sheilas reward ( foaled 1947 in kentucky ) was an american thoroughbred champion racehorse who was voted the american champion sprint horse of 1950 and 1951 .

he was sired by multiple stakes winner reaping reward and out of the mare smart sheila , a daughter of 1930 american champion two-year-old colt jamestown .

sheilas reward

sheilas reward <EOT> with the headline : sheilas reward aqueduct victor ; driving to the wire in the bay shore handicap .

through his daughter , reaping reward , jamestown was also the damsire of sheilas reward , back - to - back winner of american champion sprint horse honors in 1950 and 1951 .

sheilas reward , mrs . louis lazare ' s reaping reward colt , who had been out of action since just missing victory in the brooklyn handicap last july , made his return to the races a victorious one yesterday . view full article in timesmachine »

sheilas reward ( usa ) b . h , 1947 { 12 - b } dp = 4 - 6 - 0 - 8 - 2 ( 20 ) di = 1 . 00 cd = 0 . 10 - 33 starts , 13 wins , 12 places , 3 shows career earnings : $ 119 , 020

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he wrote that the first “colour” was washed out in the creek by john saxby , and the find kept secret until the group found out the government was offering a 500 pound reward for new goldfields .

" to be perfectly candid about it , hill prince made the lot he met in the new york handicap , accompished as they were , appear so many " grade b " horses . arcaro rode him with much confidence permitting him to drop back to last place in the run down the backstretch after having broken in front . going to the long home turn , sheilas reward , moonrush and picador were engaged in a brush for the lead when arcaro turned loose hill prince ' s head , and ' that was all he wrote . ' "

" it was a handicap division in which hill prince was accorded the honors , though he won only two races . and the sprinters class was fully as confused , for sheila ' s reward gained the title , while he spent most of the year racing middle distances . "

sickle ' s good son reaping reward ( br . c . 1934 out of dustwhirl by sweep ) was bred by arthur hancock of claiborne farm after hancock purchased the mare ( in foal to sickle ) from joseph widener . hancock later sold dustwhirl to calumet farm , which bred triple crown winner whirlaway ( 1938 ) from her four years later . reaping reward was sold as a yearling to ethel v . mars ' milky way stables , and both he and stablemate case ace were among the top flight of their crop as juveniles , behind division leader pompoon .

“all the young men of newcastle drive down hunter st in their hot fj holdens with chrome - plated grease nipples and double - reverse overhead twin - cam door handles , sitting eight abreast in the front seat , and they lean out of the window and say real cool things to the sheilas on the footpath , like ‘aah g’day’ .

" hill prince had recovered from his fissure fracture of the previous winter , at least significanly to train , though morning work - watchers reported that occasionally he gimped a bit behind . trainer ' casey ' hayes brought him along to racing fettle by easy stages and gave him a couple of prep races on long island in advance of the new york . he qualified impressively in winning the last of these tighteners , so impressively that the public made him odds - on at 4 to 5 , though he had 128 pounds and was required to concede from 9 to 21 pounds to sheilas reward , one hitter , sudan , moonrush , alderman , busanda and picador . "

they broke the news of the find in july , 1876 , and afterwards the government delayed the reward because of the delay in making the discovery known , although one was paid after 1880 . once word of the discovery got out miners flooded the area and the population increased to 1100 , of whom 800 were miners .

brevity ( b . c . 1933 out of ormonda by superman ) was bred by joseph widener , and an older " uncle " to reaping reward , being out of dustwhirl ' s dam ormonda . at two , brevity beat snark in the champagne stakes , a performance that put him not so far behind champion tintagel in the rankings . he returned at the top of his class , briefly , at three . he won the florida derby by five legnths over dneiper , setting a new world record for the nine furlongs in 1 : 48 1 / 5 . going off as favorite for the kentucky derby , he ran into a determined bold venture , who led from start to finish , hanging on by a head at the wire .

1st : fleetwing h . , interborough h . , select h . , flying heels h .

2nd : new rochelle h . , swift s . , rivalry purse ( mth , 6f )

1st : queens county h . , bay shore h . , long branch h .

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there were no championships awarded in any official manner until 1936 , when triangle publications ( publishers of daily racing form and morning telegraph ) conducted a poll of its staff , and turf and sports digest conducted a poll from selected sports journalists . in 1950 , these were joined by the votes of racing secretaries across the country , from tracks that were members of the thoroughbred racing association . in 1954 , the thoroughbred record instituted a scoring system based on points for stakes wins . in 1971 , the eclipse awards were introduced , voted on by members of the national turf writers association , as well as racing secretaries and some daily racing form and equibase staff . in 2007 the division was split in two by gender .

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what we ' ve learned from recent kentucky derby results is that a good horse can emerge from just about anywhere in north america , in all shapes and sizes .

- mine that bird was two - year - old champion in canada , and was dismissed at long , long odds in the 2009 derby after taking the sunland park route to louisville .

- big brown , the 2008 derby winner , and barbaro , the 2006 kingpin , made their career debuts in turf races at saratoga and laurel , respectively .

- smarty jones , hero of the 2004 derby , won his first two starts at philadelphia park .

- war emblem blossomed at sportsman ' s park before earning his spot in history by prevailing in the 2002 derby .

will sourdough sam follow in their footsteps ? who ' s sourdough sam , you ask ? it ' s an excellent question , and i don ' t blame you if you ' ve never heard of him . the 2 - year - old gelding has never competed in a graded stakes race , actually lost his only start in stakes competition , has yet to stretch out around two turns , and has yet to earn a beyer speed figure over 90 . he ' s also marooned on an island unto itself out in northern california . but , boy has he been impressive in his first three starts .

conditioned by dean pederson , a trainer that has won between 20 - 30 % of his starts in eight of the last nine years , sourdough sam made his career debut in a 5 1 / 2 furlong maiden special weight at golden gate fields on september 19 .

he broke a half - length slow from the intimidating inside post position , and soon settled in midpack while saving ground . jockey inoel beato had to check off heels at the quarter - pole while down inside , and sourdough sam was forced to alter course sharply in upper stretch to get off the rail . once clear , the gelding put his head down , and drew away from the field to win going away . his gallop - out had him ahead by about ten lengths . other than sourdough sam , eight horses came out of that race to race again . four graduated , two finished second , and one rounded out the trifecta .

pederson took a conservative route with his talented runner as he placed sourdough sam in an entry - level optional claimer at six furlongs for his second start on october 31 at golden gate . sourdough sam was outsprinted for the first quarter - mile , but began to pick up steam entering the turn . beato easily could have sent the 7 - 10 favorite four wide and around horses while clear of traffic turning for home , but he curiously stayed in to split rivals three wide in upper stretch . with a furlong remaining , sourdough sam was five lengths behind pacesetter shudacudawudya , and looked to be in deep water , but he absolutely exploded over the tapeta surface to prevail by three - quarters of a length with a final eighth in 11 . 76 ( according to formulatorweb ) .

pederson decided it was time to get some blacktype , and sourdough sam was sent off as the 3 - 2 favorite in the six - furlong golden nugget stakes at golden gate on november 21 . after breaking nicely , he settled into midpack while in and among horses , and was shuffled to the back of the pack late on the backstretch . beato then had to put on the brakes again on the turn before angling sharply to the rail at the quarter - pole . in midstretch , he altered course twice to find a clear path four off the fence , and commenced a strong late kick only to fall short to shudacudawudya . a few strides after the race , sourdough sam was clearly in front , but his 11 . 73 final eighth couldn ' t overcome the trouble he encountered in the race .

sourdough sam is a california - bred son of decarchy , the winner of the grade 2 frank kilroe at one mile on turf in 2002 . decarchy is a daughter of blue - hen producer toussaud , making him kin to such grade 1 winners as chester house ( arlington million ) , honest lady ( santa monica handicap ) , chiselling ( secretariat stakes ) , and empire maker ( florida derby , belmont stakes , wood memorial stakes ) . toussaud herself won the grade 1 gamely handicap during her racing career .

sourdough sam ' s dam , general luster ( by general meeting ) , has already foaled tizwar , an unlisted stakes winner at 1 5 / 16 miles at the elko county fair . the second dam , by judger , was multiple stakes - placed while the third dam , by hitting away , won the 1968 astarita stakes in new york . the fifth dam , by bull lea , was multiple stakes - placed , and is a half - sister to belmont stakes winner bounding home .

we ' ll find out more about john nicoletti ' s homebred , sourdough sam , this saturday as he is scheduled to compete in the gold rush stakes over one mile at golden gate .

one negative . you ' ll note that he paddles badly with his left foreleg . it will be interesting to see if that adversely affects him when he faces tougher runners .

with zardana ' s win in the bayakoa , did sherrifs sweep the grades stakes on the main track for older f & m for the calendar year at hollywood park ? there are only four , and i know zen won the first two . zardana won this one . did lis win the other ? tencentcielo

nope . evita argentina won the grade 2 a gleam handicap at seven furlongs on july 18 for john sadler . instead of turning life is sweet back in distance , mr . shirreffs decided to try males a week earlier in the grade 1 hollywood gold cup at 1 1 / 4 miles .

dan , other than althea ( who won the 1983 2yo filly eclipse while racing only in socal ) , do you know of any " socal race only " horses either before or after the breeders ' cup era who won an eclipse at any level without racing elsewhere or winning a bc race ? ack ack ( 1971 ) - sprinter and hoty can you please post his pps ? ? btw , citation raced two years in " socal / nocal races only " with nary an award given to him . compare citation 1951 vs the handicap horse award winner for that year , hill prince ( dan , another favor , can you please supply the pps . ) who do you think should have won the award in 1951 ? alan

these horses raced exclusively in southern california during their championship campaigns ( there have been others that raced in northern california as well as southern california . . . brown bess comes to mind ) :

i probably would have voted for citation based on his big win in the hollywood gold cup , a " hundred grander . " hill prince had an up - and - down year .

here ' s how the legendary charles hatton saw the 1951 handicap division from his " part i . review of 1951 races " column from the 1952 american racing manual :

" it is doubtful , to be perfectly candid about it , if 1951 will be recorded in the annals of the american turf as a particularly brilliant season in the handicap division , except for two developments . in the hollywood gold cup , mighty citation finally reached his goal of $ 1 , 000 , 000 , while his stablemate bewitch became the world ' s leading money winner of her sex , supplanting gallorette when she finished second to him . the affable h . a . " mayor jimmy " jones saddled them for this event , and his father , ben jones , observed " that was about the biggest day in jim ' s life . "

" it was the late warren wright ' s hope that citation ultimately would earn $ 1 , 000 , 000 and he achieved this objective , not alone because of his extreme class , but also with the help of considerable skill and patience on the part of his handlers . ' big cy ' s ' gracious owner , mrs . warren wright , announced his retirement to the stud at calumet farm immediately after the gold cup and the successful culmination of his long struggle against adversities to attain his goal . trainer jones sent him home with mixed feelings , and we can say with some confidence they were not without a certain content of relief , for citation ' s bow meant there was some possibility he would break down tragically in the course of a race . . . "

" . . . each year the handicap ranks are thinned by what are called the vicissitudes of training , and this generation was no exception . hill prince and bed o ' roses were in enforced idleness for much of the season , emerging in the fall to lay claim to the handicap title and handicap mare honors . curandero , one of the best milers of recent years , went to the stud . sunglow won the widener and went wrong a few yards beyond the finish . "

" having failed in two allowance races , citation now was pointed for stakes . in his first engagement he met nine others in the hollywood premiere handicap of $ 10 , 000 value , at six furlongs on may 11 . the public installed him the favorite at $ 1 . 15 to $ 1 and he got in with 120 , but was fifth at the end of the six furlongs , the winner turning up in the filly , special touch , who was burdened with 122 . "

" the premiere was a fast race , timed in 1 : 10 , with the first five furlongs in the smart time of : 57 3 / 5 , and citation had dropped back to ninth place at the half , then picked up some tired horses through the stretch , just missing fourth money . on analysis , it was not a bad showing for a horse whose appearance suggested he still was not at racing weight , and perhaps had not quite the same zest for the whole business which marked his earlier campaigns . as stallions age , they often lose some of their competitive instinct , and trainer jones often has told us that , in his comeback , citation occasionally showed a disinclination to snap into his work and that not only had he to be kept sound as possible , but also trained psychologically . "

" the handsome 16 - hand bay stallion ' s next public appearance came on decoration day at hollywood park , in the argonaut handicap of $ 25 , 000 added at a mile and a sixteenth . in this engagement he was ridden by f . a . smith , and showed a bit of his old sparkle . he ran coupled with bewitch and coaltown , and it is interesting that coaltown had top weight of 125 and was giving ' big cy ' four pounds . the field of ten also included be fleet at 118 , last round 110 , sturdy one 111 and old rockport at 108 . the track was fast and another tremendous throng , one of more than 58 , 000 , turned out to see citation ' s performance . the calumet trio went away at 45 cents to the dollar . "

" at the break , coaltown , who was to be sacrificed on the altar of pacemaking , if need be , went into the lead and reeled off the fractions in : 45 and 1 : 10 1 / 5 , bowling along several lengths in front of be fleet , to the final turn . during this interval , citation was sandwiched between horses . smith roused him on the curve for home , swinging to the outside at considerable loss of ground as coaltown faded and left be fleet in front . citation ran at be fleet with a steady thrust through the stretch , but the crevolin four - year - old won by three lengths in a flat 1 : 42 , only two - fifths behind artillery ' s track record . the calumet strategy had failed , but citation came out of the race well and his showing was most encouraging . "

" citation now was pointed for the $ 50 , 000 added american handicap of a mile and a furlong on the fourth of july at hollywood . this event drew a crack field of nine and , presented in wonderful weather , a crowd of 54 , 700 . topweight of the group was moonrush under 125 pounds , with citation carrying 123 , be fleet 122 , all blue 112 and bewitch 106 . the three - horse calumet entry was 75 cents to the dollar . be fleet was the aggressor from the outset , dashing out of the gate in spirited style and into a narrow lead , as all blue went up to be sure he had no opportunity of loafing in front . brooks dropped citation into fifth position , but within easy striking distance of about four lengths . they swung for home with moonrush just ahead and be fleet and all blue in the lead , still at one another ' s throat . brooks drove citation on through between them and , in the final furlong , got to the front . bewitch had followed him into contention and he led the mare by a half - length in 1 : 48 2 / 5 , again coming within two - fifths of a track record , this one established by his old rival , noor . "

" citation added $ 33 , 050 to his earnings and was within striking distance of his goal . but he gave trainer jones some anxious moments after the american , when it was discovered he had what the missourian called ' a hickey ' on one hind leg . apparently he had rapped himself . of course every precaution was taken to avoid complications and the possibility he would have to miss his engagement in the $ 100 , 000 guaranteed hollywood gold cup at a mile and a quarter on july 14 . fortunately citation responded to treatment . "

" gold cup day found another throng of 50 , 000 on hand , and citation , carrying 120 again , was accompanied to the post by bewitch and all blue . the topweight was be fleet under 1221 , and the field also included alderman at 104 , sturdy one 109 , sudan 104 , lotowhite 117 , akimbo 104 and tantamount at 102 . in all his previous engagements of the season , citation had been raced well bandaged , jones wishing to afford his battle - scarred running gear all the protection possible . in the paddock before the gold cup , which would place him beyond the $ 1 , 000 , 000 mark , if he could win it , jones deliberated with himself for a time and finally whipped off the bandages . "

" there was little delay at the post and citation , breaking from the extreme outside , came out of there running more like the citation of old , than in any previous race of the season . brooks permitted him to drift toward the rail going to the first turn , while all blue was on the lead , prompted by be fleet . so full of run was the calumet champion that brooks let him move into a clear advantage a half - mile from home . continuing boldly he opened up three lengths on the last turn and increased this to four , without pressure , in the run home . bewitch , under 108 , came from well off the pace for the place , a nose before be fleet , who had been a forward factor from the outset under his top impost . the time was 2 : 01 , a fifth off noor ' s track record . "

" this race netted citation $ 100 , 000 , and bewitch $ 20 , 000 . he now had brought his total to $ 1 , 085 , 760 , and bewitch simultaneously brought her total to $ 462 , 605 . nearest citation among the world ' s leading money winning horses is stymie with $ 918 , 485 , and in placing in the gold cup , bewitch supplanted gallorette as the richest of her sex , gallorette having retired with gleanings of $ 445 , 535 . "

" the gold cup proved a fitting climax to a great horse ' s career . it was hailed by the sporting press of all the racing countries over the world , and mrs . wright and the joneses received congratulatory wires and cablegrams from england to australia . citation now is at calumet farm , where this spring he begins his stud duties , at a fee of $ 5 , 000 . most breeders consider that sum quite reasonable in view of the horse ' s capabilities , the current purse distribution and yearling prices . h . a . jones once observed that a bull lea foal is ' worth $ 10 , 000 as soon as it hits the ground . ' we think it may be said with some confidence that the first citations will prove at least as desirable . "

" citation made the 1951 hollywood gold cup especially historic , but in a more competitive sense the season produced many handicap races that were more memorable as spectacles , even if they were not won by quite so remarkable a horse . . . "

" . . . one of the most powerful performances , if not the outstanding effort shown by a handicap horse all season , was that hill prince gave in the $ 25 , 000 new york handicap at a mile and a furlong , at belmont park on september 29 . in fact , it was probably this race which clinched the handicap title for chris chenery ' s magnficient big bay four - year - old . "

" arcaro had the mount on the huge son of princquillo and hildene , and the colt stripped for the race looking extremely well bodily . he had furnished out a great deal over his three - year - old form and was a deep - bodied round - barreled strong - quartered animal . ' scares you to death just to look at him when you have to run a horse against him , " trainer veitch of counterpoint commented . "

" in a breathtaking furlong hill prince bounded through the entire field , moving between horses with gigantic strides , and was in front at the top of the stretch . he must have run that eighth in approximately 11 seconds , and it completely exhausted his rivals . thereafter he sauntered majestically up the stretch winner by five lengths in a flat 1 : 49 . it was a tremendous showing , and ted atkinson , who rode the runner - up , one hitter , commented : ' that horse ( hill prince ) doesn ' t just beat you . he insults you . ' "

" hill prince might have beaten any horse that afternoon , but there were no more afternoons like it for him during 1951 . he encountered counterpoint at the scale in the gold cup and empire cup , and was fairly beaten in consecutive starts . "

" following hs game but unsuccessful attempts to defeat the horse of the year , hill prince was shipped to new jersey for the mile and a furlong of the $ 50 , 000 trenton handicap on november 3 at garden state park , and was odds - on despite topweight of 130 pounds and a sloppy track . it was a sad thing to contemplate , for he broke last and , when arcaro moved on him , could only pick up tired horses , and finished fourth , five lengths off the successful call over . this four - year - old son of devil diver , racing for bedford stable and carrying only 116 , ran perhaps the best race of his career , beating inseparable and post card in a blanket finish while conceding them weight . "

" hill prince obviously was ' cooked , ' and did not reappear during the late fall in the east . the new york handicap was an easy race for him , but there is no question his two hard races over big distances against counterpoint had taken the edge off his condition . after the two miles of the jockey club gold cup , arcaro ventured that he was a trifle short , and hayes countered by censuring arcaro for making much use of hill prince setting the pace . however , when he met counterpoint again in the empire cup on the same terms and counterpoint won even more decisively , any shortcomings had to be charged on the horse . "

" what future turf historians will make of hill prince , we hesitate to guess , but he has been a champion each season he raced . there is a theory in some quarters that only for his headstrong desire to run his own kind of race instead of responding to his rider ' s wishes , hill prince would have been as formidable as citation . but those who rate him ' big cy ' s ' equal are in the minority . hill prince , on the verge of bowing in march ' 52 , retired to the stud . you are not to infer , from our reference to hill prince as ' headstrong , ' that he is either high - strung and excitable or ill - tempered . but he is difficult in the sense that if he chooses to set his own pace , there is not much else his rider can do but let him run . this can be rather costly . "

the final vote for best handicap horse was very close . hill prince received 87 points ( 4 for first , 2 for second and 1 for third ) while citation earned 82 .

i ' m not sure if he was the last horse to try it , but golden man , trained by richard dutrow jr . , finished third in the grade 3 long branch at monmouth on july 16 , 2005 before finishing second the very next day in the grade 3 leonard richards at delaware .

dan , strike the tiger was wes ward ' s winner this summer at royal ascot . tvg made a pretty big deal of it , strike the tiger being the first american - trained american horse to win at royal ascot . i remember he came back and ran in a 50k stakes at colonial downs , and then i believe he ran in indiana in another minor money - added stakes race . but since then , he hasn ' t popped up in my race alerts . where ' s this talented turfer ? ? david h .

strike the tiger has three recent workouts at gulfstream park so should be back in action within the next month or two .

it is great to hear that fernando jara is back in new york . i cashed a pick four when he rode schemer to victory at saratoga in 2004 . there was a thunder storm but they ran the race on the turf anyways . by the way , would you post schemer ' s past performances . thanks . robert ginnerty

hg162 3 - rule looms heads above this field if he doesn ' t bounce , which is unlikely for only four races . 2 - uhohbango will be underbet because of the az breeding and the fact he ran a 102 beyer at prm . 5 - litigation risk has two good races and his maiden win was solid . tgrainer knows his stuff . 7 - oak motte - should be in the mix at the end . the bet : $ 15 trifecta 3 / 2 , 5 , 7 / 2 , 5 , 7 for $ 90 $ 10 exacta 3 with 2 . i have no confidence in 4 grand slam andre thanks to sharpies van savant and annie i am adjusting my $ 90 trifecta bet in hg162 as follows : 3 / 2 , 5 , 8 / 2 , 5 , 8 . the $ 10 exacta 3 / 2 is the same . thanks again . ray

congrats to ray flack for finishing first in last week ' s handigambling exercise . he selects the fifth race at calder on friday for this week ' s race . here are the past performances :

remember that you have a mythical $ 100 with which to wager on the race , and the entrant with the highest money total will receive a " monthly enhanced 60 - card past performance plan . " anyone going over the $ 100 limit will be disqualfied . in the event of a tie , the earliest post gets first preference .

i know that there is a time issue for some of you , but let ' s rememember why we began the handigambling races in the first place . the goal was to share ideas on why we like these horses , and why we ' re betting on them the way we are . i ' m not asking for a novel , but if you could spare a sentence or two outlining your handicapping angles , and thought processes about wagering , it would be appreciated .

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injured , jamestown did not start again until may 27 of 1931 , when the then three - year - old won the tournament handicap at belmont park . three days later , the colt won the withers stakes at belmont park , and on june 9 at the same track won the colin purse . four days after that , jamestown raced again , finishing third to winner twenty grand in the belmont stakes . after running third in the june 25th shelvin stakes against inferior competition , jamestown was rested and did not race again in 1931 .

took over as head trainer of the widener stable . for mulholland , the five - year - old jamestown won the capitol handicap at

jamestown was retired to stud duty for the 1934 season at his owner ' s erdenheim farm in montgomery county , pennsylvania , but the following year widener relocated him to his old kenney farm in lexington , kentucky .

overall , jamestown met with reasonable success as a stallion , siring eighteen stakes race winners . among his sons were excellent runners such as :

jamestown died at age twenty - five in 1953 and is buried in the old kenney farm ' s equine cemetery .

" saratoga special won by jamestown - victor , acclaimed new juvenile champion , sets record for stake before 20 , 000 . equipoise finishes second trails by 3 lengths , with sun meadow third - - winner runs six furlongs in 1 - 11 2 - 5 . whichone scores easily , has 4 - length margin on marine in the whitney - - jolly roger first in steeplechase . whichone rewards owner . workman alert at barrier . saratoga special won by jamestown crumpler ' s bid misses . - article - urltoken "

" c . v . whitney colt beats jamestown - scores by three lengths to break jack high ' s mark of 1 - 35 made in 1930 . pays $ 3 . 80 in mutuels victor , with workman up , spurts in stretch to gain fifth triumph of season . volette cuts track time runs five and a half furlongs in 1 - 04 4 - 5 and tred avon snaps seven - furlong record . - article - urltoken "

this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 5 / 3 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .

brown colt , 1924 - 1943 . by phalaris - selene by chaucer darley arabian sire line : phalaris branch . family 6 - e .

the stallion ' s first crop included three stakes winners - - the good filly versicle ( b . f . 1930 out of verdict by shogun ) , also sickle moon and prairie moon . at two , versicle won the prince of wales ' s plate , home - bred plate ( york ) , holiday plate ( sandown ) , and stud produce stakes ( newmarket ) . at three , she won the ribblesdale stakes ( ascot , beating solenoid and dastur ) , and knowsley dinner stakes ) .

sickle ' s best racing son , stagehand ( b . c . 1935 out of stagecraft by fair play ) , was bred by joseph e . widener , who sold him at two to maxwell howard . widener also bred and raced the older brother sceneshifter , who ran second in the belmont stakes and placed in several other good races . like sceneshifter , stagehand came into hand late , being a non - winner at two , but bloomed over the winter as a three - year - old . he broke his maiden , and scored in two more races prepping for the santa anita derby , which he also won , beating dauber and sun egret . against older horses in the santa anita handicap , stagehand , carrying only 100 pounds , closed strongly to beat the older seabiscuit ( with 130 ) by a nose . third in the derby trial ( to the chief and lawrin ) .

sickle ' s other champion son , star pilot ( br . c . 1943 out of floradora by bull dog ) , was bred by coldstream stud , and sold as a yearling for $ 26 , 000 . he was the favorite of 19 two - year - olds purchased by mrs . elizabeth n . graham early in 1945 . considered inferior to his stablemate , the filly beaugay , who was voted both champion two - year - old filly and champion two - year - old , star pilot was the leading male in his age group with six wins in a dozen starts . victory in the futurity stakes came at the expense of beaugay , who was undefeated up to this point , but with a questionable ankle , led until deep stretch when she broke down and crashed through the inside rail . star pilot inherited the win when he otherwise would have run second .

widener returned unbreakable to elmendorf to stand alongside his sire in 1940 . built even more for speed than sickle , with a long body , low withers , and powerful hindquarters , he had slightly sickle hocks and was somewhat back at the knee as well . unbreakable wasn ' t a patch on his sire as a stallion , getting 216 foals but only 13 stakes winners . the best of these was preakness winner and champion sprinter polynesian ( later sire of native dancer , barbizon , alanesian , etc . ) , but he also got the useful california runner sturdy one ( $ 202 , 970 ) , the handicapping gelding kaster ( $ 186 , 635 ) , and manyunk ( $ 165 , 225 ) . unbreakable ' s daughter pandora became a useful broodmare .

beautiful and feminine misty isle ( ch . f . 1938 out of seven pines by haste ) was the best daughter of sickle bred by joseph e . widener , out of a homebred mare by his homebred haste . although never a champion , she may have been the best filly of her crop . she was extremely sound and started 28 times in the two years she raced , winning eleven , second nine times , and third four times , earning $ 50 , 770 . at two , misty isle was ranked behind champion level best and earnings leader valdina myth , but still managed to win or place in 10 stakes . her victories included the important matron stakes , hyde park stakes , and lafayette stakes .

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about new castle tribune . ( chappaqua , n . y . ) 1927 - ? ? ? ?

a comprehensive daily news service of over 300 market and company stories from our own stockmarketwire team and the rns .

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welcome to the hunter : glory days , a countdown of 101 of the memorable moments in the hunter’s history .

glory , according to the dictionary , is “exalted praise , honour or distinction , an object of pride , a state of splendour , magnificence or great prosperity” .

the hunter has seen many days that could be described with these words , from celebrations of the end of war , moments of discovery , sporting achievements , historic undertakings and accomplishments across fields including industry , arts and commerce .

many such moments are mentioned in this magazine , but for every one here there are thousands more that occur in the region every day .

for every world champion here , there are others who play sport to the best of their ability , making the valley the home of champions that it is .

for every musician , painter and artist here , there are more who make the hunter a hotbed of the arts . for every person who makes it to the top , there are others who toil in valuable lives .

for every innovation , industry and golden moment on these pages , there are more that have made the region what it is today .

the american author ernest hemingway wrote in a style he referred to as “the iceberg approach” .

in his theory , seven - eighths of a story is “underwater” for every part that shows , so the reader is only getting a small portion of a bigger picture , but still gets the feel of the big picture .

this magazine is the hunter in iceberg theory . just as the visible tip of an iceberg masks a greater mass beneath , these 101 tips of the hunter “iceberg” hide a bulk unseen but , hopefully , felt .

welcome to the hunter : glory days , a countdown of 101 of the memorable moments in the hunter’s history that have led it to this place and time .

the hunter : glory days was originally published in june 2012 and written by former herald editor , the late chris watson . each week we ' ll add to the countdown .

world war ii is over : phyllis mook and flo dillon danced vp day away surrounded by a huge crowd in hunter st .

in the early afternoon of wednesday , august 15 , 1945 , an estimated 100 , 000 people crammed into the city area of newcastle to celebrate and dance in the streets : world war ii was over .

in a hunter valley coalmine a wheeler heard the news and sent skips into the mine chalked on the side with : “official . the bastards have chucked it . ”

when the news reached the dyke on newcastle harbour , men rushed to catch the ferry while others couldn’t wait and dived , fully clothed , into the harbour to swim to the city .

men working on the railway bridge across the hawkesbury river made sure train travellers got the message .

on each of the bridge spans they chalked “japan surrenders” and “war over . ”

people poured out of shops which closed their doors and remained closed for days . industries closed with their workers heading for the city .

women in hunter street got out flags out to celebrate the end of world war ii .

after the announcement – made by prime minister ben chifley and relayed to hunter st – radio 2ko began playing dance music and in a flash hunter st , between bolton and newcomen streets , turned into a huge outdoor dance hall , where one of the lasting images of vp - day is the news photograph of phyllis mook and flo dillon doing a celebratory dance .

mook , a well - known dancer in newcastle remembered for her performances at the palaise royale , died in 2009 , but her daughter , teresa purnell , told the herald some time ago that her mother had been at her grandfather’s fruit shop at swansea when news of the war’s end broke .

“they drove to town in the table - top truck , with mum on the back waving the chinese flag , ” she said . “the town went mad and mum danced all afternoon . ”

trains , buses and trams in and out of the city were packed , with many people walking into town . men played football in and out of the city crowds using a kerosene tin for a football , flags and bunting appeared on shops , buildings and ships in the harbour , while confetti rained from office windows on a victory parade .

thousands attended a special service in king edward park , many going on to an evening of sports and entertainment at newcastle sports ground .

milkmen concerned about interruption to deliveries by revellers asked the army to provide them with a military escort , and by nightfall newcastle was ringed with bonfi res on the hills at merewether , new lambton and waratah .

the newcastle morning herald report the next day had one of the largest headings ever used by the newspaper at that time : “japan ordered to cease fire , macarthur calls envoy to manila . ”

“manila , august 15 . general douglas macarthur , who is to receive the japanese surrender on behalf of the allied powers , has directed the tokio authorities to order an immediate cessation of hostilities by japanese forces .

“he fixed the date and hour of cessation , said that allied forces would be directed to stop fighting when this had been done .

“tokio radio at 4pm ( tokio time ) said an imperial order to cease fire was expected soon , but that allied warships should stay clear of japanese home waters until then in order to avoid any untoward incident .

“the japanese government has been instructed to send an envoy , with service advisers , to manila to receive instructions on the carrying into effect of the surrender terms .

“on his arrival , the japanese representative must present a document , authenticated by the emperor , providing him with the power to receive in the name of the emperor , the japanese government , and imperial headquarters the allied requirements . ” the front page also had a small panel with the headline :

the six years’ war “world war i . ( august 4 , 1914 – november 11 , 1918 ) lasted four years and 99 days .


oikopleura dioica is a species of small pelagic tunicate found in the surface waters of most of the world 's oceans .

it is used as a model organism in research into developmental biology .

oikopleura dioica

oikopleura dioica <EOT> three kinds of long - distance cell migrations were identified in oikopleura dioica larvae .

development of the appendicularian oikopleura dioica : culture , genome , and cell lineages .

retention efficiency of 0 . 2 to 6 µm particles by the appendicularians oikopleura dioica and fritillaria borealis

oikopleura dioica culturing made easy : a low - cost facility for an emerging animal model in evodevo .

development of the appendicularian oikopleura dioica : culture , genome , and cell lineages . - pubmed - ncbi

zur feinstruktur der chorda dorsalis niederer chordaten dendrodoa grossularia ( v . beneden ) und oikopleura dioica ( fol . )

oikopleura dioica culturing made easy : a low - cost facility for an emerging animal model in evodevo . - pubmed - ncbi

life cycle figure : the appendicularian oikopleura dioica is an abundant pan - global zooplankton that retains a tadpole form throughout its life cycle .

wyatt , t . , 1973 . the biology of oikopleura dioica and fritillaria borealis in the southern bight . marine biology , 22 : 1378 - 158 .

nishida h ( 2008 ) . development of the appendicularian oikopleura dioica : culture , genome , and cell lineages . dev growth differ . 50 , 239 - 256 . link

wyatt , t . the biology of oikopleura dioica and fritillaria borealis in the southern bight . mar . biol . , v . 22 , p . 137 - 158 , 1973 . [ links ]

these data will be published in : conley kr , sutherland kr ( in revision ) particle shape impacts export and fate in the ocean through interactions with a globally abundant appendicularian , oikopleura dioica . plos one , fig . 6

sato , r . ; tanaka , y . ; ishimaru , t . house production by oikopleura dioica ( tunicata , appendicularia ) under laboratory conditions . j . plankton res . , v . 23 , p . 415 - 423 , 2001 . [ links ]

coverage of oikopleura genes by whole - genome shotgun data , measured by the coverage of a non - redundant collection of expressed sequence tags .

fig . 3 . chordate phylogeny . o . dioica belongs to the larvacean class inside the urochordate subphylum , sister group of vertebrates .

jean - marie bouquet , endy spriet , christofer troedsson , helen otterå , daniel chourrout , eric m . thompson ; culture optimization for the emergent zooplanktonic model organism oikopleura dioica , journal of plankton research , volume 31 , issue 4 , 1 april 2009 , pages 359–370 , urltoken

omotezako , t . , onuma , t . a . , nishida , h . , 2015 . dna interference : dna - induced gene silencing in the appendicularian oikopleura dioica . proc . r . soc . b 282 , 20150435 . doi : 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2015 . 0435

capitanio , f . ; esnal , g . b . vertical distribution of the maturity stages of oikopleura dioica ( tunicata , appendicularia ) in the frontal system off valdés peninsula , argentina . bull . mar . sci . , v . 63 , p . 531 - 539 , 1998 . [ links ]

uye , s . ; ichino , s . seasonal variations in abundance , size composition , biomass and production of oikopleura dioica ( tunicata : appendicularia ) in a temperate eutrophic inlet . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . , v . 189 , p . 1 - 11 , 1995 . [ links ]

o . dioica is the only species of appendicularian to have separate sexes ; others are hermaphrodites . they secrete mucus filtering structures called houses , which are used to trap small particles . o . dioica builds as many as six houses per day ; they can be found in high numbers . they are filter feeders .

nakamura , y . ; suzuki , k . ; suzuki , s . ; hiromi , j . production of oikopleura dioica ( appendicularia ) following a picoplankton ' bloom ' in a eutrophic coastal area . j . plankton res . , v . 19 , n . 1 , p . 113 - 124 , 1997 . [ links ]

capitanio , f . ; marschoff , e . r . ; esnal , g . b . distribution and characterization of the maturity stages of oikopleura dioica ( tunicata , appendicularia ) in the area of peninsula valdés , argentina . iheringia , sér . zool . , v . 79 , p . 59 - 66 , 1995 . [ links ]

bouquet , j . m . , spriet , e . , troedsson , c . , otter , h . , chourrout , d . , thompson , e . m . , 2009 . culture optimization for the emergent zooplanktonic model organism oikopleura dioica . j . plankton res . 31 , 359–370 . doi : 10 . 1093 / plankt / fbn132

lombard , f . ; renaud , f . ; sainsbury , c . ; sciandra , a . ; gorsky , g . appendicularian ecophysiology . i . food concentration dependent clearance rate , assimilation efficiency , growth and reproduction of oikopleura dioica . j . mar . sys . , v . 78 , p . 606 - 616 , 2009 . [ links ]

sato , r . ; ishibashi , y . ; tanaka , y . ; ishimaru , t . ; dagg , m . j . productivity and grazing impact of oikopleura dioica ( tunicata , appendicularia ) in tokio bay . j . plankton res . , v . 30 , n . 3 , p . 299 - 309 , 2008 . [ links ]

troedsson , c . ; bouquet , j . m . ; aksnes , d . l . ; thompson , e . m . resource allocation between somatic growth and reproductive output in the pelagic chordate oikopleura dioica allows opportunistic response to nutritional variation . mar . ecol . prog . ser . , v . 243 , p . 83 - 91 , 2002 . [ links ]

sutherland , kelly ( 2017 ) particle tracking from the appendicularian oikopleura dioica feeding behavior experiments conducted in 2016 at the sars centre for marine molecular biology in bergen , norway ( mucus net filter feeders project ) . biological and chemical oceanography data management office ( bco - dmo ) . dataset version 2017 - 07 - 19 [ if applicable , indicate subset used ] . urltoken [ access date ]

ganot p , moosmann - schulmeister a and thompson em ( 2008 ) . oocyte selection is concurrent with meiosis resumption in the coenocystic oogenesis of oikopleura . dev biol . 324 , 266 - 276 . link

differences in o . dioica size structure in homogeneous and stratified sections of the front were analyzed using the chi - square test to compare the surface and bottom layers . a spearman correlation test was used to study the relationship between o . dioica and e . anchoita abundance distribution and temperature , trunk length and egg production . statistica 6 . 0 and infostat packages were used for data analysis .

it is our hope that the data and protocols provided in this manuscript will facilitate other investigators in adopting this important , fascinating , emergent model organism , o . dioica , in their own research .

we have tested various combinations of the following algae in the culture of o . dioica : chaetoceros calcitrans , emiliana huxleyi , isochrysis sp . , rhinomonas reticulata , synechococcus sp . , tetraselmis suecica and thalassiosira pseudomonas . those retained produced satisfactory results in the culture of o . dioica and could themselves be cultured reliably over long time periods . reference features of the selected algae are summarized in table i .

ganot p , bouquet jm , kallesøe t and thompson em ( 2007 ) . the oikopleura coenocyst , a unique chordate germ cell permitting rapid , extensive modulation of oocyte production . dev biol . 302 , 591 - 600 . link

ganot p , kallesøe t and thompson em ( 2007 ) . the cytoskeleton organizes germ nuclei with divergent fates and asynchronous cycles in a common cytoplasm during oogenesis in the chordate oikopleura . dev biol . 302 , 577 - 590 . link

entre os tunicados , as pequenas apendiculárias planctônicas geralmente compreendem uma fração significativa do mesozooplâncton nos sistemas frontais . foi estudada a distribuição ( vertical e espacial ) durante o verão de 2011 de oikopleura dioica , em termos de abundância , biomassa , estimativa da produção de ovos e estrutura da população em diferentes setores da frente costeiro de el rincón , segundo os gradientes de temperatura e salinidade . picos de abundância de larvas de engraulis anchoita foram comparados com os padrões de o . dioica . as amostras foram coletadas com redes planctônicas de 67 e 200 µ m em duas profundidades , acima e abaixo da termoclina . também foram registrados perfis de dados obtidos com ctd . durante essa campanha , aguas de alta salinidade foram predominantes na área estuarina . no entanto , foi encontrada uma estratificação térmica , sendo mais acentuado nas estações externas da frente , onde as maiores densidades e biomassa de o . dioica foram registradas , coincidindo também com as maiores densidades de larvas de e . anchoita . a distribuição de tamanhos de o . dioica também foi associada ao gradiente térmico . os menores tamanhos foram encontrados na região mais homogênea da costa , onde a temperatura apresentou cerca de 22ºc . essa frente é um ambiente propício para a reprodução de o . dioica o que favorece também o aumento da sobrevivência e o crescimento de muitas espécies de pequenos peixes pelágicos , tais como e . anchoita .

edvardsen , r . b . , seo , h . c . , jensen , m . f . , mialon , a . , mikhaleva , j . , bjordal , m . , cartry , j . , reinhardt , r . , weissenbach , j . , wincker , p . , chourrout , d . , 2005 . remodelling of the homeobox gene complement in the tunicate oikopleura dioica . curr . biol . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cub . 2004 . 12 . 010

seo , h . c . , edvardsen , r . b . , maeland , a . d . , bjordal , m . , jensen , m . f . , hansen , a . , flaat , m . , weissenbach , j . , lehrach , h . , wincker , p . , reinhardt , r . , chourrout , d . , 2004 . hox cluster disintegration with persistent anteroposterior order of expression in oikopleura dioica . nature 431 , 67–71 . doi : 10 . 1038 / nature02709

this dataset contains data related to feeding behavior of the appendicularian oikopleura d ioica . the data include fluid direction and particle orientation of beads suspended in fluid filtered by o . d ioica . the experiments took place in 2016 at the sars centre for marine molecular biology in bergen , norway .

sampling of oikopleura dioica at rosslandspollen over a 6 - year period . recordings are given from 0 to 25 m depth for ( a ) temperature ( °c ) ; ( b ) salinity ( ° / oo ) and ( c ) number of animals collected . the black curves on each plot represent estimations of turbidity using visibility of the top of the white plankton net as a measure . months are indicated on the abscissa with 1 to 12 corresponding to january to december . ( d ) plot of the number of animals collected per month from 2001 to 2006 .

using appropriate techniques , we have studied in detail the structure and functions of the house of the appendicularian oikopleura dioica fol , 1872 . in particular , we describe the structure of the inlet funnel , the reinforcing chamber on each side of the tail chamber and its function , the role and the structure of the valves located between the dorsal and water exit chambers and the structure and the role of the exit sphincter . in conclusion , we show that in addition to filtration of particles , movement of the tail also helps location of a favorable particulate environment in the sea .

martí - solans , j . , ferrández - roldán , a . , godoy - marín , h . , badia - ramentol , j . , torres - aguila , n . p . , rodríguez - marí , a . , bouquet , j . m . , chourrout , d . , thompson , e . m . , albalat , r . , cañestro , c . , 2015 . oikopleura dioica culturing made easy : a low - cost facility for an emerging animal model in evodevo . genesis 53 , 183–193 . doi : 10 . 1002 / dvg . 22800

the distribution pattern of o . dioica has been closely studied in the northern argentine sea ( eg . capitanio et al . , 2008 and di mauro et al . , 2009 ) where the highest densities and biomasses have been observed at the estuarine front of the " la plata " river ( 34ºs ) during spring - summer . to date , this kind of study on the el rincón frontal system has been rare . during winter , viñas et al . ( 1999 ) found a higher biomass of zooplankters near the 50m isobath , associated with salinity values between 33 . 1 and 33 . 5 , the small copepod , appendicularian and lamellibranch larvae predominating . during spring , di mauro et al . ( 2009 ) reported a minimum salinity value of 33 near the coast , followed by an area of highly saline waters around 33 . 8 near the 50 m isobath where o . dioica was predominant . the vertical and spatial distributions of o . dioica , in terms of abundance , biomass and population structure in the different sectors of el rincon frontal system , were studied in relation to thermal and salinity gradients . as it is well known that this species is one of the main food items of e . anchoita in many coastal sectors of the argentine sea ( viñas ; ramirez , 1996 ; capitanio et al . , 1997 ; spinelli et al . , 2012 ) , the distribution of o . dioica at this front was analyzed in relation to the northern anchovy larvae peaks of abundance .

we thank a . adoutte for advice throughout the course of this work ; r . aasland , m . schartl , t . stach and e . thompson for their comments at several stages of manuscript preparation ; and the personnel of the oikopleura culture facility for technical support . funding was provided by the research council of norway and the university of bergen in the frame of the sars centre – embl partnership contract .

the year 2010 was characterized by " la niña " , which could explain the decrease in the river ' s flow as this event generates lower rainfall ( urltoken ) . according to spinelli et al . ( 2009 ) , in the estuarine front of the la plata river ( 34ºs ) the salinity was the main factor driving the species composition of appendicularians , but in this study of the el rincon coastal front only o . dioica was found and no salinity gradient was detected .

functional approaches of gene knockdown or inhibition are amenable . the syncytial gonad of females is easy to inject with rnai , morpholinos or even , the recent discovered dnai ( yes , dsdna rather dsrna of your target gene…cheap and effective ) , obtaining a massive generation of knockdown embryos ( omotezako et al . , 2015 ) . moreover , permeability and small size of o . dioica embryos allow us to easily treat them with drugs or specific inhibitors of signaling pathways to modify their developmental programs .

we acknowledge g . - a . paffenhöfer and r . fenaux for their pioneering work in the culturing and study of appendicularia . we thank g . gorsky for expert advice in initiating our o . dioica culture and d . eversen for her help with algal culture . we thank the crews of r / v hans brattstrøm and r / v aurelia , for help in collecting field animals . finally , we thank the technical staff of the sars centre appendicularian culture facility and the ilab personnel for their continued efforts .

fig . 6 . embryo development in o . dioica is very fast . ( a ) two cell estage embryo 30 minutes post fertilization . ( b - d ) from 2 to 4 hours post fertilization ( hpf ) we can identify the tailbud stage in which the embryo resides inside the corion . ( e - h ) at 4 hpf the embryo leaves the corion and became a swimming larvae during the hatchling stages . ( i ) the metamorphosis , that only consist in a 180º rotation of the tail , takes place 9 hpf giving rise to the tailshift embryo . ( j ) adult animal of 2 days of life . ( k ) adult animals of 5 days of life . the female gonad contains hundreds of eggs , the male gonad is dark and contains the sperm .

to examine growth rates of the algal strains , cultures were inoculated with an initial cell density of 2 . 5×10 4 cells ml −1 . sampling for optical density measurement was carried out twice on the first day and then once per day thereafter ( fig . 3 ) . growth rates ( k ) and doubling times ( t 2 ) during the linear portion of the exponential growth curves were calculated as indicated in the figure legend . cell densities of isochrysis sp . and c . calcitrans increased rapidly with a minor lag phase , whereas r . reticulata grew less rapidly . for routine use in the feeding of o . dioica , minimum cell densities of 1×10 6 cells ml −1 were reached after 48 h for isochrysis and 72 h for c . calcitrans . for r . reticulata , a minimum density of 5×10 5 cells ml −1 was attained after 96 h . based on these growth curves and to ensure optimal nutritive quality of the algae , cultures used for feeding were discarded after a maximum of 168 h for isochrysis and c . calcitrans ( ≈5–6×10 6 cells ml −1 ) , and 264 h for r . reticulata ( ≈2×10 6 cells ml −1 ) .

distribution lower north shore , lower laurentian channel ( bathyal zone as far as the cabot strait : cape north , n . s . , st . paul island to . . .

distribution lower north shore , lower laurentian channel ( bathyal zone as far as the cabot strait : cape north , n . s . , st . paul island to cape ray , nl . . ) , western slope of newfoundland , including the southern part of the strait of belle isle but excluding the upper 50m in the area southwest of newfoundland ; southwestern slope of nl . [ details ]

van der land , j . ( 2001 ) . appendicularia , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 356 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

brunel , p . ; bosse , l . ; lamarche , g . ( 1998 ) . catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and gulf of st . lawrence . canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 126 . 405 p . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

fenaux , r . ( 1973 ) . appendicularians from the indian ocean , red sea and the persian gulf . p . 409 - 414 in : zeitchel , b . & s . a . gerlach ( eds ) , the biology of the indian ocean . ecological studies vol . 3 . jacobs , j . , o . l . lange , j . s . olson & w . wieser ( eds ) chapman & hall ltd . [ details ]

muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

fenaux , r . , q . bone , and d . deibel . 1998 . appendicularian distribution and zoogeography , p . 251 - 264 . in q . bone [ ed . ] , the biology of pelagic tunicates . oxford university press . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

kott , p . ; bradford - grieve , j . ; esnal , g . ; murdoch , r . c . ( 2009 ) . phylum tunicata : sea squirts , salps , appendicularians , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 409 - 430 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

castellanos , i . a ; suárez - morales , e . ( 2009 ) . appendicularia ( urochordata ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1217–1221 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]

liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]

integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

soetaert , k . ; van rijswijk , p . ( 1993 ) . spatial and temporal patterns of the zooplankton in the westerschelde estuary . marine ecology progress series . 97 : 47 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]

chen , q . c . ( 1982 ) . the marine zooplankton of hong kong . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the first international marine biological workshop : the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china . hong kong university press , hong kong . 2 : 789 - 799 . [ details ]

in this species the sexes are separated ( which is not the case in all other known species of appendicularia ) .

are small and spherica . the right stomach lobe forms a cloacal sac behind the entrance to the

) is usually between 0 . 5 and 1 . 0 mm but may reach 1 . 3 mm .

waters and estuaries . also in wadden sea , kattegat and w baltic ( occasionally e baltic also ) .

species from warm and temperate waters . atlantic , indian and pacific oceans . also present in mediterranean sea and red sea . from all appendicularia ,

bückmann , a . and h . kapp , 1975 . taxonomic characters used for the distinction of species of appendicularia . mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen zoologischen museum und institut , 72 : 201 - 228 .

fenaux , r . , 1967 . les appendiculaires des mers d ' europe et du bassin méditerranéen . faune de l ' europe et du bassin méditerranéen , 2 . masson et cie . , paris . 116 pp . , 57 figs .

fenaux , r . , 1998 . the classification of appendicularia . in : q . bone ( ed . ) , 1998 . the biology of pelagic tunicates . oxford university press , oxford . pp 295 - 306 .

flood , p . r . and d . deibel , 1998 . the appendicularian house . in : q . bone ( ed . ) , 1998 . the biology of pelagic tunicates . oxford university press , oxford . pp 105 - 124 .

fraser , j . h . , 1981 . british pelagic tunicates . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , no . 20 . cambridge university press , cambridge . 57 pp .

lohmann , h . , 1896 . die appendicularien der plankton - expedition . ergebnisse der plankton - expedition der humbolt - stiftung 1889 . bd . 2 , ec . verlag lipsius und tischer , leipzig . pp 1 - 148 , 20 plates , 3 maps .

lohmann , h . , 1901 . die appendicularien . nordisches plankton , 2 ( 3 ) : 11 - 21 . lipsius & tischer , kiel . ( reprint asher & co . , amsterdam , 1964 ) .

newell , g . e . and newell , r . c . , 1977 . marine plankton , a practical guide . hutchinson and co . , london . 225 pp .

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oral gland precursor migrates as a 4 - nuclei syncytium and separates into two cells .

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warm - temperate waters in atlantic , indian and pacific oceans , mediterranean and red seas .

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martí - solans j 1 , ferrández - roldán a , godoy - marín h , badia - ramentol j , torres - aguila np , rodríguez - marí a , bouquet jm , chourrout d , thompson em , albalat r , cañestro c .

departament de genètica and institut de recerca de la biodiversitat ( irbio ) , universitat de barcelona , barcelona , 08028 , spain .

department of biological sciences , graduate school of science , osaka university , 1 - 1 machikaneyama - cho , toyonaka , osaka 560 - 0043 , japan . hnishida @ urltoken

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search using a sequence name , gene name , locus , or other landmark . the wildcard character * is allowed

8 horas de musica de meditacion , dormir , spa , estudio , zen , reflexion , descansar .

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paup * 4 . 0 . : phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) , version 4 . 0b10

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these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .

alldredge al ( 1975 ) quantitative natural history and ecology of appendicularians and discarded appendicularian houses . ph . d . thesis , university of california davis , pp 1–152

chamisso a von , eysenhart c ( 1821 ) de animalibus quibusquam e classe vermium linneana , in circumnavigatione terrae , auspicante comite n . romanzoff - duce ottone de kotzebue , annis 1815–1818 , peracta , observatio . nova acta leopold carol 2 : 543–574

fol , 1872 . description et chronologie . ann inst oceanogr paris 52 : 89–101

fenaux r ( 1985 ) rhythm of secretion of oikopleurid ' s houses . bull mar sci 37 : 498–503

fenaux r , gorsky g ( 1979 ) techniques d ' élevage des appendiculaires . ann inst oceanogr paris 55 : 195–200

fenaux r , gorsky g ( 1985 ) nouvelles techniques d ' élevage des appendiculaires . rapp comm int mer médit 29 : 291–292

flood pr ( 1978 ) filters characteristics of appendicularian food catching nets . experientia 34 : 173–175

fol h ( 1872 ) etudes sur les appendiculaires du détroit de messine . mém soc phys genève 21 : 445–499

jørgensen cb ( 1966a ) biology of suspension feeding . pergamon press , oxford , pp 1–357

jørgensen cb ( 1966b ) in : ecology of invertebrates . by w . t . edmondson . proceedings of the third international interdisciplinary conference . mar biol 3 : 107–116

klaatsch h ( 1895 ) ueber kernveränderungen im ektoderm der appendicularien bei der gehäusebildung . morphol jb 23 : 142–144

lohmann h ( 1899a ) das gehäuse der appendicularien nach seiner bildungsweise , seinem bau und seiner funktion . zool anz 22 : 206–214

lohmann h ( 1899b ) das gehäuse des appendicularien , sein bau , seine funktion und seine entstehung . schr naturwiss ver schleswig - holstein 11 : 347–407

. in : kükenthal w , krumbach t ( hrsg ) handbuch der zoologie . de gruyter , berlin 5 : 1–202

swaison g ( 1892 ) a new form of appendicularian “haus” . int j micr nat sci 6 : 34–36

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for measurements of ellipsoidal particle orientation , the image stack was registered using the stackreg plugin with an affine transform to account for the inflation and deflation of the feeding mesh . images were then inverted and frames for trajectory analysis were color - coded in one of six channels using the stack - to - hyperstack tool . stacks were z - projected and the composite image was used to show trajectories . measurements of ellipsoidal particle orientation were made using the straight line angle tool in imagej ( 41 ) and converted to be relative to the fluid flow .

a camera ( could be a 35 mm type ) , most often used to photograph marine mammals or birds . all types of photographic equipment that are hand - held or part of laboratory apparatus including stills , video , film and digital systems .

sony 4k fdr - ax100 ( hd resolution , 120 fps ) mounted to a nikon eclipse e400 with a 10x objective using a martin microscope m99 camcorder adapter .

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please note that the scaffold names referring to the genoscope draft genome sequences may not be definitive . the sex specific expression data presented on this webpage was generated from whole animal cdna and not from female / male gonad extracts ( for a more detailed description please see moosmann et al . , in preparation ) . for a few genes that lack specific primer pairs the expression data is not presented .

< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

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< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

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< p > the < a href = " urltoken " > gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href = " urltoken " > controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

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< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

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< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

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< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

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< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href = " urltoken " > uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

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the oceanographic characteristics of the el rincon frontal system during this summer are shown in figure 2a , b . the estuarine area in this campaign was defined by a salinity value below 33 . 85 , which is low when compared to historical data . it corresponded to stations 35 , 34 , 33 and 32 , extending seaward for 60 - 80 km . a zone with high salinity ( 33 . 95 - 34 . 05 ) waters was observed at stations 31 , 30 and 29 while for station 28 , an external zone with diluted continental shelf waters was observed which presented a salinity value of 33 . 8 . no vertical salinity stratification was present . regarding temperature , there was a vertically homogeneous area at the coast ( stations 35 , 34 , 33 and 32 ) , with temperatures of about 22°c corresponding to the estuarine area mentioned above , a transitional area ( st . 31 ) and an external stratified one ( stations 30 and 29 ) with a well - marked thermocline at 35m depth . temperature varied , from transitional to stratified stations , from 20 to 19ºc in surface layers and from 18 to 12ºc below the thermocline depth . the thermocline was defined from stations 32 - 31 to station 28 , with a gradient of 7°c / 100 km .

we wish to thank the argentinian instituto nacional de investigación y desarrollo pesquero ( inidep ) for providing all the samples and environmental data . this study was partially supported by ubacyt 20020100200048 grants to f . capitanio . we would also like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their critical review of the manuscript .

acha , e . m . ; mianzan , h . w . ; guerrero , r . a . ; favero , m . ; bava , j . marine fronts at the continental shelves of austral south america : physical and ecological processes . j . mar . syst . , v . 44 , n . 1 / 2 , p . 83 - 105 , 2004 . [ links ]

adolf , j . e . ; yeager , c . l . ; miller , w . d . ; mallone , m . e . ; harding , l . w . environmental forcing of phytoplankton floral composition , biomass and primary productivity in chesapeake bay , usa . estuar . coast . shelf sci . , v . 67 , p . 108 - 122 , 2006 . [ links ]

angelescu , v . ecología trófica de laanchoítadel mar argentino ( engraulidae , engraulis anchoita ) : parte ii . alimentación , comportamiento y relaciones tróficas enelecosistema . mar del plata : ministerio de economía , subsecretaria de intereses marítimos , subsecretaria de pesca , instituto nacional de investigación y desarrollopesquero , inidep , 1982 . 83 p . ( contribución ( instituto nacional de investigación y desarrollopesquero ( argentina ) , n . 409 ) . [ links ]

capitanio , f . ; pájaro , m . ; esnal , g . appendicularians ( chordata , tunicata ) in the diet of anchovy ( engraulis anchoita ) in the argentine sea . sci . mar . , v . 61 , n . 1 , p . 9 - 15 , 1997 . [ links ]

capitanio , f . l . ; curelovich , j . ; tresguerres , m . ; negri , r . ; viñas , m . d . ; esnal , g . seasonal cycle of appendicularians at a coastal station ( 38º28´s , 57º41´w ) of the sw atlantic ocean . bull . mar . sci . , v . 82 , p . 171 - 184 , 2008 . [ links ]

ciechomski , j . d . ; weiss , g . desove y fecundidad de la anchoíta argentina ( engraulis anchoita ) hubbs y marini . physis , secc . a , v . 32 , n . 84 , p . 137 - 153 , 1973 . [ links ]

di mauro , r . ; capitanio , f . l . ; viñas , m . d . capture efficiency for small dominant mesozooplankters ( copepoda , appendicularia ) off buenos aires province ( 34ºs - 41ºs ) , argentine sea , using two plankton mesh sizes . braz . j . oceanogr . , v . 57 , n . 3 , p . 205 - 214 , 2009 . [ links ]

deibel , d . ; lowen , b . a review of the life cycles and life - history adaptations of pelagic tunicates to environmental conditions . ices j . mar . sci . , v . 69 , p . 1 - 12 , 2012 . [ links ]

fogg , g . e . review lecture : picoplankton . proc . r . soc . london , ser . b . , v . 228 , p . 1 - 30 , 1986 . [ links ]

gorsky , g . ; fenaux , r . the role of appendicularia in marine food webs . in : bone , q . ( ed . ) . the biology of pelagic tunicates . oxford : university press , 1998 . p . 161 - 169 . [ links ]

gorsky , g . ; youngbluth , m . j . ; deibel , d . response of marine ecosystems to global change : ecological impact of appendicularians . paris : contemporary publishing international , 2005 . 437p . [ links ]

guerrero , r . a . ; piola , a . r . masas de agua en la plataforma continental . in : boschi , e . e . ( ed . ) . antecedentes históricos de las exploraciones em el mar y las características ambientales . mar del plata : instituto nacional de investigación y desarrollopesquero , 1997 . p . 107 - 118 . ( el mar argentino y sus recursos pesqueiros ; 1 ) . [ links ]

hansen , j . e . ; cousseau , m . b . ; gru , d . l . características poblacionales de la anchoíta ( engraulis anchoita ) del mar argentino . parte i . el largo medioal primer año de vida , crecimiento y mortalidad . rev . invest . desarr . pesq . , v . 4 , p . 21 - 48 , 1984 . [ links ]

hoffmeyer , m . s . ; menéndez , m . c . ; biancalana , f . ; nizovoy , a . m . ; torres , e . r . ichthyoplankton spatial pattern in the inner shelf off bahía blanca estuary , sw atlantic ocean . estuar . coast . shelf sci . , v . 84 , n . 3 , p . 383 - 392 , 2009 . [ links ]

largier , j . l . estuarine fronts : how important are they ? estuaries , v . 16 , n . 1 , p . 1 - 11 , 1993 . [ links ]

le févre , j . aspects of the biology of frontal systems . adv . mar . biol . , v . 23 , p . 163 - 299 , 1986 . [ links ]

leong , r . j . h . ; o ' connell , c . p . a laboratory study of particulate and filter feeding of the northern anchovy ( engraulis mordax ) . j . fish . res . board can . , v . 26 , p . 557 - 582 , 1969 . [ links ]

lobon , c . m . ; acuña , j . l . ; lopez - alvarez , m . ; capitanio , f . l . heritability of morphological and life history traits in a pelagic tunicate . mar . ecol . prog . ser . , v . 422 , p . 145 - 154 , 2011 . [ links ]

lucas , a . j . ; guerrero , r . a . ; mianzán , h . w . ; acha , e . m . ; lasta , c . a . coastal oceanographic regimes of the northern anchovy continental shelf ( 34 - 43°s ) . estuar . coast . shelf sci . , v . 3 , p . 405 - 420 , 2005 . [ links ]

mann , k . h . ; lazier , j . r . n . dynamics of marine ecosystems : biological - physical interactions in the oceans . 2 . ed . boston : blackwell scientific publication , 1996 . 394 p . [ links ]

negri , r . m . ; silva , r . i . ; segura , v . ; cuchi - colleoni , d . estructura de la comunidad de fitoplancton em el área de el rincon ( febrero 2011 ) . rev . invest . desarr . pesq . , 2012 . [ links ]

olson , d . b . ; backus , r . h . the concentrating of organisms at fronts : a coldwater fish and a warm - core gulf stream ring . j . mar . res . , v . 43 , p . 113 - 137 , 1985 . [ links ]

pájaro , m . ; macchi , g . j . ; sanchez , r . p . fecundidad y frecuencia reproductiva de los stocks bonaerense y patagónico de anchoíta argentina ( engraulis anchoita ) . rev . invest . desarr . pesq . , v . 11 , p . 19 - 38 , 1997 . [ links ]

pájaro , m . alimentación de la anchoíta argentina ( engraulis anchoita hubbs y marini , 1935 ) ( pisces : clupeiformes ) durante la época reproductiva . rev . invest . desarr . pesq . , v . 15 , p . 111 - 125 , 2002 . [ links ]

pájaro , m . ; macchi , g . j . ; leonarduzzi , e . ; hansen , j . e . spawning biomass of argentine anchovy ( engraulis anchoita ) from 1996 to 2004 using the daily egg production method . j . mar . biol . assoc . u . k . , v . 89 , n . 4 , p . 829 - 837 , 2009 . [ links ]

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