the marbled leaf-toed gecko ( afrogecko porphyreus ) is a gecko found in southern and southwestern south africa ( including many offshore islands ) and in namibia .

it is a flat , medium-sized gecko .

marbled leaf - toed gecko

marbled leaf - toed gecko <EOT> marbled leaf - toed gecko ( afrogecko porphyreus ) from claremont , western cape .

the two subspecies are commonly referred to as the western marbled gecko and the southern marbled gecko .

afrogecko porphyreus ( marbled leaf - toed gecko ) , western cape . [ photo tyrone ping © ]

leaf - toed gecko is a common name for some species and genera of gecko . more

the peninsular leaf - toed gecko is the only nocturnal , climbing gecko native to the continental united states . the leaf - toed geckos distinctive swollen toepads only cover the tips of the toes , and have a bilobed shape unlike those of other geckos found in north america . more

the musandam leaf - toed gecko is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

leo shapiro set " marbled gecko " as an exemplar on " christinus marmoratus gray 1845 " .

marbled leaf - toed geckos gain their name from the enlarged leaf - like pads on each digit . in this image the gecko has at some point shed its tail to flee from a predator . the tail is now growing back with a rare " double fork "

the burmese leaf - toed gecko is a small gecko species native to myanmar ( burma ) . the total length of their body rarely excees 5 cm . these geckos are a light grey - brown color on top , with a darker brown bottom that varies from gecko to gecko . more

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - musandam leaf - toed gecko ( asaccus caudivolvulus ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - musandam leaf - toed gecko ( asaccus caudivolvulus ) " title = " arkive species - musandam leaf - toed gecko ( asaccus caudivolvulus ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

the leaf - toed gecko is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .

the peninsular leaf - toed gecko ( phyllodactylus nocticolus ) is the only gecko species native to the united states of america that is both climbing , and nocturnal . this gecko can be found in southern california on the slopes of semi - desert mountain ranges , extending through the baja california peninsula . more

distribution the cederberg dwarf leaf - toed gecko has a very restricted range in south africa and occurs from the bokkeveld mountains in the north through the cederberg to the klein drakenstein mountains near wellington . more

as its common name suggests , the musandam leaf - toed gecko is endemic to the musandam region of oman , and to the hajar mountains of the eastern united arab emirates ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .

taylor d , daniels cb , johnston g . in press . the marbled gecko in urban parklands : do retreat sites limit population size during winter ? herpetologica .

the leaf - toed gecko is from the order squamata . species from this order are amphisbaenians , lizards or snakes . there are over 6 , 000 living species belonging to the squamata order - it is the largest order of all reptiles . more

the european leaf - toed gecko was first described by gené in 1839 , the scientific name of this species is euleptes europaea . euleptes from greek meaning ' true ' and ' slim ' . europaea from latin meaning ' from europe ' . more

because the kurdistan leaf - toed gecko is a recently described species from iran few is known about ecological and biological aspects in this species ( torki and sharifi 2007 ) . therefore this species is kept to gain more knowledge about its behaviour . more

. . . the marbled gecko , christinus marmoratus is widely distributed across the woodlands of the southern seaboard of australia . marbled geckos are small ( snout vent length of ≈50 mm and mass of ≈2 . 5 g ( kearney and predavec 2000 ) ) . in the adelaide region marbled geckos are found on trees with exfoliating bark , in dry sclerophyll forests which it uses as diurnal retreat sites ( daniels 1981 ) . . . .

a study conducted by king in 1977 showed that c . marmoratus exhibits considerable geographic variation in karyotype across its range . further investigation by donnellan et al . ( 2000 ) led to the species being recognized as a composite of two subspecies ; c . marmoratus marmoratus and c . marmoratus dactyls . the two subspecies are commonly referred to as the western marbled gecko and the southern marbled gecko .

there are no known specific conservation measures currently in place for the musandam leaf - toed gecko . however , it occurs in a number of protected areas , which may offer it some protection . further studies are needed into the distribution , abundance and biology of this gecko , as well as into the potential threats it faces ( 1 ) .

the musandam leaf - toed gecko was only described as a separate species as recently as 1994 ( 4 ) . the body of this species is pinkish in colour , almost translucent , with darker bands running down the body and onto the tail , and small tubercles covering the back .

palystes occurs mainly on plants where it hunts various insects but is also regularly found in the home where they are fond of hunting geckos ( usually the marbled leaf - toed gecko , afrogecko porphyreus in the western cape or the cape dwarf gecko , lygodactylus capensis in the eastern parts of southern africa ) and are sometimes called lizard - eating spiders . they usually appear in the home just before the onset of rain and the males are regularly seen in august to december , probably looking for females and also females busy foraging .

size a small gecko with adult snout - vent length ranging from 45 - 50 mm .

arnold , e . n . and gardner , a . s . ( 1994 ) a review of the middle eastern leaf - toed geckoes ( gekkonidae : asaccus ) with descriptions of two new species from oman . fauna of saudi arabia , 14 : 424 - 441 .

relatively little is known about the threats faced by the musandam leaf - toed gecko , but it may be locally threatened in parts of its range by quarrying activities ( 1 ) . general threats to the region’s wildlife include habitat loss due to increasing urbanisation and development , as well as overgrazing by livestock , mining , pollution , and over - extraction of ground water ( 6 ) ( 7 ) .

rösler , herbert 2017 . gecko - chorologie ( squamata : gekkota ) . gekkota ( 4 ) : 1 - 160

daniels cb . 1984 . the importance of caudal lipid in the gecko phyllodactylus marmoratus . herpetologica 40 : 3 , 337 - 344 .

bauer a m . good d a . branch w r . 1997 . the taxonomy of the southern african leaf - toed geckos ( squamata : gekkonidae ) , with a review of old world " phyllodactylus " and the description of five new genera . proc . cal . acad . sci . 49 ( 14 ) : 447 - 497 . - get paper here

the musandam leaf - toed gecko is active at night ( 2 ) and , like most other geckos , is likely to feed on a variety of insects and other small invertebrates ( 3 ) . this species lays a single , hard - shelled , spherical egg , which is glued to rock deep within crevices in caves or cliffs . a number of individuals may lay their eggs in the same traditional , communal laying sites . in captivity , one egg may be laid around every three to four weeks ( 2 ) .

although the mountains of the united arab emirates have so far not been subject to the same degree of habitat loss as many lowland regions , the available habitat in these areas is limited , and some isolated reptile populations may potentially be threatened . of particular concern is a population of the musandam leaf - toed gecko in jebel ras , south of khor fakkan in the united arab emirates . this area has been subject to high levels of urban and industrial development , and the continued survival of this small population is uncertain ( 8 ) .

kearney m , predavec m . 2000 . do nocturnal ectotherms thermoregulate ? a study of the temperate gecko christinus marmoratus . ecology 81 : 11 , 2984 - 2996 .

the bibrons gecko is a nocturnal species with large eyes and vertical pupils to improve vision in the dark . during the day they hide in rock crevices or under bark .

heinicke , matthew p . ; juan d . daza , eli greenbaum , todd r . jackman & aaron m . bauer 2014 . phylogeny , taxonomy and biogeography of a circum - indian ocean clade of leaf - toed geckos ( reptilia : gekkota ) , with a description of two new genera . systematics and biodiversity 12 ( 1 ) : 23 - 42 , doi : 10 . 1080 / 14772000 . 2013 . 877999 - get paper here

hemidactylus platyurus , commonly known as the flat - tailed house gecko , is a species of gekkonidae native to southeastern and southern asia . the species is sometimes classified under the genus cosymbotus .

these geckos are frequently found in the pet trade , including corporate chain stores , usually identified only as " house gecko " . while there are other species of gecko available under the same common name , the cosymbotus platyurus is easily identified by the flaps of skin along its sides , making them resemble a miniature flying gecko ( ptychozoon genus ) . they are easily maintained in a terrarium with frequent misting and insect prey , but they are not easy to handle . also , herpetoculturists often use this species in addition to anoles as a feeder lizard for some species of snakes , especially asian green vine snakes ( ahaetulla prasina ) .

description the head and body is flattened , an indication that it is a crevice dweller . the nostril is pierced between the rostral and three nasal scales . the calcium stores in the lateral neck region of females are often very prominent . the body is covered with small smooth granular scales . each toe has a pair of leaf - shaped lamellae . there is often a dark streak from the nostril through the eye . the body is greyish to grayish - brown above , uniform , variegated or marbled with reddish to dark brown . occasionally , specimens have a white stripe down the middle of the back . the underparts of the body are uniform white .

. . . the close relationship chunky bark has with the trunk of the tree might also aid geckos to behaviourally thermoregulate . marbled geckos in victoria that use rocks as retreat sites , actively choose rocks with favourable thermal conditions ( kearney and predavec 2000 ; kearney 2002 ) and actively control their temperature while in retreat sites by changing their posture ( kearney 2001 ) . . . .

) is a species of gekkonidae ( gecko ) native to southern mainland of australia , from victoria to western australia . the species is well adapted to a variety of habitats , including city dwellings . other related taxa in addition to this species are also known as

c . marmoratus is australia’s most southerly gecko . it occurs from northeastern new south wales to southwestern western australia , as well as a number of islands off the coasts of south australia and western australia . they use a variety of habitats including open shrubland , sclerophyll forest , riverine woodland and urban regions .

gecko porphyreus daudin 1802 : 130 phyllodactylus porphyreus — duméril & bibron 1836 : 393 phytodactylus porphyreus — wainson 1839 : 371 ( in error ) phyllodactylus porphyreus — boulenger 1885 : 87 phyllodactylus porphyreus namaquensis hewitt 1935 : 320 phyllodactylus porphyreus cronwrigthi hewitt 1937 : 205 phyllodactylus porphyreus namaquensis — wermuth 1965 : 143 phyllodactylus porphyreus — kluge 1993 afrogecko porphyreus — bauer et al . 1997 afrogecko porphyreus — heinicke et al . 2014

wow i would have said those are 2 different species , but i guess babies can be different sometimes . . . even in body shape . now that i see the second picture , i would guess flat gecko ( afroedura ) species . . . mainly because of the flattened body shape and also the irregular pattern . because of distribution you mentioned i would also guess it to be one of the afroedura pondolia ssp ?

. . . notably , although temperature tags in backpacks might indicate less accurate body temperatures for basking than for non - basking indi - viduals ( barroso et al . 2016 ) , the highest body temperatures selected by individuals did not differ between years ( % 42 . 1°c ) . active diurnal behavioral thermoregulation is a necessary adaptation of nocturnal geckos for digestion ( bustard 1967 , greer 1989 , angilletta et al . 1999 , kearney and predavec 2000 and for body growth ( autumn and de nardo 1995 ) . however , true basking behavior was previ - ously known for larger gecko species only ( greer 1989 ) or for species from cooler climates , e . g . , tarentola mauritanica ( lisi ci c et al . 2012 ; k . henle , personal observation ) . . . .

snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear opening , one time and a half the diameter of the orbit ; forehead concave ; ear - opening small , oval , oblique . rostral four - sided , not twice as broad as high , with median cleft above ; nostril bordered by the rostral , the first labial and three nasals . nine to eleven upper and seven or eight lower labials ; mental large . triangular or pentagonal ; two pair of chin - shields , the median pair large , in contact with each other , the posterior pair small , sometimes separated from the labials . body depressed , covered above with uniform small granules , largest on the snout ; a dermal expansion from axilla to groin and another along the posterior side of the hind limb . ventral scales cycloid , imbricate . male with an uninterrupted series of 34—36 femoral pores . tail depressed , flat inferiorly , with sharp denticulated lateral edge , covered above with uniform small granules , below with a median series of transversely dilated plates . limbs moderate , depressed ; digits strongly dilated , about half - webbed , inner well developed ; 3 to 6 lamellae under the inner , 7 to 9 under the median digits . grey above , marbled with darker grey ; generally a dark streak from eye to shoulder . lower parts white . length of head and body 61 mm . ; tail 66 mm .

western cape . [ photo rebelo a . © , from sarca virtual museum ]

islands off the west coast of south africa ( robben , jutten , dassen , meeuw , marcus , malgas , schappen ) . one questionable record from cameroon ( tornier 1902 ) , namibia

type locality : santo domingo island . terra typica designata ( fltzsimons 1943 ) : cape of good hope

note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .

bates , m . f . ; branch , w . r . , bauer , a . m . ; burger , m . , marais , j . ; alexander , g . j . & de villliers , m . s . ( eds . ) 2014 . atlas and red list of the reptiles of south africa , lesotho , and swaziland . suricata 1 . south african national biodiversity institute , pretoria , 512 pp .

bauer , aaron m . 1997 . family gekkonidae . genus phyllodactylus . in : j . h . van wyk ( ed . ) : proceedings of the fitzsimons commemorative symposium , south african lizards : 50 years of progress . - herp . assoc . africa ( matieland , south afr . ) , pp . 24 - 28

boulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) i . geckonidae , eublepharidae , uroplatidae , pygopodidae , agamidae . london : 450 pp . - get paper here

daudin 1802 . histoire naturelle , générale et particulière des reptiles , vol . 4 . f . dufart , paris .

duméril , a . m . c . and g . bibron . 1836 . erpetologie générale ou histoire naturelle complete des reptiles . vol . 3 . libr . encyclopédique roret , paris , 528 pp . - get paper here

herrmann , h . - w . ; w . r . branch 2013 . fifty years of herpetological research in the namib desert and namibia with an updated and annotated species checklist . journal of arid environments 93 : 94–115 - get paper here

hewitt , j . 1935 . some new forms of batrachians and reptiles from south africa . rec . albany mus . 4 : 283 - 357

hewitt , j . 1937 . descriptions of south african lizards . ann . natal . mus . 8 : 199 - 209

rösler , herbert 2015 . bemerkungen über einige geckos der zoologischen staatssammlung münchen . gekkota , suppl . ( 2 ) : 3 - 54

schönecker , p . 2014 . südafrika . auf reptiliensuche entlang der garden route . reptilia ( münster ) 19 ( 105 ) : 80 - 93

swainson , w . 1839 . the natural history of fishes , amphibians , & reptiles , or monocardian animals . vol . 2 . longman , orme , brown , green and longmans , london - get paper here

tornier , g . 1902 . die crocodile , schildkröten und eidechsen in kamerun . zool . jahrb . , abt . syst . , 15 ( 6 ) : 663 - 677 - get paper here

witberg , m . 2012 . the herpetofauna of schaapen island , langebaan , south africa . african herp news ( 56 ) : 11 - 16

this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .

the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .

over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .

the number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .

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currently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .

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justification : common in the region and tolerant of transformed habitats hence this species is assessed as least concern .

the population is stable . the population size is unknown ; genetic studies indicate possible cryptic taxa .

nocturnal , occupying moist habitats where it shelters under tree bark , exfoliating rock flakes and fissures in rock outcrops . communal ; groups may occupy the same shelters . commensal with humans and common in urban areas ( branch 1998 ) .

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found in hermanus in the western cape . gravid female . one can clearly see the eggs through the body .

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biology it is nocturnal and very common at houses in coastal areas of the western cape where it is often seen feeding on insects around outdoor lights . it is often regarded as a nuisance because of its faeces sticking to the walls . in nature , its habitat is very varied and it will shelter in any suitable hiding place , from rock crevices to under bark on dead trees . it is particularly common in coastal rock just above the highwater mark . it does not seem to be territorial as a number of individuals often live in the same retreat . females lay two hard - shelled eggs in early summer and communal egg laying sites are common . the eggs hatch after one and a half to two months .

distribution it is found in the w estern and southern coastal regions , from nieuwoudtville to cape st francis . it is also present on most of the offshore islands .

distribution in the gcbc there are only isolated records from the central cederberg range .

the environment agency - abu dhabi ( ead ) is working within the united arab emirates to protect and conserve the region’s valuable biodiversity ( 9 ) , while the use of traditional , protected , livestock - free areas by local people in some parts of the hajar mountains may help to slow habitat loss to some degree ( 7 ) .

environment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive . ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .

hellyer , p . and aspinall , s . ( 2005 ) the emirates : a natural history . trident press limited , london .

this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken

endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) and echinoderms . tubercles small , rounded , wart - like bumps on the skin or on a bone . wadis mountain canyons found in north africa and the middle east that only carry water when it rains .

halliday , t . and adler , k . ( 2002 ) the new encyclopedia of reptiles and amphibians . oxford university press , oxford .

alsharhan , a . et al . ( 2008 ) terrestrial environment of abu dhabi emirate . environment agency , abu dhabi , united arab emirates .

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this species is featured in jewels of the uae , which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency – abu dhabi .

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. the species is well adapted to a variety of habitats , including city dwellings .

. gray ' s description was based on four specimens that were preserved in spirits . they were collected on the abrolhos islands ( off

) , and were donated to the british museum from the collection of a “mr . gilbert . ” gray examined another preserved specimen of

further investigation by donnellan et al . ( 2000 ) led to the species being recognized as a composite of two subspecies ;

adults reach an average ( snout - vent ) length of 50mm , and weigh about 2 . 5g .

) when threatened , to aid in escape . tails take about eight months to regenerate . fully regenerated tails are characterized by an abrupt change in dorsal skin colouring and pattern at the level of the original fracture plane . original tails also have much more developed muscular bands .

hatchlings do not have any fat in the tail , and they drop it more readily than adults do .

during the hot summer months they generally use deep crevices and burrows as their daytime retreat sites , and in cooler weather they aggregate under rocks .

are commonly found in aggregations of up to 10 individuals , and most aggregations contain one male .

aggregate so commonly ( kearney et al . reported that one quarter of individuals they found were in aggregations ) .

was 27 . 7°c . , which is much higher than their average body temperatures during the day or night . subsequent investigation by kearney and predavec ( 2000 ) revealed that

by adjusting its posture , for instance , by raising or flattening the body to contact the rock substrate . they also seem to touch the rock with their snout before doing so , as if testing the temperature .

browne - cooper , robert ; brian bush ; brad maryan ; david robinson ( 2007 ) . reptiles and frogs in the bush : southwestern australia . university of western australia press . pp . 108 , 109 . isbn 978 - 1 - 920694 - 74 - 6 .

gray , j . e . 1845 . catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the british museum . trustees of die british museum / edward newman , london : xxvii + 289 pp .

boulenger ga . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) i . geckonidae , eublepharidae , uroplatidae , pygopodidae , agamidae . london : 450 pp .

wells rw , wellington cr . 1985 . a classification of the amphibia and reptilia of australia . australian journal of herpetology , supplementary series 1 : 1 - 61 .

king m . 1977 . chromosomal and morphometric variation in the gekko diplodactylus vittatus ( gray ) . australian journal of zoology 25 : 43–57 .

donnellan sc , aplin kp , dempsey pj ( 2000 ) . genetic and morphological variation in australian christinus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) : preliminary overview with recognition of a cryptic species on the nullarbor plain . australian journal of zoology 48 : 289–315 .

kearney m , shine r , comber s , pearson d . 2001 . why do geckos group ? an analysis of “social” aggregations in two species of australian lizards . herpetologica 57 : 4 , 411 - 422 .

bellairs ada , bryant sv . 1985 . autotomy and regeneration in reptiles . in : gans c , billett f , editors . biology of the reptilia . new york : john wiley and sons , 301 - 410

king m , rofe r . 1976 . karyotypic variation in the australian gekko phyllodactylus marmoratus ( gray ) ( gekkonidae : reptilia ) . chromosoma 54 : 75–87 .

daniels cb . , flaherty sp . , simbotwe mp . 1986 . tail size and effectiveness of autotomy in a lizard . journal of herpetology 20 : 1 , 93 - 96 .

marcellini d . 1977 . acoustic and visual display behaviour of gekkonid lizards . american zoologist 17 : 251 - 260 .

stamps ja . 1988 . conspecific attraction and aggregation in territorial species . the american naturalist 131 : 3 , 329 .

edgar r . waite f . l . s , c . m . z . s , 1929 the reptiles and amphibians of south australia , printed by harbison weir , government printer 31 january , p . 76 , 7 / - sixpence .

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phyllodactylus porphyreus duméril & bibron 1836 ( partim ) phyllodactylus peronii fitzinger 1843 diplodactylus marmoratus gray 1845 phyllodactylus marmoratus — boulenger 1885 : 88 phyllodactylus affinis — boulenger 1885 : 89 phyllodactylus marmoratus — cogger 1983 : christinus marmoratus — wells & wellington 1984 christinus marmoratus — cogger 2000 : 208 christinus marmoratus — wilson & swan 2010 : 60 christinus marmoratus — heinicke et al . 2014 christinus marmoratus marmoratus ( gray 1845 ) diplodactylus marmoratus gray 1845 goniodactylus australis gray 1845 gonatodes australis — boulenger 1885 : 72 ( ? ) phyllodactylus marmoratus marmoratus — storr 1987 christinus marmoratus marmoratus — rösler 2000 : 62 christinus marmoratus macrodactylus ( fitzinger 1843 ) phyllodactylus peronii fitzinger 1843 : 95 phyllodactylus macrodactylus boulenger 1885 : 89 phyllodactylus marmoratus — loveridge 1934 christinus biggsae wells & wellington 1985 : 10 christinus marmoratus macrodactylus — rösler 2000 : 62

type locality : restricted to west - and south australia ( kangaroo island , swan river , freemantle , champion bay , houtman’s abrolhos , norfolk island , aneitum ) .

syntypes : mnhn 6734 , 6734a ( 1843 phyllodactylus peronii fitzinger ) lectotype : bmnh xxi . 9 . a ( 1845 diplodactylus marmoratus gray ) holotype : bmnh 55 . 8 . 16 . 15 ( 1885 phyllodactylus affinis - boulenger ) holotype : bmnh xxii . 86a ( 1845 goniodactylus australis gray ) syntypes : bmnh 70 . 6 . 26 . 60 ( 1885 phyllodactylus macrodactylus boulenger ) holotype : ams 116977 ( 1985 christinus biggsae wells & wellington )

bauer , a . m . 1994 . liste der rezenten amphibien und reptilien : gekkonidae i ( australia ) . das tierreich , vol . 108 , w . de gruyter & co . ( berlin )

cogger , h . g . 2014 . reptiles and amphibians of australia , 7th ed . csiro publishing , xxx + 1033 pp .

cogger , h . g . 2000 . reptiles and amphibians of australia , 6th ed . ralph curtis publishing , sanibel island , 808 pp .

donnellan , s . c . ; aplin , k . p . & dempsey , p . j . 2000 . genetic and morphological variation in australian christinus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) : preliminary overview with recognition of a cryptic species on the nullarbor plain . australian journal of zoology 48 : 289 - 315 - get paper here

fitzinger , l . 1843 . systema reptilium , fasciculus primus , amblyglossae . braumüller et seidel , wien : 106 pp . - get paper here

gray , j . e . 1845 . catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the british museum . trustees of die british museum / edward newman , london : xxvii + 289 pp . - get paper here

kay , g . m . ; d . michael ; m . crane ; s . okada ; c . macgregor ; d . florance ; d . trengove ; l . mcburney ; d . blair ; d . b . lindenmayer . 2013 . a list of reptiles and amphibians from box gum grassy woodlands in south - eastern australia . check list 9 ( 3 ) : 476 - 481 - get paper here

king , m . ; rofe , r . 1976 . karyotypic variation in the australian gekko phyllodactylus marmoratus ( gray ) ( gekkonidae : reptilia ) . chromosoma 54 ( 1 ) : 75 - 87

michael , d . r . ; d . b . lindenmayer ; m . crane ; c . macgregor ; r . montague - drake ; l . mcburney . 2011 . reptilia , murray catchment , new south wales , southeastern australia . check list 7 ( 1 ) : 25 - 29 - get paper here

rösler , h . 2000 . studien an den begattungsorganen der geckos ( reptilia : gekkota ) - 5 . der hemipenis von christinus marmoratus marmoratus ( gray 1845 ) ( gekkonidae : gekkoninae ) . gekkota 2 : 255 - 258

rösler , h . 2000 . kommentierte liste der rezent , subrezent und fossil bekannten geckotaxa ( reptilia : gekkonomorpha ) . gekkota 2 : 28 - 153

rösler , herbert 1995 . geckos der welt - alle gattungen . urania , leipzig , 256 pp .

storr , g . m . 1987 . the genus phyllodactylus ( lacertilia : gekkonidae ) in western australia . rec . west . austr . mus . 13 ( 2 ) : 275 - 284 - get paper here

wells , r . w . and wellington , c . r . 1985 . a classification of the amphibia and reptilia of australia . australian journal of herpetology , supplementary series , ( 1 ) : 1 - 61 . - get paper here

wilson , s . & swan , g . 2010 . a complete guide to reptiles of australia , 3rd ed . chatswood : new holland , 558 pp .

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palystes castaneus in threat posture , showing banding beneath the legs . [ image n . larsen © ]

palystes is derived from either the latin " palaestes " or greek " palaistes " meaning wrestler . these are the large spiders , often referred to as " tarantulas " , that cause havoc by entering buildings during summer or before rain .

these spiders were previously listed as potentially dangerous . after tests where they were induced into biting guinea - pigs it was established that although the guinea - pigs had died within 3 minutes , it had been from shock and not the effects of any venom . for humans , the venom is in fact no worse than a bee sting although the spider ' s aggressive display , with its 2 front pairs of banded legs raised in warning , is enough to shrink the stoutest of hearts . they occur usually in vegetation but sometimes occur in the home .

palystes is also regularly seen in more unfortunate circumstances where it is being dragged around by a wasp or often the wasp is missing and all one finds is what seems to be a dead spider on the pathway . what has in fact happened is that the spider has been stung and immobilized by a female wasp of the family pompilidae . these wasps hunt only spiders that they sting and paralyse and then stock each of their nests with a paralyzed spider , lay an egg on it and then seal the nest . the wasp eggs then hatch and the larvae have live fresh food on which to feed . all peripheral tissue is eaten first and lastly the vital parts so the meal stays fresh long enough for the larva to mature and then pupate .

pompilid wasp , tachypompilus ignites , dragging a paralysed palystes superciliosus spider to her nest . [ image h . robertson , iziko © ] .

twenty eight palystes species occur in central , eastern and southern africa with 13 resident in south africa .

palystes body length is 15 - 36 mm with a leg span of up to 110 mm . dorsally ( top ) it is covered in tan to dark tan velvety covering of setae ( hairs ) . the abdomen and legs might be interspersed with slightly longer setae ( hairs ) .

the diagnostic features are a white moustachial stripe below the anterior ( front ) eyes and extending down the chelicerae ( fangs ) as well as banding on the ventral ( underside ) of the legs .

another identifying feature of palystes castaneus and p . superciliosus , is the egg sac made by the female . it is a roundish bag made of silk with leaves and twigs woven into it and is about 60 - 100mm in size . the construction of this nursery and the laying of eggs takes about 3 - 5 hours . the eggs hatch inside and are protected within the bag of silk and leaves . during this time the female guards her brood aggressively . many a gardener has been bitten by a protective palystes mother . after about 21 days , the spiderlings chew their way out of the sac to join the world . these egg sacs are a common sight from about november to april . mating takes place in early summer and the spider will produce about 3 egg cases in her 2 year life .

is known from modimolle ( formerly nylstroom in limpopo ) , warburton ( mpumalanga ) to ndumo ( kwazulu - natal ) .

s common from cape town to heidelberg in the western cape . it appears to be more common in forested areas and during november its egg cocoon is very common in low vegetation and hedges . it is replaced by

is the common species in zimbabwe and limpopo province reaching into malaŵi , botswana ( okavango ) and mozambique . it occurs in savannah woodland .

occurs mainly in the mountainous areas of the karoo . it occurs from beaufort west ( western cape ) to graaf - reinet to the kleinwinterhoekberge and kokstad district ( eastern cape ) . 14 - 22mm .

occurs in the grahamstown to alicedale areas of the eastern cape . 16 - 25mm .

is found in the bloemfontein area ( free state ) to modimolle ( formerly nystroom in limpopo ) .

is only known from the type specimen . no locality is given only that it was collected in south africa . croeser believes it may be a montane species from the eastern cape . 29mm .

palystes martinfilmeri is less common , occurring in the cedarberg - piketberg area ( northern and western cape ) . this is the largest species with a body length of 19 - 36 mm .

is known from the amatola and hogsbach mountains ( eastern cape ) to port edward ( kwazulu - natal ) . 23 mm .

heidelberg district , ( western cape ) . possibly a forest species that often occurs in the same area as

in that its egg cocoon is similar to a white ping - pong ball . the female retreats into this with her eggs and cuts it open when she wants to leave . 26 mm .

stuarti only known from nieuwoudtville ( northern cape ) . 24 - 34 mm .

superciliosus is the most common and widespread species of the genus and ranges from kwazulu - natal westwards to mpumalanga , north west , limpopo , eastern and western cape .

cayton - boxall , p . 1988 . the mating of two palystes . spider club news . 3 ( 1 ) : 8 .

croeser , p . m . c . 1979 . just a bag of old leaves ? eastern cape naturalist 66 : 8–10 .

croeser , p . m . c . 1996 . a revision of the african huntsman spider genus palystes l . kock , 1875 ( araneae : heteropodidae ) . annals of the natal museum 37 : 1 - 122 .

dippenaar - schoeman , a . s . & r . jocqué . 1997 . african spiders : an identification manual . plant protection res . inst . handbook , no . 9 , pretoria , 392 pp .

filmer , m . r . , revised larsen , n . 2010 . filmer’s spiders : an identification guide for southern africa , struik , cape town . 128pg jäger , peter . 1999 . sparassidae – the valid scientific name for the huntsman spider ( arachnida : araneae ) . arachnol . mitt . 17 : 1 - 10 .

jäger , p . 2000 . heteropoda parva n . sp . and h . martusa n . sp . primitive or derived heteropoda species ? ( araneae : sparassidae : heteropodinae ) . mitt . internat . entomol . ver . 25 : 195 - 205 .

jäger p , kunz d . 2005 : an illustrated key to genera of african huntsman spiders ( araneae : sparassidae ) . – senckenbergiana biologica 85 ( 2 ) : 163–213 . download from here

jäger , p . & d . kunz . palystes kreutzmanni sp . n . - a new huntsman spider species from fynbos vegetation in western cape province , south africa ( araneae , sparassidae , palystinae ) . zookeys 67 : 1 - 9 .

larsen , n . 2005 . more than just a bag of old leaves : a look into our rain spiders . newsletter of the spider club of south africa 20 ( 2 ) : 12

lawrence , r . f . ( 1952a ) . new spiders from the eastern half of south africa . ann . natal mus . 12 : 183 - 226 .

lawrence , r . f . 1962 . spiders of the namib desert . ann . transv . mus . 24 : 197 - 211 .

lawrence , r . f . 1965 . new and little known arachnida from the namib desert , s . w . africa . scient . pap . namib des . res . stn 27 : 1 - 12 .

lawrence , r . f . 1966 . new dune spiders ( sparassidae ) from the namib desert , south west africa . cimbebasia 217 : 3 - 15 .

warren , e . 1926 . on the habits , egg - sacs , oögenesis and early development of the spider palystes natalius ( karsh ) . annals of the natal museum 5 ( 3 ) : 303 – 349 .

yates , j . h . 1968 . spiders of southern africa . cape town : books of africa . 6 - 73 . unknown author . 1998 the rain spider , the wasp and physiotherapy . spider club news . 13 ( 3 ) : 5 - 6 .

ever since the time when adam bit into the infamous apple , reptiles have caused a shiver down people’s spine and our inborn reaction is to scream and run , or on occasion , worse for the reptile , pick up a blunt object and beat it into oblivion . reptiles however play a vital role in the environment and if one takes the time to study them , they are generally shy but fascinating creatures .

southern africa has a incredible diversity of reptile fauna with a minimum of 517 species that have so far been described . these include 151 snakes , 338 lizards , 27 tortoises and one crocodile . many more species are still awaiting description in the scientific literature . sadly , many of these reptiles have largely been ignored in conservation management plans and require special attention in the future .

this juvenile cape cobra was basking in the warm evening light , which radiated off its recently shed skin . it reared its hood in a defensive pose and reversed backwards into a bush rapidly trying to escape .

cape cobras are a highly adaptive species that can be found in a variety of habitats including low density towns and villages . their coloration is extremely variable from a golden yellow through to a dark chocolate brown with speckled varieties also occuring . they are highly intelligent snakes , maintaining a territory for many years .

the boomslang has well - developed binocular vision that allows the snake to see directly forward to detect predators and prey . they are generally an aboreal species that seldom descends to the ground .

the diet of the boomslang is extremely varied and includes tree living reptiles such as chameleons and small mammals and birds . due to their habit of raiding birds nests , the boomslang is often mobbed by small birds that will on occasion strike the snake .

snakes , such as this southern adder use their forked tongues to pick up particles in the air , which are then deposited onto the jacobson organs , which act in the same manner as our sense of smell . the forked tongue helps determine the direction of the smell .

the puff adder is one of the most wide - spread snakes in south africa and can attain an adult length of just under one meter . it is a slow moving snake that relies on its camouflage to avoid detection and ambush prey .

the puff adder is responsible for more cases of serious snakebites in south africa than any other . the venom is cytotoxic , causing extreme pain . handlers use plastic tubing and a snake stick to carefully capture and handle puff adders .

despite the bright warning colours of the spotted harlequin snake it is a docile snake , which rarely bites . they largely forage underground in tunnels and cracks , feeding on other burrowing reptiles .

the spotted skaapsteker is a diurnal hunter that uses speed and good eyesight to capture its prey which varies from small rodents , small reptiles and nestling birds . their name is misleading as their venom is only mildly toxic .

the robertsons dwarf chameleon is one of 15 currently described species of dwarf chameleon and adults are small ranging between 4 , 5 and 10cm in length . dwarf chameleons are heliothermic using the suns rays to raise their body temperature and climb into exposed positions in the mornings to bask .

chameleons eyes can scan almost 180 degrees and can be moved in different directions simultaneously . their vision is more acute that that of humans

the male southern tree agama is brightly colored to both attract females and warn other males of their dominance status . they form family groups that are centered around clusters of trees . they avoid danger by moving rapidly around the tree trunk and fleeing into the upper branches .

southern tree agamas are unusual in that they feed almost entirely on ants and termites .

the leopard tortoise is the largest species to be found in southern africa and may weigh as much as 12kgs . their home ranges may exceed 80 hectares

during the breeding season between september and april , male angulate tortoises use their enlarged gular shields in intensive battle with other males and try and use the gular shields as levers to overturn and ram their rivals .

the angulate tortoise which is found in fynbos habitat is extremely vulnerable to fire with many individuals burning to death if they cannot find shelter quickly enough . it can live in very high densities of up to 15 individuals per hectare

marsh terrapins are highly adaptable and during dry periods will bury themselves into the mud and aestivate in a torpid state until rain once again falls . in the kalahari , rain may only fall every few years and it is an incredible site to see the terrapins again emerging after such long periods of time .

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as a dedicated conservationist , peter chadwick has 30 years strategic and operational conservation experience in terrestrial and marine protected area management . he has worked within all of the major biomes in southern africa as well as having provided expert conservation advice at a global level . his conservation and wildlife photography is a natural extension to his conservation work where he has numerous opportunities to capture photographs that showcase the beauty and complexity of the outdoors . peter’s photography is internationally recognized , with this work appearing globally in a wide range of print and electronic media .

" these images are absolutely awesome ! aspiring to take photos even . . . "

" i think another huge issue observed in both kzn and . . . "

" and flying around in a gyrocopter even better . excellent work . . . . "

" a really awesome portfolio - must be one of the . . . "

south africa has a network of 21 marine protected areas ( mpas ) around our coastline . collectively they protect a wide range of marine habitat types and biodiversity . . . .

the guano islands off south africa are situated along the western and southern coastlines . the islands provide important breeding and nesting sites for many threatened seabirds .

photographs have the power to change the world by altering the perceptions and understanding of the viewer . conservation photography can bridge language barriers , be easily understood and can create . . .

the de hoop nature reserve and marine protected area is without a doubt , one of the flagship reserves of the cape floral kingdom and the fynbos . its habitats cover . . .

the overberg region of the western cape in south africa is one of the countries important agricultural areas and during spring and summer , is covered in vast green swathes . . .

close your eyes and imagine a soccer stadium densely packed to capacity with rows upon rows of fans and the eruption of noise , just as a goal by the . . .

birdlife south africa , with funding from the critical ecosystem partnership fund , initiated a project in southern africa with a focus on mozambique to develop the area as a birding . . .


bythinella cylindrica is a species of very small freshwater snail , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family amnicolidae .

this species is endemic to austria .

bythinella cylindrica

bythinella cylindrica <EOT> have a fact about bythinella cylindrica ? write it here to share it with the entire community .

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different spring snail species . right : bythinella cylindrica , left : belgrandiella wawrai ( hydro - biidae ) . picture : © alexander mrkvicka , vienna .

rhön spring snail ( bythinella compressa ) . picture : © alexander mrkvicka , vienna ( urltoken ) .

robert a . patzner , naturschutzbund österreich : weichtier des jahres 2008 - bythinella austriaca . ( in german )

rhön spring snails ( bythinella compressa ) on a fallen leaf . picture : © alexander mrkvicka , vienna ( urltoken ) .

limestone tuff spring near fischbach in the rhön mountains . habitat of the rhön spring snail ( bythinella compressa ) . picture : j . gombert ( source ) .

justification : bythinella cylindrica has been assessed as critically endangered ( cr b1ab ( iii ) ) . this species has a restricted range and has undergone a significant decline in the population and is now considered to be ' very rare ' . there are current threats posed to this species , and whilst it is protected under austrian law , there is no specific recovery plan in place . it is found on the austrian red list as critically endangered ( cr ) . it is suggested that habitat monitoring is conducted , along with research into the species ' population trend

description : the austrian spring snail is smaller than bythinella bavarica ( see below ) and almost cylindrical . the whorls of its shell are flattened at the sides . also the suture is less prominent . the last whorl takes two fifths of the shell ' s overall height .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en " " urltoken "

thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .

the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .

a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .

this species is one of many small spring - snails that can most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system .

is endemic to austria . specifically it is known from the eastern alps in the lower austria province , in the triesting valley .

this species is described as ' rare ' . it has also experienced a significant decline in the population . the last known living population was significantly reduced ( from millions of individuals down to tens of living specimens ) due to the reconstruction of a chapel .

the species inhabits mainly freshwater springs , but during dry phases of the spring it can withdraw for a short periods of time into the deeper ' groundwater ' zones of the spring .

the main current threats to this species are habitat degradation , the abstraction of water for drinking purposes and pollution , arising mostly from the over - use of fertilizers in agricultural practices .

this species is possibly present in a nautra 2000 protected area but there is no species specific recovery plan in place . however , it is strictly protected by law in lower austria . it is found on the austrian red list as critically endangered ( cr ) . it is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted , along with research into the species population trends .

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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :

we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .

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austria . kuchlbach . altmunster . near lake traunsee . ex - coll . wart . 09 july 1976 .

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bank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]

in central and south europe about 40 species of spring snails are found , of which the five most important german species are defined mainly by anatomic characters , but are difficult to tell apart by shell characters . often , the single species can only be told apart by the finding location , as they are restricted to a very narrow area . this does lose importance in a growing fashion , as for example in austria there are often several species of spring snails in one place usually restricted to a narrow finding area .

the colour of spring snail shells often appears dark brown or green . this is due to diatoms ( brown ) and green algae growing on the shell surface . distribution of spring snail species often happens by insects capable of flying , on which the snails have laid eggs . spring snails live on diatoms , blue and green algae which they graze from the ground , as well as on detritus - decaying organic matter .

accustomed to constantly low water temperatures , spring snails are cold - stenothermal creatures . they almost exclusively live on springs and in the uppermost areas of streams . the presence of spring snails is an indicator for very clean water ; in the springs of clean streams sometimes more than 1000 snails can be found per square metre .

spring snails are crenobionts , which means the are specialist with a very low ecological amplitude , which react to the slightest difference in environmental conditions , their density decreasing or the population disappearing altogether . on the other hand , spring snails are very well adapted to the extreme habitat of springs .

spring snails are usually threatened by fountain constructions around the springs they live in , by agricultural use as watering place for cattle . also drainage and ground water descent are a large problem to spring snails , and sadly so is overfertilisation , resulting in the eutrophication also of springs .

additionally , global warming results in the water temperatures of springs rising , which means , the cold - stenothermous populations of spring snails generally decrease .

umweltschutz - news : klimawandel bedroht weichtier des jahres 2008 , die österreichische quellschnecke . ( in german ) urltoken : die österreichische quellschnecke ist das weichtier des jahres . ( in german ) naturschutzgroßprojekt thüringer rhönhutungen : feuchtlebensräume - naturnahe quellen und kalk - flachmoore . ( in german )

distribution : the species is an main indicator species for springs and low mountain streams . it is found in the eastern bavarian limestone alps and the sudetes , through moravia , austria as far as north - eastern tyrol , styria , carinthia , northern slovenia , hungary and galicia .

threat situation : in austria the austrian spring snail is classified as " near threatened " ( nt ) ( see also : iucn threat categories ) .

the shell is less slender , the suture noticeably deepened . the whorls are rounded at the sides , the last whorl takes two thirds of the overall shell height .

distribution : northern alps , eastern bavarian limestone alps and their foot hills . from munich east through bavaria , as far as northern tyrol and salzburg country , pottenstein near wiener neustadt ( lower austria ) and the high terrace near munich .

the rhön spring snail ' s shell is oval to bluntly conical , the last whorl takes four fifths of the shell height . the whorls are strongly rounded at the sides , the apex is blunted a little obliquely .

distribution : in germany : rhön and vogelsberg mountains in hesse and thuringia . also present in austria .

the rhön spring snail needs constantly cold and unpolluted water ( saprobial value of 1 . 0 ) with a temperature of around 7 - 8 °c . it feeds on bacteria growing on stones and leaves , as well as on decaying organic matter ( detritus ) , which is grazed from stones , water plants , fallen leaves ( picture ) and dead wood lying in the water .

while some time ago the rhön spring snail was wide spread in the open landscape shaped by man , today it appears nearly exclusively in spring exits and some hundreds of metres downstream in the streams of deciduous forest areas . in intact habitats there may be as many as 50 snails on 25 x 25 cm .

populations live isolated from each other . with their highly specialized demands to habitats ( see above ) , populations disappeared are lost forever .

description : the bavarian spring snail usually is large ( for a spring snail ) , turricular and conical with rounded whorls , the last of which is widened . the shell often is green coloured due to algae growing on it . the shell tip ( apex ) is small and blunted obliquely , the whorls are separated by a deep suture .

dimensions : h : 4 mm ; w : 2 . 3 mm ; n : 4 ½ - 5 . ( abbreviations ) .

distribution : the bavarian spring snail is a calciphile species - it needs limestone ground . its distribution area spreads over the northern alps and the foot hills ( lech and isar river areas ) . the bavarian spring snail can be found from southern württemberg as far east as the inn river and northern tyrol in austria .

, d . : unsere land - und süßwassermollusken , stuttgart , 1927 , s . 165 ff .

wide - lipped spring snail ( emmericia patula ) . picture : © alexander mrkvicka , vienna ( urltoken ) .

description : the wide - lipped spring snail has a bluntly conical shell , the last whorl of which has a distinctive palatal callus . the apertural lip , as the name states , is folded back to form a wide whitish lip . the whorls grow fast .

dimensions : h : 6 mm ; w : 4 mm . n : 4 ½ - 5 . ( abbreviations ) .

habitat and distribution : emmericia patula lives in springs and rivers rich in limestone .

the species ' distribution area spreads along the italian and yugoslavian adriatic coast from venetia as far south as central dalmatia . in southern france and bavaria ( central franconia ) , emmericia patula has been introduced in 1960 ; how and where from , is unknown . in the meantime , it has also been found in dachau and munich .

wide lipped spring snail ( emmericia patula ) from the tinavo springs near trieste , italy .

francisco welter - schultes : emmericia patula species homepage . dr . stefan nehring : neozoa ( makrozoobenthos ) in den deutschen gewässern - eine einführung . ( in german ) . molluscs with immigration background ( neobiota ) .

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