the corded purg , scientific name pyrgulopsis nevadensis , is an extinct species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family hydrobiidae .

pyrgulopsis nevadensis is the type species of the genus pyrgulopsis .

corded purg

corded purg <EOT> the corded purg is a mollusk indigenous to north america that has gone extinct .

information on the corded purg is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .

how can i put and write and define corded purg in a sentence and how is the word corded purg used in a sentence and examples ? 用corded purg造句 , 用corded purg造句 , 用corded purg造句 , corded purg meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .

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" index to vols . 1 - 5 . by w . j . mcgee " : v . 5 , p . 281 - 370

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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .

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liste d ' espèces animales dont la disparition a été causée par l ' homme .

j ' essaie de faire une liste la plus complète possible , mais je ne garantie pas qu ' elle soit complète , ni qu ' elle soit exacte . elle peut servir comme outil de travail , comme référence pour pousser plus loin vos recherches . mais en aucun cas , elle ne peut servir de référence absolue . rappelez - vous aussi que le statut d ' espèce éteinte n ' est jamais sûr à 100 % .

pyrgulopsis is a genus of freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum , aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family hydrobiidae .

generic characters of the genus pyrgulopsis are : the shell is minute , conically turreted , somewhat elongated , imperforate and unicarinate . the apex is acute . the aperture is ovate . the peritreme is continuous .

the operculum is ovate , thin , corneous and spiral , with polar point well forward and approximating the columella .

the radula is like this : odontophore with teeth are arranged in transverse rows , according to the formula 3 + 1 + 3 . formula for denticles of rhachidian :

the distribution of the genus pyrgulopsis includes western and south - western united states .

snails of species in the genus pyrgulopsis occur in fresh water and in brackish water .

pyrgulopsis is the largest genus of freshwater gastropods in the north america . in 2010 , 133 species were recognized in this genus .

pyrgulopsis pilsbryana ( j . l . baily & r . i . baily , 1952 ) - bear lake springsnail

eastern north american species of pyrgulopsis are considered to be in separate genus marstonia according to the thompson and hershler ( 2002 ) .

pyrgulopsis agarhecta ( f . g . thompson , 1969 ) - ocmulgee marstonia - marstonia agarhecta f . g . thompson , 1969

pyrgulopsis arga ( f . g . thompson , 1977 ) - ghost marstonia - marstonia arga - f . g . thompson , 1977

pyrgulopsis castor ( f . g . thompson , 1977 ) - beaverpond marstonia - marstonia castor f . g . thompson , 1977

pyrgulopsis halcyon ( f . g . thompson , 1977 ) - halcyon marstonia - marstonia halcyon f . g . thompson , 1977

pyrgulopsis hershleri f . g . thompson , 1995 - coosa pyrg - marstonia hershleri ( f . g . thompson , 1995 )

pyrgulopsis ogmoraphe ( f . g . thompson , 1977 ) - royal springsnail - marstonia ogmorhaphe ( f . g . thompson , 1977 )

pyrgulopsis pachyta ( f . g . thompson , 1977 ) - armored marstonia - marstonia pachyta f . g . thompson , 1977

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a second edition of camden ' s description of scotland containing a supplement of these peers , or lords of parliament , who were mentioned in the first edition , and an account of these since raised to , and further advanced in the degrees of peerage , until the year 1694 .

camden , william , 1551 - 1623 . , dalrymple , james , sir , fl . 1714 .

a moun∣tain in the midst divideth , running on for∣ward from the west sea to the east .

empire , as who begin to be weary of wars , and to acquaint them∣selves with the delightful benefits of peace .

besides a number of islands lying round about . in the south part , these countries are more remarkable than the rest .

whereof a list shall be subjoyned as they now are , and in the order they stand in the rolls of parlia∣ment .

about the year 268 . did set out dioeceses for bishops : so the bishops of

the third , that is about the year of our redemption 1070 , at which time the dioeceses were confined with∣in their bounds and limits .

session of this current parliament , the estate of bishops being the third estate of parliament is abolished . by the fifth act of the second session , presbyterian church government was settled , and the no∣bility which did consist of the great barons or lords , or the lesser barons or free - holders , is divided in two estates ; so that by the third act of the second session of the same parlia∣ment , the three estates are declared to be the lords of parliament , designed the

and hath royal authority and jurisdiction over all the states and degrees , as well eccle∣siastical as lay or temporal .

that is , those who were enobled only by the office which they administred . for the word in the ancient english saxon tongue signifi∣eth ,

hath had dukes , marquesses , earls , viscounts , and barons . as for the title of duke , the first that brought it into

the third , a∣bout the year of salvation 1400 . likeas the honourable titles of marquess and viscount were first brought in by king

by taking of an oath , and are proclaimed by the pub∣lick voice of an herauld . in the year 1621 was instituted the hereditary order of knight baronet , for advancing the plantation of

with precedency of all ordina∣ry knights , lesser barons or lairds ; of which order there is a great number , but the anci∣ent great lairds , chiefs of clans or families , have not generally yielded precedency to them . of a second sort are they , who are termed

and hath the same very power as absolute . it consisteth of three states , of lords

to wit , dukes , marques∣ses , earls , viscounts , and barons : and com∣missioners for cities and burghs . unto whom were adjoyned not long since for every coun∣ty or shire also two commissioners . and by the 11th act of the second session of this current parliament , certain shires , and the stewartrie of

it is appointed and solemnly called by the king at his pleasure , at a certain set time , be∣fore it be holden . when these states above∣said are assembled , and the causes of their as∣sembly delivered by the king , his commissi∣oner , or chancellor , the lords

then the same all joyntly together nominat eight , of the commissioners for the counties , and as many of the commissioners for the free burghs regal , which make up in all the number of thirty two . and then

do admit or reject every bill proposed unto the states , after they have been first imparted unto the king , or his commissioner . being allowed by the whole assembly of the states , they are through∣ly weighed & examined , & such of them as pass by the greater number of voices , are exhibited unto the king , or his commissioner , who by touching them with the scepter , pronounceth , that he either ratifieth & approveth them , or disableth and maketh the same void· but if any thing dislike the king , it is razed out before .

to be chosen out of each estate by it self , for preparing all motions and over∣tures first made in the house , and that the parliament may alter the said committees at their pleasure , or conclude upon matters pro∣poned before them in plain parliament , with∣out committees , and that in the committes , some of the officers of state may be present by their majesties or their commissioners ap∣pointment , who is freely to propose and de∣bate allennerly , but not to vote . by act of par∣liament 1617 , the officers of state are re∣stricted to the number of eight , including the master of requests , beside the chancel∣lor , who by his office is president of the par∣liament . since the restauration of king

there hath been no master of requests , but frequently two secretaries ; and there hath been also debate amongst the lesser offi∣cers of state : and especially between the thesaurer - depute and the others , concerning their precedency ; but at present by order , the thesaurer - deput is ranked after the advo∣cat , and before the justice - clerk .

of the nine , which must be of the ordinar lords . the distinction of half

7 . there is allowed two persons to be conjoyned in each of the three offices of ordinary clerks of session , and so now six clerks , and as many advocats as the senators shall think good . these sit and minister justice , not according to the rigour of law , but with reason and equity , every day ( save only on the

in regard the office of the lords of session are for lifetime , they are set down as fol∣lows .

the president of the session by an act of parliament 1661 . is declared to have prece∣dency of the lord register and advocat , and they to have precedency of the lord thesaurer - deput .

amongst his majesties officers and counsellors , where the lesser officers of state are ranked , and after them the lords of session , according to their admission , and before privy counsellors being barons & gentlemen .

& frequently thereafter . all the space between sessions , being the times of sowing and har∣vest , is vacation and intermission of all suites and law matters . they give judgment accor∣ding to the parliament , statutes , and munici∣pal laws , and where they are defective , they have recourse to the imperial civil law .

from which courts or judges , in re∣gard of hard and unequal dealing , or else of alliance and partiality , they appeal some∣time to the session . these sheriffs are all for

also , to oblige more surely unto them the better sort of gentlemen by their benefits and favours , made in old time , these sheriffs hereditary and and perpetual . but the english kings soon perceiving the inconveniencies thereby ensu∣ing , of purpose changed this order , & appoint∣ed them from year to year . there be civil courts also in every regalitie , holden by their baillies , to whom the kings have graciously granted royalities : as also in free - burghs , by the magistrates thereof .

in which before four judges , or commissars ; actions are pleaded concerning wills & testaments , the right of ecclesiastical benefices , tithes , divorces , and such other ecclesiastical causes . in every other several part almost throughout the kingdom , there sitteth but one judge alone in a place about these matters .

exe∣cuted for some time , ) and he doth deput two or three lawers , who have the hearing and deciding of capital actions concerning life and death , or of such as infer loss of limbs , or of all goods . and by the 16

lord justice - general , the lord justice - clerk , who are both at the kings nomination , and to them are added five of the lords of session , who are supplied from time to time by the king , and are called lords of the justiciary . in this court the defendant is permitted , yea in case of high - treason , to entertain a counsellor or advocat to plead his cause .

moreover in criminal matters , there are sometimes by vertue of the kings commission and authority , justices appointed for the de∣ciding of this or that particular cause .

also the sheriffs in their territories , and magistrats in some burghs , may sit in judge∣ment of man - slaughter ( in case the man - slay∣er be taken within 24 hours after the deed committed ) and being found guilty by a ju∣rie , put him to death . but if that time be once over - past , the cause is referred and put over to the

or his deputs . the same priviledge also some of the nobility and gentry enjoy against theives taken within their own jurisdictions . there be likewise that have such royalities , as that in criminal causes they may exercise a jurisdiction with∣in their own limits , and in some cases recal those that dwell within their own limits and liberties from the kings justice , howbeit with a caution and proviso interposed ,

who had given the author good light . he being one of the three principal clerks of session , was in the year 1608 appointed secretary in place of the lord

did set it o∣pen for us , which had so long time been shut from us .

mean time before we proceed to the de∣scription of particular places , according to the authors project , we must give some short account of the privy council , thesaury and exchequer , being soveraign courts , and omitted by the author . the privy council is constitute by the king ' s commission to decide in matters that concerns the government and publick peace of the nation , wherein the chancellor by his office doth preside , and af∣ter him the president of the council , who hath the same precedency as in

the persons are chiefly named out of the nobility , with the addition of some barons . in the thesaury and exchequer , the lord high the∣saurer doth preceed , but this office is frequent∣ly in commission , as it is at present , and then the lord chancellor is , and uses to be one and chief of the commission , as also the lord

thesaurer deput , and they together with the lords of exchequer nominat by their majesties do order , determine , and dispose of the kings rents , revenues , gifts , and casualities : i have omitted particular lists of them , in regard the commissions to the council , thesaury and exchequer are some times changed , as the king doth think fit ; and that the persons employed in them are emi∣nent , of whom occasion will be to make men∣tion in some part of this treatise , either as noblemen , sheriffs of , or commissioners from shires , or otherwise .

under which one general name alone the writers of the middle time comprised all the rest .

are always most ready for service and sudden invasions . the first place among these that we meet with ,

and in old time marchidun , because it was a town in the marches , where stands a castle , that for natural situation , and towred fortifica∣tons , was in time past exceeding strong . which being surprised and held by the

missed and lamented of his subjects . as for the castle , it was yielded ; and being then for the most part of it lay ' d even with the ground , is now in a manner quite vanished and not to be seen . the territory adjoyn∣ing , called of it the sheriffdom of

who is present she∣riff , and one of the commissioners of the shire to this present parliament . and now hath

in the year 1603 . to take possession of that crown , at which time he was created lord

aforesaid runneth through the midst of a dale , taking name of it , replenished with sheep , that bear wool of great request . a very goodly river this is , which springing more inwardly eastward , after it hath passed , as it were in a straight channel by

where he is exceeding full of salmons , and so falleth into the sea .

merch , which is next , and so named because it is a march countrey , lyeth wholly upon the german sea . in this , first

the first of that name built out of the ground , for the propagation of gods glory , but to the great empairing of the crown - land .

and passing along the ra∣ging ocean , landed here in safety , became renowned for her sanctimony , and left her name unto the place . but this

what the meaning should be of these terms let others guess . in the reign of king

dun∣bar ; and when as he proved by good evi∣dences and writings brought forth , that his father had been pardoned for that fault by the regents of the kingdom , he was answe∣red again , that it was not in the regents power to pardon on offence against the state ; and that it was expresly provided by the laws , that children should undergo punishment for their fathers transgressions , to the end that being thus heirs to their fathers rash∣ness , as they are to their goods and lands , they should not at any time in the haughty pride of their own power , plot any treason against prince or countrey . this title of earl of

doth presently enjoy that dignity ; this viscount is marked in the rolls of parliament 1621 . hard by ,

which he hath extraordinarly improven & beautifyed by planting & inclosing . by the same riveret , some few miles higher ,

slain there with his men about the year 815 . but that he should be that warlike

both the account of the times , and his own death do manifestly con∣troll it . the sheriff ship of this shire , being at the kings disposal , is given to sir

baronet , and one of their majesties privy council , and a member of this present parliament for the shire .

much teene and trouble . here by retiring back off the shores on both sides , is room made for a most noble arm of the sea , and the same well furnished with islands , which by reason of many rivers encountring it by the way , and the tides of the surging sea together , spreadeth exceeding broad :

there is none descended of him that claims the title . upon this river , after you be past

flock hither at their times ( for by report , their number is such , that in a clear day they take away the suns light , ) what a sort of fishes they bring ( for as the speech goeth , a hun∣dred garrison soldiers that here lay for de∣fence of the place , fed upon no other meat but the fresh fish that they brought in , ) what a quantity of sticks and little twigs they get together for the building of their nests , so that by their means the inhabitants are a∣bundantly provided of feuel for their fire ; what a mighty gain groweth by their feathen and oyl , the report thereof is so incredible that no man scartcely would believe it , but he that had seen it . the garrison of the

a peer as hath been said . near to this place was the seat of sir

the sixth , and one of the lords of session ; his grand uncle mr .

the sixth , and one of the lords of session ; and his uncle mr .

also a lord of session . upon the sea - side is the town of

a pict , good leave have he for me , i will not con∣front them with this my conjecture .

affordeth . and as it is the seat of the kings , so is it the oracle also , or closet of the laws , and the very palace of justice . for the high courts of parliament are here for the most part holden ,

for the enacting and repelling of laws : also the session , and the court of the kings ju∣dicators , and of the commissariat , whereof i have spoken already , are here settled and kept .

the second after his restauration , did raise there a fair and stately court and pallace , all of hewen stone . in

did to their great expense , build a stately hall for the meetings of the parlia∣ment , with other rooms adjoyning for the session , and above stairs for the privy coun∣cil and exchequer , with a large closs or yard , to the south of st .

the second on horse - back in brass . and to the south - west , on a rising ground , is a curious and large hospi∣tal , built with the money left by

gold - smith , which doth entertain above an hundred young boys , children of decay∣ed burgesses . this city is well watered with five large fountains on the high and broad street thereof . in this city also , by king

as what variable changes of reciprocal fortune it hath felt from time to time , the historiographers do relate , and out of them ye are to be informed .

had fortified , by reason of many men repair∣ing thither , within a short time from a mean village , it grew to be a big town . again , when

truely seing both these islands be dissevered from the shore , the same reason of the name will hold in both languages . for

where she did much reside , and began to found that monastry . upon the same

in the british tongue soundeth as much as a lake . a sheriff it had in times past by inheritance out of the family of the

the sixth raised from the dignity of a baron , wherein his ancestors had flourished a long time , to the honour of an earl . in the same shire is situat

great grand child to the first earl , doth pre∣sently enjoy the dignity , and is one of the commissioners of the thesaury . near to

for deliver∣ing him out of a danger , greatly enriched . these were earls of

the fifth ( who begat many bastards ) the title & inheritance both came un∣to his son now extinct . hard by is

into which the access by land is very difficult . the places of greater note here∣in are these ;

by right from their ancest∣ors , had the rule of this seneschalsie or stewartrie , for so it is accounted . this vale

for that the per∣son more remote in the second degree , descend∣ing in the first line , is to be preferred before a nearer in a second line , in the succession of an inheritance that cannot be parted .

by his own vertue , at length recovered the king∣dom unto himself , and established it to his posterity . a prince , who as he flourished notably , in regard of the glorious ornaments of his noble acts , so he triumphed as happi∣ly with invincible fortitude & courage , over fortune that so often crossed him . sir

who besides other offices enjoyed by him , is one of the commissioners of the thesaury ; and by a special commission did represent the lord high thesaurer in the last session of this cur∣rent parliament . i cannot pass over in silence his uncle ,

is one of the titles of the present duke . by the same river , near unto the mouth whereof standeth

for fear he should fore - close his way to the kingdom , ran quite through with his sword in the church , & soon obtained his par∣don from the pope , for committing that mur∣der in a sacred place . near unto the mouth , is

and is now in the person of the present earl . moreover , in this vale

of whom i am to write more in place convenient , bare a long time the title of earl .

for to fetch in booties , and in which the inhabitants thereabout on both sides with pleasant pastime and delight∣ful sight on horse - back with spears hunt salmons , whereof there is abundance . what manner of

they go forth in the night by troops out of their own borders , through de∣sart by - ways , and many winding crankies . all the day time they refresh their horses , and re∣creat their own strength in lurking places ap∣pointed before hand , until they be come thither at length , in the dark night where they would be . when they have laid hold of a bootie , back again they return home likewise by night , through blind ways only , and fetching many a compasse about ; the more skillful any leader or guide is , to pass through those wild desarts , crooked turnings , and steep down - falls , in the thickest mists and deepest darkness , he is held in greater reputati∣on , as one of an excellent wit : and so crafty

and wily these are , that seldom or never they for∣go their booty , and suffer it to be taken out of their hands , unless it happen otherwhiles that they be caught by their adversaries following con∣tinually after , and tracting them directly by their footing , according as quick - senting slugh - hounds do lead them . but say they be taken , so fair spoken they are and eloquent , so many sugared words they have at will , sweetly to plead for them▪ that they are able to move the judges and adver∣saries both , be they never so austere and severe , if not to mercy , yet to admiration , and some commiseration withal .

they take in weels and weer - nets , an incredible num∣ber of most sweet and savourie eels , where∣by they make no less gain than others do by their little naggs , which for being well limmed , fast knit , and strongly made to en∣dure travail , are most in request , and bought from hence . among these , the first place that offereth it self by the river

baronet , is heretable she∣riff , and a member for that shire to this cur∣rent parliament . in times past , it had for lord ,

which i know not , to say truth , where to seek . yet that place requireth that it should be that episcopal seat of

his younger brother took him prisoner in battel , and when he had cut out his tongue , and plucked his eyes forth of his head , he cruelly bereaved him both of life and inheritance . but with∣in some few years , when

and is in this tract of high birth , spread into many branches , and of great power . the chief of which linage is the earl of

hath a town also of mer∣chandise , and a well known port by a river of the same name .

but now both sheriffship and stewartry being at the kings disposal , are granted to one person ; which rivers hath many little villages scattered along their banks .

and others of these sirnames , all families of good note . the chief mes∣suage of the stewartry of

butteth upon the same firth so close , that it restraineth the breadth thereof , which hi∣therto lay out and spread at large . the name , if one interpret it , is as much as the

by which a man may guess how commodious and pleasant it is . this territory is watered with

and marriage with the kings sister . but soon after , when the said gale came about , and blew contrary , they were judged enemies to the state :

doth contravert many of the circumstances thereof . ) howbeit the po∣sterity of the lord

recovered the anci∣ent honour of barons , and honourably enjoy it at this day . this family was dignified with the title of earl of

shallow withall , that it can bear none other vessels but small barks and boats .

was in a broil , whiles he took part with the protestants , he was apprehended and beheaded . but the

of a castle bearing the same name . inwardly it mounteth up altogether with high rising hills , at the bottom and foot whereof , along the shore , it is well inhabited . the first earl hereof that i can read of , was

in understanding , that he could not manage his estate , took this title in the right of being guardian .

he hath been twice employed by their majesties , as commissio∣ner to the general assembly , and is of the privy council .

the fifth , book 12 . chap . 5 . anent the genealogy of the

as is said , who is one of the gentlemen of their majesties bed - chamber . the fourth son lord

is the most famous town of merchandise in this tract : for pleasant situation , apple - trees , and other like fruit - trees much com∣mended , having also a very fair bridge sup∣ported with eight arches . near to it is

kings , and that a wrong genealogy of them is printed , with our acts of parliament . i must be allowed to prevent the further course of that mistake , to digress a little beyond my ordinary in privat families , to give a true and brief account of that ancient , great and noble family of the

and that he died in the year 1177 , by the former , and 1178 . by the latter , which

the manu∣script contains many things useful to the history , and is in the hands of the reverend mr .

his grand - father , his seal appended , is also entire : he died in the year 1309 . at the battle of

hath the charter and lands , an ancient baron , nobly de∣scended . there is a charter to the same per∣son of the same lands , but then designed sir

and other great branches descended thereof , de∣serve a particular treatise . i shall only re∣peat ,

robertus senescallus comes de strathern , ne∣pos noster , ioannes senescallus comes de car∣rict , filius suus primogenitus & haeres , & c .

as also with islands , concerning which , many fables have been forged , and those rife among the com∣mon people .

as touching an island here that floateth and waveth too and fro , i list not to make question thereof . for what should let , but that a lighter body , and spongeous withal in manner of a

there be islands full of grass , and covered over with rushes and reeds , that float up and down . but i leave it unto

) the east side of it , which hath a most pleasant prospect into the said lake . but at the confluence where

in a green plain . in one of the tops or heads abovesaid , there standeth up a lofty watch - tower , or keep : on the other , which is the lower , there are sundry strong bul∣warks : between these two tops on the north side , it hath one only ascent , by which hard∣ly one by one can pass up , and that with a labour by degrees or steps , cut out aslope traverse the rock : in stead of ditches on the west side , serveth the river

and on the east a boggy flat , which at every tide is wholly covered over with waters ; and on the north side , the ve∣ry upright steepness of the place , is a most sufficient defence . certain remains of the

departure , for three hundred years , in the midst of their enemies . for in

that it was rendred unto them by composition . of this place , the territory

was given unto that most noble fami∣ly , in regard of the honourable office of the stewart - ship of the kingdom , as who had the charge of the kings revenues . the said

the eight , considering that he bestowed upon him in marriage his neice , with fair lands . by the means of this hap∣py marriage , were brought into the world

divided as well in it self , as it was heretofore from the rest of the world , and to lay a most sure foundation of an everlasting security , for our heirs and the posterity . as for

who above her sex , so embraced the studies of the best li∣terature , that therein she profited and pro∣ceeded with singular commendation , and comparable with the excellent ladies of old time . when

whereof he stood en∣feoffed , was revoked by parliamentary au∣thority , in the year of our lord 1579 . and his uncle by the fathers side ,

pier∣cing far into the land out of the west and east seas , are divided asunder , that they meet not one with the other .

name , which scarcely could be stayed , set out the marches of the empire in this part of the world farther , although with inrodes they other whiles molested and endamnaged them . but after this glorious expedition of

raised the wall three miles long . but see here the very inscriptions them∣selves , as

imp . caes . tit . —io aelio hadriano anton . aug . pio . p . p . leg . ii . aug . per . m . p . iii . d . cix vis .

strengthened this wall another time , and fortified it with seven castles . lastly , the

they made a turff wall , rearing it not so much with stone as with turfs , ( as having no cunning artificer for so great a piece of work ) and the same to no use , between two firths or arms of the sea , for ma∣ny miles in length : that where the fense of wa∣ter was wanting , there by the help of a wall , they might defend there borders from the inva∣sion of enemies : of which work , that is to say a very broad and high wall , a man may see to this day , most certain and evident remains .

obtained a signal victory . ) and almost two miles lower , there is an ancient round building four and twenty cubits high , and thirteen broad , open in the top , framed of rough stone without lime , having the upper part of every stone so tenanted into the nether , as that the whole work still rising narrow by a mutual interlacing and clasping , upholdeth it self . some call this the temple of

a round house of polished stone , erecting a triumphal arch in memorial of a victory : he re - edified also the wall , and strengthened it with seven castles .

their minority , have been at other times com∣mitted . whereas some there be , that would have the good and lawful money of

shire to be described after . the sheriffship of this shire belongs to the earls of

such as the northern nations for the most part are ; who by reason of the rigorous cold of the air , are more rough and fierce , and for their abundance of blood , more bold and ad∣venturous . moreover , beside the position of the climat , this is furthered by the na∣ture and condition of the soil , which riseth up all throughout , with rough and rugged mountains ; and mountainers , verily all men know and confess to be hardy , stout , and strong . but whereas

than this of our ; although ours may also justly challenge unto it self this commendation . among this was the wood

that it was thought there , they were brought thi∣ther within iron grates and cages . but this term and name

we brittain dames have to do with the bravest and best men , and you roman ladies with e∣very lewd base companion secretly .

to which the reader is referred . there is also now in the press , the manuscript of the judicious and learned mr .

shooteth out far into the east . this land yieldeth plenty of corn and forrage , yea and of pit coals : the sea , besides other fishes , affordeth oysters and and shell - fish in great abundance , and the coasts are well bespread with pretty townlets , replenished with stout and lusty mariners . in the south side hereof by

castle , the seat of a noble family , bearing the same sir∣name . the laird of

to succeed her in that dignity . from hence the shore draweth back with a crooked and wiuding tract un∣to

that it should be the chief and mother of all churches in the picts kingdom .

doctors of the civil law , publickly professed here good literature , laid the foundation of an university : which now , for happy increase of learned men , for three colledges and the kings professors in them , is become highly renowned . hard by there loseth it self into the sea

king , when he is to be crowned in his chair , and to lead the vant - guard in his army ; and if any of them should happen by casualty to kill either gentleman or commoner , to buy it out with a piece of money . not far from

heifer , should be quit of man∣slaughter . when his posterity lost this ti∣tle and priviledge , is uncertain ; but it appear∣eth , that king

the kings eldest son to be most pitifully famished to death , which is the highest extremity of all misery . but his son

should be united unto the crown for ever . but the authority of the sheriff of

was a lord of the session , and one of the octavians of the thesaury , & secre∣tary before k .

in the year 1648 , whose honour is not now claimed by any . lieutenant general

his son being deceased without heirs male , the grand . child is married to mr .

the worst emperour , marched with victorious armies in the third year of his warlike expeditions , having wasted and spoiled the nations hitherto . near the out∣let of

the third ; took to him a wife out of that li∣nage : for the women of this race , have for their singular beauty , and well favoured sweet countenance , won the prize from all others , insomuch as they have been the kings most a∣miable paramours . baron

his great grand - child , who was an extraordi∣nar lord of the session , justice general , and chancellor to k .

had been quite extinguished , but that the chief of that house left his wife behind him great with child . the precedency of

nectane king of the picts gave unto god and st . brigid until the day of doom , together with the bounds thereof , which ly from a stone in abertrent , unto a stone near to carfull ,

the first took away the earldom as escheated ; after that , he understood out of the records of the kingdom , that it was given unto his mothers grand - father , and the hirs male of his body . this territory , the barons

president of the council , ranked before the l . privy seal ; it is report∣ed , that being vain of the title of

the sixth was the first , who as great or high commissioner , did repre∣sent the kings person in the parliament 1604 , as distinguished from several noblemen and gentlemen , appointed commissioners by the king under the quarter seal , to meet at the dyet of parliament , and to continue the same to a furder time , and to see the solem∣nities constituting the parliament performed , the first day of its sitting ; which form was constantly observed , till the year 1640 . this earls grand - child

actions there , and several noble and antient families inhabiting it . i return to the cross of

medals have been found , and from that there is a great mercat - road lead∣eth towards st .

dis manibus antonius daimonius cohortis i . legionis xvii . hispanorum heredes . f . c .

the country runneth out in length and breadth , all mangled with fishful pools , and in some places with rising mountains , very commo∣dious for feeding of cattel ; in which also there range up and down wild kine and red deer : but along the shore it is more un∣pleasant in sight , what with rocks , and what with blackish barren mountains . in this part , as

either through friendship , or by dint of sword , planted their seat amongst them which they still hold . of whom , their leader they are to this very day called dalreudini : for in their language ,

the fourth by authority of the states of the king∣dom , enacted a law . but the earls them∣selves have in some cases their royalties , as being men of very great command and au∣thority ,

( betwixt which and it there is a narrow sea , scarce thirteen miles over ) as if it would conjoyn it self .

lying over - against it , there is , in my conceit , some affinity . at this day it is called in the

by so thin a neck ( as being scarce a mile broad , and the same all sandy ) that the mariners find it the nearer way to convey their small vessels over it by land . which i hope a man may sooner believe , than that the

ano∣ther lake running into the east sea , but that certain mountains between kept them with a very little partition asunder . the chiefest place of name in this tract is

are joyned in one these coun∣tries and those beyond them , in the year of our lords incarnation 655 . the

is better known for the dukes thereof , than for any good gifts that the soil yieldeth .

that was heir to the crown . but the punishment due for this wicked fact , which himself by the long sufferance of god self not , his son

suffered most grievously , being condemned for treason and beheaded , when he had seen his two sons the day before executed in the same manner . the third duke of

chanced to be wound∣ed with a piece of shattered launce , & so di∣ed . his son

their bodies be firmly made and well compact , able withal and strong , nimble of foot , high min∣ded , inbread and nuzzeled in warlike exer∣cises , or robberies rather , and upon a dead∣ly feud and hatred , most forward and des∣perat to take revenge . they go attired

they commit such cruel outrages , what with robbing , spoilling and killing , that their savage cruelty hath forced a law to be enacted , whereby it is lawful , that if any person , out of any one clan or kindred of theirs hath trespassed ought , and done harm , whosoever of that clan or linage chance to be taken , he shall either make amends for the harms , or else suffer death for it ; when as the whole clan commonly beareth feud for any hurt received by any one member thereof , by execution of laws , order of ju∣stice , or otherwise . sir

issueth : and first run∣reth amain through the fields , until that spreading broad into a lake full of islands , he restraineth and keepeth in his course . then gathering himself narrow within his banks into a channel , and watering

dread∣ful to see , for the sundry turnings and win∣dings in and out therein , for the hideous hor∣rour of dark shades , for the burrows and dens of wild bulls with thick manes ( where∣of i made mention heretofore ) extended it self in old time far and wide every way in these parts . as for the places herein , they are of no great account , but the earls thereof are very memorable .


xerocrassa molinae is a species of air-breathing land snail , a pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family hygromiidae , the hairy snails and their allies .

this species is endemic to spain , where it is restricted to the islands of columbrete grande ( illa grossa ) and mancolibre ( columbretes islands group ) .

xerocrassa molinae

xerocrassa molinae <EOT> information on xerocrassa molinae is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - xerocrassa ( xerocrassa molinae ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - xerocrassa ( xerocrassa molinae ) " title = " arkive species - xerocrassa ( xerocrassa molinae ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

xerocrassa molinae is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

hygromiidae » xerocrassa molinae , id : 815639 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

justification : this species is endemic to two columbretes islands and has a very restricted range ( extent of occurrence = 14 km 2 and area of occupancy = 14 km 2 ) . the islands are protected areas and the population is thought to be increasing . currently , there are no major threats to this species , however , fires or stochastic events could affect this species and lead it to extinction . the species is therefore listed as near threatened .

this species is endemic to spain , where it is restricted to the columbretes islands ( castellón province ) to two islands : columbrete grande ( l ' illa grossa ) and mancolibre .

there has been a slight increase in the population of this species since the islands they inhabit have been protected .

this species lives in exposed places on the stems of bushes and under stones .

potential threats to this species include fires , depredation by rats and birds and tourism .

this species is currently abundant on the columbrete islands but the habitat is fragile and a plan of conservation and the inclusion of this species in protected species catalogues is recommended . the specific status of this taxon should be investigate as it is possible that it was introduced to the columbrete islands from the pine islands ( balearic islands ) .

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hidalgo , j . g . 1883 . description de deux espèces nouvelles d ' helix . - journal de conchyliologie 31 : 56 - 58 , pl . ii [ = 2 ] . paris .

shell horny coloured with transparent dark and whitish bands and dashes ( or whitish with horny transparent spots , or brown with white spots ) , finely striated , last whorl not always rounded at the periphery , umbilicus narrow , aperture inside with a thin lip .

endemic species of columbretes islands . threatened by fires . since the islands have been protected , the number of populations has increased ( martínez - ortí & robles 2003 ) . red list spain 2001 : sensitive to habitat change ( gómez moliner et al . 2001 ) . red list spain 2006 : vulnerable ( verdú & galante 2006 ) .

references : westerlund 1889 : 259 , gómez moliner et al . 2001 : 148 , martínez - ortí & robles 2003 : 135 , puente et al . in verdú & galante 2006 : 387 , urltoken ( 3 - 2008 ) , welter - schultes 2012 : 524 ( range map ) .

this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken

alberto martinez - ortí departamento de zoologia . facultad de ciencias biológicas . universitat de valència . av . dr . moliner , 50 . 46100 burjassot , valencia spain tel : 0034670342546 amorti @ urltoken

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bank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]

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goniatites bohemicus is a species of extinct cephalopods belonging to the family goniatitidae , included in the superfamily goniatitaceae .

these fast-moving nektonic carnivores lived in the silurian period , from 443.4 to 419.2 million years ago .

goniatites bohemicus

goniatites bohemicus <EOT> goniatites is a genus of extinct cephalopods belonging to the family goniatitidae , included in the superfamily goniatitaceae . beyrichoceras and cravenoceras are among related genera .

this lithograph of goniatites bohemicus appeared in joachim barrande’s systême silurien du centre de la bohême . 1 the artist , m . humbert from lemercier in paris , prepared the solnhofen lithographic limestone plate to barrande’s exacting requirements using fossils from his extensive collection ( as shown ) . it is one of more than a thousand similarly executed plates in the monumental systême .

joachim barrande , the son of the shopkeeper augustin barrande and his wife charlotte , was born on 11 aug 1799 in saugues , haute loire . 2 he studied civil engineering at the école polytechnique in paris , graduated at the top of his class and in 1826 he came into the service of king charles x as the science tutor of his grandson henry , the comte du chambord . after charles x was forced to abdicate in the july revolution of 1830 barrende followed the royal court to dorset , edinburgh and finally prague . 1

charles x and his family eventually moved on to trieste but barrande stayed in prague where he began work as a road and bridge engineer . barrande had a keen interest in the natural sciences and the story goes that his interest in paleontology was piqued while observing fossils found during his surveying work on the planned radnice - plzeň - budějovice railway . whatever the reasons he started collecting fossils , however , it was the publication of murchison’s silurian system in 1839 that focused his interest . 3 he realized that his finds were the same ones that murchison was describing and soon he began a much more systematic study .

phragmoceras sp . ( left ) , trochoceras and gyroceras sp . ( right )

between 1840–50 barrande travelled on foot through the mountains between prague and beroun and created a stratigraphic map of central bohemia . he identified paleozoic rock formations and hired workers – as many as 20 or 30 at a time – to dig for fossils . he was so successful in finding fossil beds that his laborers “attributed to him a mastery of the black art of divination and a possible intimacy with the devil himself . ” by the time he died he had amassed a collection of more than 100 , 000 specimens .

he began organizing his notes and in 1852 , under the fitting motto of “c’est ce que j’ai vu” ( this is what i have observed ) , published the first folio of his remarkable systême silurien du centre de la bohême .

over the next 31 years – until his death in 1883 – he published 22 quarto folios covering trilobites , cephalopods , pteropods , brachiopods and molluscs . in all the systême included 6887 pages of text , 1078 plates and described 3560 lower palaeozoic species . it was a monumental work that simply has no parallel in the history of palentology .

monomercella and orthonychia sp . ( left ) , herecynella bohemica and philhedra humillima ( right )

barrande found it necessary to act as his own publisher and set up his own press in prague . there was no part of the project that escaped his obsessive supervision – especially the plates . he personally designed and laid out the illustrations and left extensive instructions to his artists including j . fetters ( prague ) , a . swoboda ( vienna ) and m . humbert ( paris ) . he routinely demanded revisions and even discarded perfectly usable plates at the last minute when a better specimen became available . as science noted in their 1888 obituary “ [ they ] could not have been printed with greater technical elegance by any press in paris . ” 4

of course barrande’s obsessiveness was expensive . the project required continual financial support from the academy of science in vienna and the comte du chambord . even with a prohibitive price of 1575 francs the publication never broke even .

barrande’s publication would turn out to be critically important to charles darwin . he mentioned his work no less than five times in the origin of the species . 5 barrande , on the other hand , felt that his work was “to ascertain the reality , not to create ephemeral theories” and his idea of “colonies” would become one of the chief scientific alternatives to darwin’s theory of evolution .

barrande had amassed so much material that after his death in 1883 three volumes describing an additional 1000 species were published . today , more than a century later , his work is still routinely referenced by paleontologists .

1 . barrande , joachim . systême silurien du centre de la bohême ( the silurian system of central boehmia ) ( 8 volumes ) . prague : chez l’auteur , 1852–1911 . volumes 2–8 are online . the missing volume , unfortunately , is the trilobite volume – hence no trilobite scans in the post . sorry . if a version of volume 1 ever becomes available – trust me – i’ll be all over it .

2 . for a more complete biography of barrande see radvan horný , radvan and turek vojtěch . jaochim barrande : his life , work and heritage to world palaeontology . prague : praha národní muzeum , přírodovědecké muzeum , 1999 . ( worldcat , online ) , or kříž , jiří . joachim barrande . prague : český geologický ústav , 1999 ( online )

3 . murchisen , roderick . the silurian system . london : john murray , 1839 ( online ) .

4 . joachim barrande , his life . science . 30 nov 1883 ; 2 ( 43 ) : 699–701 ( online )

5 . darwin , charles . on the origin of the species . london : john murray , 1859 ( worldcat , online ) .

the shell is generally globose with an open but narrow umbilicus , the surface commonly reticulate resulting from longitudinal lirae crossing transverse striae . the ventral lobe of the suture is rather narrow with a median saddle about or little less than half the height of entire lobe . the first lateral saddle is subangular to angular .

fossils of species within this genus have been found widespread in north america , eurasia , and north africa . in particular they have been found in the

miller , furnish , and schindewolf , 1957 . paleozoic ammonoidea , treatise on invertebrate paleontology , part l . geological society of america .

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on andrew wyeth’s 22nd birthday he ventured to cushing , maine to meet the artist merle james but instead met james’ 17 - year old daughter betsy . instantly smitten , he asked her to show him around town and she was more than happy to oblige . she thought “i’ll show him a real maine building” and as something of a test took him to the hathorne point home of her friends christina and alvaro olson . 1

throughout his life andrew had a rather contentious relationship with women ; indeed with anyone who didn’t in some way directly support his painting , but on that day in july 1939 he met what would become two of the most important women in his life . 1

like andrew , betsy had health problems as a child and grew up a loner . “i was the flawed child” she said . they married in may 1940 and she was initially dismissed by andrew’s domineering father , n . c . , as a lightweight dillitente . she would prove n . c . and the rest of wyeth’s family wrong , becoming not only andrew’s wife and model but his staunchest supporter and most severe critic , his business manager and eventually his archivist .

betsy knew that the olsen’s were difficult , reclusive people . andrew , however , was completely unfazed by their dilapidated house and as he later recalled “owing to christina‚äôs real fondness for betsy , she accepted me much more readily than i suppose she ordinarily would have . ”

by this time christina , who had an undiagnosed neuromuscular disease ( likely polio ) was reduced to crawling and urinating on stacks of discarded newspapers . andrew however felt that “she was so much bigger than all the little idiosyncrasies . ” and found her a symbol of fierce independance - an extraordinary conquest of life . the result of this friendship was christina’s world , one of the iconic paintings of the 20th century .

andrew and betsy spent their winters in chadds ford , pennsylvania and their summers in cushing where he routinely returned to the olsons and their saltwater farm as a subject . he eventually had free run of their house , even setting up his studio in an upstairs bedroom .

christina’s death in jan 1968 deeply affected andrew and marked the end of a seminal two decade long period in his painting . faced with a blank canvas – as it were – it was time for a reappraisal of his art . it was then that he met siri , the daughter of the cushing farmer george erickson . siri was exotic , untouched and had an electrifying effect on his work . “a burst of life , ” he later said , “like spring coming through the ground , a rebirth of something fresh out of death . ”

it was betsy ( much to her later chagrin ) who pushed him to do nudes . because his model was only 14 years old it became – as you could imagine – something of a scandal .

wyeth painted siri for ten years , until betsy – worried that their relationship had turned sexual – put a stop to it . she told andrew “if you do this again , don’t tell me . ” her request would have rather far - reaching consequences because andrew had just met helga .

helga was born in konigsberg , prussia in 1939 . after surviving the war her family was held as prisoners in denmark . at age 16 she entered the convent but left a few years later and met john testorf . they married , moved to philadelphia and finally settled in chadds ford . by the time she met andrew she was a lonely , unhappy , homesick housewife and posing for andrew was her answer . “i became alive , ” she said , “it shows in the pictures . i became young overnight . i’ve never done anything more worthwhile . ”

wyeth spent the next 15 years painting helga in near complete secrecy . to hide her from betsy he shuttled her from studio to studio ( “like a hamster in a cage” ) and began finding excuses to remain in chadds ford while betsy was in maine . what few pieces he showed betsy carefully concealed helga’s identity . he even changed her skin color in barracoon :

eventually he tired of the subterfuge and showed his work – some 240 pieces – to betsy . her first reaction was that “ whew , i was absolutely overcome , ” and her next was “who the fuck was this woman ? ” the wyeths sold the entire collection to the publisher leonard e . b . andrews and in a masterful piece of public relations the story spread beyond art circles , with the salacious details of wyeth’s secret model becoming the simultaneous cover story in both time and newsweek .

wyeth’s artwork remains to this day a polarizing subject – either you love it or you hate it . it would be difficult , however , to deny his love of his models . as one of them stated “its a romance to to the degree where you’re the most important thing in the world to him . ”

1 . for a complete biography see : meryman , richard . andrew wyeth : a secret life . new york : harpercollins , 1996 ( worldcat ) .

2 . all of the helga images are from wilmerding , john . andrew wyeth : the helga pictures . new york : harry abrams , 1987 ( worldcat ) .


macroscelides is a genus of small shrew-like animals , the round-eared sengis ( also called elephant shrews ) , found in western namibia and in south africa ; they are members of the clade afrotheria .

there are three known species : namib round-eared sengi , macroscelides flavicaudatus etendaka round-eared sengi , macroscelides micus , which is only found in gravel plains in the etendaka formation of north-west namibia karoo round-eared sengi , or short-eared elephant shrew , macroscelides proboscideus

macroscelides

macroscelides <EOT> macroscelides typus a . smith , 1829 ( = sorex proboscideus shaw , 1800 ) .

species account of macroscelides proboscideus on the animal diversity web ( the university of michigan museum of zoology ) .

namib round - eared sengi ( macroscelides flavicaudatus ) from wlotzkasbaken , namibia . may 2000 . photo : g . rathbun

unger , r . , h . kratochvil . 1999 . feeding preferences of short - eared elephant shrews ( macroscelides proboscideus , smith 1829 ) .

to cite this page : dohring , a . 2002 . " macroscelides proboscideus " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

to cite this page : dr . ted macrini , 2004 , " macroscelides proboscideus " ( on - line ) , digital morphology . accessed july 9 , 2018 at urltoken

macroscelides proboscideus , the short - eared elephant shrew , is one of 15 extant species of the clade macroscelidea . elephant shrews are small mammals ( head and body length : 95 - 315 mm ) characterized by long slender tails ( length : 80 - 265 mm ) , long slender legs , and a long , narrow , semi - flexible snout from which the name derives ( nowak , 1991 ) .

we investigated the state of dental eruption in specimens of macroscelides proboscideus and erinaceus europaeus of known age . when m . proboscideus reaches adult size and sexual maturity , few or none of its replaced permanent cheek teeth have erupted . the approximate sequence of upper tooth eruption is p1 , [ i3 , c , m1 ] , [ i1–2 ] , m2 , p4 , [ p2 , p3 ] . chronologically , e . europaeus erupts its molars and most premolars prior to m . proboscideus ; but its first two upper incisors erupt after those of m . proboscideus , and its canines erupt around the same time . the approximate sequence of upper tooth eruption in e . europaeus is [ m1 , m2 , p2 , i3 ] , c , m3 , p4 , p3 , i2 , i1 . unlike m . proboscideus , e . europaeus does not reach adult size until all permanent teeth except for the anterior incisors have erupted . while not unique among mammals , the attainment of adult body size prior to complete eruption of the permanent cheek teeth is particularly common among macroscelidids and other afrotherians .

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click on images for enlargement . click here to see the gallery of photos for the newly discovered gray faced sengi .

golden - rumped sengi rhynchocyon chrysopygus weight = 550 g . gedi ruins , kenya photo : galen rathbun

black and rufous sengi rhynchocyon petersi minja forest reserve , north pare mountains , tanzania . 28 july 2006 photo : bill stanley

checkered sengi rhynchocyon cirnei ( camera trap image ) burigi game reserve , kagera , tanzania . june 2007 photo : charles foley , tanzania mammal atlas project

checkered sengi rhynchocyon cirnei ( camera trap of likely estrus female followed by male ) burigi game reserve , kagera , tanzania . june 2007 photo : charles foley , tanzania mammal atlas project

checkered sengi rhynchocyon cirnei mareja community reserve , pemba , cabo delgado province , mozambique . 16 june 2011 . photo : galen rathbun

short - snouted sengi elephantulus brachyrhynchus weight : 50 g . mankwe wildlife reserve , northwest province , south africa photo : richard yarnell

short - snouted sengi elephantulus brachyrhynchus weight : 45 g . zambezi province ( caprivi strip ) , namibia photo : galen rathbun

cape rock sengi elephantulus edwardii weight = 50 g . traveller’s rest , clanwilliam , northern cape province , south africa photo : galen rathbun

karoo rock sengi elephantulus pilicaudus weight = 50 g . loxton , northern cape province , south africa photo : galen rathbun

bushveld sengi elephantulus intufi weight = 40g . zwartmodder farm , maltahohe district , namibia photo : jack dumbacher

bushveld sengi elephantulus intufi weight = 40g . windpoort farm , outjo , namibia photo : galen rathbun

eastern rock sengi elephantulus myurus weight = 50 g . matopos national park , zimbabwe , august 1982 photo : tim osborne

eastern rock sengi elephantulus myurus weight = 50 g . weenen game reserve , kwazulu - natal province , south africa photo : david ribble

north african sengi petrosaltator rozeti weight : 50 g midlet , morocco photo : g . rathbun

rufous sengi elephantulus rufescens mother and young resting on trail through leaf litter . kibwezi , kenya photo : galen rathbun

rufous sengi elephantulus rufescens neonate - one day old . photo : gene maliniak , national zoological park

western rock sengi elephantulus rupestris weight = 50 g . rehoboth , namibia photo : galen rathbun

western rock sengi elephantulus rupestris weight = 50 g . namibrand nature reserve , namibia photo : jack dumbacher

western rock sengi elephantulus rupestris weight = 50 g . captive eating a grasshopper . photo : chris and tilde stuart

the short - eared elephant shrew mostly inhabits namibia , southern botswana , and south africa .

the animal only lives in desert and semi - desert areas of the countries in which it is found . it hides in the sparse grass cover or bushes that are a part of these dry areas . they also burrow into the sand .

compared to members of the other elephant shrew genus , the short - eared elephant shrew has shorter and rounder ears and lacks the pale rings around the eyes that are typical of those animals . the tail is hairy , with a visible gland on the underside . on the hind feet , the first digit is small and has a claw . the fur is usually long , soft , and is an orange , brown or grayish color on top and a lighter color on the underside . adults often weigh between 40 - 50 grams with 100 - 110mm long bodies and 97 - 130mm long tails . defining skull features include an enlarged auditory bullae and the appearance of three upper incisors , as well as a short rostrum and crowded teeth . females also have six mammae .

the breeding season is in the warm , wet months of august and september . a female may have many pregnancies during one breeding season . ( shaw , 1934 )

gestation for these animals is typically about 56 days and only two young are born , sometimes one . they are born in a very precocial state ; they can run within a few hours after birth , are large in size , and are born with hair and their eyes open . babies are weaned at 16 - 25 days and reach sexual maturity after about 43 days . ( rathbun & fons )

the female does not make a nest for the young ; however , she will find a sheltered area and give birth to the young in it . the mother does not guard her young and is gone from the litter most of the time , coming back once a day to feed the young . ( smith , 1829 )

in the wild , these animals only live for 1 - 2 years . in captivity they can live as long as 3 - 4 years .

these animals are mostly diurnal except when threatened by predators . they are usually solitary animals in the wild except when they come together to mate . when mating , females fend off other females and males fight off other males .

these elephant shrews take refuge under bush or rocks but also dig burrows or use shelters previously built by other small species , typically rodents . the animals use the burrows like roads to get from place to place . they keep them clean by kicking any debris that clogs their tunnels . they also sand bathe to help keep clean .

short - eared elephant shrews typically eat insects , usually termites and ants , and other small invertebrates . they may also feed on plant parts such as roots , shoots , and berries .

the animal usually jumps from bush to bush during the day or basks in the sun , but if harassed by diurnal predators , such as hawks , it switches its schedule and looks for food at dusk , hiding in bushes during the day . also , by using their forelimbs these animals can dig tunnels very rapidly to quickly escape predators . few predators prey on the young because the young mature and leave the nest shortly after birth .

these elephant shrews help move soil around to create their burrows as well as recycle vacant burrows left from rodent species .

due to destruction of its habitat , this species is labeled “vulnerable” by the iucn .

alyce dohring ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , kate teeter ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .

living in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .

having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .

in deserts low ( less than 30 cm per year ) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity . vegetation is typically sparse , though spectacular blooms may occur following rain . deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate . in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry . this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants . in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil . salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots .

animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .

the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .

reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .

lincoln park zoo , " short - eared elephant shrew " ( on - line ) . accessed october 4 , 2001 at urltoken .

regina , u . " short - eared elephant shrew " ( on - line ) . accessed october 4 , 2001 at urltoken .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

corbet , g . b . and hanks , j . 1968 . a revision of the elephant - shrews , family macroscelididae . bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( zoology ) 16 : 1 - 111 .

a widespread species occurring in southern namibia , extreme southwestern botswana , and western south africa , particularly the northern , western , and eastern cape ( rathbun 2009 , dumbacher et al . 2012 ) .

it is believed that over much of its range its numbers are relatively low ( corbet and hanks 1968 , rathbun 2005 , smit et al . 2009 , schubert 2011 , dumbacher et al . 2012 , perrin and rathbun 2013 ) . there are no data on population dynamics of this species , but it is expected that populations will vary greatly in the arid habitats that it occupies , which is possibly correlated to climate regimes and climatic variability , and there are no reasons to believe that these variations , if they indeed occur , are abnormal .

there is no indication that this species has ever been used by people for any purposes . it rarely has been exported to various zoological gardens over the last few decades , where husbandry techniques have been developed , breeding has been achieved , and research results have been published ( olbricht 2009 ) .

there are no known major threats to the species . habitat modification to relatively small areas may occur near rivers and human population centres due to small - holder and industrial agriculture , mineral extraction , and urban development . changes in habitats due to desertification and bush encroachment and proposed wind and solar energy facilities may adversely alter habitats for sengis and displace them from such areas , but at present these changes do not appear widespread or serious , especially since the species is associated with arid habitats to begin with .

because this species is widespread , it is not in conflict with most human activities ; captive husbandry and breeding methods are well - established ; and it likely occurs in many protected areas ( i . e . , goegap nature reserve , gamkaberg nature reserve , skilpad nature reserve , tankwa karoo national park , mokala national park , ricthersveld national park , augrabies falls national park , namagua national park , and karoo national park ) , therefore there are no conservation actions recommended at present or in the foreseeable future . research topics of conservation relevance include determining the impacts of habitat shifts , including livestock grazing , on local populations , determining the proportion of the total distribution range that occurs in protected areas , and continue to accumulate information on occurrence points ( see urltoken ) .

rathbun , g . b . & smit - robinson , h . 2015 .

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all elephant shrews are endemic to africa . the short - eared elephant shrew is native to namibia , cape province of south africa , and southern botswana ( corbet and hanks , 1968 ; nowak , 1991 ) . the fossil record of macroscelidea also is restricted to africa and extends back to the eocene , but with only three pre - miocene taxa ( butler , 1995 ) .

recent analyses of molecular data place macroscelidea in the clade afrotheria , which also includes aardvarks , elephants , hyraxes , golden moles , tenrecs , and sirenians ( murphy et al . , 2001 ) . within afrotheria , elephant shrews form a clade with golden moles and tenrecs ( murphy et al . , 2001 ) . morphological data place macroscelidea as the sister taxon to glires ( rabbits + rodents ; novacek , 1992a , b ) .

macrosclides proboscideus inhabits sandy and gravel thornbrush plains and refuges in shallow burrows under bushes ( nowak , 1991 : 183 - 184 ) . the short - eared elephant shrew is mainly diurnal but sometimes crepuscular or nocturnal in activity , and it primarily feeds on insects along with roots , tender shoots , and berries ( nowak , 1991 : 184 ) . this species is mainly solitary in the wild ( nowak , 1991 ) . young are very precocial at birth , being covered with hair and able to move about soon after they are born ( nowak , 1991 ) . four species of elephant shrews are listed as either endangered or vulnerable by iucn , but m . proboscideus is not one of them .

this specimen ( amnh 161535 ) was collected from cape province , south africa by tom larson . it was made available to the university of texas high - resolution x - ray ct facility for scanning by ted macrini of the department of geological sciences , the university of texas at austin . funding for scanning was provided by a national science foundation ( nsf ) dissertation improvement grant to mr . macrini . funding for image processing was provided by a nsf digital libraries initiative grant to dr . timothy rowe of the department of geological sciences , the university of texas at austin .

the specimen was scanned by matthew colbert on 31 october 2003 along the coronal axis for a total of 630 slices , each slice 0 . 055 mm thick with an interslice spacing of 0 . 055 mm .

corbet , g . b . , and j . hanks . 1968 . a revision of the elephant - shrews , family macroscelididae . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) . zoology 16 : 47 - 111 .

murphy , w . j . , e . eizirik , s . j . o’brien , o . madsen , m . scally , c . j . douady , e . teeling , o . a . ryder , m . j . stanhope , w . w . de jong , and m . s . springer . 2001 . resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using bayesian phylogenetics . science 294 : 2348 - 2351 .

novacek , m . j . 1992a . fossils , topologies , missing data , and the higher level phylogeny of eutherian mammals . systematic biology 41 : 58 - 73 .

novacek , m . j . 1992b . mammalian phylogeny : shaking the tree . nature 356 : 121 - 125 .

nowak , r . m . 1991 . walker’s mammals of the world . volume 1 . fifth edition . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore .

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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :

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raw data on state of eruption and jaw length . “erupt / 10” indicates the number of completely erupted permanent cheek teeth with interlocking occlusion , taken as a proportion out of ten ( indicating presence of all normally erupted cheek teeth ) . in cases where the dentition was incomplete ( e . g . , dentary lost ) , the proportion was calculated out of the maximum possible number of interlocking permanent cheek teeth for that specimen and species . “symph - cond” indicates the distance in mm from the anterior margin of the mandibular symphysis to the posterior margin of the mandibular condyle ( asher and lehmann

: fig . 1 ) . “prop adult jaw” indicates a given specimen’s symphysis - condyle length divided by the median length obtained for all specimens of that species with the permanent cheek teeth completely erupted ( i . e . , with a “erupt / 10” value of ten ) , as indicated in the column “median jaw” . institutional abbreviations are as follows :

asher rj ( 2005 ) insectivoran grade placental mammals : character evolution and fossil history . in : rose kd , archibald d ( eds ) the rise of placental mammals : origin and relationships of the major clades . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , pp 50–70

asher rj , lehmann t ( 2008 ) dental eruption in afrotherian mammals . bmc biol 6 : 14 doi :

beatty b ( 2008 ) craniodental ontogeny in the desmostylia . j vertebr paleontol 283 : 49a

bronner g ( 1992 ) notes on the early postnatal development of a giant golden mole . koedoe 35 : 57–58

corbet gb , hanks j ( 1968 ) a revision of the elephant - shrews , family macroscelididae . bull brit mus nat hist zool 16 : 47–111

de magalhaes jp , costa j , toussaint o ( 2005 ) hagr : the human ageing genomic resources . nucleic acids res 33 : d537–d543 doi :

douady cj , catzeflis f , raman j , springer ms , stanhope mj ( 2003 ) the sahara as a vicariant agent , and the role of miocene climatic events , in the diversification of the mammalian order macroscelidea ( elephant shrews ) . proc natl acad sci usa 10014 : 8325 doi :

eisenberg jf , gould e ( 1970 ) the tenrecs : a study in mammalian behavior and evolution . smithson contrib zool 27 : 1–138

evans fg ( 1942 ) the osteology and relationships of the elephant shrews ( macroscelididae ) . bull am mus nat hist 80 : 85–125

holroyd p ( 2008 ) new data on dental eruption patterns in condylarths and afrotheres . j vertebr paleontol 283 : 93a

kellas l ( 1954 ) observations on the reproductive activity , measurement and growth - rate of the dik - dik . proc zool soc lond 124 : 751–784

laws r ( 1968 ) dentition and ageing in the hippopotamus . afr wildl j 6 : 19–52

leche w ( 1907 ) zur entwicklungsgeschichte des zahnsystems der säugetiere , zugleich ein beitrag zur stammengeschichte dieser tiergruppe . zoologica stuttg 49 : 1–157

morris pa ( 1970 ) a method for determining absolute age in the hedgehog . j zool ( lond ) 161 : 277–281

morris pa ( 1978 ) the use of teeth for estimating the age of wild mammals . in : butler pm , joysey ka ( eds ) development , function and evolution of teeth . academic , london , pp 483–494

olbricht g , kern c , vakhruscheva g ( 2006 ) einige aspekte der fortpflanzungsbiologie von kurzohr - ruesselspringern . zool gart 5–6 : 304–316

rathbun g ( 1979 ) the social structure and ecology of elephant - shrews . fortschr verhaltensforsch 20 : 1–76

rees j , kainer r , davis r ( 1966 ) chronology of mineralization and eruption of mandibular teeth in mule deer . j wildl manage 30 : 629–631 doi :

robinette w , jones d , rogers g , gashwiler j ( 1957 ) notes of tooth development and wear for rocky mountain mule deer . j wildl manage 21 : 134–153 doi :

sauer em ( 1973 ) zum socialverhalten der kurzohrigen elefantenspitzmaus . z saugetierkd 38 : 65–97

sauer fg , sauer em ( 1972 ) zur biologie der kurzohrigen elefantenspitzmaus . (

( afrosoricida : chrysochloridae ) from kwazulu - natal , south africa . afr zool 39 : 41–46

smith bh ( 1989 ) dental development as a measure of life history in primates . evolution 43 : 683–688 doi :

smith bh ( 2000 ) “schultz’s rule” and the evolution of tooth replacement patterns in primates and ungulates . in : teaford mf , smith mm , ferguson mwj ( eds ) development , function and evolution of teeth . cambridge university press , cambridge pp 212–227

springer ms , stanhope mj , madsen o , de jong ww ( 2004 ) molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree . trends ecol evol 19 : 430–438 doi :

tabuce r , asher rj , lehmann t ( 2008 ) afrotherian mammals : a review of current data . mammalia 72 : 2–14 doi :

van nievelt a , smith kk ( 2005 ) to replace or not to replace : the significance of reduced tooth replacement in marsupial and placental mammals . paleobiol 31 : 324–346 doi :

asher , r . j . & olbricht , g . j mammal evol ( 2009 ) 16 : 99 . urltoken


turneria bidentata is a species of ant in the genus turneria .

described by forel in 1895 , the species is endemic to australia , mostly found in the north ends of the country .

turneria bidentata

turneria bidentata <EOT> the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see turneria bidentata for further details

turneria bidentata occurs in the top end of the northern territory and along the east australian coast from the cape york peninsula to extreme north - eastern new south wales . it is a twig - nesting species that is reasonably common although it is infrequently encountered because of its arboreal nesting habits . it is known to nest in a wide range of tree and shrub species .

shattuck , s . o . 1990 . revision of the dolichoderine ant genus turneria ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . syst . entomol . 15 : 101 - 117 pdf

shattuck , s . o . ( 2011 ) turneria rosschinga sp . n . ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) , a new dolichoderine ant from australia . myrmecological news 15 , 125 - 128 .

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cephalic index ( head length / head width ) < 0 . 88 , relative eye length ( eye length / head width ) > 0 . 40 , frontal lobes without erect hairs , lateral areas of head moderately imbricate and with integument opaque , area between propodeal protuberances concave . in lateral profile , the concave region of the declivitous face of the propodeum is more rounded than in other species .

the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .

lectotype ( designated by shattuck , 1990 ) , worker , mackay , queensland , australia , m . g . turner , musee d ' histoire naturelle genève ; ( lower specimen on pin ) .

paralectotype ( designated by shattuck , 1990 ) , 1 worker , mackay , queensland , australia , m . g . turner , musee d ' histoire naturelle genève .

the clypeus possesses 8 to 14 erect hairs . color varies from uniform dark brown or black to strongly bicolored with the head , alitrunk , legs and petiole yellow and the gaster brown . in lighter colored individuals , the dorsum of the head may be slightly darker than the mesosoma .

body color in this species is highly variable . populations from the vicinity of cairns are uniform dark brown , mackay - area populations are strongly bicolored , while southern collections from burleigh heads are yellowish brown with the gaster slightly darker ; in extreme cases some workers are yellow - brown with a black gaster . none of these populations diverge in any of other morphological traits , although the cairns - vicinity specimens average slightly , but insignificantly , smaller . for most traits all known specimens broadly overlap . the cairns - vicinity populations diverge slightly from the more southern ones in two metric traits , mw and pph , as follows : mw 0 . 23 - 0 . 27 vs . 0 . 25 - 0 . 30 and pph 0 . 22 - 0 . 25 vs . 0 . 23 - 0 . 29 . the broad overlap in the ranges of these characters make them of little value in separating these populations .

forel , a . 1895g . nouvelles fourmis d ' australie , récoltées à the ridge , mackay , queensland , par m . gilbert turner . ann . soc . entomol . belg . 39 : 417 - 428 ( page 419 , worker described )

this page was last modified on 6 july 2018 , at 19 : 14 .

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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 02aa5edd - fad6 - 4d09 - 8b7e - c2800d7ad60b

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0c7269f4 - 32a6 - 41f6 - acef - e1196012a6f4

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0cdbe1fb - 9c3e - 423a - ba46 - ef8b1724b4c3

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3f65c802 - 976d - 48a7 - 9e7d - b969c738e786

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : adb80b81 - 29ed - 45e1 - b5f3 - e6087c6f8d33

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : adbcbc0f - 6923 - 413b - baf8 - 22c0f331d576

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f11267f8 - 8878 - 4548 - b313 - 7e9087b01a4c

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f2b5e6b6 - 7d35 - 4845 - 91c0 - 4a359ff5bf11

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 40e82464 - 30c8 - 4921 - 94d9 - 847d0bf98c82

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a tiny orange ant seen running ( light trail ) along the branches of a shrub , in a suburban yard . they were entering and leaving a hole at the end of a branch , so seems to be a tree - nesting ant . i also accidentally photographed a jumping - spider that appears to be mimicking them ( the disguise worked ) .

this sighting hasn ' t been described yet ! be the first to describe this sighting .

: 419 - worker ; type locality : mackay [ 21 / 149 ] , queensland .

forel , a . 1895b . 1895 639 nouvelles fourmis d ' australie , recoltees a the ridge , mackay , queensland par m . gilbert turner . annales de la soci _ t _ entomologique de belgique 39 : 417 - 428 .

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