crepidula depressa is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calyptraeidae , the slipper snails or slipper limpets , cup-and-saucer snails , and hat snails .

crepidula depressa

crepidula depressa <EOT> calyptraeidae » crepidula depressa , id : 334247 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .

c . depressa’s body pigmentation is “translusent white” with “some white spots in the mantle and neck . ”

1 = attached parallel to margin ( e . g . crepidula , calyptraea )

illustration of calyptraeid penises . ( a ) crepidula aculeata , ( b ) crepidula complanata , ( c ) crepidula n . sp . from la paz , ( d ) calyptraea chinensis , ( e ) crucibulum lignarum , ( f ) calyptraea lichen .

evolution of mode of development in . crepidula . gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) : causes and consequences

larval and habitat selection in crepidula ( l . ) and its effect on adult distribution patterns

0 = angled forward on right ( e . g . crepidula maculosa fig . 2a )

illustrations of calyptraeid osphradia . ( a ) crepidula aculeata and ( b ) crepidula norrisiarum . fp = food pouch , g = gill , mm = mantle margin , os = osphradium .

relationship between larval and juvenile growth rates in two marein gastropods , crepidula plana and c . fornicata

0 = convex ( e . g . crepidula coquimbensis , c . monoxyla fig . 1c )

1 = flat ( e . g . crepidula fornicata , c . costata fig . 1g )

0 = on the same level as the shell aperture ( e . g . crepidula plana )

research note crepidula convexa say , 1822 ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) in washington state , u . s . a

photographs of calyptraeid osphradia . ( a ) crepidula adunca , ( b ) crepipatella lingulata and ( c ) calyptraea fastigata .

( pdf ) research note crepidula convexa say , 1822 ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) in washington state , u . s . a

another last word on crepidula convexa with a description of c . ustulatulina n . sp . ( gastropoda : cal . . .

über die anatomie , die entwicklung , und biologie des veligers und der veliconcha von crepidula fornicata l . ( gastropoda : prosobranchia )

representative calyptraeid shells i . ( a ) crepidula williamsi , santa barbara , california fmnh 299415 . ( b ) crepidula depressa , florida fmnh 299412 . ( c ) maoricrypta monoxyla , leigh , new zealand , from hermit crabs fmnh 299413 . ( d ) maoricrypta monoxyla , leigh , new zealand , fmnh 299413 from turbo smaragdus gmelin ( 1791 ) . ( e ) calyptraea mamillaris , panama fmnh 299416 . ( f ) calyptraea fastigata , washington fmnh 299422 . ( g ) maoricrypta costata leigh , new zealand fmnh 299414 . ( h ) siphopatella walshi , oman . scale bar = 1 cm .

( of crepidula uncinata philippi , 1887 ) hoagland , k . e . 1977 . systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae . malacologia , 16 ( 2 ) : 353 - 420 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of crepidula dilatata lamarck , 1822 ) hoagland , k . e . 1977 . systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae . malacologia , 16 ( 2 ) : 353 - 420 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

illustration of calyptraeid female reproductive tracts . ( a ) crepidula aculeata , ( b ) crepidula excavata and ( c ) trochita calyptraeformis . fgp = female genital papilla , mm = mantle margin , cg = capsule gland , ag = albumin gland and sr = seminal recepticals .

another last word on crepidula convexa and a description of c . ustulatulina sp . nov . ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from the gulf of mexico

representative calyptraeid shells ii . ( a ) crepidula maculosa , florida fmnh 299419 . ( b ) crepidula ( bostrycapulus ) aculeata , panama . ( c ) crepidula grandis , japan fmnh 299421 . ( d ) crucibulum spinosum panama fmnh 299418 . ( e ) bicatillus extinctorum , singapore fmnh 299402 . ( f ) crepipatella n . sp . , totorelillo , chile fmnh 299417 . ( g ) crepidula cf . onyx , panama fmnh 299420 . ( h ) sigapatella novaezelandiae , portabello , new zealand fmnh 299423 . ( i ) trochita calyptraeformis , peru fmnh 29924 . scale bar = 1 cm .

especies gemelas del género crepidula ( gastropoda , calyptraeidae ) en la costa de chile : una redescripción de c dilatata lamarck y descripción de c . fecunda n . sp

illustration of the internal anatomy of calyptraeids . in this dorsal view the mantle is reflected to the left . ( a ) crepidula complanata , ( b ) crepidula monoxyla , ( c ) crepidula aculeata . cg = capsule gland , ct = ctenidia , e = oesophagus , f = foot , fgp = female genital papilla , gd = gonad , hg = hypobranchial gland , i = intestine , k = kidney , nr = nerve ring , pc = pericardium , sg = salivary gland , sr = seminal receptical , ss = style sac , st = stomach .

collin r . ( 2000 ) phylogeny of the crepidula plana ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) cryptic species complex in north america . canadian journal of zoology 78 : 1500 - 1514 . [ details ]

the taxonomy of crepidula has a history of instability due to the low number of informative shell characters and their phenotypic plasticity . molecular and developmental data show that crepidula convexa sensu hoagland 1977 is composed of two distinct species . animals of the northern species are relatively larger , and have darker shells and direct development , while animals from the gulf of . . . [ show full abstract ]

illustration of the dorsal anatomy of calyptraeids ( a ) crepidula complanata , ( b ) crepidula aculeata , ( c ) crepipatella dilatata , ( d ) crepidula monoxyla , ( e ) calyptraea chinensis , ( f ) crucibulum cf . personatum . am = dorsal attachment muscle , cg = capsule gland , cp = connective tissue pad , ct = ctenidium , dg = digestive gland , f = foot , gd = gonad , hg = hypobranchical gland , i = intestine , lm = left shell muscle , os = osphradium , pc = pericardium , rm = right shell muscle , sr = seminal receptical , ss = style sac , st = stomach .

consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . the consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of all data combined . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . species without genus names are crepidula species .

hoagland , k . e . 1977 . systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae . malacologia , 16 ( 2 ) : 353 - 420 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

one of the 16 ‘best estimate trees’ . a phylogram of a most parsimonious tree from the analysis of all the data combined . bootstrap supports of > 70 % are above the branches . species without genus names are crepidula species .

crepidula and calyptraea species generally have very little shell sculpture , however , numerous crucibulum species have distinctive sculpture . it is difficult to assess the levels of homology among the various spines or ribs , as considerable variation in the development of these features occurs within many species .

( of crypta subdilatata mabille & rochebrune , 1889 ) hoagland , k . e . 1977 . systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae . malacologia , 16 ( 2 ) : 353 - 420 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

the consensus of all most parsimonious trees from the analysis of shell characters . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .

the consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of coi dna sequence data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .

the consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of 16s dna sequence data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .

the consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of 28s dna sequence data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .

the consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of all the morphological data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .

the consensus of all most parsimonious trees from the analysis of all the dna data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .

the consensus of all most parsimonious trees from the analysis of characters from soft morphology . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .

( of crepidula dilatata lamarck , 1822 ) lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1822 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome sixième , 2me partie . paris : published by the author , 232 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 25 [ details ]

a single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of coi dna sequence data . bootstrap supports of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % boostrap in the ‘best estimate tree’ . †branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the ‘best estimate tree’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .

a single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of 16s dna sequence data . bootstrap support of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % bootstrap in the ‘best estimate tree’ . †branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the ‘best estimate tree’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .

a single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of 28s dna sequence data . bootstrap support of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % bootstrap in the ‘best estimate tree’ . †branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the ‘best estimate tree’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .

a single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of all the dna data . bootstrap support of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % boostrap in the ‘best estimate tree’ . †branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the ‘best estimate tree’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .

a single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of all the morphological data . bootstrap support of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % bootstrap in the ‘best estimate tree’ . †branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the ‘best estimate tree’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .

a single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of characters from soft morphology . bootstrap supports of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % bootstrap in the ‘best estimate tree’ . †branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the ‘best estimate tree’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .

( of crepidula nautiloides lesson , 1832 ) veliz , d . ; winkler , f . m . ; guisados , c . ; collin , r . ( 2012 ) . a new species of crepipatella ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from northern chile . molluscan research . 32 ( 3 ) : 145 - 153 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of crepidula dilatata lamarck , 1822 ) veliz , d . ; winkler , f . m . ; guisados , c . ; collin , r . ( 2012 ) . a new species of crepipatella ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from northern chile . molluscan research . 32 ( 3 ) : 145 - 153 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

with the increasing attention to the expansion and impact of invasive species , it has become more important to document carefully new observations of introduced species . here we document the occurrence of crepidula convexa , a species from the north atlantic , in washington state , u . s . a . dna sequence data suggest that the animals in washington originated from the northern part of the species ' s native range .

the mantle cavity runs along the dorsal left side of the visceral mass in calyptraeids . in calyptraea and crepidula it extends simply to the posterior edge of the visceral mass , while in crucibulum it extends around to the right side of the animal . the characters listed here pertain to the general arrangement of visceral mass . finally , note that character a13 is sensitive to fixation : live animals and ethanol preserved animals retain this feature , while it is always absent in formalin - fixed animals .

there are various modifications of the calyptraeid and hipponicid foot that reflect their sedentary life - styles . crepidula have a relatively well - developed flexible propodium and mesopodium , while other calyptraeids have a more rectangular and less flexible foot . hipponix and sabia have extremely reduced feet which are little more than thin flaps of epithelial tissue . calyptraeids have well developed eyes at the base of the somewhat stubby ( when fixed ) tentacles . hipponicids have evenly tapering conical tentacles and the eye is often extremely reduced or absent .

the planktotrophic veliger larvae of calyptraeids have been described in some detail for crepidula fornicata ( werner , 1955 ) , and crepipatella lingulata ( collin , 2000b ) and intracapsular development has been described for a number of other species ( reviewed in collin , 2002b ) . capulus and trichotropis have been described as having a echinospira larva , however , the thickened larval shell does not appear to be homologous to the ‘true’ echinospira of lamellarids ( a . warén pers . comm . , b . pernet , pers . comm . ) . the thickened and elaborate larval shell of these groups is , however , clearly different from the simple larval shell of calyptraeids and is therefore coded as a separate state here .

discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .

one of the most intriguing patterns in mammalian biogeography is the “island rule” , which states that colonising species have a tendency to converge in body size , with larger species evolving decreased sizes and smaller species increased sizes . it has recently been suggested that an analogous pattern holds for the colonisation of the deep - sea benthos by marine gastropoda . in particular , a pioneering study showed that gastropods from the western atlantic showed the same graded trend from dwarfism to gigantism that is evident in island endemic mammals . however , subsequent to the publication of the gastropod study , the standard tests of the island rule have been shown to yield false positives at a very high rate , leaving the result open to doubt .

the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .

the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .

citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken

copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .

funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .

here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .

to demonstrate the liberal nature of the standard tests of the island rule , consider results when deep - sea habitation is defined via the midpoint of the recorded depth range , i . e . , “deep - sea species” have a range midpoint below 200m , and all other species are deemed “shallow - water” . with this definition , 254 genera contained both deep and shallow species , and their generic mean body sizes are plotted in figure 1a . applying the standard test [ 3 ] , [ 12 ] , the ordinary - least - squares regression slope ( dashed line ) is found to be highly significantly less than one ( n = 254 ; b = 0 . 902 ; t - test p = 0 . 0015 ) , which offers strong apparent support for the island rule . however , assigning species groups to the “deep” or “shallow” categories at random , showed that even stronger support was obtained with ∼43 % of 100 , 000 randomized data sets , suggesting that there is nothing exceptional in the trend observed in the true data . accordingly , the standardized - major - axis slope ( solid line ) was very close to one , and the permutation test showed no significant deviation from the pattern expected if deep - sea colonization had no effect on body size evolution ( n = 254 ; b = 1 . 020 ; permutation p = 0 . 476 ) .

part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .

the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .

we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .

many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .

conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .

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rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

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gastropod ( 1 shell ) ; shell oval , nearly flat , smooth with fine concentric growth lines , thin ; small pointed apex on posterior end ; color whitish to yellowish ; shelf or deck ( septum ) on underside slightly convex , covers about 1 / 2 of shell , notched on one side .

the convex slippersnail ' s shelf covers less than 1 / 2 of shell ( covers about 1 / 2 in eastern white slippersnail ) . the common atlantic slippersnail is much more convex ( inflated ) than the eastern white slippersnail .

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paredes c . & cardoso f . 2007 . la familia calyptraeidae en el perú ( gastropoda : caenogastropoda ) . revista peruana de biología , número especial 13 ( 3 ) : 177 - 184 , available online at urltoken [ details ]

veliz , d . ; winkler , f . m . ; guisados , c . ; collin , r . ( 2012 ) . a new species of crepipatella ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from northern chile . molluscan research . 32 ( 3 ) : 145 - 153 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

aguirre , m . ( 1993 ) . type specimens of quaternary marine gastropods from argentina . ameghiniana , 30 ( 1 ) , 23 - 38 . , available online at urltoken ; = pa347 note : lectotype designated [ details ]

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lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1822 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome sixième , 2me partie . paris : published by the author , 232 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 25 [ details ]

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department of zoology , university of washington , box 351800 , 24 kincaid hall , seattle , washington 98195 - 1800 , u . s . a .

department of biology , university of louisiana , p . o . box 42451 , lafayette ,

in washington state , u . s . a . dna sequence data suggest that the animals in washington originated from the northern part of the species’s

not always been clear - cut ( e . g . , the initial misidentification

bay and j . t . carlton and d . franz for helpful comments .

coast of north america . ph . d . thesis . university of califor -

north america : an end - of - the - 20th - century perspective .

jeffrey , r . 1976 . a preliminary inventory of the biota of padilla bay .

minchin , d . , d . mcgrath , and c . b . duggan . 1995 . the slipper

connor , m . , m . wonham , and c . harley . 2002 . quantifying the

woodruff , d . s . , l . l . mcmeekin , m . mulvey , and m . p . carpenter .

. . . fornicata , c . convexa , and c . plana are all native to the east coast of the united states . both c . fornicata and c . convexa , however , are now widely distributed along the west coast of the united states and elsewhere in the world ( blanchard , 1997 ; thieltges et al . , 2004 ; collin et al . , 2006 ) . over time , it will be important to see whether individuals in some of these invasive populations acquire larval trematode infections that the species apparently avoid in their native range . . . .

the mode of development in marine invertebrates is believed to have consequences for dispersal , gene flow , geographic range , and speciation and extinction rates . the factors responsible for among - species differences in mode of development are not well understood and patterns of vari - ation in mode of development have not been documented for many groups . i present a compiled data set of . . . [ show full abstract ]

the utility of morphological characters in gastropod phylogenetics : an example from the calyptraeida . . .

organismal taxonomy is often based on a single or a small number of morphological characters . when they are morphologically simple or known to be plastic , we may not have great confidence in the taxonomic conclusions of analyses based on these characters . for example , calyptraeid gastropod shells are well known for their simplicity and plasticity , and appear to be subject to frequent . . . [ show full abstract ]

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discussions , photo series , how to identify or distinguish a species or between species .

the eastern white slipper shell is probably one of the most common shells found along the north american atlantic and gulf coasts . because it lives clinging to almost any object it is often observed in dead shells , each one of which may house well over a dozen slippers . until 2000 the eastern white slipper shell was pretty much universally identified as

. life was easy . if it was a flat , white slipper shell , it was

, can . j . zool . 78 : 1500 - 1514 ( 2000 ) * , and it went from easy to complex ( and in florida , very complex ) . dr . collin did some pretty extensive research and concluded one was really three . not only did this range include both

. dr . collin then went on to make life difficult for us collectors by essentially saying , except for two characters visible to the naked eye , these three species are essentially indistinguishable . one character is the body pigmentation on the foot and mantle and the other is slight differences in the shape of the protoconch . unfortunately , most collectors never see the animal and , as dr . collin acknowledges , the protoconch is usually eroded . the saving grace for us florida collectors is that she also concluded that

range is limited to the ne atlantic coast only as far south as georgia . so , if we find a live white slipper shell in florida , we can easily distinguish ( ha , ha ) as to whether it is

body pigmentation on the foot , neck and mantle of c . atrasolea is “diffuse to intense sooty black . ”

no problem , just collect all your florida white slipper shells live , identify them immediately , and be sure not to mix them up during cleaning and preparation for storage - because they regularly occur together . if you are confronted with a cleaned , dead white slipper shell from florida and the protoconch is present , then you may be able to make an identification if its condition is good enough . the protoconch of

is composed of one whorl . rachel has reviewed this presentation of her findings and commented , " i just read your posting and it ' s great . i couldn ' t agree more with everything . "

makes me wonder how the two species are able to coexist in the same environment . it ' s rather rare one species usually outcompete the other species . then you throw in a few other slipper snails species thou those are usually one species on rocks , another on outside of living shells . maybe those of us who collects beached dead shells should just call those we collected eastern white slippershell .

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committee on evolutionary biology , university of chicago , culver hall , rm . 402 , 1025 e . 57th st . , chicago , il 60637 , usa ; and department of zoology , the field museum of natural history , 1400 s . lake shore drive , chicago , il 60605 , usa ; and * smithsonian tropical research institute , unit 0948 , apo aa 34002 , usa

‘in the cabinets of the naturalist , the shells of the crepidulæ and calyptrææ attract by the singularity rather than the beauty of their forms’ . richard owen ( 1834 )

natural variability and morphological plasticity are common characteristics of organisms . when such variation occurs in combination with simple morphology , taxonomic and systematic analyses are extraordinarily difficult . a combination of variability and relatively simple morphologies is particularly common in colonial marine invertebrates such as sponges and corals , lichens , algae and unicellular organisms . this situation often results in difficulty in species identification , lack of confidence in systematic conclusions , generally poorly resolved phylogenetic hypotheses and unstable taxonomies .

abbreviations follow leviton ( 1985 ) with smnh for swedish museum of natural history and anm for australian national museum . numerous additional lots from other localities have also been deposited at these institutions .

illustration of hipponicid anatomy . cg = capsule gland , ct = ctenidium , dg = digestive gland , i = intestine , m = shell muscle , nr = nerve ring , os = osphradium , pc = pericardium , sg = salivary gland , st = stomach .

outgroups were selected on the basis of traditional beliefs about caenogastropod relationships . because hipponicids , trichotropids and capulids have all been considered close relatives of the calyptraeids ( broderip , 1834 ; reeve , 1859 ; hoagland , 1986 ; bandel & riedel , 1994 ) , they were included as outgroups . a variety of outgroups were used because it is not clear which are the closest relatives of the calyptraeids . outgroup polarization of characters using living taxa was chosen because polarization using the earliest occurrence in fossils or ontogeny could not be applied equally to the molecular dataset .

prior to phylogenetic analysis , i scored all morphological characters with respect to expected reliability and utility . characters that represented large morphological differences and were easy to score unambiguously ( e . g . presence / absence of a large shell muscle ) were given a reliability score of 1 , while characters that were more difficult to score , or showed more intraspecific variability , were given a score of 0 ( e . g . differences in the shape of the subesophageal ganglion ) . similarly , the anticipated phylogenetic utility of the characters , or the expected level of homoplasy was scored as 1 for characters that were not expected to be subject to high levels of homoplasy ( e . g . presence / absence of large shell muscles ) or 0 for characters for which high levels of homoplasy were expected ( e . g . body colour ) . these scores reflect the likelihood that each character would be included in a morphological analysis in which characters deemed to be of low quality were subjectively excluded a priori .

the morphological dataset was concatenated with a molecular dataset composed of sequences from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase i , 16s and nuclear 28s genes ( table 3 ) . taxa for which all datasets were not complete were deleted , creating a dataset of 77 taxa ( including 69 calyptraeid operational taxonomic unit ( otus ) , one trichotropid , one capulid , one vanikorid and five hipponicids ) . details of dna sequencing and alignment are given in collin ( 2002b ) , and alignments can be obtained by the author .

all random addition replicates that did not converge on the island of most parsimonious tree hit the maximum number of trees and therefore did not swap to completion . the 28s , coi and combined datasets never hit the maxtrees and the morphological dataset seldom did .

each of the four datasets ( coi , 16s , 28s and morphology ) were analysed separately . an unrooted , unordered , equal - weighted parsimony analysis was performed on each dataset using a heuristic search with tree - bisection - reconnection ( tbr ) branch - swapping , 1000 random additions , saving two trees at each step , and maxtrees set to 10 000 . gaps were treated as a fifth character state and areas of ambiguous alignment were excluded from the sequence data ( collin , 2002b ) . bootstrap support for the resultant topologies was assessed based on 500 bootstrap replicates of a heuristic search , with tbr branch - swapping , 10 random additions saving two trees at each step , maxtrees set to 1000 , and constant characters were excluded . the concatenated morphological and sequence dataset was analysed in the same way . dataset combinability was assessed using the ild - test as implemented in paup * version 4 . 0b8 ( swofford , 1998 ) with 100 replicates after excluding constant characters ( cunningham , 1997b ) .

previous analysis of the dna sequence data suggested that the hipponicids are a distant outgroup of calyptraeids and may alter the ingroup relationships ( collin , 2002b ) . in addition , their limpet - like morphology that was most likely independently derived may mislead the morphological analysis . therefore , the combined dataset was also analysed without the hipponicids and vanikorid . exclusion of these taxa did not alter the results substantially ( collin , 2002b ) .

the taxonomic utility of different data sets was compared using a number of different metrics . the trees produced by analysis of the combined dataset were considered to be the current ‘best estimate’ of calyptraeid phylogeny . the average consistency index [ ci ] , kluge and farris ( 1969 ) ; and retention index [ ri ] , farris ( 1989 ) were calculated for parsimony informative characters from each dataset on the best estimate topologies . these indices reflect the levels of homoplasy and the retention of phylogenetic information for each data partition throughout the tree .

the power of each dataset to recover a topology , in which the nodes present in the ‘best estimate’ topologies are well resolved and well supported , was assessed by comparing the analyses of the individual datasets with the ‘best estimate’ topologies . the resolving power of each dataset was assessed by counting the number of resolved nodes in the consensus of the most - parsimonious trees from each data set . the resolved nodes recovered by each data set were compared to the resolved nodes present in the consensus of the ‘best estimate tree’ to assess consistency of the dataset with the best estimate . the level of support each dataset provides for the recovered topology was assessed in a similar way by comparing nodes with > 70 % bootstrap support in the tree from each dataset to the nodes with > 70 % bootstrap consensus of the combined data ( i . e . the bootstrap of the ‘best estimate tree’ ) .

a total of 100 replicates of the ild test demonstrated conflict among the datasets when all four datasets are included ( p = 0 . 01 ) , when the combined dna dataset is compared to the morphological dataset ( p = 0 . 008 ) , and when the shell data were compared to the data from soft anatomy ( p = 0 . 007 ) . because conflict among the three dna datasets was not demonstrated by the ild test ( collin , 2002b ; r . collin , unpubl . observ . ) this result is almost certainly due to conflict between the morphological and dna data . the ild test has been demonstrated to be a conservative test for conflict among datasets ( e . g . sullivan , 1996 ; cunningham , 1997a , b ; messenger & mcguire , 1998 ; yoder et al . , 2001 ) and the small number of characters in the datasets for shell and soft anatomy may additionally weaken the test . however , the results of the ild tests are also supported by the differences between the topologies produced by analysis of the dna data and the morphological data ( see below ) .

parsimony analysis of the total dataset was used to produce a topology that will be subsequently referred to as the ‘best estimate topology’ . this analysis resulted in a single island of 16 equally parsimonious trees with length 5773 ( table 3 ; figs 10 , 11 ) . about half ( 47 ) of the nodes had bootstrap support > 70 % ( fig . 10 ) . overall , the tree topology was well resolved ( fig . 11 ) , well supported and in general agreement with the topologies supported by analysis of dna data for 120 species ( collin , 2002b ) . exclusion of the hipponicid and vanikorid outgroups did not significantly alter the best estimate topology ( data not shown ; collin , 2002b ) .

there were different levels of average homoplasy and phylogenetic retention for each of the different datasets on the best estimate topology ( table 4 ) . the average ci , ri and rescaled consistency index [ rci ] for the morphological characters , the dna characters and all of the characters combined were more or less the same . however , 28s and 16s characters performed higher than average , both soft anatomy and shell characters had average scores and coi had substantially lower values for all three indices ( table 4 ) . the lower values for coi sequences could reflect high levels of homoplasy resulting from saturation in these quickly evolving sequences ( collin , 2002b ) or from constraints imposed by selection on amino acid sequence .

the number of both resolved and supported nodes increased when the different datasets were combined . the combined dna dataset produced more resolution and support than 16s , 28s or coi alone . despite the general weak performance of the morphological data alone , when the morphological characters were combined with the dna dataset there was an additional increase in resolution and support ( tables 5 , 6 ) .

a compound index of predicted character quality was obtained by adding the expected reliability and expected utility . this index was correlated with the length , ci and ri of each anatomical character on the best estimate tree ( fig . 25 ) . however the cis and ris varied greatly both in characters that were and were not expected to be useful . this demonstrates that , although the characters chosen a priori as subjectively ‘better’ perform better on average than the characters identified as ‘poor’ , the phylogenetic quality of any specific character cannot be well predicted a priori .

expected phylogenetic utility vs . realized utility . the relationship between expected phylogenetic utility of the morphological characters and character length , consistency index and retention index . lines join the means of each category .

despite the fact that analyses can be misled by these convergences if morphological characters are used alone , these characters contribute significantly to the combined dataset . the cis and ris of morphological characters on the best estimate tree are no worse than they are for the dna data . when the morphological characters are added to the dna dataset the resolution and bootstrap support is significantly increased . however the evidence of pervasive convergences in shell morphology demonstrated here , warn against the use of morphological characters alone .

the best estimate phylogeny from this analysis and the combined molecular phylogeny of 94 calyptraeids ( collin , 2002b ; r . collin , unpub . observ . ) demonstrate some biogeographical patterns that are worth further discussion . most noteworthy is the observation that patterns of coincidence between molecular and morphological divergence differ regionally ( see below ) .

characters of new genera and species of mollusca and conchifera , collected by mr . cuming . descriptions of new species of calyptraeidae

voyage autour du monde exécuté par ordre du roi , sur la corvette de s . m . la coquille pendant les années 1822–25 . zoologie 2 ( 1 ) .

standards in herpetology and ichthyology . part i . standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology

a neotenous dwarf - form of capulus ungaricus ( l . ) ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) commensalistic on turritella communis risso

proceedings of the second international workshop on the malacofauna of hong kong and southern china .

morphological data were coded from dissections of live , formalin - or ethanol - preserved material for all calyptraeids , hipponix and trichotropis . capulus was coded from my observations of the single female provided by a . warén ( table 2 ) , male reproductive characters were obtained from young , 1938 ) , graham ( 1954 ) and simone ( 2002 ) which were in general agreement with each other .


the cinnamon quail-thrush ( cinclosoma cinnamomeum ) is cryptic arid-zone species that is endemic to australia .

this small to medium-sized species of bird is found in the arid and semi-arid regions of central australia .

cinnamon quail - thrush

cinnamon quail - thrush <EOT> . . . cinnamon quail - thrush , adult male , mt lyndhurst , s . a .

cinnamon quail - thrush ( cinclosoma cinnamomeum ) is a species of bird in the psophodidae family .

cinnamon quail - thrush a male near the water treatment plant finke , northern territory , australia .

. . . cinnamon quail - thrush , adult male , mt . lyndhurst , s . a .

. . . nullarbor quail - thrush , the smallest and shyest of all the quail - thrushes .

* black breasted cinnamon quail thrush view larger version * print friendly version * purchase this item quail title black breasted cinnamon quail thrush description distribution : wa . first described by mathews bull . brit . ornith . club 1910 . date c1922 artist h . more

the cinnamon quail - thrush is a species of bird in the cinclosomatidae family . it is endemic to australia .

cinnamon quail - thrush ( cinclosoma ( samuela ) cinnamomeum ) occurrence records from continental australia suitable for species distribution modelling .

the park ' s bruce pascoe says it has taken eight years of trying to breed a fledgling of the cinnamon quail - thrush .

the female and immature birds are also cinnamon colour with white throat and pale cinnamon - grey breast .

the cinnamon quail - thrush ( cinclosoma cinnamomeum ) is a species of bird in the cinclosomatidae family . it is endemic to australia . . . .

these medium - sized birds are a distinctive cinnamon - backed quail - thrush , that live in arid stony plains usually with sparsely vegetated and low shrub cover .

the cinnamon quail thrush is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .

the alice springs desert park in central australia says the first captive breeding of two cinnamon quail - thrush chicks could help with the protection of endangered bird species .

natural resources , environment , the arts and sport - media release - cinnamon quail - thrush ( 11 october 2005 ) ( pdf ) , retrieved august 29 , 2008 .

. . . nullabor quail - thrush , adult male , 3 km n of nullabor roadhouse , august 2016 .

mr pascoe says the cinnamon quail - thrush inhabits areas south - east of alice springs around titjikala and the edge of the simpson desert but little more is known about it .

vanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . cinnamon quail - thrush ( cinclosoma ( samuela ) cinnamomeum ) - current and future species distribution models . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken quail - thrush ( cinclosoma ( samuela ) cinnamomeum ) / suitability

vanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . cinnamon quail - thrush ( cinclosoma ( samuela ) cinnamomeum ) - occurrence records filtered for species distribution modelling . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken quail - thrush ( cinclosoma ( samuela ) cinnamomeum ) / occurrences

" that may have implications down the track if it ' s decided that it may be a good idea to do some captive work with some of the rarer species such as the chestnut quail - thrush or the spotted quail - thrush over on the east coast , " he said .

" we had got as far as having birds lay eggs but . . . the eggs were not fertile . this year we swapped some pairings around to try and achieve some more compatible pairings and we now have successfully fledged cinnamon quail - thrush chicks , " he said .

this dataset consists of current and future species distribution models generated using 4 representative concentration pathways ( rcps ) carbon emission scenarios , 18 global climate models ( gcms ) , and 8 time steps between 2015 and 2085 , for cinnamon quail - thrush ( cinclosoma ( samuela ) cinnamomeum ) .

this dataset includes observations of cinnamon quail - thrush ( cinclosoma ( samuela ) cinnamomeum ) that are sourced from the atlas of living australia ( ala ) database . rather than raw observations , these have been filtered such that they are assumed to be suitable for species distribution modelling exercises . the cleaning process included :

the cinnamon quail - thrush is a small bird of the gibber deserts of central australia . although it is believed to be reasonably common within its range , it is cryptic in plumage and behaviour , and is very shy to boot . accordingly it is not seen often - google can find less than a dozen images on the internet , and there are only two other images on flickr .

the male of the species are cinnamon brown above , and sometimes a shade browner on the head . they have black markings on the throat , with a black banded on white breast . the flanks are also cinnamon in colour on birds from the gibber deserts of the east - central regions .

boles , w . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . cinnamon quail - thrush ( cinclosoma cinnamomeum ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

a quail - thrush is a bird of the genus cinclosoma , which contains seven species . the genus is found in australia and new guinea in a variety of habitats ranging from rainforest to deserts . the genus is closely related to the jewel - babblers of new guinea . seven species are currently recognised . [ 1 ]

toon , a . , austin , j . j . , dolman , g . , pedler , l . and joseph , l . ( 2012 ) evolution of arid zone birds in australia : leapfrog distribution patterns and mesic - arid connections in quail - thrush ( cinclosoma , cinclosomatidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 62 ( 1 ) : 286 - 295

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these birds are a cryptic arid - zone species , often alone , in pairs or small family groups . they feed exclusively on the ground , foraging for insects , and seeds .

the first known captive species was bred by staff at the alice springs desert park in october 2005 . 1

. . . when disturbed , they fly low and fast for about 200 m and hide behind a saltbush . spot the quailthrush !

. . . good habitat , edge of nullarbor plain ne of rawlinna , w . a .

home | biography | resources | photo library | top shots | contact copyright © 2005 - 2016 graeme chapman . all rights reserved .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

the areas shown in pink and / purple are the sub - regions where the species or community is known or predicted to occur . they may not occur thoughout the sub - region but may be restricted to certain areas . ( click here to see geographic restrictions ) . the information presented in this map is only indicative and may contain errors and omissions .

this species is endemic to arid and semi - arid southern australia , reaching its northern extent in the south of the northern territory . three subspecies have been described with the nominate (

throughout its distribution it occurs in a wide range of arid and semi - arid habitats ; mainly in the low shrubs and undergrowth of mallee scrub , but also in acacia scrubs , dry sclerophyll woodland , heath , and native pine . however , in nsw it seems to occur almost exclusively in mallee habitats , with understorey dominated by spinifex , chenopods or other shrubs including acacia species . only rarely , such as in cocoparra np , is it recorded in other types of woodland , and in these areas a dense understorey may be a prerequisite .

occupies vegetation with a wide range of fire histories , though appears to occur at highest densities in areas two to fifteen years post fire . there is some evidence from the victorian mallee that if the interval between fires is too short ( less than fifteen years ) local declines may occur .

these birds forage on the ground , often among spinifex clumps , on a wide range of invertebrates ( including grasshoppers , bugs , beetles , flies , caterpillars and ants ) , seeds of both native and introduced species and , more rarely , fruits .

its nest is a depression in the ground lined with strips of bark , fine grass or sticks , placed near a mallee trunk , against a fallen branch , under a low bush or in a sparse tuft of grass . almost always lays a clutch of two eggs .

click on a region below to view detailed distribution , habitat and vegetation information .

fragmentation , resulting from clearing or degradation of the habitat has reduced genetic variability and reproductive opportunities and has increased genetic isolation and the potential for significant impacts arising from stochatic events such as drought or fire .

degradation of the habitat , as a result of inappropriate grazing or fire regimes , has resulted in changes to the physical nature of the habitat , for example change in diversity and structure of floristics or invertebrates . changes to the habitat may result in it being unsuitable for the species or may increase other threatening processes such as predation .

fire may cause the direct loss of individuals , and inappropriate fire regimes may cause long - term changes to physical features such as floristic structure or leaf litter , which is unfavourable to sustaining a viable population of the species .

predation by foxes or cats may have an impact , particularly where populations have already declined .

anthropogenic climate change is a long term significant threat as it will alter physical characteristics of the habitat such that it is no longer able to sustain a viable population .

a targeted strategy for managing this species has been developed under the saving our species program ; click here for details . for more information on the saving our species program click here

control of vertebrate pest populations , e . g . foxes , cats and rabbits , which either prey on , or compete against this species for resources .

appears to be less sensitive to impacts of fire compared to other mallee birds . however , maintenance of a mosaic of fire ages is probably beneficial . no more than 10 % of the area should be burnt in a single year , and no more than 30 % in five years . following occurrence of wildfire , monitoring is required prior to additional ecological burns .

reduce stock intensity of , or exclude grazing in , some areas to allow regeneration of vegetation for habitat , food sources or nest sites .

retention of grasslands , including the full cycle of grass development such a seed set and tussock formation .

retain fallen logs and other ground debris as habitat , including logs embedded in the soil and hollow logs .

christidis , l . and boles , w . e . ( 2008 ) systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . ( csiro publishing , collingwood , victoria )

garnett , s . t . , szabo , j . k . and dutson , g . ( 2011 ) action plan for australian birds 2010 . ( csiro publishing , collingwood , victoria )

higgins , p . j . and peter , j . m . ( eds . ) ( 2002 ) handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . volume 6 : pardalotes to shrike - thrushes . ( oxford university press , melbourne )

luck , g . w . , possingham , h . p . and paton , d . c . ( 1999 ) bird responses at inherent and induced edges in the murray mallee , south australia . 1 . differences in abundance and diversity . emu 99 ( 3 ) : 157 - 169

pizzey , g . and knight , f . ( 2003 ) the field guide to the birds of australia . 7th edition

schodde , r . and mason , i . j . ( 1999 ) the directory of australian birds . ( csiro publishing , melbourne )

val , j . , oliver , d . , pennay , m . , mclaughlin , j . , ewin , p . and foster , e . ( 2012 ) the reptile , bird and small mammal fauna of dune mallee woodlands in south - western new south wales . australian zoologist 36 ( 1 ) : 29 - 48

watson , s . j . , taylor , r . s . , nimmo , d . g . , kelly , l . t . , clarke , m . f . and bennett , a . f . ( 2012 ) the influence of unburnt patches and distance from refuges on post - fire bird communities . animal conservation 15 ( 5 ) : 499 - 507

commonly treated as conspecific with c . alisteri , and in the past also with c . castaneothorax ( with marginatum ) . see also c . castanotum . races doubtfully separable , intergrading over a broad zone ; proposed race samueli ( south australia ) inseparable from nominate . two subspecies currently recognized .

schodde & mason , 1999 – deserts of ec australia ( se northern territory , ne south australia , cw queensland ) .

gould , 1846 – cs northern territory , n , c & ce south australia , extreme sw queensland and nw new south wales .

19–22 cm ; 55–60 g . male nominate race has black lores , narrow creamy supercilium extending from above lores to side of nape , brownish - grey ear - coverts ; narrow . . .

song ( both races ) a series of notes on even pitch or on two pitches . contact call a high - pitched , . . .

diet made up chiefly of seeds , insects and spiders ( araneae ) . forages on ground , walking slowly and deliberately on a meandering course , . . .

recorded in all months , timing possibly influenced by rainfall ; probably double - brooded , but forgoes breeding in times of severe drought . . . .

appears to be sedentary , with no evidence of large - scale movements ; may occasionally make more . . .

not globally threatened . locally common in suitable habitat . has suffered some decline , possibly as a result of grazing by domestic livestock and introduced rabbits (

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taxonomic position historically uncertain , and in past typically placed in a giant muscicapidae , close to timaliidae ; there , it was grouped in a dubious assemblage with species now widely scattered in orthonychidae , psophodidae , ifritidae , melampittidae and eupetidae # r . genetic studies suggest closest relatives may be paramythiidae , psophodidae or falcunculidae # r # r .

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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .

hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .

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a male running along the foot of a sand dune before stopping to look around .

a male looking around while standing on the trunk of a very small tree .

a male walking on the ground , flying a short distance after being startled by me before running away .

frédéric pelsy , rhonda hansch , peter waanders , lindsay hansch , mat gilfedder , john o ' malley .

. . . nests are usually placed under the shelter of a shrub . clutch size is usually two .

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cinclosoma cinnamomeum . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 42e3020f - b588 - 4145 - 8c7b - e7c6d32cec02

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 58e70e12 - 3cad - 4c89 - b126 - da8582bdf67a

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6676301d - fbe1 - 4cd9 - a48f - 8e59cbe270d5

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 461381

explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .

find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .

did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .

the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .

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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers

myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .

there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .

there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .

cinclosoma cinnamomeum : se qld . to nw nsw , cent . and ne sa and se nt

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avibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 703 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be locally fairly common ( flegg and madge 1995 ) . trend justification : this population is estimated to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat degradation due to livestock and introduced herbivores ( del hoyo et al . 2007 ) .

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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :

avibase has been visited 263 , 294 , 814 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy

a fun page devoted to those that wish to record their totals within our region . if you wish your total to be added simply email your tally to tonyp @ urltoken to be fair and consistent for the purposes of maintaining this list a few basic rules shall apply :

1 . all species counted should be seen alive and in the wild 2 . geography includes mainland australia , its territories or anywhere within the 200 nm limit ( excluding antarctica ) . 3 . taxonomy should follow ioc taxonomy and recommended bird names within . urltoken 4 . submissions should be honest , accurate and dated .

ioc australian checklist ( includes all external territories : heard , macquarie , norfolk , lord howe , christmas and cocos ( keeling ) islands . mainland australia does not include macquarie island , lord howe island , or ashmore reef etc but does include the torres strait ) .

based on comments from others , here is my updated list of differences between c & b and the various flavours of ioc . further comments welcome .

and i believe that c & b already lumps all ringnecks into one species , australian ringneck – which has also been adopted by ioc .

from : kevin and lizzie [ mailto : dikkops @ gmail . com ] sent : wednesday , 13 june 2012 11 : 20 pm to : paul @ urltoken cc : birding - aus @ urltoken subject : re : [ birding - aus ] c & b vs ioc taxonomy

search is restricted to [ [ filters . class | getlabelfor : class _ choices ] ]

open access . if the data is not available via the provided link , please contact an associated party ( preferably the manager if specified ) for access .

observation records were filtered from the atlas of living australia & apos ; s ( ala ) database based on ala & apos ; s & apos ; assertions & apos ; , expert - derived range polygons and expert opinion , and those observations inappropriate for modelling were excluded . only species with > 20 unique spatiotemporal records were used for modelling .

current climate was sourced as monthly precipitation and temperature minima and maxima from 1975 until 2005 at a 0 . 05° grid scale from the australian water availability project ( awap - urltoken ) ( jones et al 2007 , grant et al 2008 ) .

used in the modelling were annual mean temperature , temperature seasonality , max and min monthly temperature , annual precipitation , precipitation seasonality , and precipitation of the wettest and driest quarters for current and all rcp scenarios ( rcp3pd , rcp45 , rcp6 , rcp85 ) at 8 time steps between 2015 and 2085 .

species distribution models were run using the presence - only modelling program maxent ( phillips et al 2006 ) . maxent uses species presence records to statistically relate species occurrence to environmental variables on the principle of maximum entropy . all default settings were used except for background point allocation . we used a target group background ( phillips & dudik 2008 ) to remove any spatial or temporal sampling bias in the modelling exercise .

the dataset is a tarred , zipped file ( . tar . gz ) , approximately 5gb in size and contains 609 ascii grid files :

associated with maximum entropy modelling of species geographic distributions uri : 10 . 1016 / j . ecomodel . 2005 . 03 . 026

copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the links to import into a bibliography manager .

[ [ item . name | formatfacet ] ] ( [ [ item . value ] ] )

to filter your results by a time period enter a year range between [ [ earliest _ year ] ] and [ [ latest _ year ] ] inclusive . open ranges can be specified by leaving one of the fields blank . please note that adding a time period filter to your search will restrict your search to only those records in research data australia which contain temporal information .

[ [ item . preflabel | totitlecase ] ] ( [ [ item . collectionnum ] ] )

note : adding a location filter will restrict your search to only records that have location information described .

[ [ preresult . response . numfound ] ] result ( s ) found with these filters . hit search

the advanced search popout allows you to build / refine complex queries all in a single tabbed popout . from within the advanced search you can construct boolean searches and apply one or more filter categories to your search .

note that there is no defined order to the tabs in the advanced search and you can apply the filters in any order you choose . where there are multiple options for a filter category e . g . ( subjects ) the options & record counts displayed are based on your query . each time you switch tabs the available filter options and record counts are updated to reflect any changes on the previous tab .

as you build / refine your search in the advanced search popout , you can review the entire search and the number of results which will be returned by selecting the ‘review’ tab . the tab also allows you to modify your search by removing filters .

the query constructor provides a way of searching for records using multiple search term combinations and boolean operators .

the advanced queries created using the query constructor are comprised of rows . each row consists of a field , condition operator and a value . the value tells the search what to look for , the field tells the search where to look , and the condition operator tells the search whether a record should ‘contain’ or ‘exclude’ the value .

multiple search terms entered into a single condition value are treated by the search as being separated by the boolean operator and .

the search terms are treated as case insensitive e . g . ‘rain’ is the same as ‘rain’ .

exact phrases can also be entered into condition values by using quotes " " e . g . " ice sheets "

the ? symbol can be used to perform a single character wildcard search . e . g . organi ? ations .

the * symbol can be used to perform multiple character wildcard search . e . g . extend *

note : wildcard characters can be applied to single search terms , but not to search phrases .

the query constructor supports the use of the boolean operators ‘and’ & ‘or’ between query rows . the operators are applied at the search level , meaning all query rows are separated by the same boolean value . changing the boolean value between two query rows will change the value between all query rows .

here we will step through constructing an advanced query where we would like to find all the records which contain ‘rain’ in the title , and ‘flood’ and ‘weather’ in the description .

open the advanced search popout and ensure you are on the ‘search terms’ tab . two query rows should be displayed by default .

in the empty value field in the 1st query row enter the search term ‘rain’ .

in the empty value field in the 2nd query row enter the search term ‘flood’ .

in the empty value field in the 3rd query row enter the search term ‘weather’ .

the subject tab allows you to refine your search by selecting subjects which have been used to describe data records . the default subject vocabulary in research data australia , and the one which is used consistently by data providers , is the anzsrc field of research . other supported subject vocabularies are also available and can be selected by using the drop down displayed at the top of the tab ( note that these can take a little while to load ) .

subject vocabularies are displayed as browsable hierarchical trees . subject literals displayed as green links can be clicked to display or hide child subjects .

subjects can be added or removed from your search by using the checkbox displayed with each subject literal . multiple subjects can be selected within a single subject vocabulary and also across vocabularies .

the number of records with a subject will be displayed at the end of each subject literal e . g ‘economics ( 30 ) ’ . note that because the relationships between records and subjects are many to many , the counts displayed with the subjects will not necessarily match the count of records returned by your search . for example you may see 3 subjects all showing a ( 1 ) beside them . this could resolve to a single record containing all 3 of the subjects . where no records exist with a subject value a ( 0 ) will be displayed with the literal .

the data provider tab allows you to limit your search to records published to research data australia by specific providers . the number of records available from providers will be displayed at the end of each provider literal e . g ‘bond university ( 25 ) ’ .

data providers can be added or removed from your search by using the checkbox displayed with each data provider literal .

the access tab allows you to limit your search to records with specific access types . data records in research data australia fall into one of four access types :

data that is accessible and reusable , providing certain conditions are met ( e . g . free registration is required )

data access is limited in some way ( e . g . only available to a particular group of users or at a specific physical location )

the number of records available in each access type will be displayed at the end of the access literal e . g ‘open ( 23 ) ’ .

access types can be added or removed from your search by using the checkbox displayed with each access literal .

open licence : a licence bearing broad permissions that may include a requirement to attribute the source , or share - alike ( or both ) , requiring a derivative work to be licensed on the same or similar terms as the reused material .

non - commercial licence : as for the open licence but also restricting reuse only for non - commercial purposes .

: as for the open licence but also prohibits adaptation of the material , and in the second case also restricts reuse only for non - commercial purposes .

restrictive licence : a licence preventing reuse of material unless certain restrictive conditions are satisfied . note licence restrictions , and contact rights holder for permissions beyond the terms of the licence .

no licence : all rights to reuse , communicate , publish or reproduce the material are reserved , with the exception of specific rights contained within the copyright act 1968 or similar laws . contact the copyright holder for permission to reuse this material .

the number of records available in each licence filter group will be displayed at the end of the licence literal e . g ‘no licence ( 57 ) ’ .

licence groups can be added or removed from your search by using the checkbox displayed with each licence literal .

the time period tab allows you to restrict your search to only records which contain temporal coverage * information which falls within a specific year range . the filter has been implemented as a pair of text fields which allow you to enter a ‘from year and ‘to year’ . the placeholder text shown in the text fields indicates the available temporal range you can search within .

to filter your results by a time period : open the advanced search popout and ensure you are on the ‘time period’ tab . enter a time period range by using the from year and to year fields . click the ‘search’ button to execute the search .

note : where the records in your search contain no temporal information the following message will be displayed on the tab : " search results contain no time period information . "

the location tab will allow you to filter your search results to only records that have mappable location information described , which falls within a specified region .

use the map navigation tools on the left hand side of the map until you have the required map view .

release the mouse to finish . if there are records with location information available for your selection a red marker will be displayed for the first 15 records .

note to change or redraw a region simply carry out the above steps again .

research data australia is the data discovery service of the australian national data service ( ands ) . ands is supported by the australian government through the national collaborative research infrastructure strategy program . read more about ands . . .

automatic vetting based on the ala & apos ; s & apos ; assertions & apos ; whereby observations were assessed as inappropriate for modelling ( ie . & apos ; zero _ coordinates & apos ; , & apos ; invalid scientific name & apos ; ) ;

determining if the observations fell within expert - derived range polygons . these polygons were supplied by birdlife australia to represent , for each species , its core breeding habitat , non - breeding , historic , irruptive , or invasive ranges . records that fall outside these ranges were marked as inappropriate for modelling ; and

human - derived classification of records after previous two assessments . through the edgar project ( urltoken ) , users were able to map all species observations and comment on the suitability of records for distribution modelling . this included records deemed inappropriate by other means .

every 6 months the occurrence record download file is updated to reflect recent vetting by experts . in the data download , sensitive records have been obfuscated by truncating the lat / long to two decimal places . obfuscated records will be indicated in the data file . access to the accurate data will need to be arranged with the original data owners - contact the ala for more information .

the resulting downloadable file of occurrence records reflects which records are suitable for species distribution modelling .

shrubland : subtropical / tropical dry ; grassland : subtropical / tropical dry ; rocky areas ( eg . inland cliffs , mountain peaks ) :

taxonomic note cinclosoma cinnamomeum and c . alisteri ( del hoyo and collar 2016 ) were previously lumped as c . cinnamomeum following christidis & boles ( 2008 ) and sibley & monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .

taxonomic source ( s ) del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .

population justification : the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be locally fairly common ( flegg and madge 1995 ) .

trend justification : this population is estimated to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat degradation due to livestock and introduced herbivores ( del hoyo et al . 2007 ) .

se qld . to nw nsw , cent . and ne sa and se nt .

jennifer hammock split the classifications by urltoken import from cinclosoma cinnamomeum gould 1846 to their own page .

kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name " hietaviiriäistimali " from " cinclosoma cinnamomeum gould 1846 " as trusted .

eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .

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cinclosoma marginatum and c . castanotum occur sympatrically but in different habitats in the south - west of the northern territory . the implications of the occurrence of c . marginatum as far east at mt olga are discussed . evidence is presented which suggests that the taxonomic status of c . marginatum , castaneothorax , cinnamomeum and alisteri should be re - examined . c . marginatum and c . castaneothorax are probably conspecific ; c . cinnamomeum is possibly more closely related to c . alisteri .

i found a pair of these birds in some sand dunes a kilometre or so north of the normally empty cooper creek on the birdsville track . the light was terrible , as i was shooting straight into the morning sun . so these aren ' t the best shots i ' ve put up , but i think the rarity of the images makes up for the lack of technical quality . in any event , getting them certainly made my day !

this article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .

this article is part of project passeriformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each passerine , including made - up species .

this article is part of project cinclosomatidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each cinclosomatid , including made - up species .

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he says the methods developed during that breeding program might help with the reproduction of rarer species .

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del hoyo , j . ; elliot , a . & christie d . ( editors ) . ( 2007 ) . handbook of the birds of the world . volume 12 : picathartes to tits and chickadees . lynx edicions . isbn 978 - 84 - 96553 - 42 - 2

this article is part of project bird genera , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each genus , including made - up genera .

this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ) . please help by writing it in the style of all birds wiki !

thank you for dropping by to check out my blog . you will see a lot of other blogs about birds i follow down the left hand side . i strongly encourage you to check some of these out as well , they are entertaining and i love to see birds from all over the world , i hope you do too .

i came across three major mitchell cockatoos near alice springs recently . their unmistakable squawk gave their position on the power lines . . .

saw all of these birds of prey in the last week , and had some amazing close - up experiences . hope you enjoy the photos . wedge - tailed eagle . . .

saw a pair of wedge - tailed eagles today near alice springs . i suspect i actually drove past them and didn ' t notice them sitting in a tr . . .

the red - tailed black cockatoos were in full voice around lajamanu and surrounds . both in town and out at the turkey nest " swimming & quo . . . ;

i had a truly amazing experience recently where i saw budgies darken the sky with numbers , then come down to drink , get chased by birds of . . .

home . . . . . yeah ok then . . . sweet home !

the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be locally fairly common ( flegg and madge 1995 ) . . . .

the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2018 - 1 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 09 july 2018 .

note : wildlife statistics are based on information that has been submitted to the des wildnet database and converted to a 10km² grid . the grid information has been intersected with the mapping polygons to determine the species lists . click here to view the species grid metadata .

disclaimer : while every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of this product , the queensland government and australian government make no representations or warranties about its accuracy , reliability , completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and disclaim all responsibility and all liability ( including without limitation , liability in negligence ) for all expenses , losses , damages ( including indirect or consequential damage ) and costs which might be incurred as a consequence of reliance on the product , or as a result of the product being inaccurate or incomplete in any way and for any reason .