the rainbow ameiva , barred whiptail , or metallic ameiva ( ameiva undulata ) is a species of whiptail lizard found in costa rica , nicaragua , honduras , el salvador , guatemala , belize , and southern mexico .

ameiva undulata

ameiva undulata <EOT> jennifer hammock split the classifications by herpetology resource from ameiva undulata wiegmann 1834 to their own page .

this species was recently moved into the genus holcosus ; it was formerly known as ameiva undulata .

maggie whitson set " image of holcosus undulatus " as an exemplar on " ameiva undulata wiegmann 1834 " .

mccrystal , h . , j . behler . 2007 . husbandry and reproduction of captive giant ameiva i lizards ameiva ameiva at the new york zoological park .

biazquez , m . 1996 . activity and habitat use in a population of ameiva ameiva in southeastern columbia .

maggie whitson marked the classification from " species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 " as preferred for " ameiva undulata wiegmann 1834 " .

colli , g . 1991 . reproductive ecology of ameiva ameiva ( sauria , teiidae ) in the cerrado of central brazil .

vitt , l . 1982 . reproductive tactics of ameiva ameiva ( lacertilia : teiidae ) in a seasonally fluctuating tropical habitat .

garcía , ulises padilla ; mendoza - quijano , fernando 1996 . geographic distribution . ameiva undulata . herpetological review 27 ( 4 ) : 210 - get paper here

lainson , r . , i . paperna . 1999 . some coccida from the gall - bladder and intestine of the teiid lizard ameiva ameiva ameiva and the gecko hemidactylus mabouia in north brazil .

stuart , l . c . 1942 . comments on the undulata group of ameiva ( sauria ) . proc . biol . soc . washington 55 : 143 - 150 - get paper here

boyden , t . 1976 . butterfly palatability and mimicry : experiment with ameiva lizards .

sartorius , s . , l . vitt , g . colli . 1999 . use of naturally and anthropogenically disturbed habitats in amazonian rainforest by the teiid lizard ameiva ameiva .

to cite this page : siders , r . 2014 . " ameiva ameiva " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

censky , e . 1995 . mating strategy and reproduction success in the teiid lizard , ameiva .

this ameiva was at the roadside near the palenque garabito restaurant where we stopped briefly for a final pit stop before leaving the pan - american highway for the long and bumpy dirt road up to the monteverde cloud forest . i believe this is a young female ameiva undulata ; the males are much more colorful ( as in the next picture ) .

giugliano , l . , r . teixeira , g . colli , s . bao . 2002 . ultrastructure of spermatozoa of the lizard ameiva ameiva , with considerations on polymorphism within the family teiidae ( squamata ) .

imparato , b . , m . antoniazzi , m . rodrigues , c . jared . 2007 . morphology of the femoral glands in the lizard ameiva ameiva ( teiidae ) and their possible role in semiochemical dispersion .

maffei , f . , g . rodrigues do nascimento , d . neto . 2009 . predation on the lizard ameiva ameiva ( sauria : teiidae ) by a coral snake micrurus frontalis ( serpentes : elapidae ) in brazil .

undulata : pacific slopes of the isthmus of tehuantepec as far west as puerto ángel , and eastward to niltepec . oaxaca . type locality : mexico ( by inference ) . restricted to tehuantepec by smith 1940 .

lewis , a . , j . saliva . 1987 . effects of sex and size on home range , dominance , and activity budgets in ameiva exsul ( lacertilia : teiida ) .

echternacht , arthur c . 1970 . taxonomic and ecological notes on some middle and south american lizards of the genus ameiva ( teiidae ) . breviora ( 354 ) : 1 - 9 - get paper here

echternacht , a . c . 1971 . middle american lizards of the genus ameiva . misc . publ . univ . kans . mus . nat . hist . 55 : 1 - 86 - get paper here

barbour , t . and g . k . noble . 1915 . a revision of the lizards of the genus ameiva . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 59 : 417 - 479 . - get paper here

smith , hobart m . & laufe , leonard e . 1946 . a summary of mexican lizards of the genus ameiva . univ . kansas sci . bull . 31 ( 2 ) : 7 - 73 - get paper here

hower , lindsey m . , and s . blair hedges 2003 . molecular phylogeny and biogeography of west indian teiid lizards of the genus ameiva . carib . j . sci . 39 ( 3 ) : 298 - 306 . - get paper here

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

harvey , m . b . , ugueto , g . n . and gutberlet jr . , r . l . 2012 . review of teiid morphology with a revised taxonomy and phylogeny of the teiidae ( lepidosauria : squamata ) . zootaxa 3459 : 1 - 156 .

acosta chaves , v . , batista , a . , chaves , g . , flores - villela , o . , ibáñez , r . , jaramillo , c . , köhler , g . & solórzano , a .

justification : listed as least concern because it is relatively widespread , numerous , and not declining fast enough for listing in a more threatened category .

species . it occurs at low and moderate elevations from tamaulipas ( mexico ) on the atlantic versant , and nayarit ( mexico ) on the pacific slope , southward to northwestern costa rica . it is found throughout the yucatan peninsula . elevational range extends from sea level to 1 , 500 meters ( köhler 2008 ) .

belize ; costa rica ; el salvador ; guatemala ; honduras ; mexico ; nicaragua ( nicaragua ( mainland ) , nicaraguan caribbean is . )

this terrestrial and diurnal lizard inhabits tropical and subtropical wet , moist , and dry forest . it prefers open situations such as plantations , pasture lands , house gardens , and forest edges ; avoiding the deep shade of tall humid forests . it is frequently seen darting across roads or encountered as it forages noisily through the leaf litter .

currently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action . it is present in several protected areas .

acosta chaves , v . , batista , a . , chaves , g . , flores - villela , o . , ibáñez , r . , jaramillo , c . , köhler , g . & solórzano , a . 2013 .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .

over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .

the number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .

overall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .

the reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .

currently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .

the reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .

the reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .

this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .

amphigramma : mexico ( n veracruz southward at low elevations to the isthmus of tehuantepec , westward into valleys extending into extreme e oaxaca , ne puebla ; tabasco , tamaulipas , nuevo león ) . type locality : san andrés tuxtla , veracruz .

dextra : southern slope of the sierra madre del sur . oaxaca , guerrero . type locality : near rincón , guerrero .

gaigeae : northern half of the yucatán peninsula and southward to the island carmen along the extreme eastern coast ; yucatán , campeche , quintana roo . type locality : progreso , yucatán .

hartwegi : atlantic slopes of mexico ( chiapas ) and guatemala from the vicinity of the southeastern end of laguna de términos south and eastward across the base of the yucatán peninsula to nw honduras . campeche , quintana roo , yucatan . type locality : “across the río usumacinta from piedras negras , guatemala , in chiapas , mexico” .

miadis : isla del maíz grande . type locality : “great corn island” [ = isla del maiz grande” ] , depto . zelaya , nicaragua .

parva : guatemala , pacific slopes from the isthmus of tehuantepec in oaxaca to costa rica . chiapas . type locality : guatemala . restricted to mazatenango by smith & laufe 1946 .

podarga : s tamaulipas , e san luis potosí , probably veracruz and hidalgo . type locality : 7 miles west of ciudad victoria , tamaulipas .

pulchra : caribbean slope of honduras south to costa rica ; type locality : nicaragua .

sinistra : mexico ( colima , jalisco , michoacán , puebla , morelos , nayarit ; pacific slopes from jalisco to the arid balsas basin in michoacán , thence inland along the northern drainage of the río balsas to puebla ) . type locality : manzanillo , colima .

stuarti : atlantic slopes of mexico from the middle of the isthmus of tehuantepec eastward in the lowlands to the southern border of laguna de términos and to tenosique , tabasco . southward up the valley of the río rrijalva at least as far as tuxtla gutiérrez , chiapas . campeche , oaxaca . type locality : palenque , chiapas .

thomasi : upper tributaries of río grijalva in the interior of chiapas and adjacent guatemala . type locality : la libertad , chiapas , near río cuilco where it crosses the gutemalan border .

note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .

the specific name undulatus is a latin word meaning wavy or undulating , in reference to the dorsolateral pattern .

barbour , t . & loveridge , a . 1929 . amphibians and reptiles [ of the corn islands , nicaragua ] . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 69 : 138 - 146 - get paper here

boulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ) . vol . 2 , second edition . london , xiii + 497 pp . - get paper here

brattstrom , baynard h . ; adis , nelly b . 1952 . notes on a collection of reptiles and amphibians from oaxaca , mexico . herpetologica 8 : 59 - 60 - get paper here

campbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucatán , and belize . norman : university of oklahoma press , xiii + 380 pp . - get paper here

casas - andreu , g . , f . r . méndez - de la cruz and x . aguilar - miguel . 2004 . anfibios y reptiles ; pp . 375–390 , in a . j . m . garcía - mendoza , j . ordoñez and m . briones - salas ( ed . ) . biodiversidad de oaxaca . instituto de biología , unam - fondo oaxaqueño para la conservación de la naturaleza - world wildlife fund , méxico , d . f .

cope , e . d . 1894 . third addition to a knowledge of the batrachia and reptilia of costa rica . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 1894 : 194 - 206 - get paper here

dixon , james r . and julio a . lemos - espinal 2010 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of queretaro , mexico . tlalnepantla unam , 428 pp .

dunn , e . r . 1940 . new and noteworthy herpetological material from panamá . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia . 92 : 105 - 122 . - get paper here

gaige , h . 1936 . some reptiles and amphibians from yucatan and campeche , mexico . carnegie inst . wash . publ . , ( 457 ) : 289 - 304 .

garcía , a . & ceballos , g . 1994 . guia de campo de los reptiles y anfibios de la costa de jalisco , mexico . fundacion ecologica de cuixmala , a . c . instituto de biologia , unam

gehlbach , frederick r . ; collette , bruce b . 1957 . a contribution to the herpetofauna of the highlands of oaxaca , mexico . herpetologica 13 : 227 - 232 - get paper here

gray , j . e . 1845 . catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the british museum . trustees of die british museum / edward newman , london : xxvii + 289 pp . - get paper here

günther , a . c . l . g . 1885 . reptilia and batrachia . biologia centrali - américana . taylor , & francis , london , 326 pp . [ published in parts from 1885 - 1902 ; reprint by the ssar 1987 ] - get paper here

gutiérrez mayén , ma . guadalupe y jorge salazar arenas 2007 . herpetofauna de los municipios de camocuautla , zapotitlán de méndez y huitzilan de serdán , de la sierra norte de puebla . herpetofauna de tres municipios de la sierra norte de puebla , pp . 197 - 223

gutsche , alexander 2015 . die insel der verschollenen salamander : zur herpetofauna der honduranischen isla del tigre . terraria - elaphe 2015 ( 3 ) : 38 - 43 - get paper here

hallowell , e . 1861 . report upon the reptilia of the north pacific exploring expedition , under command of capt . john rogers , u . s . n . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 12 [ 1860 ] : 480 - 510 - get paper here

harvey , michael b . ; gabriel n . ugueto & ronald l . gutberlet , jr . 2012 . review of teiid morphology with a revised taxonomy and phylogeny of the teiidae ( lepidosauria : squamata ) . zootaxa 3459 : 1–156 - get paper here

johnson , j . d . , l . d . wilson , v . mata - silva , e . garcía - padilla , and d . l . desantis . 2017 . the endemic herpetofauna of mexico : organisms of global significance in severe peril . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 3 ) : 544–620

johnson , jerry d . ; vicente mata - silva , elí garcía padilla , and larry david wilson 2015 . the herpetofauna of chiapas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 272–329 . - get paper here

köhler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .

koller , rene 2005 . herpetologoische waarnemingen in belize , deel 2 : reptielen . lacerta 63 ( 1 ) : 4 - 19 - get paper here

lee , j . c . 2000 . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . cornell university press , ithaca ,

lee , j . c . 1996 . the amphibians and reptiles of the yucatán peninsula . comstock , cornell university press , ithaca , 500 pp .

leenders , t . 2004 . der nationalpark “el imposible” in el salvador . reptilia ( münster ) 9 ( 48 ) : 45 - 49 - get paper here

lemos - espinal , julio a . and james r . dixon 2013 . amphibians and reptiles of san luis potosí . eagle mountain publishing , xii + 300 pp .

lemos - espinal , julio a . , geoffrey r . smith 2015 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of hidalgo , mexico . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1642 - get paper here

lemos - espinal , julio ; daniel wylie , geoffrey smith 2017 . new distributional records for reptiles from nuevo león , mexico herpetology notes 10 : 639 - 614 - get paper here

liner , ernest a . , and gustavo casas - andreu . 2008 . standard spanish , english and scientific names of the amphibians and reptiles of mexico . herpetological circular 38 : 167 p .

luja vh , lópez ja , cruz - elizalde r , ramírez - bautista a 2017 . herpetofauna inside and outside from a natural protected area : the case of reserva estatal de la biósfera sierra san juan , nayarit , mexico . nature conservation 21 : 15 - 38 - get paper here

martin , plul s . 1958 . a biogeography of reptiles and amphibians in the gomez farias region , tamaulipas , mexico . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan ( 101 ) : 1 - 102 + 7 plates - get paper here

mata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson and elí garcía - padilla . 2015 . the herpetofauna of oaxaca , mexico : composition , physiographic distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 1 ) : 6–62 - get paper here

mccranie , j . & castañeda , f . e . 2005 . the herpetofauna of parque nacional pico bonito , honduras . phyllomedusa 4 ( 1 ) : 3 - 16 - get paper here

mccranie , james r . 2015 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with additions , comments on taxonomy , some recent taxonomic decisions , and areas of further studies needed . zootaxa 3931 ( 3 ) : 352–386 - get paper here

mccranie , james r . , leonardo valdés orellana and alexander gutsche . 2013 . new departmental records for amphibians and reptiles in honduras . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 288 - 289

meza - lázaro , r . n . and nieto - montes de oca , a . 2015 . long forsaken species diversity in the middle american lizard holcosus undulatus ( teiidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 175 ( 1 ) : 189 - 210 ; doi : 10 . 1111 / zoj . 12264 - get paper here

neill , wilfred t . and e . ross allen . 1959 . studies on the amphibians and reptiles of british honduras . publications of the research division ross allen ' s reptiles institute . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 76

palacios - aguilar , ricardo & oscar flores - villela 2018 . an updated checklist of the herpetofauna from guerrero , mexico . zootaxa 4422 ( 1 ) : 1 - 24 - get paper here

savage , j . m . 2002 . the amphibians and reptiles of costa rica : a herpetofauna between two continents , between two seas . university of chicago press , 934 pp . [ review in copeia 2003 ( 1 ) : 205 ]

schlüter , u . 2006 . die ernährung von ameiven und warantejus in der natur und bei terrarienhaltung . reptilia ( münster ) 11 ( 62 ) : 56 - 62 - get paper here

schmidt , karl p . ; shannon , frederick a . 1947 . notes on amphibians and reptiles of michoacan , mexico . zoological series of field museum of natural history 31 ( 9 ) : 63 - 85

smith , h . m . 1935 . miscellaneous notes on mexican lizards . univ . kansas sci . bull . 22 : 119 - 156 - get paper here

smith , hobart m . & laufe , leonard e . 1945 . mexican amphibians and reptiles in the texas cooperative wildlife collections . trans . kansas acad . sci . 48 : 325 - 354 - get paper here

smith , h . m . 1940 . descriptions of new lizards and snakes from méxico and guatemala . proc . biol . soc . washington 53 : 55 - 64 . - get paper here

solís , j . m . , l . d . wilson , and j . h . townsend . 2014 . an updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . mesoamerican herpetology 1 : 123–144 - get paper here

stuart , l . c . 1935 . a contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savanna region of central peten , guatemala . university of michigan museum of zoology miscellaneous publications 29 : 1 - 56 - get paper here

stuart , l . c . 1948 . the amphibians and reptiles of alta verapaz guatamala . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan 69 : 1 - 109 - get paper here

sunyer , javier 2014 . an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 186–202 . - get paper here

taylor , e . h . 1956 . a review of the lizards of costa rica . univ . kansas sci . bull . 38 ( part 1 ) : 3 - 322 - get paper here

urbina - cardona , j . nicolás ; mario olivares - pérez , víctor hugo reynoso 2006 . herpetofauna diversity and microenvironment correlates across a pasture–edge–interior ecotone in tropical rainforest fragments in the los tuxtlas biosphere reserve of veracruz , mexico . biological conservation 132 : 61–75

vences m . , franzen m . , flaschendräger a . , schmitt r . & regös j . 1998 . beobachtungen zur herpetofauna von nicaragua : kommentierte artenliste der reptilien . salamandra 34 ( 1 ) : 17 - 42 - get paper here

wiegmann , a . f . a . 1834 . herpetologia mexicana , seu descriptio amphibiorum novae hispaniae , quae itineribus comitis de sack , ferdinandi deppe et chr . guil . schiede im museum zoologicum berolinense pervenerunt . pars prima , saurorum species . berlin , lüderitz , iv + 54 pp . - get paper here

woolrich - piña , g . a . , e . garcía - padilla , d . l . desantis , j . d . johnson , v . mata - silva , and l . d . wilson . 2017 . the herpetofauna of puebla , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 4 ) : 791–884

zweifel , richard g . 1959 . additions to the herpetofauna of nayarit , mexico . american museum novitates ( 1953 ) : 1 - 13 - get paper here

classification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by maggie whitson - see more .

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i first noticed this large and colorful male rustling through the leaf litter on the shaded forest floor . i thought it was some sort of medium - sized rodent until it popped up its head and moved on to the next promising - looking leaf pile . after some more poking and prodding through the leaves , it finally decided to bask briefly in a sun patch , where i got this overly high - contrast photo .

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flores - villela , oscar / mccoy , c . j . , ed .

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giant ameivas are found in central and south america . they are found from the eastern coast of brazil through the interior portions of central south america , to the west coasts of columbia , ecuador , and peru . they are found as far south as the northern portions of argentina , through bolivia and paraguay and as far north as french guiana , suriname , guyana , trinidad , tobago , and panama . recently they have been introduced to areas of florida .

( " scientific and standard english names " , 2001 ; biazquez , 1996 ; sartorius , et al . , 1999 )

giant ameivas are found in varied habitats , such as cerrado and northeastern caatinga in brazil and amazonian savannah and forests . they seem to prefer disturbed rain forests that have recently been harvested .

( biazquez , 1996 ; colli , 1991 ; imparato , et al . , 2007 ; sartorius , et al . , 1999 ; vitt , 1991 )

females carry their eggs for a short period of time and tend to stay in their burrows during this time . once eggs are laid , incubation time is about 5 months , with offspring usually hatching at the beginning of the rainy season . juvenile males tend to grow faster than their female counterparts . maturity is acheived when snout - vent length reaches 100 mm , occurring at about 8 months after hatching for both males and females .

in size and the environments in which they live , so their reproductive biology may be similar .

males tend to guard females during sexual encounters . however , males that did not guard females did not mate . males in this species that were larger tended to mate more as they won over the most females .

giant ameivas reproduce by laying eggs in clutches , which vary in size regionally . although little data exist from most regions , data have been collected from caatinga and cerrado habitats of brazil . clutch size can range from 3 to 11 . clutch sizes tend to be larger in cerrado , averaging 6 . 4 + / - 0 . 2 ( colli , 1991 ) . clutch sizes in caatinga average 5 . 7 + / - 0 . 164 ( vitt , 1982 ) . clutch size is directly related to snout - vent length of the female - larger females produce more eggs per clutch . in cerrado , females can lay up to 3 clutches per reproductive season . however , in caatinga giant ameivas may reproduce throughout the year . the reproductive habits of

are based on rainfall . in areas where rainfall is constant or unpredictable throughout the year , reproduction is year - round . in areas where there is a distinct dry season , reproduction only occurs during the rainy seasons . this is thought to be the result of lack of food for both adults and juveniles during dry seasons .

breeding interval breeding interval is based on location however females may lay up to 3 clutches per cycle in the cerrado of brazil .

there is little information on parental investment in this species . however , females invest heavily in supplying their eggs with nutrients before they are laid and males invest energy in mate guarding during mating .

in the wild . however , based on small sample sizes , individuals are known survive up to 4 . 6 years . the index of scientific binomials indicate their observed specimen lived up to 2 . 8 years in captivity .

giant ameivas are solitary and diurnal . not much is known about their behavior .

giant ameivas are not territorial . however , they do have a home range which overlaps with other individuals . data are not available for home range size of

is based on size and sex of the lizard . average male home range size was 376 . 8 square meters , and female home range was on average 173 . 7 square meters based on a data set from 13 males and females . home range size may be similar in

( lewis and saliva , 1987 ; simmons , et al . , 2005 )

play a role in establishing territory size . femoral glands also play a role in various sexual behaviors . these femoral glands produce semiochemicals which influence inter - and intra - specific communication . although these semiochemicals are not well understood in

, they affect defense of territory and self , predation , territorial markings , and parental care .

( imparato , et al . , 2007 ; imparato , et al . , 2007 )

giant ameivas are active foragers . their diet varies regionally and seasonally and consists mainly of insects . the most common animals found in their diet are grasshoppers , butterflies , beetles , roaches , larvae , spiders , and termites . they have also been known to eat other species of lizards . what they eat is proportional to their snout - vent length ; as they grow their prey becomes larger .

predators of giant ameivas consist of a wide variety of birds and snakes . unlike other species of lizards found throughout south america , they do not sit and wait for their prey . their main method of avoiding predation is escape and their body shape is designed for rapid speed , allowing them to avoid predators in the open areas where they forage . common predators of

( colli , 1991 ; maffei , et al . , 2009 ; shepard , 2007 )

. often these invasive parasites will damage organs such as the gall bladder , liver , kidneys , lungs , and spleen . parasites also have been found in saliva and feces of this lizard . many of the parasites found in the feces originate in the gut . additionally , parasites invade epithelial cells .

( kaplan , 1995 ; lainson and paperna , 1999 ; lainson , et al . , 2003 )

although these species can carry disease and can be aggressive , people keep them as pets . furthermore , giant ameivas tend to prefer cleared environments such as crop fields . because their diet consists mainly of

( everard , et al . , 1979 ; kaplan , 1995 ; sartorius , et al . , 1999 )

, including strains that can infect humans . in grenada , according to everard et al . ( 1979 ) , half of all specimens collected carried

( everard , et al . , 1979 ; kourany and telford , 1981 )

currently giant ameivas are not considered threatened . there are no efforts at this time to actively conserve this species .

ryan siders ( author ) , radford university , karen powers ( editor ) , radford university , tanya dewey ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .

living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .

living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .

having markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .

having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .

referring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range , usually through human action .

offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .

the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .

reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .

the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .

rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .

the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .

a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .

a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .

a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .

2002 . " index of scientific binominals " ( on - line ) . accessed april 09 , 2010 at urltoken .

" occurrence overview " ( on - line ) . global biodiversity information facility . accessed february 19 , 2010 at urltoken .

committee on standard english and scientific names . scientific and standard english names . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles . 2001 . accessed february 19 , 2010 at urltoken .

bowler , j . 1975 . longevity of reptiles and amphibians in n . american collections as of 1 november , 1975 . .

everard , c . , b . tota , d . bassett , c . ali . 1979 . salmonella in wildlife from trinidad and grenada , w . i . .

kaplan , m . 1995 . " ameivas " ( on - line ) . accessed april 09 , 2010 at urltoken .

kourany , m . , s . telford . 1981 . lizards in the ecology of salmonellosis in panama .

magnusson , w . 1987 . reproductive cycles of teiid lizards in amazonian savanna .

magnusson , w . , l . junqueira de paiva , r . moreira da rocha , c . franke , l . kasper , a . lima . 1985 . the correlates of foraging mode in a community of brazilian lizards .

sevenster , j . , j . ellers , g . driessen . 1998 . an evolutionary argument for limitation .

shepard , d . 2007 . habitat but not body shape affects predator attack frequency on lizard models in the brazilian cerrado .

simmons , p . , b . greene , k . williamson , r . powell , j . parmerlee . 2005 . ecological interactions within a lizard community on grenada .

tinkle , d . 1969 . the concept of reproduction effort and its relation to the evolution of life histories of lizards .

vitt , l . 1991 . an introduction to the ecology of cerrado lizards .


eatoniopsis is a genus of minute sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family cingulopsidae .

this species has been declared a synonym of the genus skenella in the family cingulopsidae .

eatoniopsis

eatoniopsis <EOT> worms - world register of marine species - eatoniopsis paludinoides ( e . a . smith , 1902 )

eatoniopsis thiele , j . , 1912 type species : skenella paludinoides smith , e . a . , 1902

species eatoniopsis edwardiensis ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) accepted as skenella edwardiensis ( r . b . watson , 1886 )

species eatoniopsis paludinoides ( e . a . smith , 1902 ) accepted as skenella paludinoides ( e . a . smith , 1902 )

( of eatoniopsis ( pilitonia ) ponder & yoo , 1981 ) ponder w . f . & yoo e . k . ( 1981 [ " 1980 " ] ) . a review of the genera of cingulopsidae with a revision of the australian and tropical indo - pacific species ( mollusca : gastropoda : prosobranchia ) . records of the australian museum . 33 : 1 - 88 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

» species skenella ( skenella ) edwardiensis ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) represented as skenella edwardiensis ( r . b . watson , 1886 )

» species skenella ( skenella ) paludinoides ( e . a . smith , 1902 ) represented as skenella paludinoides ( e . a . smith , 1902 )

» species skenella ( skenella ) sinapi ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) represented as skenella sinapi ( r . b . watson , 1886 )

ponder w . f . ( 1983 ) rissoaform gastropods from the antarctic and sub - antarctic . the eatoniellidae , rissoidae , barleeidae , cingulopsidae , orbitestellidae and rissoellidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of signy island , south orkney islands , with a review of the antarctic and sub - antarctic ( excluding southern south america and the new zealand sub - antarctic islands ) species . british antarctic survey , scientific reports 108 : 1 - 96 . [ details ]

thiele , j . 1913 . die antarktischen schnecken und muscheln . deutsche südpolar expedition 1901 - 1903 13 : 183 - 285 . [ details ]

description : shell minute , moderately tall spired , spire outline straight . protoconch of 1½ whorls , teleoconch up to about 2¾ weakly convex whorls . surface glossy , smooth apart from weak growth lines and spiral scratches . aperture elongate - ovate , outer lip prosocline . inner lip thin over parietal wall , thicker below . columella with weak , broad bulge deep within aperture ( fig . 2 ) . umbilicus closed , umbilical chink present . colour brown .

distribution : endemic to australia . north stradbroke island , queensland , southwards to eastern victoria and tasmania .

habitat : on algae , stones and debris in the mid - to lower littoral and sublittoral ( ponder & yoo , 1980 ) . common , often abundant .

comparison : this is similar to e . voorwindei in having a bulge on the columella , but differs in having a umbilicus closed .

figs . 1 , 2 : green cape , nsw ( c . 354174 )

description : shell minute , moderately short spired , spire outline almost straight . protoconch of 1½ whorls , teleoconch of about 3 convex whorls . surface smooth apart from weak growth lines and spiral scratches . aperture elongate - ovate , outer lip orthocline ( broken in figure ) . inner lip thin over parietal wall , thicker below . columella with distinct bulge deep within aperture ( fig . 2 ) . umbilicus narrow , partly hidden by inner lip of aperture . colour brown .

distribution : endemic to australia . port stephens , nsw , southwards to bass strait .

habitat : lives on algae in the lower littoral and sublittoral ( ponder & yoo , 1980 ) . uncommon .

comparison : this species is distinguished within the group in nsw by having the umbilicus narrowly open accompanied by a bulge on the columella .

figs . 1 , 2 : green cape , nsw ( c . 106215 )

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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 02c37e04 - 9489 - 4ce6 - ab86 - 7b60200287ce

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 31d90fa7 - 1a33 - 46a3 - a603 - e4c1eca2dd77

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 522694

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eatonina thiele , j . , 1912 type species : eatonina ( eatonina ) pusilla thiele , j . , 1912

eatonina ( eatonina ) thiele , j . , 1912 type species : eatonina ( eatonina ) atomaria powell , a . w . b . , 1933

eatonina ( captitonia ) ponder , w . f . & e . k . yoo , 1980 type species : antimitra lirata adams , a . , 1865

eatonina ( otatara ) ponder , w . f . , 1965 type species : eatonina ( otatara ) subflavescens iredale , t . , 1915

pseudopisinna ponder , w . f . & e . k . yoo , 1980 type species : pseudopisinna gregaria gregaria laseron , c . f . , 1950

skenella pfeffer , g . in martens , e . c . von & g . pfeffer , 1886 type species : skenella georgiana pfeffer , g . in martens , e . c . von & g . pfeffer , 1886

skenella ( skenella ) pfeffer , g . in martens , e . c . von & g . pfeffer , 1886 type species : skenella georgiana pfeffer , g . in martens , e . c . von & g . pfeffer , 1886

skenella ( pilitonia ) ponder , w . f . & e . k . yoo , 1980 type species : skenella ( pilitonia ) westralis ponder , w . f . & e . k . yoo , 1980

skenella ( rufodardanula ) ponder , w . f . , 1965 type species : paracuneus spadix watson , r . b . , 1886

coriandria tomlin , j . r . le b . , 1917 type species : eatonina cossurae calcara , p . , 1841

microsetia monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1884 type species : eatonina cossurae calcara , p . , 1841

tubbreva ponder , w . f . , 1965 type species : tubbreva exigua ponder , w . f . , 1965


amphorella iridescens is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family ferussaciidae .

this species is endemic to madeira , portugal .

amphorella iridescens

amphorella iridescens <EOT> information on amphorella iridescens is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .

amphorella ( amphorella ) r . t . lowe , 1852 represented as amphorella r . t . lowe , 1852

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amphorella is a genus of air - breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family ferussaciidae .

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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .

the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .

a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .

this species is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

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natural history museum , london & national museum of wales biodiversity & systematic biology national museum & galleries of wales cathays park cardiff cf10 3np united kingdom tel : 029 20573244 fax : 029 20239829 harriet . wood @ urltoken

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bank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]

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harpa gracilis , common name the polynesian harp , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family harpidae , the harp snails .

harpa gracilis

harpa gracilis <EOT> harpa striata lamarck , 1816 : synonym of harpa cabriti p . fischer , 1860

harpa ventricosa lamarck 1816 - ventral harp : synonym of harpa cabriti p . fischer , 1860

harpidae » harpa gracilis , id : 228421 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .

worms - world register of marine species - harpa gracilis broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829

polynesian harp - harpa gracilis broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 - literature - encyclopedia of life

berkhout ( 1992 ) writes : “h . gracilis is the only harpa shell that has a white protoconch . ”

belongs to harpa according to b . landau and c . marques da silva 2010

described in malacologia . the h . kolaceki has the purple protoconch in common with the tuamotou’s endemic harpa gracilis , but the shape is completely different . rare .

rehder ( 1973 ) writes on harpa gracilis broderip & sowerby , 1829 : “nuclear whorls 3 1 / 2 to 4 , smooth , white . . . ”

however , on the conchology inc . auction i read thus : “the h . kolaceki has the purple protoconch in common with the tuamotou’s endemic harpa gracilis . . . ”

so , can anyone verify for me that there are indeed harpa gracilis ( from the tuamotos or elsewhere ) with a purple protoconch ? perhaps a subspecies ? this would certainly shed some light on this complex of smaller harpa . an image would be most appreciated . "

bouchet , p . ( 2015 ) . harpa gracilis broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 . in : molluscabase ( 2015 ) . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken ; = 403835

" harpa gracilis is the only harp with a white protoconch , clearly distinguishing it from all other harps , whose protoconchs are pink to brown . other differentiating characteristics are the shallow umbilicus , slender form and no shoulder on the body whorl . the harps in the links you sent are , therefore , clearly not gracilis . they are amouretta , as stated by others .

poppe , brulet & dance ( 1999 ) also write : “h . gracilis . . . protoconch is white instead of purple . ”

dealers sometimes use the name gracilis for ( or in relation to ) non - gracilis shells for obvious reasons . regarding h . kolaceki , even poppe , on his auction site selling it , mentioned that it is a " doubtful " species . may very well be a form of amouretta . "

" about h . gracilis i also wrote in 1990 ( let ' s tune our harps ! xenophora no . 50 pp . 10 - 21 ) : " protococh white . " on the conchology inc . auction what is read : “the h . kolaceki has the purple protoconch in common with the tuamotou’s endemic harpa gracilis . . . ” is an error as it does not match the description of h . kolaceki where the colour of its protoconch is not even mentioned and on the colour photos included in the description it is obvious that the protoconch of h . kolaceki is purple . "

" i agree with rick . while the shells he illustrated may not be h . gracilis , they are certainly unlike any of the h . amouretta i have ( another 30 specimens to that 50 ) . "

broderip w . j . & sowerby i g . b . ( 1829 ) . observations on new or intersting mollusca contained , for the most part , in the museum of the zoological society . zoological journal . 4 : 359 - 379 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 373 [ details ]

dance , s . p . & g . t . poppe , 1999 family harpidae . in : a conchological iconography ( conchbooks , ed . ) , 69 p . [ details ]

rehder h . a . ( 1973 ) . the family harpidae of the world . indo - pacific mollusca 3 ( 16 ) : 207 - 274 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1–218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :

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© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )

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the following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners . there may be duplication .

bouchet p . , gofas s . & rosenberg g . ( 2015 ) . worms mollusca : world marine mollusca database ( version feb 2013 ) . in : species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 26th august 2015 ( roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , kunze t . , flann c . , bailly n . , kirk p . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , eds ) . digital resource at urltoken . species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .

broderip w . j . & sowerby g . b . ( 1829 ) . observations on new or intersting mollusca contained , for the most part , in the museum of the zoological society . zoological journal , 4 : 359 - 379 , pl . 9

dance , s . p . & g . t . poppe , . 1999 . amily harpidae . in : a conchological iconography ( conchbooks , ed . ) , 69 p .

petit r . e . 2009 . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa 2189 : 1–218 .

rehder h . a . 1973 . the family harpidae of the world . indo - pacific mollusca 3 ( 16 ) : 207 - 274 .

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broderip w . j . & sowerby g . b . ( 1829 ) . observations on new or intersting mollusca contained , for the most part , in the museum of the zoological society . < i > zoological journal < / i > , 4 : 359 - 379 , pl . 9

broderip , w . j . & sowerby , g . b . ( 1829 ) . observations on new or intersting mollusca contained , for the most part , in the . < em > museum of the zoological society . zoological journal < / i . < / em > 4 : 359 - 379 .

dance , s . p . & g . t . poppe , 1999 family harpidae . in : a conchological iconography ( conchbooks , ed . ) , 69 p .

liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .

petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . < em > zootaxa . < / em > 2189 : 1–218 .

rehder h . a . ( 1973 ) the family harpidae of the world . indo - pacific mollusca 3 ( 16 ) : 207 - 274 .

rehder h . a . ( 1973 ) . the family harpidae of the world . indo - pacific mollusca 3 ( 16 ) : 207 - 274 .

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" interesting , i have over 50 specimens of amouretta from around the world and none of them are like these two shells . can someone post images of similar shells ? "

by the way , in the description of h . kolaceki the colour of the protoconch is not even mentioned . "

for rick ' s shells . i ' ve documented this conversation on lts with rick ' s photos ( and permission ) and added photos of a

from the solomons in my collection . while there are are some overall shape differences , with my shell more closely resembling forma

krauss , 1848 , i cannot see how rick ' s shells can be distinguished as other than a normal , local , regional variation for the species . "

" i fully agree with your comment “ i cannot see how rick ' s shells can be distinguished as other than a normal , local , regional variation for the species . "

( 1973 ) . rehder presented 11 species of living harps . there have been many new taxa proposed since 1973 . all but one are now generally accepted as forms of one or the other of the 11 species addressed by rehder . only

rehder , 1993 is mostly accepted as a valid addition to his 1973 list . whether or not all 11 of the taxa addressed by rehder ( plus

) are truly separate species or if the many localized forms given species / subspecies names actually represent separate species will have to await a comprehensive dna analysis .

( two or one blotch ) to be able to accept his argument . i would also note that the characters described for

( “body whorl … more broadly ovate and rounded , ” “ribs tend to be narrower and more distant” ) . my own opinion is that

species addressed by rehder and the " accepted " species addressed 31 and 42 years later .

. indo - pacific mollusca , volume 3 , no . 16 . delaware museum of natural history .

are quite variable within populations and across geographic range . so variable that they occur readily across taxa , especially those that share common geographic distributions and influences , and most often cannot be relied upon to distinguish between species when confronted with a particular specimen . in my presentations i have limited the features discussed to those that should be relied upon to distinguish among taxa . i have presented the protoconchs for all , but did not find this feature to be helpful ( too variable , too often missing or incomplete , and too similar ) in distinguishing among taxa , except in a few cases (

) . i did not find color to be helpful for taxa that are otherwise close and from the same locales . i did not find reliance on “blotching” to be more than partially helpful without linkage to other confirming features . i have addressed the distribution of parietal glazing and found it to be quite helpful and distinctive for many taxa ( especially when linked to other features ) , but not decidedly so for the most problematic taxa (

) . i do not present a general description of each taxa , which is available many places elsewhere ( see rehder 1973 ) . rather , for some i present some background information and then start my descriptions with the parietal glazing and follow with those features that i found can best be used to distinguish among taxa .

the following table presents the features i found best allow identifying and distinguishing the 12 taxa . the green cells describe key features that should be identified first ( and in some taxa , alone or linked to other “greens , ” are sufficient to identify a taxon ) . the pink cells describe features very helpful in narrowing the possibilities for otherwise similar taxa . the yellow cells describe features that i found very consistently separate taxa within the geographic range of

. i apologize for the tiny text in the table , but i wanted to get it all on one page .

, and from a dozen to several dozen for the others , limited examination of shells displayed at shell shows by exhibitors and dealers , some images from the web ( usually too poor to be helpful ) , and images in literature ( also usually also too poor to be helpful ) . obviously , my sample is limited in terms of actual material for close examination , and my conclusions should be tempered accordingly . i would be happy to hear from those with specimens in any of these taxa that question or confirm my observations (

) . however , i would also hope that you can provide good quality photos or would be willing to loan the specimens for a photo session . i will continue to add to these presentations with comments or more photos / material contributed by other fans of

. three terms ( subsutural plateau , shoulder and t ) should be understood . normally , “shoulder” refers to the area from the suture to an inflection point ( a pronounced downward angle ) or , when absent , the periphery . all

, the shoulder would normally be the area from suture to the inflection point ( where spines are located ) . i have defined the area from the suture to the inflection point as the subsutural plateau . and , when i refer to the shoulder , i am referring narrowly to the spiral line representing the inflection where the subsutural plateau turns downward ( and is where the rib spines normally occur ) . i have observed that all mature

has three . as a matter of shorthand i may use t1 , t2 , t3 or t4 to refer to the teleoconch whorls . so ,

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do not be surprised to find cod or mackerel in paris in the late middle ages ( 14th - 15th c . ) . . . the sea did not come that far , but trade did .

in compliance with laws and intellectual property practices in the scientific world , unpublished data under five years ( from excavation reports , analyses , but also academia ) is never communicated .

the dots represent the sites for which a study ( or a simple recording ) of fauna and / or flora was performed ; these sites were recorded in the database zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical inventories of france ( i2af ) . the lack of dots can mean both a lack of data and / or lack of recording .

the dots remain gray when the selected species is absent from the site . symbols of different colour mark the presence of the species in different periods .

to select / deselect one or more periods or to remove the dots corresponding to the listed sites , check / uncheck in the right side .

hovering a dot reveals in the left corner at the bottom of the map , the name of the department or municipality . one click enables the list of sites present on the municipality .

the selection of a site opens a new page that displays general information relating thereto ( other name ( s ) known , location . . . ) , the bibliographical reference ( s ) connected to the species , and a summary of plant and animal species identified per large time period .

a timeline summarizes all known information on the species . the relevant periods or sub - periods when the detail is known , are highlighted in red . tool tip : passing over a period ( palaeolithic for example ) displays the date range of the period .

access to more detailed information is accessible only by convention , after login , for scientists affiliated to groups or institutional programs ( national center of scientific research , national institute of preventive archaeological research , for example ) or associations ( international council for archaeozoology , for example ) .

warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .

national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .

full reference : f . e . eames . 1952 . a contribution to the study of the eocene in western pakistan and western india : c . the description of the scaphopoda and gastropoda from standard sections in the rakhi nala and zindar pir areas of the western punjab and in the kohat district . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london series b 236 : 1 - 168

type specimen : bmnh g . 68305 , a shell . its type locality is fossil bed f . 2556 , zinda pir , which is in a lutetian marine shale in the domanda formation of pakistan .

holotype nhmw 2009z0076 / 0001 . upper miocene . lopez section , rio yaque del norte , upstream of the mouth of angostura gorge , dominican republic .

" buccinum testa costis aequilibus longitudinalibus , distinctis mucronatis , columella laevigata . " . recent . benghala . refers to buonanni , 1681 : plate 185 ( a ) ; lister , 1688 : pl . 992 [ fig . 55 ] ( b ) ; petiver , 1702 : pl . 48 fig . 13 ( c ) ; rumphius , 1705 : pl . 32 figs . k , l , m ( d ) ; gualtieri , 1742 : pl . 29 figs . c . d , e , g ( e ) ; argenville , 1742 : pl . 20 fig . d ( f ) ; regenfuss , 1758 : pl . 2 fig . 14 ( g ) .

rv 5167 . philippines , cebu province , olango island ; by diver , depth 20 m ; june 2012 .

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this work is licensed under the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 )

new records of diplomys labilis ( bangs , 1901 ) ( mammalia , rodentia , . . .

first record of boana maculateralis ( caminer & ron , 2014 ) . . .

first record of the bignose unicornfish , naso vlamingii ( perciformes , . . .

ambidexter symmetricus manning & chace , 1971 ( decapoda , processidae ) : . . .

check list is a peer - reviewed , open access , on - line journal devoted to publishing annotated list of species , notes on geographic distribution of one or a few species , and distribution summary of a taxonomic group . these data are essential for studies on biogeography and provide a baseline for the conservation of biodiversity as a whole . the first step to undertaking effective conservation action is to understand species’ geographic distribution . check list was established to cater to this need by publishing papers on the geographic distribution of species and higher taxonomic groups .

doaj , scopus , zoological abstracts , ebsco host , and index copernicus . member journal of the brazilian association of science editors ( abec ) and of the committee on publication ethics ( cope ) .

the shell has an ovate - oblong shape . it is more or less inflated , generally pretty thin , enamelled , and provided with parallel , longitudinal , inclined and acute ribs . ; the body whorl is much larger than all the others together . the spire is slightly elevated . the aperture is large , oval , dilated , strongly emarginated inferiorly , and without siphonal canal . the outer lip is bordered by the last rib . the columella is smooth , simple , nearly straight and pointed at the base .

the animal has a flattened head , which supports a pair of pretty long , thick , and conical tentacles , with a small protuberance at their base , internally , where the eyes are situated . the mouth is simple , surrounded by a muscular margin , and furnished with a small , slender and pointed trunk . the organ of excitement is elongated , cylindrical , situated on the right side . the locomotive organ is very large , very broad at the anterior part , which is ear - shaped , and distinguished by a deep emargination upon each side . the posterior extremity is caducous , and destitute of an operculum .

the fleshy part of this mollusk is very strong , and very large . its foot is enormous , thick , and extended considerably out of the shell . it cannot be wholly contained within the aperture , before which , by contracting itself , it forms a margin .

the foot is as if divided into two portions . the anterior broader , arcuated , ear - shaped , with a marginal furrow , and joined to the posterior part by a kind of neck . this latter , more extended , is somewhat oval , pointed , and slightly inflated above , without any appearance of operculum . when the animal is violently disturbed , it breaks off the posterior extremity of its foot , in order to withdraw itself more completely within its shell . in consequence of this an operculum would be useless to it , for it would be liable to be carried away by the rupture of the foot . therefore , it is not possessed .

all the external parts of the animal are strongly colored with spots and plates of a brownish red , intermingled with other yellowish spots . the middle portion is frequently crossed by a brown band .

this marine species is circumtropical , except the western atlantic ocean . it also occurs off australia ( northern territory , queensland , western australia ) .


procaris is a genus of shrimp in the family procarididae .

it contains the following species : procaris ascensionis chace & manning , 1972 procaris chacei hart & manning , 1986 procaris hawaiana holthuis , 1973 procaris mexicana von sternberg & schotte , 2004 procaris noelensis bruce & davie , 2006

procaris

procaris <EOT> phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea class eumalacostraca order decapoda family procarididae procaris sp . kensley , 1988

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - procarid shrimp ( procaris chacei ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - procarid shrimp ( procaris chacei ) " title = " arkive species - procarid shrimp ( procaris chacei ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2003 . candidate assessment and listing priority assignment form - procaris hawaiana . u . s . fish and wildlife service , pacific islands office . 6 pp .

bruce , a . j . ; davie , p . j . f . ( 2006 ) . a new anchialine shrimp of the genus procaris from christmas island : the first occurrence of the procarididae in the indian ocean ( crustacea : decapoda : caridea ) . zootaxa . 1238 : 223 - 252 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

two of the known pools containing procaris hawaiana lie within a state natural area reserve . the rarity of this shrimp contributed to the current protection received by the maui anchialine pools ( holthuis 1973 ) . no conservation agreements between federal , state , or private landowners have been drafted or initiated and , aside from placement of some pools / pool systems within reserves , virtually no conservation activities have been conducted .

ty - jour ti - a new anchialine shrimp of the genus procaris ( crustacea : decapoda : procarididae ) from the yucatan peninsula t2 - proceedings of the biological society of washington . vl - 117 ur - urltoken pb - biological society of washington cy - washington , py - 2004 sp - 514 ep - 522 sn - 0006 - 324x au - sternberg , richard v au - schotte , marilyn er -

@ article { bhlpart49127 , title = { a new anchialine shrimp of the genus procaris ( crustacea : decapoda : procarididae ) from the yucatan peninsula } , journal = { proceedings of the biological society of washington . } , volume = { 117 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { washington , biological society of washington } , author = { sternberg , richard v and schotte , marilyn } , year = { 2004 } , pages = { 514 - - 522 } , }

main threat = alien species . greatest potential threat is cited as the introduction of non - native fish into the pools ( u . s . fish and wildlife service 1998 ; 2003 ) . anchialine pools have been used to discard or hold bait - fish and / or aquarium fish . these fish either directly consume the native shrimp or , as with introduced tilapia ( oreochromis mossambica ) , out - compete the native herbivorous species of shrimp which typically serve as the prey - base for the rarer , predatory species of shrimp . habitat modification is also a threat ; up to 90 % of the anchialine pools on the island of hawaii have been either destroyed or altered . on the island of hawaii , dr . r . brock ( pers . comm . , 1998 ) estimates that up to 90 percent of the anchialine pools have been destroyed or altered by human activities . although the two known maui pools , which are contain procaris hawaiana , occur within a protected state reserve , habitat modifications by early hawaiians and later inhabitants have occurred in the area .

chace , f . a . jr . & r . b . manning , 1972 . two new caridean shrimps , one representing a new family , from marine pools on ascension island ( crustacea : decapoda : natantia ) . — smithsonian contributions to zoology 131 : 1 - 18 . [ details ]

de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

bouchet , p . ; fontaine , b . ( 2009 ) . list of new marine species described between 2002 - 2006 . census of marine life . [ details ]

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phyllobranchiate gills ; maxillipeds and pereiopods with strong exopods ; none of pereiopods chelate or subchelate ; rostrum small and unarmed ( kensley , 1988 ) .

are quite similar , showing few differentiating characters ( hart & manning , 1986 ) .

abele and felgenhauer ( 1985 ) have studied the ecology of the ascension species . they report that smaller individuals spend most of their time in crevices , while larger individuals are observed swimming in open water . examination of gut contents reveals that they feed on both plant matter and crustaceans including amphipods and atyid shrimp .

( felgenhauer et al . , 1988 ) . although more than 1 , 000 specimens of

were observed in the field , no ovigerous females were seen . a single female maintained in the laboratory bore approximately 60 bright orange eggs on the endopods of pleopods . the large size of these eggs ( 0 . 83 - 0 . 93 mm ) suggests the existence of a zoeal larval stage ( felgenhauer et al . , 1988 ) .

hart and manning ( 1986 : 416 ) note that the similarities between species and their highly anomalous distribution in marine caves indicate an extremely slow rate of evolution . they suggest that , "

, or its predecessors , may , at one time , have been widely distributed throughout the oceans , surviving today only in cryptic habitats removed from some of the environmental pressures necessitating change . "

felgenhauer , b . e . , l . g . abele and w . kim . 1988 . reproductive morphology of the anchialine shrimp

hart , c . w . and r . b . manning . 1986 . two new shrimps ( procaridae and agostocarididae , new family ) from marine caves of the western north atlantic .

kensley , b . 1988 . new species and records of cave shrimps from the yucatan peninsula ( decapoda : agostocarididae and hippolytidae ) .

schram , f . r . 1986 . crustacea . oxford university press , oxford , xii + 606 pp .

this shrimp was discovered in february 1972 by j . a . maciolek in anchialine lava pools at cape kinau , maui and also in anchialine pools at lua o palehemo , south point on the big island of hawaii . only three populations of this rare shrimp are known .

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u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 1989a . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; animal notice of review . federal register , department of the interior 54 ( 4 ) : 554 - 579 .

apparently endemic to the hawaiian islands where it has only been recorded from three anchialine pools .

due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to

known from two sites on maui and one site on hawaii ( usfws , 1998 ) .

known from one site on hawaii and two sites on maui ( holthuis , 1973 ; u . s . fish and wildlife service 1998 ; 2003 ) .

it was estimated to occur in the thousands at the hawaii site ( kensely and williams 1986 ) . due to their rarity within these locations since the previous estimate , population estimates have not been attempted .

in hawaii , there are estimated to be over 650 anchialine pools , with an estimated 90 % of these occurring on hawaii . approximately 90 % of the pools on that island have been destroyed or otherwise impacted by development or other human uses ( richard brock , university of hawaii , personal communication , 1998 in usfws , 1998 ) .

in the state of hawaii , there are estimated to be over 650 anchialine pools , with an estimated 90 % of these occurring on the island of hawaii . unfortunately , approximately 90 percent of the pools on that island have been destroyed or otherwise impacted by development or other human uses ( usfws , 2003 ) .

( 250 - 1000 square km ( about 100 - 400 square miles ) ) known from the hawaiian islands of hawaii ( 1 site ) and maui ( 2 sites ) ( holthuis , 1973 ; maciolek 1983 ; u . s . fish and wildlife service 1998 ; 2003 ) . current range considered to be relictual of an early global distribution .

has pink to light - red pigmentation that is darkest along the midline with the dorsal thorax being white to yellow . black pigments are associated with the eyss . conspicuous chelapeds ( claws ) are lacking . locomotion is accomplished by swimming with the swimmerets ( pareopods and uropods ) and occurs just above the substate to mid - water ( usfws , 1998 ; 2003 ) .

found in anchialine pools with salinities generally ranging from 19 - 25 ppt . anchialine pools are tidally influenced saline pools that occur along the coast but are not openly connected to the ocean . this includes water in natural depressions , fissures , quarries , and craters . the site on hawaii is an anchialine pool that is connected to deeper waters leading to a submerged lava tube ( kensley and williams 1986 ) .

use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .

zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .

holthuis , l . b . 1973 . caridean shrimps found in land - locked saltwater pools at four indo - west pacific localities ( sinai peninsula , funafuti atoll , maui and hawaii islands ) , with the description of one new genus and four new species . zoollogische verhandelingen 128 : 3 - 55 .

kensley , b . and d . williams . 1986 . new shrimps ( families procarididae and atyidae ) from a submerged lave tube on hawaii . journal of crustacean biology 6 ( 3 ) : 417 - 437 .

maciolek , j . a . 1983 . distribution and biology of indo - pacific insular hypogeal shrimps . bulletin of marine science 33 : 606 - 618 .

maciolek , j . a . 1986 . environmental features and biota of anchialine pools on cape kinau , maui , hawaii . stygologia 2 ( 1 / 2 ) : 119 - 129 .

u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 1998 . category and listing priority forms .

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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

" data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace . "

patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

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iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .

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this procarid shrimp has a thin , fragile integument ( hard outer covering of the body ) . the carapace and short , triangular rostrum are unarmed , and the eyestalks split into two blunt lobes . all five pairs of walking limbs ( pereiopods ) are similar , each with large , bristle - like structures ( 2 ) .

recorded only from green bay cave in hamilton parish , bermuda ( 2 ) .

classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) .

this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken

anchialine coastal bodies of standing waters that have no surface connections to the ocean but display both tidal fluctuations and salinity ranges characteristic of fresh and brackish waters , indicating the presence of subsurface connections to the watertable and ocean . carapace the hard shell covering the upper surface of part of the body of a crustacean . rostrum central , forward - projecting and occasionally long spine between the eyes of crustaceans .

dr . thomas m . iliffe department of marine biology texas a & m ; university at galveston 5007 ave . u galveston tx 77551 united states of america iliffe @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken

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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .


stictea is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .

delimitation of this genus versus strepsicrates is not fully resolved , and some species now listed here were formerly placed there .

stictea

stictea <EOT> stictea mygindiana ( = olethreutes mygindiana ) cowberry marble - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .

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by t . m . gilligan 1 , j . baixeras 2 , j . w . brown 3 , and k . r . tuck 4

urltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae ( t @ rts ) ! this is a complete list of all world species , utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database . version 3 . 0 of the online catalogue contains 15 , 099 records representing 10 , 883 species . more than 1 , 600 records have been updated from ver 2 . 0 ( jul , 2012 ) , and more than 3 , 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue . the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1 , 200 type specimens .

t @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication . as such , these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature . if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments , please use the contact form to send the authors an email .

we are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue ( j . w . brown , j . baixeras , r . brown , m . horak , f . komai , e . metzler , j . razowski , and k . tuck ) for providing the basis for this project . we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .

gilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2014 . t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 3 . 0 ) . urltoken

1 colorado state university , bioagricultural sciences and pest management , 1177 campus delivery , fort collins , co 80523 , usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva , universitat de valencia , apartat oficial 2085 , 46071 valencia , spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ] , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ] , entomology department ( dc2 - 2n ) , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk

unless noted , all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .

a species of heathland and moorland , this attractive moth flies during the afternoon and early evening .

it can be found on the wing during may and june . it is a species of northern britain , occurring from staffordshire northwards to scotland and into ireland .

ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .

the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .

looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .

procache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 16 11 : 01 : 25 page render time : 0 . 2581s total w / procache : 0 . 3006s

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at cawston ? in barrett ' s 1873 norfolk list . barrett notes " i have had no opportunity of identifying this species " .

recorded in 1 ( 1 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 1874 .

underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

enter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .

we are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .

museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken

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notes : nationally scarce ( nb ) on heathland and moorland throughout much of northern england , scotland and western ireland . not recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight to date . wingspan 15 - 20 mm . differs from o . arbutella by its larger size and the characteristic purplish brown coloration of the forewing , which in o . arbutella is purplish red , and by the generally more broadly fasciate markings ; in o . mygindiana the head is dark grey but in o . arbutella it is purplish red or ferruginous ; the male may be readily distinguished from both sexes of o . arbutella by its light grey hindwing [ bradley ] . larva feeds on cowberry , bearberry and bog - myrtle , living between shoots spun together with silk .

please note that the nbn gateway map service has been terminated as of 1 april 2017 .

as soon as a replacement map service is available , distribution maps will hopefully appear here again .

in the meantime , you can get some idea of distribution from the nbn atlas website .

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