rhoda ( 1813 – after 1836 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare who won the third running of the classic 1000 guineas at newmarket racecourse in 1816 and was the most successful racehorse in britain ( in terms of wins ) two years later .

rhoda was one of the most active of all british classic winners , running in at least forty-five contests between 1816 and 1820 and winning twenty-one times .

her actual number of competitive races was even higher as many of her later races were run in multiple heats , with the prize going to the first horse to win twice .

she won the 1000 guineas on her second appearance but did not run as a three-year-old after finishing unplaced in the oaks stakes .

rhoda won three races in 1817 , ten in 1818 , four in 1819 and two in 1820 .

rhoda ( horse )

rhoda ( horse ) <EOT> drag images here or select from your computer for rhoda has no horse palmer memorial .

rhoda horse is an entertainer out of fort wayne , indiana but once called dayton , ohio home .

i thought you might like to see a memorial for rhoda has no horse palmer i found on findagrave . com .

' s colt boniface , who carried 112 pounds , with rhoda in third .

in another instance , when a cow got sick and vomited its owner concluded rhoda caused the illness .

it ' s the most dramatic story about the witch of weare , but hardly the only one . when an animal took sick , and its owner believed rhoda caused it , he would cut off the animal’s tail or an ear and burn it to rid it of rhoda’s spell . this supposedly caused a boil to form on rhoda’s skin .

supermodel hilary rhoda is accusing a woman of stealing hundreds of thousands of dollars from her personal fortune - her mother .

frozen in time , youngsters rhoda cly and ben ellison posed with one of the leeds brewery ' s horses in 1916 .

learning more about rhoda stoddard is easier than you might think . ancestry can help get you started with free walkthrough videos .

' s horse fugitive in a match race over the ditch mile course , winning a prize of 100 guineas .

william and rhoda dustin were innkeepers . farmers traveling to and from markets in massachusetts liked to stop at the dustins ' inn .

dates and places are just part of the picture . ancestry can provide insights into historical events and conditions rhoda stoddard may have experienced .

tiny charger - one of the most consistent performers on the quarter tracks - aqha champion - leading quarter horse racing sire .

rhoda roberts delivers her pitch to punters at the launch of the new boomerang festival , which will be held at the bluesfest site in october .

avery , who previously dated model rachel hunter and actress elisha cuthbert , began dating rhoda in 2009 when the model was at the height of her career .

a few mint copies ( sealed in original boxes ) of this book are available . this is the 6th , and by far the largest of only 6 horse books written by nelson c . nye , quarter horse historian and western novelist . click here for information and availability .

in one last tale , rhoda dustin traveled more than 100 miles from weare to whitefield , n . h . , to attend to her pregnant daughter in a remarkable six hours . she accomplished this by fitting her horse with a special bridle provided by the devil that allowed the animal to fly .

townspeople also claimed she could fly and inflict illness on people and animals . when a young man named reuben favor took ill , the family blamed rhoda dustin .

first , review our adoption application before considering adopting a horse from sfspca . doing so will help answer many questions you may have in advance .

for all the accusations leveled at rhoda , no one tried to officially punish her . after william died , she moved to vermont , where she died in 1824 .

whether rhoda dustin did anything to encourage this superstition isn’t clear , but her neighbors accused her of making all sorts of mischief . if she was angry , they said , she could prevent butter from forming in their churns . the only solution was to take a flat iron and burn out the inside of the churn to remove rhoda’s curse .

in september , the duchess ran without success at the st leger meeting . she was the only horse to oppose blacklock in the doncaster stakes and the doncaster club stakes but was beaten by the younger horse in both races . in the four mile doncaster cup she started favourite but finished fourth of the six runners behind rasping .

a more modern scholar who came to the same conclusions is alexander mackay - smith , he believed that speed originated with the hobby . they published their work in : wallace the horse of america in his derivation , history and development 1897 and mackay - smith the colonial quarter race horse 1983 and speed and the thoroughbred 2000 .

to an outsider travelling through new hampshire in the late 1700s , rhoda dustin seemed a peaceful innkeeper . but the tongue - wagging gossips around her hometown called her the witch of weare .

supermodel hilary rhoda ' sues her mother for stealing her fortune . . . and she responds by attacking newlywed ' s husband sean avery for brainwashing the beauty and not signing a prenup '

william and rhoda dustin were born in southern new hampshire in rockingham county , she in 1736 and he in 1740 . after they married , they came to weare , a town near concord .

following that , reuben’s father and a group of his friends confronted rhoda dustin with an axe , demanding she leave the boy alone . she promised to stop any tormenting . the boy soon recovered .

all the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for karisto . karisto is a gelding born in 2014 september 7 by written tycoon out of verkko

america is blessed with tremendous domestic resources for the sport horse breeder as we have three racehorse breeds ( tb , qh , st ) plus a multitude of other light horse breeds that descend from this same root stock : morgan , saddlebred , tennessee walker and missouri fox trotter . we can capitalize on this science by making an effort to understand the proven mare lines our stock may carry .

the white mountain independent show low , arizona 12 / 03 / 2004 rhoda palmer of whiteriver went to heaven nov . 25 , 2004 . she was born june 21 , 1958 in pine ridge , south dakota . she enjoyed outdoor life , cooking , laughing and making jokes . rhoda is survived by her husband robert palmer , sr . ; daughter stephanie palmer ; her sons , robert palmer , jr . and roman palmer . she is also survived by her parents georgianna and alvin has no horse , sr . ; her sisters marla two crow , mary little whiteman , and rose spoonhunter ; brothers aubrey two crow , aaron two crow , alvin has no horse , jr . , and alan has no horse ; and many aunts , uncles , cousins and friends . a two - night wake will begin saturday , dec . 4 at her residence in whiteriver and home services will be held monday , dec . 6 , at 1 p . m . also at her home . interment will be in canyon day cemetery . silver creek chapel mortuary of whiteriver handled the arrangements .

nearly 100 years on , tetley ' s is preparing to quit its traditional home and rhoda ' s daughter says her late mother would have been " horrified " by the prospect of the beer being brewed outside the white rose county .

stories from the silk road rc 64108 retold by cherry gilchrist read by walter dixon 1 cassette seven folktales—about camels , demons , dragons , and horses—from places along the ancient trade route between the old chinese capital city chang’an and samarkand . " the bride with the horse’s head " tells how a kindhearted chinese girl , betrothed to a horse , became the goddess of silk . for grades 3 - 6 and older readers . 1999 .

william dustin had nothing but an axe and a jug . but the couple eventually prospered as farmers and innkeepers , raising nine children . but rhoda dustin had a reputation around the town for her powers of witchcraft , which she deployed to plague her neighbors .

a fine strong horse , call’d leopard , five years old this grass , fourteen hands three inches high , remarkable for his colour and justness of shape . he goes extreamly well on his legs , and clear of all blemishes .

horse racing being then a popular sport among the men , a number of lumbermen formed the hoo - hoo racing club . the race track was located east on broad street about two and one - half miles from the center of town .

the all - american beauty filed a lawsuit against her mother in federal court back in 2014 according to page six , saying that marianne rhoda forged her signature , diverted funds and even used a company card to go shopping at high - end retailers like neiman marcus and barneys .

nella da gubbio , from whom at least five german derby winners descend , and who is found across the german warmblood sport horses , has the distinction of being descended from the american running horse on both sides of her pedigree - - she is 3 / 4 american bred .

but sibola possessed much more that was of interest to tesio . her third dam perfection ( pedigree ) , a daughter of the delicate leamington , was out of maiden rh - - a daughter of american super horse lexington rh , out of kitty clark rh . the ' rh ' stands for running horse , which was the pre - thoroughbred racing breed of america , and it is actually this running horse breed that took and continues to hold the world records in true distance racing , records that have never been equaled or broken . for instance , lexington rh set a four - mile heat racing record that was only beat once , and for only 1 / 4 of second , and that was done by his grandson fellowcraft , who is the sire of the great lady reel , dam of the sensation hamburg - - see speed gene for more on hamburg . lexington rh , born in 1850 , he still holds the world stallion record ; he was leading sire for sixteen years . the closest modern horse to his sire record is sadlers wells , an american thoroughbred who build a dynasty in england and ireland and he carries 123 lines of lexington rh .

we are living in exciting times for sport horse breeders as every year there seems as if some significant discovery is made concerning sport talent and genetic transmission . for instance , in 2010 the dr mims bower and her research team published their findings that the original foundation mares of the thoroughbred were not ' arabian ' as long believed , but were what she calls ' native ' british and irish mares - these individuals we know as running horse and irish hobby mares from the historical records ( mackay - smith ' speed and the thoroughbred ' ) . then in january of 2012 dr . emmiline hill and her associates further expounded on this , by tracing the ' speed ' gene back to " . . a british mare about 300 years ago , when local british horse types were the preeminent racing horses , prior to the foundation of the thoroughbred racehorse . " read the article below .

for supper , hash was made out of the soup meat . with this was served biscuits , preserves , and milk supplied by the family cow . a large pitcher of milk was an important part of each meal . the cow , along with the horse and buggy were kept in the stable yard behind the house .

this is the same root stock that the american colonists imported for race and saddle stock - - and it was the speed , stamina and athleticism of these early horses that birthed the racehorse breeds of the states . and so it is not surprising that the irish team determined that the american quarter horse carries the speed gene also .

god don’t play rc 64159 by mary monroe read by victoria gordon 2 cassettes annette , from god still don’t like ugly ( rc 59849 ) , has achieved the american dream : husband , daughter , job , and house . when she starts to receive threatening letters and calls , she turns to old friend rhoda to help her uncover the culprit . explicit descriptions of sex , strong language , and some violence . 2006 .

dancing started sometime before sunset and was certain to last until sunrise . contra dances , cotillions , waltzes , and cross - the - corner reels swept steadily on to the music of “turkey - in - the - straw , ” “cotton - eyed joe , ” “the old gray horse came tearing through the wilderness , ” “dinah , ” and “get along liza jane . ”

what does this mean for the breeders of sport horses ? briefly , because equine genetics work the same no matter the breed of horse , we should employ all the knowledge the thoroughbred industry is providing . in particular , we should make breeding decisions with an awareness of the strength of superior mare lines - and we should take steps to bring forward this power to our sport foals .

" it will be noted that laelia is shown as a grey mare , although she is by a brown horse out of a bay mare . sheet anchor , her sire , is described in the reference books as a dark brown , and there can be little doubt that her dam , cotillon , was a bay . cotillon , who started favourite for the oaks , was a well - known race mare , and had she been a grey this fact would undoubtedly have been established . there are no grey horses among her ancestors . furthermore , cotillon , covered by camel ( another dark brown horse ) , was sold to germany after producing laelia , and any discrepancy in her description would have been noticed on her arrival at the harzburg stud . the following year ( 1843 ) , cotillon produced a roan foal . the evidence would seem irrefutably to show that after ostensible matings with sheet anchor and camel in 1841 and 1842 respectively , cotillon had been served by a grey stallion , who was responsible for her foals of the following years . it has not been possible hitherto to establish the identity of this grey horse " [ family tables of racehorses ] .

understanding your breeding stock ' s genetic strengths and weaknesses can be the greatest tool you have in your quest for sport horse excellence . recently a recognition of the power of the mare has become a focus in equine breeding . although the genetic contribution of both parents is very important , a realization has surfaced that the maternal strength might instead be responsible for more of the foal ' s attributes .

a brown bay turkish horse , of a good size , strong , and free from all manner of blemish , is kept at constable burton near bedale , in yorkshire , and allowed to serve mares at a guinea each : he was sent from belgrade by general mercie , and is sire to the mare which won the subscription money last year at richmond , being the first that was trained of his breed .

got by a horse call’d quiet cuddy , bred by francis appleyard , esq ; . . . . pilate’s dam was out of esquire bethell’s poor robin’s dam , and was got by sir marmaduke wyvill’s bell grey turk ; her grandam by marwood’s coneyskin , which mare was second to brockles betty at hamilton , and also at new - market . [ newcastle journal . 6 - 13 apr 1754 . no 781 . ]

rhoda is a super - sweet mare looking for her forever home as a companion ( possibly okay for some light riding , we will update once we’ve evaluated her more ) . she came to the south florida spca with 10 other seriously malnourished horses rescued from a ranch in southwest miami - dade on april 8 , 2013 ( view news coverage of her rescue ) . she is a beauty , inside and out , and deserves to live out her days filled with gentle loving care .

wind rider’s oath : bahzell trilogy , book 3 rc 64233 by david weber read by michael scherer 4 cassettes bahzell bahnakson , champion of the war god tomanak , attempts to persuade the sothoii people to help fight against the dark gods . bahzell joins the elite wind riders and their mystical horse - like coursers , while the dark gods plot his demise . sequel to the war god’s own ( rc 63011 ) . violence . 2004 .

sun kissed : the coulter family , book 7 rc 64470 by catherine anderson read by martha harmon pardee 2 cassettes rancher samantha harrigan and veterinarian tucker coulter meet while protecting a horse from its drunken owner . when her own horses are poisoned , samantha suspects her ex - husband . but authorities think that samantha—the insurance beneficiary—is involved . tucker helps prove her innocence . some explicit descriptions of sex and some strong language . bestseller . 2007 .

the pattern of her heart : lights of lowell , book 3 rc 64177 by tracie peterson and judith miller read by mitzi friedlander 2 cassettes 1857 . tragedy forces jasmine houston and her husband nolan to leave their lowell , massachusetts , horse farm and return to her family’s mississippi plantation to oversee the final cotton harvest . jasmine’s plans to free the slaves have unintended consequences . sequel to a love woven true ( rc 60451 ) . 2005 .

tesio was already familiar with the power for speed and stamina that came this way as his first classic winner fidia ( the horse who put tesio on the racing map ) , whose his third dam was inbred 2x2 to lexington rh daughters - - and catnip had lexington rh on her damline as well . obviously , tesio was not blinded by the english bias , instead he was willing to take true performance excellence wherever he found it .

it took them quite a while to get to this point of view . in the early days of the stud book mares seldom got a name of their own , more often they carried names like " daughter of glencoe " identified only in relation to their sire . this had made the study of early thoroughbred pedigrees difficult . it is worse trying to study warmblood and sport horse lineages - - often the mare is just " unknown " .

horse and buggies were still the mode of transportation . but automobiles did appear on the scene in lake charles around 1910 . cars , today considered an everyday necessity , were a much - desired luxury to the people in the 1900’s . the leading makes at the time were overland , buick , ford , oldsmobile , stanley steamer , and the locomobile . to be taken for a ride in one of these new machines was a most exciting experience .

english ( northumbria ) : occupational name for a breeder or keeper of horses , from old english stod ‘stud’ or stott ‘inferior kind of horse’ + hierde ‘herdsman’ , ‘keeper’ . there is a difficulty in deriving this name from old english stod in that stud is not recorded in the sense ‘collection of horses bred by one person’ until the 17th century ; before that it denoted a place where horses were kept for breeding , but that sense does not combine naturally with ‘herdsman’ .

but that is not all , tesio was also aware that maiden rh ' s daughter perfection is the full sister to a gelding named parole , and he was the horse that gave the then invincible isonomy his first defeat , which of course added fuel to fire of indignation the british were stoking concerning the american racers . so it was that tesio recognized this passed over mare - - catnip - - was a genetic gold mine , and history has shown how right he was .

to be leap ' d this season , at half a guinea per leap , and a shilling to the boy , a fine stallion called bay childers , bred by the duke of hamilton out of mr bartlet ' s childers and the bay bolton mare , now the property of robert storey his grace ' s groom at hamilton . mares may be immediately served by this horse , which is 15 hands , with strength proportionable in every part , and is 10 years old this grass .

the space age of 1967 is a sharp contrast to the horse and buggy days at the turn of the century . people then read with interest about travelers to new orleans ; people of today look forward to the first trip to the moon . indeed , the miniskirt is a far cry from the fashions of the victorian era , as is rock ‘n roll from the square dance and waltz music of the past , and the private social affairs from the community fais - do - do .

on hindoo ' s side of hanover ' s pedigree was his dam , florence , by the great american racehorse and sire lexington , whose pedigree was considered " impure , " since the female line pedigree of his grandsire , timoleon , could not be traced in the general stud book . that , and the questions regarding wild medley ' s pedigree , were sufficient to bar hanover ' s progeny from the general stud book when its compiler and publisher , weatherby ' s , announced in 1913 , that horses would not be allowed entry into the stud book unless their pedigrees could be traced " without flaw " to horses already accepted in earlier volumes of the gsb . hanover wasn ' t , of course , the only horse affected - - all lexington descendants were disbarred , along with other families , both english and american , although it had no direct effect on the american stud book , and did not preclude these horses from racing in england . there were , however , inconsistencies and narrow gaps of opportunity for some horses with " stained " pedigrees during the years this policy , known as the jersey act , was gradually hardening , starting around 1897 . thus , rhoda b . ( 1895 ) , hanover ' s daughter , imported into ireland by richard " boss " croker , was subsequently registered in the gsb , and qualified as a horse already admitted to the book prior to the 1913 enactment . so her irish - bred son , epsom derby winner orby , and his sister rhodora , winner of the one thousand guineas , and their descendants were thoroughbreds , by the gsb ' s definition .

of interest , given the possible connection to beverley mentioned above , is a mare by the belgrade turk that was dam of james milnes ' esq ; pilot . pilot was a grey horse foaled in 1739 and , according to cheny , also known as jack of the green . he raced 1745 - 1748 in the north , including beverley , and proved a useful runner , winning 5 of his 13 starts ( including 3 of 4 starts in 1746 ) ; he was advertised as a stallion in 1754 , with the pedigree :

obviously , as mentioned tesio choose his stock and bloodlines with proven performance , no matter what anyone else thought - - and we breeders would be wise to follow his example if we want to create something lasting . the american lines not only had blistering speed , but outstanding stamina , proven by heat - racing test , and so it provided the best of both types in one product . and catnip was no fluke , and it was proven once again by a mare that also slipped into the gsb before the american horse was banned .

like , catnip , it was a good thing lady josephine was entered into the stud book before the jersey act came down , because this pinnacle of english breeding is loaded with american running horse lines ! when lady josephine is written of it is usually her sire sunridge that is given the credit for her amazing influence . sunridge is a potent and very good sire , and he is 4x4x4 to the full brothers rataplan / stockwell - - which makes them 5x5x5 in lady josephine , but seldom mentioned is the strong potency coming via the dam , americus girl .

bred by frank vessels , foaled in 1960 and campaigned by western stables under conditioner earl k . holmes , tiny charger was out of clabber tiny ( by clabber ii from tiny iny , tb ) . as a two - and three - year - old , he earned $ 73 , 356 from straightaway performance . a top aaa , as a three - year - old in 1963 , he won the following stakes : the inaugural at bay meadows ( january 5 ) over jet deck and pacific bars ; the hollywood handicap at bay meadows ( january 26 ) over copan buck and golden note ; and the inaugural at los alamitos ( april 9 ) over chudejs rhoda and moolah bar .

to be leap’d this season at a guinea each mare , a fine bay horse , 7 years old this grass , near 15 hands high , of great beauty , and uncommon strength , he moves justly , sets his ends well , and is free from all natural blemishes : he was got by the belgrade turk , which got the mare call’d after him , that won the great stakes at richmond ; his dam was got by bay bolton , out of the old scarborough mare , which beat the famous bonney black at new - market . this horse may be seen at any time , by enquiring of henry jaques at constable burton , near bedal in yorkshire , where a further account may be had of his pedigree , & c . good grass will be provided for mares at reasonable rates , and such as come above 20 miles , shall have a month’s keeping gratis . all breeders are invited to look at him , and such only wish’d to make use of him as know not where to find a better . —those who desire a leap of the old belgrade turk , may have their mare cover’d at 5 guineas a foal , and nothing in case of failure . [ newcastle courant . 7 apr 1733 . numb . 415 . ]

on sundays the young men of the town often rented a horse and buggy from either edgar ryan ( 900 block of bilbo street ) or the edgar george ( 600 block of ryan street ) livery stable and took their best girls for a ride to walnut grove . many times they stopped for a walk down lover’s lane , the old footbridge crossing pithon coulee near the lake . the bridge , overhung with moss - laden cypress trees , was a favorite walk for young swains . carved in the huge trees and on the wooden bridge railing were interlocked hearts , lovers’ initials , and such amorous expressions as “i love you . ”

the brown laurel ( 1824 ) was born at heslington hall , near york , bred by major nicholas yarburgh from wagtail , who was also bred by the major . wagtail was by prime minister , a half - sister to tranby . laurel was a brother to belinda , who ran second in the doncaster st . leger , and a half - brother to st . leger winner charles xii . he became a great cup horse , and ran until to the age of seven . he ran twice at the age of three , not placing in the york st . leger , and running " a bad third " to matilda in the doncaster st . leger .

just as in human research , the equine scientists are able to trace the mitochondrial dna back and determine true ancestry . this is a huge help now , and will be even more in the future , when we will be able to fill in those gaps in our sport horse pedigrees . for example , it was discovered by this method , that the general stud book ( thoroughbred ) had far fewer foundation mares than they originally thought . and it also turned out that some of the foundation mares were recorded several times , but with different names , plus many of the mares were also found to share a common mother . never before have we had a tool like this - one that can verify bloodlines .

throughout this early period citizens of southwest louisiana were still living a somewhat primitive existence . written in 1960 is a history of the roman catholic church in the area ; it gives an excellent description of those years . the first catholic missionaries came from texas in the early 1850’s , although evidence indicates prior visits did take place . priests from eastern texas , grand coteau , opelousas , and lafayette were all near enough to have come here earlier . however , conditions made missionary work difficult . a horse was the major means of travel , and a good animal cost as much as forty dollars . religious ignorance was another obstacle . adults were indifferent to spiritual matters but did all they could to insure success for the missionary’s work with children .

but there is much more to this humble mare . as i mentioned catnip possessed american thoroughbred lines , and the american thoroughbred and any horse that carried their lines , which had not been previously accepted in the general stud book was not allowed to be registered as thoroughbred in that era ( jersey act ) . her dam sibola was an american thoroughbred brought to england to race before the jersey act was in place . and race she did , winning the prestigious one thousand guineas . it was the consistent performance of our breed , such as sibola , that resulted in the anger and outrage that birthed the jersey act . but sibola had already been added to the gsb before the edict slammed down on american racers and so her offspring could be registered in it .

tiny charger was second in the pomona quarter horse championship to anna dial and second in the los ninos to joe sherry ; and third in the josie bar behind jet deck and anna dial . this was in 1963 . he was fourth in the los alamitos championship stakes , fourth in the los alamitos derby at 440 , fourth in the clabbertown g stakes . he set a new three - year - old colt record in a 350 allowance at los alamitos , taking the win by a nose in : 17 . 72 over straw flight and dari star . his first year on the tracks he ran second in the los alamitos futurity , beaten three - quarters of a length by hustling man ; second by a neck to jet deck in the california bred futurity ; and third to jet deck and top moon in the kindergarten stakes .

history has proven how right tesio ' s choice to buy this mare was , because the dynasty this mare begot is truly one of the most outstanding in the thoroughbred breed . her first daughter nera di bicci produced a racing and sport dynasty in germany through her daughter nella da gubbio , who was by another undervalued sire , grand parade . this sire , even while he was a derby winner , was not thought of well because he the son of another notorious race stealer : the irish - bred orby , who had won both the english and irish derby , handing the english another humiliation . why was this such a problem ? not only was orby bred by the hated irishman croker , who was not allowed to even train at newcastle , but he was out of an american dam ! his dam rhoda b was a daughter of the great hanover , who carried the top mare alice carneal rh 5x6 , who is the dam of lexington rh , and he also had a double of the important vandal rh 5x5 .

of those more immediately successful , one was belinda ( 1825 ) , the sister to laurel and half - sister to st . leger winner charles xii , out of the prime minister mare wagtail . she herself was good enough to run second to the colonel in the doncaster st . leger for her owner , major nicholas yarburgh , and she eventually retired to his stud at heslington hall , near york . she produced a number of foals , her best being tuscan ( 1846 , by lanercost ) , who won the gimcrack stakes ; the doctor ( 1834 , by dr . syntax ) who won the croxteth stakes and was a good cup horse , and the in - bred black lollypop ( 1836 , by voltaire ) , the dam of the good racehorse and sire sweetmeat , who is a key link in the byerley turk sire line . the american horses hastings and plaudit descend tail - female from lollypop , and exceller , broad brush and le ksar have belinda as a tail - female ancestress . la danseuse ( 1828 , out of madame saqui ( half - sister to chester cup winner fylde ) , by remembrancer ) won three races : a sweepstakes at chester at age three , a sweepstakes at manchester , and a sweepstakes at liverpool . in the hampton court stud she produced reel ( 1836 , by camel ) , and from this single thread descends all of family 13 - e , a successful female line of stakes winners on all continents .

belgrade turk mare ( belgrade turk ) bay bolton mare ( bay bolton ) bartlet ' s childers mare ( bartlet ' s childers ) flora ( regulus ) harriet ( matchem ) miss green ( highflyer ) canary ( coriander ) canary bird ( sorcerer ) quadrille ( selim ) | cotillon ( partisan ) | laelia ( sheet anchor ) | caprice ( coronation ) | tawney ( ivan ) | madeline ( plum pudding ) | hollyleaf ( hollywood ) | stella ( necromancer ) . . . . . 22 - a varennes ( selim ) | brocard ( whalebone ) | corumba ( filho da puta ) | zuleika ( muley moloch ) | ladylike ( newminster ) | grand duchess ( lozenge ) . . . . . 22 - d pioneer mare ( pioneer ) echo ( emilius ) . . . . . 22 - b venus ( sir hercules ) mrs . quickly ( longbow ) . . . . . 22 - c

she was first entered as a brood mare in the 1814 supplement to gsb .

bred by lord f g osborne , in 1806 , got by whiskey or sorcerer , her dam , canary , by coriander , out of miss green , by highflyer - harriet , by matchem - flora , by regulus .

her first four produce through 1813 were listed . that list was added to in subsequent editions ; with her list of produce in the 4th edition of vol . iii ( 1883 ) given as

1810 b f by selim … mr gillam 1811 b c ( died a foal ) … 1812 b c fandango , by selim … d of rutland 1813 ch c by dick andrews ( dead ) … mr golding 1815 b f quadrille , by selim … d of rutland 1816 ch f by ditto … mr farrall 1817 b f by haphazard … mr farrall 1818 b f varennes , by selim … ld verulam 1819 b c by orville ( dead ) … mr thornhill 1820 b f by scud , or pioneer … mr thornhill 1822 b c philander , by phantom ( died at 2 yrs old ) … sir t mostyn 1824 b f diamentina , by rubens … sir t mostyn 1826 ch f canary , by woful … mr dilly in 1821 missed to scud , 1823 to selim , 1825 to tiresias , and died in march 1827 , with a colt in her by spectre .

of her seven fillies , three appear to have founded lines that survive to the present : quadrille , by selim , varennes , by selim , and the mare by scud or pioneer .

lord f g osborne ' s canary - bird was a winner of 100 guineas at newmarket as a 2 year old ; although pick gave her pedigree as by whiskey ( or sorcerer ) he counted her amongst whiskey ' s winners for 1808 .

canary bird ' s dam , canary , was not entered as a broodmare in gsb until the 1891 edition of volume one .

❖ canary , bred by mr george dawson , in 1797 , got by coriander - miss green , by highflyer - harriet , by matchem - flora , by regulus . 1804 b c wry nose , by worthy … mr tighe 1805 b f by whiskey , or sorcerer … lord f osborne 1806 br f canary bird , by ditto , or ditto … lord f osborne 1808 br c merlin , by sorcerer … lord f osborne

canary started for mr f dawson , in 1800 ; pick giving her pedigree as " by coriander , out of hippopotamos’s dam , by match’em , grandam by regulus . " a generation is missing from this pedigree , which was corrected by pick when he published pedigrees for hippocampus in 1804 , and don felix in 1806 .

osborne , ld f g don felix , own brother to canary , hippocampus & polly titian , by coriander ; dam , miss green ( hippopotamus & greyhound ' s dam ) by highflyer ; grandam , harriet ( creeper & crawler ' s dam ) by match ' em , out of flora ( marquis ' s dam ) by regulus , & c .

( dam of canary ) was first entered in gsb as a broodmare in the edition of 1808 . that entry remained unchanged until the 5th edition of 1891 , when a note was added that she was sister to mrs jordan .

miss green ( sister to mrs jordan ) , bred by mr tattersall , in 1787 , got by highflyer , her dam , harriet , by matchem , out of flora , by regulus . 1791 b c by garrick … mr dawson 1793 b c hippopotamus , by king fergus … mr dawson 1794 b c greyhound , by sweetbriar ( sent to america ) … mr wentworth 1797 b f canary , by coriander … mr dawson 1799 b f by ditto ( died a foal ) … mr dawson 1800 b f by ditto … mr dawson 1801 b c hippocampus , by ditto … mr dawson 1802 b c don felix , by ditto … lord f g osborne 1803 b f polly titian , by ditto … mr howorth died in november 1803 , with a colt in her by coriander .

, of 1791 , with her list of produce through 1790 . three foals were added to her list of produce in the 1800 supplement , and her latest entry in the 1891 edition reads

harriet , bred by lord rockingham , in 1769 , got by matchem , her dam , flora , by regulus - bartlet ' s childers - bay bolton - belgrade turk . 1776 b f by bellario … mr tattersall 1779 b c by chillaby … mr tattersall 1780 b f by the vernon arabian … mr tattersall 1782 b f by gog … mr tattersall 1784 b f mrs jordan , by highflyer … mr ladbroke 1786 b c creeper , by tandem … lord a hamilton 1787 b f miss green , by highflyer … mr dawson 1788 b c by ditto … duke of bedford 1789 b c by ditto … lord barrymore 1790 b c by ditto … mr pelham 1792 b c crawler , by ditto … duke of grafton 1793 b f by diomed … duke of grafton 1794 b c speculator , by ditto … duke of grafton

harriet was among the horses listed for sale in one of mr tattersall ' s advertisements in 1778 .

to be sold by private contract , by mr tatterall , near hyde - park turnpike . lot . xiv . harriet , a bay mare , got by match ' em her dam ( flora ) by regulus , her grand dam by bartlet ' s childers , her great grand dam by bay bolton , great great grand dam by belgrade ; the dam of this mare was the dam of marquis and count ; covered by chillaby . [ weatherby ' s racing calendar ( newspaper ) 4 nov 1778 ; issue xv . ]

mr tattersall also advertised for sale harriet ' s 1784 filly by highflyer ( later mrs jordan ) .

to be sold by private contract , by mr tattersall , and to be seen at ely , cambridgeshire , thirteen miles from newmarket . september , 1784 . rising one year old . 17 a bay filly , with a star and snip , both hind legs and off fore heel white , got by highflyer , her dam by match’em , grand dam flora , by regulus , great grand dam by bartlett’s childers , great great grand dam by bay bolton , great great great grand dam by belgrade . - - n b the grand dam of this filly was the dam of marquis and count . n b the price of the colts 100gs , the fillies 50gs each . [ weatherby ' s racing calendar ( newspaper ) 29 sep 1784 . numb . xiii . ]

flora , bred by sir w strickland , got by regulus , her dam by bartlet ' s childers , grand dam by bay bolton , great grand dam by the belgrade turk . 1755 c by sloe … ld rockingham 1757 b c by whitefoot … ld rockingham 1758 c by ditto … ld rockingham 1760 b f by the godolphin colt ( grand dam of nottingham ) … ld rockingham 1761 b c marquis , by the godolphin colt … mr vernon 1762 f by the godolphin colt ( dam of copperbottom ) … ld rockingham 1764 br c by sampson … ld rockingham 1766 b f marchioness , by the godolphin colt … mr vernon 1767 br b f by sampson … ld rockingham 1768 c by sampson … ld rockingham 1769 b f harriet , by matchem ( dam of creeper ) … mr blake 1770 b c hotspur , by ditto … ld bolingbroke 1771 c by squirrel … ld bolingbroke 1772 br c count , by snap … mr jennings 1776 c viscount , by chillaby … mr jennings 1780 b c by ditto … mr dowson

although flora was a broodmare from a fairly early date in lord rockingham ' s stud , she is only mentioned twice in records of his examined to date , and his lordship does not appear to have had a pedigree or breeders certificate for her amongst his papers . pick , in his

, ( vol . i , 1803 ; p 381 ) says flora was a gift to lord rockingham from mr wentworth ( from his name , likely a kinsman of his lordship ) and that she was foaled about 1749 or ' 50 . this would make flora 30 years old at the time of her last foal . however , it is rare in thoroughbred records for mares to have foals so late in life , and a somewhat later foaling date seems more likely , perhaps about 1752 .

a question also arises about her breeder , since no " sir " w strickland seems to have been alive during the time period in question . sir william strickland , the 4th baronet of boynton died in 1735 , and the next william strickland , born in 1753 , did not become baronet until after the death of his father , sir george , in 1808 . another member of the extended strickland family ( william , 1714 - 1788 ) , is said to have been " of beverley . " he is described in the online history of parliament as second son of walter strickland , also of beverley , by his wife elizabeth peirson of mowthorpe , yorks . the father walter was a brother of sir william strickland , the 3rd baronet . beverley , late in the 17th century and through the first half of the 18th century had several active breeders , and bruce lowe ' s families 26 , 31 , and 40 were fostered there . names of early breeders and proprietors of running horses mentioned in

, . . . george poulson , esqr , vol . ii , 1829 mentioned the following in the list of " eminent seats of gentlemen in beverley " of about 1723 :

sir charles hotham , bart . in eastgate sir michael warton , adjoining north bar - - - warton , esq . in newbigin alured popple , esq . let to mr richard burton , in ditto [ within north bar ] warton warton , esq in eastgate , let to sir robt . hildyard , bart . ; francis apleyard , esq . in laregate , formerly st giles ; francis appleyard , esq . in tollgavel , let to samuel dalton , esq ;

the only breeder known to have patronized all the stallions in flora ' s pedigree ( regulus , bartlet ' s childers , bay bolton , and the belgrade turk , which he owned ) is sir marmaduke wyvill .

this mare does not have an entry in gsb , and no historical information has been found about her .

the " own brother to childer ' s " was advertised for sale as part of " the stud , late of mr william ovington of cowling , nigh beedal , in the county of york . " [

. 24 feb 1727 - 8 ] there is also an existing stallion advertisement for him , as mr bartlet ' s , in the same newspaper from 20 apr 1728 ( numb . 56 . ) .

at mr bartlet ' s at nutwith - coate nigh masham , bedale and rippon , in the north - riding of the county of york , will be leap ' d this season , the full brother to the duke of devonshire ' s famous childers at 3 guineas , and half a crown a mare , where mares may be kept in good grass , and well taken care of .

bartlet ' s childers ( late ovington ' s ) had definitely dated foals 1726 - 1738 . given the next crosses in flora ' s pedigree , the bartlet ' s childers mare was probably foaled later , sometime after 1731 .

bay bolton mare this mare does not have a broodmare entry in gsb , and historical information is also lacking . bay bolton was probably kept as a private stallion by the duke of bolton , since no advertisements to the public have been located , and he appears mostly in pedigrees of horses bred either by the duke himself or his family , friends , and associates . bay bolton had definitely dated foals 1715 - 1732 . this mare was probably foaled towards the latter end of that range , 1727 or later .

this mare has neither a broodmare entry in gsb nor any known historical information .

the mare mentioned in the above advertisement was sir marmaduke wyvill ' s bay mare ; she won the 120 guineas for 5 years old at richmond , 18 jun 1728 , beating four others , and then looks to have become the duke of somerset ' s mare known as belgrade , which he started for the king ' s plate for 5 year old mares at newmarket the following april .

the belgrade turk appeared in one more advertisement for his son ( later called young belgrade or belgrade the 2nd and sometimes confused with his father ) . by that time , the fee for the " old belgrade turk " had risen from the original one guinea to 5 guineas , well above the going rate .

from the first advertisement , it appears that the belgrade turk probably began his career in england as a stallion about 1722 . he has definitely dated foals 1723 - 1739 , but the mare in question , in order to have been flora ' s great grandam , was probably foaled before 1728 .

both francis appleyard , esq ; and mr bethell were breeders in beverley , and pilot ' s dam is one of the few mares known to have been sired by the belgrade turk . that pilot ' s grandam was a contemporary of brocklesby betty suggests she was also foaled around 1711 , and implies that marwood ' s coneyskin ( later mr hutton ' s coneyskins , according to pick ,

, i , 1803 ; p 160 ) must have been foaled no later than 1708 , further distinguishing him from the duke of rutland ' s coneyskins ( 1712 ) winner of 5 king ' s plates in 1719 . marwood ' s " old coney - skins " is mentioned in one other advertisement .

he was got by capt . appleyard’s single - peeper , out of a fine mares , whose sire was carried abroad by mr sitlington , and reported to have been sold , to the emperor of germany , for a very considerable sum of money .

n b single - peeper’s performances are so well known , that it is needless to repeat them . [

whether the coneyskins mare in the above advertisement ( dam of craftsman and grandam of appleyard ' s singlepeeper ) was the same as pilot ' s grandam ( and dam of bethell ' s poor robin ) is unknown .

describes laelia as a grey : " 1842 laelia gr . f . " [ gsb 5 : 32 ] .

on the other hand , it is also possible that the matings of cotillon occurred exactly as reported to the stud book and rather that cotillon was not the dam of laelia . it is also possible that laelia was a sabino , a relatively modern colour distinction , rather than a grey .

an example of a roan hunter by james seymour ( 1702c - 1752 ) illustrates that " roan " did not always mean " grey " . colour theorists suggest that the roan gene has never been present in the thoroughbred , thus , when the term " roan " is used to describe a coat colour it is generally assumed that the colour was actually grey , sabino or rabicano . the latter two are widely distributed throughout the breed .


semicassis labiata ( formerly also known as phalium labiatum ) is a species of large predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusc .

this species is in the subfamily cassinae , the " helmet shells " and " bonnet shells " , which feed on sea urchins .

semicassis labiata

semicassis labiata <EOT> subspecies semicassis labiata labiata ( g . perry , 1811 ) represented as semicassis labiata ( perry , 1811 )

» subspecies semicassis labiata labiata ( g . perry , 1811 ) represented as semicassis labiata ( perry , 1811 )

semicassis labiata labiata ( g . perry , 1811 ) · accepted , alternate representation

worms - world register of marine species - semicassis labiata labiata ( g . perry , 1811 )

scientific data : genus : semicassis species : labiata subspecies : forma : author : perry , g . author year : 1811

species semicassis diuturna iredale , 1927 accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )

species semicassis persimilis kira , 1955 accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )

» variety semicassis undulata var . levilabiata paetel , 1888 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( synonym )

» species semicassis ( semicassis ) bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 ) represented as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )

» subspecies semicassis bisulcata persimilis kira , 1955 accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )

species semicassis japonica ( reeve , 1848 ) accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )

species semicassis pila ( reeve , 1848 ) accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )

( of semicassis ( semicassis ) labiata ( perry , 1811 ) ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]

» subspecies semicassis bisulcata booleyi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 ) accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )

species semicassis fibrata ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1920 ) †

» species semicassis ( antephalium ) adcocki ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1896 ) represented as semicassis adcocki ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1896 )

» species semicassis ( kahua ) lilliei ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) † represented as semicassis lilliei ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) †

» species semicassis ( kahua ) marwicki ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) † represented as semicassis marwicki ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) †

» species semicassis ( kahua ) fibrata ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1920 ) † represented as semicassis fibrata ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1920 ) †

( of semicassis ( semicassis ) labiata ( perry , 1811 ) ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . marine mollusca of isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand . part 3 . gastropoda ( vetigastropoda - littorinimorpha ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand . 40 ( 3 - 4 ) : 59 - 180 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

» subspecies semicassis saburon evanescens settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis saburon ( bruguière , 1792 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

» subspecies semicassis saburon inaequalis settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis saburon ( bruguière , 1792 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

» subspecies semicassis saburon multicostata settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis saburon ( bruguière , 1792 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

» subspecies semicassis undulata bivaricosa settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

» subspecies semicassis undulata elegantissima settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

» subspecies semicassis undulata maderensis settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

» subspecies semicassis undulata saburoidea settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

» subspecies semicassis undulata tenuis settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

( of semicassis labiata iheringi ( carcelles , 1953 ) ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . marine mollusca of isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand . part 3 . gastropoda ( vetigastropoda - littorinimorpha ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand . 40 ( 3 - 4 ) : 59 - 180 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

cassis japonica reeve , 1848 accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 ) ( type by subsequent designation )

subgenus semicassis ( casmaria ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as casmaria h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( original rank )

( of phalium ( semicassis ) mörch , 1852 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 [ details ]

( of semicassis ( antephalium ) iredale , 1927 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]

( of cassis ( semicassis ) mörch , 1852 ) mörch o . a . l . ( 1852 ) . catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit d . alphonso d’aguirra & gadea , comes de yoldi 1 , cephalophora . l . klein , hafniae [ copenhagen ] , 170 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 112 [ details ]

discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .

one of the most intriguing patterns in mammalian biogeography is the “island rule” , which states that colonising species have a tendency to converge in body size , with larger species evolving decreased sizes and smaller species increased sizes . it has recently been suggested that an analogous pattern holds for the colonisation of the deep - sea benthos by marine gastropoda . in particular , a pioneering study showed that gastropods from the western atlantic showed the same graded trend from dwarfism to gigantism that is evident in island endemic mammals . however , subsequent to the publication of the gastropod study , the standard tests of the island rule have been shown to yield false positives at a very high rate , leaving the result open to doubt .

the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .

the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .

citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken

copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .

funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .

the island rule states that after island colonisation , animals undergo predictable patterns of body size evolution , with larger colonising species becoming smaller , and smaller species becoming larger . the result is a graded trend from dwarfism in the largest colonists to gigantism in the smallest [ 1 ] – [ 4 ] . because insular habitats are distinctive in a number of ways , this pattern might be variously explained , and a variety of hypotheses have indeed been proposed in the literature [ 1 ] – [ 11 ] . recently , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] made an important advance by testing for analogous patterns of body size evolution in a non - insular system . specifically , they compared body sizes of animals living in deep - sea benthic habitats with their shallow - water living congeners . using the malacolog database version 3 . 3 . 3 of rosenberg [ 13 ] , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] took the gastropods of the western atlantic as a case study , and reported that a highly significant trend from dwarfism to gigantism was evident in the deep - sea species .

here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .

part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .

the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .

since the pattern was first identified [ 1 ] – [ 3 ] the island rule has been explained in a large number of ways [ 1 ] – [ 11 ] . a powerful method of distinguishing between the competing explanations is to test for the presence of analogous patterns in systems that share some , but not all of the ecological characteristics of island habitats [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 34 ] . for example , one putative contributor to the vertebrate pattern is “immigrant selection” , that is , between - lineage differences in the probability of reaching isolated islands , as opposed to differences in survival after colonisation [ 4 ] , [ 35 ] , [ 36 ] . the colonization of the deep - sea benthos differs clearly and qualitatively from the colonization of islands , and so if it is assumed that the similar patterns of body size evolution reflect a similarity of underlying cause [ 12 ] , this argues against immigrant selection as a key determinant of the graded trend that is observed in both cases .

similarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] – [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .

we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .

many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .

conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .

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mcnab bk ( 2002 ) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands . ecol lett 5 : 693–704 .

duncan rp , blackburn tm ( 2004 ) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna . global ecol biogeogr 13 : 509–517 .

vale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65–79 .

vale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105–108 .

walker se , voight jr ( 1994 ) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods . palaios 9 : 48–59 .

mccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85–101 .

wassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287–295 .

williams gc . natural selection : domains , levels and challenges . oxford : oxford university press . .

raia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731–1742 . ( doi :

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spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]

( of xenogalea insperata iredale , 1927 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]

( of xenogalea collactea finlay , 1928 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]

( of cassis achatina lamarck , 1816 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of cassis achatina lamarck , 1816 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]

( of phalium labiatum ( perry , 1811 ) ) macdonald & co ( 1979 ) . the macdonald encyclopedia of shells . macdonald & co . london & sydney . [ details ]

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cassis achatina lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1816

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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6e7aff22 - 0f91 - 4d9d - 8365 - 7dcfb19581fc

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b0b7f230 - b35e - 49bd - 9b3c - 2632ed770284

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 540321

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figures a - c : 56 mm , maria island , tas ( e ) , coll . s . grove .

typical shell - length 60 mm . lives subtidally on sand . native . occurs in southeastern and southwestern australia ( qld , nsw , tas , vic , sa and wa ) ; also new zealand , south africa and southeast south america . in tasmanian waters , this is a rare species , most likely to be found in the e .

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respectively . whilst great care is taken to accurately identify specimens featured on this web - site and to allocate all records to the most appropriate taxonomic names available , no guarantee is offered that all identifications are accurate , nor that the taxa to which they have been allocated are currently valid . commentaries on habitat , distribution and biology are also subject to change as new information comes to light . if you have any enquiries , or any comments that will help improve the content or appearance of these pages , then please follow the links from ' contact ' on the left - hand panel .

the symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .

morley , m . s . , hayward , b . w . , raven , j . l . , foreman , g . a . , grenfell , h . r . 2006 : intertidal and shallow subtidal biota of mahia peninsula , hawkes bay , records of the auckland institute and museum , 43 ( p . 35 )

powell , a . w . b . 1979 : new zealand mollusca : marine , land and freshwater shells , collins , auckland ( p . 159 )

note : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .

kreipl k . 1997 . recent cassidae . christa hemmen , wiesbaden , 151 p . page ( s ) : 58 [ details ]

mörch , o . a . l . ( 1852 - 1853 ) catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit d’alphonso d’aguirra & gadea comes de yoldi , regis daniae cubiculariorum princeps , ordinis dannebrogici in prima classe & ordinis caroli terth eques . fasciculus primus . cephalophora , 170 pp . [ 1852 ] ; fasciculus secundus . acephala . annulata cirripedia . echinodermata , 74 pp . l . klein , hafniae , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of xenophalium iredale , 1927 ) iredale t . 1927 . a review of australian helmet shells ( family cassididae — phylum mollusca ) . records of the australian museum 15 ( 5 ) : 321–354 , plates 31 - 32 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 333 [ details ]

( of faurotis jousseaume , 1888 ) jousseaume , f . ( 1888 ) . description des mollusques recueillis par m . le dr . faurot dans la mer rouge et le golfe d’aden . mémoires de la société zoologique de france . 1 : 165 - 223 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 188 [ details ]

( of tylocassis woodring , 1928 ) woodring , w . p . 1928 . miocene mollusks from bowden , jamaica . part ii . gastropods and discussion of results . contributions to the geology and paleontology of the west indies . carnegie institution of washington publication 385 : vii + 564 pp . , 3 figs . , 40 pls page ( s ) : 306 [ details ]

( of maucassis c . a . fleming , 1943 † ) beu , a . g . & maxwell , p . a . ( 1990 ) cenozoic mollusca of new zealand . new zealand geological survey paleontological bulletin , 58 , 1–518 . [ details ]

grammatical gender feminine , under provisions of iczn art . 30 . 1 . 1 , following ending with latin noun cassis , meaning " helmet " . [ details ]

iredale , t . 1927 , " a review of australian helmet shells ( family cassididae - phylum mollusca ) " , records of the australian museum , vol . 15 , pp . 321 - 354

finlay , h . j . 1928 , " the recent mollusca of the chatham islands " , transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , vol . 59 , pp . 232 - 286 , pls 38 - 43

lamarck , j . b . p . a . de m . 1816 , " liste des objets représentés dans les planches de cette livraison " , ed . lamarck , j . b . p . a . de m . , tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature . vers , coquilles , mollusques et polypiers , no . 23 , pp . 1 - 16 , agasse , paris

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : aac847d5 - 5ff9 - 4766 - ae79 - 93e49469868f

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5573d09e - 46ae - 40e0 - 83b0 - da7534a4d5c6

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 539037

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full reference : e . vredenburg . 1925 . description of mollusca from the post - eocene tertiary formation of north - western india : cephalopoda , opisthobranchiata , siphonostomata . memoirs of the geological survey of india 50 ( 1 ) : 1 - 350

average measurements ( in mm ) : shell 28 . 5 x 21 . 0

f + + , very strange specimen ! looks like hybrid of vibex and turgida ! we had some before from b . cook !

f + + , first time we have from venezuela ! ex . coll . peggy williams

f + , nice smooht specimen , w / o ! - last pieces from gigliotti´s collection , super bargain ! was 40 . 00 ( con )

f + , fresh collected ! very nice shape and patterns . w / o

f + , very thick , heavy specimen ! - last pieces from gigliotti´s collection , super bargain ! was 30 . 00 ( con )

f + + , very thick lip ! nice color , ex . coll . peggy williams , w / o

the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .

fourteen shells , a mixture of gastropods and bivalves , arranged in two rows of three and two rows of four against a plain background . the drawing is signed by watling , and annotated in brown ink .

the drawing is annotated in blue pencil at top right with the number " 329 " , which refers to the pre - 1984 numbering system for the watling collection .

the drawing is annotated in brown ink against four shells in roughly the lower left hand quarter with the native names " birra - da " , " caib - bow - ah " , " bal - bou - ree " and " moan " .

the drawing is signed at lower right in brown ink " t . watling , delt . - " , but is undated .

iredale , tom , ' history of new south wales shells part iii : the settlement years ( continued ) : thomas watling , artist ' , proceedings , royal zoological society of new south wales 1956 - 7 pp . 162 - 169 ( 1958 ) .

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