byasa polla , the de nicéville 's windmill , is a butterfly found in india that belongs to the windmills genus ( byasa ) , comprising tailed black swallowtail butterflies with white spots and red submarginal crescents .

byasa polla

byasa polla <EOT> atrophaneura polla ( de nicéville , 1897 ) = byasa polla = papilio ( byasa ) polla de nicéville , 1897 = tros polla .

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papilio ( byasa ) polla de nicéville , 1897 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 10 ( 4 ) : 633 ; tl : n . shan states , n . chin hills , 5000ft

= byasa hedistus ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 99

chinese windmill ( byasa plutonius , oberthür ) , two subspecies of which occur in india .

= byasa dasarada melanura ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98

byasa latreillei genestieri ; huang , 2003 , neue ent . nachr . 55 : 74 ( note )

byasa dasarada dasarada ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98 ( note )

byasa dasarada ravana ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98 ( note )

byasa dasarada barata ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98 ( note )

= byasa dasarada ouvrardi oberthür , 1920 ; huang , 2003 , neue ent . nachr . 55 : 75

byasa mencius is a species of butterfly from the family papilionidae ( swallowtails ) . it is found in china .

{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . byasa polla ( de nicéville , 1897 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .

byasa nevilli ; [ mrs ] , 110 ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 99 ( note )

byasa hedistus ; [ mrs ] , 111 ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 99 ( note )

byasa dasarada ouvrardi ; [ mrs ] , 111 ; huang , 2003 , neue ent . nachr . 55 : 75 ( note )

byasa dasarada melanura ; [ mrs ] , 111 ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98 ( note )

the present paper is the result of a butterfly diversity survey in the mishmi hills , arunachal pradesh including the mehao wildlife sanctuary . the survey was conducted from march 7 to june 22 , 2011 . 294 butterfly species were recorded . the survey also resulted in the sighting of elusive butterflies like meandrusa payeni evan , meandrusa lachinus lachinus , byasa polla and spindasis rukmini .

a species atrophaneura lama ( oberthür ) , described from western china , is regarded as a subspecies of a . polyeuctes ( now byasa ) by some .

byasa alcinous mansonensis ab . flaveolus murayama & shimonoya , 1966 ; tyô to ga 15 ( 3 / 4 ) : 58 , f . 3 ; tl : poli

philoxenus [ byasa polyeuctes ] : a name previously in use for this species ( e . g . , munroe 1961 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym .

impediens [ byasa ] : this taxon has generally been cited byasa impediens rothschild , 1895 , but as realized by fujioka et al . ( 1997 ) it was originally described as an infrasubspecific form ( rothschild 1895 : 269 - 270 ) , and has only been made available through a subsequent citation as a subspecies by seitz ( 1907 : 9 ) .

rose windmill , byasa latreillei , has a white discal band in 2 , 3 , 4 beyond the cell which is clearly trifurcated by black veins . a slightly smaller butterfly , the rose windmill has rose coloured lunules .

great windmill , byasa dasarada , has a number of two white spots in 4 , 5 on uph and three spots on 4 , 5 and 6 on unh . it is a slightly larger butterfly with broader swallowtail .

stenoptera [ byasa nevilli ] : recently described as a separate species from hainan allied to b . nevilli ( chou 1994 , gu 1997 ) , a species which is not yet know to occur on the island but only on the chinese mainland .

hedistus [ byasa ] : generally accepted as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but treated as conspecific with b . dasarada by d ' abrera ( 1982 : 37 ) .

great windmill , byasa dasarada , has a number of two white spots in 4 , 5 on the upperside of the hindwing and three spots on 4 , 5 and 6 on the underside of the hindwing . it is a slightly larger butterfly with a broader swallowtail .

originally described as papilio mencius felder , 1862 subsp . rhadinus jordan , 1928 treated as a species of panosmia wood - mason & de nicéville , 1886 by bascombe ( 1995 : 58 ) . treated as a subspecies of parides ( byasa ) mencius ( felder & felder , 1862 ) by fujioka et al . ( 1997 : 170 ) .

febanus [ byasa impediens ] : sometimes accepted as a separate species endemic to taiwan ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , igarashi & fukuda 1997 ) , but recently more often treated as conspecific with b . impediens from mainland china ( chou 1994 , d ' abrera 1982 , fujioka et al . 1997 , hancock 1983 , and shirozu 1992 ) .

rhadinus [ byasa mencius ] : originallly described and generally placed as conspecific with b . mencius ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , fujioka et al . 1997 ) , it was suggested by d ' abrera ( 1982 : 38 ) to be closer to b . nevilli , and has recently been elevated to species rank by chou ( 1994 ) .

prepared by christoph l . häuser , in cooperation with rienk de jong , gerardo lamas , robert k . robbins , campbell smith & richard i . vane - wright .

parnassiinae duponchel , [ 1835 ] [ 66 spp . ] parnassiini duponchel , [ 1835 ] :

driopa korshunov , 1988 [ 8 spp . ] parnassius ( driopa ) ariadne lederer , 1853 - clarius eversmann , 1843 * parnassius ( driopa ) clodius ménétriés , 1855 parnassius ( driopa ) eversmanni ménétriés , 1855 - felderi bremer , 1861 * - litoreus stichel , 1907 * parnassius ( driopa ) glacialis butler , 1866 * - sulphurus antram , 1924 * parnassius ( driopa ) mnemosyne ( linnaeus , 1758 ) parnassius ( driopa ) nordmanni [ ménétriés ] , 1850 parnassius ( driopa ) orleans oberthür , 1890 parnassius ( driopa ) stubbendorfii ménétriés , 1849 - hoenei schweitzer , 1912 *

parnassius latreille , 1804 [ 13 spp . ] parnassius ( parnassius ) actius ( eversmann , 1843 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) apollo ( linnaeus , 1758 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) apollonius ( eversmann , 1847 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) bremeri bremer , 1864 parnassius ( parnassius ) dongalaicus tytler , 1926 * - rikihiroi kawasaki , 1995 * parnassius ( parnassius ) epaphus oberthür , 1879 parnassius ( parnassius ) honrathi staudinger , 1882 parnassius ( parnassius ) jacquemontii boisduval , 1836 parnassius ( parnassius ) nomion fischer de waldheim , 1823 parnassius ( parnassius ) phoebus ( fabricius , 1793 ) * - ruckbeili deckert , 1909 * parnassius ( parnassius ) sacerdos stichel , 1906 * parnassius ( parnassius ) smintheus doubleday , 1847 * - behrii edwards , 1870 * parnassius ( parnassius ) tianschanicus oberthür , 1879

leptocircini kirby , 1896 [ = lampropterini bryk , 1929 ; [ = graphiini talbot , 1939 ] * [ 144 spp . ]

mimoides brown , 1991 [ 11 spp . ] mimoides ariarathes ( esper , 1788 ) mimoides euryleon ( hewitson , [ 1856 ] ) mimoides ilus ( fabricius , 1793 ) - belesis ( bates , 1864 ) * - branchus ( doubleday , 1846 ) * mimoides lysithous ( hübner , [ 1821 ] ) - eupatorion ( lucas , 1857 ) * - harrisianus ( swainson , 1822 ) * - oedipus ( felder , 1865 ) * - rurik ( eschscholtz , 1821 ) * - sebastianus ( oberthür , 1880 ) * mimoides microdamas ( burmeister , 1878 ) mimoides pausanias ( hewitson , 1852 ) mimoides phaon ( boisduval , 1836 ) - hipparchus ( staudinger , 1884 ) * mimoides protodamas ( godart , 1819 ) mimoides thymbraeus ( boisduval , 1836 ) mimoides xeniades ( hewitson , 1867 ) * - chibcha ( fassl , 1912 ) * - harmodius ( doubleday , 1846 ) * mimoides xynias ( hewitson , 1875 ) - trapeza ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) *

protesilaus swainson , [ 1832 ] [ 11 spp . ] protesilaus aguiari ( d ' almeida , 1937 ) protesilaus earis ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protesilaus glaucolaus ( bates , 1864 ) protesilaus helios ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) protesilaus leucosilaus ( zikán , 1937 ) * protesilaus macrosilaus ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * - penthesilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * protesilaus molops ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) - hetaerius ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protesilaus orthosilaus ( weymer , 1899 ) protesilaus protesilaus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - archesilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * - embrikstrandi ( d ' almeida , 1936 ) * - nigricornis ( staudinger , 1884 ) * - pseudosilaus ( zikan , 1937 ) * - travassosi ( d ' almeida , 1938 ) * protesilaus stenodesmus ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) protesilaus telesilaus ( felder & felder , 1864 )

protographium munroe , [ 1961 ] [ 14 spp . ] protographium agesilaus ( guérin & percheron , 1835 ) - autosilaus ( bates , 1861 ) * - neosilaus ( hopffer , 1865 ) * - oberthueri ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protographium anaxilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * - arcesilaus ( lucas , 1852 ) * protographium asius ( fabricius , 1781 ) protographium calliste ( bates , 1864 ) protographium celadon ( lucas , 1852 ) protographium dioxippus ( hewitson , [ 1856 ] ) - lacandones ( bates , 1864 ) * protographium epidaus ( doubleday , 1846 ) protographium leosthenes ( doubleday , 1846 ) protographium leucaspis ( godart , 1819 ) protographium marcellinus ( doubleday , [ 1845 ] ) protographium marcellus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) protographium philolaus ( boisduval , 1836 ) - oberthueri ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * - xanticles ( bates , 1863 ) * protographium thyastes ( drury , 1782 ) - marchandii ( boisduval , 1836 ) * protographium zonaria ( butler , 1869 )

battus scopoli , 1777 [ 12 spp . ] battus belus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus chalceus ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * - ingenuus ( dyar , 1907 ) * battus crassus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus devilliersii ( godart , 1823 ) battus eracon ( godman & salvin , 1897 ) battus laodamas ( felder & felder , 1859 ) battus lycidas ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus madyes ( doubleday , 1846 ) - philetas ( hewitson , 1869 ) * battus philenor ( linnaues , 1771 ) battus polydamas ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - archidamas ( boisduval , 1836 ) * - psittacus ( molina , 1782 ) * - streckerianus ( honrath , 1884 ) * battus polystictus ( butler , 1874 ) battus zetides munroe , 1971 - zetes ( westwood , 1847 ) *

cressida swainson , 1832 [ 1 sp . ] cressida cressida ( fabricius , 1775 )

euryades felder & felder , 1864 [ 2 spp . ] euryades corethrus ( boisduval , 1836 ) euryades duponchelii ( lucas , 1836 )

losaria moore , [ 1902 ] [ 4 spp . ] losaria coon ( fabricius , 1793 ) losaria neptunus ( guérin - méneville , 1840 ) losaria palu ( martin , 1912 ) * losaria rhodifer ( butler , 1876 )

ornithoptera boisduval , [ 1832 ] [ 12 spp . ] ornithoptera aesacus ( ney , 1903 ) * ornithoptera alexandrae ( rothschild , 1907 ) ornithoptera chimaera ( rothschild , 1904 ) ornithoptera croesus wallace , 1859 * ornithoptera goliath oberthür , 1888 ornithoptera meridionalis ( rothschild , 1897 ) ornithoptera paradisea staudinger , 1893 ornithoptera priamus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - akakeae kobayashi & koiwaya , 1978 * - allotei ( rothschild , 1914 ) * - euphorion ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * ornithoptera richmondia ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * ornithoptera rothschildi kenrick , 1911 - akakeae kobayashi & koiwaya , 1978 * ornithoptera tithonus de haan , 1840 ornithoptera victoriae ( gray , 1856 ) - allotei ( rothschild , 1914 ) *

pharmacophagus haase , 1892 [ 1 sp . ] pharmacophagus antenor ( drury , 1773 )

trogonoptera rippon , [ 1890 ] [ 2 spp . ] trogonoptera brookiana ( wallace , 1855 ) trogonoptera trojana ( honrath , 1886 )

meandrusa moore , 1888 [ 3 spp . ] meandrusa payeni ( boisduval , 1836 ) meandrusa sciron ( leech , 1890 ) * - hercules ( blanchard , 1871 ) * meandrusa lachinus ( fruhstorfer , 1902 ) * - gyas ( westwood , 1841 ) *

abderus [ papilio ( pterourus ) ] : generally seen as conspecific with p . garamas ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but sometimes also treated as a distinct species ( collins & morris 1985 : 87 , hancock 1983 , llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 ) .

acco [ parnassius ( tadumia ) ] : is treated here to include baileyi south , przewalskii alpheraky , and all related taxa some of which at times have been regarded as distinct species ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , chou 1994 , collins & morris 1985 , munroe 1961 ) ; the view of a single species has been accepted by most recent authors based on the allopatric occurence of the different taxa concerned ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , rose 2000 , shinkai 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 ) .

adamas [ pachliopta ] : previously regarded as conspecific with p . aristolochiae ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species by page & treadaway ( 1995 ) .

aesacus [ ornithoptera ] : generally regarded as a separate species ( e . g , collins & morris 1985 : 83 , hancock 1983 , hancock & orr 1997 , munroe 1961 , otani & kimura 1998 , von knötgen 1997 ) , but also considered as conspecific with o . priamus by parsons ( 1996 ) .

aethiops [ papilio ( druryia ) microps ] : formerly in general use as the species name ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , d ' abrera 1980 , munroe 1961 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1983 ) ; aethiopsis hancock , 1983 has been proposed as an objective replacement name ( see below ) , but microps storace , 1952 is also seen as a conspecific taxon and hence available as species name ( ackery et al . 1995 : 152 ) .

aethiopsis [ papilio ( druryia ) microps ] : proposed as an objective replacement name for p . aethiops rothschild & jordan , 1905 , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 : 38 ) ; at species level , however , microps storace , 1952 is already available as a valid name ( see below ) .

aglaope [ parides panthonus ] : previously treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 70 , d ' almeida 1966 , and hancock 1983 : 47 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . panthonus by lamas ( pers . com . ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 28 ) .

akakeae [ ornithoptera priamus / rothschildi ] : originally described as a separate species , but now regarded as an interspecific hybrid between o . priamus and o . rothschildi ( otani & kimura 1998 : 101 ) .

alcindor [ papilio ( menelaides ) polytes ] : generally held to be conspecific with p . polytes ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1982 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) but recently elevated to species rank by fujioka et al . ( 1997 : 228 ) .

alexiares [ papilio ( pterourus ) glaucus ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 132 , hagen & scriber 1995 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but recently seen as conspecific with p . glaucus ( llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .

allotei [ ornithoptera priamus / victoriae ] : originally described and subsequently often listed as a separate species ( e . g . , munroe 1961 ) , it is now recognized as an interspecific hybrid between o . priamus and o . victoriae ( collins & morris 1985 : 82 , haugum & low 1978 . 1985 , otani & kimura 1998 : 99 , parsons 1999 : 225 ) .

ammosovi [ parnassius ( sachaia ) arcticus ] : originally described as a separate species but subsequently found to be a junior synonym of arcticus eisner , which first had been misplaced under p . simo ( see häuser 1993 , tuzov et al . 1997 ) .

anaxilaus [ protographium ] : the species was formerly known under the name of arcesilaus lucas which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see below ) .

andreji [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : long treated as conspecific with p . simo ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , eisner 1976 , and munroe 1961 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species by chou ( 1994 ) , sorimachi ( 1995 : 72 ) , and weiss ( 1991 ) , which has also been found sympatrically with p . simo ( koiwaya 1995 ) .

angolanus [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : in former times the species was known under the name of pylades fabricius , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see below ) .

annae [ pachliopta phlegon ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ; strandi bryk , 1930 has been proposed as an available replacement name ( see below ) .

antiphus [ pachliopta ] : until recently regarded as conspecific with p . aristolochiae ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but now recognized as a separate species by page & treadaway ( 1995 ) .

apollinaris [ archon ] : for a long time treated as a subspecies of a . apollinus ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1934 , d ' abrera 1990 , igarashi 1979 , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 ) , but now generally accepted as a distinct species based on the sympatric occurence with a . apollinus in part of its range ( carbonell 1991 , de freina 1985 , hesselbarth et al . 1995 ) .

arcas [ parides eurimedes ] : the species has long been known under this name which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; eurimedes stoll is available as a subjective replacement name ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .

arcesilaus [ protographium anaxilaus ] : previously the species has been known under this name ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , munroe 1961 ) which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 ) .

archesilaus [ protesilaus protesilaus ] : listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 249 ) , but now generally regarded as conspecific with p . protesilaus ( e . g . , brown 1991 , hancock 1983 : 20 , munroe 1961 , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .

archidamas [ battus polydamas ] : previously mostly treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 70 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 : 47 , möhn 1999 , racheli & pariset 1992 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with b . polydamas by lamas ( pers . com . ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 28 ) ; the oldest available name for this taxon is probably papilio psittacus molina , 1782 ( see below ) , which hitherto has been interpreted as representing a species of castniidae ( racheli & pariset , 1992 : 53 ) .

arcticus [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : originally described as a siberian subspecies of p . simo , a species which does not occur in siberia , and subsequently placed as conspecific with p . tenedius ( eisner 1969 ) ; recognized as a separate species by mrácek ( 1989 ) , and recently accepted as such ( e . g . , korshunov & gorbunov 1995 : 54 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 : 142 , and weiss 1991 ) ; includes ammosovi korshunov as a junior synonym ( see above ) .

aristeus [ papilio ( pterourus ) menatius ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1981 ) but invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 : 32 ) .

aristolochiae [ pachliopta ] : for taxa formerly included under this species , see also under p . adamas and p . antiphus ( see above ) .

aristophontes [ papilio ( princeps ) nireus ] : originally described and often regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 105 , d ' abrera 1980 , d ' abrera 1997 ) , but recently treated as conspecific with p . nireus with which it is allopatric ( ackery et al . 1995 : 153 , hancock 1984b ) .

arnoldi [ papilio ( druryia ) arnoldiana ] : this name is invalid as a junior primary homonym , and arnolidana vane - wright has been proposed as an objective replacement name for this taxon ( see below ) .

arnoldiana [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . cynorta and treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 ) , but recently regarded as a separate species by ackery et al . ( 1995 : 139 ) , and hancock ( 1989 , 1993 ) ; the taxon was previously known under the name arnoldi poulton , which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see above ) .

ascolius [ papilio ( pterourus ) zagreus ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 85 , d ' almeida 1966 : 147 , de vries 1987 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but recently treated as conspecific with p . zagreus ( racheli & pariset 1993 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .

augustus [ parnassius ( kailasius ) imperator ] : recently proposed as a separate species from p . imperator by sugisawa & kawasaki ( 1997 ) based on differences in male genitalia and wing pattern ; regarded as conspecific with p . imperator by all previous authors , e . g . , ackery ( 1975 ) , bryk ( 1935 ) , collins & morris ( 1985 ) , ohya ( 1990 ) , sorimachi ( 1995 : 166 ) , and weiss ( 1991 ) ; this view is accepted here as no truely sympatric occurence of the two taxa has yet been demonstrated .

auriger [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : several taxa in the past sometimes treated as conspecific with g . auriger are now regarded as distinct species ; see also under g . olbrechtsi , and g . schubotzi .

autosilaus [ protographium agesilaus ] : listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 256 ) , but generally regarded as conspecific with p . agesilaus ( brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , hancock 1983 , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .

bachus [ papilio ( pterourus ) zagreus ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 85 , d ' almeida 1966 : 154 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 , racheli & pariset 1993 ) , but recently treated as conspecific with p . zagreus ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .

baileyi [ parnassius ( tadumia ) acco ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . acco , later placed with rothschildianus or przewalskii ( e . g . , bryk 1935 ) , and subsequently also treated as a separate species ( e . g . , weiss 1992 ) ; more recently , however , regarded by most authors again as conspecific with p . acco ( ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , shinkai 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) .

bairdii [ papilio ( papilio ) machaon ] : previously often regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 95 , d ' almeida 1966 : 155 , hancock 1983 , miller & brown 1981 , munroe 1961 ) , but now generally treated as conspecific with p . machaon ( d ' abrera 1990 , fujioka et al . 1997 , scott 1986 , sperling 1987 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .

batjanensis [ graphium ( graphium ) stresemanni ] : described as a distinct species in the g . weiskei group , and recently accepted as a separate species by hanafusa ( 1998 ) , and müller & tennent ( 1999 ) ; since batjanensis appears to be allopatric to g . stresemanni , it is retained here provisionally under that species ; it has also been suggested to be conspecific with g . weiskei ( parsons 1999 : 245 ) .

beehri [ parnassius ( parnassius ) smintheus ] : as the other north american taxa in this group , beehri was in the past generally placed as a subspecies of p . phoebus ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , eisner 1976 , ferris 1976 , tyler et al . 1994 ) ; following the separation of nearctic taxa at species level under p . smintheus ( see below ) , it consequently has now to be placed with the latter taxon ; in a recent study , species rank has been accordet to beehri based on differences in egg morphology ( shepard & manley 1998 ) .

belesis [ mimoides ilus ] : formerly treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 49 , d ' almeida 1966 : 257 , hancock 1983 , and munroe 1961 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with m . branchus by brown ( 1991 ) , and with m . ilus by tyler et al . ( 1994 : 31 ) .

benguetanus [ papilio ( sinoprinceps ) ] : sometimes regarded as conspecific with p . xuthus ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 : 220 ; munroe 1961 ) , but mostly accepted as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , treadaway 1995 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) .

biokoensis [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of g . policenes and subsequently treated as such ( ackery et al . 1995 : 165 ) or considered conspecific with g . liponesco ( larsen 1994 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species restricted largely to central africa by smith & vane - wright ( 2001 ) .

biseriatus [ papilio ( menelaides ) helenus ] : generally treated as conspecific with p . helenus ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , fujioka et al . 1997 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but regarded as a distinct species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 98 ) following hancock ( 1983 : 37 ) .

bjorndalae [ papilio ( heraclides ) aristodemus ] : originally described and subsequently treated as a subspecies of p . aristodemus , but listed as a distinct species by d ' abrera ( 1990 : 44 ) .

boedromius [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : originally described as a separate species , but later mostly regarded as conspecific with p . simo ( e . g , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , eisner 1976 , munroe 1961 , verity 1905 - 1911 ) ; reinstated as a separate species by kreuzberg ( 1985 ) , and recently accepted as such by most authors ( e . g . , häuser 1993 , lukhtanov & lukhtanov 1994 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 , and weiss 1991 ) .

boolae [ graphium ( arisbe ) policenoides ] : originally described and subsequently listed as a separate species by munroe ( 1961 ) , it has been regarded as conspecific with g . policenoides ( ackery et al . 1995 ) , but is now established as conspecific with g . liponesco ( hancock 1986 , larsen 1994 , smith & vane - wright 2001 ) .

branchus [ mimoides ilus ] : in the past generally treated as a separate species ( e . g . , brown 1991 : 401 , collins & morris 1985 : 49 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 258 , de vries 1987 , hancock 1983 , and munroe 1961 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with m . ilus by lamas ( pers . com . ) , llorente - bousquets et al . ( 1997 ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 31 ) .

brevicauda [ papilio ( papilio ) ] : usually treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 94 , d ' abrera 1990 , hancock 1983 , layberry et al . 1998 , miller & brown 1981 , munroe 1961 , scott 1986 ) , but has also been regarded as conspecific with p . machaon ( fujioka et al . 1997 , sperling & harrison 1994 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .

bridgei [ papilio ( menelaides ) ] : this species has sometimes been regarded to also include p . erskinei ( see below ) which recently has been accepted again as a distinct species ( tennent 1999 ) ; the two taxa were introduced in the same paper , and this name has been given precedence over erskinei mathew , 1886 as the species name by parsons ( 1999 ) despite the fact that the latter name had already been given priority by racheli ( 1980 ) acting as first reviser ( see tennnet 1999 : 215 ) .

bromius [ papilio ( druryia ) chrapkowskoides ] : a name in general use for this species ( e . g . , berger 1981 , carcasson 1975 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , d ' abrera 1997 , hancock 1984b , larsen 1991 , munroe 1961 ) which has recently been recognised to be invalid as a junior primary homonym ( koçak 1983 ) ; it has been suggested that a case will be made to the iczn for the conservation of the long established name papilio bromius doubleday , 1845 ( ackery et al . 1995 : 140 ) .

brontes [ papilio ( druryia ) desmondi ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , munroe 1961 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1984b ) .

buraki [ pachliopta leytensis ] : buraki koçak , 1983 has been proposed as a replacement name for papilio phegeus hopffer , 1885 , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see below ) ; leytensis murayama , 1978 , however , is available as a subjective conspecific name ( see below ) .

canadensis [ papilio ( pterourus ) glaucus ] : generally placed as a subspecies of p . glaucus ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , d ' almeida 1966 , miller & brown 1981 , scott 1986 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species ( caterino & sperling 1999 , hagen et al . 1991 , hagen & scriber 1995 , layberry et al . 1998 ) .

carchedonius [ graphium ( arisbe ) almansor ] : originally described and subsequently treated as a distinct species ( e . g . , hancock 1983 ) , it has been regarded as conspecific with g . adamastor ( ackery et al . 1995 ) , but is recently treated as conspecific with g . almansor ( d ' abrera 1997 , larsen pers . com . , smith & vane - wright 2001 ) .

cardinal [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : for a long time regarded as a subspecies of p . delphius ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , eisner 1976 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , munroe 1961 ) , but later recognized as a distinct species which partly coexists with other members of the p . delphius group ( kreuzberg 1985 , stshetkin 1979 ) , a view which lately has been generally accepted ( e . g . , häuser 1993 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 , weiss 1992 ) .

castilhoi [ parides panthonus ] : originally described as a separate species and subsequently treated as such by collins & morris ( 1985 : 70 ) and hancock ( 1983 : 47 ) , but now seen as conspecific with p . panthonus ( lamas pers . com . , tyler et al . 1994 : 28 ) .

caucasica [ zerynthia ( allancastria ) ] : originally placed and long regarded as conspecific with z . cerisy ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bernardi 1970 , bryk 1934 ) , but now generally accepted as a separate species which coexists in part of its range with z . cerisy ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , häuser 1993 , hesselbarth et al . 1995 , kuhna 1977 , nekrutenko 1990 , and tuzov et al . 1997 : 148 ) .

chaon [ papilio ( menelaides ) nephelus ] : listed as a separate species by munroe ( 1961 ) and talbot ( 1939 ) , but now generally regarded as conspecific with p . nephelus ( collins & morris 1985 : 100 , d ' abrera 1982 , hancock 1983 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) .

carchedonius [ graphium ( arisbe ) aalmansor ] : originally described and subsequently sometimes treated as a distinct species ( e . g . , hancock 1983 ) , but mostly regarded as conspecific with g . adamastor ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1985 ) ; recently , however , seen as conspecific with g . almansor ( d ' abrera 1997 , smith & vane - wright pers . com . ) .

chibcha [ mimoides xeniades ] : originally described and subsequently listed as a separate species by d ' abrera ( 1981 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) , but now generally regarded as conspecific with m . xenidaes ( brown 1991 , hancock 1983 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .

chinensis [ luehdorfia ] : originally described and in the past often treated as conspecific with l . japonica ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , d ' abrera 1990 , rothschild 1918 ) or with l . puziloi ( e . g . , bryk 1934 , eisner 1974 ) , but now recognized as a separate species ( chou 1994 , collins & morris 1985 , fujioka et al . 1997 , hancock 1983 , igarashi & fukuda 1997 , kato 1998 , nosé 1990 , watanabe 1996 ) .

chitondensis [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . chrapkowskoides and subsequently treated as such ( hancock 1984b ) , but recently accepted as a separate species ( ackery et al . 1995 : 140 ) .

choui [ parnassius ( tadumia ) szechenyii ] : recently described as a separate species related to p . szechenyii ; as judged from the illustrations of the original description , however , it seems unlikely to be specifically distinct .

chrapkowskii [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described and now again mostly treated as a separate species ( ackery et al . 1995 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1997 , hancock 1983 , hancock 1993 , kielland 1990 ) , but sometimes in the past also regarded as conspecific with p . chrapkowskoides ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , d ' abrera 1980 , larsen 1991 ) .

chrapkowskoides [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : this species has long been know under the name of bromius doubleday , 1845 ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , hancock 1984b , munroe 1961 ) , which however is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; chrapkowskoides storace , 1952 is available as a subjective replacement name at the species level ( hancock 1993 ) and an objective replacement name has been proposed by koçak ( 1983 ) , but it has been suggested that a case will be made to the iczn for the conservation of the long established name papilio bromius doubleday , 1845 ( ackery et al . 1995 : 140 ) .

chungianus [ graphium ( pazala ) timur ] : treated as a separate species by shirozu ( 1992 ) , but otherwise seen as conspecific with g . alebion ( d ' abrera 1982 : 108 ) or with g . timur ( koiwaya 1993 ) .

cinyras [ papilio ( heraclides ) thoas ] : mostly seen as conspecific with p . thoas ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , munroe 1961 , racheli & pariset 1993 : 436 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but treated as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 89 ) , and hancock ( 1983 ) .

clarius [ parnassius ( driopa ) ariadne ] : the species has in the past often been referred to under this name ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , eisner 1974 ) which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym .

cleotas [ papilio ( pterourus ) menatius ] : previously treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 86 , d ' almeida 1966 , de vries 1987 , hancock 1983 ) , but now seen as conspecific with p . menatius by tyler et al . ( 1994 ) .

codrus [ graphium ( graphium ) ] : this species is seen by some authors to include g . empedovana ( d ' abrera 1982 : 96 , parsons 1999 : 251 ) , which is treated here as a separate species ( see below ) .

coelus [ parides vercingetorix ] : in the previous literature the species was known under this name ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 ) which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; vercingetorix oberthür is available as a subjective replacement name ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .

coloro [ papilio ( papilio ) polyxenes ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 : 95 ) or placed with p . zelicaon ( d ' almeida 1966 : 243 , miller & brown 1981 ) , but now regarded as conspecific with p . polyxenes ( fujioka et al . 1997 , sperling 1987 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .

columbus [ eurytides serville ] : listed as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 51 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 : 259 ) , hancock ( 1983 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with e . serville ( lamas , pers . com . , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .

cretica [ zerynthia ( allancastria ) ] : originally described and often still regarded as conspecific with z . cerisy ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1934 , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , and tolman & lewington 1997 ) ; more recently , it has been accepted as a separate species based on constant differences of adults and early stages by several authors ( carbonell 1996b , de prins & iversen 1996 , olivier 1993 ) .

croesus [ ornithoptera ] : generally accepted as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 83 , hancock & orr 1997 , munroe 1961 , otani & kimura 1998 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 : 240 , von knötgen 1997 ) , but recently considered as conspecific with o . priamus by parsons ( 1996 , 1999 : 226 ) .

cyproeofila [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : previously this species was generally referred to as p . zenobius godart ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , collins & morris 1985 : 107 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , which , however , appears to be not an available name but an unjustified emendation of p . zenobia fabricus ( hancock 1988b : 297 ) . in almost all the previous literature ( see above ) , this name has been misspelled as " cypraeofila " resulting from an incorrect transliteration of the symbol "  " used in the original description .

delphius [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : for taxa formerly treated as conspecific with p . delphius , see also under p . acdestis , p . cardinal , p . maximinus , p . staudingeri , p . stenosemus , and p . stoliczkanus .

diodorus [ parides bunichus ] : has sometimes been treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 68 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 : 47 ) , but mostly regarded as conspecific with p . bunichus ( lamas pers . com . , rothschild & jordan 1906 , tyler et al . 1994 : 28 ) .

doddsi [ papilio ( achillides ) dialis ] : generally treated as concpecific with p . dialis ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1982 : 51 ) , but recently elevated to species rank by bauer & frankenbach ( 1998 ) , and gu ( 1997 ) .

dohertyi [ troides rhadamantus ] : treated as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 79 ) , d ' abrera ( 1982 ) , and tsukada & nishiyama ( 1982 : 232 ) , but regarded as conspecific with t . rhadamantus by hancock ( 1983 ) , haugum & low ( 1978 - 1985 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) .

dongalaicus [ parnassius ( parnassius ) epaphus ] : originally described as a separate species , but subsequently regarded as conspecific with p . epaphus ( bryk 1935 ) ; recently , again , it has been recognized as a separate species and as conspecific with rikihiroi kawasaki , 1995 ( see below ) based on the sympatric occurence with p . epaphus ( sorimachi 1995 , sugisawa 1996 ) .

dospassosi [ papilio ( heraclides ) chiansiades ] : originally described and subsequently regarded as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 : 90 , hancock 1983 ) , but recently placed as conspecific with p . chiansiades ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .

drucei [ parides anchises ] : previusly often treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 70 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 : 47 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . anchises ( tyler et al . 1994 : 29 ) .

earis [ protesilaus ] : originally described and generally recognized as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 48 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 268 , hancock 1983 , and munroe 1961 ) , but regarded as conspecific with p . telesilaus by brown ( 1991 ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 30 ) ; recently the species status has been reaffirmed by bollino & vitale ( 1999 ) based on constant differences in male genitalia between the two taxa .

embrikstrandi [ protesilaus protesilaus ] : originally described and subsequently listed as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 48 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 : 268 ) , hancock ( 1983 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . protesilaus ( brown 1991 , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .

empedovana [ graphium ( graphium ) ] : generally treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , corbet & pendlebury 1992 , saigusa et al . 1982 , treadaway 1995 , and tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but regarded as conspecific with g . codrus by d ' abrera ( 1982 : 96 ) and parsons ( 1999 : 251 ) .

erlaces [ parides erithalion ] : previously treated as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 70 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 ) , and hancock ( 1983 : 47 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . erithalion ( lamas pers . com . , tyler et al . 1994 : 29 ) .

erostratinus [ papilio ( heraclides ) erostratus ] : originally described and subsequently treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 90 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 172 , hancock 1983 ) , but now seen as conspecific with p . erostratus ( llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .

erskinei [ papilio ( menelaides ) ] : originally described and subsequently treated as a distinct species ( bryk 1930 , munroe 1961 ) , it was later placed as conspecific with p . bridgei ( collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , parsons 1999 , racheli 1980 ) , but recently has been accepted again as a separate species ( tennent 1999 ) .

esperanza [ papilio ( pterourus ) ] : this species has been classified in the subgenus heraclides by collins & morris ( 1985 ) , and hancock ( 1983 ) , but it is recently included in the subgenus pterourus by tyler et al . ( 1994 ) .

eupatorion [ mimoides lysithous ] : generally regarded as conspecific with m . lysithous ( e . g . , brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 : 49 - 50 , d ' abrera 1981 : 69 , and tyler et al . 1994 : 31 ) , but previously listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 269 ) .

euphorion [ ornithoptera priamus ] : often accepted as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 83 , hancock 1983 , hancock & orr 1997 , nielsen et al . 1996 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with o . priamus by braby ( 2000 ) , munroe ( 1961 ) , otani & kimura ( 1998 ) , parsons ( 1996 ) , and von knötgen ( 1997 ) .

euphratoides [ graphium ( pathysa ) ] : in the past generally not treated as a distinct species ( collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) and placed with either g . euphrates ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 ) or with g . decolor ( e . g , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 : 413 ) ; elevated to species rank by page ( 1987 ) , and accepted as a species by treadaway ( 1995 ) ; further clarification by additional comparative studies is apparently hindered by the taxon becoming exceedingly rare due to habitat destruction ( page 1987 : 235 ) .

feisthamelii [ iphiclides podalirius ] : recently treated as a separate species by fernandez - rubio ( 1991 ) , tennent ( 1996 ) , and wohlfahrt ( 1996 , 1998 ) but generally regarded as conspecific with i . podalirius ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , de prins & iversen 1996 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 , tolman & lewington 1997 ) .

felderi [ parnassius ( driopa ) ] : until recently mostly treated as conspecific with p . eversmanni ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , eisner 1974 , fujioka et al . 1997 , iwamoto & inomata 1988 , and sorimachi 1995 : 173 ) , but regarded as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 ) , korshunov & gorbunov ( 1995 : 52 ) , tuzov et al . ( 1997 : 138 ) , and weiss ( 1999 ) . unpublished results of genetic studies ( zakharov in prep . ) confirm the conspecifity of p . eversmanni and the taxa felderi and litoreus .

fernandus [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . cypraeofila and subsequently treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , hancock 1983 ) , but recently regarded as a separate species by ackery et al . ( 1995 : 149 ) , and hancock ( 1988b , 1993 ) .

filaprae [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . cypraeofila and subsequently treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , by collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , hancock 1983 ) , it recently has been regarded as a separate species by ackery et al . ( 1995 : 149 ) , and hancock ( 1988b , 1993 ) .

flavisparsus [ graphium ( arisbe ) illyris ] : originally described and generally placed as conspecific with g . illyris ( e . g . , ackery et al . 1995 , smith & vane - wright 2001 ) , but recently regarded as a distinct species by d ' abrera ( 1997 ) .

furvus [ papilio ( druryia ) chrapkowskoides ] : orginally described as a subspecies of p . bromius [ = p . chrapkowskoides ] and subsequently treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , ackery et al . 1995 , bryk 1930 , hancock 1984b ) , but recently elevated to species rank by wojtusiak & pyrcz ( 1997 ) based on differences in male genitalia ; the name furvus joicey & talbot , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym , and nerminae koçak , 1983 , has been proposed as an objective replacement name ( see below ) .

goodenovi [ graphium ( graphium ) weiskei ] : orginally described as a subspecies of g . weiskei based on a single specimen , it has been suggested to be specifically distinct from that species by parsons ( 1999 : 250 ) on the basis of notable differences in male genitalia .

gothica [ papilio ( papilio ) polyxenes ] : originally described as a separate species , and later treated as conspecific with p . nitra ( hancock 1983 : 35 ) or with p . zelicaon ( collins & morris 1985 , miller & brown 1981 , scott 1986 ) ; also placed together with the other two taxa mentioned with p . polyxenes ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .

gyas [ meandrusa lachinus ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 , munroe 1961 , talbot 1939 , rothschild 1895 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ; lachinus fruhstorfer is available as a subjective replacement name for this taxon ( see below ) .

harmodius [ mimoides xeniades ] : the name harmodius has long been in use for this species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) but it is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( brown 1991 ) .

harrisianus [ mimoides lysithous ] : generally regarded as conspecific with m . lysithous ( e . g . , brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 : 50 , d ' abrera 1981 : 69 , and tyler et al . 1994 : 31 ) , but has previously been listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 277 ) .

hector [ pachliopta ] : this species has been transfered to the ( sub ) genus pharmacophagus by hancock ( 1988a ) , which , however , has not been followed by other authors .

hercules [ meandrusa sciron ] : this name has previously been in use for this taxon ( e . g . , rothschild 1895 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 : 366 ) but it is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; sciron leech is available as a subjective replacement name ( see below ) .

heringi [ papilio ( menelaides ) fuscus / tydeus ] : previously listed as a distinct species ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , collins & morris 1985 , racheli & haugum 1983 ) , it is now regarded as an interspecific hybrid between p . fuscus and p . tydeus ( hancock 1983 : 38 , tennent 1999 ) .

hermeli [ papilio ( achillides ) ] : a recently described species from mindoro island , philippines , closely related to p . chikae , and accepted as a separate species by bauer & frankenbach ( 1998 ) , shimogori ( 1997 ) , and treadaway ( 1995 ) .

hermosanus [ papilio ( achillides ) paris ] : generally treated as a subspecies of p . paris , but considered as a separate species by shirozu ( 1992 ) .

hetaerius [ protesilaus molops ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . molops and treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but previously listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 279 ) , and placed as conspecific with p . macrosilaus by hancock ( 1983 : 20 ) .

hide [ parnassius ( koramius ) patricius ] : first described and subsequently treated as a separate species ( e . g . , chou 1994 , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) ; here , regarded as conspecific with p . patricius with which it is closely related and from which it is geographically separated .

hipparchus [ mimoides phaon ] : generally regarded as conspecific with m . phaon ( e . g , brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 , tyler et al . 1994 : 31 ) , but listed as a separate species by d ' abrera ( 1981 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 : 280 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) .

hippocrates [ papilio ( papilio ) machaon ] : generally regarded as conspecific with p . machaon ( bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1990 , fujioka et al . 1997 ) , but also treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 94 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) .

hoenei [ parnassius ( driopa ) stubbendorfii ] : generally regarded as conspecific with p . stubbendorfii based on its allopatric occurence ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , eisner 1974 , fujioka et al . 1997 , and hancock 1983 ) , but treated as a separate species by fukuda et al . ( 1982 ) , kitahara ( 1990 ) , korzhunov & gorbunov ( 1995 : 51 ) , and sorimachi ( 1995 : 128 ) .

huberi [ parnassius ( tadumia ) schultei ] : recently described as a distinct species closely related to p . acco and p . schultei ; in judging from the original description ( paulus 1999 ) , the taxon resembles more closely p . schultei with which it is allopatric and treated here as conspecific .

hunnyngtoni [ parnassius ( tadumia ) ] : in the past often treated as conspecific with p . acco ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 ) , but now generally accepted as a separate species which is morphologically and ecologically quite distinct from p . acco ( bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , häuser 1993 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1991 ) .

imperiatrix [ teinopalpus imperialis ] : regarded as conspecific with t . imperialis by most authors ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 , eisner 1974 , talbot 1939 , turlin 1991 ) , but recently treated as a distinct species based on sympatric occurence with t . imperialis by gaonkar ( in prep . ) .

incertus [ graphium ( pazala ) ] : originally described and subsequently treated as conspecific with g . tamerlanus ( e . g . , bryk 1930 ) , but recently regarded as a separate species by chou ( 1994 ) , and koiwaya ( 1993 ) who noticed differences in male genitalia .

ingenuus [ battus chalceus ] : depending on the identity of the type specimen of chalceus rothschild & jordan , 1906 ( see above ) this might represent the valid name for this species , which has already been used by some authors ( llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 , möhn 1999 , racheli & pariset 1992 ) .

interjecta [ papilio ( druryia ) interjectana ] : previously in general use as the species name ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , hancock 1984b , 1993 , larsen 1991 ) , which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; interjectana vane - wright , 1995 has been proposed as an objective replacement name ( see below ) .

interjectana [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : this name has been proposed as an objective replacement for interjecta van someren , 1960 , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( ackery et al . 1995 : 150 ) .

joanae [ papilio ( papilio ) machaon ] : previously often treated as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 : 95 , hancock 1983 , miller & brown 1981 , sperling 1987 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . machaon ( fujioka et al . 1997 , sperling & harrison 1994 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .

kahli [ papilio ( papilio ) polyxenes ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 : 95 , hancock 1983 , miller & brown 1981 ) , placed with p . nitra ( d ' almeida 1966 : 203 ) , now presumed to represent a hybrid between p . machaon and p . polyxenes ( layberry et al . 1998 , sperling 1987 ) , or treated as conspecific with p . polyxenes ( fujioka et al . 1997 , scott 1986 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .

kigoma [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of g . almansor and subsequently also placed with g . poggianus ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1985 ) , it has recently been accepted as a separate species due to constant differences in male genitalia and wing pattern by smith & vane - wright ( 2001 ) .

kiritshenkoi [ parnassius ( koramius ) staudingeri ] : generally treated as conspecific with p . delphius ( ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 ) or p . staudingeri ( sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) ; recently listed as a separate species by tuzov et al . ( 1997 : 139 ) based on a sympatric occurence with p . staudingeri .

kosii [ graphium ( graphium ) weiskei ] : recently described as a separate species from new ireland related to g . weiskei ( müller & tennent 1999 ) ; despite differences in wing pattern and male genitalia it is provisionally retained here under g . weiskei due to its allopatric distribution .

kotzebuea [ pachliopta ] : previously often regarded as concpecific with p . aristolochiae ( e . g . , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but more recently accepted as a separate species following the study by hiura & alagar ( 1971 ) , e . g . , by collins & morris ( 1985 ) , treadaway ( 1995 ) , and tsukada & nishiyama ( 1982 ) ; according to page & treadaway ( 1995 : 148 ) , this philippine species might be more closely related to p . polyphontes from sulawesi .

labeyriei [ parnassius ( tadumia ) maharaja ] : first described as a separate species and treated as such by chou ( 1994 ) and weiss ( 1992 ) , it is now regarded as conspecific with p . maharaja ( d ' abrera 1990 , häuser 1993 , ohya 1993 , sorimachi 1995 ) .

lacandones [ protographium dioxippus ] : previously treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' almeida 1966 , de vries 1987 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) but recently regarded as conspecific with p . dioxippus by brown ( 1991 ) , llorente - bousquets et al . ( 1997 ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 30 ) .

lachinus [ meandrusa ] : often treated as conspecific with m . sciron ( chou 1994 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1982 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but regarded as a distinct species by several authors ( corbet & pendlebury 1987 : 87 , rothschild 1895 , talbot 1939 ) ; this taxon appeared previously in the literature under the name of gyas westwood , which however is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see above ) .

leptocircini [ papilioninae ] : for the availability and correct usage of the tribal name , see smith & vane - wright ( 2001 : 506 - 508 ) .

leucosilaus [ protesilaus ] : previously regarded as conspecific with p . molops by collins & morris ( 1985 ) and hancock ( 1983 : 20 ) , but treated as a separate species by brown ( 1991 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 : 283 ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 ) .