the scorpion mud turtle ( kinosternon scorpioides ) is a species of mud turtle in the kinosternidae family .

it is found in mexico , central america and south america .

scorpion mud turtle

scorpion mud turtle <EOT> rodrigues , joäo fabrìcio mota . 2016 . kinosternon scorpioides ( scorpion mud turtle ) sexual behavior . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 72 - 73

magnusson , e . e . 1998 . kinosternon scorpioides ( scorpion mud turtle ) . brazil : roraima . herpetological review 29 ( 3 ) : 173 - get paper here

the scorpion mud turtles in dade county , florida , were intentionally released by an animal importer ( king and krakauer , 1966 ) .

berry , james f . and john b . iverson 2001 . kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus ) scorpion mud turtle . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 725 ) : 1 - 11 - get paper here

hernàndez - ruz , emil josè , roberto portella de andrade , elciomar araujo do oliveira and jamille karina coleho correa . 2016 . kinosternon scorpioides ( scorpion mud turtle ) diet . herpetological review 47 ( 2 ) : 286

the scorpion mud turtle is a highly aquatic , adaptable kinosternid that inhabits almost any body of water ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; alvarez del toro , 1982 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .

the reference to " scorpion " in this turtle ' s name is apparently based upon the spine on the tip of the tail ( berry and iverson , 2001 ) .

iverson , j . b . 1998 . molecules , morphology , and mud turtle phylogenetics ( family kinosternidae ) . chelonian conservation and biology 3 ( 1 ) : 113 - 117 .

the scorpion mud turtle is illustrated by a variety of authors ( pritchard , 1979 ; smith and smith , 1979 ; freiberg , 1981 ; pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; alvarez del toro , 1982 ; murphy , 1997 ; campbell , 1998 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .

iverson , john b . ; minh le , colleen ingram 2013 . molecular phylogenetics of the mud and musk turtle family kinosternidae . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 69 ( 3 ) : 929–939 - get paper here

the scorpion mud turtle can be immediately identified by its unusual shell , furrowed along the centre . they are aquatic , but during the dry season when ponds dry up they undertake migrations and may be found in dry areas . when threatened they withdraw into the shell , the uniquely - hinged plastron closing behind them like a trapdoor .

iverson , j . b . , & berry , j . f . 1979 . the mud turtle genus kinosternon in northeastern mexico . herpetologica 35 ( 4 ) : 318 - 324 . - get paper here

acuña , r . a . & merchán , m . 2003 . biology and taxonomic revision of the red - cheeked mud turtle in costa rica . reptilia ( gb ) ( 26 ) : 30 - 34 - get paper here

my female kinosternon scorpioides . she gives me already 5 hatchlings . an aesy turtle to keep . because of the small size .

is a medium to large kinosternid ( mud turtle ) with a variably domed , oval carapace ( upper shell ) having a length of 92 - 270 mm ( 3 . 6 - 10 . 6 in ) ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .

schmidt , k . p . 1947 . a new kinosternid turtle from colombia . fieldiana : zoology 31 : 109 - 112 . - get paper here

turtle taxonomy working group [ van dijk , p . p . , j . iverson , a . rhodin , h . shaffer , and r . bour ]

vinke , t . & vinke , s . 2001 . the turtle and tortoise fauna of the central chaco of paraguay . radiata 10 ( 3 ) : 3 - 19

additionally , a wide array of regional vernacular names have been applied to this turtle and compiled by several authors ( mittermeier et al . , 1980 ; liner , 1994 ) .

since this highly adaptable turtle has ecological similarities to indigenous kinosternids and is a successful generalist , k . scorpioides has a great potential to impact indigenous ecosystems if it ever becomes established .

this turtle is primarily omnicarnivorous , voraciously feeding on a wide variety of aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates , including carrion ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ) .

legler , j . m . 1965 . a new species of turtle , genus kinosternon , from central america . univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . 15 : 615 - 625 - get paper here

cabrera , m . r . & colantonia , s . e . 1997 . taxonomic revision of the south american subspecies of the turtle kinosternon scorpioides . journal of herpetology 31 ( 4 ) : 507 - 513 - get paper here

berry , j . f . , and j . m . legler . 1980 . a new turtle ( genus kinosternon ) from sonora , mexico . contributions in science . natural history museum of los angeles county 325 : 1 - 12 . - get paper here

the name kinosternon was derived from the greek words kinetos , meaning " movable " and sternon , meaning " chest , " in reference to the plastral hinges . the specific name scorpioides is derived from the latin word " scorpio , " probably in reference to the horny spine on the tip of the tail . together with the latin ending " oides , " the full meaning translates to " similar to a scorpion " ( lemos - espinal & dixon 2013 ) .

iverson , j . [ b . ] 1989 . kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus 1766 ) . p . 65 . in : f . w . king and r . l . burke ( editors ) . crocodilian , tuatara , and turtle species of the world . a taxonomic and geographic reference . the association of systematics collections , washington , dc . 216 pp .

ttwg ; rhodin , a . g . j . ; van dijk , p . p . ; iverson , j . b . & shaffer , h . b . [ turtle taxonomy working group ] 2010 . turtles of the world , 2010 update : annotated checklist of taxonomy , synonymy , distribution , and conservation status . chelonian research monographs ( issn 1088 - 7105 ) no . 5 , doi : 10 . 3854 / crm . 5 . 000 . checklist . v3 . 2010 - get paper here

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the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .

the carapace can have three keels ( ridges ) in many individuals ( savage and villa , 1986 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ) .

the plastron ( lower shell ) has two hinges and little or no anal notch on the posterior lobe ( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .

the first vertebral scute ( shield or lamina ) of the carapace is wider than it is long , and vertebral scutes 1 - 4 have distinct posterior notches ( berry and iverson , 2001 ) .

the color of the carapace varies from light brown , to olive , or black ; the head can be brown , gray , or black with a reticulated or spotted pattern of cream , orange , red , pink , or yellow ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .

in most individuals the tip of the tail has a horny spine ( berry and iverson , 2001 ) .

should be compared with the anatomical features of other similar - looking north american kinosterids described in other works ( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; ernst et al . , 1994 ; conant and collins , 1998 ) . the individual subspecies ( geographic races ) are defined and described by berry and iverson ( 2001 ) ; they are :

is indigenous to south - southeastern mexico including isla cozumel ) , southward to belize , and caribbean drainages in honduras , nicaragua , and on isla de san andres , colombia .

table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of kinosternon scorpioides are found here .

these turtles are not established in florida because they have not been seen since their release ( king and krakauer , 1966 ) .

has been reviewed or summarized by smith and smith ( 1979 ) , iverson ( 1989 , 1991 , 1998 ) , and berry and iverson ( 2001 ) .

has been summarized a variety of authors ( smith and smith , 1973 , 1976 , 1979 , 1993 ; pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; iverson , 1992 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .

can be cannibalistic , biting off the toes and limbs of conspecifics ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ) .

females probably lay 1 - 6 hard - shelled eggs ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ) .

like many kinosternids they probably construct a shallow terrestrial nest with little cover ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ) .

alvarez del toro , m . 1982 . los reptiles de chiapas . tercera edición , corregida y aumentada . instituto de historia natural , tuxtla gutierrez , chiapas , mexico . 248 pp .

berry , j . f . , and j . b . iverson . 2001 . kinosternon scorpioides . catologue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 725 ) : 1 - 11 .

campbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucatán , and belize . university of oklahoma press , norman , oklahoma . 380 pp .

conant , r . , and j . t . collins . 1998 . a field guide to reptiles & amphibians . eastern and central north america . third edition , expanded . houghton mifflin company , boston . 616 pp .

crother , b . i . 1999 . evolutionary relationships . pp . 269 - 334 . in : b . i . crother ( editor ) . caribbean amphibians and reptiles . academic press , san diego . 495 pp .

ernst , c . h . , and r . w . barbour . 1989 . turtles of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c . and london . 313 pp .

ernst , c . h . , j . e . lovich , and r . w . barbour . 1994 . turtles of the united states and canada . smithsonian institution press , washington and london . 578 pp .

flores - villela , o . 1993 . herpetofauna mexicana . carnegie museum of natural history special publication ( 17 ) : i - iv , 1 - 73 .

freiberg , m . 1981 . turtles of south america . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune , new jersey . 125 pp .

iverson , j . b . 1991 . phylogenetic hypotheses for the evolution of modern kinosternine turtles . herpetological monographs 5 : 1 - 27 .

iverson , j . b . 1992 . a revised checklist with distribution maps of the turtles of the world . john b . iverson , richmond , indiana . 363 pp .

king , [ f . ] w . , and t . krakauer . 1966 . the exotic herpetofauna of southeast florida . quarterly journal of the florida academy of sciences 29 ( 2 ) : 144 - 154 .

liner , e . a . 1994 . scientific and common names for the amphibians and reptiles of mexico in english and spanish . nombres científicos y comunes en ingles y españole de los anfibios y los reptiles de méxico . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles herpetological circular ( 23 ) : i - vi , 1 - 113 .

mittermeier , r . a . , f . medem , and a . g . j . rhodin . 1980 . vernacular names of south american turtles . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles herpetological circular ( 9 ) : 1 - 44 .

murphy , j . c . 1997 . amphibians and reptiles of trinidad and tobago . krieger publishing company , malabar , florida . 245 pp . + 172 plates .

pritchard , p . c . h . 1979 . encyclopedia of turtles . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune , new jersey . 895 pp .

pritchard , p . c . h . , and p . trebbau . 1984 . the turtles of venezuela . contributions to herpetology 2 . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , ithaca . 403 pp . , 47 plates , 16 maps .

savage , j . m . , and j . villa r . 1986 . introduction to the herpetofauna of costa rica . introducción a la herptofauna de costa rica . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles contributions to herpetology ( 3 ) : i - viii , 1 - 207 .

schwartz , a . , and r . w . henderson . 1991 . amphibians and reptiles of the west indies : descriptions , distributions , and natural history . university of florida press , gainesville . 720 pp .

smith , h . m . , and a . j . kohler . 1978 . a survey of herpetological introductions in the united states and canada . transactions of the kansas academy of science 1977 80 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 24 .

smith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1973 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume ii . analysis of the literature exclusive of the mexican axolotl . john johnson natural history books , north bennington , vermont . 367 pp .

smith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1976 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume iii . source analysis and index for mexican reptiles . john johnson , north bennington , vermont . 23 pp . , am - t , app - 102 , cor - 4 .

smith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1979 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume vi . guide to mexican turtles . bibliographic addendum iii . 1044 pp .

smith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1993 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume vii . bibliographic addendum iv and index , bibliographic addenda ii - iv , 1979 - 1991 . university press of colorado , niwot , colorado . 1082 pp .

somma , l . a . , 2018 , kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 8 / 2 / 2002 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018

this information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .

the data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .

citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .

contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .

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designed by paul smith 2006 . this website is copyrighted by law . material contained herewith may not be used without the prior written permission of fauna paraguay . material on this page was provided by paul smith and alberto esquivel and is used with their permission .

figure 1 - ( fprep29ph ) lateral view of adult , plot 21 , rio pilcomayo area , note puncture marks in the shell probably from the teeth of a big cat ( paul smith march 2005 ) . figure 2 - ( fprep30ph ) defensive posture of same specimen ( paul smith march 2005 ) . figure 3 - ( fprep31ph ) adult submerging , location unknown ( alberto esquivel undated ) . figure 4 - ( fprep32ph ) adult head detail , ruta trans - chaco km500 , departamento boquerón ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 5 - ( fprep33ph ) same individual shell dorsal ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 6 - ( fprep34ph ) same individual shell ventral , showing hinge ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 7 - ( fprep35ph ) same individual posterior shell view showing keel ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 8 - ( fprep36ph ) same individual hind foot ( paul smith october 2008 ) . video a - ( fprep657vi ) adult , laguna capitán , deparamento boquerón ( paul smith february 2012 ) . video b - ( fprep475vi ) submerged adult , fortín boquerón , deparamento boquerón ( paul smith november 2010 ) .

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the distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .

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albogulare : nicaragua , el salvador , honduras , costa rica , panama , isla cañas , colombia ( isla san andrés ) .

note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .

holotype : apparently lost ( smith and smith “1979” 1980 ) , berry & iverson 2001 ) . holotype : usnm 7518 , adult male [ abaxillare ] syntypes : mnhn 1760 , mnhn 4349 ; the holotype is lost , but berry & iverson 2001 have examined usnm 7519 - 29 , the paratypes [ albogulare ] holotype : mnhn 1759 , a subadult female [ cruentatum ] holotype : ansp 90 [ mexicanum ]

acosta , josé luis ; calamante , cinthia ; palomas , yanina soledad 2013 . kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) . primer registro para la provincia del chaco ( república argentina ) . cuadernos de herpetología 27 ( 2 ) : - get paper here

aréchaga - ocampo , samuel ; carlos a . montalbán huidobro & rubén castro - franco 2008 . nuevos registros y ampliacion de la distribucion de anfibios y reptiles en el estado de morelos , méxico . acta zoológica mexicana ( n . s . ) 24 ( 2 ) : 231 - 233 - get paper here

blanco - torres , argelina ; lina báez s . , edgar patiño - flores , juan m . renjifo - r . 2013 . herpetofauna from the middle valley of the ranchería river , la guajira , colombia rev . biodivers . neotrop . 3 ( 2 ) : 113 - 22

bocourt , f . 1876 . note sur quelques reptiles de l ' isthme de tehuantepec ( mexique ) donnés par m . sumichrast au museum . journal de zoologie . paris . 5 ( 5 - 6 ) : 386 - 411 - get paper here

bonin , f . , devaux , b . & dupré , a . 2006 . turtles of the world . english translation by p . c . h . pritchard . johns hopkins university press , 416 pp .

bour , r . 2008 . global diversity of turtles ( chelonii ; reptilia ) in freshwater . hydrobiologia 595 : 593–598

cacciali , pier ; norman j . scott , aida luz aquino ortíz , lee a . fitzgerald , and paul smith 2016 . the reptiles of paraguay : literature , distribution , and an annotated taxonomic checklist special publication of the museum of southwestern biology , number 11 : 1–373 - get paper here

campbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucatán , and belize . norman : university of oklahoma press , xiii + 380 pp . - get paper here

casas - andreu , g . , f . r . méndez - de la cruz and x . aguilar - miguel . 2004 . anfibios y reptiles ; pp . 375–390 , in a . j . m . garcía - mendoza , j . ordoñez and m . briones - salas ( ed . ) . biodiversidad de oaxaca . instituto de biología , unam - fondo oaxaqueño para la conservación de la naturaleza - world wildlife fund , méxico , d . f .

catenazzi , a . , lehr , e . & von may , r . 2013 . the amphibians and reptiles of manu national park and its buffer zone , amazon basin and eastern slopes of the andes , peru . biota neotrop . 13 ( 4 ) : 269 - 283

cisneros - heredia , d . f . 2006 . turtles of the tiputini biodiversity station with remarks on the diversity and distribution of the testudines from ecuador . biota neotrop . 6 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 - get paper here

cunha , o . r . da 1970 . uma nova subespécies de quelonio , kinosternon scorpioides carajasensis da serra dos carajás , pará ( testudinata - kinosternidae ) . bol . mus . paraense emílio goeldi , zool . 73 : 1 - 12

dixon , james r . and julio a . lemos - espinal 2010 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of queretaro , mexico . tlalnepantla unam , 428 pp .

duellman , w . e . 1978 . the biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in amazonian ecuador . misc . publ . univ . kans . mus . nat . hist . 65 : 1 - 352 - get paper here

duellman , w . e . 2005 . cusco amazónico : the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an amazonian rainforest . comstock pub assoc .

duellman , w . e . , & salas , a . w . 1991 . annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of cuzco amazonico , peru . occas . papers mus . of natur . hist . , univ . of kansas , lawrence ( 143 ) : 13 pp . - get paper here

duméril , a . m . c . & a . h . a . duméril 1851 . catalogue méthodique de la collection des reptiles du muséum d ' histoire naturelle de paris . gide et baudry / roret , paris , 224 pp .

duméril , a . m . c . , and g . bibron . 1835 . erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles , vol . 2 . librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris , iv + 680 p . - get paper here

duméril , m . a . ; m . f . bocourt , and f . mocquard 1870 . etudes sur les reptiles , p . i - xiv , 1 - 1012 . in : recherches zoologiques pour servir a l ' histoire de ia faune de l ' amérique centrale et du mexique . mission scientifique au mexique et dans l ' amérique centrale , recherches zoologiques . imprimerie imper . , paris ( published in parts1870 - 1909 ) - get paper here

dunn , e . r . , and l . h . saxe . 1950 . results of the catherwood - chaplin west indies expedition , 1948 . part . 5 . amphibians and reptiles of san andrés and providencia . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 102 : 141 - 165 - get paper here

ernst , c . h . and barbour , r . w . 1989 . turtles of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c . - london

gorzula , stefan & senaris , j . celsa 1999 . in : contribution to the herpetofauna of the venezuelan guayana . i : a data base . scientia guaianae , caracas , no . 8 [ 1998 ] , 269 + pp . ; isbn 980 - 6020 - 48 - 0

gray , j . e . 1873 . notes on the tortoises of the ‘zoology of mexico’ of mm . a . duméril and bocourt . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 12 : 109 - 114 - get paper here

günther , a . c . l . g . 1885 . reptilia and batrachia . biologia centrali - américana . taylor , & francis , london , 326 pp . [ published in parts from 1885 - 1902 ; reprint by the ssar 1987 ] - get paper here

höbel , g . 2008 . the amphibians and reptiles of the golfo dulce region - los anfibios y reptiles de la región del golfo dulce . stapfia 88 , neue serie 80 ( 2008 ) : 305 - 328

iverson , j . b . 1976 . the genus kinosternon in belize ( testudines : kinosternidae ) . herpetologica 32 : 258 - 262 - get paper here

johnson , jerry d . ; vicente mata - silva , elí garcía padilla , and larry david wilson 2015 . the herpetofauna of chiapas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 272–329 . - get paper here

kacoliris f . p . ; berkunsky i . & williams j . 2006 . herpetofauna of impenetrable , argentinean great chaco . phyllomedusa 5 ( 2 ) : 149 - 158 - get paper here

köhler , g . 2000 . reptilien und amphibien mittelamerikas , bd 1 : krokodile , schildkröten , echsen . herpeton verlag , offenbach , 158 pp .

köhler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .

lee , j . c . 2000 . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . cornell university press , ithaca ,

legler , j . m . & vogt , r . c . 2013 . the turtles of mexico : land and freshwater forms . university of california press , 416 pp .

lemos - espinal , julio a . and james r . dixon 2013 . amphibians and reptiles of san luis potosí . eagle mountain publishing , xii + 300 pp .

lemos - espinal , julio a . , geoffrey r . smith 2015 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of hidalgo , mexico . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1642 - get paper here

linné , c . von [ = linnaeus , c . ] 1766 . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio duodecima , reformata . laurentii salvii , stockholm , holmiae . 1 - 532 pp . - get paper here

magnusson , william e . ; lima , albertina p . ; ara•jo , maria carmozina de 1998 . geographic distribution . kinosternon scorpioides . herpetological review 29 ( 4 ) : 247 - get paper here

mata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson and elí garcía - padilla . 2015 . the herpetofauna of oaxaca , mexico : composition , physiographic distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 1 ) : 6–62 - get paper here

mccranie , james r . 2015 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with additions , comments on taxonomy , some recent taxonomic decisions , and areas of further studies needed . zootaxa 3931 ( 3 ) : 352–386 - get paper here

mcnish , t . 2011 . la fauna del archipiélago de san andrés , providencia y santa catalina , colombia , sudamérica . colomba andina de impresos , isbn 978 - 958 - 99518 - 1 - 1

medina - rangel , guido fabián 2013 . cambio estacional en el uso de los recursos de la comunidad de reptiles en el complejo cenagoso de zapatosa , departamento del cesar ( colombia ) . caldasia 35 ( 1 ) : 103 - 122

melo , íris virgínea ; geraldo jorge barbosa de moura , marco antonio de freitas , edson victor euclides de andrade , cláudio casal , arthur diesel abegg , marcelo nogueira de carvalho kakubum 2018 . new additions to herpetofauna of the parque estadual dois irmãos , an urban atlantic rainforest fragment , recife municipality , pernambuco state , northeastern brazil . herpetology notes 11 : 245 - 254 - get paper here

mendoza - paz , c . a . and l . fernández - badillo . 2017 . kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) . mexico , hidalgo . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 4 ) : 971–972 - get paper here

mertens , r . 1952 . die amphibien und reptilien von el salvador . abh . senckenb . naturf . ges . ( frankfurt ) ( no . 487 ) : 120 pp .

mesen , r . a . a . ; cruz , b . m . 1993 . sexual dimorphism of kinosternon scorpioides ( testudines , kinostermidae ) in palo - verde , costa - rica . revista de biologia tropical 41 ( 2 ) : 261 - 265 - get paper here

methner , k . 1989 . die schildkröten des unteren rio magdalena ( kolumbien ) . sauria 11 ( 4 ) : 9 - 11 - get paper here

montalvo , victor hugo , luis diego alfaro , carolina saenz and eduardo carrillo . 2015 . the jaguar as a potential predator of kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) . herpetozoa 27 ( 3 / 4 ) : 205 - 207 [ 2014 ]

nemuras , k . 1967 . notes on the herpetology of panama : part 3 . bull . maryland herp . soc . 3 ( 2 ) : 31 - 40 - get paper here

ribeiro , s . c . , i . j . roberto , d . l . sales , r . w . ávila & w . o . almeida 2012 . amphibians and reptiles from the araripe bioregion , northeastern brazil . salamandra 48 ( 3 ) : 133 - 146 - get paper here

rivas , gilson a . ; césar r . molina , gabriel n . ugueto , tito r . barros , césar l . bar - rio - amorós & philippe j . r . kok 2012 . reptiles of venezuela : an updated and commented checklist . zootaxa 3211 : 1–64 - get paper here

rodrigues , joão fabrício mota and diva maria borges - nojosa . 2013 . does kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) ( testudines : kinosternidae ) prefer to reproduce in clean water ? herpetology notes 6 : 519 - 521 . - get paper here

rodrigues , m . t . 2003 . herpetofauna da caatinga . in : i . r . leal , m . tabarelli & j . m . c . silva ( eds . ) . ecologia e conservação da caatinga , pp . 181 - 236 . editora universitária , universidade federal de pernambuco , recife , brasil .

schilde , m . 2001 . schlammschildkröten : kinosternon , sternotherus , claudius , staurotypus . natur und tier verlag ( münster ) , 136 pp . - get paper here

schwartz , a . & henderson , r . w . 1991 . amphibians and reptiles of the west indies . university of florida press , gainesville , 720 pp .

smith , hobart m . & taylor , edward h . 1950 . type localities of mexican reptiles and amphibians . univ . kansas sci . bull . 33 ( 8 ) : 313 - 380 - get paper here

solís , j . m . , l . d . wilson , and j . h . townsend . 2014 . an updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . mesoamerican herpetology 1 : 123–144 - get paper here

stejneger , l . h . 1925 . new species and subspecies of american turtles . j . washington acad . sci . 15 ( 20 ) : 462 - 463 - get paper here

stejneger , l 1941 . notes on mexican turltes of the genus kinosternon . proc . us natl . mus . 90 : 457 - 459 - get paper here

stejneger , l . 1902 . some generic names of turtles . proc . biol . soc , washington 15 : 235 - 238 - get paper here

stuart , l . c . 1935 . a contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savanna region of central peten , guatemala . university of michigan museum of zoology miscellaneous publications 29 : 1 - 56 - get paper here

sunyer , javier 2014 . an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 186–202 . - get paper here

taylor , edward h . 1952 . third contribution of the herpetology of the mexican state of san luis potosí . univ . kansas sci . bull . 34 ( 13 ) : 793 - 815 - get paper here

terán - juárez , sergio a . , elí garcía padilla , vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson and larry david wilson . 2016 . the herpetofauna of tamaulipas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 1 ) : 43–113 - get paper here

tomas , walfrido moraes , rafael morais chiaravalotti , andré restel camilo , gabriel oliveira de freitas 2015 . kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides linnaeus , 1766 : range extension and first records in the upper paraguay river basin and mato grosso do sul , brazil . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1631 - get paper here

ttwg [ peter paul van dijk , john b . iverson , anders g . j . rhodin , h . bradley shaffer , and roger bour ] 2014 . turtles of the world , 7th edition : annotated checklist of taxonomy , synonymy , distribution with maps , and conservation status . 000 . v7 . chelonian research monographs ( issn 1088 - 7105 ) no . 5 , doi : 10 . 3854 / crm . 5 . 000 . checklist . v7 . 2014 - get paper here

valdivieso , d . & j . r . tamsitt 1963 . a check list and key to the amphibian and reptiles of providencia and san andres . carib . j . sci . 3 ( 2 / 3 ) : 77 - 79

this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .

this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .

argentina , belize , bolivia , brazil , colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , french guiana , guatemala , guyana , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , paraguay , peru , suriname , trinidad , venezuela . northeast and eastern mexico through central america and across northern and central south america to northern argentina .

continent : middle - america south - america caribbean distribution : mexico ( yucatan , chiapas ) , guatemala , belize , el salvador , honduras , nicaragua , costa rica , panama , colombia , ecuador , venezuela , brazil ( roraima ) , argentina , paraguay , bolivia , n peru , trinidad type locality : surinam . abaxillare : mexico ( chiapas ) albogulare : honduras , costa rica , panama , isla cañas , isla san andrés . cruentatum : honduras , ne nicaragua north to mexico ( veracruz , tamaulipas ) , guatemala ; type locality : san mateo del mar , oaxaca ( designated by smith & taylor 1950 )

iucn 2011 red list : not listed ( least concern , lr / lc ) ( assessed 1996 , needs updating ) ; cites : not listed ; colombia red book of endangered reptiles : vulnerable ( d2 ) .

linnaeus , 1766 : systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio duodecima , reformata . laurentii salvii , stockholm , holmiae , p . 1 - 532 .

eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .

to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .


syngrapha interrogationis , the scarce silver y , is a moth of the noctuidae family .

it is found in the northern areas of the world , from alaska , through canada , iceland , europe , siberia up to northeast asia including japan .

syngrapha interrogationis

syngrapha interrogationis <EOT> scarce silver y ( syngrapha interrogationis ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .

syngrapha interrogationis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) = phalaena interrogationis linnaeus , 1758 = noctua aemula fabricius , 1787 = phalaena conscripta hübner , 1790 = noctua subpurpurina haworth , 1802 = phalaena aurosignata donovan , 1808 = plusia borealis reuter , 1893 = plusia epsilon ottolengui , 1900 = autographa zeta ottolengui , 1902 = syngrapha pyrenaica hampson , 1913 = syngrapha interrogationis norrlandica schulte , 1956 = syngrapha flammifera chou & lu , 1979 = syngrapha octoscripta epsilon = syngrapha octoscripta zeta .

habitat : syngrapha interrogationis is associated with acidophilous and coniferous , humid woodlands such as moor woodlands or montane spruce forests with vaccinium undergrowth .

endangerment factors : syngrapha interrogationis is endangered through the intensification in forestry which results in ever darker , uniformous forests , locally also through tourism and usage of wind energy .

autographa interrogationis herschelensis benjamin , 1933 ; pan - pacific ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 61 ; tl : herschel island , yukon

= syngrapha alias ( ottolengui , 1902 ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] , 115

= syngrapha altera ( ottolengui , 1902 ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] , 101

= syngrapha angulidens ( smith , 1891 ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] , 117

= syngrapha ignea ( grote , 1864 ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] , 113

= syngrapha rectangula ( kirby , 1837 ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] , 116

remarks : syngrapha interrogationis has an holarctic distribution ( north america , europe , northern asia ) . in europe it is common in the north and becomes more and more local and restricted to mountains in the south where it occurs to the pyrenees , middle italia and bulgaria .

syngrapha diasema ab . connexa warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 346

syngrapha hochenwarthi alaina [ sic ] ; [ ne10 ] , 161 ( missp . ? )

syngrapha interrogationis has only been found in extreme northwestern british columbia near the border with yukon territory . it is probably more widely distributed along the east slope of the rocky mountains and in other northern mountains in the province since it occurs in the alberta rocky mountains just to the east of british columbia .

syngrapha rectangulata ab . demaculata strand , 1917 ; archiv naturg . 82 a ( 2 ) : 47 ; tl : north america

syngrapha devergens rilaecacuminum varga & ronkay , 1982 ; acta zool . hung . 2 : 150 ; tl : bulgaria , rila mts .

syngrapha ain persibirica ronkay , ronkay , behounek & mikkola , 2008 ; witt catalogue 1 : 107 , pl . 36 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : mongolia

syngrapha hochenwarthi lapponaris ; [ ne10 ] : 240 , pl . 16 , f . 19 , 20 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 104

syngrapha microgamma r . nearctica ferguson , 1955 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 50 : 25 ; tl : prospect road , goodwood , halifax co . , nova scotia

syngrapha abstrusa eichlin & cunningham , 1978 ; u . s . dept . agric . tech . bull . 1567 : 46 ; tl : lake katherine , oneida co . , wisconsin

syngrapha cryptica eichlin & cunningham , 1978 ; u . s . dept . agric . tech . bull . 1567 : 47 ; tl : lake katherine , oneida co . , wisconsin

syngrapha rilaecacuminum ; [ ne10 ] : 238 , pl . 16 , f . 14 - 18 , gen . 259 , 324 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 102

syngrapha hochenwarthi hochenwarthi ; [ ne10 ] : 239 , pl . 16 , f . 21 - 23 , gen . 260 , 325 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 103

syngrapha devergens ; [ nacl ] , # 8947 ( extralim . ) ; [ ne10 ] : 237 , pl . 16 , f . 9 - 13 , gen . 258 , 323 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 101

syngrapha hochenwarthi is a moth of the noctuidae family . it is found in the alps ( on height of 1700 to 2500 m ) , the mountainous areas of northern norway and finland , the ural mountains , the balkan , the caucasus and the altai mountains .

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gaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hernández

records of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve . many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists . but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact ( eg , letourneau , hagen & robinson , 2001 ) . it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture , ecology , forestry , conservation and taxonomy .

hosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world ' s butterfly and moth ( lepidoptera ) caterpillars eat . the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180 , 000 records comprising taxonomically ' cleaned ' hostplant data for about 22 , 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources . it is not ( and cannot be ) exhaustive , but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .

we hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .

hosts can be searched in two ways , using text search and drill - down search modes .

in text search mode , use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two . hosts operates only using scientific names . it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name , vanessa atalanta , will be successful . enter the generic name ( vanessa ) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box ; enter atalanta in the species : box ; click search .

hint : leave the ' starts with ' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name ( eg , atalant ) . this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings . hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible , but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name ( eg flava , flavus ) .

restrict or refine searches using additional criteria ; choosing ' usa ' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ] ' urt ' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .

hint : restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records : in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region ( usa + canada ) would be missed .

drill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family . choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box ; choose a genus and wait for the species to load . the search button can be pressed at any time , but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels . drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database . following the previous example , choose nymphalidae , then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .

the preliminary search results pages give family , genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant . note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only . clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record . the full record listing gives , additionally , the author of the lepidoptera species , subspecific information on the insect and the plant , if available , together with details of larval damage . laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated . the status of the record ( whether considered true , erroneous or suspect ) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .

leguminosae ( c ) - caesalpinioideae . leguminosae ( m ) - mimosoideae . leguminosae ( p ) - papilionoideae .

all lepidoptera groups are covered and subspecific taxa are differentiated . the original source of the record , original form of the names used ( prior to taxonomic ' cleaning ' and standardisation of nomenclature ) and validation and verification fields are not included . this information is , however , retained in the databases used to generate this site . while we have included species that do not feed on green plants , the known food substrates of these are not listed exhaustively . such species comprise detritophages and predators and include , for example , most tineidae and the stored - products pests . the published compilations from hosts ( see more detail - publications from hosts ) include record status and the sources of all records .

detailed published compilations from hosts are available in press . these books give greater detail than the website , together with comprehensive cross - indexes , record status and full bibliographies . they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .

robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . 824 pp . [ memoirs of the american entomological institute , volume 69 . ]

beccaloni , g . w . , viloria , a . l . , hall , s . k . & robinson , g . s . 2008 . catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / catálogo de las plantas huésped de las mariposas neotropicales . m3m - monografías tercer milenio , volume 8 . zaragoza , spain : sociedad entomológica aragonesa ( sea ) / red iberoamericana de biogeografía y entomología sistemática ( ribes ) / ciencia y tecnología para el desarrollo ( cyted ) / natural history museum , london , u . k . ( nhm ) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones científicas , venezuela ( ivic ) . 1 - 536 pp . , 1 fig , 3 tabs .

gaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database , and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths . phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data , including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery , whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths . luis m . hernández was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .

we are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database , particularly mike bigger ( uk ) , john w . brown ( usa ) , chris conlan ( usa ) , rob ferber ( usa ) , konrad fiedler ( germany ) , jeremy holloway ( uk ) , frank hsu ( usa ) , jurie intachat ( malaysia ) , alec mcclay ( canada ) , bill palmer ( australia ) , pierre plauzoles ( usa ) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .

we are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j . a . comstock and c . henne , and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .

marian fricano ( santa clara university ) and aileen giovanello ( clark university , international internship 1996 ) made substantial contributions of abstracted data ; fran love ( north carolina ) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .

we are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence , accuracy and patience , and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .

we thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .

robinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hernández , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . urltoken . ( accessed : 18 aug . 2010 ) .

brummitt , r . k . 1992 . vascular plant families and genera . [ vi ] + 804 pp . , royal botanic gardens , kew .

kartesz , j . t . 1994 . a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states , canada and greenland . timber press , portland . 1 , checklist , lxi + 622 pp ; 2 , thesaurus , vii + 816 pp .

kitching , i . j . & cadiou , j . - m . 2000 . hawkmoths of the world : an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist . xx + 500 pp . , cornell university press , ithaca .

kitching , i . j . & rawlins , j . e . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pp . 355 - 401 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology , 4 ( 35 ) . lepidoptera . x + 491 pp . de gruyter , berlin .

letourneau , d . k . , hagen , j . a . & robinson , g . s . 2001 . bt crops : evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild . pp . 33 - 98 . in : letourneau , d . k . & burrows , b . e . ( eds ) , genetically engineered organisms : assessing environmental and human health effects . [ viii ] + 438 pp . , crc press , boca raton .

mabberley , d . j . 1987 . the plant book . a portable dictionary of the higher plants . xii + 707 pp . , cambridge university press . [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing . ]

nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera . 4 . xiv + 529 pp . , csiro , melbourne .

nye , i . w . b . ( ed . ) 1975 - 91 . the generic names of moths of the world . 1 : 568 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - nye , i . w . b . , 1975 ) ; 2 : xiv + 228 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - watson , a . , fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1980 ) ; 3 : xx + 243 pp . ( geometroidea - fletcher , d . s . , 1979 ) ; 4 : xiv + 192 pp . ( bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1982 ) ; 5 : xv + 185 pp . ( pyraloidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , 1984 ) ; 6 : xxix + 368 pp . ( microlepidoptera - nye , i . w . b . & fletcher , d . s . , 1991 ) . british museum ( natural history ) / the natural history museum , london .

rawlins , j . e . 1984 . mycophagy in lepidoptera . pp . 382 - 483 . in : wheeler , q . & blackwell , m . ( eds ) fungus - insect relationships . perspectives in ecology and evolution . 514 pp . , columbia university press .

robinson , g . s . 1999 . hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world ' s lepidoptera . nota lepidopterologica , 22 : 35 - 47 .

robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp . southdene sdn bhd , kuala lumpur .

robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 69 : 1 - 824 .

scoble , m . j . ( ed . ) 1999 . a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . 2 vols . csiro publications , melbourne .

royal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database : http : / / 193 . 62 . 154 . 38 / diptero /

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a moorland species , distributed throughout scotland and northern england in suitable habitat . it also occurs sparingly in wales and south - west england , and occasional immigrants appear in the south - east .

the flight period of the adults is from june to august and can be seen flying in the sunshine , though at night it comes to light .

ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .

the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .

looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .

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ab rocky mtns , mountain cr drainage , . 75mi se of pocahontas , 3600 ft 53 . 2 , - 117 . 9 july 29 , 1994 , lg crabo & j troubridge . specimen courtesy of lgcc photograph copyright : merrill a . peterson

this species flies in boreal , montane , and subarctic forests across canada . it is associated with forested bogs in western alberta .

this is a holarctic species that is most widely distributed in the old world . it occurs from scandinavia and the mountains of central europe east across asia . in north america it is predominantly a species of the northern boreal zone and the subarctic . it is found from alaska to labrador near the limit of trees . the range extends south to the rocky mountains of alberta .

this species feeds on arctic tundra shrubs including dwarf huckleberries ( vaccinium spp . ) in the ericaceae and dwarf birch ( betula nana ) in the betulaceae .

this species flies during late summer , usually from late july to september . it is nocturnal and comes to lights .

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host plants : the caterpillars feed on vaccinium species , especially vaccinium myrtillus and vaccinium uliginosum .

life cycle : the caterpillar hibernates and is fully - grown in may or early june . they live openly on mostly low growing vaccinium . the moths are on the wing between late june and early september , according to the location and year .

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

newfoundland - new jersey , s . canada , montana , n . new mexico . see [ maps ]

larva on picea engelmannii , pinus banksiana , picea glauca [ mna25 . 1 ] , 114

alps , s . urals , s . siberia , korea , japan . see [ maps ]

phalaena ain hochenwarth , 1785 ; beitr . ins berl . 6 : 337 , pl . 7 , f . 8

newfoundland , n . quebec - alaska , new jersey , n . north carolina , new mexico , idaho , n . california . see [ maps ]

autographa alias ottolengui , 1902 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 10 : 69 , pl . 8 , f . 7 , 13 ; tl : jefferson , new hampshire

larva on picea glauca , p . mariana [ mna25 . 1 ] , 115

autographa altera ottolengui , 1902 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 10 : 69 , pl . 8 , f . 9 ; tl : lake nipigon , ontario

newfoundland , labrador , n . manitoba , northwest territory , w . alaska , rocky mountains , washington . see [ maps ]

plusia alticola walker , [ 1858 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 12 : 912 ; tl : " rocky mountains "

s . alaska - british columbia , washington , oregon , rocky mountains , e . nevada , arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]

larva on abies ? , pseudotsuga ? stevens , carolin & stein , 1983 , j . lep . soc . 37 ( 2 ) : 134

autographa alta ottolengui , 1919 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 27 : 125 ( unnec . repl . autographa excelsa ottolengui , 1902 )

w . greenland , alaska , yukon - alberta , se . british columbia . see [ maps ]

british columbia - california , idaho , nevada , arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]

larva on abies lasiocarpa , a . grandis , a . concolor , picea egelmannii , p . glauca , pinus monticola , tsuga heterophylla [ mna25 . 1 ] , 119

autographa celsa r . sierrae ottolengui , 1919 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 27 : 123 ; tl : lake tahoe , sierra nevada , california

caloplusia composita warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 345 , pl . 64 a ; tl : thian shan mts . , turgan aksu

nova scotia , prince edwards i . , n . maine , michigan , wisconsin . see [ maps ]

alps , tien - shan , alai mts . , ili region . see [ maps ]

noctua devergens hübner , [ 1813 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 107 , f . 500 - 510 ; tl : europe

n . scandinavia , n . european russia , n . siberia , altai , tien shan , n . mongolia , labrador - alaska , n . quebec . see [ maps ]

larva on betula sp . , b . nana , vaccinium , populus , trollius europaeus [ ne10 ] , 241

w . canada , s . canada , pennsylvania , n . ohio , n . wisconsin , british columbia - to ( oregon , colorado ) . see [ maps ]

larva on vaccinium spp . , vaccinium angustifolium , kalmia angustifolia [ mna25 . 1 ] , 105

catoplusia hochenvarthi hampson , 1913 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 13 : 408 ( unj . emend . )

500x531 ( ~ 47kb ) finland : li : utsjoki , 775 : 50 , m + f 9 . 7 . 1983 , markku savela leg .

caloplusia hochenwarthi cuprina warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 34 , pl . 64 a ; tl : " tura "

catoplusia hochenwarthi lapponaris schulte , 1952 ; ent . zeitschr . 62 : 121 ; tl : sweden , torne - lappmark

alaska - rocky mountains , cascades ( washingon , oregon ) , california ( sierra nevada ) . see [ maps ]

plusia ignea grote , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 274 ; tl : pikes peak , colorado

larva on ( reared ) vaccinium sp . , salix [ mna25 . 1 ] , 114

plusia hochenworthi [ sic ] var . alaica galvagni , 1906 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 56 : 82 ; tl : alai mts .

1175x881 ( ~ 191kb ) finland : vaala , oulujärvi , manamansalo , pantioniemi , 18 . 8 . 2006 , photo © harri arkkio

larva on betula sp . , b . nana , calluna vulgaris , vaccinium myrtillus , v . uliginosum , andromeda polifolia

fennoscandia , baltia , poland , n . european russia , c . asia ( mountains ) , kamchatka . see [ maps ]

500x575 ( ~ 45kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , m + f 27 . 6 . 1970 , markku savela leg .

larva on ledum groenlandicum , cassandra calyculata , vaccinium spp . [ mna25 . 1 ] , 120

labrador , nova scotia , maine , new hampshire , n . michigan , quebec - saskatchewan , alaska . see [ maps ]

plusia montana packard , 1869 ; guide to the study of insects ( ? 9th edn . ) : 313 ; tl : mt . washington , new hampshire

alaska , w . canada , s . canada - to ( wisconin , n . ohio , e . pennsylvania , new jersey ) . see [ maps ]

british columbia , nw . wyoming , washington , idaho , oregon . see [ maps ]

plusia orophila hampson , 1908 ; can . ent . 40 ( 3 ) : 104 ; tl : brobokton creek , alberta

aleutians ( attu ) , japan , ne . china - magadan , kamchatka . see [ maps ]

arctic europe , iceland , n . siberia , coast ( s . greenland ) , arctic america . see [ maps ]

600x406 ( ~ 39kb ) finland : lk : muonio , 754 : 36 , m 7 . 7 . 1984 , markku savela leg .

newfoundland , quebec , n . ontario - manitoba , new jersey , n . pennsylvania , s . michigan , n . wisconsin , north carolina , virginia , british columbia , alberta , montana , n . idaho , cascades ( washington , oregon ) . see [ maps ]

larva on abies balsamea , tsuga heterophylla , picea glauca , pseudotsuga menziesii [ mna25 . 1 ] , 117

sw . montana - ne . utah , new mexico , colorado . see [ maps ]

nova scotia , newfoundland - alberta - nw . canada , n . michigan , maine ? , minnesota ? . see [ maps ]

plusia selecta walker , [ 1858 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 12 : 912 ; tl : st . martin ' s falls , albany river , hudson bay , ontario

newfoundland , labrador , n . saskatchewan , alberta , maine . see [ maps ]

plusia surena grote , 1882 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 6 ( 3 ) : 585 ; tl : orono , maine

plusia hochenwarthi var . tibetana staudinger , 1895 ; dt . ent . z . iris 8 ( 2 ) : 329 ; tl : betwen lob noor and kuku noor

e . manitoba - quebec , labrador , s . greenland , newfoundland , n . maine , n . new hampshire , n . new york . see [ maps ]

canada - to ( massachusetts , n . new york , michigan , n . washington ) , rocky mountains , cascades ( oregon ) . see [ maps ]

plusia viridisignata grote , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 11 ) : 205 ( unn . emend . )

larva on picea glauca , abies balsamea , pseudotsuga menziesii [ mna25 . 1 ] , 104

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notes on aberrational names omitted from the barnes and mcdunnough check list ( lepid . )

histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres . tome sixiéme . noctuélites . tome 2

the natural history of british insects ; explaining them in their several states . . . with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope

papers from the harriman alask expedition . xii . entomological results ( 6 ) : lepidoptera

additions to the catalogue of u . s . lepidoptera , no . 3 - 5

in uhler , p . r . report upon the insects collected by p . r . uhler during the explorations of 1875 , including monographs of the families

new moths , principally collected by mr . roland thaxter in maine , with notes on noxious species and remarks on classification

systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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. the wedge entomological research foundation , p . 106 ; pl . 3 , figs . 14 - 16 .

the moths of america north of mexico . fascicle 25 . 1 . noctuoidea , noctuidae ( part ) , plusiinae j . donald lafontaine , robert w . poole . 1991 . the wedge entomological research foundation .

contributed by maury j . heiman on 9 may , 2014 - 9 : 06pm last updated 26 july , 2014 - 11 : 38am

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recorded in 14 ( 20 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1964 . last recorded in 2017 .

underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018

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larva pale green ; dorsal line dark , with pale edges ; several pale wavy subdorsal lines and a broad whitish lateral line with dark upper edge . the larvae feed on the leaves of various plants , including vaccinium myrtillus , vaccinium uliginosum , betula , calluna vulgaris , andromeda polifolia and urtica . [ 2 ]

seitz , a . ed . , 1914 die großschmetterlinge der erde , verlag alfred kernen , stuttgart band 3 : abt . 1 , die großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen faunengebietes , die palaearktischen eulenartigen nachtfalter , 1914

" robinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hernández , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . "

this page was last edited on 15 february 2018 , at 21 : 24 .

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austria , belgium , bulgaria , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , ireland , iceland , italy , latvia , lithuania , the netherlands , norway , poland , romania , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .

regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , gorno - altaisk , the european north - east , the european north - west , the european central european south taiga , transbaikalia , western caucasus , kaliningrad , kamchatka , karelia , kola , krasnoyarsk , nizhny - amursky , nizhneobsky , prealtay , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , primorye , sakhalin , the north okhotsk , mid - amur , the volga - average , average urals , sredneobskaya , tuva , chukotka , south west siberian yuzhno - kuril , south ural , south yakutia .

andorra , austria , belarus , belgium , bulgaria , the british isles , france , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , iceland , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) poland , russia , romania , northern ireland , slovakia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .

[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )

[ 28 ] moths and butterflies of europe and north africa ( leps . it ) , 2012

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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .

species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .

all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair

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the wingspan is 24–30 mm . the moth flies from june to september depending on the location .

the wingspan is 32–38 mm . the moth flies from june to august depending on the location .

the larvae feed on the leaves of various plants , including vaccinium myrtillus , vaccinium uliginosum , betula , calluna vulgaris , andromeda polifolia and urtica .

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appendix ii ( noctuidae plates ) ……………………… . . . …………………………… . . . . . . 12

site 6 ) beside rock lake on july 22 , 2000 in a white spruce forest .

lasionycta uniformis , l . alberta , l . perplexa , l . conjugata ,

over a couple of years to get a more accurate list . i suspect that this fma could have as

handfield , l . 1999 . le guide des papillons du quebec . version scientifique . broquet .

dominick , r . b . et al . the moths of america north of mexico , fassicle 27 . 2 .

dominick , r . b . et al . the moths of america north of mexico , fassicle 25 . 1

noctuinae ( part – euxoa ) in dominick , r . b . et al . the moths of america north of mexico

lafontaine , j . d . 1987 . noctuidea , noctuidae ( part ) , noctuinae ( part – euxoa ) in dominick , r . b . et al . the moths of america north of mexico , fassicle 27 . 2 .

lafontaine , j . d . and r . w . poole . 1991 . noctuidea , noctuidae ( part ) , plusiinae in dominick , r . b . et al . the moths of america north of mexico , fassicle 25 . 1

polia purpurissata ( grt . ) * 65 ) polia propodea mccabe * 66 ) lacanobia nevadae ( grt

polia rogenhoferi carbonifera hampson * 64 ) polia purpurissata ( grt . ) * 65 ) polia propodea mccabe * 66 ) lacanobia nevadae ( grt . )

lasionycta alberta b . & benj . * 71 ) lasionycta perplexa ( sm . ) *

compilation of literature and collection records , for the provinces and territories of canada .

to document all species of lepidoptera found in this park and to further strengthen its status as an ecological reserve .

to document all species found in the peace river parkland ecoregion to help increase our knowledge of the biodiversity in this region .

there is a small area parkland natural region that is located in the northwest corner of alberta along the banks of the peace river . during 2005 and 2006 i began surveying lepidoptera in this area . the habitat targeted was the peace river parkland subregion that consists of open grassland with aspen bluffs . the following is a list of 503 species representing 38 different families .

alberta lepidoptera inventories are initiated by both the alberta government and members of the alberta lepidopterist guild ( alg ) who are working together to document all species found in alberta’s parks and protected areas . resulting species lists are used by personnel in resource management planning . this report summaries all species that are known from the park . a total of 17 families and . . . [ show full abstract ]

alberta lepidoptera inventories are initiated by both the alberta government and members of the alberta lepidopterist guild ( alg ) who are working together to document all species found in alberta’s parks and protected areas . resulting species lists are used by personnel in resource management planning . this report summaries all species that are known from the park . a total of 22 families and . . . [ show full abstract ]

lepidoptera survey of the peace river parkland subregion in northwestern alberta - 2012 project upda . . .

is nive of t ned eris e . n larv be cla plie lenguii nd nea and atk afonta ed by a o jinb ve bee recently , kusunoki and yasuda ( 2002 ) described v . citis - idaea , v . journal…

effect of larval crowding on development , growth and reproduction of earias vittella ( f . ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae )

sensory receptors on the larval maxillae and labia of heliothis zea ( boddie ) and heliothis virescens ( f . ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae )

plusiinae is a smallish ( for noctuid standards ) subfamily of the moth family noctuidae . as the noctuidae appear to be a paraphyletic assemblage , the plusiinae may eventually be raised to family status ( weller et al . 1994 ) .

( 1994 ) : phylogeny of noctuoid moths and the utility of combining independent nuclear and mitochondrial genes .

markku savela ' s lepidoptera and some other life forms : plusiinae . version of 2007 - mar - 15 . retrieved 2007 - jun - 03 .

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