trioceros melleri , with the common names meller 's chameleon and giant one-horned chameleon , is the largest species of chameleon from the african mainland ( i.e. the largest of the chameleons not native to madagascar ) .

meller ' s chameleon

meller ' s chameleon <EOT> meller ' s chameleon for sale - free shipping orders 25 . 00 or more

black spots developing on a meller ' s is symptomatic of the chameleon feeling threatened .

the tongue of a meller’s chameleon can extend almost the entire length of the chameleon , sometimes being longer than 2 feet .

with proper planning , meller’s chameleons can be kept in groups . pictured are some of the author’s animals .

fischer ' s chameleon ( kinyongia fischeri ) is a species of chameleon endemic to tanzania .

karen venaas and her husband jeremy work with several other chameleon species in addition to meller’s , including veiled , panther , oustalet’s and jackson’s chameleons . they participate in many educational events to educate new and potential chameleon owners . follow the adventures of the chameleon farm at urltoken

how to keep a meller ' s chamaleon ( t . melleri ) | much ado about chameleons

nearly half of all chameleons live in madagascar . the meller’s chameleon is the largest chameleon not native to the island nation , and the largest chameleon living in mainland africa . meller’s chameleons inhabit the east african savannas of malawi , mozambique and tanzania . these lizards are also found in bushland trees and throughout tropical grasslands .

genera & species : within the two subfamilies are nine genera and 171 species . a few examples — calumma parsonii ( parson’s chameleon ) , furcifer oustaleti ( oustalet ' s chameleon ) , brookesia minima ( pygmy leaf chameleon ) , chameleo jacksonii ( jackson’s chameleon )

mueller , jennifer . " facts about meller ' s chameleons " accessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken

meller’s chameleon the meller’s chameleon can be found naturally in east africa . they can be over 24 inches in length and can live up to 12 years . they require a daytime temperature around 80 * f and a 70 % humidity level . they are aggressive and are not a good choice if it is your first chameleon .

meller’s chameleon – a large animal family of lizards . it lives mainly on the east african territories . meller’s chameleon is famous for the largest size among the other members of his clan . length of body may exceed fifty centimeters . males are slightly larger for females . in the wild chameleon meller can be found in small colonies . these social animals usually hide in the branches of tall trees .

according to international union for conservation of nature ' s red list of threatened species , many species of chameleon are endangered . some species that are considered in danger of extinction are the tiger chameleon , elandsberg dwarf chameleon , namoroka leaf chameleon and the decary ' s leaf chameleon .

the carnivorous meller’s chameleon is solitary by nature and a fairly slow - moving lizard , so it doesn’t chase after its prey . rather , the chameleon hides itself in the foliage , waiting to ambush its prey . when an unsuspecting insect or small bird moves within the meller’s chameleon ' s target range , it shoots out its tongue , which can be up to 20 inches long , captures the animal and eats it . other smaller lizards may also be targeted by meller’s chameleons .

meller’s chameleons often arrive to their final destination dehydrated and stressed , but with proper care they can thrive for years .

the meller ' s cham is just spectacular - - thanks guys ! arrived right on time and packed really well .

) and i realized i ' d never really done a caresheet about them ! so here it is , my version of how to keep a meller ' s chameleon .

i saw several beautiful adult meller’s chameleons at a recent herp show , but experienced herpers talked me out of buying one . why ?

the meller ' s chameleon is the largest of the chameleons not native to madagascar . their stout bodies can grow to be up to two feet long and weigh more than a pound .

when you buy a meller ' s chameleon from us , you receive our 100 % ironclad live arrival guarantee . please read the details of our guarantee before ordering . we also encourage you to read our popular

if a female meller’s chameleon has indicated she is receptive to the male’s advances , they may mate several times over a period of days . females can store sperm from a mating for several months , enabling them to lay several clutches of eggs during the year from a single encounter . most clutches have between 50 and 90 eggs . the female buries the eggs in a hole in the ground , covers them and leaves . after four or five months the young meller’s chameleons hatch from their eggs to fend for themselves . adult meller’s chameleons neither guide nor protect the hatchlings .

avoiding veterinary care and medical treatment may cost the chameleon it ' s life , which will certainly cost the owner their original investment in purchasing the chameleon . here are some suggestions for safeguarding the health and longevity of a newly imported chameleon :

the largest chameleon is the parson’s chameleon , according to encyclopedia britannica . it can grow up to 27 inches ( 69 . 5 centimeters ) long . the madagascan , also known as the oustalet ' s chameleon , is also very large and grows up to 23 inches ( 60 cm ) long .

meller ' s distinguish themselves from their universally bizarre - looking cousins with a single small horn protruding from the front of their snouts . this and their size earn them the common name " giant one - horned chameleon . "

most chameleons have casques or crests on their heads , the size and shape of which varies by species . the meller’s chameleon has a pair of “occipital lobes , ” or ear flaps , that can flare up like an elephant’s ears . they raise these flaps during courtship and threat displays .

meller ' s chameleons are also called " giant one - horned chameleons " because of their large size and the small horn protruding from the front of their snouts .

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eventually , a couple of the females began to lay eggs . they were infertile , but we believed that we might soon be among the lucky few to get viable meller’s chameleon eggs , resulting in some captive - bred babies . then one morning the unthinkable happened . a seemingly healthy chameleon died suddenly , without warning . it was one that we had for a couple years , long past the 90 - day curse that is sometimes unfortunately associated with meller’s chameleons .

incredible chameleon facts for kids including chameleon diet , habitat , reproduction , and its behavior . chameleons belong to the family of chamaeleo… | pinteres…

the island of madagascar is home to around 50 percent of the world’s chameleons . one hundred fifty species of chameleon inhabit the island , which has a diverse range of habitats , including desert and rainforest . most of the island’s chameleons are forest floor dwellers , as opposed to arboreal . since the chameleon is incapable of flight , madagascar’s native chameleons are physically isolated from the rest of the world’s chameleon population . this means that they have evolved independently from other species .

while adult meller’s chameleons ( chamaeleo melleri ) are beautiful , they are more difficult to maintain than some of the other species of chameleons that are more hardy and easier to keep .

meller’s chameleons should be kept in a quality screened cage like the reptibreeze aluminum - framed one pictured below . please do not keep your chameleon in a glass - sided cage , as they do not provide enough ventilation , which can lead to respiratory issues .

other types of chameleon will usually not decline if not provided with proper humidity and fresh water continually for a few days ( not that this is ever recommended ) , but it doesn’t take long for a meller’s to go downhill if the owner doesn’t stay on top of this all the time . this is probably the main reason why your herper friends tried to dissuade you from purchasing a meller’s . i’m glad you listened , as there are many other types of chameleon that don’t have such specific and difficult to maintain requirements .

10 . the american chameleon is not actually a chameleon . the american chameleon , or anole ( anolis carolinensis ) , is not a true chameleon , but a small lizard of the iguana family . it is found in the se united states and is noted for its colour changes . [ source ]

due to this amount of water , meller ' s require pretty heavy - duty drainage . so a little free - range in one corner of your bedroom isn ' t going to be enough ! you might be looking at gallons of water daily that you ' ll need to account for . so make sure that you invest in drainage when you are setting up a meller ' s cage .

mueller , jennifer . " facts about meller ' s chameleons . " animals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / mellers - chameleons - 4461 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .

the chameleon stops eating ( anorexia ) for more than 2 - 3 days .

fischer’s chameleon the fischer’s chameleon can be found in kenya and tanzania . these moderately sized lizards can grow to be 15 inches long and live up to 3 years . a daytime temperature about 75 * f and a relative humidity around 75 to 85 % . with experienced care these chameleons can do well .

mueller , jennifer . ( n . d . ) . facts about meller ' s chameleons . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / mellers - chameleons - 4461 . html

quarantine the new chameleon until diagnostic tests are completed and any health problems are treated and cured . do not allow contact between the new chameleon and any other chameleons in your collection during quarantine , including mating . disinfect your hands , food bowls and any utensils that come in contact with the quarantined chameleon . do not recycle uneaten food from the quarantined chameleon ' s enclosure to another chameleon . do not house more than one chameleon in a cage during quarantine . ( for information on quarantine and infection control , review the article in cin issue no . 16 . )

oustalet’s chameleon the oustalet’s chameleons can be found naturally in madagascar . they are large reptiles that can grow up to 30 inches long and can live up to 12 years . provide a daytime temperature around 80 * f and a relative humidity of 70 % . these lizards can be good pets if you want a larger chameleon .

this very interesting creatures resembles a parson’s chameleon and is believed to be the largest chameleon in madagascar . they require a humidity of 70 % and temperature of 75 * f . these aren’t as common as pets but they can do fine in captivity .

named after ”dr . meller” who is mentioned by gray in the section about the “habitat” ( = locality ) of this species without further comment .

( c ) 1999 , ardi abate , chameleon information network . copies of this article may be reprinted from this website by permission of the author and the chameleon information network .

: because meller’s newborns are big , relative to other chameleon species , they progress to eating large prey quickly . hatchlings begin with small insects , flies , bugs , and worms . as adults they consume locusts , cockroaches , spiders , small lizards , and hatchling birds : anything that moves and is the right size . this lizard is also known as “the bird eating chameleon” . they are carnivorous .

oustalet’s start at about 3 inches long but can reach 27 inches or larger .

crickets and dubia roaches are the most commonly available prey items that are appropriate for meller’s chameleons , and most keepers will feed these . the insects should be gut loaded , meaning they should be fed healthy greens , fruits and grains prior to being offered to your chameleon , so those nutrients can be passed on to your pet .

the indian chameleon ( chamaeleo zeylanicus ) , despite its name , lives in sri lanka , parts of southern asia and india . it is typical of most lizards , in that it prefers to live in trees , rather than on the forest floor . europe’s only chameleon is the mediterranean chameleon ( chamaeleo chamaeleon ) . he lives in greece , spain , malta and italy .

the dead chameleon pictured above was one of several dead animals observed at exporters ' holding facilities .

as with all chameleons , meller ' s will change colors in response to stress and to communicate with other chameleons . their normal appearance is deep green with yellow stripes and random black spots . females are slightly smaller , but are otherwise indistinguishable from males .

observation is critical in the daily assessment of the health of wild - caught chameleons , but keep physical handling and traffic in the chameleon ' s visual range to a minimum . provide ample drinking water and ensure the chameleon is drinking . keep records of food and water consumption on a daily basis .

exotic pet enthusiasts often attempt to keep meller ' s chameleons as pets . however , they are highly susceptible to even the slightest level of stress and are very difficult to care for in captivity . in the wild , they can live as long as 12 years .

stress is always a concern . a wild - caught meller’s chameleon is already dealing with the stress of capture and importation , and continued stress will impair its immune system and lead to illness and death . many things can cause stress , including improper temperatures and lighting , inadequate housing , being able to see people or other animals , and being handled or bothered too frequently .

other chameleon species lay eggs that have an incubation period of four to 24 months , depending on species , according to the san diego zoo . the size of the chameleon predicts how many eggs she will lay . small chameleon species lay two to four eggs while larger chameleons lay 80 to 100 eggs at one time .

the adult size of the meller’s chameleon is approximately 28 inches in length , and because of their extremely large size , they require a very large habitat or perhaps an entire room . their potz is 77 to 80 degrees fahrenheit , which should be easy for a herper to provide . the biggest problem with maintaining these chameleons is that they require an ambient humidity of 95 to 100 percent , which is almost impossible to maintain without humidifiers , misters and specialized enclosures to hold the humidity . meller’s chameleons also require a constant source of fresh water from a drip system or mister and will quickly fail to thrive unless kept well hydrated on a daily basis .

: meller’s chameleon has adapted to a very specific environmental niche and cannot respond to change or move away quickly . human activity is encroaching upon its habitat , altering and degrading it . because of its large size and handsome appearance , although it is illegal to do so , the pet trade seeks out this species . however , it is extremely susceptible to stress and many do not survive being transported .

the smallest chameleon has a special distinction . it is also one of the smallest vertebrates ever discovered . the leaf chameleon grows to just 0 . 5 inches ( 16 millimeters ) and can sit comfortably on the head of a match .

she named " nosey " . this chameleon had been rescued from being euthanized in a pet store due to declining health by bianca and her friend mary ellen mcloughlin , a veterinarian . nosey ' s initial health problems were serious :

when first getting a chameleon try not to handle it too much when it is young . as it gets older , be very patient and cautious when your chameleon starts getting used to you . chameleons are very trust - oriented , so if you grab them off their branch or make surprising sudden movements while handling your chameleon you may lose his or her trust .

water is very important to chameleon growth and health . they either slurp water up using their tongues or the inhale it .

guarantee that someone very experienced with reptiles will attempt to select the specific lizard ( s ) you are requesting .

changing skin color is an important part of communication among chameleons . according to the san diego zoo , a chameleon ' s skin changes colors in response to its emotions , such as anger or fear , changes in light , temperature or humidity .

meller’s are large chameleons that can eat a great deal , and it is important to provide them with a healthy and varied diet . in the wild , they consume a variety of insects , including grasshoppers , flies , moths and beetles . some have even been known to consume small lizards and birds . you can feed pet meller’s crickets , dubia roaches , silkworms , and praying mantises , to name just a few options . these large chameleons will also enjoy larger prey items and flying insects , too—favorites of mine include mantids , dragonflies and butterflies . of course , care must be taken to ensure any prey items are not toxic and have not been in contact with pesticides .

2 . colour changing . most chameleons change from brown to green and back , but some can turn almost any colour . a change can occur in as little as 20 seconds . chameleons are born with special cells that have a colour or pigment in them . these cells lie in layers under the chameleon’s outer skin . they are called chromatophores . the top layers of chromatophores have red or yellow pigment . the lower layers have blue or white pigment . when these pigment cells change , the chameleon’s skin colour changes .

additionally , until the gender of your meller ' s is confirmed i would recommend having a laying bin available just in case , especially with fresh wc females who may be coming into the country gravid . i use a large plastic storage tote ( like in the photo above ) filled more than 12 " deep with organic topsoil mixed with sand .

water is the most critical element to keeping meller’s chameleons successfully , whether your chameleons are fresh imports or long - term captives . they should be provided with at least three 20 - minute misting sessions daily , but i provide an even longer one in the morning of about 45 minutes , as this seems to be when my chameleons drink the most .

wild - caught imported chameleons usually carry a much lower price tag than captive - raised chameleons . however , if the imported chameleon you purchase requires several courses of treatment for medical problems , the veterinarian costs may well run two to three times the original price of the chameleon .

the buyer , unaware of what may have recently transpired in the life of the brilliantly colored chameleon pacing nervously in the pet store , buys what they may believe to be a healthy animal . as proof of health , sellers routinely assure buyers that a chameleon has been deparasitized and is eating . the new owner takes their chameleon home with high expectations that it will thrive and even reproduce . under the best of conditions , a veterinarian examines the chameleon and minor health problems are treated successfully . unfortunately , even these chameleons may fail to thrive due to maladaptation .

1 . almost half of the world’s chameleon species live on the island of madagascar , with 59 different species existing nowhere outside of the island . there are approximately 160 species of chameleon . they range from africa to southern europe , and across south asia to sri lanka . they have also been introduced into the united states in places such as hawaii , california and florida . [ source 1 , source 2 ]

thanks for writing this olimpia , there isn ' t much info about meller ' s chameleons out there . do you free range your mellers , or do you keep them in an enclosure ? what size is your enclosure ( if you use one ) ? have you figured out the sex of your mellers ? i love your blog , thank you for sharing !

jackson’s chameleon in the wild , jackson’s chameleons can be found in east africa . they were also introduced to hawaii where wild specimens can now be found . they can grow to be around 13 inches long and can live up to 8 years . a daytime temperature of 75 to 80 * f and a humidity level around 65 % is required . these three horned chameleons are readily available as pets .

keeping your pet and it ' s environment clean and hygienic is important for it ' s overall health . there are some important cleaning supplies that you should always have on hand and some important factors to pay attention to when it comes to their overall grooming .

meller ' s need uvb and a basking bulb , like other chameleons . i use a reptisun 10 . 0 bulb as my uvb bulb and a 60w halogen spotlight as a heat light . this leaves my basking spot no higher than about 85f while the rest of the enclosure stays at room temperature ( 75f ) . and at night i let the temperature drop as it will , so they can cool off overnight . like all chameleon species , they thrive with a nighttime temperature drop of about 10 degrees or more .

they should not be considered lightly as a pet chameleon . they are very sensitive to stress , are usually wc , and need copious amounts of room , water , and food . so anyone who cannot meet these needs should consider a different or smaller species of chameleon to start off with first .

purchase imported chameleons from reputable sellers who offer a guarantee if you are dissatisfied with the chameleon , it is diagnosed by a veterinarian with serious health problems , or dies . ask the seller how many days you have to make a determination before the guarantee expires . remember that it may take several days to receive the results of some diagnostic tests . understanding the seller ' s guarantee is especially important if you are purchasing a chameleon by mail order .

we have hard to find meller ' s chameleons for sale . these fascinating lizards are absolutely mesmerizing , and can live for over a decade with proper care . this is one of the largest chameleons in the world , reaching lengths of around two feet long . a wonderful species that is highly sought after in the reptile world , also known as the " bird - eating chameleon . " truly a crowd - pleasing reptile that can reach monstrous sizes . when you buy a lizard from us , you automatically receive our 100 % live arrival guarantee .

whether your meller’s chameleon is in a free - range setup or in a large enclosure , uvb light is a must . exposure to uvb from either direct sunlight or a proper uvb light allows the chameleon to properly metabolize calcium in its system to keep its bones strong . there are a variety of quality uvb lights of different strengths available in pet stores and other places that sell reptile supplies . commonly used bulbs include reptisun and reptiglo 5 . 0 bulbs , though in a large and / or heavily planted free - range setup it can be beneficial to use bulbs with a higher uvb output . twelve hours on and 12 hours off is the usual light cycle , though this can be adjusted to mimic seasonal daylight hours .

below is the single clutch of panther chameleon ( f . pardalis ) eggs that i currently have incubating . this is a special clutch ( ba . . .

page before ordering . sorry , we do not ship internationally ( u . s . only ) . our delivery schedule can be found below :

many t . melleri are wild - caught specimens , meaning they can be difficult to acclimate and which has led to the nickname “the 90 - day chameleon . ”

as a hatchling , a veiled chameleon is approximately 4 inches . although an adult female can grow up to 18 inches , a male may only reach 2 feet .

these are all common questions when it comes to owning and caring for these friendly color changing reptiles . that’s why we put together this comprehensive guide !

i toured three exporter ' s facilities in madagascar in 1996 and 1997 . the conditions varied in each one , and my observations were as follows :

these are 5 - 12 months . you need to feed them on 6 - 10 crickets the size of the gap between their eyes . proper cricket sizes for a juvenile chameleon are at the low end ½ inch , 5 / 8 inch , then ¾ inch a day . if you feed your chameleon crickets that are much too large such as adult crickets , your chameleon may choke . since overfeeding can lead to the development of mbd , as the chameleon grows older you need to keep an eye on how much they eat . when offering large quantities of food , it’s very hard to manage your supplementation . by feeding them consistently and with good quantities , you are likely to help them develop strong , dense bones that can support them well . you can only do this if you regulate the quantity of food .

in 2008 i bought my first chameleon . nine years later , i still can’t stop talking about them and helping people become confident , capable chameleon owners . i ' m olimpia martinotti - follow along to learn about the care , breeding , and rehabilitation of chameleons in captivity through a biologist with almost two decades of exotic animal experience .

carpet chameleon the carpet chameleon is found in madagascar . they are a smaller species and males grow to around 9 inches long . they have a short lifespan and only live for 2 to 3 years . daytime temperatures should be around 75 * f with 65 % humidity . they are active and hardy chameleons that do well as pets .

if you want your pet to stay healthy and enjoy a long life , it’s very important to provide them with appropriate lighting . this not only makes them a lot more comfortable , but is necessary for their survival , since they don’t produce heat internally . lighting supplies that you need to have for your chameleon include :

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people who don’t have the space to provide a free - range situation , or who have cats , dogs or housemates that would make free ranging impossible , may need to provide a cage for their chameleons . i always suggest they buy or build the largest cage they can . it will likely have to be custom built , as there really aren’t any suitable ones on the market that i think would make proper enclosures for meller’s chameleons as is .

despite this loss , our love of t . melleri did not die . i did more research , learned about the benefits of free - range setups , and set out to create such an environment . once it was ready , we brought home another pair of meller’s chameleons , and a few months later , we got a couple more . we continued adding to our colony , and eventually we had a group of 14 beautiful t . melleri .

i feed each of mine a different amount of food daily . but fewer items is usually better with most chameleons , as we don ' t want them to get overweight . since most meller ' s available are adults , the amount you feed them ( usually every other day or every two days ) will depend on what they need to maintain a healthy weight . typically a small handful of feeder items every other day or every two days .

when basking , the side facing the sun will turn dark green to almost solid black . the shaded side will stay the individual ' s normal resting color .

whether you would like a female chameleon as part of a breeding project , as a pet , or both , how you take care of them will vary a litt . . .

while it does not occur in every case , the next stage seems to determine whether or not the chameleon survives . food intake often ceases and the chameleon appears depressed or nervous , and may pace the perimeter of the cage . it is at this crossroad where the chameleon either seems to accept captivity and continues life , or begins a downward spiral to death . i believe this to be the essence of maladaptation . those chameleons that simply cannot tolerate their loss of freedom coupled with human interaction , or whose health has been irreparably damaged by the rigors of being transferred into captivity simply waste away . probably the single most critical factor in maladaptation is the level of prolonged stress the chameleon has endured from the point of capture .

there is little information on this species , and nothing is known of population trends . it is widespread , but because it is a large bodied chameleon , it is probably not locally abundant .

four - horned chameleon the four - horned chameleon can be found naturally in cameroon . they live for around 5 years and can grow to be 14 inches long . they require daytime temperatures around 75 * f and a relative humidity of at least 85 % . they are attractive chameleons that tend to do well in captivity if you can provide a suitable habitat with very high humidity .

there is visible weight loss , sunken eyes , swollen eye ( s ) , general weakness , inability to perch , or eyes are closed ( sleeping ) during daylight hours .

veiled chameleon in the wild , veiled chameleons are found in yemen and saudi arabia . males can grow to be 24 inches long and they can live up to 5 years . they need daytime cage temperatures around 80 * f and a relative humidity of 70 % . veiled chameleons will eat some plant matter in addition to insects . they are popular pets and can make a good first chameleon .

a couple weeks later , it happened again , and the next three months became a nightmare . even with vet visits , tests , and various medications , our chameleons kept dying . eventually , we lost them all . after this tragedy , we didn’t know if we should try again . we were scared , but our love of t . melleri won out . we eventually brought home another pair and , slowly , we added a few more . we now have five healthy , well - acclimated meller’s chameleons .

if you will only be away for a day , your pet will not be without regular misting and food since it may be on an every other day feeding schedule . however , if you will be gone for several days or if you are keeping a baby , you need someone to come and feed your pet . this person needs to be trustworthy and not afraid of insects ! when you are going out of town , the more automated your system the better . it’s also very important to educate your secondary caretaker well about your specific chameleon ' s personality .

5 . ballistic tongues that are 1 . 5 - 2 times the length of their body . chameleons feed by ballistically projecting their long tongue from their mouth to capture prey located some distance away . while the chameleon’s tongue is typically thought to be 1 . 5 to 2 times the length of their body ( their length excluding the tail ) , it has been recently discovered that smaller chameleons have proportionately larger tongue apparatuses than their larger counterparts . tongue projection occurs at extremely high performance , reaching the prey in as little as 0 . 07 seconds , having been launched at accelerations exceeding 41 g . the chameleon tongue’s tip is a bulbous ball of muscle , and as it hits its prey it rapidly forms a small suction cup . [ source 1 , source 2 ]

they are fairly common in the savanna of east africa , including malawi , northern mozambique , and tanzania . almost one - half of the world’s chameleons live on the island of madagascar .

a number of other species ( k . matschiei , k . multituberculata , k . tavetana , k . uluguruensis , and k . vosseleri ) have been mistakenly called by this species ' name or classified as subspecies . in 2008 , it was shown that they actually are their own distinct , different species . the true fischer ' s chameleon is rare with a more restricted distribution than previously believed .

stress coloration : excitement or mild stress begins to show with dark green spotting overlaying the chameleon ' s normal coloration , as above . dark green spots turn to black . as stress builds , the spotting expands to black mottling in all stripes . low - level stress , such as a mild parasitic infection , left unalleviated over long periods , will turn the chameleon brown , pink , gray , and white mottled . as stress becomes severe , the chameleon starts to turn charcoal gray , eventually turning pure white with yellow stripes . at this point , the animal is near death from extreme stress . never buy a melleri that is gray or white . a gravid melleri is cream , gray , and black colored , with a bloated torso , and should be considered " at risk " , not a good candidate for purchase .

females are usually ready to mate when they are 1 year old . the first sign that a female chameleon is ready for breeding is her color . she will have begin to take on a dull orange hue .

when these criteria are met , you can perch a male chameleon on your hand and move it towards the female . if the female is ready you will witness a complete change of demeanor . the male chameleon will then head - bob while moving towards the female . once copulation starts , breeding can go on for several hours . you might keep them together for up to two days until the female starts rejecting the male .

your pet ' s main method of communication is through color change . this can indicate good health , stress or even reproductive condition . understanding this can greatly assist you when caring for them .

no matter what species , chameleons become mature at 1 to 2 years of age . the exception is the madagascan chameleon . it has been labeled as the vertebrate with the world ' s shortest life span , according to encyclopedia britannica . their eggs hatch in november , the young become adults in january , they lay eggs in february , and then the entire adult population perishes after a lifespan of just three months .

although it’s recommended to have live plants , if you cannot , fake plants will do the trick . live plants will not only provide better cover but will also provide good surfaces for drinking water . make sure to have enough foliage to provide a basking spot , but also have a lower portion of the cage that is shaded and much cooler . this will allow your chameleon to escape the heat and remain comfortable .

while living in the wild , chameleons have a lot to worry about . this includes getting attacked , eaten , and not getting enough of their daily necessities . that ' s why it ' s your job to ensure that your pet doesn ' t have to deal with any of these issues in your home . when chameleons are in bad shape or look hurt it often means they are suffering from psychological stress .

chameleons are different from many reptiles because some of the species , like the jackson’s chameleon , have live births . these species can give birth to eight to 30 young at one time after a gestation of four to six months . while the young are born live instead of in an egg , they started as an egg . these mothers incubate the eggs , minus a shell , inside of her body instead of laying them in a nest .

chameleons are very sensitive animals that need specialized care . without proper care , your pet chameleon can quickly become ill . the most important thing for your designated caretaker to know is what can make it ill and how to keep it comfortable .

with all but one inch of his tail amputated . this animal ' s tail had been run over by a passing car , according to a man who lived in the area where i found this chameleon . it appeared to have healed without incidence as the wound was quite old , and he was in otherwise robust condition . i also encountered two chameleons with wounds near the mouth , one of which was badly infected ; however both appeared to be in otherwise good condition .

we now had two free - range setups : one that was used as a quarantine area for new arrivals , and an expanded , room - sized living area for our existing chameleons . we even had a free - range nursery area for a couple small juveniles that we acquired . over the next couple years , we watched our gentle giants blossom . they were a friendly and inquisitive group . they welcomed visitors , as they knew we would offer them treats to show their long tongues in action . a couple of our meller’s were even calm to the point that we could bring them to educational events where we introduced the public to chameleons .

if your chameleon experiences a minor wound , keep it clean and treat it with a topical agent such as silvadene cream or my favorite , vetericyn hydrogel , which is an excellent all - purpose ointment for wounds . of course , severe injuries and infections should be looked at by a veterinarian to determine a course of treatment . parasites are the biggest concern , as a heavy parasite load can lead to decreased appetite , increased dehydration and , eventually , death . a fecal examination should be done to determine the specific parasites and the level of infestation . i prefer to wait until the chameleon is stabilized before treating parasites to avoid further stress caused by administering the medication and the effect the medication may have on an already stressed animal’s system .

weizel , d . & s . hoffmann 2004 . eigene erfahrungen bei der haltung und zucht von chamaeleo ( trioceros ) melleri ( gray , 1864 ) . chamaeleo 14 ( 1 ) : 26 - 29 . - get paper here

this can be any bulb that generates heat . since chameleons are cold blooded , they must absorb heat from their environment to regulate their body temperature . in order to digest their food well , they need a warm place to bask . basking bulbs will provide them with warmer temperatures but should not produce so much heat that your pet ' s health is interfered with . depending on your reptile ' s metabolic needs , it will utilize different temperatures throughout the day

there are many different ways to set up a free - range environment for meller’s chameleons , whether you have an entire room available or just part of a room . i use wire shelving units that are available at home improvement stores . i remove any middle shelves , leaving just a top and bottom shelf . trees ( ficus , for instance ) and other sturdy plants for the chameleons to climb upon can be placed on the bottom shelf and lights can be either on the top shelf or suspended from the ceiling above the unit . the misting nozzles can be attached to the top shelf as well , with pans positioned below to catch the water .

different species all have different standard temperaments . this is further compounded by the fact that each individual reptile will have it ' s own personality as well ! fortunately , there are some basic guidelines to follow to help keep your pet comfortable .

when it comes to keeping a chameleon as a pet , hydration is very important . it’s actually the primary factor that causes deaths when chameleons are in captivity . as compared to other pets , hydrating chameleons is rather involving . for instance , most can not take water from stagnant points . this means putting a bowl of water inside the cage is not sufficient to keep your pet hydrated . chameleons , whether pets or wild , drink water that falls from branches or leaves . this is why getting your pet chameleon to drink water is a hard task . some of these pets may slow down their daily misting consumption and this can leave them dehydrated . this can be hard to understand especially if you are misting the enclosure 3 times a day . some common hydration requirements and supplies include :

although you can feed them up to 12 crickets per day , avoid over - feeding your chameleon . some of these guys are very gluttonous and will keep eating until they are over weight and unhealthy . find out how many crickets your chameleon will eat in one sitting . use that number to either feed half that in the morning and half in the afternoon , or all in the morning . most babies between 2 - 4 months eat about 10 - 15 small crickets daily , though some can eat up to 30 . chameleons are very adaptable to their environment , so if you do not feed your pet enough when he or she is young , it will have a stunted growth . on the other hand , if you over - feed your chameleon it will mature too quickly and likely have health problems as it gets older .

giving this supplement depends on the pet’s exposure to light . if you expose it regularly , then giving the supplement is not important . however , if kept indoors then vitamin d3 is necessary . however , this should only be done once per week .

when it comes to indoor chameleons , this is one of the most important forms of lighting . although uvb cannot be seen it’s important in the manufacture of vitamin d3 . this enables your pet to absorb calcium . lack of this can lead to severe deformation , metabolic bone disease and even death . the uvb bulbs available for purchase usually only last for 6 months before they need to be replaced . you only need to have one bulb for your pet’s habitat . some of the most popular brands are :

when frightened , chameleons will puff up and hiss loudly . they will often change colors into a dark shade of grey / black . handling them too much might also increase their chances of getting sick . in case you have to handle your pet , do not pick it up , but rather place your hand and allow it to climb on it ' s own . also , you should avoid holding its back , neck , tail or feet unless it’s very important to restrain it from hurting itself further .

this is also another method of providing water especially when you have a dehydrated chameleon . just place a large plant at the top and direct the shower towards the wall so that only fine mist reaches the pet . while using this method , ensure that you carry on close supervision .

many people think chameleons change colour to blend in with their surroundings . scientists disagree . their studies show that light , temperature and mood cause chameleons to change colour . sometimes changing colour can make the chameleon more comfortabl . sometimes it helps the animal communicate with other chameleons . [ source ]

necas , petr 1999 . chameleons - nature ' s hidden jewels . edition chimaira , frankfurt ; 348 pp . ; isbn 3 - 930612 - 04 - 6 ( europe ) < br / > isbn 1 - 57524 - 137 - 4 ( usa , canada )

alina bradford is a contributing writer for live science . over the past 16 years , alina has covered everything from ebola to androids while writing health , science and tech articles for major publications . she has multiple health , safety and lifesaving certifications from oklahoma state university . alina ' s goal in life is to try as many experiences as possible . to date , she has been a volunteer firefighter , a dispatcher , substitute teacher , artist , janitor , children ' s book author , pizza maker , event coordinator and much more .

although animals can handle short term stressor , chronic situations can make them sick . if you are keeping a chameleon as a pet , too much stress will not only cause illness but will also make them less social and dampen their spirits . stress can also greatly decrease your chances of breeding them .

this all - inclusive chameleon kit is exactly what we use and contains a zoo med screen cage , reptisun 5 . 0 uvb bulb & lamp , basking bulb & lamp , plastic plant , vine , digital thermometer and hygrometer , hand - pump mister , and calcium supplement , everything you need !

needless to say , meller ' s eat very large prey items ! in the wild they wouldn ' t be above catching small birds , even ! so offering appropriately sized feeder insects is a job in and of itself . i breed a couple species of large roaches on top of the discoid roaches i breed for my other chameleons , in order to have nymphs of a decent size . i also offer hornworms and the manduca moths that they turn into , as these are favorite treats . grasshoppers , katydids , and anything else that is big is going to be a hit with this species . however , mine do still love crickets and superworms so they will still eat smaller items , they just need to eat more of them to compensate for their size .

this means it ' s important to provide your chameleon with a good temperature gradient to allow it to warm and cool itself when it needs to . while the basking spot should be at the top of the enclosure of up to 90 degrees , you should also have the coolest temperature at the bottom . this should come as low as 70 degrees . believe it or not , chameleons can withstand temperatures as low as 50 degrees at night ! while they can handle these low temperatures , they ' re the most comfortable in 60 - 70 degree weather while they sleep .

any animal that can change colours and look in two directions at once is worth learning more about . armed with a tongue you have to see to believe , the chameleon may be one of the coolest reptiles on the planet . here are ten things you may not have known about our lizard friend .

while keeping a chameleon as a pet , avoid handling it as much as possible . chameleons are not only shy animals , they also move very slowly . before reading the rest of this though , keep in mind there are cases of extremely friendly chameleons that do not mind getting touched or picked up .

4 . chameleons vary greatly in size and body structure , with maximum total length varying from 15 millimetres ( 0 . 6 in ) in male brookesia micra ( one of the world’s smallest reptiles ) to 68 . 5 centimetres ( 30 in ) in the male furcifer oustaleti .

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like most lizards , chameleons favor a warm habitat . for this reason , the geographical distribution of the chameleon is limited only to regions that enjoy a warm climate . however , this does not mean that all hot regions are natural homes to chameleons . australia , north and south america have no native chameleons .


odontocarus is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : odontocarus asiaticus chaudoir , 1852 odontocarus cephalotes dejean , 1826 odontocarus holofernes semenov & znojko , 1929 odontocarus iranicus jedlicka , 1968 odontocarus parilis dvorak , 1993 odontocarus robustus ( dejean , 1831 ) odontocarus samson reiche & saulcy , 1855 odontocarus silvestrii gridelli , 1930 odontocarus zarudnianus semenov & znojko , 1929

odontocarus

odontocarus <EOT> on the basis of the morphological study of an extensive material odontocarus iranicus ( jedlička , 1968 ) syn . nov . , is synonymized with odontocarus zarudnianus ( semenov & znojko , 1929 ) .

azadbakhsh s . 2016 . odontocarus iranicus ( jedlička , 1968 ) , a new synonym of odontocarus zarudnianus ( semenov & znojko , 1929 ) ( coleoptera ; carabidae ; harpalini ) . baltic j . coleopterol . , 16 ( 2 ) : 59 - 62 .

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fauna europaea 2 . 4 [ 380183 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) : fauna europaea [ urltoken ] [ as odotoncarus robustus ( dejean , 1831 ) ] data retrieved on : 9 march 2012

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xv th symposium of polish carabidologists tatra national park 04 - 07 . 06 . 2017

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doxander campbelli , common name the campbell 's stromb , is a species of medium-sized sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family strombidae , the true conchs .

doxander campbelli

doxander campbelli <EOT> belongs to doxander according to a . j . w . hendy et al . 2008

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : doxander campbelli ( e . griffith & e . pidgeon , 1834 ) - id : 1450000025

( of strombus campbelli gray in griffith & pidgeon , 1833 ) griffith , e . & pidgeon , e . ( 1833 - 1834 ) . the mollusca and radiata . vol . 12 , in : e . griffith , [ 1824 ] −1835 , the animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization , by the baron cuvier , [ . . . ] . london : whittaker and co . , viii + 601 pp . , 61 pls . [ 1−138 ( date of publication according to petit & coan , 2008 : pp 1 - 192 , mollusca pls . 1−39 - 1833 ; pp 193 - 601 , pls . zoophytes 2−20 , mollusca corrected pls . 28 * , 36 * , 37 * , pls . 40 - 41 - 1834 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : pl . 25 , fig . 6 [ legend ] [ details ]

( gray in griffith & pidgeon , 1833 ) . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 564523 on 2018 - 07 - 09

( of alaba sulcata r . b . watson , 1886 ) liverani v . ( 2014 ) the superfamily stromboidea . addenda and corrigenda . in : g . t . poppe , k . groh & c . renker ( eds ) , a conchological iconography . pp . 1 - 54 , pls 131 - 164 . harxheim : conchbooks . [ details ]

gray in griffith & pidgeon , 1833 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 564525 on 2018 - 07 - 09

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abbott , r . t . 1960 , " the genus strombus in the indo - pacific " , indo - pacific mollusca , vol . 1 , no . 2 , pp . 33 - 146

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 86c7085f - e871 - 4f3e - a3e8 - 166943b365f4

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c31adcae - 2ead - 45f9 - a508 - ad27b7fa3f6f

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1d01fdf3 - c2ed - 4546 - 9d3d - dcb6db2fa8a2

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 639077

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dingo beach . in sand low tide . tiny nick on lip . with opec ! nice pattern variation !


sphyraena sphyraena , the european barracuda or mediterranean barracuda , is a ray-finned predatory fish of the mediterranean basin and the warmer waters of the atlantic ocean .

sphyraena sphyraena

sphyraena sphyraena <EOT> jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from sphyraena sphyraena ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .

there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for sphyraena sphyraena , however , the range for this species overlaps with a number of marine protected areas .

sphyraena sphyraena is normally a pelagic species found high in the water column , but smaller fish are often found near the bottom of the water column . the main food is other fish but sometimes includes cephalopods and crustaceans . they are a social species and large groups of sphyraena sphyraena could number between ten and a few hundred .

the genus sphyraena belongs to the family sphyraenidae , the order perciformes , class actinopterygii , phylum chordata and kingdom animalia . the genus sphyraena is the only genus in the family sphyraenidae .

justification : sphyraena sphyraena is widespread and relatively common throughout the mediterranean . it is a commercial species but there are no serious threats at present . therefore , it is listed as least concern .

( of sphyraena sphyraena bocagei osório , 1891 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

its habits are probably similar to those of the phylogenetically closely related sphyraena sphyraena ( ref . 6949 ) . feeds on cephalopods , crustaceans and fishes . caught in trammel nets and beach seines ( ref . 11101 ) .

eastern central atlantic : cape verde and the canary islands . also reported from lebanon in the eastern mediterranean . its exact distribution and abundance are unknown because most published records do not separate it from sphyraena sphyraena . also in azores islands ( ref . 44330 ) .

indo - west pacific : red sea and east africa to new caledonia and vanuatu , north to southern japan . reported from fiji and tuvalu ( ref . 12596 ) . the exact range is uncertain because of confusion of this species with sphyraena jello and sphyraena qenie ( ref . 9768 ) .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - pickhandle barracuda ( sphyraena jello ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - pickhandle barracuda ( sphyraena jello ) " title = " arkive species - pickhandle barracuda ( sphyraena jello ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

johann julius walbaum first described sphyraena barracuda in 1792 . the genus sphyraena is latin meaning a pike - like fish . synonyms include s . picuda bloch and schneider 1801 , s . picuda picuda bloch and schneider 1801 , s . becuna cuvier 1829 , s . commersonii cuvier 1829 , and s . dussumieri valenciennes 1831 .

to cite this page : fuller , b . 2000 . " sphyraena barracuda " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

( of esox sphyraena linnaeus , 1758 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of sphyraena bocagei osório , 1891 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of sphyraena vulgaris cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of sphyraena brachygnathos bleeker , 1855 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of sphyraena brachygnathus bleeker , 1855 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of sphyraena chinensis lacepède , 1803 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of sphyraena obtusa cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

supino , f . 1920 . la sphyraena spet lac . note morfologiche e comparative . rc . ist . iomb . sci . lett . , ( 2 ) 53 : pp . 353 - 358 , 1 fig .

( of sphyraena spet ( lacepède , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

sphyraena sphyraena has a long , fairly compressed body which is covered with small , smooth scales . it has a large mouth with a projecting lower jaw . the jaws are lined with prominent sharp teeth . it is dark above and silvery below with a yellow band running parallel to the lateral line . they are normally around 30 to 60 cm in length and weigh 6 kg but there are records of fish 165 cm long and reaching weights of 12 kg or more .

dorsal spines ( total ) : 6 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 8 . diagnosis : 102 - 119 scales in lateral line ; no chevrons on the flanks or , if present , not so well marked as in sphyraena afra ( ref . 57401 ) .

( of esox sphyraena linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

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de morais , l . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , kara , m . , yokes , b . , pollard , d . , carpenter , k . e . & de bruyne , g .

are declared from the eastern central atlantic ( eca ) fishing zone . the overall trend in declared landings is one of increase from the late 1980s onwards . landings from the mediterranean and black sea represent five to 10 % of total recent landings . the overall trend in declared landings of " barracuda

" in the mediterranean and black sea is one of increase to a peak of roughly 5 , 602 tonnes in 1994 , followed by a period of decline and stabilization around 2 , 000 tonnes from the late 1990s to 1 , 000 tonnes in 2010 to 2011 ( fao 2011 ) . global catch production for

" . the catch peaked in 2006 at 398 tonnes and fluctuated through 2010 ( fao 2011 ) . however , this may be due to increasing recording from different countries and also increases in other species ( including in the catch figures for

the global aggregate catch production for barracuda species in the eca increased from 1950 to the 1970s , peaking in 1974 at 25 , 686 tonnes . the catch fluctuated in the late 1970s and early 1980s and decreased by 60 % from 1982 to 1985 . global catch production in the area subsequently fluctuated from 1985 to 1995 and continued to increase in 1996 into the 2000s . it peaked in 2010 at 33 , 340 tonnes , a 23 % increase from the peak in 1974 . the majority of landings are declared by nigeria . nigerian catches alone increased 75 % from 1982 to 1985 ( fao 2011 ) .

is a commercially important species . it is a component of both artisanal fisheries and recreational fisheries . in turkey , israel and tunisia ( fao region 37 ) , up to 1 , 000 tons are landed per year .

is captured by artisanal fishing practices with purse seines , gillnets , handlines and trolling lines . in turkey , israel and tunisia ( fao area 37 ) , up to 1 , 000 tons are landed per year . it appears regularly in the markets of algeria and morocco , where it is highly regarded , and occasionally in other markets in the area . this species is marketed fresh ( fischer

feeds almost exclusively on small pelagic fishes . the primary components of the diet include commercially - important clupeids and the commercially important

de morais , l . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , kara , m . , yokes , b . , pollard , d . , carpenter , k . e . & de bruyne , g . 2015 .

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brian , a . ( 1902 ) . note su alcuni crostacei parassiti dei pesci del mediterraneo . atti della società ligustica di scienze naturali e geografiche 13 : 30 - 45 , pl . 1 ( sep . : 3 - 18 , pl . 1 ) . ( also in : boll . musei lab . zool . anat . comp . r . univ . genova , 115 : 1 - 16 , pl . 1 ) . [ details ]

ho , j . s . & j . rokicki . ( 1987 ) . poecilostomatoid copepods parasitic on fishes off the west coast of africa . journal of natural history , london 21 : 1025 - 1034 . [ details ]

* lacepède , b . 1798 - 1803 . histoire naturelle des poissons , 5 vol . in - 4 , paris . i : 1798 , 8 + cxlvii + 532 pp . , 25 pl . , 1 tabl . ( inset ) ; ii : 1800 , ixiv + 632 pp . , 20 pl . ; iii : 1801 , 558 pp . , 34 pl . ; iv : 1802 , xliv + 728 pp . , 16 pl . ; v : 1803 , xlviii + 803 pp . , 21 pl .

ancona , u . d ' ; sanzo , l . ; sparta , a . ; bertolini , f . ; ranzi , s . ; montalenti , g . ; vialli , m . ; padoa , e . ; tortonese , e . 1931 - 1956 . uova , larve e stadi giovanili di teleostei ; monografia eborata con l ' uso del materiale raccolto e seriato da salvatore lo bianco . fauna flora golfo napoli , 38 monografia . 1 , 1931 : 1 - 177 , fig . 1 - 166 , pl . i - xi ; 2 , 1933 : 178 - 384 , fig . 167 - 263 , pl . xii - xxx ; 3 ( 1 ) , 1937 : 385 - 456 , fig . 264286 , pl . xxxi - xxxv ; 3 ( 2 ) , 1956 : 457 - 1064 , fig . 287 - 831 , pl . xxxvi - li .

bauzá - rullán , j . 1960a . contribución al conocimiento de otolitos de peces . boln r . soc . esp . hist . nat . ( biol . ) , 57 , 1959 : 89 - 118 , pl . i - viii .

bini , g . 1967 - 1972 . atlante dei pesci delle coste italiane . mondo sommerso , milano , 9 vol : i , 1967 , leptocardi , ciclostomi , selaci , 206 pp . , 66 fig . + 64 col . fig . ii , 1971 , osteitti ( acipenseriformi , clupeiformi , mictofiformi , anguilliformi ) , 300 pp . , 73 col . fig . iii , 1970 , notacantiformi . . . zeiformi , 229 pp . , 34 fig . + 63 col . fig . iv , 1968 , perciformi ( mugiloidei , percoidei ) , 163 pp . , 34 fig . + 49 col . fig . v , 1968 , perciformi ( percoidei ) , 175 pp . , 22 fig . + 56 col . fig . vi , 1968 , perciformi ( trichiuroidei . . . blennioidei ) , 177 pp . , 48 fig + 57 col . fig . vii , 1969 , perciformi ( ofidioidei . . . dactilopteroidei ) , 196 pp . , 57 fig . + 59 col . fig . viii , 1968 , pleuronettiformi , echeniformi , gobioesociformi , tetraodontiformi , lofiformi , 164 pp . , 34 + 63 fig . ix , 1972 , introduzione . parte generale . aggiornamenti . indici . 176 p .

cadenat , j . 1964a . les sphyraenidae de la côte occidentale d ' afrique . bull . inst . fr . afr . noire , ( a ) 26 ( 2 ) : 659 - 685 , 5 pl .

dieuzeide , r . ; novella , m . ( collab . j . roland ) , 1953 - 1955 . catalogue des poissons des côtes algériennes . bull . stn aquic . pêch . castiglione , i ( n . s . ) , ( 4 ) , 1952 [ 1953 ] : pp . 1 - 135 , 73 fig . n . num . ; ii ( n . s . ) , ( 5 ) , 1953 [ 1954 ] : pp . 1 - 258 , 135 fig . n . num . ; iii ( n . s . ) , ( 6 ) , 1954 [ 1955 ] : pp . 1 - 384 , 202 fig . n . num .

fowler , h . w . 1936 . the marine fishes of west africa , based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition 1909 - 1915 . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 70 ( 1 ) , jan . 21 , 1936 : pp . vii + 1 - 606 , fig . 1 - 275 ; ( 2 ) , nov . 18 , 1936 : pp . 607 - 1493 , fig . 276 - 567 .

jordan , d . s . ; evermann , b . w . 1896 - 1900 . the fishes of north and middle america , a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish - like vertebrates found in the waters of north america , north of the isthmus of panama . bull . u . s . natn . mus . , ( 47 ) , part i , 1896 : ix + 1 - 1240 ; part ii , 1898 : xxx + 1241 - 2183 ; part iii , 1898 : xxiv + 2184 - 3136 ; part iv , 1900 : ci + 3137 - 3313 , 391 pl . ( 958 fig . ) .

linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema naturae , ed . x , vol . 1 , 824 pp . nantes & pisces : pp . 230 - 338 . ( reprint , 1956 , london . )

lo bianco , s . 1909 . notizie biologiche riguardanti specialmente il periodo di maturita sessuale degli animali del golfo di napoli . mitt . zool stn neapel , 19 : pp . 513 - 761 .

marinaro , j . y . 1971 . contribution à l ' étude des ïufs et larves pélagiques de poissons méditerranéens . v . ( îufs pélagiques de la baie d ' alger . pelagos , bull . inst . océanogr . alger , 3 ( 1 ) : pp . 1 - 115 , 18 fig . , 27 pl .

raffaele , f . 1888 . le uova galleggianti e le larve dei teleostei nel golfo di napoli . mitt . zool . stn neapel , 8 : 84 p . , 5 pl .

sanz echeverria , j . 1926 . datos sobre el otolito , sagitta de los peces de españa . boln r . soc . esp . hist . nat . , 26 ( 1 ) : pp . 145 - 160 , 71 fig .

soljan , t . 1963 . fishes of the adriatic ( ribe jadrana ) . fauna et flora adriatica 1 ( revised and enlarged for the english edition ) , 428 pp . , many unnumbered fig .

svetovidov , a . n . 1964 . rîbî chernogo morya . [ the fishes of the black sea ] . opred faune sssr , 86 : pp . 1 - 552 , fig . 1 - 191 ( in russian ) .

vialli , m . 1937 . percesoces ( atherinidae , mugilidae , sphyraenidae in uova , larve e stadi giovanili di teleostei . fauna flora golfo napoli , 38 : 412 - 460 , fig . 278 - 286 , pl . xxxiv - xxxv .

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the barracuda ( sphyraenus , family sphyraenidae ) is a ray - finned fish notable for its large size ( up to 1 . 8 m or 5 ft ) and fearsome appearance . the one genus of the family includes about 25 known species .

the barracuda body is elongated , with the lower jaw of the large mouth jutting out , and displaying prominent fang - shaped teeth . the two dorsal fins are widely separated , with the first having five spines and the second one spine and nine soft rays . the lateral line is prominent .

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the sea around fuerteventura is much cooler than many people expect due to the cold canary current , which brings cool water down from northern europe . it is this temperate water that gives the island its world famous climate , for without it , temperatures would be much higher and the archipelago much dryer than it is .

whales , dolphins and turtles are frequent visitors and big game fishermen have set world records off its coasts . close to the shore , colourful shoals of parrotfish graze on rocks that harbour moray eels and brightly coloured wrasse and damsel fish . seahorses live in the seagrass and huge rays patrol the bottom . octopus and cuttlefish are abundant , along with an almost infinite variety of smaller organisms , such as brightly coloured sea urchins , crabs and sponges .

spaisoma ( euscarus ) cretense this is the single most famous fish species around fuerteventura . a sexually dimorphic species , the female being brightly decorated with red , yellow and blue and the male a drab greyish brown . while juveniles are often seen alone , larger viejas group together , sometimes in schools of several hundred , to feed over rocky bottoms down to 50m . feeds on invertebrates and especially crabs , relying on its prominent beak - like teeth .

the most characteristic canarian fish much sought after by divers and fishermen alike the vieja remains an important commercial species despite heavy overfishing . a reduction in the use of nasa fish traps has seen an increase in the population around gran canaria . traditionally fished for from small craft using salted crabs on large hooks and a rod tipped with a stingray tail .

liza aurata the most common of several mullet species around the island , the golden mullet is often seen in harbours and close to the shore . large shoals are often encountered and large specimens are found grazing in very shallow water . an algae and debris feeder , it can be attracted with bread and , while not often consumed in the canaries , is a challenging fish to catch .

abudefduf luridus small but spectacular , the black damsel fish is found almost everywhere but especially over rocky and weedy bottoms in shallow water . its bright blue colour and trusting nature make it a diving favourite . it can sometimes be tempted to feed from the hand and is often seen along harbour walls and in rockpools . males develop orange patches during the breeding season .

thalassoma pavo one of the commonest and most beautiful fish in canarian waters the peacock wrasse is often found in mixed shoals along with the black damsel fish and band - tail chromis . found everywhere except over pure sand bottoms from the inter - tidal zone down to depths of 200m . males are larger with more distinctive coloration and , like many wrasse , this species can change sex .

at night , giant manta rays sometimes come into harbours to feed around lights . a torch shone down the walls will reveal goldfish - like cardinal fish and the larger red and white glasseyes , which have large eyes that glow in torchlight . black and silver bream or ‘sargos’ are much more active at night and large , mixed groups can often be located with a torch .

heteropriacanthus cruentatus common but nocturnal , the glasseye is found hiding in caves during the day and allows divers to approach closely . common in the cracks and crevices of harbour walls and manmade structures . like the vieja , the glasseye is susceptible to crustacean parasites . an attractive species with limited interest as a sport fish .

polyprion americanus a deep sea species found from gibraltar to southern angola the wreckfish is an important commercial and food fish in the canary islands . found between 200m and 800m most wreckfish caught around the canaries are much smaller than the maximum .

pseudolepidaplois scrofa found on rocky and mixed bottoms down to 150m the hogfish is an important species for traditional fishermen , even though it is listed as threatened . an attractive species , it is rarely seen by snorkelers as it prefers deeper waters . often seen in the mixed catch of small fishing vessels arriving back in port on fuerteventura .

a trip on an inter - island ferry or a water - taxi can often be a rewarding experience for those looking for wildlife . a variety of shearwaters and petrels will be seen , flying close to the water’s surface . some , such as the white - faced storm petrel are very rare and breed only on one or two of the canary islands . graceful terns are often seen around the coast , and a group of them plunging into the sea to catch small fish is a beautiful sight .

dolphins and porpoises are common in our waters and often ride the bow waves of ferries . among the larger cetaceans , pilot whales are common and sperm and killer whales are often seen off the fuerteventura coast along with risso’s dolphin . several species of turtle visit and are occasionally washed up after becoming trapped in fishing nets or fouled with oil .

other creatures that are sighted from boats include blue and hammerhead sharks , portuguese man of war jellyfish , flying fish and manta rays .

belone belone gracilis small shoals of this curious fish appear close to the shore around fuerteventura in the summer months . rarely seen more than a few centimetres from the surface the greenbone garfish is often missed by divers and snorkelers . good eating despite its slender build and green bones .

katsuwonus pelamis a small , schooling tunnid that runs in canary waters through the summer and autumn . an important commercial and sporting species the skipjack is traditionally caught with rod and line from small offshore craft . a voracious fish eater that is particularly fond of bogues .

thunnus alalunga one of several large pelagic and epipelagic tunnid species common in canarian waters at certain times of year along with the yellowfin , big - eye and bluefin tuna . all are important commercial and sport fish and can be caught from chartered sport fishing craft in the south of gran canaria .

pseudocaranx dentex an epibenthic to pelagic species found down to depths of 100m , the guelly jack is a powerful predatory fish at the top of the coastal food chain . once a common species , it has been overfished to the point where it is rarely seen . juveniles are sometimes still found around mooring buoys and sometimes “adopt” divers and snorkelers , as well as large fish such as saddled bream

scomber japonicus one of two mackerel species present in canarian waters at certain times of year along with the frigate tuna . both are fished commercially and are good fishing from small craft . large schools of small chub mackerel are sometimes found close to the shore often in the company of bogues .

makaira nigricans an oceanic species reaching 650kg that is quite common around the canary islands and an important sport fish . several blue marlin world records have been broken around the archipelago and the waters of the canaries are famous for their large specimens . chartered fishing boats operating from the harbours of the island seek out this species . the physically similar swordfish is also occasionally caught although it prefers warmer waters .

exocetus volitans a curious species found in small groups close to the surface . capable of leaping clear of the water and “flying” up to 100m using its elongated pectoral fins . a plankton feeder that is hunted by tuna , the flying fish is often seen flying away from boats and ferries around fuerteventura .

a wide selection of shells and other objects can be collected from fuerteventura’s beaches , especially after storms . among the most common are cuttlefish bones , well known due to their use as a source of calcium for canaries . they often wash up on beaches and are more often seen that the living creature . delicate spiral ramshorns also come from a seldom seen squid and are very common along the strand line . also common are the very delicate lilac shells of the janthinidae , which live under a raft of bubbles , only washing up on the shore after stormy weather .

stranded jellyfish also wash up , sometimes in large numbers , and should not be handled as they are still capable of stinging . common shells to be found empty along the coastline of the canaries include sea urchins carapaces without the spines . these can be green , purple or brown and are as beautiful as they are fragile .

venus ear shells are easily recognisable , with one side covered in mother of pearl . the living venus ear lives stuck under rocks , emerging after dark to graze on algae . limpets , winkles and dog whelks are common all around the canaries , while cowries , mussels , cockles and scallops also turn up . goose barnacles can be found attached to almost any piece of floating debris that has been in the water for a decent length of time .

rockpools are perhaps the best place to see a wide selection of sealife without the need to get too wet . low tide leaves large areas of rock exposed around the coast , trapping animals that cannot normally be seen without a mask and snorkel . in general , the less time rocks are exposed to the air , the more life is found on and among them . especially low spring and neap tides expose areas that are usually underwater and these can yield very rich pickings for the naturalist . some caution is needed when exploring rockpools , as the tide comes in fast and exposed rocks can be very slippery .

a few of the animals that are found can also cause damage . sea urchin spines snap off under the skin and cause painful injuries , while the red and white bristleworms to be found under rocks are best avoided , as their bristles irritate the skin . brown sea cucumbers exude a white fluid when handled , which is very hard t o remove from skin or clothing .

small scorpionfish , often trapped in rockpools , have poisonous spines and large crabs can deliver nasty nips with their powerful claws . it is always best merely to observe any creatures found , as much for the observer’s benefit as their own . do not forget to replace any rocks that you turn over and make sure any shells you take home do not already have a rightful owner , as hermit crabs are plentiful around fuerteventura .

even the smallest and shallowest rockpool is likely to have fish living in it . gobies and blennies are small specialists in this particular habitat and , with patience , can be tempted to take bread or squid from the hand . baby mullet and sucker fish are also often found in the smallest pool . in deeper pools closer to the low tide mark , the number of fish species to be found increases . fulas and pejeverdes are common , while small sargos , mullet , grouper , wrasse and scorpionfish are also evident . in deep pools with caves , moray eels lurk , along with larger grouper and a wide variety of other fish .

other organisms to be found in rockpools include small , transparent shrimps which will often come and nibble on a foot left in the water , a variety of crabs , including the hairy ‘jaca’ , which is very tasty and much sought after . grey sea hares , with black circular marks , and sea cucumbers are often found in cracks and caves , along with a wide variety of urchins , sponges and anemones . a careful search among the seaweed will often reveal small but brightly coloured sea slugs and starfish .

bright red sally lightfoot crabs are easily spotted on exposed rocks , but are very shy . they are caught in the canaries with bait wrapped in a ball of rough thread , which tangles up their claws . at night , tubeworms extend their delicate fans and pluck small morsels from the water and crabs come out to feed , safe from the sleeping seabirds . perhaps the best way to find rockpool inhabitants is to turn over rocks and stones . this should be done very sparingly and the rocks carefully replaced as many of the creatures found under them are killed by sunlight . many rocks also have sea urchins underneath them .

look out for brightly coloured orange and yellow sponges , shy peacrabs and the highly mobile bristlestars , which will wriggle off as soon as they detect light .

while a wide selection of marine life can be seen from above the surface , taking the plunge and joining it underwater opens up an entirely new world . snorkel kits are widely available in most shopping centres and are very reasonably priced although , for the sake of comfort , it is often best to spend a little more than the minimum . there are dive centres in most resorts and they cater for a wide range of abilities , from absolute novices to experienced divers . in some areas , there are commercial glass - bottomed boats and even submarines , which allow you to experience the underwater world without getting wet and with the added bonus of an experienced guide .

diplodus sargus cadenati the most common of a number of sea breams around fuerteventura , the white sea bream is present almost everywhere . it forms small shoals of different sized individuals which will often follow divers . once heavily fished , especially by speargunners , it remains an important commercial and sport fish , best sought after at night . the similar annular sea bream is smaller and closely linked to sandy bottoms and seagrass beds .

diplodus cervinus cervinus the largest commonly encountered canarian sea bream , the zebra sea bream is a spectacular if retiring species , especially when adult . small shoals and pairs are often found over rocky and mixed bottoms down to 100m . smaller specimens are more brightly coloured and are found closer to the shore . a good , if hard to catch sport fish that has suffered at the hands of speargunners .

diplodus vulgaris a common and easily recognised species , the 2 - banded sea bream is found over all bottoms . usually seen alone or in pairs , the juveniles group together in mixed shoals along with other sea breams . rarely larger than 20cm in fuerteventuran waters , it is of limited commercial and sport fishing interest .

sarpa salpa one of the most frequently encountered fish in fuerteventuran waters , the salema forms large uniform schools close to the shore . in bright light , they appear blue with fine yellow stripes . a grazing species its abundance may be due to the unpleasant muddy flavour of its flesh . a good sport fish that is attracted to bread and is not afraid of divers bearing food .

boops boops a very common species that has benefited from the overfishing of its predators . bogue populations can assumes almost plague proportions in some areas . rarely eaten as it is traditionally considered a dirty fish that feeds on the corpses of fishermen . found in open water down to 250m . an important bait fish for tunny fishing .

gobius paganellus one of several goby species common in shallow water and the intertidal zone . best observed at low tide when they hunt fearlessly in rockpools gobies will happily eat almost anything offered to them . of no interest to fishermen due to their small size , gobies are occasionally caught accidentally .

coryphoblennius galerita several similar blenny species are found in shallow waters and rockpools around fueeteventura . more sinuous than the gobies , blennies are also more wary . extremely common in some areas blennies are of no interest to fishermen due to their small size .

trypterygion tripteronotus a tiny but spectacular species this blenny is found in pairs in shallow water over rocky bottoms . the brightly coloured male is instantly recognisable due to its black head and orange body . pugnacious despite its size it sometimes attacks divers’ fingers , especially during the breeding season .

ophioblennius atlanticus atlanticus the largest of the gobies and blennies around the canaries the rubber eye is recognised by its cream head and almost black body . populations can be quite dense on exposed rocky bottoms covered with diadema sea urchins and on harbour walls . aggressive with its own kind , the rubber eye is unafraid of divers . it is very seldom caught , even by accident , by fishermen .

even areas of completely bare sand support specialist animals . small flatfish rise from the bottom if the swimmer gets too close and are well worth observing for their curious form of locomotion . they are often seen in pairs and are surprisingly curious and unafraid of divers . they have a habit of settling on the bottom and disappearing in a puff of sand , leaving only their protruding eyes above the sand .

xyrichthys novacula the cleaver wrasse is an attractive species linked to sandy bottoms and sea grass beds , where it can be quite frequent . if disturbed it has the ability to burrow into the sand faster than the eye can follow . a favourite food of dolphins which have been observed burrowing into the sand to capture them . a good food fish with firm , white flesh .

lithognathus mormyrus found strictly close to sandy bottoms , the herrera can form large schools of similar sized individuals . fond of bare sand bottoms exposed to breaking waves it is recognised by its elongated body , numerous pale bands and large white lips . large specimens are often encountered close to the shore . the herrera is an excellent sport and eating fish aught with rod and line from the shore or from small craft .

synodus saurus found on rocky and sandy bottoms down to 100m the lizard fish is a voracious predator that will consume anything that fits into its considerable mouth . cannibalism is not uncommon and they have been known to swallow small fish hooked by fishermen , releasing them when pulled out of the water . easily recognised due to their shape , lizard fish are most often observed lying motionless and half buried on the bottom . a similar species is found in deeper waters .

trachinus draco the fish species most likely to injure swimmers in the canary islands the greater weever lives on sandy bottoms down to 50m . small specimens are found buried in the sand in shallow water and have venomous dorsal spines that deliver a powerful sting to anyone unwary enough to tread on them . an attractive species with blue markings and a black dorsal fin that is understandably unafraid of divers .

bothus podas maderensis common on sandy bottoms down to 90m , this is a subspecies endemic to the canaries and madeira . small specimens are often seen in shallow water close to beaches . instantly recognisable , the flounder is unafraid of divers and a charismatic fish . often caught from small craft by rod and line fishermen fishing on the bottom large examples make for good eating . the flounder’s local name of “tapaculo” translates as “buttock cover” .

among the most remarkable seagrass specialist is the seahorse , very common in some areas but hard to spot and very shy . patches of floating seagrass uprooted during storms often harbour its relative the pipefish , just as shy and very well camouflaged . another notable inhabitant in the culebre , a type of eel that looks exactly like a sea snake . it often shelters in sunken car tyres and is a harmless , retiring fish . another eel lives in colonies of several hundred and spends its life half buried in the sand . if a diver approaches too closely , the eels will disappear , emerging when the coast is clear .

stephanolepsis hispidus a common and trusting fish the yellow trigger fish is unmistakeable when encountered . while seemingly slow moving it is capable of speed if threatened . a popular food fish that must have its leathery skin removed before cooking . difficult to catch with rod and line due to its powerful teeth and patient nature it is a famous baitstealer .

mullus surmuletus closely linked to sandy bottoms and seagrass beds , the red mullet is often found digging in the sand for invertebrates . indifferent to divers it is recognised by its prominent white barbells and elongated body . an important food fish wherever it is found the red mullet is rarely caught by rod and line fishermen in the canaries .

hippocampus hippocampus a small and rarely seen species , the seahorse is found in seagrass beds and on weedy bottoms between 8cm and 12cm . considered rare , it is so seldom observed due to its excellent camouflage and slow movements that its exact status is unknown . the closely related pipefish also occurs around fuerteventura and can be observed around floating mats of seagrass .

caves are also the best place to see sea urchins , in a variety of colours , sea anemones , sea cucumbers , sea hares and sponges . long - spined black sea urchins are common and have assumed plague proportions in some areas , grazing so intensively that algae has no chance to grow . areas of white rock covered in urchins are called urchin bights and tend to support fewer fish than areas without urchins . part of the problem is the overfishing of predators such as triggerfish and triton shells , which keep urchin numbers under control . some divers crush these urchins whenever they can in a bid to control them but this is not advisable , as the spines are poisonous . the urchin’s long spines also provide a home for a variety of juvenile animals and small creatures , such as shrimps and spider crabs .

epinephelus marginatus one of the stars of the diving world in the canary islands , the dusky grouper is easily tamed and will feed from divers’ hands . groups of different sized individuals are often found sharing the same cave . an important commercial fish that has is now listed as threatened as it is an easy and attractive target for spear gun fishermen and has been severely overfished .

mycteroperca fusca a benthic species that found down to 150m and quite common in places . juveniles are often seen by divers and snorkelers and a spectacular , bright yellow morph is sometimes found . threatened by over fishing and indiscriminate spear gun fishing , the comb grouper is an important sporting and commercial species .

chromis limbatus similar to the previous species but usually found at greater depths the band - tail chromis can form large schools in open water above rocky bottoms . males develop purple backs during the breeding season . a common species seen on most dives , often in large numbers . one of the few species to thrive over rocks infested with diadema sea urchins .

pomadasys incisus a common species known locally as the snorer due to the audible noises it makes when caught . large banks of bastard grunts are often found close to the shore and are unafraid of divers . a good sport and eating fish that is abundant partly because it rarely enters fish traps . the related striped grunt is found in small colonies between 20m and 150m . it is used by fishermen as a marker species as it lives closely linked to underwater reefs .

canthigaster rostrata a common shallow water species that is not afraid of divers , the sharpnose pufferfish can inflate its body with water if threatened . considered poisonous by some , it is sometimes eaten after careful cleaning . a major baitstealer and linebreaker due to its powerful front teeth , it is considered a pest by fishermen .

scorpaena scrofa one of two similar scorpionfish fund in shallow water over rocky and weedy bottoms but also down to 200m . both rely on their excellent camouflage for defence and hunting and have poisonous spines . scorpion fish are often caught by rod and line fishermen and are good eating , especially in fish soups .

fish farming is becoming an important industry around the archipelago and will eventually be widespread enough to cope with the demand for fresh fish . it has had unforeseen consequences , as several of the species farmed are not naturally found around the islands and have escaped . the impact of these alien species is not yet understood and could seriously affect populations of native species .

overfishing is , however , still a threat to some species and those that feed off them . whitebait netting has been banned for several years after these fish were almost driven to extinction and the jurel , a kind of jack , has almost completely disappeared from some islands due to its affinity for fish traps .

rubbish generated by the 10m tourists passing through the islands every year also has a detrimental effect on sealife . turtles mistake plastic bags for jellyfish and swallow them and along with birds , get tangled in fishing line and plastic rings from drinks cans . the deforestation of mountain areas and continued hotel development mean rainwater erodes the soil and washes it into the sea , where it clouds the water and prevents light - dependent organisms from growing , as well as reducing visibility for the diver .

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greek , sphyraina , - es = the name of a fish ( ref . 45335 )

marine ; pelagic - neritic ; depth range 0 - 100 m ( ref . 27000 ) , usually ? - 50 m ( ref . 6949 ) . subtropical ; 48°n - 18°s , 31°w - 37°e

eastern atlantic : bay of biscay to mossamedes , angola , including the mediterranean and black sea , canary islands , and azores . western atlantic : bermuda and brazil .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 165 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3397 ) ; common length : 60 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 11101 ) ; max . published weight : 3 . 6 kg ( ref . 40637 )

found in coastal and offshore waters ( ref . 2683 ) . feeds mostly on fish , less often on cephalopods and crustaceans ( ref . 11101 ) .

de sylva , d . p . , 1990 . sphyraenidae . p . 860 - 864 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 6949 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00776 ( 0 . 00622 - 0 . 00968 ) , b = 2 . 93 ( 2 . 88 - 2 . 98 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 51 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 123 ; tmax > 8 yrs ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 49 of 100 ) .

this species is relatively common throughout most of the mediterranean , but there is likely to have been a confusion between this species and s . viridensis ( p . francour pers . comm . 2007 ) . it is rare in the black sea , common in the sea of marmara , and more common in the aegean ( b . yokes pers . comm . 2007 ) . food and agriculture organization ( fao ) landings figures are available from ten countries , but not specifically for this species ( all barracuda are lumped into the statistics ) . overall there is an increasing trend to these figures . however , this may be due to increasing recording from different countries and also increases in other species ( including in the catch figures for s . chrysotaenia and s . flavicauda , both immigrant species from the red sea ) .

this is an epipelagic species , found in coastal and offshore waters ( schneider 1990 ) . it feeds mostly on fish , less often on cephalopods and crustaceans ( ben - tuvia 1986 ) . this species may be found to 100 m depth . in the mediterranean , it is recorded to 50 m depth ( louisy 2005 ) , and grows to perhaps up to 70 to 80 cm length .

it is commercially fished . in turkey , israel and tunisia ( fao 37 ) , up to 1 , 000 tons are landed per year .

in turkey , israel and tunisia ( fao area 37 ) , up to 1 , 000 tons are landed per year . there are no known major threats for this species , although it is commercially fished .

no conservation measures are in place for this species . however , it is likely to occur in some marine protected areas ( it is a mobile species ) .

5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 1 . intentional use : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ]

ben - tuvia , a . 1986 . sphyraenidae . fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean , pp . 1194 - 1196 .

fischer , w . , bauchot , m . - l . and schneider , m . 1987 . fiches fao d ' identification des espèces pour les besoins de la pêche . ( révision 1 ) . méditerranée et mer noire . zone de pêche 37 . fao , rome .

iucn . 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2011 . 2 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 10 november 2011 ) .

louisy , p . 2005 . guide d ' identification des poissons marins . europe et méditerranée . ulmer editions , paris .

schneider , w . 1990 . fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . field guide to the commercial marine resources of the gulf of guinea . fao , rome .

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van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of esox spet haüy , 1787 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

the photo of this shoal of barracuda was taken at a depth of 8 m near crocodile rock , a natural offshore reef at dwejra , not far from the famous azure window , on gozo ’s west coast .

elysia timida , the green elysia , is a species of sacoglossan sea slug , a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk endemic to the . . .

bothus podas , the wide - eyed flounder , is a type of flatfish and is native to the mediterranean sea and the eastern . . .

astropecten aranciacus , the red comb starfish , is a type of sea star and is native to the mediterranean sea and . . .

die gruppe um stephania und brian ist echt super . wir hatten eine woche mit höhen und tiefen aber waren hier echt super gut aufgehoben und betreut . ich komme gerne wieder . super gutes team und echt schöne tauchplätze .

professional , attention to every detail , friendly , helpful where needed . thank you for the 2 amazing dives guys at the blue hole and the reqqa point . special thanks to dennis , dennis - dennis , georgia & stephania !

i was there a couple of years ago . diving with brian was just like diving with a good friend .

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marine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 100 m ( ref . 6949 ) , usually 3 - 30 m ( ref . 40849 ) . subtropical ; 42°n - 35°s , 180°w - 180°e ( ref . 55300 )

indo - pacific : red sea and east coast of africa to hawaii and the marquesas and tuamoto islands . western atlantic : massachusetts ( usa ) , bermuda , and throughout the caribbean sea to brazil ( ref . 9626 ) . eastern atlantic : sierra leone , côte d ' ivoire , togo , nigeria , senegal ( ref . 6949 ) , mauritania ( ref . 5377 ) , st . paul ' s rocks ( ref . 13121 ) , and são tomé island ( ref . 34088 ) .