the european pine marten ( martes martes ) , known most commonly as the pine marten in anglophone europe , and less commonly also known as pineten , baum marten , or sweet marten , is an animal native to northern europe belonging to the mustelid family , which also includes mink , otter , badger , wolverine and weasel .

european pine marten

european pine marten <EOT> куница лесная . поведение молодых . european pine marten . the behavior of the young .

ecological network resistance map ( en ) and lcp analysis between european pine marten individuals in the study area .

the response of european pine marten ( martes martes l . ) feeding to the changes of small mammal abundance

the response of european pine marten ( martes martes l . ) feeding to the changes of small mammal abundance .

results of causal modeling of landscape resistance on genetic distance in european pine marten according to mantel and partial mantel tests .

t1 - the response of european pine marten ( martes martes l . ) feeding to the changes of small mammal abundance

european environment agency ( 2005 ) european environment : state and outlook 2005 . state of environment report no . 1 / 2005

the response of european pine marten ( martes martes l . ) feeding to the changes of small mammal abundance — universidad andrés bello

the pine marten’s name comes from where it lives : mainly coniferous forests such as pine forests .

title = " the response of european pine marten ( martes martes l . ) feeding to the changes of small mammal abundance " ,

results of causal modeling of landscape resistance on genetic distance in european pine marten according to mantel and partial mantel tests for the untransformed distances .

this species is also known as the pineten , sweet marten or baum marten .

temple hj , terry a ( 2009 ) the status and distribution of european mammals . office for official publications of the european communities , luxembourg

this is the best picture 😉 and my first picture and time i saw european pine marten ! in love ! but… pine marten is a predator ! the diet includes small mammals , carrion , birds , insects , and fruits .

the vwt has been studying the pine marten for more than 30 years and has published , or has contributed to , a number of research papers on the pine marten . this work has included investigating the distribution and status of the pine marten in england and wales , documenting pine marten range expansion in scotland and developing and trialing field techniques for monitoring pine martens .

european pine marten is a rare animal in western europe while in latvia it is common . harsh winters when there are many fallen animals is celebration for this small animal .

the winter coat of the european pine marten has always been much in demand . the species has been successfully kept on fur farms . life history characteristics , however , prevent trade of pine marten fur from being feasible on a large commercial scale ( grzimek 1990 ) .

of the mustelids , the pine marten is the only one with semi - retractable claws .

manzo e , bartolommei p , rowcliffe j , cozzolino r ( 2012 ) estimation of population density of european pine marten in central italy using camera trapping . acta theriol 57 : 165–172

european pine martens may live for up to 18 years in captivity but more often live for 8 - 10 years in the wild .

mergey m , larroque j , ruette s , vandel j - m , helder r , et al . ( 2012 ) linking habitat characteristics with genetic diversity of the european pine marten (

the raw microsatellite data and geographic coordinates of the 101 pine marten individuals are included in table s2 .

o’mahony d , o’reilly c , turner p ( 2006 ) national pine marten survey of ireland 2005 .

in ireland , pine marten were once widely distributed throughout every county . current pine marten distribution is largely concentrated in western counties and the midlands of ireland . the species now occurs in approximately 50 % of its historical range . pine marten remain extinct throughout the majority of munster and are very rare in ulster .

) in europe : a call for a co - ordinated european approach . biol conserv 141 : 2564–2575

population in bialowieza forest ( e poland ) compared with other european woodlands . ecography 29 : 31–43 .

schroepfer , r . , p . wiegand , h . hogrefe . 1997 . the implications of territoriality for the social system of the european pine marten , / martes martes ( l . , 1758 ) . .

it is thought there could be a link between the pine marten population and the numbers of reds and greys .

teerink bj ( 1991 ) hair of west - european mammals , 1st edn . cambridge university press , cambridge

) : preliminary distribution survey on the northern iberian peninsula . european journal of wildlife research 54 : 253–261 .

pereboom v , mergey m , villerette n , helder r , gerard jf , et al . ( 2008 ) movement patterns , habitat selection , and corridor use of a typical woodland - dweller species , the european pine marten (

the first confirmed sighting of a wild pine marten in england for over a century has been recorded in a shropshire woodland .

we laid bait to get the foxes to show up , however we got a rare visit of a pine marten instead .

the pine marten is listed as a protected species in appendix iii of the 1979 bern convention on the conservation of european wildlife and natural habitats . it is also included in annex v of the european community ' s habitat and species directive of 1992 , as a species ' of community interest whose taking in the wild and exploitation may be subject to management measures ' .

pine marten occur throughout mainland europe , stretching from the ural mountains in the east to ireland at the western edge of the species global distribution . they can also be found in parts of the middle east . in europe , pine marten exist with a similar species called the beech or stone marten , although that species tends to be more associated with areas of human habitation . also , in the eastern parts of pine marten distribution ( mainly russia ) there is some overlap with a related marten species known as the sable .

sample locations and microsatellite data . complete genetic profiles ( 15 microsatellite loci ) and the geographic coordinates for the 101 pine marten individuals

jordan nr ( 2011 ) a strategy for restoring the pine marten to england and wales . report published by the vincent wildlife trust

oh ! that was a surprise ! something in the apple tree . . jumping… from one to another… squirrel ! but wait ! it is not a squirrel ! what is it ! ? it is a european pine marten i guess ! can’t see !

) : assessing species and individual identification success rates on faecal dna genotyping . european journal of wildlife research 59 : 371–386 .

the pine marten ( martes martes ) is likely to have arrived in britain and ireland soon after the end of the last glaciation .

european pine marten has very wide food range . in summer they usually feed on different insects , amphibians , small insectivores , mouse - like rodents , birds , berries and fruits . when there is a bad year for mouse - like rodents pine marten mostly feed on squirrels and birds . it really likes honey that pine marten seeks not only in bumblebee nest but also in bee - gardens . in winter mostly it live by carrion . pine marten can eat about 100g meat at once . it has to eat as much as 1 / 5 of its own weight a day to survive , so it has to run around quite much to make that happen .

in terms of diet , pine marten are omnivorous taking both plant and animal material . in ireland , pine marten exploit a variety of resources including berries , fruits , small mammals , invertebrates , birds and amphibians . in some areas where pine marten occur close to towns and villages the species will exploit rubbish bins for food . in other countries , pine martens rely heavily on microtine rodents such as voles and also in colder countries on carrion , especially in winter . when foraging , pine marten will usually stay within their own territory , which will have a variety of food resources available within it .

the research leading to these results received funding from the european community ' s seventh framework programme ( fp7 / 2007 - 2013 ) under the project “european management platform for emerging and re - emerging infectious disease entities” ( emperie ) ec grant agreement number 223498 .

european pine martens are preyed upon by red foxes and golden eagles . humans persecute this species as a result of habitat loss , predator control intended for other species and farming for their fur .

pine martens and their dens are afforded full protection under the wildlife and countryside act , 1981 and the environmental protection act , 1990 ( 7 ) . conservation management in areas where the pine marten persists may help the species . potential measures include planting corridors of trees between patches of suitable habitat , and providing cover for shelter ( 2 ) . in 2014 , the vincent wildlife trust ( vwt ) launched its pine marten recovery project which saw the translocation of pine martens from scotland to restore a healthy pine marten population in the rural landscape of wales . the first step was completed in autumn 2015 , with the translocation of 20 pine martens , and the first welsh - born pine marten kits arrived in early summer 2016 ( 9 ) .

o’mahony d , o’reilly c , turner p ( 2006 ) national pine marten survey of ireland 2005 . coford connects . environment 7 : 1–8

birks j , crooks j , noble m ( 2005 ) a 2003 pine marten record for hampshire . newsl hamps mamm group 6 : 9

bright pw , smithson tj ( 1997 ) species recovery programme for the pine marten in england : 1995–96 . english nature research reports volume 240

there are eight marten species in the world altogether , and these include the beech marten , which occurs in europe and asia , and the american marten and the fisher , both of which are found throughout northern parts of north america .

one of britain’s rarest and most elusive animals has been found in wales , after a hunt lasting more than 40 years – the pine marten .

this species prefers well - wooded areas . the pine marten often makes its den in hollow trees or on scrub covered cliffs ( 2 ) .

the health and weight of grey squirrels in the pine marten zone is “extremely poor , ” while squirrels in an area without martens “are thriving” .

to obtain insight regarding the prevalence of anelloviruses in pine martens , a degenerate universal anellovirus pcr targeting the untranslated region of the anellovirus genome was performed on pine marten rectal swabs by the method of ninomiya and coworkers ( 27 ) . all four pine martens were positive for anelloviruses , indicating that anelloviruses are prevalent among pine martens . pcr fragments from pine marten swabs vs4700001 to vs4700003 were cloned , and eight clones were sequenced per sample . two different anellovirus variants were observed in rectal swab vs4700001 , and the pcr fragments of the nontranslated region of pine marten anelloviruses from rectal swabs vs4700001 to vs4700004 showed ∼48 to 100 % similarity to each other , suggesting that pine martens are infected with different anellovirus variants .

jongman rhg ( 2002 ) homogenisation and fragmentation of the european landscape : ecological consequences and solutions . landscape and urban planning 58 : 211–221 .

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european pine martens inhabit a large area across most of mainland europe and into the west of asia including russia . in the united kingdom they are mostly restricted to scotland with some small populations present in england .

clevenger , a . 1993 . pine marten ( / martes martes / ) home ranges and activity patterns on the island of minorca , spain . .

pine marten survey suggests recovery one of scotland ' s rarest carnivores is showing signs of recovery after years of declining populations , a new report suggests .

the pine marten , a cat - sized carnivore related to the stoat , was believed to be confined mostly to forests in the west of northern ireland .

sheehy , emma and colin lawton . “population crash in an invasive species following the recovery of a native predator : the case of the american grey squirrel and the european pine marten in ireland” . biodiversity and conservation 23 . 3 ( 2014 ) : 753 - 774 . web . 5 sept . 2016 .

the pine marten , once common in the uk , is a natural predator of the grey squirrel and has successfully reduced their numbers in ireland . photograph : alamy

families were identified , as was a circovirus - like virus that potentially constitutes a new virus family . pine martens and european badgers do not seem to harbor as many different mammalian viruses as california sea lions and bats do (

trees for life , 2004 . " species profile : pine marten " ( on - line ) . trees for life . accessed may 05 , 2004 at urltoken .

the following habitats are found across the pine marten distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .

jongman r , bouwma i , van doorn a ( 2006 ) indicative map of the pan–european ecological network in western europe . wageningen : alterra . 104 p .

major threats to the pine marten include unsustainable hunting and trapping , incidental poisoning , and the loss and fragmentation of woodland habitats . the marten is still hunted and trapped for its fur in some parts of its range . its decline in britain was due to persecution , and the species is still subject to persecution even in some countries in which it is protected . efforts to control other carnivore species sometimes result in pine marten deaths .

caryl fm , raynor r , quine cp , park kj ( 2012 ) the seasonal diet of british pine marten determined from genetically identified scats . j zool 288 : 252–259

balestrieri a , remonti l , ruiz - gonzalez a , gomez - moliner bj , vergara m , et al . ( 2010 ) range expansion of the pine marten (

brainerd sm ( 1990 ) the pine marten and forest fragmentation : a review and synthesis . in : transactions of the 19th iugb congress , trondheim , norway , pp 421–434

though the mechanism behind any causation has not been proven , there is a powerful correlation between areas of pine marten recolonization , grey squirrel population crashes and red squirrel resurgence .

the main objective of this research is to evaluate a large suite of alternative resistance hypotheses for the pine marten and compare the most supported empirical model with the expert - derived landscape resistance model used to parameterize the corridor network for the basque country . specifically , we aim to evaluate ( 1 ) different binary landscape resistance maps which cover a gradient from greater to lesser preference of the pine marten for forest environments in order to identify which land uses favour or impede genetic interchange in the study area ; and secondly ( 2 ) whether or not the resistance map with which the regional ecological network was originally designed in the basque country was correctly parametrized to reflect european pine marten gene flow .

found throughout most of central and northern europe ( 4 ) . in the uk , the pine marten is restricted to the scottish highlands and grampian , and a few populations occur in southern scotland . the pine marten is extinct throughout most of england and wales ( 2 ) with a few scattered records in the north and in wales ( 5 ) .

storch i , lindstrom e , dejounge j ( 1990 ) diet and habitat selection of the pine marten in relation to competition with the red fox . acta theriol 35 : 311–320

in 2011 , the trust developed a long - term pine marten conservation strategy in collaboration with other statutory and voluntary conservation bodies . what is clear from our extensive studies carried out over several decades is that numbers of this elusive mammal in england and wales are so low that without intervention the pine marten is likely to go extinct in england and wales .

bright p , halliwell e , mitchell - jones t ( 2000 ) return of the pine marten to england : proposed recovery programme for one of britain’s rarest mammals . public consultation

shaw g , livingstone j ( 1992 ) the pine marten : its reintroduction and subsequent history in the galloway forest park . trans dumfries galloway nat his antiq soc 67 : 1–7

the body and tail are covered in dark brown fur , which is short and coarse in summer , but thicker and more silky in winter . the large cream - coloured throat patch or ' bib ' distinguishes the pine marten from the beech marten , which has a white throat patch . the fur on the pine marten ' s paws is darker brown in colour , and the pads on the undersides of its feet are covered with fur in winter .

citation : ruiz - gonzález a , gurrutxaga m , cushman sa , madeira mj , randi e , gómez - moliner bj ( 2014 ) landscape genetics for the empirical assessment of resistance surfaces : the european pine marten ( martes martes ) as a target - species of a regional ecological network . plos one 9 ( 10 ) : e110552 . urltoken

even though no previous individual - based landscape genetics data was available for the pine marten , mergey et al . [ 58 ] found that genetic diversity is not associated with habitat fragmentation metrics in france , in spite of the existence of a high degree of forest fragmentation in the studied marten populations . however , this result does not demonstrate that the pine marten gene flow is not affected by forest fragmentation processes . thus , a more detailed individual - based landscape genetics analysis ( larroque et al . unpublished data ) , could provide better insights into the landscape processes governing gene flow and an interesting comparative framework with spanish pine marten populations .

the vwt has identified areas in england that have suitable habitat for pine martens .

and there it was ! i run to get my camera , stepped in janis big snow boots and grabbed a coat . run outside and started to look for the pine marten .

phylogenetic analysis of pine marten torque teno virus . ( a ) genome organization of the pine marten torque teno virus . the black boxes represent orf1 to orf3 . the location of the tata box is indicated . nt , nucleotide . ( b ) a phylogenetic tree of the amino acid sequences of anellovirus orf1 was generated by using mega4 , the neighbor - joining method with

in the last 20 years , the trust has received more than 300 credible reports of sightings of pine martens in wales and has built up a map of ‘hot spot’ areas . it has organised numerous hunts for pine marten scats ( droppings ) using teams of volunteers , deployed remote cameras and set up baited hair tubes , yet until now the most recent unequivocal evidence was a pine marten scat found in cwm rheidol forest in 2007 and later positively dna tested .

potential threats to pine marten include unsustainable hunting and trapping , incidental poisoning , and the loss and fragmentation of woodland habitats . this marten is hunted and trapped for its fur in some parts of its range . its decline in britain was because of persecution as a predator of livestock and , particularly , of game , and the species is still subject to persecution even in some countries in which it is protected . efforts to control other carnivore species sometimes result in pine marten deaths .

pine martens are omnivorous . they mainly eat rodents , birds , fruit and insects .

the european pine marten is covered with a coat of dark brown fur . this is thick over winter and thins out over the summer . over winter the pads of their feet will also be covered in fur . the tail is long and bushy . under the throat is a “bib” of white to creamy orange fur . on the belly the fur has a greyish tint .

the pine marten can be found in a number of locations including : asia , europe , russia , united kingdom , wales . find out more about these places and what else lives there .

) . the ictv criteria for classification of bocaviruses establishes that members of each species are probably antigenically distinct , that natural infection is confined to a single host species , and that species are defined as < 95 % homologous in nonstructural ( ns ) gene dna sequence . although the antigenic properties of the pine marten bocavirus were not studied , the identification in a new natural host in combination with a genetic diversity of pine marten bocavirus vp2 compared to other bocavirus vp2 proteins of ∼48 to 69 % on the amino acid level suggests that the pine marten bocavirus is a new bocavirus species .

status listed as a protected species in appendix iii of the 1979 bern convention on the conservation of european wildlife and natural habitats . also included in annex v of the european community’s habitat and species directive of 1992 , as a species “of community interest whose taking in the wild and exploitation may be subject to management measures” . also listed as a uk bap priority species .

recent abundance estimates suggest that the total population of pine marten in ireland is approximately 2 , 700 individuals , making it ireland’s rarest native mammal species . there are number of factors that can impact on pine marten populations including land use planning , forest management practices such as harvesting , habitat fragmentation , inbreeding , illegal persecution either through generic poisoning or deliberate killing and destruction of forest / scrub habitat for development . pine marten are susceptible to habitat loss and human persecution in ireland , and due to their low population size and slow breeding performance should be seen as vulnerable for the foreseeable future .

phylogenetic trees of the complete amino acid sequences of the rep ( a ) and capsid ( b ) of the two circular identified viruses from european badger , mmfv ( genbank accession no .

a tree - climbing relative of the otter and the stoat , the pine marten had become extinct throughout much of britain by the early 20th century , although numbers of the animal survived in scotland .

sheehy e , o’meara d , o’reilly c , smart a , lawton c ( 2013 ) a non - invasive approach to determining pine marten abundance and predation . eur j wildl res . doi :

i stood quietly at the window and looked at the “pine marten” . that was all i can do , had all my girls at home and it was snowy and cold outside . if i move to take a camera and run outside it certainly will be gone… it was quick ! i enjoyed the view mother nature gave to us . but i looked through windows for pine marten all the time !

the pine marten has few natural enemies itself , apart from humanity . it is occasionally preyed upon by the golden eagle ( aquila chrysaetos ) , and the red fox ( vulpes vulpes ) may kill a marten , not only to eat it , but also to eliminate a potential competitor for the same food resources .

zalewski , a . , w . jedrzejewski , b . jedrzejewska . 1995 . pine marten home ranges , numbers and predation on vertebrates in a deciduous forest ( bialowieza national park , poland ) . .

out of 262 faecal samples identified as pine marten , 108 were not included to the microsatellite genotyping procedure . these samples correspond to the sampling period from 2004–2005 , which was used for a first distribution assessment of sympatric martens in the study area and were not potentially fresh enough for microsatellite analysis . thus , 213 pine marten samples ( 154 faecal samples and 59 tissue samples ) were used for microsatellite genotyping .

pine martens are nocturnal , house cat - sized members of the stoat and weasel family .

infra - red cameras capture the first visit of a family of pine martens on film .

the elusive , generally nocturnal pine marten ( martes martes ) ( 3 ) has chestnut - brown to dark brown fur with a creamy - yellow bib . the tail is long and fluffy ( 2 ) .

kurki s , nikula a , helle p , linden h ( 1998 ) abundances of red fox and pine marten in relation to the composition of boreal forest landscapes . journal of animal ecology 67 : 874–886 .

in a testament to how scarce and how extremely elusive they are , a forty year man - hunt went by in wales without one sighting of a pine marten . the evidence before and after was roadkill .

an average european pine marten measures between 45 and 58cm ( 17 to 22in ) with the tail adding between 16 and 28cm ( 6 . 3 and 11cm ) to their length . due to a large geographical range they can vary greatly in size . males are often 10 - 30 % larger than females . they weigh between 0 . 9 and 2kg ( 2 - 4 . 5lbs ) on average .

since then , its range in scotland has increased due to the expansion of commercial forestry plantations , and more recently , the regeneration of native woodlands . the pine marten prefers well - wooded areas with plenty of cover , but it lives in more open habitats as well . there is a captive breeding programme underway in kent , and suggestions have been made for the pine marten to be reintroduced to parts of southern england .

in 2014 , the vwt in consultation with and support from various conservation bodies launched its pine marten recovery project . the aim of the project is to restore self - sustaining populations of pine martens to england and wales . the first step was completed in autumn 2015 , with the translocation of 20 pine martens from scotland to mid - wales and further translocations of 19 pine martens took place in autumn 2016 . you can find out more about this ground - breaking project on the dedicated project website .

dr declan o’mahony is a wildlife ecologist and has been conducting research on mammals for over 12 years . he has been working with pine marten in ireland for the last seven years conducting basic and applied research on this important species . his interest in pine marten was influenced by the general lack of knowledge and data on the species’ ecology and conservation status in ireland , despite its protected status . currently , he is most interested in undertaking further research on pine marten ecology and developing conservation management strategies for the species with key stakeholders ( i . e . forest companies ) that minimise any impacts of forest management . some references are included below .

strachan r , jefferies dj , chanin prf ( 1996 ) strachan , r , jefferies , dj , chanin prf ( 1996 ) pine marten survey of england and wales 1987–1988 . jncc , peterborough . jncc , peterborough

de marinis am , messeti m ( 1995 ) feeding habits of the pine marten martes martes in europe : a review . hystrix 7 : 143–150 martens are generalist feeders , varying diet according to what is available .

though they have least concern conservation status in europe , pine martens went through some dark times in ireland and the uk . the fur trade that once drove russian commerce and fueled european exploration across the top of northern america had a strong lust for pine marten . the value of their hides was such that the exports came to be known as soft gold . by the early 1900’s , a combination of deforestation , predator persecution and direct hunting for furs drove populations of ireland and the uk to dangerous all - time lows .

messenger j , croose e , turner p , o’reilly c ( 2010 ) the vincent wildlife trust and waterford institute of technology pine marten scat dna survey of england and wales 2008–2009 . report published by the vincent wildlife trust

consequently , the pine marten is a species which is well suited to studies focused on the effects of forest fragmentation on genetic structure and gene flow [ 56 ] . however , whether habitat characteristics that predict marten occupancy act as barriers to dispersal , influencing gene flow and population genetic structure across the landscape , is largely unknown [ 56 ] .

the discovery of a new anellovirus and bocavirus from pine marten rectal swabs and a circovirus - like virus from european badgers is an example of the needed expansion of our knowledge of the virus diversity present in the animal reservoir . in addition , a new potential mycovirus was identified from a european badger rectal swab . sequence - independent amplification of viral nucleic acid in combination with a next - generation sequencing platform , which we used to discover these viruses , provides a relatively simple , unselective technology to identify new viral species , as was observed previously with similar techniques ( 8 , 11 , 21 – 23 , 35 , 36 , 39 ) .

birks jds , messenger j ( 2000 ) a response from the vincent wildlife trust to ‘return of the pine marten to england’ ( public consultation by the people’s trust for endangered species ) . unpublished report , the vincent wildlife trust

mortelliti a , amori g , capizzi d , rondinini c , boitani l ( 2010 ) experimental design and taxonomic scope of fragmentation studies of european mammals : current status and future priorities . mamm rev 40 : 125–154

the pine marten was once the second most common carnivore in britain during the mesolithic era . the clearance of woodlands , together with predator control , had a devastating effect on the pine marten population and by 1915 this species was confined to just a few of the more remote areas across britain and ireland . small populations survived in wales and the marches and in areas of northern england , with relatively strong populations still present in parts of the scottish highlands .

o’ mahony , d . ( 2009 ) socio - spatial ecology and habitat selection of pine marten ( martes martes ) in upland coniferous plantations , ireland . report to department of agriculture fisheries food and peoples trust for endangered species .

now , however , a carcass of a pine marten which had been killed by a vehicle has been found on the roadside near newtown in powys , and dna analysis has confirmed that the young male was a native british animal .

pertoldi c , munoz j , madsen ab , barker jsf , andersen dh , baagøe hj , birch m , loeschcke v ( 2008b ) genetic variability in the mitochondrial dna of the danish pine marten . j zool 276 : 168–175

domingo - roura x ( 2002 ) genetic distinction of marten species by fixation of a microsatellite region . j mammal 83 : 907–912

we have no proof that a pine marten has never killed a lamb . that would mean witnessing the entire life of every lamb ever born , to validate that its death could not be attributed to the mustelid . however , we also have absolutely no proof that pine martens do kill lambs , and plenty of reason to believe that they don’t .

a thorough understanding of the diversity of viruses in wildlife provides epidemiological baseline information about potential pathogens . metagenomic analysis of the enteric viral flora revealed a new anellovirus and bocavirus species in pine martens and a new circovirus - like virus and geminivirus - related dna virus in european badgers . in addition , sequences with homology to viruses from the families

only strongholds in the wild irish west , scottish highlands and tiny pockets of wales remained ; the marten was locally extinct in england .

the pine marten is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 8 ) , and is listed on schedule 5 of the wildlife and countryside act , 1981 and schedule 3 of the conservation regulations 1994 ( 1 ) .

the pine marten is an adept tree climber , with many adaptations including bone and muscle structure for powerful forelimbs , long tail to aid in balancing , and well - developed claws ( grzimek 1990 , corbet and southern 1977 , nowak 1999 ) .

“we are seeing species that have never been seen before in ireland being introduced by these people . look at the pine marten , the most nasty vicious bird that you have ever seen . they were never in ireland but have been introduced . ”

clevenger , a . 1994 . habitat characteristics of eurasian pine martens martes martes in an insular mediterranean environment . .

according to iucn , pine marten is common and widespread throughout its range but no overall population estimate is available . according to the british wildlife center resource , the total population size of the pine marten in britain in pre - breeding season is estimated to be 3 , 300 individuals . this includes only 120 martens in england , 60 martens in wales and rest in scotland . according to the iucn red list , the average annual spring number of pine martens in russia was 187 , 000 individuals in 2011 - 2013 . currently this species is classified as least concern ( lc ) and its numbers today remain stable .

" scientists usually survey for pine marten by looking for their faeces ( or scats as they are known ) along forest tracks and roads and due to confusion with fox and stoat faeces , genetic testing is required to confirm the source , " he said .

mitchell - jones aj , amori g , bogdanowicz w , krystufek b , reijnders pjh , spitzenberger f , stubbe m , thissen jbm , vohralik v , zima j ( 1999 ) the atlas of european mammals . academic press , london , united kingdom

mitchell - jones a , amori g , bogdanowicz w , krystufek b , reijnders pjh , spitzenberger f , stubbe m , thissen jbm , vohralik v , zima j ( 1999 ) the atlas of european mammals . academic press inc . , san diego

b ) . our data therefore suggest that the torque teno virus species identified in pine martens belongs to a new genus .

“like most predators , [ pine martens ] turnout to be essential to the survival of a healthy living systems” –george monbiot .

pine marten can utilise a variety of den sites , which are used for breeding . den sites can include rock crevices , tree cavities , subterranean burrows , buildings ( abandoned or occupied ) , old bird nests , squirrel dreys and log piles . these sites provide cover from weather extremes and safety from potential predators . den sites are normally only occupied during the breeding season . outside of this period , pine marten use what are termed refuge sites . refuge sites can be very varied although normally they are located several metres off the ground in forest canopy . upturned or blown over tress are often used as refuge sites but the species can exploit any habitat feature that provides cover and safety . pine marten will tend to have refuge and den sites that are used repeatedly in a forest and they can have a high fidelity to these sites .

“grey squirrel sightings accounted for less than 8 % of animal sightings in [ the irish midlands ] , which is remarkably low considering that they are a much less elusive species than either the red squirrel or the pine marten , and are also more commonly associated with human settlements . ”

pine martens are found all over europe , from western russia to italy . in the northern mainland they co - exist with stone martens , and towards eastern europe , with the sable marten , which may start to sound familiar as you think about gloves and thick , expensive coats .

during autumn 2015 , twenty pine martens were captured in scotland , in areas where there is a healthy pine marten population , under licence from scottish natural heritage . these animals were translocated and released in an area of mid - wales . all of the martens were fitted with radio - collars and are being tracked daily to monitor their movements and find out where they have set up territories . during autumn 2016 ,

so what’s going on ? well it now seems that the reason why grey squirrels never got past the shannon is not that they couldn’t cross the river . they can swim , and there are plenty of places in which they could move through the trees without getting their feet wet . it’s because the far side of the shannon was pine marten territory . and pine martens love grey squirrels – in the strictly carnal sense .

as a predator , the pine marten plays an important role in regulating the numbers of its prey species . in the case of voles and other rodents which undergo periodic population explosions , it responds to the cycle of greater numbers by increasing the proportion of these animals in its diet . however , because of its delayed breeding cycle , any resultant increase in marten numbers does not occur until the following year , when food supplies may not be so abundant .

out of 733 faecal samples collected from the entire study area , 141 were discarded because they were not fresh or because they presumably belong to the same individual ( samples separated by < 1km ) . 494 out of 592 analyzed samples were classified as martes sp . ( m . martes and m . foina ) based on genetic species identification results . thus , unequivocal species identification was possible in 83 . 45 % of the samples . we effectively identified 232 faecal samples as stone marten and 262 as pine marten . additionally , we obtained 57 tissue samples from road - killed pine martens .

it was driven to extinction in the 19 th century , mostly by gamekeepers , but it now clings on in small numbers , as a result of deliberate releases and escapes from falconers . it is still being illegally killed by gamekeepers . like the pine marten , the goshawk hunts grey squirrels .

ricanova s , bryja j , cosson jf , csongor g , choleva l , ambros m , sedlacek f ( 2011 ) depleted genetic variation of the european ground squirrel in central europe in both microsatellites and the major histocompatibility complex gene : implications for conservation . conserv genet 12 : 1115–1129

o’mahony , d . , turner , p , o’reilly , c . ( 2012 ) pine marten ( martes martes ) distribution and abundance in ireland : a cross - jurisdictional analysis using non - invasive genetic survey techniques . mammalian biology – zeitschrift für säugetierkunde , 77 ( 5 ) , 351 - 357

koen el , bowman j , garroway cj , mills sc , wilson pj ( 2012 ) landscape resistance and american marten gene flow . landscape ecology 27 : 29–43 .

least cost paths ( lcp ) obtained between the 101 pine marten individuals in accordance with the en resistance map , analogous to that used in the design of the corridors in the ecological network of the basque country ( north spain ) [ 41 ] . resistance values for each land use are indicated in brackets .

potential threats to the pine marten include unsustainable trapping and hunting , incidental poisoning , and the fragmentation and loss of woodland habitats . this species is trapped and hunted in some portions of its range for its fur . its decline in britain was due to persecution for predating on livestock and , particularly , game . it is still persecuted in some countries where it is protected . the efforts to control other carnivores sometimes cause the death of pine martens .

well suited to a life amongst the trees european pine martens mostly live in forests . they will also venture in to the grasslands adjacent to these areas . their territory is marked by depositing their feces around the perimeter . the size of their territory is decided by the amount of available food in these areas . they will make a den in hollow trees or fallen root masses most often with shrub covered cliffs also used on occasion .

but a survey by queen ' s university , belfast , and 70 volunteer conservationists has shown that pine martens are present in every county .

there is a healthy population of at least 4 , 000 pine martens in scotland , and small numbers live around snowdonia , in wales .

wind farms , coal mining , animal protein , donald trump , vegans , you name it . while some of these demons undoubtedly deserve their reputation , others are getting way too much abuse . in an effort to right some wrongs to a poor arboreal mustelid’s reputation , let’s shed some light on the pine marten .

the most consistent marten - habitat relation appears to be a general association with forest habitats , and avoidance of open , non - forested habitats [ 48 ] , [ 51 ] , [ 52 ] . thus , the marten ' s unwillingness to cross open habitats may restrict the species ' ability to disperse and colonise new forested areas [ 51 ] , [ 55 ] . ruiz - gonzález et al . [ 52 ] found that pine marten occurrence in the study area is highly dependent on the presence of forest and consequently sensitive to forest fragmentation as has been previously suggested in other studies across europe [ 49 ] , [ 51 ] . nevertheless , the presence of forest habitats is not the only factor which explains pine marten gene flow in the study area , indicating that the habitat selection and gene flow of pine martens may be driven by different factors [ 17 ] , [ 25 ] , [ 31 ] . this may be because gene flow is driven by mating and dispersal events and habitat selection reflects the behaviour of individual organisms to maximize fitness within home ranges ( e . g . [ 102 ] ) .

the pine marten is a medium - sized member of the mustelid family of carnivorous mammals , whose other members include the stoat , weasel and badger . it is about the size of a cat , with a body up to 53 cm . long and a bushy tail which can be 25 cm . in length . an individual will weigh between 1 . 3 and 1 . 7 kg . , with the female being slightly smaller than the male . in the wild , the pine marten can live up to 11 years , although the average lifespan is 3 - 4 years . in captivity ages up to 18 years have been recorded .

fascinating facts the soles of their feet are covered in thick fur , which probably helps them to move across snow - covered ground . in the wild , the pine marten can live up to 11 years , although the average lifespan is 3 - 4 years . in captivity ages up to 18 years have been recorded .

meanwhile , the game and wildlife conservation trust , which i see as a greenwashing agency for the shooting industry ( how many conservation groups do you know that teach children to use shot guns and run courses on snaring , lamping and trapping ? ) , is campaigning to reduce pine marten populations in scotland . yes , reduce .

the finding brings to a climax the organised hunt for pine martens in wales which has been carried out in recent decades by the vincent wildlife trust .

to obtain more pine marten bocavirus sequences , an additional ∼42 , 000 trimmed reads obtained via next - generation sequencing with a 454 gs junior instrument ( roche ) were analyzed from sample vs4700002 , and a few bocavirus reads were identified . specific primers vs656 ( 5′ - ttccaggaggatgtttcattgg - 3′ ) and vs657 ( 5′ - ttccaggaggatgtttcattgg - 3′ ) designed on the obtained 454 sequencing reads were used to obtain a 1 , 048 - bp pcr amplicon of the genome region encoding vp2 , using amplitaq gold dna polymerase ( roche ) , according to the instructions of the manufacturer . the obtained pine marten bocavirus vp2 protein sequence was aligned to the corresponding vp2 protein sequences of other bocaviruses in genbank using clustal x2 (

in summer , the diet is more varied , and includes bird eggs , honey , caterpillars and fruits such as blaeberries ( vaccinium myrtillus ) . in a good berry season , these latter can form 30 % of the marten ' s food and give a telltale blue colour to the animal ' s scat . some food is stored in the summer and autumn for retrieval in the winter . as a mainly nocturnal animal , the pine marten forages at night or dusk , and can roam more than 10 kilometres from its den in search of food .

hunting area in winters is larger than 10km2 , so if pine marten has had bad luck in hunt it has to run even 30km to have something to eat , so carrion is very important . when tummy is full pine marten goes to its lair to sleep . lair usually is made under tree roots , tree stumps in hollows or squirrel nests . however , if the weather is nice enough it can sleep in bigger bird nests , but when it is very cold it make a nest under snow . if there are many pine martens in the same territory they go hunting each by itself . to stay out of any conflicts , they leave scent marks . to mark their territory martens leave faeces , urine , rub their anal sacs against branches , ground or snow . when little animal is eating it shouldn’t lose alertness so time to time it stands up to look around .

the pine marten is omnivorous . it favors animal food , relying on small mammals for most of the year . the diet composition and proportion often change according to season and local conditions . populations respond to the unpredictable cycles of rodents , such as voles , by drastically increasing their consumption of these prey items ( zalewski et al 1995 ) . the reproductive characteristics of

two aspects of this story jump out at me . the first is the greys’ astonishing speed of retreat . the numbers just don’t add up : the martens simply couldn’t eat that many squirrels . as the paper points out , “it would be unlikely that a low - density pine marten population could impact a high - density grey squirrel population by direct predation alone . ”

phylogenetic trees of the partial amino acid sequences of the vp2 protein of the pine marten bocavirus and other selected bocaviruses . phylograms were generated using mega4 , with the neighbor - joining method with p - distance and 1 , 000 bootstrap replicates . significant bootstrap values are shown . the viruses and genbank accession numbers shown in the phylogenetic tree follow : hbov1 , human bocavirus 1 ( ab480186 ) ; hbov2 , human bocavirus 2 ( fj973558 ) ; hbov3 , human bocavirus 3 ( gq867667 ) ; hbov4 , human bocavirus 4 ( nc _ 012729 ) ; gbov1 , gorilla bocavirus 1 ( nc _ 014358 ) ; porcine bocavirus ( hm053693 ) ; canine minute virus ( fj899734 ) ; bovine parvovirus ( nc _ 001540 ) , pine marten bocavirus ( jq085286 ) .

in the uk , the pine marten is protected under the wildlife and countryside act of 1981 , and it cannot be trapped , disturbed or sold without a specific licence from the relevant government conservation agency - in scotland this is scottish natural heritage . however , despite this legal protection , martens are still killed inadvertently each year by traps or poisoned bait set out for crows or foxes .

cushman sa , raphael mg , ruggiero lf , shirk as , wasserman tn , et al . ( 2011 ) limiting factors and landscape connectivity : the american marten in the rocky mountains . landscape ecology 26 : 1137–1149 .

the pine marten has a palearctic distribution : its geographic range extends from western siberia across russia and europe to scotland and ireland , and from the northern limit of the boreal or coniferous forest in the north to the mediterranean and the caucasus region in the south . it is also found on many of the mediterranean islands , including sicily , corsica , sardinia and the balearic islands of majorca and minorca .


strobilops labyrinthicus , common name the maze pinecone , is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family strobilopsidae .

strobilops labyrinthicus

strobilops labyrinthicus <EOT> this website is about the snail strobilops labyrinthicus , its common name is maze pinecone . in this site you will find this snails classification , general habitat & distribution , what it eats , how it reproduces , and other general facts . there is also a photo gallery showing pictures of shells of this snail . i hope you enjoy the site !

forsyth , r . g . , oldham , m . j . 2014 . distribution of strobilops aeneus pilsbry , 1926 , in canada , with two new ontario records ( mollusca : gastropoda : strobilopsidae ) . check list 10 ( 2 ) : 397 - 401 . link

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john d . naff , george gorin , fred w . allen , stephen m . sutherland , bryan p . glass

d . s . borgaonkar and j . m . j . de wet ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 10 - 13

h . r . chheda and j . m . j . dewet ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 14 - 19

shamin a . faruqi and imy v . holt ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 19 - 22

joyce g . sibley and helen b . burton ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 31 - 35

the recent gastropoda of oklahoma iii . terrestrial species : pupillidae , carychidae , strobilopsidae and oligyridae

anne reynolds and virginia r . kelting ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 87 - 88

bernard a . brown and l . vernon scott ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 88 - 94

olen brown and j . b . clark ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 94 - 98

norman n . durham and lowell s . adams ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 98 - 100

richard mansfield , crockett page , bernard a . brown , danny hern , m . r . shetlar and l . v . scott ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 101 - 104

some cretaceous - eocene foraminiferal mutations from the u . s . gulf coastal plain

philip cox and james e . webster ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 122 - 124

robert a . jeffries and richard g . fowler ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 127 - 133

zana skidmore and ruth cooper ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 151 - 156

methods of studying ribbon development in urban areas . study area : the oklahoma city - norman area

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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .

due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to

it occurs in eastern maine ( 73 of 101 sites ) throughout the study region across a wide assortment of habitats ( nekola , 2008 ) . in new york , hotopp and pearce ( 2007 ) report it from 16 counties including five recent sites . waggoner et al . ( 2006 ) found this species in 3 of 15 samples in surveys of the sipsey wilderness area , bankhead national forest , northwest alabama .

occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .

use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .

zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .

dourson , d . c . 2015 . land snails of west virginia . goatslug publications , bakersville , north carolina . 412 pp .

hotopp , k . and t . a . pearce . 2007 . land snails in new york : statewide distribution and talus site faunas . final report for contract # nyher 041129 submitted to new york state biodiversity research institute , new york state museum , albany , new york . 91 pp .

nekola , j . c . 2008 . land snail ecology and biogeography of eastern maine . final report submitted to : maine department of inland fisheries & wildlife and the aroostook hills and lowlands inventory , january 27 , 2008 . 119 pp .

waggoner , j . , s . a . clark , k . e . perez , and c . lydeard . 2006 . a survey of terrestrial gastropods of the sipsey wilderness ( bankead national forest ) , alabama . southheastern naturalist , 5 ( 1 ) : 57 - 68 .

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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

" data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace . "

patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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use of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .

estillfork , jackson county , alabama ( 1 . 97 mm . in maximum diameter ) . bob winters ! 17 march , 2015 .

specimens culled by h . g . lee , and sem produced in collaboration with dr . ann heatherington , dept . of geology , university of florida , gainesville , fl .

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the current name shown here must be accespted with caution in many cases . i have attempted to resolve differences between old and new taxonomy , as well as differences in opinion , but this is often my “best guess” . few records have been verified by examining the material on which they are based .

urltoken | © 2003–2018 robert forsyth , kamloops , bc , canada . accessed : july 9 , 2018


kaloula assamensis ( assamese balloon frog or assam narrow-mouth toad ) is a species of narrow-mouthed frog found in assam , arunachal pradesh , and west bengal in northeastern india .

kaloula assamensis

kaloula assamensis <EOT> keywords : kaloula , new species , kaloula assamensis , microhylidae , systematics , new species , india .

paul , s . , biswas , m . c . and deuti , k . 2007 . first record of the assam painted frog ( kaloula assamensis

record of kaloula assamensis ( das et al . 2004 ) ( anura : microhylidae ) from bongagaon district , assam , india . | anukul nath - urltoken

talukdar , s . , soud , r . and deauti , k . 2007 . range extension of the assam painted frog , kaloula assamensis das et al . ( anura : microhylide ) to western assam . cobra jan . - mar . : 18 - 20 .

anukul nath , firoz ahmed and hilloljyoti singha . 2011 . record of kaloula assamensis ( das et al . , 2004 ) ( anura : microhylidae ) from bongagaon district , assam , india . frog leg [ newsletter of the amphibian network of south asia and amphibian specialist group - south asia ] . 17 .

{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . kaloula assamensis das , sengupta , ahmed , and dutta , 2005 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .

kaloula assamensis das , sengupta , ahmed , and dutta , 2005 , hamadryad , 29 : 103 . holotype : zsic a . 100069 , by original designation . type locality : " majbat ( 26° 45′ n ; 92° 20′ e ; 141 m asl ) , sonitpur district , assam state , north - east india " .

das , i . , sengupta , s . , ahmed , m . f . and dutta , s . k . 2004 . a new species of kaloula ( anura : microhylidae ) from assam state , north - eastern india . hamadryad : 101 - 109 .

das , i . , sengupta , s . , ahmed , m . f . and dutta , s . k . 2004 . a new species of kaloula ( anura : microhylidae ) from assam state , north - eastern india . hamadryad . 101 - 109 .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

listed as least concern in view of its likely wide distribution , tolerance of a range of habitats , and because it is unlikely to be declining to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .

2007 ) and so it might be tolerant of a degree of habitat modification . it is often found perched up to 1 m above the ground on grasses , ferns , and herbaceous vegetation , but it is also found underground . it is presumed to breed by larval development .

it is found in nameri national park , orang national park , pakhui wildlife sanctuary and chilapata range .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

iucn . 2009 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2009 . 2 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 3 november 2009 ) .

* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .

will find all uses of " hyl . . . " anywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .

will find all uses of " . . . hyla " anywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla

will find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor

interprets this as " lithobates or pipiens " so will find the union of all records that contain either " lithobates " or " pipiens " : e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens

interprets this as " lithobates and pipiens " so will return all records that have the character string " lithobates pipiens " anywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .

assamese balloon frog ( ahmed , das , and dutta , 2009 , amph . rept . ne india : 31 ) .

assam narrowmouth toad ( dinesh , radhakrishnan , gururaja , and bhatta , 2009 , rec . zool . surv . india , occas . pap . , 302 : 51 ) .

known only from four localities in sonitur district , assam , on in bongagaon district , assam , one ( pakhui wildlife sanctuary ) in arunachal pradesh , and one in cooch behar district , northeastern west bengal , northeastern india ; may extend into adjacent bangladesh .

please note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .

for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .

copyright © 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .

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new & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region

saibal sengupta , abhijit das , sandeep das , balhtiar hussain , nripendra kumar choudhury and sushil kumar dutta . 2009 . taxonomy and biogeography of

wuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .

[ botany • 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | ดาดดารารัศมี • a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand

begonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai ดาดดารารัศมี | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .

chamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .

great - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .

endocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .

aristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .

bagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .

the hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .

nipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 ニッポノサウルス | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .

begonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .

[ botany • 2016 ] bidoupia phongii • a new orchid ge . . .

[ herpetology • 2016 ] living in a japanese onsen : f . . .

[ botany • 2016 ] the iris family ( iridaceae ) in the . . .

[ invertebrate • 2016 ] sundageophilus gen . nov . • t . . .

[ fungi • 2016 ] inocybe distincta • a new species o . . .

[ botany • 2015 ] billolivia kyi • a new species ( ge . . .

[ herpetology • 2016 ] dragons in the mist : three ne . . .

anomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .

the benefits and costs of academic travel . or " there and back again ; again and again "

canon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4

plants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .

i ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .

necps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden

this is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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small - sized frog ( length 38 mm ) . body rounded . head small , broader than long . snout rounded . tympanum absent . eyes small with rounded pupil . supra - tympanic fold distinct . fingers free of web . fingers tips dilated . toes about half - webbed . toe tips slightly rounded . a pointed inner and a oval outer metatarsal tubercle present . dorsum granular . abdomen coarsely granular .

brown dorsally , with a bright yellow vertebral stripe . dark - edged , broad dark brown lateral stripes laterally . upper surfaces of fore and hind limbs pale brown . ventrum cream coloured .

k . deuti , zoological survey of india in venkataraman , k . , chattopadhyay , a . and subramanian , k . a . ( editors ) . 2013 . endemic animals of india ( vertebrates ) :

describes reproductive physiology and behavior , including mating and life history variables . includes cues , strategies , restraints , rates .

describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .

dorsum granular . abdomen coarsely granular ; dorsally pale brown , with a dark - edged bright yellow vertebral stripe from snout tip to near vent ; a dark - edged broad dark brown lateral stripe , originating from the postocular region extending to inguinal region ; stratified colouration on posterior face of thighs and flanks ; light pericloacal ring present . ventrum cream coloured .

describes the general appearance of the taxon ; e . g body plan , shape and color of external features , typical postures . may be referred to as or include habit , defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment , particularly for plants . comprising its size , shape , texture and orientation . example : tree , shrubs , herbs . may also be referred to include anatomy .

a ground dwelling frog of tropical evergreen forest and alluvial grassland , but also may perched herbs and ferns . fossorial in habit .

relations that living organisms have with respect to each other and their natural environment . variables of interest to ecologists include the composition , distribution , amount ( biomass ) , number , and changing states of organisms within and among ecosystems .

general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .

majbat , sirajuli & nameri wls & orang np , assam and pakke tr , arunachal pradesh .

enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .

dr . chandra barooah & lani sarma ( 2016 ) assam science technology and environment council .

includes abundance information ( population size , density ) and demographics ( e . g . age stratification ) .

describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .

frost , darrel r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 03 - 04 - 2017 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa .

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kimberleyeleotris is a genus of sleeper gobies endemic to australia , where they are only known from rivers in the kimberley region of western australia .

kimberleyeleotris

kimberleyeleotris <EOT> drysdale gudgeon , kimberleyeleotris notata . source : jill ruse . license : all rights reserved

mitchell gudgeon , kimberleyeleotris hutchinsi . source : mark allen . license : all rights reserved

kimberleyeleotris hutchinsi voucher ams i . 33464 - 004 zic family member 1 ( zic1 ) gene , partial cds

kimberleyeleotris hutchinsi voucher ams i . 33464 - 004 cytochrome b ( cytb ) gene , complete cds ; mitochondrial

kimberleyeleotris hutchinsi voucher ams i . 33464 - 004 recombination activating protein 1 ( rag1 ) gene , partial cds

kimberleyeleotris hutchinsi voucher ams i . 33464 - 004 g protein - coupled receptor 85 ( gpr85 ) gene , partial cds

kimberleyeleotris hutchinsi voucher ams i . 33464 - 004 12s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence ; trna - val gene , complete sequence ; and 16s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence ; mitochondrial

wager , r . 1996 . kimberleyeleotris notata . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 10 january 2012 .

wager , r . 1996 . kimberleyeleotris hutchinsi . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 10 january 2012 .

kimberleyeleotris notata hoese & allen 1987 , mem . mus . vict . 48 ( 1 ) : 40 , figs 3 , 4 . type locality : drysdale river , 4 km above junction with forest creek , kimberley region , western australia .

kimberleyeleotris hutchinsi hoese & allen 1987 , mem . mus . vict . 48 ( 1 ) : 36 , figs 1 , 2 [ incorrectly spelled kimberleotris hutchinsi ] . type locality : tributary of mitchell river , kimberley region , western australia .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .

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cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013

known only from the drysdale river in the kimberley region of north western australia . the species inhabits clear , freshwater pools of slow - flowing streams over rocky and sandy bottoms .

the specific name notata is from the latin nota ( mark , sign ) , in reference to the pattern of markings on the side of this species .

allen , g . r . 1982 . inland fishes of western australia . perth : western australian museum 86 pp . 6 figs 20 pls [ p . 61 , pl . 13 ( 7 ) , as new genus and species b ]

morgan , d . l . , allen , g . r . , pusey , b . j . & burrows , d . w . 2011 . a review of the freshwater fishes of the kimberley region of western australia . zootaxa 2816 : 1 - 64 .

morgan , d . l . , unmack , p . j . , beatty , s . j . , ebner , b . c . , allen , m . g . , keleher , j . j . , donaldson , j . a . & murphy , j . 2014 . an overview of the ' freshwater fishes ' of western australia . journal of the royal society of western australia 97 : 263 - 278 .

unmack , p . j . 2001 . biogeography of australian freshwater fishes . journal of biogeography 28 : 1053 - 1089 .

oceania : known only from the drysdale river system in the northern kimberley region of western australia .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 4 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5259 )

inhabits clear , freshwater pools of slow - flowing streams over rock and sand bottoms ( ref . 44894 ) .

allen , g . r . , 1989 . freshwater fishes of australia . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune city , new jersey . ( ref . 5259 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 ±0 . 1 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .

if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .

yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 , " codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases " , pp . 15 pp . + appendices

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4c50c7ca - a0a1 - 4e17 - b27c - 17d9fe569d8d

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2dd4c6c8 - c2ce - 4d3b - 83b2 - 77207e14f225

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 450751

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the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .

oceania : known only from the mitchell river system in the northern kimberley region of western australia .

inhabits still or slow - flowing waters , usually in rocky pools . occurs in streams . usually found close to submerged sandstone boulders , but occasionally seen hovering in mid - water ( ref . 44894 ) . solitary , often hovering over submerged sandstone boulders , but sometimes forms loose aggregations in mid - water . males are more colorful and slightly larger than females . attractive species well suited for captivity , but is unknown to aquarists ( ref . 44894 ) .

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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ad4ce6ca - 0e2f - 4d29 - 9617 - 26b23a9be30b

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 48e069e4 - d923 - 45b1 - a8c0 - 107279c373f1

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 434542

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en " " urltoken "

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format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3

finds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .

finds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .

a small pale greyish - brown gudgeon with a darker underside , with black anterior dorsal - fin spines and an orange patch on the fin , a large black blotch anteriorly on the base of the second dorsal fin and white spots on the fin , a reddish - orange anal fin , and a white margin on the dorsal , anal and pelvic fins . males are more densely covered in melanophores than females ; .

known only from the mitchell river in the kimberley region of western australia . the species inhabits still to moderately fast - flowing freshwater rocky streams and pools .

pale greyish - brown , pale purple ventrally on head , body darker ventrally ; scale pockets edged with melanophores and lines of melanophores on skin along margins of muscle segments ; males with dense melanophores scattered over body , often more so ventrally on caudal peduncle ; females with few scattered melanophores ; large median black blotch ventrally behind urogenital papilla connecting to thin black line on either side of anal fin base , lines joining behind anal fin to form thin median black stripe extending to anterior base of unsegmented caudal rays . first dorsal fin black before fourth spine , black extending onto and along distal tip of fin ; fin otherwise mostly clear ; second dorsal with large black blotch at base anteriorly , extending just anterior to third segmented ray , thin black distal margin ; often with broad , black stripe on distal upper third of fin ; rest of fin mostly clear ; anal fin mainly reddish orange with faint blotch near base anteriorly ; caudal fin pale grey with scattered melanophores . pectoral base with few scattered melanophores ; pectoral fin clear to grey . pelvic fins clear to white , with few elongate melanophores along lateral margins of rays in males .

the species is named for j . b . hutchins , former curator of fishes at the western australian museum , who collected the type specimens .

allen , g . r . 1982 . inland fishes of western australia . perth : western australian museum 86 pp . 6 figs 20 pls [ 61 , pl . 13 ( 7 ) , as new genus and species b ]

allen , g . r . 1982 . inland fishes of western australia . perth : western australian museum 86 pp . 6 figs 20 pls [ 61 , pl . 13 ( 7 ) ] ( as new genus and species b )

allen , g . r . 1989 . freshwater fishes of australia . neptune , new jersey : t . f . h . publications 240 pp . , 63 pls [ 201 ]

allen , g . r . , midgley , s . h . & allen , m . 2002 . field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia . perth : western australian museum 394 pp . [ 302 ]

hoese , d . f . 2006 . eleotridae ( pp . 1596 - 1610 ) . in : beesley , p . l . & wells , a . ( eds ) 2006 . zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 australia : abrs & csiro publishing parts 1 - 3 2178 pp .

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b543ce97 - 963e - 48f2 - 82f7 - ea917623c872

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 12f7654c - 734e - 4b95 - bc75 - 16fb722f293f

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 328118

this is intended to provide a comprehensive up to date list of australian freshwater fishes . it includes : all species which are strictly freshwater , that is they never occur in estuaries or marine environments ; species which primarily occur in freshwater , but also occur in tidal reaches , or occasionally in estuaries , e . g . ,

ophisternon gutturale ( richardson 1845 ) multiple spp . ( 2 - 3 ? )