jordan , d . s . ; edwards , c . l . 1886 . a review of the american species of tetraodontidae . proc . u . s . natn . mus . , 9 : pp . 230 - 247 .

randall , j . e . 1968 . caribbean reef fishes . t . f . h . publ . , jersey city : 318 p . , 324 fig .

is widely distributed in the indo - pacific where it appears to be common . it is associated with a variety of habitats , including coral reefs , seagrass beds , and artificial reefs .

may be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for c .

, however its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas . it is therefore listed as least concern . we recommend monitoring of harvest levels for the aquarium trade .

there are a few records of c . solandri in hawaii , however it does not appear to be established there . this species is distributed from central philippines ( bohol region ) east to french polynesia . it is not found in palau ( allen and erdmann 2012 , stump in prep . 2014 ) . several records from the ryukyu islands , japan were based on mis - identifications of c . papua , and this species ' presence in japan remains to to be verified ( stump in prep . 2014 )

american samoa ; australia ; cook islands ; fiji ; french polynesia ; guam ; indonesia ; kiribati ( kiribati line is . , phoenix is . ) ; marshall islands ; micronesia , federated states of ; nauru ; new caledonia ; niue ; northern mariana islands ; palau ; philippines ; samoa ; solomon islands ; tokelau ; tonga ; tuvalu ; united states ; united states minor outlying islands ( howland - baker is . , wake is . ) ; vanuatu ; wallis and futuna ; yemen

are very common in museum collections ( fishnet2 searched 28 march 2012 ) . however , it is rare in taiwan ( shao pers . comm . 2011 ) .

inhabits sheltered rocky reefs ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) as well as intertidal reef flats and lagoon and seaward reefs . this species occurs over open barren areas , as well as among corals and under ledges ( lieske and myers 1994 ) .

is also associated with seagrass beds ( gell and whittington 2002 ) . it has been known to associate with artificial reefs ( logan kock 1982 ) . it is often found in pairs and sometimes in small groups .

1994 ) , tunicates , molluscs , echinoderms , polychaetes , crustaceans and bryozoans .

is sexually dimorphic ( stump in prep . 2014 ) . in all species for which spawning has been described , males are larger than females and defend territories that include multiple females . spawning occurs during the day and involves the preparation of an algal nest on the substratum by the females into which eggs are deposited and fertilized by the male , and spawning occurs in multiple bouts , with no parental care after the last bout . this is consistent with field observations of spawning , social organization , and sexual dimorphism in other

is a component of the marine aquarium trade , where it is regularly available . it has been exported from the maldives ( edwards and shepherd 1992 ) . it retails for approximately $ 25 usd ( liveaquaria . com )

one - third of global seagrass species are currently experiencing population declines , and 21 % of globally assessed seagrass species are in threatened or near threatened categories primarily due to coastal development and pollution ( short et al . 2011 ) . this species is a component of the marine aquarium trade . the effect of this trade on the population of c . solandri is unknown .

van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of tetrodon sanctaehelenae günther , 1870 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]

( of tetrodon ornatus poey , 1867 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of tetrodon rostratus bloch , 1786 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed ) . catalog of fishes . urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3

the blacksaddle toby can be recognised by the dark saddles on the side of the body and stripes across the snout . the species occurs throughout the tropical , marine indo - pacific .

the blacksaddle toby can be recognised by the dark saddles on the side of the body and stripes across the snout .

the species occurs throughout the tropical , marine indo - pacific . in australia it is found at the offshore islands of north - western western australia and from northern queensland to southern new south wales .

the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . source : atlas of living australia .

hutchins , b . & r . swainston . 1986 . sea fishes of southern australia . complete field guide for anglers and divers . swainston publishing . pp . 180 .

kuiter , r . h . 1993 . coastal fishes of south - eastern australia . crawford house press . pp . 437 .

kuiter , r . h . 1996 . guide to sea fishes of australia . new holland . pp . 433 .


buccinum pulchellum is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family buccinidae , the true whelks .

not to be confounded with : buccinum pulchellum blainville , 1829 : synonym of zafrona pulchella ( blainville , 1829 ) buccinum pulchellum calcara , 1845 : synonym of mazatlania cosentini ( philippi , 1836 ) buccinum pulchellum c. b. adams , 1851 : synonym of decipifus sixaolus olsson & mcginty , 1958

buccinum pulchellum

buccinum pulchellum <EOT> what type of species is buccinum pulchellum ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the buccinum pulchellum species belongs to .

which photographers have photos of buccinum pulchellum species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species buccinum pulchellum .

how to identify buccinum pulchellum marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species buccinum pulchellum . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species buccinum pulchellum are marked in green .

worms - world register of marine species - buccinum pulchellum g . o . sars , 1878

buccinum pulchellum , g . o . sars , 1878 , photos , facts and physical characteristics

where is buccinum pulchellum found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species buccinum pulchellum can be found .

nomenclature the name buccinum pulchellum g . o . sars , 1878 , is a junior homonym of b . pulchellum blainville , 1829 , and several others . . . .

( of buccinum pulchellum blainville , 1829 ) monsecour k . ( 2010 ) . checklist of columbellidae . pers . com . [ details ]

" " ' buccinum pulchellum " " ' is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family buccinidae , the true whelks .

nomenclature the name buccinum pulchellum g . o . sars , 1878 , is a junior homonym of b . pulchellum blainville , 1829 , and several others . the conditions of iczn art . 23 . 9 may apply and , in the meantime , worms maintains prevailing usage . [ details ]

to biodiversity heritage library ( 27 publications ) ( from synonym buccinum pulchellum blainville , 1829 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 5 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 6 publications ) ( from synonym columbella subcostulata c . b . adams , 1845 ) to encyclopedia of life to itis

( of buccinum oryza dunker , 1847 ) monsecour k . ( 2010 ) . checklist of columbellidae . pers . com . [ details ]

buccinum is a genus of medium - sized sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family buccinidae , the true whelks . snails in this genus are commonly called whelks , a name shared with several related and unrelated species . the common whelk buccinum undatum is the most common representative of the genus in the northern atlantic ocean .

( of buccinum pulchellum blainville , 1829 ) blainville h . m . ( d . de ) ( 1828 - 1830 ) . malacozoaires ou animaux mollusques . [ in ] faune française . levrault , paris 320 p . , 48 pl . [ livr . 18 ( 1828 ) , p . 1 - 80 ; livr . 2 ( 1829 ) , p . 81 - 176 ; livr . 23 ( 1829 ) , p . 177 - 240 ; livr . 28 ( 1830 ) , p . 241 - 320 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 178 [ details ]

sars , g . o . ( 1878 ) . bidrag til kundskaben om norges arktiske fauna . i . mollusca regionis arcticae norvegiae . oversigt over de i norges arktiske region forekommende bløddyr . brøgger , christiania . xiii + 466 pp . , pls 1 - 34 & i - xviii . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

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type locality : ham bay , st . croix [ by lectotype designation of usticke ( 1971 ) ]

comments : spelled ' multicosta ' in the text and on the plate , but ' multicostata ' in the index ; the latter spelling is here adopted as it was used by usticke ( 1971 ) and boyko & cordeiro ( 2001a ) .

type locality : st . croix ( harvey ' s is . ) ; st . martins ; st . barts ; antigua ; grenada

distribution : virgin islands : st . croix ; st . martin / st . maarten , st . barthelemy / st . bartholomew , antigua ; st . vincent & the grenadines : grenada

comments : also treated as a subspecies by usticke , therefore available under iczn article 45 . 6 . 1 ; see boyko & cordeiro ( 2001a ) .

specierum novarum conchyliorum , in jamaica repertorum , synopsis proceedings of the boston society of natural history 2 1 - 17 . [ stated date : - - jan 1845 . ]

diagnoses buccinorum quorundam novorum zeitschrift für malakozoologie 4 59 - 64 . [ stated date : - - apr 1847 . ]

a supplementary listing of new shells , to be added to the check list of the marine shells of st . croix 32 pp . , 6 pls . author : st . croix . [ stated date : - - feb 1969 . ]

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the shell reaches a maximum size of 4mm , has a smooth , bulbous protoconch of 1 . 5 dark brown whorls . adults have three moderately convex whorls , with low - lying axial ribs crossed by black - brown spiral cords to form small beads . the shell is pale orange between the cords . the operculum is yellow - brown , thin and translucent . the animal is creamy yellow , with patches of black on the head and upper surface of the foot .

olsson , a . a . & mcginty , t . l . 1958 . recent marine mollusks from the caribbean coast of panama with the description of some new genera and species . bulletins of american paleontology vol . 39 ( 177 ) radwin , g . e . 1978 . the family columbellidae in the western atlantic , part iib – the pyreninae ( continued ) . the veliger 20 ( 4 ) : 328 - 344 . redfern , c . 2001 . bahamian seashells . bahamianseashells . com , inc . boca raton , florida . page : 98 .

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error . page cannot be displayed . please contact your service provider for more details . ( 25 )

rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of columbella subcostulata c . b . adams , 1845 ) monsecour k . ( 2010 ) . checklist of columbellidae . pers . com . [ details ]

( of mitrella elegantula mörch , 1860 ) monsecour k . ( 2010 ) . checklist of columbellidae . pers . com . [ details ]

( of anachis subcostulata ( c . b . adams , 1845 ) ) integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of anachis subcostulata var . subcincta nowell - usticke , 1969 ) monsecour k . ( 2010 ) . checklist of columbellidae . pers . com . [ details ]

rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 < i > in : < / i > felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m press , college station , texas .

rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 < i > in : < / i > felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota

turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al . , 1998 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed . . american fisheries society special publication 26 . 526 .

distribution : greenland : west greenland , east greenland ; canada : nunavut , queen elizabeth islands , baffin island , labrador , gulf of st . lawrence , quebec , nova scotia ; usa : massachusetts

distribution : greenland : west greenland , east greenland ; canada : gulf of st . lawrence

comments : non dall , 1885 , nec posselt & jensen , 1898 , p . 209 .

distribution : greenland : west greenland ; canada : nunavut , baffin island , newfoundland , gulf of st . lawrence

references : möller ( 1842a ) m ; posselt & jensen ( 1899 ) n ; f . c . baker ( 1919 ) { n } ; macpherson ( 1971 ) ddsew ; golikov ( 1980 ) s

mollusca of the crocker land expedition to northwest greenland and grinnell island bulletin of the american museum of natural history 41 479 - 517 , pls . 25 - 27 . [ stated date : 01 dec 1919 . ]

observations on new or interesting mollusca contained , for the most part , in the museum of the zoological society zoological journal 4 359 - 379 , pl . 9 . [ stated date : - - jan 1829 . ]

encyclopédie méthodique . histoire naturelle des vers encyclopédie méthodique . histoire naturelle des vers 1 1 - 344 . panckoucke : paris .

dans un voyage au pôle boréal journal de physique , de chimie , et d ' histoire naturelle 88 462 - 467 . [ stated date : - - jun 1819 . ]

beiträge zu einer malacozoologia rossica . ii . aufzählung und beschreibung der zur meeresfauna russlands gehörigen einschaler mémoires de l ' académie impériale des sciences de saint - pétersbourg , sciences naturelles ( 6 ) 6 329 - 516 , pls . 1 - 11 .

fortegnelse over gro / nlands blo / ddyr gro / nland geographisk og statistisk beskrevet 2 75 - 100 commission hos universitetsboghandler : kjo / benhavn . [ stated date : 08 apr 1857 . ]

catalogue des mollusques du spitzberg recueillis par le dr . h . kroyer pendant le voyage de la corvette

en juin 1838 mémoires de la société malacologique de belgique 4 7 - 32 .

gro / nlands brachiopoder og blo / ddyr meddelelser om gro / nland 23 xix + 298 pp . , 2 pls . , 1 fold - out map .

bidrag til kundskaben om norges artktische fauna . i . mollusca regionis articae norvegiae xvi + 466 pp . , 1 map , pls . 1 - 34 , i - xviii . bro / gger : christiania .

catalogue of marine mollusca added to the fauna of the new england region , during the past ten years transactions of the connecticut academy of arts and sciences 5 451 - 587 , pls . 42 - 44 , 57 - 58 .

popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more


erosaria gangranosa is a species of sea snail , a cowry , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae , the cowries .

there is one subspecies : erosaria gangranosa reentsii ( dunker , 1852 )

erosaria gangranosa

erosaria gangranosa <EOT> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : erosaria gangranosa ( l . w . dillwyn , 1817 ) - id : 1591150825

verdcourt , b . ( 1954 ) . the cowries of the east african coast ( kenya , tanganyika , zanzibar and pemba ) . journal of the east africa natural history society 22 ( 4 ) 96 : 129 - 144 , 17 pls . [ details ]

validity dna tested by chris meyer ( cgdp ) and not recognized as an evolutionarily significant unit ( esu ) . until more evidence becomes available to validate it , it should be considered a species inquirenda . [ details ]

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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :

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the ludong or lobed river mullet is a freshwater mullet .

while it is claimed to be endemic to cagayan river and tributaries extending through the watersheds of cagayan valley and the santa-abra river systems of ilocos sur and abra in the philippines , verifiable and reliable sources have listed celebes , new caledonia , new hebrides , and fiji as areas where the lobed river mullet may be found .

according to the bfar , this fish is habituating in the deep pools of addalem river in aglipay , quirino , and rapids of didimpit in lacab , jones , isabela .

lobed river mullet

lobed river mullet <EOT> what is the description of that dish ( sinigang na banak ( lobed river mullet in sour tamarind soup ) ? ? pls , answer my question . . i need your help . . thanks ! = )

this mullet is often confused with the white mullet , mugil curema . however , the white mullet has scales extending onto its soft dorsal and anal fins while the striped mullet does not . they may also be identified by the anal ray fin count — 8 for the striped mullet and 9 for the white mullet .

the high value of the lobed river mullet , popularly known as " president ' s fish " has resulted in overfishing , seriously diminishing their numbers , said jovita ayson , a regional director of the fisheries bureau .

hi john , this sounds like an oppertunity to farm lobed river mullet the same way the salmon is raised here in the us . and it could be easier in the rp because they don’t have as a restrictive epa as we do here .

a short early morning session mullet fishing on a freshwater section of french river provides some excellent sport with plenty of pristine grey mullet caught using bread fished both on and below the surface . music from : urltoken urltoken

anal fin : one of the easiest ways to identify a striped mullet is by the number of anal fin rays . the striped mullet’s fin has 8 rays , whereas the white mullet has 9 .

cagayan river , lasi , & ludong - most expensive fish in the phils . | facebook

mouth : mullet have a distinctively shaped triangular mouth with several rows of small teeth .

dorsal fins : mullet are one of the few fish species with two dorsal fins . they are considered a ray - finned fish , because the fins are composed of webs of skin supported by bony spines , rather than fleshy lobed fins . the mullet’s first dorsal fin contains 5 sharp spines , while the second has 8 soft rays .

this photo , released by the philippine bureau of fisheries and aquatic resoruces ( bfar ) , shows a lobed river mullet , cestraeus plicatilis , locally known as " ludong " or " banak . " the species , reputed to be one of the favourite dishes of former president ferdinand marcos , is facing extinction in the philippines because it is so valuable , a fisheries official said saturday .

wildlife officials in china released a rare paddlefish into yangtze river sunday after nursing it back to health from injuries inflicted by fishermen .

the lobed river mullet , cestraeus plicatilis , is prized for its unique aroma and special taste—something that motivated former president ferdinand marcos to keep up to a year - long supply on hand at all times . now , the " president ' s fish , " as it is known in the philippines , is also that country ' s most valuable , selling for as much as $ 114 per kilogram .

in the cagayan valley , the culture is largely ybanag and ilocano . these two groups share many similarities , including their respective foods . one cultural tradition , centered around food , is capturing and cooking ludong , also known as president’s fish or , in english , lobed river mullet ( cestraeus plicatilis ) . this fish is highly prized , and a great delicacy . unfortunately , it is also highly endangered .

posted on may 30 , 2014 , in mullet ( banak ) . bookmark the permalink . 3 comments .

lateral line : mullet do not have an obvious lateral line - the organ most fish use to detect variations in water currents .

gizzard : mullet have strong stomachs , similar to gizzards , and long intestines , allowing them to thrive on a primarily vegetarian diet .

this mullet is well known throughout the country as being the country’s most expensive fish . they are most common in the cagayan river of northern luzon , however they are also most likely present all around the country in estuaries and rivers . these plant feeders like most mullet species are a challenge to catch on hook and line . anglers targeting this species and others are likely to have success fly fishing with small bread , algae , and shrimp pattern .

last year , the people i was staying with lived very close to pinacanauan ( ? ) river . it was a pretty impressive river esp near callao . that’s where i first heard about the “ludong” , the president’s fish , its market price . i just can’t imagine how it tastes , but it has got to be super tasty to merit the honor .

the striped mullet is catadromous , that is , they spawn in saltwater yet spend most of their lives in freshwater . during the autumn and winter months , adult mullet migrate far offshore in large aggregations to spawn . in the gulf of mexico , mullet have been observed spawning 40 - 50 miles ( 65 - 80 km ) offshore in water over 3 , 280 feet ( 1 , 000 m ) deep . in other locations , spawning has been reported along beaches as well as offshore . estimated fecundity of the striped mullet is 0 . 5 to 2 . 0 million eggs per female , depending upon the size of the individual .

adipose eyelid : as they mature , mullet grow an adipose eyelid . this is a transparent fatty tissue covering the eye , which leaves a narrow slit over the pupil .

a species of mullet reputed to be one of the favourite dishes of former president ferdinand marcos is facing extinction in the philippines because it is so valuable , a fisheries official said saturday .

mullet are diurnal feeders , consuming mainly zooplankton , dead plant and marine animal matter . mullet have thick - walled gizzard - like segments in their stomach along with a long gastrointestinal tract that enables them to feed on many of the things in their diet . they are an ecologically important link in the energy flow within estuarine communities . feeding by sucking up the top layer of sediments , striped mullet remove dead plant and marine animal matter and microalgae . they also pick up some sediments which function to grind food in the gizzard - like portion of the stomach . mullet also graze on epiphytes and epifauna from seagrasses as well as ingest surface scum containing microalgae at the air - water interface . larval striped mullet feed primarily on microcrustaceans . one study found copepods , mosquito larvae , and plant debris in the stomach contents of larvae under 35mm in length . the amount of sand and other food matter in the stomach contents increases with length indicating that more food is ingested from the bottom substrate as the fish matures .

at restaurants where fresh or live fish are not available , the usual unspecified nameless white fish in fillet form that has apparently become the default is the so - called " cream dory " also called " river cobbler " . this is actually a fish from the family

the only problem is that catching the mullet is becoming increasingly difficult as the species is overfished to the brink of extinction . jovita ayson , a regional director of the fisheries bureau in the philippines , explained :

ludong has a unique taste and aroma , somewhat fishy , but different than that of other fish . though commonly termed a mullet , the taste is quite different than that of other , more common mullet , like red mullet . ludong spawns in a similar manner to wild salmon , though reversed . whereas a salmon lives in saltwater and heads upstream to spawn in fresh water , the ludong lives in freshwater pools upstream and swims downstream to spawn in saltwater . unfortunately , this is a big part of the reason that the fish are so endangered . ludong only migrate once in their lifespan to spawn , returning to fresh water to die a natural death ( though not immediately ) . the need to reproduce is a basic need in animals , as in humans . instinct drives the migration . environmental change from river dredging has also hampered fish stocks . the ludong is now highly endangered , on the verge of extinction .

i am now working for an international organization that established 12 freshwater sanctuaries in the tributaries of the cagayan river , a total of three provinces here in northern luzon . i am also from the visayas but now based in aparri , exactly where the cagayan river meets the sea . i have yet to see a ludong , but it is off - season now . i always walk / jog at the pier area and saw folks trying to fish . if i see one caught using a line , i will be more than happy to snatch a picture for you to post . cheers !

thanks for this list . btw a clarification - talakitok and maliputo are indeed the same species ( trevally ) but maliputo refers specifically to a trevally from taal lake and pansipit river . they were trapped there by an eruption of taal volcano and somehow adapted to living in fresh water , and they taste better than the marine trevally . : - )

gill rakers : typically , fish use their gill rakers to filter out debris from water as it passes over their gills while breathing . for mullet , they serve an additional purpose , allowing them to filter out things they want to eat . this includes algae , plankton , and various other vegetation .

the mullet grows to 32 . 5 centimetres ( 12 . 8 inches ) , but those being caught are now much smaller , weighing only 250 grams ( 8 . 9 ounces ) from as much as 2 . 5 kilograms ( 5 . 5 pounds ) a few years back , a sign fewer are reaching maturity .

mullet spawn in salt water . once hatched , the larvae make their way toward the coast and the juveniles settle in lower salinity water . they later school to freshwater estuaries where they grow to adults . in florida , adults begin to spawn in the early fall october through january , returning to deeper salt water to spawn , as they cannot spawn in freshwater .

i watched the documentary ( kmjs ) regarding this fish . it is very expensive , but their counts now in the wild is very few ( i believe only in the ph ) , because i saw a vlog in youtube , and a filipino man is fishing in the us using a cast net , and he catches an abundant count of mullet fish on every throw of cast net .

the mullet’s body is roughly torpedo - shaped with a round head and small mouth with inconspicuous teeth and a blunt nose . the lips are thin , with a bump at the tip of the lower lip . pectoral fins are short , not reaching the first dorsal fin . the origin of the second dorsal fin is posterior to the origin of the anal fin . the lateral line is not visible .

the body is grayish olive to grayish brown , with olive - green or bluish tints and sides fading to silvery white towards the belly . dark longitudinal lines are formed by dark spots at the center of each scale on the upper half of the body , and run the length of the body . young fish smaller than 6 inches ( 15 cm ) in length lack stripes . there is a large dark blotch at the base of the pectoral fin . the pigmentation in the iris is dispersed and brown , a character that also helps to distinguish it from white mullet .

the maximum recorded length of the striped mullet is 47 . 2 inches ( 120 cm ) , with a maximum weight of 17 . 6 pounds ( 8 kg ) . lifespan is reported to range somewhere between 4 and 16 years . maturity is attained at approximately 3 years of age , corresponding to lengths of 7 . 9 - 11 . 8 inches ( 20 - 30 cm ) . females mature at a slightly larger size than males . growth rates along the gulf coast of florida increase from west to east , from the panhandle along the peninsula , likely due to the temperature increase . most growth occurs during the spring and summer months . adults grow at a rate of 1 . 5 - 2 . 5 inches ( 3 . 8 - 6 . 4 cm ) per year . females are larger and grow faster than males of the same age .

greek , kestra = a kind of shark ; greek , kestros = sharpened , 1876 ( ref . 45335 )

marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; catadromous ( ref . 97775 ) ; depth range 0 - 5 m ( ref . 86942 ) . tropical

asia : celebes , new caledonia , new hebrides , and fiji . also from okinawa , ryukyu islands ( ref . 96268 ) .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 32 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9812 ) ; common length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9812 )

very little available data . possibly ascending some way up rivers . probably taken incidentally or as part of subsistence fisheries in rivers . oviparous , eggs are pelagic and non - adhesive ( ref . 205 ) .

harrison , i . j . and h . senou , 1997 . order mugiliformes . mugilidae . mullets . p . 2069 - 2108 . in k . e . carpenter and v . h . niem ( eds . ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . volume 4 . bony fishes part 2 ( mugilidae to carangidae ) . fao , rome . ( ref . 9812 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01148 ( 0 . 00543 - 0 . 02429 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 5 ±0 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 34 of 100 ) .

ludong are one of the few freshwater species in the philippines to have a strict fishing season . the months of october to january are when these fish migrate to spawn and fishing for these fish during those months is now illegal . this is most likely due to the reputation this fish has as being one of the best tasting and rarest freshwater fish . it is said that this was the former president ferdinan marcos favorite fish .

if you have caught ludong on hook and line send us your pictures and we will post them here .

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" it is a threatened species and we have to do something about it before it goes extinct . if we don ' t stop the indiscriminate catching , in a short while , it could vanish , " she told afp .

the fisheries bureau is calling for a five - year ban on the catching of cestraeus plicatilis , locally known as " ludong " or " banak " .

it is found in only a few countries , and in the philippines its habitat is limited to a few rivers in the north .

it sells for 5 , 000 pesos ( 114 dollars ) a kilogram , which only the wealthiest can afford , making it the most expensive fish in the philippines , ayson said .

but this also leads fishermen to catch it even during its spawning season , not leaving enough mature fish to breed , she said .

" you cannot stop fishermen from catching it . it is too valuable . people even pay the fishermen in advance for their catch , " she said .

marcos , a native of the northern philippines who ruled the country from 1965 to 1986 - - much of it under martial rule - - reputedly always had a year - long supply of the fish stocked away , ayson said .

" a lot of people like the smell . it has a unique aroma and a special taste , " she said , explaining the demand .

in captivity and educating the local populace on the need to keep it from dying out , ayson said .

sturgeon , the fish that produce black caviar , are at the brink of extinction , miami researchers reported thursday .

catch share programs result in more consistent and predictable fisheries but do not necessarily improve ecological conditions , according to a new study published online this week by the journal proceedings of the national . . .

human impacts on the environment have reduced populations of wild species to dangerously low levels . nowhere is this more apparent than in worldwide fisheries , where thanks to overfishing and habitat destruction , countless . . .

( ap ) - - the west coast groundfish fleet has struggled to stay afloat during major cutbacks to reverse long - standing problems with overfishing and to protect the seafloor from damage caused by bottom trawling gear .

global fisheries , a vital source of food and revenue throughout the world , contribute between us $ 225 - $ 240 billion per year to the worldwide economy , according to four new studies released today . researchers also concluded . . .

the co - evolution of plant—pathogen interactions has been revealed in unprecedented detail in a study of one of the world ' s deadliest crop killers . this is the rice blast pathogen , which destroys enough food to feed more . . .

using genome editing to inactivate a protein called pcsk9 effectively reduces cholesterol levels in rhesus macaques , a species of monkey , according to researchers from the perelman school of medicine at the university of . . .

fish that ' farm ' their own patches of seaweed alter their ' cropping ' practices under high co2 conditions , researchers at the university of adelaide in australia have found .

mucus is able to protect us from infection thanks to ancient genes that have been conserved throughout 350 million years of evolution—dating back to our days as a jellyfish .

by proving a theory that was first proposed almost 40 years ago , researchers have confirmed a new way that cells conserve energy .

our bodies consist of many different kinds of cells , each with their own role . the japanese scientist shinya yamanaka had made earlier the discovery , earning the nobel prize in 2012 , that cells from adult skin can be converted . . .

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bakoko - grunt ( e . g . pomadasys argenteus ) , seabream , sweet lips

bisugo - threadfin bream ( e . g . nemipterus japonicus ) , jobfish , goatfish

kabasi - gizzard shad ( e . g . nematalosa nasus , anodontostoma chacunda )

maya - maya / bambangin / pargo - snapper ( e . g . lutjanus malabaricus )

talakitok / maliputo - trevally / jack / cavalla ( e . g . caranx ignobilis )

alimasag - crab portunidae spp . ( e . g . blue swimmer crab , portunus pelagicus ) , coral crab ( charybdis feriatus )

halaan - clam ( e . g . manila clam / japanese carpet shell , ruditapes philippinarum )

swahe / suahe - endeavor prawn ( e . g . red endeavor prawn / greasy back shrimp , metapenaeus ensis )

. there are many varieties and kinds of fish . the country ' s tropical climate and coral reefs make its waters located near the center of the coral triangle among the richest in marine life anywhere providing a bounty of fresh philippine seafood and an assortment of tropical fish . according to some estimates 5 % of the world ' s reef area is in philippine waters and the marine fish in the area represent 20 % of the total marine fish in the world .

fishing is an important source of livelihood for many filipinos . in 1998 around 3 % of the country ' s labor force was involved in the philippine fishing industry which contributed to about 3 . 6 % of the gdp composition . commercial fishing operations produce most of the catch but a growing percentage comes from aquaculture / mariculture . an ordinary filipino consumes around 98 . 6 grams of fish or fish products a day making it the primary source of protein in the filipino diet . the philippines being a predominantly christian nation , fish are especially popular during lent .

the best time to buy fish is early in the morning . philippine fishing boats bring their catch to places like the navotas fish port complex ( the largest in the country ) while it is still dark . from there fish are distributed to local markets .

filipino fish names can get confusing very quickly . different names can be given to the same fish and a name can be applied to multiple fish—and that ' s just in the same dialect and region . given the various philippine languages and the disparate islands comprising the archipelago , custom and usage varies and contradictions frequently crop up . in metro manila , tagalog is the dominant language but because of the influx of people from the provinces , local names and regional names from other parts of the country like the visayas or ilocos or even other tagalog provinces with their own name variants are sometimes used in manila wet markets .

largely refer to the same species , but others make a distinction . according to one explanation ,

, narrower and rounder sardines . even though a source i ' m looking at says

is also used for these sardinella but it is a name probably most properly reserved for the philippine freshwater fish specie endemic to lake taal . sardines are popular fish for canning , smoking and drying .

and is also used for dried fish . the town of rosario , cavite previously called salinas ( derived from

) . the two species seem to interbreed and may be one and the same . ] then again some consider the

while others seem to consider them distinctly different fish . elsewhere in the philippines , members of the siganidae family can also be called

, both often referring to bluish - tinged tuna , are sometimes interchanged with one another or used to refer to tuna in general . but

is one name used for flounder but has also been seen to refer to mantis shrimp .

are popular premium fish choices . a philippine fish recipe that would work well with these fish is to cook them

. red tilapia , sometimes presented as " kingfish " , has also been observed in some fish and seafood restaurants . it ' s a possibly misleading fish since its red pigmentation may lead those unfamiliar with it to mistake it for

, but red tilapia is not as highly valued as either of those fish . red tilapia is a hybrid fish created by fish farmers . tilapia is an introduced species in the country grown in fish cages and fish ponds largely used in aquaculture because of its fast reproduction leading it to be called " chicken of the sea " .

is usually available somewhere in the menu . blue marlin also pops up with some frequency as does

. bacalao is a term taken from spanish that is used for cod . salmon although imported and more expensive has also become popular .

although the philippine fish identified on the main list are believed to be sold in markets one needs to take care with unfamiliar fish . one species may be safe while another in the same family may not be . even among those fish that are widely eaten some need to be prepared or handled a certain way prior to cooking and eating for them to be safe .

with symptoms similar to an allergic reaction is associated with tunas , mackerels , mahi - mahi , and marlin that have spoiled resulting in the release of histamines which are unaffected by cooking . there are also reports of

toxins are a danger related to harmful algal blooms . the philippine government issues red tide alerts from time to time to warn about the harvesting , buying , selling and eating of seafood from certain areas .

allen , g . r . ( 1985 ) . fao species catalogue – volume 6 snappers of the world – an annotated and illustrated catalogue of lutjanid species known to date . food and agriculture organization of the united nations .

baluyut , elvira . ( 1989 ) . a regional survey of the aquaculture sector in east asia – adcp / 88 / 31 . fao .

broad , genevieve . ( 2003 ) . fishes of the philippines – a guide to identification of families . anvil .

bureau of fisheries and aquatic resources . ( 2011 ) . fisheries administrative order no . 233 - 1 , series of 2011 , annex a – preliminary list of economically important aquatic organisms .

carpenter , kent e . and victor g . springer . ( 2005 ) . the center of the center of marine shorefish biodiversity : the philippine islands . environmental biology of fishes 72 : 467 - 480 .

dickson , jonathan o . ( 2001 ) . shrimp trawl fisheries in the philippines . in fishery technology service . tropical shrimp fisheries and their impact on living resources , fao fisheries circular no . 974 .

doyo , maria ceres p . ( june 9 , 2011 ) . ' maliputo , ' ' tawilis ' and poisoned waters . philippine daily inquirer .

food and agriculture organization of the united nations ( fao ) . fishery and aquaculture country profiles

ganaden , s . r . and f . lavapie - gonzales . ( 1999 ) . common and local names of marine fishes of the philippines . manila : bureau of fisheries and aquatic resources , fisheries resources evaluation and environment services division .

determining the consumption behavior of fresh fish demand in the philippines . bureau of agricultural research research and development diges t .

hernando , aniceto m . jr . and efren ed . c . flores . ( january 1981 ) . the philippines squid fishery : a review . in w . hobart ( ed . ) , marine fisheries review , vol . 43 , no . 1 . seattle : national marine fisheries service , national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) .

herre , albert w . c . t . and agustin f . umali . ( 1948 ) . english and local common names of philippine fishes , u . s . department of the interior , fish and wildlife service , circular no . 14 . washington d . c . : u . s . government printing office .

jereb p . and c . f . e . roper . ( eds . ) . ( 2011 ) . cephalopods of the world – an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date – volume 2 – myopsid and oegopsid squids . rome : fao .

motoh , hiroshi and kuronuma , k . ( 1980 ) . field guide for the edible crustacea of the philippines . iloilo , philippines : aquaculture department , southeast asian fisheries development center .

national statistical coordination board . ( c . 2003 ) . philippine economic - environmental and natural resources accounting – fishery resources – the philippine marine fishery resources .

rome , b . , s . j . newman , g . jackson , and j . norriss . ( may 2010 ) . gascoyne wetline fish identification field guide . department of fisheries , government of western australia .

seafood services australia . ( october 14 , 2005 ) . australian fish names list .

santos , frank f . ( n . d . ) . mudcrab industry profile . bfar .

seafood shopping guide . ( 2006 ) . seafood choices . national museum of marine biology and museum , taiwan .

search aquaculture fact sheets – cultured aquatic species . ( n . d . ) fao .

species – common recreational saltwater . department of primary industries , new south wales , australia .

excellent blog ! thank you very much for sharing on this wonderful information with us . alaskan fish species

this is great ! very comprehensive . will share in my foodie page urltoken thanks !

thanks for this blog . more power to you . two thumbs up : d

unfortunately i ' m not skilled enough to identify it especially given the lack of color in the picture . some fish can be trickier to identify because they change pigmentation during different times in their life cycle . for example some species of snapper have very pronounced stripes when young but lose them almost completely and turn red when older . also please note that most of the fish listed , although not all , are those commonly seen in wet markets . there may be many ornamental fish that are not covered by this list . anyway good luck identifying the fish !

according to fishbase yes coral trout appears to be a common name in malaysia to refer to grouper .

would very much appreciate if you could identify the fish that were sold at wet market . they called it salmon , but i really doubt it ' s a salmon . thanks

thanks for this list and your excellent scholarship , this has been very helpful .

check out also the new aani weekend market in arca south , caliraya drive taguig city , metro manila .

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a gastronomic adventure that will take you from one culinary destination to the next . together with some of the best chefs and food authors , as well as ordinary homemakers , isla kulinarya will share delicious recipes and introduce the viewers to the world of authentic flavors of the islands philippines . explore the islands , taste the food , relive the memories - - - all made possible by island pacific .

1 . boil tamarind in 1 cup rice washing . when soft , mash fruit .

isla kulinarya lets you explore the islands , taste the food , relive the memories - - - all made possible by island pacific supermarket . go and visit an island pacific near you with branches in southern california located at cerritos , canoga park , north and south vernon in los angeles , panorama city and west covina ; union city and vallejo in northern california . check out our website at urltoken . stay connected with us - - like us on facebook ( island pacific market ) , follow us on twitter ( islandpacificus ) and blogger ( island pacific market ) . fro your comments , suggestions , and request for recipes that you want us to feature , please email info @ urltoken . " presyong sulit . . . sa isalnd pacific . "

featured recipe : guinataang alimasag ( crab in coconut milk ) by chef socrates z . inonog , acf , cce this january , isla kulinarya takes you . . .

who doesn’t look forward to the warmer months ? it is the perfect time to go out and spend some time with family and friends . social gathe . . .

known as skilled cooks , batangueños are fond of building recipes out of cattle and fish meat because of its abundance in their province . . .

featured recipe : pinangat na pompano created and prepared by ramon gumapac cook at island pacific supermarket the featured recipe was crea . . .

featured recipe : sinigang na banak by chef socrates z . inong , afc , cce last week , we featured batanes ' guinataang alimasag , one of t . . .

pinoys , by nature , are very social people . such is reflected through strong family ties and friendships that are kept alive since their y . . .

prepared by : chef reggie torres chef reggie torres has a long and distinguished career in the culinary arts industry . he h . . .

featured recipe : sinigang na bangus created and prepared by : ramon gumapac cook at island pacific supermarket the featured recipe was crea . . .

pechay is a cabbage . it is one of the most known vegetables in the philippines . it is also known as one of the oldest green vegetables in . . .

featured recipe : hipon sa gata ( shrimp in coconut milk ) prepared and created by chef reggie torres chef reggie torres has a long . . .

while we are known to be a filipino supermarket , island pacific aspires not only to promote filipino cuisine to filipino communities across united states but also to place it in the world culinary map . we accomplish this by offering the finest and top of the line products in our stores because that’s what filipino cooking is all about – you just never compromise with ingredients . we believe a country’s food is a fair reflection of its culture and we at island pacific continuously showcase the colorful and rich filipino tradition to the world through native foods culled from the different regions of the philippines . we are very proud of our roots , our steadfast efforts to make it known , and we will continue to strive to be the best at what we do .

< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > the < a href = " urltoken " > gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences # eco : 0000313 " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : ‘name’ , ‘synonyms’ , ‘ordered locus names’ and ‘orf names’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences # eco : 0000259 " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href = " urltoken " > length < / a > and < a href = " urltoken " > molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href = " urltoken " > canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class = " publication " > press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href = " urltoken " > numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href = " urltoken " > uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called ‘primary ( citable ) accession number’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( ‘last modified’ ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href = " urltoken " > canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

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max length : 32 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9812 ) ; common length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9812 )

marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; catadromous ( ref . 97775 ) ; depth range 0 - 5 m ( ref . 86942 )

pd 50 = 0 . 6250 many relatives ( e . g . carps ) 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 few relatives ( e . g . lungfishes )

medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . )

eyes : two bulbous eyes on stalks sit either side of the rostrum . these are compound eyes which have panoramic vision and are very good at detecting movement .

chela : the first two pairs of pereiopods have claws or chela . the chela can grasp food items and bring them to the mouth . they can also be used for fighting and grooming .

nearly every student in a business or psychology degree program is exposed to maslow’s hierarchy of needs , represented by this graphic . the bottom tier is universal to every human . as one moves up the pyramid , the needs become less urgent , less universal .

what one eats becomes part of their culture : rebecca looks at a plate of pinakbet , with lots of stinky bagoong the same way that i look at a dish of hush puppies or chicago pizza . each is part of our respective culture .

the mystique surrounding the ludong is centered around its’ reputation as being “fit for a president’s meal” ( part of the lore surrounding the fish is that marcos demanded it frequently for important dinners as an indigenous cuisine . remember , marcos was from ilocos , and probably grew up eating the fish ) . the fish itself is very difficult to catch , and is virtually never caught in any significant quantity . it is currently the most expensive fish in the philippines , currently selling at a market price of p4 , 000 to p5 , 000 per kilogram . the remoteness of the cagayan valley also contributes to its’ scarcity , as the fish spoils rapidly , given the tropical heat and difficulty transporting it to market . like anything else , supply and demand drive the price . since ludong forms part of the cultural heritage of the cagayan valley , the demand is there . however , high market prices and the scarcity of the fish encourage illegal fishing or overfishing .

rebecca’s remembers that ludong season was part of the family’s annual rituals : a tradition that has nearly disappeared . ludong was always regarded as a delicacy in the cagayan valley , normally a celebration or special ingredient , given the difficulty of catching the fish . it is normally prepared in sinigang as the main ingredient , with aubergines and tamarind , or roasted with calamansi in banana leaves ( wrapped as a parcel ) , or as the main ingredient in a variation of pinakbet , with aubergines , calabaza ( sometimes the flowers ) , and bagoong .

the denr now regulates the fishing of ludong , prohibiting it during the spawning migration . however , the fines for violations are miniscule ( only p200 ) , which is not much disincentive when compared with the high market prices the fish commands . unfortunately , there is often very little way to distinguish catching a fish for subsistence or for cultural identity and catching a fish for profit . this is the same issue that governments have struggled with in other locations in the world , such as seal or whale hunting by inuits in canada . the need for conservation must take priority , yet fulfilling that need means that yet another tiny part of the culture becomes lost forever .

john miele is a citizen of the world , having spent time in many locations around the globe . currently , he finds himself in manila , but travels throughout the philippines . john joined the live in the philippines web magazine in mid - 2008 .

the obvious fish related cultural difference that i tease marie about is the consumption of beautiful tropical fish . we have a large aquarium on one of the terraces that is the home of goggle eyed goldfish . on the dinner plate there are beautiful tropical fish . so i tease her about eating the gwapo fish and admiring the panget fish . that and the fish head eating .

tom : rebecca’s favorite dish is curried fish head… it seems that the head is the choicest piece for true conniseurs .

i am of the opinion that the taste acquired from childhood is a powerful remembrance of one’s native home , and will always prevail over other considerations for the rest of that person’s life . how true the adage that you can take the filipino out of his country , but you can never take the filipino - ness in him . the filipino’s “want” , for tuyo , for example , maybe attributed to his longing for home as much as satisfying a gnawing craving , however far away from home and lofty his status may have become this want is a cultural manifestation ingrained so deep in almost

hudson : from what i understand , the breeding cycle has proven to be what is complicating things .

interesting article , john . i have never heard of ludong until now . i wonder why they are having a hard time raising / farming ludong . i would think if they can farm salmon , they can find a way to raise and farm ludong .

miss august : they haven’t had much success…so far . though the fish are similar , duplicating what happens in nature is pretty difficult .

hi john – brilliant read and so much food for thought ( no pun intended ) . yes it’s easy to sit in an ivory tower and pontificate about what to do and not to do when money is no object . but when one falls to the ground and survival is the main object in life viewpoints surely change . yes maslow did feature when i did my post graduate degree in human resource management and development . if all could differentiate been needs and wants life would be much simpler for all . regards . jim .

jim ; totally agree with you… i’ve found that with most issues , very seldom is everything totally black or white . it is sad what has happened , but it is hard to find fault with a fisherman who is merely trying to feed his family .

alex : rebecca and her family love it… they said it is a question of aroma more than taste , per se .

it seems to me that if a group of people really wanted to preserve their cultural tradition with respect to the consumption of ludong , it should have learned long ago how to strike a balance between subsistence and conservation . apparently in this case , the people realized too late that they are their own enemy . but , as is always the case , man tends to be wasteful , or is lacking in discipline , when there is a perceived abundance of a resource . perhaps it’s time to bring in japanese expertise on the farming of this endangered species .

ricardo : that is far too simplistic and only looks from one angle . if you say that it is ignorance only from the side of the fishermen , what about those who demand the fish in the market and drive up the prices ? you see the same effect on fish species all over the world… look at how many species are decimated by consumer demand for frozen fish sticks .

john , i agree that it is a shared blame all around ; however , what is done is done , and the clock can never be turned back . but in order to reverse the loss and to have some success at regeneration , i think the denr has to mete out a more serious penalty than its current p200 for anyone breaking the moratorium , don’t you think ?