gastropteridae is a family of sea slugs , gastropod mollusks in the superfamily philinoidea of the clade cephalaspidea , the headshield slugs and bubble snails .

gastropteridae

gastropteridae <EOT> anatomy and histology of a new species of enotepteron ( cephalaspidea : gastropteridae ) from tropical northeastern australia .

köhler , e . ( 2016 ) , published 24 june 2016 , gastropteridae sp . 01 family : swainson , 1840

it was posted on 16 april 2004 at these websites as gastropteridae sp . a family : swainson , 184 , changed on 28 august 2011 into

gastropteridae sp . 01 is characterized by it ' s orange colour without any ornaments , and by its orange posterior funnel , in some specimens dark orange .

dear bill , the attached pictures were found and taken by hisako yamada . this is certainly gastropteridae , we think . but we can ' t determine further identification . can you please help us ?

gosliner t . m . ( 1989 ) revision of the gastropteridae ( opisthobranchia : cephalaspidea ) with descriptions of a new genus and six new species . the veliger 32 ( 4 ) : 333 - 381 . [ details ]

bayesian and ml phylogram of relationships of gastropteridae . bootstrap values and posterior probabilities are shown at each node when they are < 0 . 95 or 70 , respectively . all other values indicated with an asterisk ( * ) are highly supported .

phylogenetic relationships within gastropteridae have been studied based on anatomy ( gosliner , 1989 ) and molecular data ( anthes , schulenburg & michiels , 2008 ) , and the systematics relationships of these two studies are largely congruent . most recently , oskars , bouchet & malaquias ( 2015 ) revised the phylogeny and systematics of the cephalaspidean heterobranchs and reaffirmed the apparent monophyly of gastropteridae and suggested its sister relationship with colpodaspidae oskars , bouchet & malaquias , 2015 , another lineage of cephalaspideans with a reduced internal shell .

this study also sheds light on the nature of genetic variation in widely separated populations of gastropteridae . in comparing , populations that are geographically separated , there are wide differences in the amount of genetic divergence based on differences in the coi ( table 3 ) .

dear haruo , yes this is a species of the gastropteridae and i think it is probably a species of gastropteron . however i don ' t recognise it and think it may be an unnamed species . perhaps someone will recognise it . best wishes , bill rudman

the family gastropteridae includes small diurnal species that may or may not have an internal shell . most species have greatly enlarged parapodia that may be used for swimming . they are probably carnivores but little is known about their diet . at least eight species are known from hawaii in four genera (

ty - jour ti - revision of the gastropteridae ( opisthobranchia , cephalaspidea ) with descriptions of a new genus and 6 new species t2 - the veliger . vl - 32 ur - urltoken pb - california malacozoological society . cy - berkeley , ca : py - 1989 sp - 333 ep - 381 sn - 0042 - 3211 au - gosliner , tm er -

@ article { bhlpart96921 , title = { revision of the gastropteridae ( opisthobranchia , cephalaspidea ) with descriptions of a new genus and 6 new species } , journal = { the veliger . } , volume = { 32 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { berkeley , ca : california malacozoological society . 1958 - } , author = { gosliner , tm } , year = { 1989 } , pages = { 333 - - 381 } , }

both ndna ( 28s ) and mtdna [ 16s and cytochrome c oxidase i ( coi ) ] fragments were utilized to estimate gastropteridae phylogeny . these molecular markers have been shown to be effective gene markers to infer heterobranch phylogenetic relationships ( dinapoli & klussmann - kolb , 2010 ; göbbeler & klussmann - kolb , 2010 ; pola & gosliner ; 2010 ; camacho - garcía et al . , 2014 ; hallas & gosliner , 2015 ; hallas , simison & gosliner , 2016 ) . the dna was extracted from tissue removed from either the parapodia or foot of the specimen .

in all three individual gene trees and both concatenated analyses , gastropteridae is monophyletic . gastropteron and siphopteron are not supported in either analysis , while sagaminopteron is strongly supported ( bs = 88 , pp = 1 . 00 ) . the two clades of gastropteron are strongly supported ( rubrum clade : bs = 78 , pp = 1 . 00 ; bicornutum clade : bs = 97 , pp = 1 . 00 ) as are the three clades of s . tigrinum clade ( clade 1 ) : bs = 97 , pp = 1 . 00 ; quadrispinosum clade ( clade 3 ) : bs = 89 , pp = 1 . 00 ; and the sp . cas 181575 clade ( clade 2 ) .

the topologies of individual gene trees for coi , 16s and 28s consistently show the monophyly of gastropteridae and the major clades within the family . the aligned concatenated dataset was 1839 base pairs in length . this included 750 bp for 28s , 657 bp for coi and 432 bp for 16s ( including gaps and variable regions ) . raxml and bayesian analyses have nearly identical topologies . tracer files showed that bi searchers all converged on the same likelihood score . for comparison purposes , the combined gene bayesian tree is shown with their respective non - parametric bootstrap ( bs ) and posterior probability ( pp ) values from ml and bi ( fig . 23 ) . the only difference between the two trees is that there are three lineages of s . psychedelicum in the bayesian tree and two in the raxml tree .

evolutionary models for the targeted molecular markers were estimated using partitionfinder v1 . 1 . 1 ( lanfear et al . , 2012 ) ( table 2 ) . a concatenated alignment of all three molecular markers was used to estimate gastropteridae evolutionary relationships using both bayesian inference ( bi ) and maximum likelihood ( ml ) approaches . bi searches were run using mrbayes v3 . 2 . 1 ( ronquist & huelsenbeck , 2003 ) for a total of 2 × 10 7 generations with markov chains sampled every 1000 generations with parameters unlinked . a conservative 25 % burn - in was calculated , and the remaining trees were used to estimate the 50 % majority rule consensus tree and corresponding posterior probabilities ( pp ) . convergence and stationarity of bi searches were checked using tracer v1 . 5 ( drummond & rambaut , 2007 ) . ml search was run using raxml v7 . 2 . 6 ( stamatakis , 2006 ) with the evolution model gtr - gamma . ml dataset was set for 50 000 fast bootstrapping runs . support values for ml bootstrap ( bs ) ≥ 70 ( hillis & bull , 1993 ) and bayesian pp ≥ 0 . 95 were interpreted as significant .

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bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]

oskars t . r . , bouchet p . & malaquias m . a . ( 2015 ) . a new phylogeny of the cephalaspidea ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) based on expanded taxon sampling and gene markers . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 89 : 130 - 150 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of gasteropteridae ) costello , m . j . ; emblow , c . ; white , r . ( ed . ) . ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 . muséum national d ' histoire naturelle : paris , france . isbn 2 - 85653 - 538 - 0 . 463 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of gasteropteridae ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]

to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to genbank to image gallery of natural history museum rotterdam to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) to itis

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genus : enotepteron y . s . minichev , 1967 ( db : 5 sp , 0 img )

genus : gastropteron j . f . meckel in kosse , 1813 ( syn : gasteroptera , gasteropterum , gastroptera , gastropterum , parthenopia , sarcopterus , gasteropteron - db : 14 sp , 5 img )

genus : sagaminopteron t . tokioka & k . baba , 1964 ( db : 5 sp , 3 img )

enotepteron minichev , yu . s . , 196 type species : enotepteron flavum minichev , yu . s . , 1967

gastropteron meckel , j . f . in kosse , 1813 type species : unknowngenustype

sagaminopteron tokioka , t . & k . baba , 1964 type species : unknowngenustype

turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .

common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .

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the anatomy and histology of a new species of gastropterid cephalaspidean , enotepteron heikeae , sp . nov . , from tropical australia is described . enotepteron is the least documented of the gastropterid genera with only two previously recorded species , from yellow sea ( north pacific ) and the seychelles ( indian ocean ) . the unique features of e . heikeae , within the genus , are the long thin tail ( posterior end of the foot ) , cuticular penial armature , and a bilobed prostate . the investigation also reveals the presence of a very large anal gland . this gland maybe a useful taxonomic region , and its discovery considerably broadens the previously known geographical occurrence of the genus . documentation and investigation of this species improves our knowledge of the morphological variation across the genus , and allows reassessment of the generic features to show that the presence of spheres to the posterior edge of the parapodia may be the only unifying character .

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was originally described from guam , mariana islands . the species has since been found in many other areas of the western pacific as well as the indian ocean . adult animals average about 9mm in length though specimens up to 16mm have been found .

. the animals are difficult to see on their sponge host since their color and texture match that of the sponge .

with egg masses from palau . it was collected 24 sept ' 96 at a depth of 13m ; ' wonder channel ' , palau . the host sponge in this case is

can be found in a paper by dr . terry gosliner ( 1989 ) in the " veliger . "

. the vast majority of the almost thirty species in the family are found in the indo - pacific tropics . most species are small , less than an inch in length . they are unusual for cephalaspideans in that the

is reduced to a flat , internal plate , found under the skin in the hind end of the animal , or is entirely absent in adults . most species are able to swim by flapping their parapodia and " flying " through the water .

( the genus is named for sagami bay , japan , where emperor hirohito collected so many opisthobranchs that have been studied by kikutaro baba ) are all found on sponges , upon which they feed . the feeding biology of other members of the family is virtually unknown .

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a new gastropterid species , enotepteron hayashii , collected from the sea of japan , is described herein . enotepteron is a small genus characterized externally by a small globular protuberance ( sphere ) on the posterior edge of both parapodia . e . hayashii differs from the previously known species by the presence of a small knob - like spur on the median line of the posterodorsal end of the mantle shield . this paper represents the first record of this genus from japan .

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the overwhelming majority of species are found in the indo - pacific tropics or in adjacent temperate regions ( gosliner et al . , 2008 ) . while this is a typical pattern of diversity , the extent of distribution of many of these tropical species is poorly understood and there appear to be many undescribed species inhabiting this largest portion of the world’s oceans .

two different extraction methods were utilized , depending on the amount of tissue able to be sampled . for large amounts of tissue , we used the standard qiagen dneasy blood & tissue extraction kit ( valencia , ca , usa ) protocol , and for instances where only small amounts of tissue was sampled , we used the qiagen gentra puregene tissue kit ( valencia , ca , usa ) 5–10 mg protocol .

each polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) was conducted in 25 µl reactions . reactions consisted of 2 . 5 µl of 10× usb buffer , 1 . 25 µl of mgcl 2 ( 25 mm ) , 1 µl of each primer ( 10 µm stock ) , 1 µl of bsa ( 10 mg / ml ) , 0 . 5 µl of dntps ( 10 mm ) , 5 µl of betaine ( 5 m ) , 1 µl of dmso , 1 µl of hotstart - it taq polymerase ( 1 . 25 u / µl ) , 1–4 µl of template dna and then filled to volume with millipore water . primers used for sequencing are all listed in table 2 . pcr cycling conditions for coi and 16s fragments are as follows : initial denaturing for 2 min at 94 °c , followed by 35 cycles of denaturing for 30 s at 94 °c , annealing for 30 s at 50 °c and extension for 45 s at 72°c and a final extension period of 10 min at 72 °c . the coi annealing temperature was relaxed to 48 °c for the naf / narcoi primers . pcr protocol for 28s was initially denatured for 3 min at 94 °c , followed by 35 cycles of denaturing for 30 s at 94 °c , annealing for 30 s at 52 . 5 °c and extension for 2 min at 72 °c and a final extension period of 10 min at 72 °c . all pcr reactions were stained with ethidium bromide and run on 0 . 5 % tris / borate / edta agarose gel using electrophoresis . successfully amplified fragments were purified using exosap - it enzymes and protocol ( usb ) , and unsuccessful amplified reactions were excised using the zymoclean gel dna recovery protocol .

purified pcr product was cycle sequenced using fluorescently labelled dideoxynucleotides ( ddntps ) ( big dye terminator v3 . 1 , applied biosystems ) . cycle sequencing reactions were performed in 10 µl volumes . all regular cycle sequencing reactions had the same protocol for all primers ; each reaction used 2 µl of pcr product and the following reaction components : 5 . 45 µl of millipore water , 1 . 5 µl of 5× big dye buffer , 0 . 3 µl of primer ( 10 µm ) , 0 . 75 µl of big dye 3 . 1 . for those samples that required gel excision or had low pcr amplifications , we used modified cycle sequencing protocols that were performed in 20 µl volumes . each reaction used 3 µl of pcr product and the following reaction components : 9 . 4 µl of millipore water , 3 µl of 5× big dye buffer , 0 . 6 µl of primer ( 10 µm ) , 4 µl of big dye 3 . 1 and followed the step protocol ( platt , woodhall & george , 2007 ) .

fluorescently labelled sequences were precipitated using 2 . 5 µl of di - na edta ( 125 mm ) and cleaned with 30 µl of 100 % etoh then with 60 µl of 70 % etoh . the tubes were placed into a 65 °c incubator for 8 min to dry , then the dna pellets were re - suspended in 10 µl deionized formamide and denatured at 94–96 °c for 2 min . immediately afterwards , they were placed on an abi 3130 xl genetic analyser ( applied biosystems ) , located in the center for comparative genomics at the california academy of sciences .

successfully sequenced markers were assembled and edited using geneious 6 . 1 ( biomatters ltd . , 2005 ) . the sequences were aligned using the multiple alignment using fast fourier transform ( mafft ) algorithm ( katoh , asimenos & toh , 2009 ) with the settings set to default . following mafft alignment , variable regions of rdna fragments were manually optimized , and these alignments have been deposited in treebase ( urltoken ) . in sequences where confidence was low , ambiguities were deleted and not analysed . finally , all sequences were trimmed to the length of the outgroup .

species were delimited through an integrative approach with the use of congruence of single - gene topologies , automatic barcode gap discovery ( abgd ) ( puillandre et al . , 2012 ) . abgd uses genetic pairwise distances to identify breaks between intra - and interspecific variation , also referred to as the ‘barcode gap’ . coi genetic distance matrix was created using mega v6 . 06 ( tamura et al . , 2011 ) using the tamura nei model and uploaded to the abgd web - based interface ( available at urltoken ) . except for the relative gap width ( x ) , which was set to 1 , the remaining settings were left at their default configuration .

penial anatomy . ( a ) gastropteron minutum sp . nov . paratype , casiz 182731 . ( b ) gastropteron multo sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041181 , mabini , philippines , cs = cuticular spine , pp = penial papilla , pr = prostate , rm = retractor muscle . ( c ) sagaminopteron multimaculatum sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041182 , tingloy , philippines .

lsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 73880269 - 2d0d - 4091 - b9fd - 8ec86ae05ce2

gastropteron sp . 5 gosliner , valdés & behrens , 2015 : 56 , upper right fig .

holotype : casiz 209032 , originally casiz 182731 , honokowai beach park , maui , hawai’ian islands , 1–6 m depth , 11 april 2010 , cory pittman .

paratypes : casiz 182731 , two specimens , one dissected , honokowai beach park , maui , hawai’ian islands , 1–6 m depth , 11 april 2010 , cory pittman . casiz 199181 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , maricaban island , tingloy , luzon , philippines , emerged from algae , 26 april 2014 , patrick krug .

known from japan ( rudman , 2002 ) , the hawai’ian islands , the marshall islands and the philippines ( gosliner et al . , 2015 ) .

the name minutum is derived from the extremely small size of this species , reaching a maximum of 3 mm in length .

living animal 2–3 mm in length ( fig . 1a , b ) . preserved holotype < 1 mm in length ( fig . 2a ) . ground colour of head shield , parapodia , visceral hump and flagellum almost colourless with opaque white and orange mottling speckling body . orange and off - white spots condensing around visceral hump to form low , rounded tubercles and covering parapodia . head shield and flagellum having fewer spots , almost clear . head shield narrow anteriorly , broadening out before again narrowing posteriorly . posteriorly , head shield forming a simple rolled siphon without medial crest . parapodia covering visceral hump when retracted . at posterior end of visceral hump , elongate , acutely pointed flagellum extending posteriorly . foot extending posteriorly , almost entire length of animal from head to end of visceral hump . at posterior end , foot narrowing into elongate , acutely pointed posterior tip . gill situated on right side of body and consisting of seven tiny lamellae .

living animals . ( a ) gastropteron minutum sp . nov . , partaype , casiz 199181 , tingloy , philippines . ( b ) gastropteron minutum sp . nov . , holotype , casiz 209032 , maui , hawai’ian islands , photo by cory pittman . ( c ) gastropteron multo sp . nov . , holotype nmp 041181 , mabini , philippines . ( d ) gastropteron multo sp . nov . , paratype , casiz 186048 , mabini , philippines . ( e ) sagaminopteron multimaculatum sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041182 , tingloy , philippines . ( f ) siphopteron vermiculum sp . nov . , paratype , casiz 199129 , tingloy , philippines . ( g ) siphopteron flavolineatum , holotype , nmp 041184 , tingloy , philippines . ( h ) siphopteron flavolineatum , paratype , casiz 199132 , tingloy , philippines . ( photos by t . gosliner unless otherwise indicated . )

gastropteron minutum sp . nov . paratype , casiz 182731 , maui , hawai’ian islands . ( a ) dorsal view of preserved specimen , scale = 1 . 25 mm . ( b ) buccal mass , scale = 0 . 75 mm . ( c ) posterior reproductive organs . a = ampulla , bc = bursa copulatrix , fgm = female gland mass , rs = receptaculum seminis ; scale = 0 . 5 mm . ( d ) penis . p = penis , pr = prostate ; scale = 0 . 75 mm .

thinly calcified , planispiral , tightly coiled , c . 300 µm in diameter ( fig . 3a ) . protoconch not clearly differentiated from remainder of shell .

gastropteron minutum sp . nov . paratype , casiz 182731 , scanning electron micrographs . ( a ) shell . ( b ) jaw rodlets . ( c ) half - row of radular teeth , triangular thickening indicated by arrow . ( d ) half - row of radular teeth .

buccal mass ( fig . 2b ) moderately muscularized , with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature around radular sac . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with pair of minute areas with small irregular rodlets ( fig . 3b ) . radular formula 20 × 4 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 4 in one specimen ( casiz 182731 ) . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of the inner laterals containing 13–14 acutely pointed denticles ( fig . 3c , d ) . triangular thickening present on inner edge of masticatory border of inner lateral teeth . innermost outer lateral tooth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller , with narrower base ; all lacking denticles ( fig . 3c ) .

arrangement of ganglia euthyneurous , with short visceral loop . owing to small size of animal , details of arrangement of ganglia could not be determined in a single specimen dissected .

despite its small size , reproductive system is fully mature and well - developed ; female glands clearly visible ( fig . 2c ) . narrow ampulla extending into straighter hermaphroditic duct , curving around top of lobate mucous gland , and expanding into small receptaculum seminis before curving around female glands once more . opening of hermaphroditic duct into female glands not visible , but hermaphroditic duct joining relatively short bursa copulatrix near gonopore , leading to external sperm groove . sperm groove continuing on right side of the body to head , where penis is situated . penis simple with slightly curved prostate . penial papilla straight and devoid of penial armature ( figs 2d , 4a ) .

the external anatomy of g . minutum clearly differentiates this species from all described species of gastropteron . it is the only species with an off - white body colour with opaque white and orange spots . the presence of opaque white spots and rounded tubercles give the entire animal a granular rather than smooth appearance . most species of gastropteron have a smooth body without tubercles or granules . of the seven species of gastropteron known from the pacific ocean , none of them is known to have a single flagellum with an elongate extension of the foot . the only described species with an elongate foot is g . bicornutum baba & tokioka , 1965 . it has two flagella , one more dorsally situated on the visceral hump and one more ventrally situated . it has a smooth rather than rugose body and has black and yellow spots over the dorsal surface . internally , the inner lateral radular teeth have fewer denticles than g . minutum . both species have a simple penis with an elongate prostate . in our molecular phylogeny , g . minutum is sister to g . rubrum ( rafinesque , 1814 ) , known from the mediterranean and west africa , and is quite far removed from g . bicornutum .

lsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 025f1253 - a0d7 - 4d2a - b332 - ce30df011436

gastropteron sp . 3 gosliner et al . , 2015 : 55 , lower right fig .

holotype , dissected , nmp 041181 , originally casiz 199130 , mainit bubbles ( 13 . 68688°n 120 . 89564°e ) , mabini , batangas , luzon , philippines , 5 m depth , 3 may 2014 , alexis principe . paratype , casiz 186048 , one specimen , anilao pier ( 13 . 76001°n 120 . 92615°e ) , mabini , batangas , luzon , philippines , 5 m depth , 30 april 2011 , t . gosliner .

mainit bubbles ( 13 . 68688°n 120 . 89564°e ) , mabini , batangas , luzon , philippines .

thus far , known only from the philippines ( gosliner et al . 2015 ) .

the species epithet , multo , is derived from tagalog word for ghost , owing to the pale ghostly appearance of this species .

living animals ( fig . 1c , d ) 7–20 mm in length . colour clear to translucent white with fine orange , brown and white dots speckling body or with series of brownish and orange patches . opaque white digestive gland and ovotestis visible through visceral hump . head shield , parapodia , flagella and foot translucent whitish . small orange dots or brown patches covering body , concentrated on siphon and flagella . dorsal flagellum centred on midline of visceral hump . immediately ventral to this flagellum , second , slightly wider flagellar process , either longer or shorter than dorsal one ( fig . 5a ) . white spots outlining visceral hump and parapodia . head shield shaped roughly like cauldron . broadest anteriorly , narrowing and then broadening again posteriorly . head shield terminating in tubular , simple siphon , lacking mid - dorsal ridge . broad parapodia covering body when the animal is actively crawling . foot elongate with long , acutely pointed posterior extension . gill with nine primary folds .

gastropteron multo sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041181 , mabini , philippines . ( a ) dorsal view of preserved specimen , p = penis ; scale = 4 mm . ( b ) shell ; scale = 0 . 75 mm . ( c ) central nervous system , c = cerebral ganglion , pe = pedal ganglion . pl = pleural ganglion , sb = subintestinal ganglion , su = supraintestinal ganglion , v = visceral ganglion ; scale = 1 . 5 mm . ( d ) posterior reproductive organs , am = ampulla , bc = bursa copulatrix , fgm = female gland mass , rs = receptaculum seminis ; scale = 1 . 6 mm .

thinly calcified slightly curved plate , 2 mm in length ( fig . 5b ) . part of shell appearing decalcified .

entire buccal mass moderately muscularized with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature present around radular sac . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with pair of minute areas with small irregular rodlets ( fig . 6a ) . radular formula 25 × 5 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 5 in one specimen ( nmp 041181 ) ( fig . 6b ) . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of inner laterals containing 3–16 irregularly pointed denticles on inner edge of masticatory margin ( fig . 6c , d ) . remainder of masticatory margin devoid of denticles . triangular thickening present on inner edge of masticatory border of inner lateral teeth . innermost outer lateral tooth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller with narrower base and all lacking denticles ( fig . 6c ) .

gastropteron multo sp . nov . holotype , ex casiz 199130 . nmp 041181 , mabini , philippines . ( a ) jaw rodlets . ( b ) entire radula . ( c ) half - row of radular teeth , triangular thickening indicated by arrow . ( d ) half - row of radular teeth .

arrangement of ganglia ( fig . 5c ) euthyneurous , with short visceral loop . cerebral ganglia large , separated by short commissure . pedal ganglia as large as cerebral ganglia , separated by elongate commissure passing ventrally to buccal mass . supraintestinal ganglion immediately posterior to right pleural ganglion . from there , visceral loop connecting to visceral and subintestinal ganglia and curving anteriorly to join left pleural ganglion .

the external anatomy of g . multo clearly differentiates this species from all described species of gastropteron . it is the only species with a translucent white body colour with orange spots and brown patches . of the seven species of gastropteron known from the pacific ocean , only g . bicornutum is known to have dorsal and ventral flagella with an elongate extension of the foot . in g . bicornutum , the posterior extension of the foot is thin and very elongate , while in g . multo it is short and triangular . gastropteron bicornutum has black and yellow spots over the dorsal surface , which are absent in g . multo . internally , the inner lateral radular teeth of g . multo have fewer denticles than g . bicornutum and are restricted to the outer edge of the masticatory border , whereas they are evenly distributed along the border of g . bicornutum . both species have a simple penis , but the prostate is much shorter in g . multo . in our molecular phylogeny , g . multo is sister to g . bicornutum , and the two species differ by more than 22 % in their coi gene and are also clearly separated in the abgd analysis . the two specimens of g . multo that were sequenced do not exhibit any genetic variation between them .

sagaminopteron multimaculatum sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041182 , tingloy , philippines . ( a ) buccal mass , scale = 0 . 75 mm . ( b ) posterior reproductive system , am = ampulla , fgm = female gland mas , rs = receptaculum seminis ; scale = 0 . 67 mm . ( c ) penis , p = penis , pr = prostate ; scale = 0 . 85 mm .

sagaminopteron multimaculatum sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041182 , tingloy , philippines , scanning electron micrographs . ( a ) entire radula . ( b ) half row of radular teeth .

lsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : c54f7bab - eb1f - 478d - b828 - 7d2df4a80bab

siphopteron pohnpei ( hoff & carlson , 1983 ) , anthes et al . , 2008 , misidentification .

siphopteron sp . 8 gosliner et al . , 2015 : 60 , middle left fig .

holotype , dissected , nmp 041182 , originally casiz 199127 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 2 may 2014 , t . gosliner .

cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines .

thus far , known only from the philippines ( gosliner et al . , 2015 ) and possibly australia ( anthes et al . , 2008 ) .

the species epithet , multimaculatum , refers to the many coloured spots ornamenting the parapodia , head shield , visceral mass and foot of this species .

living animal ( fig . 1e ) 4 mm in length . colour clear to translucent white around its foot . majority of body green–brown with white , orange and canary yellow spots . small yellow dots covering majority of elongate parapodia and extending well - beyond posterior end of visceral hump . small orange dots lining the edges of parapodia . small yellow dots centred linearly on head shield , base of foot and posterior end of foot . larger orange splotch present on anterior side of head shield . white splotches present on either side of head shield . white splotches lining the edge of parapodia and anteriorly near foot . foot translucent white and lined with orange spots . small yellow dots also present on foot . head shield roughly triangular , broadest anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly . siphon with longitudinal ridge along its anterior margin . parapodia covering body when retracted and overlapping above visceral hump . distinct flagellum absent . gill with four simple plicae .

moderately muscularized with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature around radular sac ( fig . 7a ) . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with a pair of minute areas with small irregular rodlets , not observed in the scanning electron micrographs . radular formula 15 × 4 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 4 . ( fig . 8a ) in holotype specimen ( nmp 041182 ) . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of inner laterals broad with eight to ten irregular , elongate , acutely pointed denticles along entire margin . innermost outer lateral tooth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller with narrower base , all lacking denticles ( fig . 8b ) .

arrangement of ganglia is euthyneurous , with a short visceral loop . details of arrangement of ganglia cannot be determined in single specimen dissected .

reproductive system fully mature with well - developed female glands clearly visible ( fig . 7b ) . elongate , convoluted ampulla extending into straighter hermaphroditic duct curving around top of lobate mucous gland and expanding into short lobe of receptaculum seminis before curving around female glands once more . opening of hermaphroditic duct into female glands not visible , with hermaphroditic duct joining near gonopore , leading to external sperm groove . bursa copulatrix not visible . sperm groove continuing on the right side of the body to head where penis is situated . penis simple with short , sharply curved prostate ( fig . 7c ) . penial retractor muscle short . penial sac straight and penial papilla lobed , but devoid of any penial armature ( fig . 4c ) .

penial anatomy . ( a ) sagaminopteron pohnpei ( hoff & carlson , 1983 ) , casiz 180408 , entire penis , pr = prostate . ( b ) sagaminopteron pohnpei ( hoff & carlson , 1983 ) , casiz 180408 , penial sac detail , pb = penial bulb . ( c ) siphopteron vermiculum sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041183 . tingloy , philippines , philippines , entire penis . ( d ) siphopteron vermiculum sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041183 . tingloy , philippines , philippines , penial bulb detail , ps = penial spines 1 , ps 2 = penial spines ( e ) siphopteron flavolineatum sp . nov . , paratype , casiz 199132 . tingloy , philippines , philippines , entire penis . ( f ) siphopteron flavolineatum sp . nov . , casiz 199132 . tingloy , philippines , philippines , penial bulb detail , ps = penial spines 1 , ps 2 = penial spines 2 , ps3 = penial spines 3 , ps4 = penial spines 4 .

siphopteron vermiculum sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041183 , tingloy , philippines . ( a ) dorsal view of preserved specimen , scale = 1 . 7 mm . ( b ) buccal mass , scale = 0 . 67 mm . ( c ) penis , scale = 0 . 56 mm .

siphopteron vermiculum sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041183 , tingloy , philippines , scanning electron micrographs . ( a ) jaw rodlets . ( b ) entire radula . ( c ) half - row of radular teeth . ( d ) half - row of radular teeth showing detail of denticles and lateral teeth .

lsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 87679efcb0e8 - 427b - a63b - 1b1521bd79d4

siphopteron sp . 4 , gosliner et al . , 2015 : 59 , middle left fig .

holotype , dissected , nmp 041183 , originally casiz 199134 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 2 may 2014 , t . gosliner . paratypes : casiz 199126 , one specimen , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 2 may 2014 , t . gosliner . casiz 199129 , three specimens , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 6 may 2014 , t . gosliner .

thus far , known only from the philippines ( gosliner et al . , 2015 ) .

the species epithet , vermiculum , refers to the vermillion colour ornamenting the body of this species .

moderately muscularized with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature around radular sac ( fig . 10b ) . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with pair of minute areas of small irregular rodlets ( fig . 11a ) . radular formula 18 × 2 - 3 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 2 - 3 . ( fig . 11b ) in one specimen ( nmp 041183 ) . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of inner laterals broad with irregular series of 2–3 wide areas ( fig . 11c , d ) . under higher magnification , these areas bear numerous striations ( fig . 11d ) , suggesting that they may represent fusion of denticles . outer lateral teeth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller with narrower base ; all lacking denticles ( fig . 11d ) .

arrangement of ganglia euthyneurous , with short visceral loop . details of arrangement of ganglia not determined in single specimen dissected .

fully mature but poorly preserved . well - developed female glands clearly visible . elongate , convoluted ampulla extending into straighter hermaphroditic duct curving around top of lobate mucous gland and expanding into short lobe of receptaculum seminis before curving around female glands once more . opening of hermaphroditic duct into female glands not visible , and hermaphroditic duct joining near gonopore , leading to external sperm groove . bursa copulatrix not visible . sperm groove continuing on the right side of the body to head where penis is situated . penis complex with elongate , sharply curved prostate ( fig . 10c ) . secondary duct connecting anterior end of prostate with anterior part of penis . penial sac straight , containing arch of c . 23 interiorly directed , acutely pointed cuticular spines ( fig . 9d , ps1 ) . second row of 20 much smaller spines found inside arch of the larger spines ( fig . 9d , ps2 ) . secondary papilla found at anterior end of penial sac , lacking any armature .

based on its coloration , s . vermiculum is distinct from other members of the genus . it is the only species with a bright vermillion red ground colour . based on internal morphological characters , s . vermiculum appears to be most similar to siphopteron nigromarginatum gosliner , 1989 and siphopteron flavum ( tokioka & baba , 1964 ) . all three species are the only members of the family known to have a complex penis with two papillae where the primary papilla has a series of cuticular spines and where the secondary papilla lacks armature ( gosliner , 1989 ) . all three species also have an irregularly shaped masticatory margin of the inner lateral tooth , but the denticles in s . vermiculum are reduced to striations , whereas they are more prominent in s . nigromarginatum and s . flavum . in s . vermiculum , there are two rows of penial spines , whereas s . flavum possesses only a single band of penial spines , and s . nigromarginatum has four distinct bands of spines ( gosliner , 1989 ) .

in our molecular analysis , s . vermiculum is sister to siphopteron sp . 2 ( am421863 ) and both are sister to s . sp . 1 ( am421862 ) . siphopteron vermiculum and siphopteron sp . 2 are only 4 . 4 % different in their coi p - distance , suggesting that they may be the same species . no other information about the appearance of s . sp . 2 is available , based on the unpublished genbank sequences .

siphopteron flavolineatum sp . nov . paratype , casiz 199132 , tingloy , philippines . ( a ) buccal mass , sg = salivary gland ; scale = 0 . 8 mm . ( b ) central nervous system , c = cerebral ganglion , pe = pedal ganglion . pl = pleural ganglion , su - subintestinal ganglion , sp = supraintestinal ganglion , v = visceral ganglion ; scale = 0 . 56 mm . ( c ) posterior reproductive system am = ampulla , al = albumen gland , bc = bursa copulatrix , me = membrane gland , mu = mucous gland , rs = receptaculum seminis ; scale = 0 . 7 mm . ( d ) penis , cs = copulatory spine , p = penis , pr = prostate ; scale = 1 . 0 mm .

siphopteron flavolineatum sp . nov . paratype , casiz 199132 , tingloy , philippines , scanning electron micrographs . ( a ) entire radula . ( b ) half - row of radular teeth . ( c ) half - row of radular teeth showing outer lateral teeth .

lsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 05a33467 - ce3a - 4e95 - ba4a - 57b2d47b4365

siphopteron sp . 6 gosliner et al . , 2015 : 59 , bottom two figs .

holotype , nmp 041184 , originally casiz 199132 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 6 may 2014 , t . gosliner . paratypes : casiz 199132 , two specimens , one dissected , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 6 may 2014 , t . gosliner . casiz , 199124 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 26 april 2014 , t . gosliner . casiz 204848 , gal 73 , one specimen , shipyard , puerto galera harbor , mindoro oriental , philippines , 18 m depth , t . gosliner . , casiz 204850 , one specimen , gal 98 , giant clam , puerto galera harbor , mindoro oriental , philippines , 18 m depth , gustav paulay .

thus far , known only from the philippines and malaysia ( gosliner et al . , 2015 ) .

the species epithet , flavolineatum , refers to the yellow medial line on the posterior end of the foot , which distinguishes this species .

living animal 5–7 mm in length ( fig . 1g , h ) . parapodia and foot ground colour clear to translucent white to ochre . parapodia lined with yellow and vermillion accents . white spots dotting parapodia , head shield and visceral hump . visceral hump is more opaque than its appendages . visceral hump ochre to vermillion towards flagellum with white spots . flagellum opaque ochre with vermillion outlined by yellow stripes at the end with black tip . foot translucent white , lined with orange edges and central yellow stripe down middle . flagellum ( fig . 1g , h ) centred on midline of visceral hump . head shield roughly triangular in shape , broadest anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly into siphon . siphon with central white stripe that bisects vertically on anterior side . siphon with two symmetrical white dots on either side of head shield on a translucent ground colour transitioning posteriorly into ochre colour on siphon . yellow stripe present on posterior side of siphon , lined with darker vermillion on either side . siphon with prominent medial crest on posterior side , extending slightly above level of lateral margins . gill small with three primary folds .

highly muscularized with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature around radular sac ( fig . 12a ) . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with pair of minute areas with small irregular rodlets ; not visible in scanning electron microscopy preparation . radular formula 16 × 4 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 4 . ( fig . 13a ) in one specimen ( casiz 199132 ) examined . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of inner laterals broad with two large , well - separated triangular denticles ( fig . 13b , c ) . outer lateral teeth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller with narrower base . outer laterals all lacking denticles ( fig . 13c ) .

arrangement of ganglia ( fig . 12b ) euthyneurous , with short visceral loop . cerebral ganglia large , separated by short commissure . pedal ganglia as large as cerebral ganglia , separated by elongate commissure passing ventrally to buccal mass . supraintestinal ganglion immediately posterior to right pleural ganglion . visceral loop connecting to visceral and subintestinal ganglia and curving anteriorly to join left pleural ganglion .

living animals . ( a ) siphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . , partaype , casiz 199114 , tingloy , philippines . ( b ) siphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041185 , tingloy , philippines . ( c ) siphopteron makisig sp . nov . , holotype nmp 041186 , calatagan , philippines . ( d ) siphopteron dumbo sp . nov . , nmp 041187 , puerto , galera , philippines . photos by t . gosliner .

siphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041185 , tingloy , philippines . ( a ) buccal mass , scale = 0 . 5 mm . ( b ) central nervous system , c = cerebral ganglion , pe = pedal ganglion . pl = pleural ganglion , su - subintestinal ganglion , sp = supraintestinal ganglion , v = visceral ganglion , scale = 0 . 67 mm . ( c ) posterior reproductive organs , a = ampulla , al = albumen gland , bc = bursa copulatrix , me = membrane gland , mu = mucous gland , rs = receptaculum seminis ; scale = 0 . 58 mm . ( d ) penis , scale = 0 . 5 mm .

siphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041185 , tingloy , philippines , scanning electron micrographs . ( a ) entire radula . ( b ) half row of radular teeth .

penial anatomy . ( a ) siphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041185 , tingloy , philippines , entire penis . ( b ) siphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041185 , tingloy , philippines , penial sac detail , ps = penial spines 1 , ps 2 = penial spines , ps3 = penial spines 3 , cs = cuticular spine . ( c ) siphopteron makisig sp . nov . , casiz 199134 . calatagan , philippines , philippines , detail of penial spines , ps = penial spines . ( d ) siphopteron makisig sp . nov . , casiz 199134 . calatagan , philippines , philippines , detail of cuticular spine and penial papilla , cs = cuticiular spine , p = penial papilla .

lsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 0d0afdd2 - aa44 - 4c25 - aa98 - f59c138ba098

siphopteron sp . 7 gosliner et al . , 2015 : 60 , upper two figs .

holotype , dissected , nmp 041185 , ex casiz 199135 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 6 may 2014 , t . gosliner . paratypes : casiz 199135 , one specimen , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428°n 120 . 83024°e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 6 may 2014 , t . gosliner . casiz 199125 , one specimen , mainit bubbles ( 13 . 68688°n 120 . 89564°e ) , mabini , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 27 april 2014 , alexis principe . casiz , 199114 , one specimen , bilbago reef south , calatagan ( 13 . 929165°n 120 . 612299°e ) , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 17 may 2014 , t . gosliner .

thus far , known only from the philippines and indonesia ( gosliner et al . , 2015 ) .

the species epithet , nakakatuwa , is a tagalog word meaning ‘amusing or cute’ .

living animals 4–7 mm in length ( fig . 14a , b ) . parapodia and foot ground colour translucent white to orange . white spots covering parapodia ; each spot lined by bright orange . parapodia lined with accents converging on foot . white spots with opaque white punctations inside larger spot . these large spots dotting head shield , parapodia and visceral hump . visceral hump rounded with long flagellum near midline of body . elongate flagellum ( fig . 14a , b ) opaque vermillion with white spots ending with black tip . foot translucent white , lined with orange edges and central white triangular stripe down middle . stripe merging into yellow tip . head shield roughly triangular , broadest anteriorly , and narrowing posteriorly into siphon . siphon with central white stripe on anterior face , bisecting vertically . posterior side of siphon with prominent ridge extending above lateral margins . siphon with vermillion ground colour and yellow tip with vermillion edges and white spots . gill with four simple folds .

highly muscularized with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature around radular sac ( fig . 15a ) . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with a pair of minute areas with small irregular rodlets , rodlets not visible in scanning electron microscopy preparation . radular formula 16 × 4 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 4 . ( fig . 16a ) in one specimen ( nmp 041185 ) examined . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of inner laterals broad with two large , well - separated , triangular denticles ( fig . 16b ) . outer lateral teeth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller with narrower base ; all lacking denticles ( fig . 16b ) .

arrangement of ganglia ( fig . 15b ) euthyneurous with short visceral loop . cerebral ganglia large ; separated by a short commissure . pedal ganglia as large as cerebral ganglia , separated by elongate commissure passing ventrally to buccal mass . supraintestinal ganglion immediately posterior to right pleural ganglion . visceral loop connecting to visceral and subintestinal ganglia and curving anteriorly to join left pleural ganglion .


neptunea heros , common name : the heros neptune , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family buccinidae , the true whelks .

neptunea heros

neptunea heros <EOT> 175 170â° 165 ^ ^ 160â° figure 65 - 7 . distribution and biomass of the whelk neptunea heros in the southeastern bering sea .

species neptunea taeniata ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) accepted as neptunea cumingii crosse , 1862

» species neptunea ( neptunea ) intersculpta ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1899 ) represented as neptunea intersculpta ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1899 )

species neptunea lurida a . adams , 1863 accepted as barbitonia arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 ) accepted as neptunea ( barbitonia ) arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 ) represented as neptunea arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 )

fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . note : synonymized with neptunea heros [ details ]

save neptunea to get e - mail alerts and updates on your ebay feed .

neptunea lyrata 80 . 07mm beautiful rare specimen off san juan is . , washington

neptunea lyrata 99 . 57mm beautiful rare specimen off san juan is . , washington

neptunea lyrata 94 . 45mm beautiful rare specimen off san juan is . , washington

formosa / shells / neptunea polycostata 167 . 5mm . w / o . ja pan

neptunea aino w / o 221 . 0mm fully intact wrs huge monster golden aperture beauty

, d . wt ) with 95 % of the thg present as mmhg in n . heros , the highest trophic level organism in this study as determined using data for delta

species representatives : some of the more abundant large gastropods in the se bering sea are neptunea pribiloffensis , n . heros , n . ventricosa , n . lyrata , fusitriton oregonensis , pyrulofusus deformis , volutopsius fragilis , buccinum angulosum , b . scalariforme , and b . polare .

dry weight ( d . wt . ) with 33 % of the thg present as mmhg . the highest average values for thg were identified for the whelks n . heros ( 195±29 ng g

( of neptunea ( neptunea ) röding , 179 ) nakano t . , kurihara y . , miyoshi h . & higuchi s . ( 2010 ) . molecular phylogeny of neptunea ( gastropoda : buccinidae ) inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences , with description of a new species . venus . 68 ( 3 - 4 ) : 121 - 137 . [ details ]

69 - 170â° 165â° 160â° 155â° 69â° iveptunea heros chukch . sea biomass ( q / mm _ j i ^ ^ ^ bi kb h ^ ^ f ~ - - â n â¢ < 0 . 2 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 30 jo 40 so < â«â 0 . 2 s o < 0 , 4 0 . 4 < o < 0 6 0 . 6 â¢ ; q j l ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ l ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ h 1 . - j ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ h ^ m â ^ h 68 " m . ct ^ ^ hi i 1 68 ' 67 * e " 0 0 = 0 p . h ^ s m 1 67â° 66 * ^ i ^ 1 1 66â° 170 " 165â° 160â° figure 65 - 8 . distribution and biomass of the whelk neptunea heros in the northeastern bering sea . figure 65 - 9 . distribution and biomass of the whelk neptunea heros in the southeastern chukchi sea .

macintosh , r . a . , paul , a . j . ( 1977 ) the relation of shell length to total weight , edible - meat weight , and reproductive organ weight of the gastropods neptunea heros , n . lyrata , n . pribiloffensis , and n . ventricosa of the eastern bering sea . proc , natl , shellfish assoc . , 67 : 103 - 112 .

species neptunea regula ( r . b . watson , 1882 ) accepted as pareuthria regulus ( r . b . watson , 1882 )

fujinaga , k . ( 1987 ) on the growth pattern of the neptune whelk , neptunea arthritica bernardi . bull fac fish hokkaido univ , 38 : 191 - 202 .

( of neptunea ( barbitonia ) dall , 1916 ) nakano t . , kurihara y . , miyoshi h . & higuchi s . ( 2010 ) . molecular phylogeny of neptunea ( gastropoda : buccinidae ) inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences , with description of a new species . venus . 68 ( 3 - 4 ) : 121 - 137 . [ details ]

( of neptunea ( golikovia ) habe & sato , 1973 ) nakano t . , kurihara y . , miyoshi h . & higuchi s . ( 2010 ) . molecular phylogeny of neptunea ( gastropoda : buccinidae ) inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences , with description of a new species . venus . 68 ( 3 - 4 ) : 121 - 137 . [ details ]

pearce , j . and thorson , g . ( 1967 ) the feeding and reproductive biology of the red whelk , neptunea antiqua ( l ) . ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . ophelia , 4 : 277 - 314 .

. . . e chukchi shelf were at background values ( o1600 ng / g ) based on a mixture of compounds that represent pyrogenic , petrogenic and biogenic sources . the distribution of aliphatic n - alkanes in surface sediments was linked to natural background and petroleum hydrocarbon sources with significant inputs of vascular plant debris from the alaskan shoreline . harvey et al . ( 2014 ) also found that concentrations of pahs in muscle tissue from the gastropod neptunea decreased in larger size specimens per unit weight whereas aliphatic n - alkanes in neptunea gastropod muscle increased in larger organisms ( fig . 3 ) . based on this study , neptunea represents a potential indicator species for monitoring changes in the loadi . . .

ito , h . and tachizawa , s . ( 1981 ) an estimation of the density of the available stock of a sea snail , neptunea arthritica , by trap fishing . bull . hokkaido reg . fish res . lab . , 46 : 113 - 119 .

suzuki , k . , hiraishi , t . , yamamoto , k . and nashimoto , k . ( 1996 ) age determination and growth analysis based on sizefrequency histograms of whelk neptunea arthritica in shiriuchi , hokkaido . nippon suisan gakkaishi , 62 : 225 - 229 .

ito , h . ( 1982 ) distribution of a sea snail , neptunea arthritica , and its surroundings in the lagoon furen - ko . reports of the engineering research on all - round constructions of fishing grounds in the region of nemuro bay 107 - 114 . [ in japanese ]

( of costaria golikov , 1977 ) fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . [ details ]

( of fusus fornicatus ( gray , 1839 ) ) fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . [ details ]

( of chrysodomus saturus var . tabularis dall , 1919 ) fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . [ details ]

chung , e . y . , kim , s . y . , park , g . m . and yoon , j . m . ( 2006 ) germ cell differentiation and sexual maturation of the female neptunea ( barbitonia ) arthritica cumingii ( crosse , 1883 ) ( gastropoda : buccinidse ) . malacologia , 48 ( 1 - 2 ) : 65 - 76 .

. . . previous work documented concentrations of pahs and alkanes hydrocarbons from the foot muscle in 35 individuals of the neptunea whelk which had been pooled into three size classes based on shell length ( 0 - 5 , 5 - 8 , and > 8 cm ) in the southern chukchi sea ( see harvey et al . , 2014 ) . that analysis showed a diversity of pahs in muscle tissues with alkyl - substituted compounds dominating over parent species among all size classes . . . .

the age and growth of neptunea ( barbitonia ) arthritica cumingii sampled from the west sea of korea were determined from 1 , 062 operculums from october 2007 to september 2008 . age of neptunea ( barbitonia ) arthritica cumingii was determined from the rings on the operculum . the relationship between shell height ( sh ; mm ) and shell width ( sw ; mm ) was expressed by the following equation : sw = 0 . 5757 sh + 0 . 222 ( = 0 . 8723 ) , and shell height ( sh ; mm ) and total weight ( tw ; g ) was highly correlated by the equation : tw = 0 . 0002 ( = 0 . 9121 ) . the main spawning periods was estimated june to july through fatness index analysis . the relationship between shell height and ring radius of operculum in each ring group was expressed as a regression line . therefore , there is a correspondence in each ring formation . based on the monthly variations in the marginal index ( mi ) of the operculum , it is assumed that the ring of this species was formed once a year during the period of july to august . growth curves for shell height ( sh ) and total weight ( tw ) fitted to the von bertalanffy ' s equation were expressed as follows :

turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 96 [ details ]

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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .

common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :

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in : okutani , t . ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 453 - 499 ( in japanese ) .

occurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )

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fusus fornicatus normalis ( var . ) aurivillius , c . w . s . , 1885 : n atlantic

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

macginitie n . ( 1959 ) marine mollusca of point barrow , alaska . proceedings of the united states national museum 109 : 59 - 208 . [ published 18 september 1959 ] page ( s ) : 124 [ details ]

clark r . n . ( 2016 ) . notes on some little known arctic alaskan mollusks . the festivus . 48 ( 2 ) : 73 - 83 . [ details ]

röding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 115 [ details ]

( of chrysodomus ( sulcosipho ) dall , 1916 ) dall w . h . ( 1916 ) . prodrome of a revision of the chrysodomoid whelks of the boreal and arctic regions . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 29 : 7 - 8 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 7 [ details ]

( of chrysodomus ( barbitonia ) dall , 1916 ) dall w . h . ( 1916 ) . prodrome of a revision of the chrysodomoid whelks of the boreal and arctic regions . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 29 : 7 - 8 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 7 [ details ]

( of costaria golikov , 1977 ) bouchet p . & warén a . ( 1986 [ " 1985 " ] ) . mollusca gastropoda : taxonomical notes on tropical deep water buccinidae with descriptions of new taxa . in : forest , j . ( ed . ) résultats des campagnes musorstom i et ii philippines ( 1976 , 1980 ) . tome 2 . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . série a , zoologie . 133 : 457 - 499 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of golikovia habe & sato , 1973 ) obis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus

: a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls .

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. . . although anthropogenic emission from asia may contribute a sig - nificant part of soot - bc to the chukchi and bering shelf region , emis - sions from north america and europe ( koch and hansen , 2005 ) can also influence the soot - bc abundance in sediment in the study area . indeed , the pah ratios indicated a mixed pyrogenic , petrogenic and biogenic source to the chukchi shelf sediment ( yunker et al . , 2011 ; harvey et al . , 2014 ) . since the relative contribution of each bc source varied with time , the variability in both soot - bc content and soot - bc δ 13 c in chukchi / bering shelf sediments would depend on the intensity of each source term ( figs . 5 and 6 ) . . . .

. . . 2017 . 08 . 011 2012dunton et al . , 2014 and references therein ) . a portion of that program established inventories of important organic molecules and their possible sources including measures of aliphatic n - alkane and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( pahs ) and their toxicological impact on one fish species ( harvey et al . , 2014 ) . the combination of aliphatic alkanes and pah ' s as the two hydrocarbon classes of focus were based on their ability to trace specific sources of anthropogenic contamination ( i . e . . . .

. . . fossil fuel combustion ) and natural inputs ( i . e . oil seeps , terrestrial debris ) and to establish the baseline of toxicologic responses to the native fish b . saida . results of that work in the southern region of the chukchi sea observed low levels of pah and alkane hydrocarbons and only minor toxicological responses ( harvey et al . , 2014 ) . this study was designed to compare measures of the suite of organic molecules in surface sediments in the southern chukchi sea with the more northern hanna shoal region to document sources of hydrocarbon biomarkers across important areas of whale migration and increased benthic pelagic coupling . . . .

. . . fossil fuel vs . biomass combustion ) and natural inputs ( i . e . oil seeps , forest fires and terrestrial debris ) to marine systems ( jaward et al . , 2004 ; nizzetto et al . , 2008 ; yunker et al . , 2002ayunker et al . , , 2002b ) . although pahs represent only a small fraction ( 0 . 2e7 % ) of the total composition of crude oil , their relative persistence in the environment and potential toxicity to marine organisms warrants research into their sources and fate in marine systems ( harvey et al . , 2014 ) . . . .

. . . previous studies indicate that the alkylsubstituted pahs in sediment are likely derived from petrogenic inputs and this is clearly apparent in temperate ocean sediments in regions like the gulf of mexico ( adhikari et al . , 2015adhikari et al . , , 2016 . the dominance of alkyl - pahs in parts of the arctic / sub - arctic has also been previously reported in sediments collected from the northeastern chukchi and beaufort sea shelves ( harvey et al . , 2014 ; yunker et al . , 1996 ) . . . .

. . . the dominance of the two alkyl pahs ( 1 - mn and 2 - mn ) also support the petrogenic influence on the pahs observed in these sediments ( fig . 2 ) . the chukchi sea , for example , is estimated to contain 15 billion barrels of recoverable oil , with potential for this region to serve as a significant source of oil and natural gas in the future given that drilling rights have now been permitted ( harvey et al . , 2014 ) . pah petrogenic markers might originate in oil from naturally occurring seeps on the chukchi shelf , although this petrogenic signal might be localized and not extend to sediments in the continental shelf regions of the canada basin or central arctic ocean ( gautier et al . , 2009 ) . . . .

to provide an historic perspective on the current presence of microplastic particulates in chesapeake bay using archived sediment cores .

alkane and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and benthic invertebrates of the northern c . . .

the hanna shoal region represents an important northern gateway for transport and deposition in the chukchi sea . this study determined the concentration and distribution of organic contaminants ( aliphatic hydrocarbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , pahs ) in surface sediments from 34 sites across hanna shoal . up to 31 total pahs , including parent and alkyl homologues were detected with . . . [ show full abstract ]

bacterial hopanoids as tracers of organic carbon sources and processing across the western arctic co . . .

tracing the inputs of bacterial organic carbon to marine systems has been constrained by the lack of distinguishing geochemical tracers and limited contribution in sediments compared to other sources of organic matter . bacteriohopanepolyols ( bhps ) provide a direct means to identify bacterial inputs which also reflect potential bacterial groups and their activities in aquatic systems . we . . . [ show full abstract ]

investigating physiological , cellular and molecular effects in juvenile blue crab , callinectus sapid . . .

juvenile blue crabs , callinectus sapidus , were exposed for 31days to six different sediments collected within the pass a loutre state wildlife management area approximately 6months or 1 . 5years post - capping of the macondo - 252 well - head following the deepwater horizon ( dwh ) incident . based on forensic analysis to fingerprint for dwh oil , these sediments differed in their levels of dwh oil . . . [ show full abstract ]

p64 - mo molecular and isotopic tracers of terrigenous organic carbon delivery to the deep arctic ocea . . .

the carbon cycle in the arctic ocean is complicated by the delivery and redistribution of terrigenous material through large rivers , sea - ice , and coastal erosion . although annual inputs of the estimated 12 mt / yr of terrestrial particulate organic carbon ( poc ) ( rachold et al . , 2003 ) , are dwarfed by the 250 mt / yr poc from marine primary production ( sakshaug , 2003 ) , evidence suggests substantial . . . [ show full abstract ]

gastropod shell is important both as cover for motile ( free - living ) organisms , and attachment substrate for sessile ( attached ) organisms . the 16 species ( kessler , 1985 ) of hermit crabs in the nmfs se bering sea survey area are particularly dependant on gastropod shell . many other se bering sea invertebrates , including polychaetes , slipper shells , tunicates , hydroids , bryozoans , sponges , and anemones commonly live in and on gastropod shell . gastropod egg cases are also commonly laid on gastropod shell .

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buccinidae a large family , with a worldwide distribution . most of the larger species live near the arctic . their rough shells , often with a heavy periostracum are appealing because they remind the collector of the cold atmosphere of very northern beaches . their data reminisce of the time of the great discoveries : barentz sea bering strait , spitzbergen , nova zembla , are all romantic names linked to great ships and explorers such as the victoria and perry . nowadays buccinidae are more collected than ever . warm water species may have beautiful colours and are usually smaller than their northern relatives . especially the genera siphonalia and babylonia are a pleasure to collect and to build up a complete set . about 800 species .

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fox , austin l . ; hughes , emily a . ; trocine , robert p . ; trefry , john h . ; schonberg , susan v . ; mctigue , nathan d . ; lasorsa , brenda k . ; konar , brenda ; cooper , lee w .

deep - sea research part ii , volume 102 , p . 56 - 67 .

) averaged ( ±standard deviation ) 2 . 8±1 . 4 pm in the necs , ~ 2 times greater than values of 1 . 5±0 . 5 pm for the bering strait . overall , consistently lower concentrations of thg

were found at depths with markedly higher concentrations of chlorophyll a . concentrations of total hg ( thg ) in sediments from the necs averaged 31±10 ng g

, correlated well with silt + clay , al and toc , and showed a long - term record consistent with the natural , background environment . very localized occurrences of sediment with elevated thg concentrations were identified near two exploratory drilling sites where drilling mud and formation cuttings were discharged in 1989 . concentrations of sediment monomethylmercury ( mmhg ) averaged 0 . 15±0 . 07 ng g

and accounted for only 0 . 43±0 . 17 % of the sediment thg . the lowest average value ( ± standard error ) for thg in biota was found for a . borealis at 44±4 ng g

n . biomagnification of mmhg was observed in this benthic food web with the following relationship : log [ mmhg ] = 0 . 19 [ delta

image from page 526 of " the eastern bering sea shelf : oceanography and resources / edited by donald w . hood and john a . calder " ( 1981 )

title : the eastern bering sea shelf : oceanography and resources / edited by donald w . hood and john a . calder

authors : hood , d . w . ( donald wilbur ) , 1918 - ; calder , john a ; united states . office of marine pollution assessment ; united states . bureau of land management

publisher : [ rockville , md . ? ] : u . s . dept . of commerce , national oceanic and atmospheric administration , office of marine pollution assessment ; seattle , wash . : distributed by the university of washington press

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amio , m . ( 1963 ) a comparative embryology of marine gastropods , with ecological emphasis . j . shimonoseki coll . fish . , 12 : 229 - 253 .

bertalanffy , l . von ( 1938 ) a quantitative theory of organic growth ( inquiries on growth laws , ii ) . human biology , 10 ( 2 ) : 181 - 213 .

chang , d . s . ( 1991 ) age and growth of sebastiscus marmoratus ( cuvier et valenciennes ) . bull . nat ' l fish . res . dev . agency , korea , 18 ( 2 ) : 179 - 193 .

choe , b . l . , park , m . s . , jeon , l . g . , park , s . r . and kim , h . t . ( 1999 ) commercial molluscs from the freshwater and continental shelf in korea . national fisheries research and development institute . pusan . pp . 80 .

choi , j . d . and ryu , d . k . ( 2007 ) age and growth of purple whelk , rapana venosa ( gastropoda : muricidae ) in the west sea of korea . korean journal of malacology , 25 ( 3 ) : [ in korea ]

hong , s . y . ( 2006 ) marine invertbrates in korean coastes . academy publishing company , inc . , seoul . pp . 191 .

kim , y . h . , chung , e . y . and shin , m . s . ( 2007 ) reproductive ecology of netunea ( barbitonia ) arthritica cumingii . dev . reprod . , 11 ( 3 ) : 155 - 165 .

king , m . ( 1995 ) fisheries biology , assessment and management . blackwell , oxford , pp . 341 .

kubo , i . and kondo , k . ( 1953 ) age determination of the babylonia japonica ( reeve ) an edible marine gastropod , basing on the operculum . j . tokyo univ . fish , 39 : 199 - 207 .

kubo , i . and yoshinara , t . ( 1970 ) fisheries biology . kyoritsu shuppan co . ltd . , tokyo , pp . 482 .

kwon , o . k . , park , g . m . and lee , s . u . ( 1993 ) colored shells of korea . academy publishing company , seoul , pp . 285 .

weatherley , a . h . and gill , h . s . ( 1987 ) the biology of fish growth . academmic press inc . , london , pp . 443 .

yoo , j . s . ( 1976 ) korean shells in colour . iljisa , seoul , pp . 78 . [ in korean ]

zhang , c . i . ( 1991 ) fisheries resources ecology . woosung publishing company , seoul . pp . 199 . [ in korean ]