aphanius is a genus of pupfishes .

unlike other members of the family which are from the americas , aphanius species are native to northern africa , southwestern asia ( as far east as india ) and southern europe .

several species in the genus have very small distributions and are seriously threatened .

aphanius

aphanius <EOT> estimation of genetic divergence ( kimura 2 - parameter model ) between the sequences of the aphanius arakensis sp . n . , and other iranian aphanius species . aa = aphanius arakensis , ai = aphanius isfahanensis , as = aphanius sophiae , af = aphanius farsicus and av = aphanius vladykovi .

morphometric characters of aphanius arakensis sp . n . and other iranian aphanius species . each cell contains mean ± standard deviation and range ( minimum–maximum ) .

two new species of the tooth - carp aphanius ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) and the evolutionary history of the iranian inland and inland - related aphanius species .

aphanius furcatus • a new and unique species of the genus aphanius nardo , 1827 ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) from southern iran : a case of regressive evolution .

killifishes , with emphasis on aphanius from iran , click here for more information .

meristic characters ( mean ± standard deviation and range ) of iranian aphanius species .

aphanius almiriensis , a new species of toothcarp from greece ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) .

left otoliths ( medial view ) of aphanius isfahanensis ( a–f ) , aphanius farsicus ( g–l ) , aphanius sophiae ( m–q ) , aphanius vladykovi ( r–v ) and aphanius arakensis ( w–aa ) . otolith terminology and taxonomic most informative morphometric distances are indicated in fig . 3f and include height of antirostrum ( a–c ) , height of rostrum ( c–e ) , length of antirostrum ( b–g ) , and length of rostrum ( d– f ) . sem pictures .

two new species of the tooth - carp aphanius ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) and the evolutionary history of the iranian inland and inland - related aphanius species . zootaxa 3786 ( 3 ) : 246 - 268 .

a new species of the genus aphanius ( nardo , 1832 ) ( actinopterygii , cyprinodontidae ) from algeria .

life - history variations of killifish ( aphanius sophiae ) populations in two environmentally different habitats in central iran .

un exemple de " régression évolutive " chez des poissons cyprinodontidae du miocène supérieur d´espagne : aphanius illunensis nov . sp

a new species of tooth - carp , aphanius mesopotamicus , from iran and iraq ( actinopterygii , cyprinodontidae ) .

molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the aphanius ( pisces , cyprinodontiformes ) species complex of central anatolia , turkey .

combined otolith morphology and morphometry for assessing taxonomy and diversity in fossil and extant killifish ( aphanius , prolebias ) .

new species of aphanius ( teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) from isfahan province of iran and a reanalysis of other iranian species .

geographic variation in otolith morphology among freshwater populations of aphanius dispar ( teleostei , cyprinodontiformes ) from the southeastern arabian peninsula .

aphanius sophiae zm - cbsu , m46 , m97 , m98 , m174 - 176 ( ghadamgah spring - stream system ) ; aphanius farsicus zm - cbsu , m47 , m136 , m177 - 178 ( barm - e - shur spring ) ; aphanius isfahanensis zm - cbsu , m211 , m213 - 214 ( zayanderh river near varzaneh ) ; aphanius arakensis sp . n . zm - cbsu , m198 - 200 ( namak lake basin , 34°00 ' n , 49°50 ' e ) ; aphanius vladykovi zm - cbsu , m60 , m139 , m209 ( chaghakhor wetland in the upper reaches of the karoun basin ) .

systematics of the tooth - carp genus aphanius nardo , 1827 ( actinopterygii : cyprinodontidae ) in fars province , southern iran .

the endangered cyprinodont aphanius ginaonis ( holly , 1929 ) from southern iran is a valid species : evidence from otolith morphology .

aphanius shirini ( gholami , z . , h . r . esmaeili , d . erpenbeck and b . reichenbacher , 2013 )

summary of diagnostic molecular characters that differentiate aphanius arakensis sp . n . , from other iranian aphanius species . of the 19 molecular apomorphies , 17 are transitions and two are transversions . numbers above characters indicate the character’s position in the complete molecular character matrix .

aphanius mento thrives in the type of water found in most communities in the united states . while most killies come from soft , acid waters , the persian killie prefers a hard , alkaline chemistry . if you keep african rift lake cichlids , aphanius mento likes the same conditions .

morphometric study of the iberian aphanius ( actinopterygii : cyprinodontiformes ) , with description of a new species . folia zoologica 51 : 67–79 . urltoken

aphanius farsicus , a replacement name for a . persicus ( jenkins , 1910 ) ( teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) zootaxa 3096 : 53–58 . urltoken

species and subspecies of the genus aphanius nardo 1897 ( pisces : cyprinodontidae ) in turkey . turkish journal of zoology 23 : 23–44 . urltoken

aphanius ( nardo , 1927 ) and cyprinodon ( lac . , 1803 ) ( pisces : cyprinodontidae ) , an attempt for genetic interpretation of speciation

aphanius arakensis , a new species of tooth - carp ( actinopterygii , cyprinodontidae ) from the endorheic namak lake basin in iran . zookeys 215 : 55 - 76 .

aphanius kruppi , a new killifish from oman with comments on the a . disparspecies group ( cyprinodontiformes : aphaniidae ) , jörg freyhof , anton weissenbacher , matthias geiger ,

phylogenetic relationships of aphanius arakensis sp . n . , and other endemic species of aphanius in iran as indicated by maximum parsimony ( based on cytochrome b sequences ) analysis . the maximum parsimony phylogeny has a ci of 0 . 462 and ri of 0 . 747 . numbers above nodes represent maximum parsimony bootstrap values based on 2000 replicates .

hardness : although it is tolerant of slightly more acidic conditions than most aphanius it does not appreciate soft water . aim for somewhere within the range 179 – 357 ppm .

morphometric study of the iberian aphanius ( actinopterygii , cyprinodontiformes ) , with description of a new species . folia zoologica , 51 : 74 , figs . 3 - 4a .

new species of aphanius ( teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) from isfahan province of iran and a reanalysis of other iranian species . copeia 2006 ( 2 ) : 244 - 255 .

esmaeili , h . r . , teimori , a . , gholami , z . , reichenbacher , b . ( 2014 ) . two new species of the tooth - carp aphanius ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) and the evolutionary history of the iranian inland and inland - related aphanius species . zootaxa 3786 ( 3 ) : 246 - 268 .

abstract : a primarily vicariance - based speciation has been suggested for the killifish genus aphanius nardo , 1827 , but ecological factors are likely to have promoted the speciation processes in addition .

a new record confirms the occurrence of aphanius mesopotamicus coad , 2009 , in southwestern iran ( actinopterygii : cyprinodontidae ) . check list 8 ( 2 ) : 283 - 285 , 2012

two new species of the tooth - carp aphanius ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) and the evolutionary history of the iranian inland and inland - related aphan . . . - pubmed - ncbi

natural shallow pond and type locality of aphanius arakensis sp . n . , in the namak lake basin , 5 km se of arak city , iran ( see fig . 1 ) .

coad , b . w . 2009 . a new species of tooth - carp , aphanius mesopotamicus , from iran and iraq ( actinopterygii , cyprinodontidae ) . zookeys 31 : 149 - 163 .

a aphanius arakensis , holotype , male , 31 . 5 mm sl ( zm - cbsu 10999 ) b paratype , female , 31 . 5 mm sl ( zm - cbsu 11054 ) .

phylogenetic relationships of aphanius arakensis sp . n . , and other endemic species of aphanius in iran as indicated by maximum likelihood ( based on cytochrome b sequences ) and phenetic ( based on morphometric characters of fish specimens + j scale indices ) analysis . numbers above nodes represent maximum likelihood bootstrap values based on 2000 replicates . species and locations correspond to those listed in the material section .

aphanius persicus ( priem , 1908 ) ( pisces , teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) : une nouvelle combinaison pour brachylebias persicus priem , 1908 , du miocène supérieur des environs de tabriz ( iran ) .

a world of killies . atlas of the oviparous cyprinodontiform fishes of the world . the genera adamas , adinia , aphanius , aphyoplatys and aphyosemion . indiana , american killifish association , 311 p .

aphanius mesopotamicus ( coad , 2009 ) , zm - cbsuzg 362 , 363 , 364 , 365 ( four c & s from the karun basin , sw iran ; see [ 44 ] ) .

re - validation and re - description of an endemic and endangered species , aphanius pluristriatus ( jenkins , 1910 ) ( teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) , from southern iran . zootaxa 3208 : 58–67 . urltoken

aphanius vladykovi , a new species of tooth - carp from the zagros mountains of iran ( cyprinodontidae ) . environmental biol . fishes , 23 ( 1 - 2 ) : 115 , fig . 1 .

aphanius mento is widespread throughout the near east . its range runs from around the dead sea and jordan valley in israel up through lebanon and syria into south central turkey and then down the euphrates and tigris river valleys into the shat al arab marshes near the persian gulf . while many species which are closely related to aphanius mento live in marine or brackish water , aphanius mento is only found in freshwater or lightly brackish habitats such springs , creeks , rivers , and small lakes . in nature , you will find it in shallow water , close to or in vegetation where the males establish their spawning territories .

ecological plasticity and divergence processes of the iranian inland species of aphanius ( teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) , with focus on a . sophiae and a . farsicus in the kor river and maharlu lake basins , southwestern iran

did you know that killifish are found in the middle east ? one species , aphanius mento , sometimes known as the persian killie , is from that region and has been an aquarium favorite for many years .

europe : spain along mediterranean coast from 30 known localities ( now extirpated in 14 of them ) . historical records from near perpignan , france now extirpated . populations from algeria and the atlas along morocco - algeria border have long been identified as aphanius iberus but they belong to aphanius saourensis and other , unnamed and possibly extinct , species ( ref . 59043 ) . in appendix iii of the bern convention ( protected fauna ) .

( of aphanius nanus nardo , 1827 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of aphanius fasciatus nardo , 1827 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of aphanius nonus nardo , 1827 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

here , we report on the discovery of a unique aphanius species from southern iran and show that also regressive evolution has shaped the present - day diversity of aphanius . the species is characterized by complete absence of scales and reduction in the biomineralization of hard structures , particularly of the caudal skeleton and jaw teeth . based on mt - dna sequences , morphometric and meristic data , osteology , jaw teeth and otoliths , it is described as

keivany , y . and n . m . soofiani , 2004 - environmental biology of fishes 71 : 165 - 169 contribution to the biology of zagros tooth - carp , aphanius vladykovi ( cyprinodontidae ) in central iran .

coad , b . w . 1996 . systematics of the tooth - carp genus aphanius nardo , 1827 ( actinopterygii : cyprinodontidae ) in fars province , southern iran . biologia , bratislava 51 ( 2 ) : 163–172 .

( of aphanius calaritanus ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of aphanius cyanogaster ( guichenot , 1859 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of aphanius doliatus ( guichenot , 1859 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of aphanius flavus ( costa , 1838 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of aphanius hammonis ( valenciennes , 1846 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of aphanius lineatopunctatus ( wagner , 1828 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of aphanius moseas ( valenciennes , 1846 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of aphanius nigropunctata ( bonaparte , 1841 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of aphanius sarda ( wagner , 1828 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of aphanius timidus ( gulia , 1861 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

aphanius villwocki , a new species from the sakarya river basin of central anatolian plain , turkey ( teleostei : cyprinodontiformes ) . ichthyol . expior . freshwaters , 14 ( 2 ) : 138 , figs . 1 - 2 .

abstract : a new killifish species , aphanius isfahanensis , is described from the isfahan basin of iran . it is distinguished from the other iranian species of aphanius by adult color pattern , molecular character states of mitochondrial dna sequence data , and in multivariate morphometric and meristic space . based on the phylogenetic analysis of molecular sequence data , the new species is hypothesized to be sister taxon to a . sophiae plus a . persicus , which also occur in iran .

aphanius mento is also an easy fish to feed . while they enjoy live foods , they also do well on flake foods . in fact , i ' d recommend an algae flake food as a regular item in their diet .

coad , b . w . , 1988 - environmental biology of fishes 23 ( 1 - 2 ) : 115 - 125 aphanius vladykovi , a new species of tooth - carp from the zagros mountains of iran ( osteichthyes : cyprinodontidae ) .

zur taxonomie , verbreitung und speziation des formenkreis aphanius dispar ( rüppell , 1828 ) und beschreibung von aph . sirhani n . sp . mitt . hamburg zool . mus . inst . , 80 : 260 , figs . 3 - 4 .

coad , b . w . 1988 . aphanius vladykovi , a new species of tooth - carp from the zagros mountains of iran ( osteichthyes : cyprinodontidae ) . environmental biology of fishes 23 ( 1 - 2 ) : 115 - 125 .

occurrence of the genus aphanius nardo ( teleostean fishes , cyprinodontidae ) in the evaporitic upper badenian of eastern czech republic . casopis slezskeho zemskeho muzea , serie a , vedy prirodni , 55 ( 2 ) : 97–104 [ zoological record volume 143 ] .

phylogenetic analysis of aphanius from the endorheic kor river basin in the zagros mountains , south - western iran ( teleostei : cyprinodontiformes : cyprinodontidae ) . j . zool . sys . evol . res . 52 ( 2 ) : 130 - 141 .

the noticeable features of the present - day diversity of the endemic aphanius species in iran include high genetic divergence and clear differences in otolith morphology , but only weak differences in general external morphology , morphometry and meristics . these patterns are probably caused by different rates of evolution in the mentioned characters that may be linked to the similarity of the individual environments , intra - species communication , and vicariance events . it is likely that additional aphanius species are present in remote areas of iran , especially in the zagros and alburz mountains .

hrbek , t . , y . keivany , and b . w . coad . 2006 . new species of aphanius ( teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) from isfahan province of iran and a reanalysis of other iranian species . copeia 2006 ( 2 ) : 244 - 255 .

reichenbacher , b . , u . sienknecht , h . küchenhoff , and n . fenske , 2007 . combined otolith morphology and morphometry for assessing taxonomy and diversity in fossil and extant killifish ( aphanius , † prolebias ) . journal of morphology 268 : 898 - 915 .

male ( above ) and female specimens ( not preserved ) of aphanius arakensis sp . n . , collected from cheshmeh nazi ( nazi spring , 33°42 ' 56 . 8 " n , 50°04 ' 21 . 9 " e ) near type locality , namak lake basin .

aphanius mento was first described by heckel in 1843 and has been kept by aquarists for a long time . nonetheless , it has never been readily available . after attempting to keep and breed the fish numerous times over the past 20 years , i believe that i know why .

abstract : aphanius almiriensis , new species , is described from a brackish water spring and from a lagoon ( and its inflowing freshwater spring ) in the peloponnese ( greece ) . it is distinguished by the yellowish caudal fin of the male that has a wide faint grey margin and by the colour pattern of the female ( 7 - 11 dark , roundish blotches on the side , more or less connected by an irregular dark midlateral stripe ) . aphanius almiriensis is critically endangered ; it is possibly extinct at the type locality and the second locality is much impacted . the identity , type material and type locality of a . fasciatus are discussed , and a neotype is designated . several species are possibly confused under the name a . fasciatus .

aphanius mento are generally aggressive only among themselves . they seem to get along , particularly while they are young , as long as they cannot be confused with food . the persian killie generally ignores other fish species , particularly when the other species are clearly different , and actually seem to do quite well when kept with other ( dither ) fish that are similarly sized .

the neural spine of pu2 was wider than the neural spines of pu4 and pu5 in almost all specimens studied ( table 3 and s8 table ) , as expected for a cyprinodontiform species ( see table 5 ) . the single exception is specimen zm - cbsuzg 363 of aphanius mesopotamicus , which reveals the neural spine of pu2 as wide as the neural spine of pu4 .

abstract : we report the occurrence of mesopotamian tooth carp , aphanius mesopotamicus coad 2009 , in a southern branch of the karkheh river , 10 km west of hoor - al - azim wetland . this is the first report of successful collection of this species after its first collection in 1978 - 80 and futile efforts during the last three decades and after its original description based on those old museum specimens .

masoudi , m . , esmaeili , h . r . , teimori , a . , gholami , z . , gholamhosseini , a . , sayyadzadeh , g . , keivany , y . , reichenbacher , b . ( 2016 ) . sympatry and possible hybridization among species of the killifish genus aphanius nardo , 1827 ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) in southwestern iran . limnologica , 59 ( 2016 ) : 10–20 .

you’re unlikely to find it on sale in aquatic stores although it may be available via specialist breeders or associations from time - to - time . while aphanius are certainly not as colourful as some of their relatives their interesting behaviour and continuous activity make them fascinating aquarium subjects and well worth a try if you possess the dedication to take on a long - term maintenance project since conservation is key with all members of the genus .

in practically all cases the root cause for this decline is the activity of humans and although some species are now protected by conservation law the mismanagement and degradation of their habitats continues at an alarming rate . a few species are still sometimes listed as members of lebias although that name has long been considered a synonym of cyprinodon by most authorities and an iczn committee voted to suppress the name in favour of aphanius as recently as 2003 .

furthermore , we did not use differences in numbers of preural vertebrae to discriminate between species because this number can vary within a single species ( this study and unpublished data of w . costa , pers . communication , may 2013 ) . while costa [ 1 ] assumed that cyprinodontiform species possess four to six preural vertebrae , our data derived from the four species of aphanius indicate that the number may be as low as three in some specimens ( s7 table ) .

teimori , a . , jawad , l . a . j . , al - kkarusi , l . h . , al - mamry , j . n . & reichenbacher , b . ( 2012 ) . late pleistocene to holocene diversification and zoogeography of the arabian killifish aphanius dispar inferred from otolith morphology . scientia marina , 76 ( 4 ) : 637 - 645 . [ featured article ] . this article is open access , please click here . you can also download the pdf here .

the iranian plateau is home to a diverse group of aphanius with four species already described and several awaiting description . these are among the most ancient in the genus having divereged away from a common ancestor around 20 – 24 million years ago . among them this species is most closely related to a . sophiae from the kor river system but can be distinguished by differences in patterning . males of a . sophiae lack the characteristic dark dorsal fin colouration seen in a . vladykovi and females possess a dark , lozenge - shaped spot at the caudal peduncle which is absent in those of vladykovi .

i did not experience success keeping aphanius mento until i started using a 22 gallon breeder flat ( 24 " x20 " x10 " ) . you can keep about 20 young adults in this set - up . by using a " colony " approach with sufficient " elbow room , " the dominant male seems to lose some of his aggressiveness and seems content to guard his spawning site . the energy required to be dominant eventually tuckers the male and , with a colony , there is always another male waiting to become the big stud . this keeps your egg production rolling and provides some genetic diversity .

some aquarists might consider the growth rate of aphanius mento to be another problem . this is a slow growing species ( compared to most killies ) , with about a two year lifespan . males require about 4 to 6 months before they become sexually mature and begin to display their colors , and they will only be about ½ inch in size at this point . in a crowded environment , only the most dominant males will display their colors . the more room you provide , the more territorities there will be , and with more territories , more males will exhibit their flashy colors as they defend their turf .

captive reproduction is not difficult if the tank or container is properly arranged and maintained ( see ‘ tank set - up’ ) . it is a fractional spawner with females depositing eggs on a more - or - less continuous basis between the months of march and june in iran . males form temporary territories which they defend against rivals while attempting to entice females to spawn . dominant individuals will show more intense colouration . eggs are released singly or in small batches and are attached to algae or other surfaces by means of small filaments . aphanius typically eat their eggs / fry and the medium should therefore be checked on a daily basis during the spawning period .

in some regards , aphanius mento can be an easy fish to keep . like our desert pupfish , it has the ability to adapt to a wide range of temperatures . recently , i moved a few outside into a large breeder flat ( 30 " x24 " x12 " ) where they survived a northern california winter . although this proved to be a mild winter , temperatures did drop into the low 30 ' s from time to time . at the present , the same fish are basking in the same tank with our summer heat ( highs from the mid - 90 ' s to mid - 100 ' s ) . there is no doubt in my mind that they would thrive in a fish pond , if i had one .

why , then , is this fish hard to find ? in my experience , there are several reasons . first , aphanius mento requires space . this is quite a contrast to the average killifish that is content in a two gallon aquarium . enough though their maximum size is about two inches , a group of persian killies should be kept in a 45 gallon aquarium , and even bigger is better . a breeder flat or large plastic " blanket " box can be used to breed the adults . in this " small " container , you will need to closely monitor the females . the dominant male can be extremely aggressive toward the females , and the females need room to run . without enough space , you will end up with a lonely male .

dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 11 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 7 - 10 . can be diagnosed from other species of aphanius , valenciidae and fundulidae in europe by having the following characters : males possess a hyaline to bluish - grey caudal fin , with 2 - 5 dark grey bars , 10 - 20 dark grey to dark blue bars on a silvery background , bars usually irregularly shaped and set , often connected , breaking up into a mosaic of dark blue and silvery spots along back and in posterior part of body ; females have numerous dark brown spots on sides and back ; 23 - 27 scales in lateral line series on body ; pectoral fin with 9 - 10 rays ; and anal fin with 7 - 8 rays ( ref . 59043 ) .

apart from those few specimens that show the neural spine smaller to equal to those of pu4 and / or pu5 , all specimens of † kenyaichthys exhibit a neural spine on pu2 that is wider than those of pu4 and pu5 ( see above ) , like the studied extant cyprinodontiform species , with the exception of one specimen of aphanius mesopotamicus ( see table 3 ) . furthermore , † kenyaichthys displays mean values and ranges of pu3 / pu5 neural and haemal spine ratios that are comparatively close to the mean values of the studied aplocheiloid specimens ( see table 3 ) . in addition , the haemal spine pu2 / pu4 mean value of † kenyaichthys is closer to the respective value of the studied aplocheilid specimens , whereas the haemal spine pu2 / pu5 mean value of † kenyaichthys is closer to the respective value of the studied nothobranchiid specimens ( see table 3 ) .

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carmona , j . & darwall , w . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )

justification : a . fasciatus is widely distributed , abundant and has no major widespread threats .

it is distributed in all countries of the mediterranean region to the exception of the iberic peninsula . it is restricted to coastal waters including islands . it is found in several mediterranean islands , except crete ( bianco et al . 1996 ) . the species is also found in the suez canal ( lotan and ben - tuvia 1996 ) .

it is listed in the annex ii of the european union habitat directive and in appendices ii and iii of the bern convention .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; non - migratory . subtropical ; 16°c - 26°c ( ref . 2060 )

indian ocean : egypt to somalia southward to eil , a landlocked population in the siwa oasis , western egypt . immigrant through the suez canal into the southeastern mediterranean basin , egypt and israel . elsewhere : dead sea , red sea , persian gulf , western india ; landlocked populations in saudi arabia , iran .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 7 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27139 )

dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 - 11 ; anal soft rays : 9 - 11 .

occurs in coastal zones , also found in oasis pools with hypersaline to fresh water ( ref . 3788 ) . forms schools . chiefly a herbivorous species ( ref . 13530 ) . spawn in areas where roots of hyacinth or other floating plants abound ( ref . 44327 ) . not a seasonal killifish . very difficult to maintain in aquarium ( ref . 27139 ) .

jouladeh - roudbar , a . , s . vatandoust , s . eagderi , s . jafari - kenari and h . mousavi - sabet , 2015 . freshwater fishes of iran ; an updated checklist . aacl bioflux 8 ( 6 ) : 855 - 909 . ( ref . 106319 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00741 ( 0 . 00534 - 0 . 01030 ) , b = 3 . 18 ( 3 . 11 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 ±0 . 00 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming tm = 1 and fec < 1000 ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .

marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; ph range : 6 . 5 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : 8 - 10 ; non - migratory . subtropical ; 10°c - 24°c ( ref . 1672 ) ; 46°n - 34°n , 2°e - 36°e

europe : france , italy , slovenia , croatia , albania , greece and montenegro . mediterranean basin : north africa from egypt to eastern algeria , sometimes in landlocked basins ; through the suez canal into the bitter lakes , egypt ( ref . 3788 ) . in appendix iii of the bern convention ( protected fauna ) . asia : turkey .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27139 )

kottelat , m . and j . freyhof , 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . publications kottelat , cornol and freyhof , berlin . 646 pp . ( ref . 59043 )

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00807 - 0 . 01240 ) , b = 3 . 25 ( 3 . 21 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 ±0 . 27 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 16 - 0 . 22 questionable ; assuming tm < 1 ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .

freshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 5 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : 8 - 10 ; non - migratory . temperate ; 10°c - 32°c ( ref . 1672 ) ; 42°n - 34°n , 3°w - 1°e

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3788 ) ; 5 . 4 cm tl ( female )

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00558 - 0 . 01561 ) , b = 3 . 20 ( 3 . 06 - 3 . 34 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 45 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( tm = 0 . 5 ; k > 0 . 3 ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 29 of 100 ) .

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restricted to a small area of the zagros mountain range in chahārmahāl o bakhtiyārī province , iran . the type locality is close to the town of boldaji in the upper karun river basin and it has been recorded from nearby wetlands at chagha khur and gandoman plus a few other localities in the region . some aspects of its distribution remain unclear but it is thought to occur in the upper khersan river within the karun drainage as well as the upper marun river , a tributary of the karun that also arises in the zagros .

this species ‘ natural waters lie over 2000m above sea level ( the type locality is an artificially - dammed pool at 2380m ) . it inhabits slow - moving freshwater streams , pools and marshes which tend to have substrates of mud and pebbles with often quite turbid water . aquatic plants such as myriophyllum or potamogeton species grow in areas where the fish can be found .

a pair or trio can be kept in a container with base dimensions of 60 cm x 30 cm or so but as a general rule members of this genus do best when maintained as a larger group in a space measuring upwards of [ dimensions ] .

even for long - term maintenance a simple set - up will suffice . the most important factors are the provision of many broken lines of sight and a suitable medium in which the fish can deposit eggs . female and subdominant male individuals must be offered the opportunity of respite from the aggressive alpha males during the spawning season so much of the available space can be filled with acrylic wool mops ( use a fine grade if available ) , clumps of java moss or ceratophyllum and ideally filamentous algae .

there’s no need to add a substrate although inert sand or gravel can be added if you preferand filtration need not be too strong either . it is possible , and preferable , to maintain it outdoors all year round in many countries and it will show better colours and overall condition if exposed to at least a few hours of natural sunlight each day .

temperature : active over a wide temperature range of 12 – 32 °c . ideally it should be provided with a ‘winter’ period of several months during which it is maintained at temperatures towards the lower end of this range or it is likely to suffer both reduced fecundity and a shortened lifespan .

ph : readings taken from its habitats have varied between 6 . 2 – 8 . 5 .

its vigorous spawning behaviour makes a . vladykovi a poor choice for the community aquarium . given its rarity in the hobby the emphasis should be on captive reproduction and we strongly recommend maintaining it alone . it should be kept in a group with a ratio of two or three females to each male being the ideal . males are relatively peaceful towards one another compared with some congeners and it is found swimming in large schools in nature .

as with all members of the genus sexual dimorphism is pronounced . males exhibit a series of blue vertical bars in the rear portion of the body . the dorsal fin has a light blue marginal band and another thin band towards the base but is otherwise dark blue / black . the overall body colour is noticeably more yellowish than in females . females are larger and much plainer possessing only a series of variable dark spots on the body and almost colourless finnage .

the eggs are very small and must be treated carefully . use a fine pair of forceps to gently remove pieces of medium with eggs attached whilst avoiding contact with the eggs themselves . alternatively the entire medium can be removed and replaced every couple of days . the medium / eggs should be transferred to a container with water of the same chemistry and temperature as that of the adults . the incubation period can vary a little with the temperature but is usually between 7 – 14 days with the fry being large enough to accept artemia nauplii , microworm etc . immediately after they become free - swimming .

it currently contains 22 species and subspecies which are thought to have derived from a common ancestor originally distributed around the periphery of the former tethys sea . none are particularly well - documented in aquarium literature although some are very beautiful and the majority are not too difficult to maintain and breed . sadly most are on the verge of extinction for one reason or another with several existing only in remnant , highly - localised populations .

hrbek , t . and a . meyer . 2003 , 2003 - journal of evolutionary biology 16 ( 1 ) : 17 - 36 closing of the tethys sea and the phylogeny of eurasian killifishes ( cyprinodontiformes : cyprinodontidae ) .

the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license

van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of poecilia calaritana cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of lebias calaritana ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of lebias calaritanus ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of lebias fasciata valenciennes , 1821 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of lebias fasciatus valenciennes , 1821 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of lebias flava costa , 1838 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of lebias lineatopunctata wagner , 1828 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of lebias nigropunctata schinz , 1840 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of lebias nigropunctata bonaparte , 1841 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of lebias sarda wagner , 1828 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of cyprinodon calaritanus ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of cyprinodon cyanogaster guichenot , 1859 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of cyprinodon doliatus guichenot , 1859 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of cyprinodon fasciatus ( valenciennes , 1821 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of cyprinodon hammonis valenciennes , 1846 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of cyprinodon moseas valenciennes , 1846 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of ciprinoides nanofasciatus nardo , 1824 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of micromugil macrogaster gulia , 1861 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of micromugil timidus gulia , 1861 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of atherina marmorata risso , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of lebias caleritana ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of cyprinodon ammonis ( valenciennes , 1846 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

prodromus observationum et disquisitionum adriaticae ichthyologiae . giornali di fisica , chimica , storia naturale , medicina ed arti , 2 ( 10 ) : 34 , 39 - 40 .

recherches sur les poissons fluviatiles de l ' amérique équinoxiale . in : f . h . a . humboldt & a . valenciennes . voyage de humboldt et bonpland . schoell & dufour eds . paris . zoologie , vol . ii . : 160 , pl . 51 ( fig . 4 ) .

revue suisse de zoologie v . 114 ( no . 1 ) : 13 - 31 .

zoological messages , budapest ) , 11 ( 3 ) : 130 , fig . 1 .

jazla jayla , near the karadza da mountains , asia minor ( today turkey ) .

remarques sur les poissons fluviatiles de l ' algérie et description de deux genres nouveaux sous les noms de coptodon et tellia . ann . sci . natur . , 3 ( 19 ) : 15 .

lebrija , salado river , sevilla ( region ) , guadalquivir basin , ( southwestern ) spain .

notes sur quelques espèces de cyprinodon de l ' asie mineure de la syrie . arch .

atlas zu der reise im nördlichen afrika von eduard rüppell . fische der rothen meers . heinrich ludwig brönner , frankfurt am main : 66 , pl . 18 ( figs . 1 - 2 ) .

lebias dispar foemina nom . nudum ( rüppell in cuvier & valenciennes , 1846 )

zoologischer anzeiger - a journal of comparative zoology . 253 ( 4 ) ; 327–337 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . jcz . 2013 . 12 . 001

the new species is sympatric with a . dispar ( rüppell , 1829 ) in salty rivers and hot sulphuric springs in the hormuzga

n basin ( southern iran ) , and is sister taxon to this species plus a . ginaonis holly , 1929 . based on geological data we estimate that the divergence between the lineages of a . furcatus and a . dispar is about 12–14 million years old . we conclude that the reductive phenomena observed in a . furcatus have evolved as an evolutionary response to the extreme habitat conditions in order to save energy ( because storage of ca2 + is not necessary ) , and to transport oxygen efficiently . the results confirm that regressive evolution is an important factor in speciation and occurs independently in separate lineages .

drei neue fischformen aus persien . sitz . akad . wiss . wien mathem . - naturwiss . klasse abt . 1 , 138 ( 7 ) : 63 .

ginao , spring , ( 38 km ) north of bandar abbas ( and 2 km west of bandar abbas to sirjan road ) , southeastern iran .

librairie de la société géologique de france , bertrand p . ed . , paris , 18 : 160 , pl . 528 .

spain ( without details ) ; restricted to eastern spain to separate it from baeticus , a cryptic species described from southwestern spain ( subseq . , herein ) .

reisen in europa , asien und afrika , etc . e . schweizerbart ' sche verlagshandlung ( e . koch ) , stuttgart , vol . 1 , part 2 . : 1089 , pl . 6 ( fig . 4 ) .

russeger , j . reisen in europa , asien und afrika , etc . e . schweizerbart ' sche verlagshandlung ( e . koch ) , stuttgart , vol . 2 , part 3 . : 267 , pl . 22 .

type locality : near persepolis ( today , endorheic kor river basin , north of shiraz , fars ) , iran .

nouveaux cyprinodontidés de l ' anatolie centrale . rev . fac . sci . univ . istambul , ser . b , 10 : 77 , fig . 2 .

lebias stiassnyae : a new species of killifish from lake afdera , ethiopia . copeia , 1 : 150 , fig . 1 .

lake afdera , hot spring in southwestern part , ethiopia ( 80 m below sea level ) .

cyprinodon sureyanus aus dem burdur gölü . rev . fac . sci . univ . istambul , n . s . 2 ( 2 ) : 109 .

type locality : shahrestan - e bakhtiari va chahar mahall , 3 km west of boldaji , iran , ca . 2380 m altitude .

the second problem i experienced was obtaining eggs . when i used floating and / or bottom mops , the egg harvest was slight or nonexistent . it was obvious that the adults were predating the eggs and i needed to find a way to reduce this . success came when i tried some plastic " breeder grass . " there are two varieties of this and the one i used was a long stringer with somewhat stiff plastic " leaves . " this form is also known as " guppy grass " because it can be floated . i did not use the floats but rather bent it into a horseshoe shape and let it settle on the bottom . the dominant male took up residence in the middle of the horseshoe and chased everyone else away , unless it was a female interested in spawning . the reduced the egg predation and my harvest went up dramatically .

hatching the eggs was no problem . i kept them in a lightly colored ( from acriflavine ) water in a separate container . the eggs hatch in 6 to 14 days depending upon temperature . the fry take a few days to absorb their yolk sacs . at the point when they become free swimming , you can feed them baby brine shrimp and they grow well .

a third problem that occurred was the sensitivity of the fry to water changes . while the fry need frequent , small water changes to obtain good growth , too large of a change , even with well aged water of the same temperature , would occasionally wipe out a fry tank . this sensitivity seems to be most acute at the ¼ to ½ inch size . the best advice is to use a large rearing container so that your small water changes make a limited impact on water conditions .

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†kenyaichthyidae fam . nov . and † kenyaichthys gen . nov . – first record of a fossil aplocheiloid killifish ( teleostei , cyprinodontiformes )

citation : altner m , reichenbacher b ( 2015 ) †kenyaichthyidae fam . nov . and † kenyaichthys gen . nov . – first record of a fossil aplocheiloid killifish ( teleostei , cyprinodontiformes ) . plos one 10 ( 4 ) : e0123056 . urltoken

academic editor : matthew c . mihlbachler , nyit college of osteopathic medicine , united states

copyright : © 2015 altner , reichenbacher . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited


oreoicidae is a newly recognized family of small insectivorous songbirds , the australo-papuan bellbirds .

the family contains three genera , each containing a single species .

the genera are oreoica , which contains the crested bellbird ; ornorectes which conatins the crested pitohui , and aleadryas with the rufous-naped whistler .

oreoicidae

oreoicidae <EOT> crested pitohui ( ornorectes cristatus ) is a species of bird in the oreoicidae family .

the crested pitohui ( ornorectes cristatus ) is a species of bird previously placed in the pachycephalidae family . it is now placed in the family oreoicidae .

the rufous - naped whistler ( aleadryas rufinucha ) is a species of bird in the oreoicidae family . it is assigned to the monotypic genus aleadryas .

oreoicidae is a newly recognized family of small insectivorous songbirds , formerly placed in the old world warbler " wastebin " family . it contains 3 species , all in different genera .

i accept the name oreoicidae ( sibley and ahlquist , 1985a ) over oreoicidae ( schodde and christidis , 2014 ) . schodde and christidis object that there is not a proper definition or description of oreoicini sibley and ahlquist . however , they treat it as monotypic , and i think that defining the tribe oreoicini as consisting of crested bellbird is sufficient definition .

bibliographic note : there is no " family book " covering the oreoicidae , but good photographs and information about australian and new guinea species are found in frith ( 1979 ) and coates ( 1990 ) , respectively .

list of species of the australo - papuan bellbirds ( oreoicidae ) family . each species provides information on taxonomy , descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation and bibliography .

oreoicidae is a newly recognised family of small insectivorous passerines , formerly placed in the old world warbler incerta sedis family . they are confined to australasia ; two in new guinea and the third in australia . it contains just three species , all in different genera :

jønsson et al . ( 2016 ) found the three oreoicidae species to form a strongly - supported group . they even suggest putting them all in the same genus ( oreoica has priority ) , but with the split between them somewhere around 10 million years ago , i do not see a compelling reason to do this .

the ploughbill is a new guinea endemic . hbw treated them as a basal whistlers , along with 6 other taxa that have also been removed from the whistlers . the others are pachycare ( pardalotidae ) , falcunculus ( falcunculidae ) , oreoica and aleadryas ( oreoicidae ) , rhagologus ( rhagologidae ) , and hylocitrea ( hypocoliidae ) .

( 2018 ) . australo - papuan bellbirds ( oreoicidae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

genetic studies have done a number on the family . although the core of it , the whistlers and shrike - thrushes , has remained unscathed , other taxa associated with the family have moved in or out . the pitohuis have been split into 4 genera , with pitohui itself moving to oriolidae and ornorectes in oreoicidae . the other three pitohuis have been retained in pachycephalidae in two genera .

there has support for other arrangements . although both aggerbeck et al . ( 2014 ) and jønsson et al . ( 2016 ) both place oreoicidae near falcunculidae and cinclosomatidae , earlier analyses based on fewer genes have come to different conclusions . norman et al . ( 2009a ) weakly supported placing aleadryas and oreoica in malaconotoidea while jønsson et al . ( 2008a ) put aleadryas and the former pitohui , ornorectes , near campehagidae .

norman et al . ( 2009 ) suggest some parallels in the distribution of australasian birds to the odd distribution of the three oreoicids . they point out that the family cinclosomatidae there are several species of quail - thrushes in the dry interior of australia , and several species of jewel - babblers that replace each other elevationally in the foothills and mountains of new guinea . thus , like that family , the oreoicidae contains birds of the dry country of australia with close relatives in the damp and steamy jungles of montane new guinea .

the crested bellbird is native to australia and is a medium - sized passerine member of the family oreoicidae that lives on mainland australia in dry habitats . its rich musical call is one of its most remarkable features , being a series of bell - like staccato , then a loud ‘plop’ . it is also surprising that this sound is ventriloquial - the bellbird can throw its voice , sounding as though it is off to your left a few meters , then fifty meters on your right , then behind you , making it difficult to establish the bird’s location . there is little information about the crested bellbird’s lifespan .

he crested bellbird ( oreoica gutturalis ) is a medium - sized passerine bird in the family oreoicidae . it is native to drier parts of australia where its typical habitats are acacia scrublands , eucalypt woodlands , spinifex and saltbush plains and , dunes . the male is about 20 cm ( 8 in ) long and has a grey head , a black crest and breast , and a grey or olive brown body . the female and juvenile are similar but the colours are more muted and the black breast is lacking . the distinctive call is a high pitched bell - like sound , audible at some distance . sometimes a pair of birds duet .

because divisions between them are fairly deep , dating to near the oligocene / miocene boundary . jønsson et al . ( 2016 ) estimate a common ancestor for the three families in the late oligocene at about 26 million years . moyle et al . ( 2016 ) put the divisions in the early miocene , following the wallacea uplift . although the grouping of falcunculidae and cinclosomatidae was strongly supported in aggerbeck et al . ( 2014 ) and jønsson et al . ( 2016 ) , support for including oreoicidae was less strong . moyle et al . ( 2016 ) have cinclosomatidae basal in corvida while falcunculidae remains here , and that is the solution i follow .

pitohuis : although it turns out that they are not all that closely related , the pitohuis share an interesting characteristic . they ' re poisonous ! ( dumbacher et al . , 1992 . ) you can read more about these birds at dumbacher ' s website and an article in american birds . the exact relationships of these toxic species has not been exactly clear , so we shouldn ' t be entirely surprised that they have split apart . a paper by jønsson et al . ( 2008a ) found that the pitohuis are not that closely related to each other . accordingly , they end up in four genera : ornorectes ( oreoicidae ) , pitohui ( oriolidae ) , pseudorectes ( pachycephalidae ) , and melanorectes ( pachycephalidae ) .

race lochmia sometimes synonymized with gamblei # r ; proposed race prasinonota ( herzog mts ) appears inseparable from latter . birds of torricelli and adelbert mts provisionally included in niveifrons , but racial identity requires confirmation . four subspecies recognized .

( p . l . sclater , 1874 ) – vogelkop ( tamrau mts , arfak mts ) , in nw new guinea .

( e . j . o . hartert , 1930 ) – mountains of w , c & n new guinea ( wandammen , fakfak , weyland , and nassau e to kubor and bismarck ranges , also foja mts , bewani mts , torricelli mts and adelbert mts ) .

( mayr , 1931 ) – huon peninsula ( saruwaged mts ) , in ne new guinea .

( rothschild , 1897 ) – herzog mts and mountains of se new guinea .

16·5–18 cm ; 38–42 g . nominate race has head and hindneck grey , rufous nape patch ; upperparts dull yellowish - olive , flight - feathers blackish - brown , edged . . .

song of clear ringing whistles or upslurs , either alternating between notes or repeated . . .

insects ; also worms , and fruit . credited locally with ability to take large prey . frequents ground and understorey . forages extensively on . . .

nests with eggs in early jun and late dec , with eggs and young in mid - oct and with young in early dec , juveniles seen in late mar to mid - . . .

not globally threatened . not uncommon . can appear to be uncommon or scarce , as it is fairly shy and infrequently seen .

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boles , w . ( 2018 ) . rufous - naped bellbird ( aleadryas rufinucha ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

three monospecific genera previously scattered within pachycephalidae , where no clear links were agreed ; now shown to be closely related to each other # r # r , but nearest relatives of the group much debated , with proposals including oriolidae , paramythiidae , pachycephalidae , rhagologidae , campephagidae , malaconotidae , artamidae , cinclosomatidae and falcunculidae # r .

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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .

sometimes treated as monotypic # r , as geographical variation is masked by age - and sex - related plumage differences . three subspecies currently recognized .

( salvadori , 1875 ) – nw & w new guinea : mountains of vogelkop and onin peninsula , weyland mts and nassau mts .

( e . j . o . hartert , 1930 ) – n & c new guinea e to sepik mts in n and karimui area of chimbu province in s ; cyclops mts ; s trans - fly region ( mouth of fly r and oriomo r area ) .

25–26 cm ; 78–111 g . nominate race has crown , hindneck and upper part of face dark olive - rufous , long crest of same colour reaching to nape when lying flat , lower . . .

song a long series of bell - like notes , beginning slowly , increasing in speed while slowly dropping . . .

primary rainforest , mainly in foothills , adjacent lowlands and hills to 1300 m , locally to lowlands . . .

insects . forages mainly on ground , sometimes in trees , particularly in middle levels . joins mixed - species foraging flocks .

not globally threatened . widely distributed and locally fairly common ; elsewhere scarce . markedly shy , with consequent lack of observations ; true level of abundance probably . . .

boles , w . ( 2018 ) . piping bellbird ( ornorectes cristatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

mathews , 1912 – western australia ( except sw & s ) , northern territory ( except n ) , south australia ( except s ) and w & c queensland .

( vigors & horsfield , 1827 ) – sw & s western australia , s third of south australia , sc queensland , w two - thirds of new south wales and n victoria .

19–23 cm ; 56–67 g . male nominate race has centre of forehead and crown to nape black , feathers elongated as crest , sides of crown and head from eye to nape grey , . . .

song with ringing , ventriloquial quality , starting softly and then intensifying , opening notes . . .

invertebrates , mainly insects ; some seeds . forages mainly on ground , occasionally in dense vegetation in low shrubs ; sometimes to higher . . .

eggs found late jul to early mar ; some local variation according to rain . territorial . nest built by both sexes , a deep cup with outer . . .

present throughout year at some localities ; alleged to move widely in winter or to be nomadic in . . .

not globally threatened . locally fairly common ; widespread . nominate race has disappeared from more than 50 % of its range , particularly along s & e periphery , contracting . . .

boles , w . ( 2018 ) . crested bellbird ( oreoica gutturalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

sometimes placed close to colluricincla , as it resembles c . harmonica in size and shape , and females of the two are similar to each other in plumage .

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a detailed list of the species of the family is displayed to our subscribers , showing the following columns : genus , species , common name , conservation status , figure , and the check mark . above the table , a tiny search engine is displayed to facilitate the filtering of the species .

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the crested bellbird of australia is by far the best known species among this new group . it is traditionally been considered a whistler ( pachycephalidae ) . its call , a series of two slow notes and three quick notes , is a characteristic sound in arid mulga and mallee within its range . its aboriginal name " panpanalala " is alliterative for that call . the vocalization has a ventriloquil quality , and the bird itself can be hard to spot . i recall being led on a grand chase after it through the mallee of wyperfeld national park — and getting myself lost in the process !

apparently crested bellbird feeds primarily on the ground , and this behavior recalls wedgebills , with whom they have been associated in the past . the bird is said to have the " curious habit or ornamenting its nest with hairy caterpillars . it squeezes the caterpillars . around the middle , making them semi - immobile , and then attaches them to the rim of the nest . . . . . the young apparently do not eat the ornamental caterpillars . " ( frith 1979 ) .

another member of this new family is rufous - naped whistler ( right ; in a fine shot © nik borrow ) of the new guinea mountains . it has been traditionally considered a whistler ( pachycephalidae ) .

research by dumbacher et al . ( 2008 ) and jønsson et al . ( 2008 ) found that the new guinea birds called pitohuis were not closely related at all . indeed , the evidence is that they belong to four separate families ! the " true " pitohuis — variable pitohui pitohui kirhocephalus and hooded pitohui p . dichrous — are the only ones that belong in the genus pitohui . they are the now - famed " poisonous birds , " and they are closely related to old world orioles ( oriolidae ) . one of the remained " pitohuis " is crested pitohui . it is now considered part of this new clade .

it is possible that both the " whistler " and the " pitohui " will retain their english names , just as " robins " or " flycatchers " are names that are scattered throughout many families . the names just will no longer have taxonomic meaning .

this is all brand - new stuff , and time will tell if this group lasts long as a family . it may prove to have additional members , or further research may place it within some traditional family . we ' ll just have to wait and see . in the meantime . . . go see one .

near waikerie , south australia in 2002 , presumably in the austral spring . nik borrow photographed the

photos © paul hackett ( bellbird ) and © nik borrow ( whistler ) and used with permission ; all rights reserved .

barker , f . k . , a . cibois , p . schikler , j . feinstein , and j . cracraft . 2004 . phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation . proc . nat . acad . sci . 101 : 11040 - 11045 .

coates , b . j . 1990 . the birds of papua new guinea . part ii . dove publ . , ltd . , alderley , australia .

dumbacher , j . p . , k . deiner , l . thompson , and r . c . fleisher . 2008 . phylogeny of the avian genus pitohui and the evolution of toxicity in birds . molec . phylog . evol . 49 : 774–781 .

frith , h . j . , ed . 1979 . complete book of australian birds , rev . reader ' s digest serv . , surry hills , australia .

jønsson , k . a . , r . c . k . bowie , j . a . norman , l . christidis , and j . fjeldså . 2008 . polyphyletic origin of toxic pitohui birds suggests widespread occurrence of toxicity in corvoid birds . biol . lett . 4 : 71–74 .

frith , h . j . , consulting ed . 1979 . the reader ' s digest complete book of australian birds . 2d revised ed . reader ' s digest services , ltd . , sydney .

norman , j . a . , p . g . p . ericson , k . a . jønsson , j . fjeldså , and l . christidis . 2009 . a multi - gene phylogeny reveals novel relationships for aberrant genera of australo - papuan core corvoidea and polyphyly of the pachycephalidae and psophodidae ( aves : passeriformes ) . molec . phylog . evol . 52 : 488 - 497 .

this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 6 / 8 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .

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ioc world bird list , master list v3 . 4 , website ( version 3 . 4 )

gill , f . , and d . donsker , eds . 2013 . ioc world bird list ( v 3 . 4 ) . available at urltoken [ accessed 20 august , 2013 ]

norman , janette a . , per g . p . ericson , knud a . jønsson , jon fjeldså , les christidis

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

fatbirder - linking birders worldwide . . . wildlife travellers see our sister site : wand

recent molecular evidence has discovered several lineages of birds , apparently not closely related to other groups , that were entirely unexpected .

the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the crested bellbird is a medium - sized bird . adult males have grey heads with a raised black crest , a white forehead and throat , and a prominent black breast . the rest of the body is grey or brown and they have orange - red eyes . females and immature birds are less prominently coloured than the males , lacking the black breast and having a smaller , unraised black crest . this species is also known as the crested thrush , as well as having names such as ' dick - dick - the devil ' .

taxonomy : rectes cristata salvadori , 1876 , mount morait , north vogelkop , new guinea . three subspecies recognized .

this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) .

taxonomy : pachycephala rufinucha p . l . sclater , 1874 , hatam , arfak mountains , vogelkop , new guinea . often placed in genus pachycephala . proposed race prasinonota ( from herzog mts ) regarded as inseparable from gamblei . birds in torricelli mts and adelbert mts of uncertain racial affiliation , provisionally included in niveifrons . four subspecies recognized .

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responsibility bruce m . beehler and thane k . pratt ; mary lecroy , technical editor . publication princeton , new jersey : princeton university press , [ 2016 ] copyright notice ©2016 physical description 668 pages : illustrations ( some color ) , maps ; 25 cm

author / creator beehler , bruce mcp . author . contributor pratt , thane k . , author . lecroy , mary , editor .

subject birds > new guinea > classification . birds > new guinea > geographical distribution . new guinea > gazetteers .

publication date 2016 copyright date 2016 title variation new guinea note detailed map on end papers . " gazetteer of new guinea ornithology [ by ] jennifer l . mandeville and william s . peckover " : pages 560 - 632 . isbn 9780691164243 069116424x

the purpose of bird families of the world is as an aid to world birders who want to maximize their enjoyment of avian diversity by observing examples of as many bird families as is reasonable within the time and money available for travel , and as a study tool for all interested readers . this project began in 1999 . dna evidence has revised much of what was thought to be known about bird evolution and relationships . it has been the ' wild wild west ' in recent years as new research was published but , perhaps , a greater degree of consensus is now being reached . while tracking proposed revisions to the list of bird families , i ' ve advocated for more consistency in the use of evidence across bird groupings , and have not always followed the latest trends .

for this 15th edition , the changes highlighted below bring my list to 253 extant families .

this web project began on 9 feb 1999 when i posted a short page on the dulidae [ palmchat ] . while the list of bird families has been regularly updated to accommodate new research through 14 editions , it was not until 17 years and a month [ 6238 days ] that , with the posting of the vireonidae [ vireos ] , the project finally has a web page with text and photos for every family . many of the old pages badly need updating in both layout , text , and photos but at least the initial goal has been reached . the updating of old pages — including the dulidae — will go on . i ' ve used my own photos when i had them , but i ' m very grateful to the many photographers around the world who ' ve permitted me to use their wonderful shots when i needed them .

in putting together this list , i ' ve been influenced by the winkler et al .

[ full disclosure — i have been a volunteer junior member of the clements team since 2011 but i continue to depart from clements for purposes of this project . ]

influential new publications include major efforts which combine molecular and fossil evidence to construct a comprehensive phylogeny of birds , perhaps most importantly prum et al . ( 2015 ) . winkler et al . ( 2015 ) , the aou , the sacc , and the ioc have now rearranged the sequence of orders and families ; clements intends to do so in 2018 . according , i have now resequenced all orders and families , generally following winkler et al . ( 2015 ) but preferring aou and / or sacc when the families involved are primarily new world families . so my current sequence is a mishmash of 3 current phylogenies .

barker et al . ( 2004 ) first suggested a close relationship between three ground - dweller " babblers " in central africa and the sugarbirds ( promeropidae ) of southern africa . many global checklists placed the three genera [ modulatrix , arcanator and kakamega ] within the promeropidae , as did i . more recent genetic work , including nuclear dna ( johansson et al . 2008 ) , showed a strong divergence between these groups . most recently winkler et al . ( 2015 ) and other works confirm that the divergence is ancient , and the three skulking ground - dwellers are elevated to family level . winkler et al . ( 2015 ) call the new family modulatricidae . rather than arcanatoridae as does ioc , so i tentatively do so also . this now splits the three dapplethroats [ modulatricidae ] from the sugarbirds .

i remain conservative about puerto rican tanager , genus nesospingus , lumping it with spindalises [ it looks rather like a female spindalis ] and it is closely related , and with yellow - breasted chat [ icteria ] , awaiting more evidence as to whether it remains a new world warbler , or should be with the icterids , or should become the youngest family of all .

every family has a link to a separate web page , with photos , that i created over the years . some are now very dated and badly need revision .

barker , f . k . , a . cibois , p . schikler , j . feinstein , and j . cracraft . 2004 . phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation . proc . natl . acad . sci . 101 : 11040–11045 .

barker , f . k . , k . j . burns , j . klicka , s . m . lanyon , and i . j . lovette . 2013 . going to extremes : contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of new world passerine birds . syst . biol . 62 : 298–320 .

burns , k . j . , a . j . schultz , p . o . title , n . a . mason , f . k . barker , j . klicka , s . m . lanyon , and i . j . lovette . 2014 . phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers ( passeriformes : thraupidae ) , the largest radiation of neotropical songbirds . molec . phylo . evol . 75 : 41 - 77 .

dickinson , e . c . , and l . christidis . 2014 . the howard and moore complete checklist of the birds of the world : passerines vol . 2 . aves press , eastbourne , u . k .

johansson , u . s . , j . fjeldså , and c . k . bowie . 2008 . phylogenetic relationships within passerida ( aves : passeriformes ) : a review and a new molecular phylogeny based on three nuclear intron markers , mol . phylog . evol . 48 : 858–876 .

jønsson , k . a . , p - h . fabre , j . d . kennedy , b . g . holt , m . k . borregaard , c . rahbek , and j . fjeldså . 2016 . a supermatrix phylogeny of corvoid passerine birds ( aves : corvides ) . molec . phylog . evol . 94 : 87 - 94 .

prum , r . o . , j . s . bery , a . dornburg , d . j . field , j . p . townsend , e . m . lemmon , and a . r . lemmon . 2015 . a comprehensive phylogeny of birds ( aves ) using targeted next - generation dna sequencing . nature 526 : 569–573 .

schodde , r . , and l . christidis . 2014 . relicts from tertiary australasia : undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds ( passeriformes ) and their zoogeographic signal . zootaxa 3786 : 501 - 522 .

winkler , d . w . , s . w . billerman , and i . j . lovette . 2015 . birds families of the world : a guide to the spectacular diversity of birds . lynx edicions , barcelona .

i thank the editors of the handbook of the birds of the world project ; the late g . stuart keith , co - author birds of africa series ; the late james clements , author of the clements ' world checklists ; keith barker , frank gill , murray lord , tom schulenberg , and van remsen for sharing with me ideas and concepts about the taxonomy and arrangement of a listing of bird families of the world . i appreciate their input , but all the decisions reflected in the above listing are mine , including all the errors .

after its discovery , a . affinis terborghi was included as a form of the barred owlet - nightjar aegotheles bennettii on account of its close similarity to the two mainland races of a . bennettii : the nominate and a . b . wiedenfeldi ( sibley & monroe 1990 ) . however , it is much darker above and also much larger than either of these these races : its wing length of 154 mm greatly exceeds the 121–128 mm of a . b . bennettii . mitochondrial dna differences also suggest a relationship to a . a . affinis , as well as the splitting - off of both a . affinis races from the a . bennettii clade ( dumbacher et al . 2003 ) . the two known populations of the allied owlett - nightjar inhabit low - altitude montane areas some 1400 km apart . they may be two distinct species ( beehler & pratt 2016 ) but further observations and voice recordings are required to clarify the situation .

beehler , b . m . & pratt , t . k . ( 2016 ) . birds of new guinea : distribution , taxonomy , and systematics . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .

del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2016 ) . allied owlet - nightjar ( aegotheles affinis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona .

diamond , j . m . ( 1967 ) . new subspecies and records of birds from the karimui basin , new guinea . american museum novitates 2284 : 1–17 .

dumbacher , j . p . , pratt , t . k . & fleischer , r . c . ( 2003 ) . phylogeny of the owlet - nightjars ( aves : aegothelidae ) based on mitochondrial dna sequence . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 29 ( 3 ) : 540–549 .

sibley , c . g . & monroe jr . , b . l . ( 1990 ) . distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . yale university press , new haven , connecticut .

banwell , a . ( 2016 ) . rediscovery of the karimui owlet - nightjar . hbw alive ornithological note 427 . in : handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

richard schodde australian national wildlife collection , csiro ecosystem sciences , po box 1700 , canberra , act 2601 australia .

aggerbeck , m . , fjeldså , j . , christidis , l . , fabre , p . - h . & jønsson , k . a . ( 2014 ) resolving deep lineage divergences in core corvoid passerine birds supports a proto - papuan island origin . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 70 , 272–285 . urltoken

barker , f . k . , barrowclough , g . f . & groth , j . g . ( 2002 ) a phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds : taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of dna nuclear sequence data . proceedings of the royal society of london , series b , 269 , 295–308 . urltoken

barker , f . k . , cibois , a . , schikler , p . , feinstein , j . & cracraft , j . ( 2004 ) phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation . proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america , 101 , 11040–11045 . urltoken

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beehler , b . m . & finch , b . w . ( 1985 ) species - checklist of the birds of new guinea . royal australasian ornithologists union monograph 1 . royal australasian ornithologists union , moonee ponds , 127 pp .

beehler , b . m . , pratt , t . k . & zimmerman , d . a . ( 1986 ) birds of new guinea . princeton university press , princeton , 293 pp .

beehler , b . m . , diamond , j . m . , kemp , n . , scholes , e . iii . , milensky , c . & laman , t . g . ( 2012 ) avifauna of the foja mountains of western new guinea . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club , 132 , 84–101 .

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christidis , l . , schodde , r . & robinson , n . a . ( 1993 ) affinities of the aberrant australo - papuan honeyeaters , toxorhamphus , oedistoma , timeliopsis and epthianura : protein evidence . australian journal of zoology , 41 , 423–432 . urltoken

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ericson , p . g . p . , christidis , l . , cooper , a . , irestedt , m . , jackson , j . , johansson , u . s . & norman , j . a . ( 2002 ) a gondwanan origin of passerine birds supported by dna sequences of the endemic new zealand wrens . proceedings of the royal society of london , series b , 269 , 235–241 . urltoken

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jønsson , k . a . , bowie , r . c . k . , norman , j . a . , christidis , l . & fjeldså , j . ( 2007 ) polyphyletic origin of toxic pitohui birds suggests widespread occurrence of toxicity in corvoid birds . biology letters , 4 , 71–74 . urltoken

jønsson , k . a . , irestedt , m . , fuchs , j . , ericson , p . g . p . , christidis l . , bowie , r . c . k . , norman , j . a . , pasquet , e . & fjeldså , j . ( 2008 ) explosive avian radiations and multi - directional dispersal across wallacea : evidence from the campephagidae and other crown corvida ( aves ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 47 , 221–236 . urltoken

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