pupilla muscorum , commonly known as the moss chrysalis snail or widespread column , is a species of minute air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family pupillidae .

pupilla muscorum

pupilla muscorum <EOT> barna páll - gergely marked " pupilla muscorum " as trusted on the " pupilla muscorum " page .

subgenus pupilla ( pupilla ) j . fleming , 1828 represented as pupilla j . fleming , 1828

moss snail ( pupilla muscorum ) . picture : © stefan haller ( urltoken ) .

moss snail ( pupilla muscorum ) . picture : © malcolm storey ( urltoken ) .

subgenus pupilla ( afripupilla ) pilsbry , 1921 represented as pupilla j . fleming , 1828

subgenus pupilla ( fragipupilla ) schileyko , 1984 represented as pupilla j . fleming , 1828

subgenus pupilla ( striopupilla ) pilsbry , 1921 represented as pupilla j . fleming , 1828

» species pupilla ( pupilla ) triplicata ( s . studer , 1820 ) represented as pupilla triplicata ( s . studer , 1820 )

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name " sammalkotilo " to " pupilla muscorum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) " .

' the ecological status of pupilla muscorum ( linné ) in holocene overbank alluvium at kingsmead bridge , wiltshire . '

hans - martin braun added the german common name " moospüppchen " to " pupilla muscorum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) " .

anderson , r . , ( 2016 ) . pupilla ( pupilla ) muscorum ( linnaeus 1758 ) . [ in ] molluscireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09 .

hans - martin braun added the german common name " moos - puppenschnecke " to " pupilla muscorum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) " .

pupilla pratensis ( gastropoda : pupillidae ) in the czech republic and slovakia - its known distribution , ecology and conchometrical distinction from p . muscorum and p . alpicola

pupilla pratensis ( gastropoda : pupillidae ) in the czech republic and slovakia and its distinction from p . muscorum and p . alpicola based on multidimensional analysis of shell measurements

pupilla pratensis ( gastropoda : pupillidae ) in the czech republic and slovakia and its distinction from p . muscorum and p . alpicola based on multidimensional analysis of shell measurements | springerlink

pupilla pratensis ( gastropoda : pupillidae ) in the czech republic and slovakia - its known distribution , ecology and conchometrical distinction from p . muscorum and p . alpicola | masaryk university

( of pupilla ( pupilla ) muscorum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) bank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]

although it is not clear whether any subspecies of this species are currently recognized , if subspecies do exist within this species , it would possibly be the type ( or nominate ) race , pupilla muscorum muscorum , that occurs in utah . the species , however , could well be considered monotypic .

» species pupilla ( pupilla ) anodon ( deshayes , 1863 ) † accepted as negulopsis anodon ( deshayes , 1863 ) † ( new combination ( cf . ) )

pupa ( pupilla ) j . fleming , 1828 ( considered as a separate genus )

all 20th century authors who have discussed this species in utah have used the currently accepted scientific name pupilla muscorum . chamberlin and jones ( 1929 ) applied to it the common name the two - toothed snail .

von proschwitz , t . , c . schander , u . jueg , and s . thorkildsen . 2009 . morphology , ecology , and dna - barcoding distinguish pupilla pratensis ( clessen , 1871 ) from pupilla muscorum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( pulmonata : pupillidae ) . journal of molluscan studies 75 : 315 - 322 .

( of pupilla ( pupilla ) j . fleming , 1828 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]

moss snails are ovoviviparous snails - their eggs can hibernate inside the mother ' s body and be laid in spring , when favourable conditions prevail . while the juveniles of pupilla muscorum usually hatch during oviposition ( and then crawl around with the amnion over their shells ) , the embryos of the alpine chrysalis snail ( pupilla alpicola ) need some additional days to develop before hatching .

how to see this species pupilla muscorum has been seen within the last decade only at benderg bay , co . down and portstewart strand , co . londonderry . areas where it was formerly common such as murlough nnr , garron point , bushfoot dunes , curran sands , whitepark bay and magilligan appear abandoned . it should be looked for by sieving sand and moss in fore dunes or around the edges of dune slacks .

( of pupilla ( afripupilla ) pilsbry , 1921 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]

( of pupilla ( fragipupilla ) schileyko , 1984 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]

species description the moss chrysalis snail is a small ( 3 - 3 . 5 mm ) , cylindrical shell of 6 - 7 whorls with a blunt , obtuse apex . the shell is brown , slightly glossy and finely striate . the aperture is dextral and has a single white denticle , with the outer lip reinforced internally by a strong white rib or callus . the lip is not reflected . in this it differs from lauria cylindracea which is superficially rather similar . lauria is in general a wall species with a predilection for climbing vertical surfaces , something which it does not share with pupilla . the lip in lauria is reflected outwards and is thickened and whitish and there is a single internal tooth .

( of pupilla ( striopupilla ) pilsbry , 1921 ) pilsbry h . a . ( 1920 - 1921 ) . pupillidae ( vertiginidae , pupillinae ) . manual of conchology , ser . 2 . 26 : 1 - 254 , pls 1 - 24 . [ part 101 : 1 - 64 , pls 1 - 8 , 23 december 1920 ; part 102 : 65 - 128 , pls 9 - 13 , 13 may 1921 ; part 103 , 129 - 192 , pls 14 - 18 , 4 august 1921 ; part 104 : 193 - 254 , i - iv , pls 19 - 24 , 21 december 1921 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 153 , 155 [ details ]

chamberlin and jones ( 1929 ) mentioned : " a form known as xerobia [ sic ] pilsbry , commonly ranked as a subspecies , is reported to be the common form in colorado . " seemingly , chamberlin and jones ( 1929 ) , who noted " [ w ] e failed to take this species [ in utah ] " and clearly had not seen material from this state , were implying that this species , in utah , may be represented by the nominal race xerobia . pilsbry ( 1948 ) , who had earlier named the form xerobia , reversed his earlier opinion , stating that xerobia should " . . . be regarded as an arid station hunger form rather than a true race . " in modern terms , xerobia would be called an ecomorph .

only 5 occurrences have been reported in utah , all of them historical , these being in utah county ( ingersoll 1877 , chamberlin and jones 1929 ) , sevier county ( chamberlin and berry 1930 ) , salt lake county ( woolstenhulme 1942a ) , grand county ( henderson 1936 ) , and san juan county ( henderson 1936 ) .

abundance of this species in utah is not known . chamberlin and jones ( 1929 ) and chamberlin and berry ( 1930 ) , did not provide information regarding specimens . woolstenhulme ( 1942a ) reported a " new record " based on 1 utah specimen but did not indicate whether it was alive when collected or , perhaps , a very old , dead shell .

threats to this species in utah are not known but are thought not to be great . the population trend of this species in utah is unknown .

inventory is needed to determine whether this species , not reported in utah since 1942 ( and even then based on one specimen of unknown condition - - perhaps an old dead shell ) , is extant in the state as well as to determine the extent of its distribution and abundance . it should be sought throughout the wasatch mountains and the central high plateaus and in other mountainous areas of utah .

as with other species in the family pupillidae , this species is minute and living examples are difficult to find ; thus , it is easily missed unless special efforts are made to discover it .

habitat information for this species in utah is lacking . however , two of the reported localities are canyons descending west from the wasatch mountains ( chamberlin and jones 1929 , woolstenhulme 1942a ) and another is a moderately high ( approximately 8 , 000 - 9 , 000 ft elevation ) location in the central high plateaus ( chamberlin and berry 1930 ) . part of the locality data reported by woolstenhulme ( 1942a ) was " stepping stone spring " , which , though this species is terrestrial and would not have been in the spring itself unless it was dead ( drift ) material , suggests a moist , probably riparian site .

text modified from : oliver , george v . and william r . bosworth iii . 1999 . rare , imperiled , and recently extinct or extirpated mollusks of utah [ : ] a literature review . publication number 99 - 29 . utah division of wildlife resources , salt lake city . 230 pp .

linnæus , c . 1758 . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio decima , reformata . - pp . [ 1 - 4 ] , 1 - 824 . holmiæ . ( salvius ) .

shell usually light brown , varies from reddish brown to horny grey , weakly striated or almost smooth , 5 - 6 . 5 weakly convex whorls , suture not very deep , aperture usually with with well developed lip , cervical callus strongly developed , like a dam , parietal tooth usually present , palatal tooth sometimes too . differs from p . pratensis with which it lives sympatrically , in its thicker , smaller and more slender shell , lighter and more variable colour and stronger apertural lip . animal small , elliptical , dark with lighter sides and foot , upper tentacles not very long , lower tentacles very short .

on dry meadows , sand dunes , open and sunny habitats . calciphile . in portugal found under stones , dead leaves and in mosses . in britain frequent in sheep - grazed calcareous grasslands . in the alps in up to 2400 m , in bulgaria 1200 m . feeds mainly on dead plant remains on the soil , occasionally also green leaves . ovoviviparous . reproduction in france mainly between july and september , maximum release period in poland is june - august , the species is able to hibernate with eggs ( diameter 1 - 2 mm ) and can release eggs with partly grown embryos ( size 1 mm , 1 . 5 whorls ) in favourable seasons . individuals incubate 1 - 8 ( mostly 3 - 7 ) embryos thoughout the year , activity in poland is from march to october . maturity is probably reached in the second or third season . gravid individuals are not able to copulate , 0 - 20 % of the individuals at a given time are not gravid .

threatened by disturbance due to intensivation of land use of old calcareous grasslands in britain . vulnerable in vorarlberg , lower concern in austria and germany , decreasing ( 4r ) in bavaria .

proschwitz et al . 2009 provided evidence that pupa pratensis was a separate species , which had already been suggested by jueg 1997 . references : moquin - tandon 1853 : 225 , moquin - tandon 1855 : 392 ( life cycle ) , germain 1930 : 423 ( life cycle ) , nobre 1941 : 146 , damjanov & likharev 1975 : 99 , kerney et al . 1983 : 118 , grossu 1987 : 275 , falkner 1990 : 148 , vogt et al . 1994 : 103 , jueg 1997 , turner et al . 1998 : 162 , réal & réal - testud 1988 : 50 ( no record from corse since 1848 ) , kerney 1999 : 103 , pokryzsko 2001 ( life cycle ) , hubenov 2007 , proschwitz et al . 2009 , boschi 2011 : 239 , welter - schultes 2012 : 131 ( range map europe ) .

bennington co . , dorset , vermont . on concrete rubble , culvert in low grassy area between parking lot and vt 30 at quarry pond ( ca . 1 . 4 mi se dorset ) , h . lee ! 10 / 27 / 07 , visual reconnaissance . ( 3 . 0 to 3 . 6 mm . )

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county name all counties alcona alger allegan alpena antrim arenac baraga barry bay benzie berrien branch calhoun cass charlevoix cheboygan chippewa clare clinton crawford delta dickinson eaton emmet genesee gladwin gogebic grand traverse gratiot hillsdale houghton huron ingham ionia iosco iron isabella jackson kalamazoo kalkaska kent keweenaw lake lapeer leelanau lenawee livingston luce mackinac macomb manistee marquette mason mecosta menominee midland missaukee monroe montcalm montmorency muskegon newaygo oakland oceana ogemaw ontonagon osceola oscoda otsego ottawa presque isle roscommon saginaw sanilac schoolcraft shiawassee st . clair st . joseph tuscola van buren washtenaw wayne wexford

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

justification : this species is relatively widespread and there is no threat known to this species . it is therefore considered to be least concern ( lc ) .

is a widespread species that occurs in almost all countries of the european union . its exact distribution is unknown , because parts of the literature records refer to

is in decline in most parts of its irish range . it is now local and rare on northern coasts where it was formerly common . it has almost vanished from the southern part of the central limestone plain probably due to the ' improvement ' of pastures for agriculture ( byrne

it has suffered a 66 % distributional decline in ireland . the coastal populations are becoming increasingly rare and local ( byrne

2009 ) . for the other subpopulations , there is no coherent information available on the population size or trend of this species .

2009 ) . in general it is known from dry meadows and grazed land on calcareous substrata .

2009 ) . elsewhere , there is no conservation action in place for this species .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

provoost , s . ; bonte , d . ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) . animated dunes : a view of biodiversity at the flemish coast [ levende duinen : een overzicht van de biodiversiteit aan de vlaamse kust ] . mededelingen van het instituut voor natuurbehoud , 22 . instituut voor natuurbehoud : brussel , belgium . isbn 90 - 403 - 0205 - 7 . 416 , ill . , appendices pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

the widespread column is a small land snail with an elongated shell that is 3 . 4 - 4 . 0 mm long and 1 . 5 - 1 . 7 mm wide .

updated 5 / 15 / 2018 . information is summarized from mnfi ' s database of rare species and community occurrences . data may not reflect true distribution since much of the state has not been thoroughly surveyed .

this species inhabits calcareous slopes and wetlands . it is thought to be tolerant of disturbed habitats such as roadsides , culverts , and even quarries . in michigan , it has been documented only from a rocky woodland and roadside cedar swamp .

for each species , lists of natural communities were derived from review of the nearly 6 , 500 element occurrences in the mnfi database , in addition to herbarium label data for some taxa . in most cases , at least one specimen record exists for each listed natural community . for certain taxa , especially poorly collected or extirpated species of prairie and savanna habitats , natural community lists were derived from inferences from collection sites and habitat preferences in immediately adjacent states ( particularly indiana and illinois ) . natural communities are not listed for those species documented only from altered or ruderal habitats in michigan , especially for taxa that occur in a variety of habitats outside of the state .

natural communities are not listed in order of frequency of occurrence , but are rather derived from the full set of natural communities , organized by ecological group . in many cases , the general habitat descriptions should provide greater clarity and direction to the surveyor . in future versions of the rare species explorer , we hope to incorporate natural community fidelity ranks for each taxon .

this species may be more tolerant of disturbance than most rare snails . however , land - use activities that remove forest canopy cover and alter critical habitat requirements such as cool microclimate and moisture availability should be avoided at occupied sites . these include activities such as timber harvesting , residential development , and road building . the species also is sensitive to excessive trampling and orv use .

surveys can be conducted anytime during the growing season , but are most successful in spring and fall following rain showers or when soil is moist , during high relative humidity and cooler temperatures . in addition to visual surveys , surveyors can collect samples of leaf litter , turf , and loose soil , dry in a low - temperature oven , and sift through , looking for shells .

michigan natural features inventory . 2007 . rare species explorer ( web application ) . available online at urltoken [ accessed jul 9 , 2018 ]

nekola , j . c . 1998 . terrestrial gastropd inventory of the niagaran escarpment and keweenaw volcanic belt in michigan ' s upper peninsula . small grants program , 1998 nongame wildlife fund , natural heritage program , michigan dnr , lansing . 133pp .

schilthuizen , m . and h . a . rutjes . 2001 . land snail diversity in a square kilometer of tropical rainforest in sabah , malaysian borneo . journal of molluscan studies 67 : 417 - 423 .

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turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .

turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .

common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !

chrysalis snails have their name from their outward resemblance with a holometabole insect ' s chrysalis . they are usually larger than whorl snails ( vertiginidae ) and have distinct , if short , lower tentacles . chrysalis snails are very widely distributed , they can be found on all continents , except antarctica ; in europe their distribution in the north stretches beyond the arctic circle , in the alps beyond 2000 m msl .

the common name chrysalis snails is used for whorl snails ( vertiginidae ) , as well as lauriidae and pupillidae , all of which share the same superfamily , pupilloidea .

description : the moss snail usually has a light brown shell , whose colour may vary between reddish brown and yellowish horn colour . the shell is slightly striated , but may also almost have a smooth surface . the whorls are slightly rounded at the outside , the suture separating them is not very deep . the aperture lip usually is well developed , and on the back of the apertural whorl the snail has a prominent callus well visible because of its whitish colour . in the shell mouth there usually is a parietal ( upper ) tooth ; there may also be a palatal ( lower ) tooth or lamella , which often melts with the shell wall .

the snail ' s body is small with an elliptic foot , which is dark coloured , becoming lighter coloured at the flanks and the sole . the upper tentacles are not very long , the lower ones are very short .

dimensions : h : 3 - 4 mm ; w : 1 . 65 - 1 . 75 mm ; u : 5 - 6 ½ . ( abbreviations ) .

moss snails live on dry meadows , even on sand hills and in more or less open and sunny places . the snail usually prefers calciferous ground , but is also described as indifferent to the ground limestone content ( e

, p . ( 1956 ) , p . 46 ) . in portugal it can also be found under stones , in the leaf litter and in mosses . in great britain it is also often found on calciferous sheep pastures .

) - moss snails practically are found everywhere in europe . in the alps the altitude limit for

( 1956 ) , see above ) , whereas the alpine chrysalis snail , for example , can be found as high as 2400 m msl .

falkner , m . , von proschwitz , t . & rüetschi , j .

justification : there are uncertainties about the distribution of this species as different taxonomic concepts have been applied for this species . a taxonomic revision of this species is necessary and subsequently the distribution in europe as well as status of the populations needs to be researched . it is listed as data deficient ( dd ) . this species has also been assessed at the regional level : european regional assessment : data deficient ( dd ) eu27 regional assessment : data deficient ( dd ) at the level of the 27 member states of the european union

it is difficult to define the species distribution as different taxonomic concepts have been applied to this species .

there is no information available as the taxonomic concept of this species is under debate .

in switzerland , the species is listed as critically endangered , due to the strong population declines . there is no information available as the taxonomic concept of this species is under debate . a taxonomic revision of this species is necessary and subsequently the distribution in europe as well as status of the populations needs to be researched .

falkner , m . , von proschwitz , t . & rüetschi , j . 2011 .

if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .

data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .

beran l . , juřičková l . & horsák m . 2005 . —mollusca ( měkkýši ) , pp . 69–74 . in : farkač j . , král d . & škorpík m . ( eds ) , červený seznam ohrožených druhů české republiky . bezobratlí [ red list of threatened species in the czech republic . invertebrates ] , agentura ochrany přírody a krajiny čr , praha .

brabenec j . 1970 . měkkýši státní přírodní rezervace dubno . ( molluskenfauna des naturschutzgebietes dubno ) . práce stud . přírodověd .

clessin s . 1871 . die mollusken - fauna der umgegend von augsburg . ber . naturhist . ver . augsburg

clessin s . 1887–1890 . die molluskenfauna mitteleuropa’s . ii . theil . diemolluskenfauna österreich - ungarns und der schweiz . bauer & raspe , nürnberg , 858 pp .

ehrendorfer f . & hamann u . 1965 . vorschläge zu einer floristischen kartierung von mitteleuropa . ber . deutsch . bot . gesell .

horsák m . 2003 . how to sample mollusc communities in mires easily . malacol . bohemoslov .

horsák m . 2005 . molluscs , pp . 197–208 . in : poulíčková a . , hájek m . & rybníček k . . ( eds ) , ecology and palaeoecology of spring fens in the western part of the carpathians , palacky university , olomouc .

( linnaeus , 1758 ) im nsg ‘klädener plage’ ( mecklenburg - vorpommern , landkreis parchim ) : ein beitrag zur ökologie , gehäusemorphologie und systematik der art ( gastropoda : stylommatophora : pupillidae ) . malakol . abh .

juřičkovák m . & beran l . 2001 . check - list of the molluscs ( mollusca ) of the czech republic . acta soc . zool . bohem .

juřičková l . , horsák m . , beran l . & dvořák l . 2008 . check - list of the molluscs ( mollusca ) of the czech republic . available from

kerney m . p . , cameron r . a . d . & jungbluth j . h . 1983 . die landschnecken nord - und mitteleuropas . verlag paul parey , hamburg und berlin , 384 pp .

ložek v . 1956 . klíč československých měkkýšů [ the key of czechoslovakian molluscs ] . vydavateľstvo slovenskej akadémie vied , bratislava , 435 pp .

ložek v . 1992 . měkkýši ( mollusca ) , pp . 22–39 . in : škapec l . ( ed . ) , červená kniha ohrožených a vzácných rostlin a živočichů čsfr . 3 . bezobratlí [ red book of threatened and rare plants and animals of czechoslovakia . 3 . invertebrates ] , príroda , bratislava .

rafajová a . 2002 . měkkýší fauna dlouhé meze v chko železné hory [ molluscs of the dlouhá mez in the protected landscape area železné hory mts ( east bohemia , czech republic ) ] . východočes . sb . přírodověd . práce a studie

sádlo j . 2000 . původ travinné vegetace slatin v čechách : sukcese kontra cenogeneze [ the origin of grassland vegetation of fen peats in the czech republic : succession versus coenogenesis ] . preslia

ter braak c . j . f . & šmilauer p . 2002 . canoco reference manual and canodraw for windows user’s guide : software for canonical community ordination ( version 4 . 5 ) . microcomputer power , ithaca , ny , 500 pp .

( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( pulmonata : pupillidae ) . j . mollusc . stud .

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click here to view an interactive map of the northern ireland dataset as currently collated by cedar . the map is generated through the nbn gateway using their interactive mapping tool .

a northern ireland priority species which has been red - listed as endangered ( en ) in ireland ( byrne et al . , 2009 )

life cycle adults are present at all times of year . breeding probably takes place during the spring and summer months

current status much rarer than formerly in n . ireland due to abandonment of dune management and grazing , particularly at murlough nnr , bushfoot dunes , curran sands and much of magilligan .

it is a priority species in northern ireland and listed as endangered ( en ) in the irish red list ( byrne et al . , 2009 )

what you can do this small shell should be looked for in dune areas kept clear of vegetation either by natural sand movement or by grazing . if you encounter something which suggests this species please note the locality from an os map and report the details , with a specimen or specimens to cedar ( record centre manager , cedar , national museums northern ireland , cultra , holywood , co . down , bt18 0eu ; cedar . info @ nmni . com ) .

literature anderson , r . ( 1997 ) . an annotated list of the land and freshwater mollusca of northern ireland . environment and heritage service research & development series .

bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]

( of paracoryna flach , 1890 † ) nordsieck , h . ( 2014 ) . annotated check - list of the genera of fossil land snails ( gastropoda : stylommatophora ) of western and central europe ( cretaceous – pliocene ) , with description of new taxa . archiv für molluskenkunde : international journal of malacology . 143 ( 2 ) : 153 - 185 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 158 [ details ]

( of torquatella held , 1838 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]

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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .

due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to

( > 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( greater than 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) this species inhabits nearly the entire range of the genus and is known throughout the northern hemisphere in europe , northernmost africa , northern asia , and north america . although pilsbry ( 1948 ) and hubricht ( 1985 ) report this as a native north american species , native populations exist in subalpine forests in the rockies and tundra habitats as far south as churchill , manitoba and the northern shore of the st . lawrence in quebec , and are commonly present as full - glacial fossils ; however , these populations differ in shell features from the disturbance tolerant form common to anthropogenic habitats from the mid - atlantic states to iowa and minnesota ( nekola , 2008 ) . the latter populations likely represent a recently escaped european population .

east - central north american populations ( maine and tennessee west to eastern iowa ) generally occur in disturbed anthropogenic habitats such as road verges , vacant lots , abandoned quarries , old fields , and concrete culverts ( hubricht , 1985 ) although they may also occasionally inhabit less disturbed carbonate cliff , glade , and grassland sites . to the north ( newfoundland , the north shore of the st . lawrence to northwestern minnesota and the southern shore of hudsons bay ) populations occur on bare soil , under stones , on turf , and in thin leaf litter accumulations on sandy or rocky shorelines and in tundra ( nekola and coles , 2010 ) .

occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .

use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .

zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .

anderson , t . k . 2005 . land snail diversity in wind cave national park , south dakota . western north american naturalist , 65 ( 2 ) : 186 - 195 .

cheatum , e . p . , and r . w . fullington . 1973 . the aquatic and land mollusca of texas . part ii : the recent and pleistocene members of the pupillidae and urocoptidae ( gastropoda ) in texas . dallas museum of natural history , bulletin 1 . 67 pp .

dourson , d . c . 2015 . land snails of west virginia . goatslug publications , bakersville , north carolina . 412 pp .

harris , s . a . and e . pip . 1973 . molluscs as indicators of late - and post - glacial history in alberta . canadian journal of zoology , 51 : 209 - 215 .

hotopp , k . and t . a . pearce . 2007 . land snails in new york : statewide distribution and talus site faunas . final report for contract # nyher 041129 submitted to new york state biodiversity research institute , new york state museum , albany , new york . 91 pp .

hubricht , l . 1985 . the distribution of the native land mollusks of the eastern united states . fieldiana : zoology , 24 : 1 - 191 .

jass , c . n . , j . i . mead , a . d . morrison , and l . d . agebroad . 2002 . late pleistocene mollusks from the southern black hills , south dakota . western north american naturalist , 62 ( 2 ) : 129 - 140 .

neck , r . w . 1989 . additional terrestrial gastropods of travis county , texas . malacology data net , 2 ( 5 / 6 ) : 135 - 143 .

nekola , j . c . 2008 . land snail ecology and biogeography of eastern maine . final report submitted to : maine department of inland fisheries & wildlife and the aroostook hills and lowlands inventory , january 27 , 2008 . 119 pp .

nekola , j . c . and b . f . coles . 2010 . pupillid land snails of eastern north america . american malacological bulletin 28 : 29 - 57 .

nekola , j . c . , b . f . coles , and u . bergthorsson . 2009 . evolutionary pattern and process within the vertigo gouldii ( mollusca : pulmonata : pupillidae ) group of minute north american land snails . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 53 : 1010 - 1024 .

pilsbry , h . a . 1948 . land mollusca of north america ( north of mexico ) . monograph of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 2 ( 2 ) : 521 - 1113 .

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a short cylindrical shell of 6 - 7 whorls with a blunt , obtuse apex . aperture has a single , white , parietal denticle . there is a strong white rib or callus behind the lip which can be seen through the shell from the side . the lip itself is slightly thickened but not reflected . the shell is brown , faintly glossy and finely striate . widespread but declining .

found across europe and siberia to the far east . also in northern north america . distribution type : circumpolar wide - temperate ( 66 ) .

in decline in most parts of its irish range . now local and rare on northern coasts where it was formerly common . it has almost vanished from the southern part of the central limestone plain probably due to the ' improvement ' of pastures for agriculture .

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full reference : c . linnaeus . 1758 . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima 1 : 1 - 824

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istigobius is a genus of gobies found in fresh , brackish and marine waters of the regions along the coasts of the indian and western pacific oceans .

istigobius

istigobius <EOT> istigobius ornatus is commercially collected for use in the aquarium trade ( baensch and debelius 1997 ) .

hans - martin braun added the german common name " schmuckgrundel " to " istigobius ornatus ( rüppell , 1830 ) " .

it ' s a bird ! it ' s a plane ! no , istigobius ! by henry c . schultz iii - urltoken

murdy , e . o . & hoese , d . f . 1985 . a revision of the gobioid fish genus istigobius .

istigobius ornatus is not the subject of any known conservation measures , but its wide distribution throughout the indo - west pacific coincides with many marine protected areas .

a decorated sandgoby , istigobius decoratus , in nelson bay , new south wales . source : ian v . shaw / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution

as with so many fish genera , istigobius was originally described as a subgenus , in this case , of the genus gobius ( whitley , 1932 ; murdy and hoese , 1985 ) . even so , many of the current istigobius species were not originally placed in this subgenus , but instead were spread out among genera such as acentrogobius , ctenogobius , and rhinogobius .

goldmann ' s sandgoby , istigobius goldmanni , at great keppel island , queensland , march 2017 . source : ian shaw / inaturalist . org . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial

murdy , e . o . and d . f . hoese , 1985 . revision of the gobiid fish genus istigobius . indo - pac . fish . ( 4 ) : 41 p

an orangespotted sandgoby , istigobius rigilius , near corbett reef , great barrier reef , queensland , december 2001 . source : erik schlogl / inaturalist . org . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial

the behavior of istigobius allows a wide latitude of potential aquarium sizes . these fish have a tendency not to feel comfortable more than several inches from shelter . as a result , they should do well in aquariums as small as 10 gallons , provided predators are not present . larger aquariums will be more suitable for those hobbyists wishing to maintain a pair of istigobius , or those planning on including several tankmates .

murdy , e . o . and d . f . hoese , 1985 . revision of the gobiid fish genus istigobius . indo - pac . fish . ( 4 ) : 41 p . ( ref . 420 )

the 10 species ( see below ) of istigobius all have a few traits in common . possibly most important to hobbyists is the sexually dimorphic nature of all species . although the genital papilla is the deciding factor in all species of gobiidae , this feature is more pronounced in istigobius . additionally , several other sexually dimorphic traits are also present such as the longer pelvic fins , darker pigmentation in spots or blotches , and horizontal striping , found on the males .

istigobius rigilius is distributed from the ryukyu islands ( japan ) to the great barrier reef ( australia ) , and east to new caledonia , fiji , tonga , palau , kiribati , ashmore and cartier reefs , and the marshall islands .

while many of the fishes listed are good tank mates for istigobius species , one should research each fish individually before adding it to the aquarium . some of the fish listed above are better left in the ocean or for advanced aquarists .

justification : istigobius rigilius has been assessed as least concern . it is a broad ranging species and while it may be undergoing localised declines due to factors relating to habitat degradation , these threats are not known to pose a significant threat to the global population .

murdy , e . o . & hoese , d . f . 1985 , " a revision of the gobioid fish genus istigobius " , indo - pacific fishes , vol . 4 , pp . 1 - 41 figs 1 - 8 pls 1 - 3

a photo of istigobius decoratus taken at a depth of 10m , rodda reef , great barrier reef , queensland , december 1999 . the original type specimens collected in 1927 were lost from manila as a casualty of world war ii . photo courtesy of erik schloegl .

the aquarium mates of istigobius should be restricted to peaceful fish . other gobies that maintain territories in the middle of the water column would be good choices . these would obviously include wormfish and cleaner gobies . gobies that maintain a territory within rocks , corals or burrows are also good choices .

another photo of istigobius decoratus , this one showing off the highly variable pigmentation possible for the decorated goby . as opposed to the previous photo which was likely collected closer to the eastern spectrum of its distribution , this photo was likely taken from waters near taiwan or the philippines . photo courtesy of mitsuaki takata .

shiobara , y . and k . suzuki , 1983 . life history of two gobioids , istigobius hoshinonis ( tanaka ) and i . campbelli ( jordan and snyder ) , under natural and rearing conditions . . j . fac . mar . sci . tech . tokai univ . 16 : 193 - 205 .

istigobius decoratus is one of the larger members of the genus , reaching nearly five inches . it is seen here amongst the preferred habitat of dark sand and coralline encrusted rubble . when threatened by a predator , it is more likely to remain in the open and stay still ( hopefully ) blending into the substrate . photo courtesy of roberto sozzani of scubabob .

the decorated goby , istigobius decoratus , differs slightly from other members of this genus . it prefers cleaner waters than do its close cousins . even so , these fish are rarely found below more than five feet of depth , although collections records do show several individuals taken from as deep as 50 feet . the clean water is probably a direct result of the substrate they prefer - coarse coralline - encrusted rubble .

of course , predatory fish such as lionfish , groupers , or moray eels should be avoided . the gobies will become a quick snack for most any predatory fish . additionally , predatory invertebrates such as brittle starfish from the genus ophiarachna should also be avoided . small gobies such as istigobius are an easy meal for these aggressive predators . likewise , anemones such as the stichodactyla species should be avoided . all too often fish will fall victim to these anemones .

in an attempt to find a fish that fits a niche often overlooked by many in this hobby - mini - reef and mangrove tanks - i decided to cover the sand - dwelling species of istigobius . their natural instincts and habitats lend a degree of flexibility that is not afforded to us by most ornamental marine fish . as such , these fish place themselves into a small , albeit focused , group of fish that do a fantastic job of filling a niche that the vast majority of fish cannot .

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cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013

greek , istios = sail + latin , gobius = gudgeon ( ref . 45335 )

marine ; reef - associated ; depth range ? - 10 m ( ref . 86942 ) . tropical ; 25°n - 30°s

western pacific : philippines to fiji , north to taiwan , south to northwestern australia and southern queensland . recently recorded from tonga ( ref . 53797 ) .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48637 ) ; 4 . 7 cm tl ( female )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 7 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 - 11 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 9 - 10 ; vertebrae : 26 . upper pectoral fin rays entire . nape with as many as 30 dark spots . a prominent diagonal , black line from posterior part of upper jaw to operculum . 4 broad , dark bands on abdomen ; 2nd dorsal fin with 3 - 4 rows of black spots ; pectoral fin clear , base with 2 small dusky spots . predorsal cycloid scales 7 - 9 , trunk ctenoid . in male , anal fin when appressed reaching almost the caudal fin ; appressed 2nd dorsal fin overlapping caudal . anal and 2nd dorsal fins of female when appressed reaching to within a distance of 2 - 3 scales of caudal fin ( ref . 420 ) ; longitudinal scale series 30 - 32 ; depth of body 4 . 9 - 5 . 6 in sl ( ref . 90102 ) .

found in sandy areas with both living coral and coral rubble , and from both moderately clear and turbid water ( ref . 48637 ) .

genital papilla of male slightly pigmented , ending to side of anal spine . female genital papilla truncate , ending well before origin of anal fin ( ref . 420 ) .

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5010 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00891 ( 0 . 00418 - 0 . 01902 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 16 of 100 ) .

marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; amphidromous ( ref . 46888 ) ; depth range 0 - 6 m ( ref . 90102 ) . tropical

asia and oceania : india , hong kong , malaysia , indonesia and australia .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7050 )

inhabits sand or mud bottoms of estuaries and sheltered shoreline reefs in 0 - 6 m ( ref . 90102 ) .

genital papilla of male sometimes heavily pigmented , reaching anal spine . genital papilla of female truncate , ending well short of anal spine .

kottelat , m . , a . j . whitten , s . n . kartikasari and s . wirjoatmodjo , 1993 . freshwater fishes of western indonesia and sulawesi . periplus editions , hong kong . 221 p . ( ref . 7050 )

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00279 - 0 . 01364 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 26 of 100 ) .

marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 30 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 20°n - 25°s

western pacific : philippines and indonesia to kiribati and fiji , south to rowley shoals in the eastern indian ocean and the great barrier reef . reported from the ryukyu islands ( ref . 559 ) .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 11344 )

solitary ( ref . 90102 ) . occurs in sandy areas with living corals and coral rubble in clear waters , ref . 48637 .

genital papilla of male terminating to side of anal spine . papilla of female truncate and terminating posteriorly well before origin of anal fin .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .

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description inhabits areas of coralline sand near clean coral reefs . observed to occur singly and picks at the substrate .

description inhabits areas of coralline sand near clean coral reefs . observed to occur singly and picks at the substrate . [ details ]

the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license

froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

( of ctenogobius decoratus ( herre , 1927 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of acentrogobius decoratus ( herre , 1927 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of rhinogobius decoratus herre , 1927 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

hong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

larson , h . k . , murdy , e . & van tassell , j .

de silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , smith , j . & livingston , f .

is reported as uncommon in the capricorn - bunker group ( lowe and russell 1990 ) . nevertheless , it is generally the most common

species found on coral reefs ( e . murdy pers . comm . 2009 ) .

can be found resting on sand patches , amongst living coral and coral rubble , in clear water lagoons and bays . it occurs at a depth range of 0–30 m .

, however its distribution may coincide with numerous marine protected areas ( mpas ) , including the great barrier reef marine park .

this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .

larson , h . k . , murdy , e . & van tassell , j . 2010 .

( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2010 : e . t154861a115244556 .

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the gobiidae is the largest family of marine fish with over 2 , 000 members , and it is still growing . most gobiidae are characterized by a few notable attributes . other than the few gobies that swim above the substrate , most lack a swim bladder and lateral line . gobies do , however , have sensory ducts surrounding their heads that make up for the lateral line ' s absence ( smith and knopf , 1997 ) . another interesting characteristic is the condition of the ventral fins , which in most gobies are joined together and have small suction cups on the end .

despite the habitat preference of some species for mangroves and others for coral rubble , all species prefers water less than 20 feet deep . these shallow waters , combined with silty - sand substrate , typically yield water visibility of less than 20 feet . perhaps this limited visibility is a major reason the fish never move further than several inches from suitable cover .

maintenance of these sand - dwelling gobies is rather simple , provided the aquarist offers them the proper habitat . small , peaceful aquariums often provide the optimum environment for these gobies ' long - term care . one major consideration , however , is the temperature of the aquarium . maintaining any of the aforementioned temperate sea species will require an aquarium cooler than a typical reef aquarium . otherwise , a sooner - than - should - be - expected - death will result from the increased water temperature .

provided the aquarium is large enough for anthias and direct feeding is administered to the goby .

most dottybacks will hunt and kill small gobies - pseudochromis fridmani and p . springeri are possible exceptions .

should be ok provided the aquarium is large enough for the rabbitfish and enough food reaches the goby .

many wrasses are best avoided . the most peaceful ones will be good choices .

another husbandry concern should be the life of your sand bed . nowadays many hobbyists are concerned about predation upon the sand bed fauna . if this describes you - by all means avoid these fish . as noted earlier , they feed from the sand by sifting it and stripping the vital micro - fauna from it . if you are not concerned about the life within your sand bed , these sand sifters will do an excellent job of overturning the sand and generally keeping it clean . however , you should be concerned about where the sand gets dumped ; they are indiscriminate dumpers .

besides sifting through the sand bed , your new goby will require supplemental feedings of prepared foods . it is likely , especially in smaller aquariums , that the sand bed , by itself , will not provide enough food to sustain the fish . instead , expect to feed smaller foods designed for a carnivore ' s diet . such foods would include mysid shrimps , adult enriched brine shrimp , fish roe , and any of the copious offerings of flake foods .

if you have any questions about this article , please visit my author forum on reef central .

baensch , h . a . 1994 . baensch marine atlas , volume 1 . microcosm . shelburne , vt . 1215 pp .

jordan , d . s . and j . o . snyder , 1901 . a review of the gobioid fishes of japan with descriptions of twenty - one new species . . proc . u . s . natl . mus . 24 ( 1244 ) : 33 - 132 .

lieske , e . and r . myers , 1994 collins pocket guide . coral reef fishes . indo - pacific & caribbean including the red sea . harper collins publishers , 400 pp .

michael , s . w . 1999 . marine fishes 500 + essential - to - know aquarium species . microcosm . shelburne , vt . 448 pp .

smith , l . l . and knopf , a . a . 1997 . national audubon society : field guide to tropical marine fishes . new york . p . 615 .

whitely , g . p . 1932 . fishes , in sci . rept . , great barrier reef expedition . 1928 - 1929 , 4 ( 9 ) : 267 - 316 .

a pale sandgoby covered in orange - brown and white speckles , brown lines on the gill cover , a row of paired brown spots along body behind the pectoral fin separated by white spots or dashes , and sometimes 3 - 4 dusky vertical bars on the abdomen of males .

offshore reefs of western australia , ashmore and cartier reefs , timor sea , and the northern great barrier reef and reefs in the coral sea , to one tree island , queensland ; also lord howe island in the tasman sea . elsewhere the species occurs in the tropical , west - central pacific . usually inhabits sandy patches amongst coral and rubble in lagoons and bays on oceanic and clear offshore reefs in depths to 35 m .

body yellowish white ; 2 brown diagonal lines from preoperculum to upper jaw , connected by a single line ; 2 almost vertical brown lines on operculum . males sometimes with 3 - 4 dusky vertical bars on abdomen .

pallidogobius rigilius herre 1953 , philippine j . sci . 82 ( 2 ) : 185 . type locality : rigili island , eniwetok atoll , marshall islands .

allen , g . r . 1993 . fishes of ashmore reef and cartier island .

herre , a . w . 1953 . tropical pacific gobies with vomerine teeth .

hutchins , j . b . , williams , d . mcb . , newman , s . j . , cappo , m . & speare , p . 1995 . new records of fishes for the rowley shoals and scott / seringapatam reefs , off north - western australia .

pictorial guide to indonesian reef fishes . part 3 . jawfishes - sunfishes , opistognathidae - molidae

( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2010 : e . t154861a115244556 . urltoken downloaded on 19 june 2018 .

. tokyo : tokai university press vol . 1–2 437 pp . 247 figs 370 pls .

reef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands .

russell , b . c . 1983 . annotated checklist of the coral reef fishes in the capricorn - bunker group , great barrier reef , australia . great barrier reef marine park authority . special publication series 1 : 1 - 184 figs 1 - 2

the blackspotted sandgoby is a small bottom dwelling species that occurs in tropical waters and some warm temperate waters of australia .

the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .

hoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .

a common species that inhabits mangroves and silty , rocky areas ; occasionally found in rubble reef areas . only single individuals were observed ; many individuals found scattered over a small area ( ref . 420 ) . found primarily in lower estuaries , usually in mangroves . this is the species of the genus that is found farthest inland . feeds on small invertebrates ( ref . 12693 ) .

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description occurs in turbid coastal areas near river mouths at less than 1 m to at least 12 m .

description occurs in turbid coastal areas near river mouths at less than 1 m to at least 12 m . [ details ]

smith , j . l . b . & smith , m . m . ( 1963 ) . the fishes of seychelles . department of ichthyology , rhodes university . grahamstown . [ details ]

( of acentrogobius aestuarius smith , 1959 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of acentrogobius spence ( smith , 1947 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of gobius spence smith , 1947 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of gobius spence smith , 1947 ) macnae , w . & m . kalk ( eds ) . ( 1958 ) . a natural history of inhaca island , mozambique . witwatersrand univ . press , johannesburg . i - iv , 163 pp . [ details ]

eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of bikinigobius herre , 1953 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of innoculus whitley , 1952 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of pallidogobius herre , 1953 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

raminosoa , n . , rasoloariniaina , r , ravelomanana , t . & velosoa , j .

justification : this is a very widespread species without any known major threats . it is assessed as least concern .

a pale sandgoby with a prominent black bar across the gill cover , up to 30 dark spots on the nape , a row of paired unfused black spots separated by white spots behind the pectoral fin , four broad dark bands on abdomen , 3 - 4 rows of black spots on the second dorsal fin , and clear pectoral fins with two small dusky spots on the base .

monte bello islands and offshore reefs of western australia , ashmore reef , timor sea , and the northern great barrier reef to at least the capricorn group , southern queensland . elsewhere the species occurs in the east - indo - west - central pacific . inhabits sandy patches among live coral and rubble , in moderately clear and turbid waters .

dorsal fin vi , 10 - 11 ; anal fin 9 - 10 ; longitudinal scale series 30 - 32 ; vertebrae 26 . body depth 4 . 9 - 5 . 6 in sl ; predorsal cycloid scales 7 - 9 , trunk ctenoid ; upper pectoral fin rays entire . in male , anal fin when appressed reaching almost the caudal fin ; appressed 2nd dorsal fin overlapping caudal . anal and second dorsal fins of female when appressed reaching to within a distance of 2 - 3 scales of caudal fin .

gobius goldmanni bleeker 1852 , natuurkundig tijdschrift voor nederlandsch indië 3 : 167 . type locality : kupang , west timor .

bleeker , p . 1852 . bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van timor .

hernaman , v . & munday , p . l . 2005 . life - history characteristics of coral reef gobies . ii . mortality rate , mating system and timing of maturation .

a variable brownish sandgoby becoming white below , with dark brown scale margins forming a honeycomb pattern and a midlateral row of double dark brown spots forming rectangular markings along the side , and usually black spots on the nape .

ashmore reef and cartier reef , timor sea , and the shark bay region , western australia , to moreton bay , queensland ; also diamond islets in the coral sea , and lord howe island in the tasman sea . elsewhere the species occurs in the tropical , indo - west - central pacific . inhabits coralline sand areas in clear lagoons and on seaward reefs .

dorsal fin ( total spines ) vi + i , 10 - 11 ; anal fin i , 9 - 11 ; vertebrae 26 ; caudal fin segmented and non branching rays 2 - 3 , branched rays 14 - 15 ; predorsal cycloid scales 7 - 10 ; trunk scales ctenoid . isthmus narrow , scaled forward to vertical at posterior part of preoperculum . sexual dimorphism exhibited in anal , pelvic and 2nd dorsal fin genital papilla of male sometimes darkly pigmented and reaching to side of anal spine . female genital papilla truncate , ending well before origin of anal fin .

highly variable in colour , brownish on upper half , becoming white below ; dark brown scale margins forming honeycomb pattern and midlateral row of double dark brown spots forming rectangular markings ; two diagonal , dusky lines on operculum ; an inverted u - shaped spot prominent at the distal end of upper jaw . pectoral fin with small dusky spots ; two longitudinal lines on pectoral base spreading onto it fin rays .

rhinogobius decoratus herre 1927 , monographs of the bureau of science . manila 23 : 181 , pl . 13 ( 3 ) . type locality : apo island , philippines ( neotype , original type material from leyte , philippines destroyed in wwii ) .

allen , g . r . , hoese , d . f . , paxton , j . r . , randall , j . e . , russell , b . c . , starck , w . a . , talbot , f . h . & whitley , g . p . 1976 . annotated checklist of the fishes of lord howe island .

the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers .

perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .

francis , m . 1993 . checklist of the coastal fishes of lord howe , norfolk , and kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean .

herre , a . w . 1927 . gobies of the philippines and china seas .

hobbs , j - p . a . , newman , s . j . , mitsopoulos , g . e . a . , travers , m . j . , skepper , c . l . , gilligan , j . j . , allen , g . r . , choat , h . j . & ayling , a . m . 2014 . checklist and new records of christmas island fishes : the influence of isolation , biogeography and habitat availability on species abundance and community composition .

hutchins , b . 2004 . fishes of the dampier archipelago , western australia .

hutchins , j . b . 1994 . a survey of the nearshore reef fish fauna of western australia ' s west and south coasts — the leeuwin province .

johnson , j . w . 1999 . annotated checklist of the fishes of moreton bay , queensland , australia .

johnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353 in davie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .

larson , h . k . , williams , r . s . & hammer , m . p . 2013 . an annotated checklist of the fishes of the northern territory , australia .

moore , g . i . , morrison , s . m . , hutchins , b . j . , allen , g . r . & sampey , a . 2014 . kimberley marine biota . historical data : fishes .

reef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands

russell , b . c . 1983 . annotated checklist of the coral reef fishes in the capricorn - bunker group , great barrier reef , australia .

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

marine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 5 m ( ref . 86942 ) . tropical ; 21°c - 29°c ( ref . 27115 ) ; 30°n - 25°s

indo - pacific : red sea south to northern mozambique ( ref . 4343 ) and east to fiji , north to southern taiwan , south to new caledonia . recently recorded from tonga ( ref . 53797 ) .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 11 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9710 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 7 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 - 12 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 9 - 11 ; vertebrae : 26 . upper 3 - 4 pectoral fin rays free . body color pale gray ; operculum with 5 small blue spots interspersed with brownish red spots ; 5 vertical rows of white spots on pectoral fins ; anterior tip of first dorsal fin bright yellow . 4th spine of 1st dorsal fin longest . predorsal scales cycloid , trunk ctenoid . mouth with overhanging snout , lips greatly thickened . cheeks and operculae without scales . female pelvic and anal fins not as darkly pigmented as in male . also with terete body shape , slightly depressed ; eyes situated dorso - laterally ; reduced swim bladders ( ref . 92840 ) .

genital papilla , of male varying from lightly to heavily pigmented and terminating to side of anal spine . female genital papilla lightly pigmented and truncate , terminating well before anal spine ( ref . 420 ) . benthic spawner ( ref . 32023 ) .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00955 ( 0 . 00561 - 0 . 01627 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 37 se ; based on food items .

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bleeker , p . 1878 , " quatrième mémoire sur la faune ichthyologique de la nouvelle - guinée " , archives néerlandaises des sciences naturelles , vol . 13 , pp . 35 - 66 pls 2 - 3

richardson , j . 1844 , " ichthyology " , ed . richardson , j . & gray , j . e . ( eds ) , the zoology of the voyage of h . m . s . erebus and terror under the command of captain sir james clark ross , r . n . , f . r . s . , during the years 1839–43 , vol . 2 , pp . pp . 1 - 16 pls 1 - 6 , 7 - 8 ( parts ) , 9 - 10 , e . w . janson , london

whitley , g . p . 1932 , " fishes " , scientific reports of the great barrier reef expedition 1928 - 1929 , vol . 4 , no . 9 , pp . 267 - 316 figs 1 - 5 pls 1 - 4

wormuth , j . h . 1976 , " the biogeography and numerical taxonomy of the oegopsid squid family ommastrephidae in the pacific ocean " , bulletin de l ' institut océanographique monaco , vol . 23 , pp . 1 - 87

o ' sullivan , d . b . , johnstone , g . w . , kerry , k . w . & imber , m . j . 1983 , " a mass stranding of squid martialia hyadesi rochebrune and mabille ( teuthoidea : ommastrephidae ) at macquarie island " , papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania , vol . 117 , pp . 161 - 163

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4583529c - 9f4a - 40ca - 886d - 8309ecc0c2b2

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d74e27c4 - 0d3e - 4ee8 - a61b - ba500f1efb1c

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 344880

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aethridae is a family of crabs in its own superfamily , aethroidea .

it contains the following genera ( extinct genera marked † ) : actaeomorpha miers , 1877 aethra latreille in cuvier , 1816 drachiella guinot , in serene & soh , 1976 † eriosachila blow & manning , 1996 hepatella smith , in verrill , 1869 † hepatiscus bittner , 1875 hepatus latreille , 1802 † mainhepatiscus de angeli & beschin , 1999 † matutites blow & manning , 1996 osachila stimpson , 1871 † prehepatus rathbun , 1935 † priabonella beschin , de angeli , checchi & mietto , 2006 † pseudohepatiscus blow & manning , 1996 sakaila manning & holthuis , 1981

aethridae

aethridae <EOT> , and between the legs together . lateral margins often cristate . buccal cavern varying from quadrate to elongate and triangular , sometimes tending to an oxystome disposition . third

into two parts , either with both afferent and efferent channels clearly defined , or with only one channel apparent .

dai , a . & s . yang , 1991 . crabs of the china seas , i - iv , 1 - 608 , figs 1 - 295 , pls 1 - 74 . china ocean press , beijing and springer - verlag , berlin heidelberg new york tokyo , english edition . ( translation from chinese original 1986 . )

dana , j . d . , 1851b . on the classification of the cancroidea ( cyclometopa ) . american journal of science and arts , ( ser . 2 ) 12 : 121 - 131 .

dana , j . d . , 1852c . crustacea . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 , 1839 , 1840 , 1841 , 1842 , under the command of charles wilkes , u . s . n . , 13 ( pt . 1 ) : i - viii , 1 - 685 , pl . 8 .

guinot , d . , 1966 . recherches préliminaires sur les groupements naturels chez les crustacés décapodes brachyoures . i . les affinités des genres aethra , osachila , hepatus , hepatella et actaeomorpha . bulletin du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , ( 2 ) 38 ( 5 ) : 744 - 762 , figs 1 - 24 .

manning , r . b . & l . b . holthuis , 1981 . west african brachyuran crabs ( crustacea : decapoda ) . smithsonian contribution to zoology , 306 : i - xii , 1 - 379 , figs 1 - 88 .

sakai , t . , 1976a . crabs of japan and the adjacent seas . ( in 3 volumes : ( 1 ) english text : i - xxix , 1 - 773 , figs 1 - 379 , ( 2 ) plates volume : 1 - 16 , pls 1 - 251 , ( 3 ) japanese text : 1 - 461 , figs 1 - 2 , 3 maps . ) kodansha ltd , tokyo .

stimpson , w . , 1871a . preliminary report on the crustacea dredged in the gulf stream in the straits of florida , by l . f . de pourtales , assist . u . s . coast survey . part i . brachyura . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college , 2 ( 1 ) : 109 - 160 .

tirmizi , n . m . & q . b . kazmi , 1991 . marine fauna of pakistan : 4 . crustacea : brachyura ( dromiacea , archaeobrachyura , oxystomata , oxyrhyncha ) . univ karachi bcci ( bank credit commer int ) foundation chair , publication no . 1 ( 1988 ) : 1 - 244 , figs 1 - 65 , pls 1 - 4 .

wada , k . , 1995 . brachyura . in : s . nishimura , guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys . vol . 2 : 379 - 418 , pls 101 - 118 . ( in japanese )

sorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .

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parent taxon : eubrachyura according to s . t . ahyong et al . 2007

katja schulz selected " hepatus epheliticus " to show in overview on " hepatus epheliticus ( linnaeus , 1763 ) " .

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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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peristernia reincarnata is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

peristernia reincarnata

peristernia reincarnata <EOT> peristernia reincarnata - fasciolariidae - philippines seashell - 30 . 7mm - lot 2 on ebid new zealand | 130092277

peristernia reincarnata is a common species found under rocks mostly on lagoon and pinnacle reefs from about 2 to at least 10m .

vouchers of sequenced specimens of fasciolariidae : peristernia . . . | download scientific diagram

fig . 5 . vouchers of sequenced specimens of fasciolariidae : peristernia nassatula clade . a : peristernia nassatula , mnhn im - 2007 - 32487 , vanuatu ; b : peristernia reincarnata , mnhn im - 2007 - 32482 , vanuatu ; c : peristernia gemmata , mnhn im - 2013 - 42528 , marquesas islands ; d : peristernia marquesana , mnhn im - 2007 - 32486 , vanuatu ; e : peristernia sp . , mnhn im - 2013 - 12522 , papua new guinea ; f : peristernia sp . , mnhn im - 2013 - 10337 , papua new guinea ; g : fusolatirus bruijnii , mnhn im - 2013 - 18013 , papua new guinea ; h : fusolatirus pachyus , mnhn im - 2007 - 35084 , new caledonia .

peristernia reincarnata ( snyder , 2000 ) live taken w / op . , gem ; pale yellow ! ; 30 . 1 mm ; north western - australia , broome ; from local diver ; november 2007 . [ fas050 ]

peristernia reincarnata ( snyder , 2000 ) live taken w / op . , fine + + + / gem ; pale yellow ! ; 29 . 3 mm ; north western - australia , broome ; from local diver ; november 2007 . [ fas051 ]

family : fasciolariidae born : 1981 , kosuge genus and description : peristernia reincarnata , 22 - 24 mm , f + + / f + + + , set of 3 specimens origin : collected by a local fishermen by nets off mactan island , cebu philippines , july 2013 .

family : fasciolariidae born : 1981 , kosuge genus and description : peristernia reincarnata , 24 & 27 mm , f + + / f + + + , set of 2 specimens origin : collected by a local fishermen by nets off mactan island , cebu philippines , july 2013 .

( of peristernia incarnata sensu kiener , 1840 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

snyder m . a . ( 2000 ) . nomenclatural emendations in the family fasciolariidae . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 150 : 173 - 179 [ details ]

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philippines . cebu . on intertidal rocks at low tide . ex - coll . d . & m . meyer . march 1994 .

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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4549a266 - 7f19 - 4f23 - b506 - 6e70671eca18

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 541008

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occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed

abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .

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i sold 4 more of my pin badges tonight , so over 100 sales now . the same newbie who purchase 4 of the 4th february has come back for 4 more . i ' ll have to get busy and list some more soon .

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additions to the gastropods of the middle miocene ( serravallian ) karaman basin , turkey .

found stuck in the seaweed in a calm shallow bay on the island of milos . must have just washed up the night before bc the animal was still inside the shell

organismo encontrado en el intermareal alto sobre el sustrato duro o rocoso . presenta una forma ovalada , en la zona dorsal posee ocho placas calcáreas unidas . en el área lateral de cada placa se observan lineas intercaladas de color blancas y cafe y la zona central de ella tiene una tonalidad clara a excepción de la 5ta placa que se presenta de color negro . las placas calcáreas están rodeadas por cinturón cubierto de escamas negras de textura porosa

i believe this is a new county record and a fairly large range extension for the species .

these were quite common in litter from steep dry ravines under wooded scrub on a north facing clay - sand slope .

found 16 ashmunella shells , most are mature and aged , in a 15 min search along the comfort spring drainage to the west of ramsey vista campground , huachuca mtns . habitat is grassy and dirt hillside covered with leaf litter . oak woodland plant community .

collected in leaflitter from a pukatea / hinau / rewarewa swamp forest remnant in woodlands retirement village .

note : this image was not taken in one shot . it is a compilation of 54 images with the shells scaled in size in relation to the penny . the identifications of these shells can be found on urltoken .

these were collected from mt eureka on the big river watershed side . one example was collected from nearby in the saxon watershed , by whoever placed it in the cawthron collection . i have lost track of which one but feel they match in every respect . it is likely the slightly lighter shell .

this small charopid species is very tall and tightly coiled and cannot be confused with any other nz landsnail species . snails of this species often found under bark on tree trunks .

we have collected it in the wellington region from east harbour , belmont - kelson , khandallah park , wainuiomata , trelissick park , wilton , karori , kaitoke , akatarawa , pakuratahi , rimutaka hill .

a small endemic carnivorous rhytidid landsnail . we have collected it from east harbour , wainuiomata , belmont - kelson , pakuratahi , kaitoke , akatarawa , wilton and karori . it ocurs elsewhere in north island but only touches the marlborough sounds . the taxonomy is currently being reviewed and it is likely to be split up into several closely related species . ( photo : d . j . roscoe , doc )

powelliphanta superba - one of my favourite encounters on the heaphy track a couple of weeks ago . this individual was close to the upper size limit for the species , with a shell nearly 90mm across . no macro lens required !

what ' s left of three specimens . the two intact ones exploded on drying out , this one partly damaged by weka survived !

this species has the most amazingly glossy finish . making them rather difficult to photograph . the patchy colours are not true , these are reflections of a shadesail and sky . the profile of the shell suggests a close alliance to the p superba group , but colouration favours the p . lignaria group with which it was originally associated as a subspecies . i have highlighted two extremes of colour range

at this point in this specie ' s range the shells reach the peak of their magnificence in colourful patterns .

it about time some artist captured these as a symbol . the pinnacle of new zealands natural beauty and uniqueness . no matter how many times i revisit , i never go away disappointed in their creator .

sub - sp typified by dark umbilicus which blends into honey with no specific delineation .

top side lighter coloured than s . s . bands tend to be coarser as in sample photographed individually but range shown can be found .

collected at anatori north side , technically these are not within the natural boundaries possible of p gilliesi ssp kahurangica but seem to be the same [ or similar ] so possibly introduced from kahurangi . they are on the same section of coast as p g . brunnea [ between patarau and anatori rivers ] but don ' t resemble this ssp in the slightest . the farmland here creating a huge hiatus in habitat .

this is the form with the honey coloured umbilicus typical of this location . shells with a dark umbilicus exist on the ranges to the south . these snails have adapted to elevation and can get the bends and die if taken to sea - level , so are found in a relatively narrow elevation zone . this means they are often isolated on a single range of mountains . this has produced numerous sub - specific taxa . an interesting thing happens in the marlborough sounds which is a ria coastline and has been gradually sinking for an extremely long time . here the snails have adapted to lower elevations in places .

black and dark brown , no stripes . about 1 " across , under a conifer log .

shell only of course . looked like it had been pecked by a weka .