clausilia is a european genus of small , air-breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family clausiliidae , the door snails , all of which have a clausilium .

snails in this genus have left-handed coiling in their shells , which are very elongate in shape .

clausilia

clausilia <EOT> » species clausilia ( clausilia ) pumila c . pfeiffer , 1828 represented as clausilia pumila c . pfeiffer , 1828

subspecies clausilia ( clausilia ) rugosa lamalouensis a . letourneux , 1877 represented as clausilia rugosa lamalouensis a . letourneux , 1877

subspecies clausilia ( clausilia ) rugosa parvula a . férussac , 1807 represented as clausilia rugosa parvula a . férussac , 1807

» species clausilia ( clausilia ) ceresolensis h . nordsieck , 2013 † represented as clausilia ceresolensis h . nordsieck , 2013 †

subgenus clausilia ( andraea ) l . pfeiffer , 1848 represented as clausilia draparnaud , 1805

subgenus clausilia ( strobeliella ) h . nordsieck , 1977 represented as clausilia draparnaud , 1805

» species clausilia ( clausilia ) cruciata ( s . studer , 1820 ) represented as clausilia cruciata ( s . studer , 1820 )

subgenus clausilia ( neostyriaca ) a . j . wagner , 1920 represented as clausilia draparnaud , 1805

zur anatomie und systematik der clausilien , iii . clausilia whateliana und ihre beziehungen zu den übrigen clausilia - arten , besonders zum subgenus neostyriaca

clausilia ( neostyriaca ) a . j . wagner , 1920 · accepted , alternate representation

, junior homonym of clausilia similis var . grandis rossmässler , 1838 ; new combination )

anderson , r . , ( 2016 ) . clausilia ( clausilia ) bidentata ( ström 1765 ) . [ in ] molluscireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09 .

subgenus clausilia ( cochlodina ) a . férussac , 1821 accepted as cochlodina a . férussac , 1821

subgenus clausilia ( delima ) w . hartmann , 1842 accepted as delima w . hartmann , 1842

subgenus clausilia ( megalophaedusa ) o . boettger , 1877 accepted as megalophaedusa o . boettger , 1877

» species clausilia ( laciniaria ) exilis h . adams , 1866 accepted as hemiphaedusa exilis ( h . adams , 1866 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of clausilia exilis l . pfeiffer , 1842 )

( of clausilia ( clausilia ) draparnaud , 1805 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]

subgenus clausilia ( laciniaria ) hartmann , 1842 accepted as laciniaria w . hartmann , 1842 ( original rank )

species clausilia albida l . pfeiffer , 1846 accepted as delima semirugata ( rossmässler , 1836 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia angustella l . pfeiffer , 1866 accepted as agathylla goldi ( walderdorff , 1864 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia callosa l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as agathylla exarata ( rossmässler , 1835 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia chersonensis l . pfeiffer , 1841 accepted as delima semirugata ( rossmässler , 1836 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia clathra l . pfeiffer , 1868 accepted as medora armata ( küster , 1844 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia comta l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as agathylla strigillata ( rossmässler , 1835 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia conformata l . pfeiffer , 1853 accepted as bulgarica vetusta ( rossmässler , 1836 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia cornea l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as charpentieria lamellata ( rossmässler , 1836 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia decorata l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as delima laevissima ( rossmässler , 1833 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia denegabilis l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as agathylla exarata ( rossmässler , 1835 ) ( junior synonym )

subgenus clausilia ( acrotoma ) o . boettger , 1881 accepted as acrotoma o . boettger , 1881 ( original rank )

subgenus clausilia ( eutriptychia ) o . boettger , 1877 † accepted as triptychia sandberger , 1875 † ( junior synonym )

subgenus clausilia ( micropontica ) o . boettger , 1881 accepted as micropontica o . boettger , 1881 ( original rank )

subgenus clausilia ( oospira ) w . t . blanford , 1872 accepted as oospira w . t . blanford , 1872

subgenus clausilia ( plioptychia ) o . boettger , 1877 † accepted as triptychia sandberger , 1875 † ( junior synonym )

subgenus clausilia ( stereophaedusa ) o . boettger , 1877 accepted as stereophaedusa o . boettger , 1877 ( original rank )

species clausilia adspirationis l . pfeiffer , 1868 accepted as medora lesinensis lesinensis ( küster , 1847 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia albolabris l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as delima bilabiata crassilabris ( rossmässler , 1836 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia bulla l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as delima laevissima pachygastris ( rossmässler , 1835 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia capocestiana l . pfeiffer , 1866 accepted as delima amoena substricta ( charpentier , 1852 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia corrugata l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as medora dalmatina dalmatina ( rossmässler , 1835 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia costicollis l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as medora contracta contracta ( rossmässler , 1842 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia croatica l . pfeiffer , 1866 accepted as delima binotata satura ( rossmässler , 1836 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia deplana l . pfeiffer , 1841 accepted as delima semirugata vibex ( rossmässler , 1839 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia albocincta l . pfeiffer , 1841 accepted as delima albocincta ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia amoena l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as delima amoena ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia arcadica l . pfeiffer , 1868 accepted as albinaria arcadica ( l . pfeiffer , 1868 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia bielzii l . pfeiffer , 1849 accepted as alopia bielzii ( l . pfeiffer , 1849 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia brevicollis l . pfeiffer , 1850 accepted as albinaria brevicollis ( l . pfeiffer , 1850 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia bulgariensis l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as bulgarica bulgariensis ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia candida l . pfeiffer , 1850 accepted as albinaria candida ( l . pfeiffer , 1850 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia circumdata l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as euxina circumdata ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia comensis l . pfeiffer , 1850 accepted as cochlodina comensis ( l . pfeiffer , 1850 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia compressa l . pfeiffer , 1850 accepted as albinaria compressa ( l . pfeiffer , 1850 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia confinata l . pfeiffer , 1859 accepted as charpentieria scarificata ( l . pfeiffer , 1856 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia corpulenta l . pfeiffer , 1868 accepted as dilataria marcki ( l . pfeiffer , 1868 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia corticina l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as phaedusa corticina ( l . pfeiffer , 1842 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia crassicostata l . pfeiffer , 1856 accepted as charpentieria crassicostata ( l . pfeiffer , 1856 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia cumingiana l . pfeiffer , 1845 accepted as phaedusa cumingiana ( l . pfeiffer , 1845 ) ( original combination )

subgenus clausilia ( laminifera ) o . boettger , 1863 accepted as laminifera o . boettger , 1863 ( considered a separate genus )

» species clausilia ( medora ) agnata l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as medora agnata agnata ( l . pfeiffer , 1842 )

subgenus clausilia ( pseudidyla ) o . boettger , 1877 accepted as pseudidyla o . boettger , 1877 ( considered a separate genus )

species clausilia agnata l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as medora agnata agnata ( l . pfeiffer , 1842 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia altecostata l . pfeiffer , 1866 accepted as albinaria caerulea altecostata ( l . pfeiffer , 1866 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia anguina l . pfeiffer , 1866 accepted as charpentieria stigmatica sturmii ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia aquila l . pfeiffer , 1846 accepted as medora dalmatina aquila ( l . pfeiffer , 1846 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia bosniensis l . pfeiffer , 1868 accepted as herilla bosniensis bosniensis ( l . pfeiffer , 1868 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia charpentieri l . pfeiffer , 1850 accepted as isabellaria saxicola charpentieri ( l . pfeiffer , 1849 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia conspersa l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as strigilodelima conspersa conspersa ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia dacica l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as herilla ziegleri dacica ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia dazueri l . pfeiffer , 1868 accepted as dilataria succineata dazueri ( l . pfeiffer , 1868 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia diminuta l . pfeiffer , 1846 accepted as agathylla sulcosa diminuta ( l . pfeiffer , 1846 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia discolor l . pfeiffer , 1846 accepted as albinaria discolor discolor ( l . pfeiffer , 1846 ) ( original combination )

species clausilia distans l . pfeiffer , 1865 accepted as albinaria teres distans ( l . pfeiffer , 1865 ) ( original combination )

worms - world register of marine species - clausilia ( canalicia ) o . boettger , 1863 & nbsp ; & # 8224 ;

clausilia sieversi l . pfeiffer , 1871 accepted as serrulina sieversi ( l . pfeiffer , 1871 ) ( type by subsequent designation )

subgenus clausilia ( nesiophaedusa ) pilsbry , 1905 accepted as stereophaedusa ( luchuphaedusa ) pilsbry , 1901 represented as stereophaedusa o . boettger , 1877

species clausilia bulimoides a . braun , 1843 † accepted as eualopia bulimoides ( a . braun , 1843 ) † ( new combination )

species clausilia cataphracta l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as agathylla sulcosa ( j . a . wagner , 1829 ) ( junior synonym )

species clausilia clava f . sandberger , 1875 † accepted as triptychia clava ( f . sandberger , 1875 ) † ( new combination )

species clausilia crenata f . sandberger , 1871 † accepted as palaeostoa crenata ( f . sandberger , 1871 ) † ( new combination )

( of clausilia ( clausilia ) rugosa rugosa ( draparnaud , 1801 ) ) bank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]

subgenus clausilia ( agathylla ) h . adams & a . adams , 1855 accepted as agathylla h . adams & a . adams , 1855

subgenus clausilia ( canalicia ) o . boettger , 1863 † accepted as canalicia o . boettger , 1863 † ( considered a separate genus )

» species clausilia ( cochlodina ) naevosa l . pfeiffer , 1841 accepted as albinaria schuchii liebetruti ( charpentier , 1852 ) ( junior synonym )

subgenus clausilia ( constricta ) o . boettger , 1877 † accepted as constricta o . boettger , 1877 † ( considered a separate genus )

subgenus clausilia ( disjunctaria ) o . boettger , 1877 † accepted as disjunctaria o . boettger , 1877 † ( considered a separate genus )

subgenus clausilia ( eualopia ) o . boettger , 1877 † accepted as eualopia o . boettger , 1877 † ( considered a separate genus )

subgenus clausilia ( herilla ) h . adams & a . adams , 1855 accepted as herilla h . adams & a . adams , 1855

subgenus clausilia ( idyla ) h . adams & a . adams , 1855 accepted as idyla h . adams & a . adams , 1855

subgenus clausilia ( medora ) h . adams & a . adams , 1855 accepted as medora h . adams & a . adams , 1855

subgenus clausilia ( phaedusa ) h . adams & a . adams , 1855 accepted as phaedusa h . adams & a . adams , 1855

» species clausilia ( cochlodina ) lerosiensis l . pfeiffer , 1841 accepted as albinaria lerosiensis ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 ) ( original combination )

» species clausilia ( phaedusa ) formosensis h . adams , 1866 accepted as oospira formosensis ( h . adams , 1866 ) ( original combination )

what made you want to look up clausilia ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .

species clausilia ( canalicia ) attracta o . boettger , 1870 † accepted as canalicia attracta ( o . boettger , 1870 ) † ( new combination )

species clausilia ( serrulina ) schwageri o . boettger , 1877 † accepted as serrulella schwageri ( o . boettger , 1877 ) † ( new combination )

» species clausilia ( canalicia ) attracta o . boettger , 1870 † accepted as canalicia attracta ( o . boettger , 1870 ) † ( new combination )

» species clausilia ( disjunctaria ) oligogyra o . boettger , 1877 † accepted as disjunctaria oligogyra ( o . boettger , 1877 ) † ( new combination )

subgenus clausilia ( emarginaria ) o . boettger , 1877 † accepted as emarginaria o . boettger , 1877 † ( emarginaria is considered as a separate genus )

» species clausilia ( laminifera ) flexidens o . boettger , 1875 † accepted as laminifera flexidens ( o . boettger , 1875 ) † ( new combination )

» species clausilia ( laminifera ) rhombostoma o . boettger , 1863 † accepted as laminifera rhombostoma ( o . boettger , 1863 ) † ( new combination )

subgenus clausilia ( luchuphaedusa ) pilsbry , 1901 accepted as stereophaedusa ( luchuphaedusa ) pilsbry , 1901 represented as stereophaedusa o . boettger , 1877 ( original rank )

subgenus clausilia ( oophaedusa ) pilsbry , 1905 accepted as stereophaedusa ( oophaedusa ) pilsbry , 1905 represented as stereophaedusa o . boettger , 1877 ( original rank )

subgenus clausilia ( pirostoma ) moellendorff , 1873 accepted as macrogastra ( pyrostoma ) vest , 1867 represented as macrogastra w . hartmann , 1841 ( unjustified emendation )

» species clausilia ( pseudidyla ) moersingensis o . boettger , 1877 † accepted as pseudidyla moersingensis ( o . boettger , 1877 ) † ( new combination )

» species clausilia ( serrulina ) schwageri o . boettger , 1877 † accepted as serrulella schwageri ( o . boettger , 1877 ) † ( new combination )

the edited alignment of the partial 16s rdna sequences of 44 clausilia ( strobeliella ) individuals , c . ( clausilia ) cruciata , c . ( clausilia ) dubia , c . ( neostyriaca ) corynodes , c . ( lombardiella ) strobeli as well as macrogastra tumida and ruthenica filograna as outgroups included 872 positions . the maximum likelihood and bayesian inference analyses of this alignment ( fig . 1 a ) showed that c . ( strobeliella ) , c . ( neostyriaca ) corynodes and c . ( lombardiella ) strobeli form a well - supported clade ( bootstrap value bs = 90 % , pp = 1 . 0 ) , which is the sister group of c . ( clausilia ) . clausilia ( neostyriaca ) corynodes is probably more closely related to c . ( strobeliella ) than to c . ( lombardiella ) strobeli , although these relationships are not well supported .

subgenus clausilia ( pseudalinda ) o . boettger , 1877 accepted as alinda ( pseudalinda ) o . boettger , 1877 represented as alinda h . adams & a . adams , 1855

» species clausilia ( pseudidyla ) polyptyx o . boettger , 1877 † accepted as pseudidyla polyptyx ( o . boettger , 1877 ) † ( pseudidyla is considered a separate genus )

» species clausilia ( pseudidyla ) undatistria o . boettger , 1877 † accepted as pseudidyla undatistria ( o . boettger , 1877 ) † ( pseudidyla is considered a separate genus )

» species clausilia ( triptychia ) hassiaca o . boettger , 1877 † accepted as triptychia hassiaca ( o . boettger , 1877 ) † ( triptychia is considered a separate genus )

» species clausilia ( triptychia ) molassica o . boettger , 1877 † accepted as triptychia molassica ( o . boettger , 1877 ) † ( triptychia is considered a separate genus )

» species clausilia ( triptychia ) recticosta o . boettger , 1877 † accepted as triptychia recticosta ( o . boettger , 1877 ) † ( triptychia is considered a separate genus )

clausilia umbrosa gardonensis n . ssp . : a new taxon of the subgenus c . ( strobeliella ) h . nordsieck 1977 from eastern lombardy ( gastropoda : pulmonata : clausiliidae )

» species clausilia ( constricta ) kochi o . boettger , 1877 † accepted as constricta kochi ( o . boettger , 1877 ) † ( constricta is considered as a separate genus )

» species clausilia ( emarginaria ) schaefferiana o . boettger , 1877 † accepted as emarginaria schaefferiana ( o . boettger , 1877 ) † ( emarginaria is considered as a separate genus )

( of clausilia ( andraea ) l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]

( of clausilia ( strobeliella ) h . nordsieck , 1977 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]

» species clausilia ( agathylla ) sulcosa j . a . wagner , 1829 accepted as agathylla ( agathylla ) sulcosa ( j . a . wagner , 1829 ) represented as agathylla sulcosa ( j . a . wagner , 1829 )

( of clausilia ( neostyriaca ) a . j . wagner , 1920 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]

» species clausilia ( dilataria ) perforata o . boettger , 1877 † accepted as cochlodina ( miophaedusa ) perforata ( o . boettger , 1877 ) † represented as cochlodina perforata ( o . boettger , 1877 ) † ( new combination )

» species clausilia ( serrulina ) ptycholarynx o . boettger , 1877 † accepted as serrulastra ( serruplica ) ptycholarynx ( o . boettger , 1877 ) † represented as serrulastra ptycholarynx ( o . boettger , 1877 ) † ( new combination )

» species clausilia ( delima ) crenulata rossmässler , 1836 accepted as delima ( delima ) amoena amoena ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) represented as delima ( delima ) amoena ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) represented as delima amoena ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( homonym )

» species clausilia ( delima ) decipiens rossmässler , 1835 accepted as delima ( delima ) latilabris latilabris ( j . a . wagner , 1829 ) represented as delima ( delima ) latilabris ( j . a . wagner , 1829 ) represented as delima latilabris ( j . a . wagner , 1829 )

( of clausilia ( andraea ) l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) pfeiffer , l . ( 1848 ) . monographia heliceorum viventium . sistens descriptiones systematicas et criticas omnium huius familiae generum et specierum hodie cognitarum . lipsiae ( brockhaus ) . 2 : 1–594 . page ( s ) : 476 [ details ]

ty - jour ti - note on the clausilium of a chinese species of clausilia t2 - proceedings of the malacological society of london . vl - 8 ur - urltoken pb - dulau . cy - london , py - 1908 - 06 - 01 sp - 119 ep - 119 sn - 0025 - 1194 au - pilsbry , h a er -

» species clausilia ( pseudalinda ) wagneri a . j . wagner in wohlberedt , 1911 accepted as alinda ( alinda ) wagneri wagneri ( a . j . wagner , 1911 ) represented as alinda ( alinda ) wagneri ( a . j . wagner , 1911 ) represented as alinda wagneri ( a . j . wagner , 1911 ) ( original combination )

shell like cl . bidentata , more widely ribbed , diameter of third whorl small like second whorl ( in the other clausilia species except c . cruciata the upper whorls increase continuously ) , columellaris with step - like double fold ( in c . bidentata triangular or indistinct ) , palatal callus weak or absent ( unlike c . cruciata ) , basal cervical keel relatively prominent . terminal lobe of clausilium present .

we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of the c . ( strobeliella ) taxa based on mitochondrial dna sequences as well as aflp markers in the course of a biogeographical analysis of several land snail groups in the southern alps ( nägele & hausdorf , 2015 ; in which the classification elaborated here has already been applied ) . in this contribution we discuss the systematic implications of these phylogenies and elaborate the delimitation of the clausilia ( strobeliella ) taxa .

concerning the relationships of the c . whateliana group , nordsieck ( 1966 ) proposed a ‘scheme’ depicting the c . whateliana group as the sister group of neostyriaca a . j . wagner , 1920 , which he classified as a subgenus of clausilia draparnaud , 1805 . however , in the text nordsieck ( 1966 ) emphasized that c . ( neostyriaca ) corynodes held , 1836 is more closely related to the c . whateliana group than c . ( neostyriaca ) strobeli strobel , 1850 . despite these considerations , nordsieck ( 1975 ) proposed to classify neostyriaca as well as all other clausiliid groups with a graciliaria - type clausilial apparatus ( see nordsieck , 2007 ) as separate genera , established a new subgenus of clausilia , strobeliella nordsieck , 1977 , for the c . whateliana group ( nordsieck , 1977 ) and a new subgenus of neostyriaca , lombardiella nordsieck , 2013 , for c . strobeli ( nordsieck , 2013b ) .

all c . ( strobeliella ) taxa also form distinct clusters in the neighbor - net network ( fig . 2 ) . the network indicates that c . brembina alanica is intermediate between c . b . brembina and c . b . klemmi on the one side and c . b . umbrosa and c . b . gardonensis on the other . clausilia w . whateliana and c . w . exoptata are less distinctly separated than the subspecies of c . brembina .

@ article { bhlpart202980 , title = { note on the clausilium of a chinese species of clausilia } , journal = { proceedings of the malacological society of london . } , volume = { 8 } , copyright = { public domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection . } , url = urltoken publisher = { london , dulau . } , author = { pilsbry , h a } , year = { 1908 - 06 - 01 } , pages = { 119 - - 119 } , }

this species is sometimes called clausilia parvula . many subspecies recognized by some authors . this species has long been confounded and lumped with cl . bidentata ( also because the types had not been consulted ) . references : gassies 1849 : 129 , moquin - tandon 1855 : 332 ( cl . perversa , lumped true rugosa with bidentata ) , germain 1930 : 353 ( lumped rugosa and bidentata ) , nobre 1941 : 156 ( portugal except south ) , kerney & cameron 1979 : 165 , gittenberger 1982 , kerney et al . 1983 : 227 ( under cl . parvula ) , falkner 1990 : 162 , nordsieck 1990 ( history of misidentifications ) , turner et al . 1998 : 220 , nordsieck 2002 , welter - schultes 2012 : 298 ( range map ) .

the clausilia whateliana group is a complex of limestone - dwelling door - snail taxa ( nordsieck , 1966 , 2013a ; nardi & nordsieck , 2013 ) , which are restricted to the region between lago di como and lago di garda in the southern alps in italy where they survived the pleistocene glacials in mountain refugia ( nägele & hausdorf , 2015 ) . nordsieck ( 1966 ) classified these taxa into one species with five subspecies . later , the complex was split into four separate species , c . brembina strobel , 1850 ( with three subspecies ) , c . umbrosa ( käufel , 1928 ) ( with two subspecies ) , c . whateliana charpentier , 1850 and c . exoptata schmidt , 1856 , because of sympatric occurrences of c . whateliana with c . exoptata with few intermediates , and of each of these with c . brembina without intermediates ( nordsieck , 2007 , 2013a ; nardi & nordsieck , 2013 ) .

the results of the analyses based on the aflp data ( figs 1 b , 2 , 3 ) and the mitochondrial gene tree ( fig . 1 a ) confirm the hypotheses of nordsieck ( 1966 ) concerning the relationships of the c . ( strobeliella ) taxa at large . clausilia b . brembina and c . b . klemmi as well as c . w . whateliana and c . w . exoptata are closely related . the admixture analyses based on the aflp data ( fig . 3 ) also confirm nordsieck ' s supposition that c . b . umbrosa is somehow intermediate between c . brembina and c . whateliana . however , the tree and the network based on the aflp data ( figs 1 b , 2 ) , as well as the tree based on the 16s rdna sequences ( fig . 1 a ) , show that c . b . umbrosa is more closely related to c . brembina than to c . whateliana .

clausilia ( strobeliella ) is subdivided into two well - supported clades ( bs = 100 % , pp = 1 . 0 ) : c . brembina and c . whateliana . within c . brembina , c . b . brembina and c . b . klemmi form a clade . most haplotypes of c . b . klemmi form the sister group of a clade including all haplotypes of c . b . brembina , but also one c . b . klemmi haplotype . the sister group of the c . b . brembina + c . b . klemmi clade includes c . b . alanica , c . b . gardonensis and c . b . umbrosa . all three are reciprocally monophyletic . the two latter subspecies , which have previously been classified as a separate species , c . umbrosa ( nordsieck , 2007 , 2013a ; nardi & nordsieck , 2013 ) , form sister groups , albeit with low support ( bs = 62 % , pp = 0 . 76 ) . in the c . whateliana complex , the individuals of c . w . whateliana and c . w . exoptata , which have previously been classified as separate species ( nordsieck , 2007 , 2013a ; nardi & nordsieck , 2013 ) , are not separated according to their morphological classification .

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bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]

( of neostyria a . j . wagner , 1920 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]

( of rupicola w . hartmann , 1841 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]

bank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]

boettger , o . ( 1863 ) . clausilien aus dem tertiären landschnecken - kalk von hochheim . palaeontographica . 10 ( 6 ) : 309 - 318 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 310 [ details ]

harzhauser , m . ; neubauer , t . a . ; georgopoulou , e . ; harl , j . ( 2014 ) . the early miocene ( burdigalian ) mollusc fauna of the north bohemian lake ( most basin ) . bulletin of geosciences . 89 ( 4 ) , 819 - 908 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

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draparnaud , j . p . r . 1801 . tableau des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la france . - pp . [ 1 - 2 ] , 1 - 116 . montpellier , paris . ( renaud ; bossange , masson & besson ) .

usually smaller than cl . bidentata , shell with ribs or growth lines or smooth , brown , first whorls increase more or less continuously , columellaris usually without double fold , clausilium with or without edge at margin ( terminal lobe present or not ) . shell variable , many local forms with differences in ribs and clausilium plate structure .

relatively humid habitats between rocks and rock rubble , at old walls , preferably in forests . calciphile , in switzerland up to 2400 m . 15 - 20 eggs ( diameter 1 . 5 mm ) are laid between august and october under stones or in crevices of rocks and old walls , juveniles hatch after 2 weeks .

draparnaud , j . - p . - r . [ 1805 ] . histoire naturelle des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la france . ouvrage posthume . avec xiii planches . - pp . [ 1 - 9 ] , j - viij [ = 1 - 8 ] , 1 - 134 , [ pl . 1 - 13 ] . paris , montpellier . ( plassan , renaud ) .

usually larger than cl . bidentata , usually densely ribbed , some populations more widely ribbed , no folds between parietalis and columellaris , columellaris with double fold or not , frontal upper palatalis present in a callus - like form , basal groove in the aperture present , subcolumellaris not s - like near the aperture and running along the basal groove . many locally different forms . basal cervical keel more prominent than in macrogastra . julica has a smoother shell .

characteristically on humid shady rocks , at trees and old walls , usually in exposed highland regions , more rarely in forests , calciphile . in switzerland up to 2400 m , in n england mostly between 250 and 600 m . hides in crevices and ground litter , climbs up vertical surfaces in moist weather . feeds on epiphytic lichens and algae .

in se poland not very abundant . can be rare in lower altitudes in switzerland . in n england threatened by air pollution and destruction of habitats , some populations have been lost since the 1800s . vulnerable in germany .

references : falkner 1990 : 162 , kerney et al . 1983 : 228 , jungbluth et al . 1989 : 180 , manganelli et al . 1995 : 26 , edlinger 1997 ( morphological variation ) , turner et al . 1998 : 219 , kerney 1999 : 172 , nordsieck 2002 , sulikowska - drozd 2005 : 73 , jungbluth & knorre 2009 : 12 , welter - schultes 2012 : 297 ( range map ) .

pfeiffer , c . 1828 . naturgeschichte deutscher land - und süsswasser - mollusken . dritte abtheilung . - pp . i - vi [ = 1 - 6 ] , 1 - 84 , taf . i - viii [ = 1 - 8 ] . weimar . ( landes - industrie - comptoir ) .

humid forests , usually in soil litter or under trees that fell down . not significantly ascending at trees . in bulgaria in up to 1900 m .

references : kerney & cameron 1979 : 168 , kerney et al . 1983 : 230 , jungbluth et al . 1989 : 182 , falkner 1990 : 162 , manganelli et al . 1995 : 26 , nordsieck 2002 , sulikowska - drozd 2005 : 75 , hubenov 2007 , jungbluth & knorre 2009 : 10 , welter - schultes 2012 : 297 ( range map ) .

we would like to thank hans kothbauer for creating the logo of the alpine land snails working group .

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we used the mitochondrial dna sequences and aflp data as well as the phylogenetic trees based on these data published by nägele & hausdorf ( 2015 ) . in addition , p - distances based on the edited alignment of the 16s rdna sequences were calculated with mega v . 5 . 2 . 2 ( tamura et al . , 2011 ) .

a neighbor - net network ( bryant & moulton , 2004 ) was constructed based on jaccard distances between the c . ( strobeliella ) taxa calculated with the aflp data using splitstree4 v . 4 . 13 . 1 ( huson & bryant , 2006 ) .

as outgroups . bootstrap values and posterior probabilities calculated in the bayesian inference analysis are indicated on the branches .

within c . brembina , p - distances reached 14 . 7 % between and 11 . 4 % within subspecies . within c . whateliana , p - distances reached 7 . 6 % between and 7 . 1 % within subspecies . the highest p - distance between these species was 22 . 0 % .

b ) are in accordance with the topology of the tree based on the mitochondrial sequences ( fig .

population from valzurió on the western side of the presolana massif , but the support for this relationship is weak ( pp = 0 . 72 ) . if only 1 , 018 aflp fragments of 100–400 bp length are used for the phylogenetic analysis , the maximum clade credibility tree (

from the val brembana region ( populations 3–4 ) are paraphyletic with respect to those from the valsássina ( populations 1–2 ) , which form a strongly supported clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) .

) aflp dataset , the estimation of the appropriate number of clusters proved to be difficult , because of a gradually varying degree of differentiation between the taxa . the mean estimates of the posterior probabilities of the aflp data of the

) showed a maximum for two clusters , but structurama calculated the pp that the sampled individuals can be partitioned into five clusters as 1 . 0 . therefore , we show the results of the admixture analyses from

individuals from the val vértova show strong admixture ( 20 . 3 % ) with

individuals from the val taléggio and the val vértova show strong admixture ( 19 . 2 % ) with this cluster . with

populations from the side valleys of the val brembana ( 20 . 6 % from

the tree ( fig . 1 b ) and the network ( fig . 2 ) based on the aflp data confirm that all morphologically delimited c . ( strobeliella ) taxa ( nordsieck , 1966 , 2007 , 2013a ; nardi & nordsieck , 2013 ) form genetic entities . as often found in closely related land snails ( elejalde et al . , 2008 ; sauer & hausdorf , 2010 ; kokshoorn & gittenberger , 2012 ; scheel & hausdorf , 2012 ) , some of these taxa are not monophyletic in the mitochondrial gene tree ( fig . 1 a ) . this is especially true for c . w . whateliana and c . w . exoptata . this lack of reciprocal monophyly can be attributed to incomplete lineage - sorting and gene flow between these taxa for which there is also morphological evidence in the case of c . w . whateliana and c . w . exoptata ( nordsieck , 1966 , 2013a ) .

nordsieck ( 1966 ) classified all c . ( strobeliella ) taxa as subspecies of a single species . in contrast , nordsieck ( 2007 , 2013a ) divided c . ( strobeliella ) into four species , because ( 1 ) there are syntopical occurrences of c . brembina with c . w . whateliana as well as with c . w . exoptata without intermediates , ( 2 ) there are only few intermediates in a population composed of c . w . whateliana and c . w . exoptata and ( 3 ) the range of c . b . umbrosa is well separated . the admixture analysis confirms that there is hardly any admixture between c . brembina and c . whateliana ( fig . 3 ) . nordsieck ( 1966 ) thought that the population of c . whateliana from the val taléggio forms a transition to c . brembina . however , no admixture between this population and c . brembina was found . both taxa are reciprocally monophyletic in the tree based on the 16s rdna sequences ( fig . 1 a ) . thus , the genetic data corroborate the species status of the partly sympatric c . brembina and c . whateliana .

we are grateful to hartmut nordsieck and gianbattista nardi for samples , to hartmut nordsieck also for a critical reading of an earlier version of this paper , to elke bustorf and arne nolte for running the aflp gels and to marco neiber and bettina scheel for help in the lab .

zur anatomie und systematik der clausilien , xvi . zur kenntnis der mentissoideinae und kaukasischen baleinae

molecular evidence for repetitive parallel evolution of shell structure in clausiliidae ( gastropoda . pulmonata )

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a dark brown , rather slender fusiform shell with dense surface sculpturation and only a weakly glossy to dull surface . aperture pear - shaped , with strong parietal and weak columellar lamellae . colour typically dark brown to reddish - brown but often bleached grey with algal stains . finely and regularly ribbed with delicate , cross - cutting , spiral striation . generally abundant but mainly in woodland .

very variable in size with populations of miniature forms , little over half the height of normal shells , occurring here and there e . g . basalt rocks and dunes on the north coasts of cos antrim and londonderry

ranging from france and the british isles through switzerland and the low countries to denmark , germany and southern scandinavia . distribution type : suboceanic temperate ( 72 ) .

michaud , g . ( 1862 ) . description des coquilles fossiles des environs de hauterive ( drôme ) . journal de conchyliologie . 10 , 58 - 84 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 74 , pl . 3 , fig . 18 [ details ]

truc , g . ( 1972 ) . clausiliidae ( gastropoda , euthyneura ) du néogène du bassin rhodanien ( france ) . geobios . 5 ( 3 ) : 247 - 275 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 254 - 256 , pl . 18 , figs 9 - 13 , pl . 19 , fig . 6 , textfigs 1 - 2 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

babor , j . f . ( 1897 ) . beiträge zur kenntnis der tertiären binnenconchylienfauna böhmens . i . sitzungsberichte der königl . böhmischen gesellschaft für wissenschaften , mathematischnaturwissenschaftliche klasse . 63 , 1 - 18 . page ( s ) : 10 [ details ]

cossmann , m . ( 1898 ) . paléoconchologie . revue critique de paléozoologie . 2 ( 2 ) : 42 - 63 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 57 [ details ]

traub , f . ( 1938 ) . geologische und palaeontologische bearbeitung der kreide und des tertiärs im östlichen rupertiwinkel , nördlich von salzburg . palaeontographica abt . a . 88 ( 1 - 3 ) : 1 - 114 . [ details ]

nordsieck , h . ( 1985 ) . zwei neue gattungen alttertiärer clausilien ( gastropoda : stylommatophora ) . heldia . 1 ( 3 ) : 83 - 87 . [ details ]

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turbinella laevigata , common name the brazilian chank , is a species of very large sea snail with a gill and an operculum , a marine gastropod mollusk in the subfamily turbinellinae of the family turbinellidae .

turbinella laevigata

turbinella laevigata <EOT> turbinellidae » turbinella laevigata , id : 545494 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .

delsaerdt , a . : a new subspecies of turbinella laevigata . matthysen , e . & robbrecht , v . : report on some land snails from east tyrol ( austria ) with notes on the distribution of abida secale ( draparnaud , 1801 ) . delsaerdt , a . : de familie cassidae ( 1 ) . new taxon : turbinella laevigata rianae n . ssp .

belongs to turbinella according to b . landau and c . marques da silva 2010

formosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 223 . 5mm . w / o . big

formosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 228 . 5mm . w / o . big

formosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 197mm . w / o . red lip .

formosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 215 . 5mm . w / o . big

formosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 126 . 5mm . nature . w / o .

formosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 123 . 8mm . nature . w / o . freak

genre turbinelle . ( turbinella , lam . ) spécies général et iconographie des coquilles vivantes 6 21 pls .

these species are sometimes known as " chanks " or " chank shells " . one species in this genus is the sacred chank , turbinella pyrum ; see " shankha " for the cultural and religious use of the shell of that species .

verzeichniss der conchylien xvi + 110 pp . [ stated date : 09 oct 1838 . ]

gloria maris 26 1 - 7 . [ stated date : - - feb 1987 . ]

animal - based remedies constitute an integral part of brazilian traditional medicine . due to its long history , zootherapy has in fact become an integral part of folk medicine both in rural and urban areas of the country . in this paper we summarize current knowledge on zootherapeutic practices in northeast of brazil , based on information compiled from ethnobiological scientific literature .

in order to examine the diversity of animals used in traditional medicine in northeast of brazil , all available references or reports of folk remedies based on animals sources were examined . 34 sources were analyzed . only taxa that could be identified to species level were included in assessment of medicinal animal species . scientific names provided in publications were updated .

the review revealed that at least 250 animal species ( 178 vertebrates and 72 invertebrates ) are used for medicinal purposes in northeast of brazil . the inventoried species comprise 10 taxonomic categories and belong to 141 families . the groups with the greatest number of species were fishes ( n = 58 ) , mammals ( n = 47 ) and reptiles ( n = 37 ) . the zootherapeutical products are used for the treatment of different illnesses . the most widely treated condition were asthma , rheumatism and sore throat , conditions , which had a wide variety of animals to treat them with . many animals were used for the treatment of multiple ailments . beyond the use for treating human diseases , zootherapeutical resources are also used in ethnoveterinary medicine

the number of medicinal species catalogued was quite expressive and demonstrate the importance of zootherapy as alternative therapeutic in northeast of brazil . although widely diffused throughout brazil , zootherapeutic practices remain virtually unstudied . there is an urgent need to examine the ecological , cultural , social , and public health implications associated with fauna usage , including a full inventory of the animal species used for medicinal purposes and the socio - cultural context associated with their consumption .

humans depend on biodiversity and the capacity of ecosystems to provide a multitude of goods and services that underpin a healthy human and natural environment . biodiversity is essential for human health , for example , in the provision of the raw materials for medicines . indeed , some 20 , 000 species are used in traditional medicine , which forms the basis of primary health care for about 80 percent of the 3 billion people in developing countries . more than half of the world ' s modern drugs are derived from biological resources , which supports the traditional and modern pharmaceutical sectors [

] . although plants and plant - derived materials make up the majority of ingredients used in most traditional medical systems globally , whole animals , animal parts , and animal - derived products ( e . g . , urine , fat , etc . ) also constitute important elements of the materia medica . indeed , zootherapy , the use of animal products in healing , is an ancient and widespread practice across most cultures [

little attention has been paid to the cultural , medical , economic , or ecological significance of zootherapeutic practices , even though the federal government ' s national policy of pharmaceuticals ( política nacional de medicamentos , portaria no . 3916 / 98 ) specifies that " the support to research aiming to use the therapeutic potential of the national flora and fauna , with emphasis on certification of their medical properties , should be continued and expanded " [

] . nevertheless , since the 1980s various publications have shown the importance of zootherapy for traditional communities from distinct socio - cultural - environmental landscapes in brazil . most of the available information on the subject is concentrated in the northeast of the country [

in addition , the edibility of these medicinal resources must be analyzed because there must be complex interactions between diet and the medicinal use . a number of food animals are also used as remedies [

] . although often regarded as supplementary to local peoples ' diet , wild food and medicine are essential in times of crisis and play an important nutritional role . the neglect of traditional food and medicines may seriously deteriorate the health and well being of traditional peoples [

] . furthermore , nature - based traditional food and medicine are generally viewed as interchangeable , diet being highly regarded as the primary basis for sustaining and / or restoring health and well - being . consequently , foods are considered and often times chosen for their distinctive medicinal or healing values .

the total area of the brazilian northeast is 1 , 561 , 177 . 8 km

, which extends from 02°54 to 17°21s and from 35° to 46°30w and includes nine states : maranhão , piauí , ceará , rio grande do norte , paraíba , pernambuco , alagoas , sergipe and bahia ( figure .

] . this region is home to around 51 million people , representing 28 . 9 % of the total population of brazil , most of whom live in the urban area . the inhabitants of northeast brazil exhibit a high degree of race mixing . according to the 2006 census of brazilian institute for geography and statistics ( ibge ) , people of multiracial ( european , amerindian and african ) background make up 62 . 5 % of the population , while those of total or predominantly black ancestry account for 7 . 8 % . this region was not heavily affected by the wave of european immigration that took place in southern brazil during the 19th century – the northeast was ( and still is ) the poorest part of brazil , and therefore there was little incentive for new immigrants to stay [

the predominant vegetation type in this region is composed of several forms of caatinga biome . the structure of these forests can vary considerably from forests composed of mostly spiny trees , 6 to 10 m tall , often with a ground - layer of small deciduous shrubs and annual herbs , predominantly leguminosae , to deciduous woodlands of lower stature , with a high proportion of shrubs and subshrubs and the presence of many cacti , bromeliads and euphorbiaceae [

] . the northeast region as a whole holds more types of vegetation than any other region in brazil . in addition to the caatinga biome , there are the atlantic rainforests , seasonal forests and inland mountain forests ,

and shore dunes , mangroves , cerrados ( savannah - like vegetation ) and ' campos rupestres ' , all of which exhibit rich animal and plant biodiversity .

] . 34 ethnobiological sources documenting the medicinal use of animals were analyzed . only taxa that could be identified to species level were included in the data base . scientific names were updated in accordance with the integrated taxonomic information system ' s " catalogue of life : 2008 annual checklist " [

categories of diseases treated with zootherapeutic remedies in northeast brazil , according to the brazilian centre of diseases classification and the number of species used per category .

the review revealed that at least 250 animal species ( 178 vertebrates and 72 invertebrates ) are used for medicinal purposes in northeast of brazil . the inventoried species comprise 10 taxonomic categories and belong to 141 families ( additional file

) . the groups with the greatest number of species were fishes ( n = 58 ) , mammals ( n = 47 ) and reptiles ( n = 37 ) ( figure .

examples of animals used as medicine in northeast brazil . a : boa constrictor ( photo : gentil a . pereira - filho ) , b : iguana iguana , c : chelonoidis carbonaria , d : amazona aestiva , e : coragyps atratus and f : ucides cordatus ( photos b , c , d , e , f : rômulo r . n . alves ) .

the number of medicinal species catalogued was quite expressive and demonstrate the importance of zootherapy as alternative therapeutic in northeast of brazil . ethnobiological studies encompassing information on the medicinal use of biological resources cover 06 states : paraíba , piauí , pernambuco , alagoas , maranhão and bahia , the latter being state with the highest number of studies ( figure .

) . no published accounts were found for the states of ceará , sergipe and rio grande do norte . due to the lack of studies in some states of northeast brazil , and to the fact that only taxa that could be identified to the species level were included in the review , is expected the number of medicinal animals to be greater than the 250 species compiled .

of the 250 medicinal animal species which have been recorded , 175 ( 70 % ) were also used as food . the high number of animals used both as food and medicine is not surprising given the important role played by wildlife as a source of protein in different parts of the world . in at least 62 countries worldwide , wildlife ( including fish ) provides significant proteins , calories , and essential fats to rural communities [

] . the degree of overlap between medicinal and nutritional uses of wild animals observed in our study was high , and left no doubt about the importance of wild animals in human diets and healing activities .

medicinal animals recorded can be used whole or in parts such as fat , flesh , bone , bone marrow , cartilage , skin , tail , feather , liver , bile ( " fel " ) , milk , rattle ( from rattlesnakes ) , spine , shell , honey , wax , scale , rostral expansion , otolith , penis , carapace , blood , gizzard , beak , cocoon , teeth , tongue , egg , egg shells , tibia , secretions , head , heart , urine , foot , leg , nest , guts , pollen , ear , spawn , nail , horn , sucking dish and eye . examples of zootherapeutic products used as remedies in northeast brazil are showed in figure

examples of animal products used as remedies in northeast brazil . a : fats of mammals and reptiles , b : alligator leather ( paleosuchus palpebrosus ) , c : dried seahorses ( hippocampus reidi ) and d : dried starfish ( oreaster reticulatus ) .

beyond the use for treating human diseases , zootherapeutical resources are also used in ethnoveterinary medicine . barboza et al . [

] recorded the utilization of animals ( zootherapeutics ) as sources of medicines in folk veterinary medicine ( ethnoveterinary ) in semiarid northeast region and verified that 15 animals are used in the prevention or cure of animals ' illnesses in that region .

distinct preparation and administration manners of the zootherapic resources are reported in the works , but in general , hard parts , such as teeth , nails , shells , rattles from snakes , fish scales , bone , and cartilage , generally are dried in the sun , grated , and crushed to powder , and then administered as tea or taken during meals . fat , body secretions , and oil are either ingested or used as an ointment . some animals are utilized in combination with plants and / or other animal species , constituting the ingredients of what the interviewees call " garrafadas " a concoction defined by camargo [

the zootherapeutic resources recorded were used to treat different diseases . the most widely treated condition were asthma , rheumatism and sore throat , conditions , which had a wide variety of animals to treat them with . many animals were used for the treatment of multiple ailments . the highest numbers of animal species ( 132 , 52 . 8 % ) have been reported for the treatment of respiratory system related problems . injuries , poisoning and other consequences of external causes are treated with 77 species ( 30 . 8 % ) . 71 ( 28 . 4 % ) animal species are reported in uses in undefined illnesses category ( that includes all citations for diseases with unspecific symptoms ) . problems of osteomuscular system and conjunctive tissue are reported to be treated with 71 ( 28 . 8 % ) species . circulatory system related problems are treated with 64 species ( 25 . 6 % ) ( table

] . these observations point to the need for sanitary measurements to be taken with medicinal animal products and the importance of including considerations about zootherapy into public health programs . although the need for implementation of sanitary measures to the trade of animal or their parts for medicinal purposes is evident , adoption of regulatory measures faces considerable challenges , among them ensuring adequate participation of all stakeholders involved , monitoring of the activity , and combating illegal , unreported and unregulated trade [

] , which makes the use of available , affordable animal and plant remedies an important alternative .

the high number of species registered evidenciates that the animals are therapeutic resources culturally important . nevertheless , the lack of zootherapeutic studies in brazil ( and in the world in general ) has contributed to an underestimation of the importance of zootherapeutic resources in this country . alves and rosa [

] , suggest that one of the factors that certainly contribute to the information scarcity on the subject is the semi - clandestine or clandestine nature of the trade and use of medicinal animals , generally result in usuaries and traders being more resistant to provide information . the most of medicinal animals are wild and protected by law . nevertheless , although brazilian legislation forbids commercial use of wild fauna ( article 1 law 5 , 197 january 3 , 1967 and article 29 of law 9 , 605 february 12 , 1998 ) , medicinal products and derivatives made from animals are commonly traded in many brazilian cities [

= 230 ; 92 % ) are wild caught . in most cases remedies were prepared from dead specimens . many of the medicinal animals are of conservation concern . many of the recorded species ( 52 out of 250 ) are on either the iucn red list of threatened species , [

] . these results demonstrate the need to assess the implications of the use and trade of animal used in traditional medicines on their wild populations .

] , there is a need to increase our understanding of the biology and ecology of species commonly used as remedies to better assess the impacts of harvesting them ( for medicinal or other purposes ) on their wild populations . medicinal species whose conservation status is in question should receive urgent attention , and aspects such as habitat loss and alteration should be discussed in connection with present and future medicinal uses . as anyinam [

] remarked , environmental degradation affects users of traditional medicine both by limiting their access to the resources traditionally used and by diminishing the knowledge base in their community upon which traditional medicine is constructed . studies on traditional uses of faunistic resources should be carried out with other links to conservation biology , public health policies , sustainable management of natural resources and biological prospection is of great importance [

additional file 1 : medicinal animals and its respective uses in popular medicine , northeast of brazil . the data provided a list of medicinal animals and its respective uses in popular medicine in the northeast of brazil . ( pdf 170 kb )

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uso e conservação de plantas e animais medicinais no estado de pernambuco ( nordeste do brasil ) : um estudo de caso .

primeiro registro da utilização medicinal de recursos pesqueiros na cidade de são félix , estado da bahia , brasil .

o conhecimento ictiológico tradicional dos pescadores da cidade de barra , região do médio rio são francisco , estado da bahia , brasil .

utilização medicinal de insetos no povoado de pedra branca , santa terezinha , bahia , brasil .

. feira de santana : feira de santana , brasil : editora universitária da uefs ; 1999 .

recursos animais utilizados na medicina tradicional dos índios pankararés , que habitam no nordeste do estado da bahia , brasil .

traditional use and sale of animals as medicines in feira de santana city , bahia , brazil .

conhecimento e usos tradicionais de recursos faunísticos por uma comunidade afro - brasileira . resultados preliminares .

. feira de santana , brazil : universidade estadual de feira de santana ; 2000 .

the use of insects in folk medicine in the state of bahia , northeastern brazil , with notes on insects reported elsewhere in brazilian folk medicine .

( latreille , 1828 ) ( crustacea , decapoda , trichodactylidae ) , na concepção dos moradores do povoado de pedra branca , bahia , brasil .

a farmacopéia do mar : invertebrados marinhos de interesse médico e a etnomedicina alagoana .

the use of zootherapeutics in folk veterinary medicine in the district of cubati , paraíba state , brazil .

animal - based remedies as complementary medicines in santa cruz do capibaribe , brazil .

uma abordagem etnoecológica sobre a medicina popular em andaraí , chapada diamantina , bahia , brasil .

. feira de santana , brazil . edited by editora da universidade estadual de feira de santana ; 2000 .

anexo à instrução normativa no . 3 , de 27 de maio de 2003 . do ministério do meio ambiente

lista nacional das espécies de invertebrados aquáticos e peixes sobreexplotadas ou ameaçadas de sobreexplotação .

instrução normativa no . 5 , de 21 de maio de 2004 . diário oficial da união

décima revisão , organização mundial da saúde ( oms ) . organização pan - americana de saúde – opas

indigenous knowledge of zootherapeutic use of vertebrate origin by the ao tribe of nagaland .

animals and their products utilized as medicines by the inhabitants surrounding the ranthambhore national park , india .

. wildlife survey report . world wildlife fund and liberian forestry development , authority , gland , switzerland ; 1991 .

food chain and the reasons for food taboos in the amazon and in the atlantic forest coast .

( schweiger 1812 ) ( testudines : podocnemididae ) for medicinal purposes in two communities in north of brazil .

os ' bichos ' que curam : os animais e a medicina ' folk ' em belém do pará .

produtos e subprodutos da medicina popular comercializados na cidade de boa vista , roraima .

plants and animals utilized as medicines in the jau national park ( jnp ) , brazilian amazon .

markets and the use of wild animals for traditional medicine : a case study among the tsimane ' amerindians of the bolivian rain forest .

medicinal and poisonous diversity of the flora of " cariri paraibano " , brazil .

aspectos sócio - econômicos do comércio de plantas e animais medicinais em área metropolitanas do norte e nordeste do brasil .

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( of xancus laevigatus ( anton , 1839 ) ) matthews , h . r . 1967 . notas sobre a família xancidae no nordeste brasileiro . arquivos da estação de biologia marinha da universidade federal do ceará 7 : 143 - 145 . [ details ]

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collected at 10 - 15 m by lobster divers . some defect on body whorl made by predatores . but an unusual dwarf with salmon double lip

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description of calantica darwini d . s . jones & a . m . hosie , 2009

, common name " baby ' s toes " , is a . . .

is a species of small crustaceans ( ca . 1 . 0–1 . 3 millimetres . . .

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species in this genus are found world - wide , mostly in tropical shallow waters .

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pentagonica is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : pentagonica abyssinica basilewsky , 1953 pentagonica africana gestro , 1895 pentagonica angulicollis reiche , 1842 pentagonica angulosa bates , 1883 pentagonica antennata barker , 1919 pentagonica atkinsoni fauvel , 1882 pentagonica atrorufa ( reiche , 1842 ) pentagonica batesi andrewes , 1923 pentagonica biangulata dupuis , 1912 pentagonica bicolor ( leconte , 1863 ) pentagonica bifasciata chaudoir , 1877 pentagonica bipartita burgeon , 1937 pentagonica blanda andrewes , 1929 pentagonica boavistensis serrano , 1995 pentagonica boettcheri jedlicka , 1935 pentagonica capicola basilewsky , 1958 pentagonica comorica jeannel , 1949 pentagonica conradti kolbe , 1898 pentagonica cyanea ( montrouzier , 1860 ) pentagonica cyanipennis liebke , 1939 pentagonica daimiella bates , 1892 pentagonica debeauxi straneo , 1943 pentagonica decellei basilewsky , 1968 pentagonica dispar peringuey , 1904 pentagonica drescheri louwerens , 1952 pentagonica elegans peringuey , 1896 pentagonica erichsoni schmidt-gobel , 1846 pentagonica estriata darlington , 1968 pentagonica eurodes andrewes , 1938 pentagonica felix r.t.bell , 1987 pentagonica flavipes lecordaire pentagonica formosana dupuis , 1912 pentagonica goniodera ( gemminger & harold , 1868 ) pentagonica gonostigma bates , 1883 pentagonica hexagona ( wollaston , 1867 ) pentagonica horni dupuis , 1913 pentagonica irsac basilewsky , 1954 pentagonica kivuana basilewsky , 1953 pentagonica kundelunguensis basilewsky , 1953 pentagonica kyushuensis habu , 1967 pentagonica luzoensis jedlicka , 1934 pentagonica maculicornis bates , 1883 pentagonica marshalli mateu , 1995 pentagonica mascarenica vinson , 1955 pentagonica media liebke , 1939 pentagonica melancholica reichardt , 1970 pentagonica micans andrewes , 1947 pentagonica montana basilewsky , 1962 pentagonica nigerrima basilewsky , 1954 pentagonica nigricornis darlington , 1934 pentagonica nigripennis bates , 1873 pentagonica nigritula straneo , 1943 pentagonica nitens andrewes , 1937 pentagonica obscura chaudoir , 1877 pentagonica ochracea reichardt , 1968 pentagonica olivacea chaudoir , 1877 pentagonica omostigma bates , 1883 pentagonica oneili barker , 1919 pentagonica pallipes ( nietner , 1856 ) pentagonica papua darlington , 1968 pentagonica perrieri fairmaire , 1899 pentagonica philipi r.t.bell , 1985 pentagonica philippinensis jedlicka , 1934 pentagonica picticornis bates , 1883 pentagonica plaumanni liebke , 1939 pentagonica quadratipennis louwerens , 1956 pentagonica roedingeri liebke , 1951 pentagonica rufa basilewsky , 1948 pentagonica ruficollis schmidt-gobel , 1846 pentagonica scutellaris chaudoir , 1877 pentagonica semisuturalis dupuis , 1912 pentagonica seyrigi alluaud , 1935 pentagonica strandi liebke , 1939 pentagonica subcordicollis bates , 1873 pentagonica suturalis schaum , 1863 pentagonica szetschuana jedlicka , 1934 pentagonica tenebrosa andrewes , 1930 pentagonica trimaculata chaudoir , 1877 pentagonica trivittata ( dejean , 1831 ) pentagonica trukensis darlington , 1970 pentagonica vadoni jeannel , 1949 pentagonica varicornis heller , 1916 pentagonica venusta andrewes , 1933 pentagonica vietnami kirschenhofer , 1994 pentagonica vittipennis chaudoir , 1877 pentagonica vittula darlington , 1939

pentagonica

pentagonica <EOT> braarudosphaera pentagonica compiled by jeremy r . young , paul r . bown , jacqueline a . lees viewed : 9 - 7 - 2018

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© carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018

morphology remarks : coccosphere is still a regular dodecahedron but sutures are zigzag shaped .

geological range : notes : described from sediments immediately above the k / pg boundary in shelf sediments from the netherlands , but way well obe found in older sediments if preservation is suitable last occurrence ( top ) : within np1 zone ( 65 . 47 - 66 . 04ma , top in danian stage ) . data source : original description first occurrence ( base ) : within np1 zone ( 65 . 47 - 66 . 04ma , base in danian stage ) . data source : original description

mai , h . ; willems , h . & von salis perch - nielsen , k . , ( 1997 ) .

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

a compilation of species descriptions and images of carabids of the western hemisphere ( north , central and south america ) . a work still in progress , this website aims to cover all carabid species that occur in the above - mentioned regions .

the ground beetles of florida ( coleoptera : carabidae ) including tiger beetles , tribe cicindelini , by p . m . choate

pdf document . a helpful online source for ground beetle identification ; provides : ( i ) a checklist of fl carabids ( 420 spp . known to the author , but only 380 previously recorded ) ; ( ii ) an illustrated key to genera and keys to spp . of selected genera ; ( iii ) extensive bibliography .

[ cite : 899594 gsmnp beetle species count ( as of 11 february 2013 ) is 2 , 522 . information contained on the excel spreadsheet includes , family , subfamily ( in part ) , genus and species , a comment line , source ( s ) of the record , and references to publications dealing with gsmnp beetles . prepared by : the coleoptera taxonomic working group ( twig ) at the louisiana state arthropod museum ( lsam ) christopher carlton , twig coordinator

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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bousquet , yves , 2012 : catalogue of geadephaga ( coleoptera , adephaga ) of america , north of mexico . zookeys , issue 245 . 1 - 1722 .

bousquet , yves , and andré larochelle , 1993 : catalogue of the geadephaga ( coleoptera : trachypachidae , rhysodidae , carabidae including cicindelini ) of america north of mexico . memoirs of the entomological society of canada , no . 167 . 397 .

hallan , j . ( 2000 - current ) . biology catalog . web compilation accessible at urltoken ( accessed june 2012 ) .

nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .

the checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .

these documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .

the checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .

a complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .

gustavo jiménez - uzcátegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hernán vargas , howard l . snell .

nathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .

yves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .

frank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba yánez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andré aptroot .

anne guézou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo díaz , mark gardener .

gustavo jiménez - uzcátegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .

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the “charles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands” , in french “fondation charles darwin pour les îles galapagos” , association international sans but lucratif ( “aisbl” ) , has its registered office located at drève du pieuré 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .

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arnett , jr . , ross h . , ed . 1983 . checklist of the beetles of north and central america and the west indies . flora and fauna publications , gainesville , florida . 24 p . ( pertains to all subsequent fasicle updates as well ) .

due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to

distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .

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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

" data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace . "

patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

" data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace . "

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ranularia tripa is a species of predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ranellidae , the triton snails , triton shells or tritons .

ranularia tripa

ranularia tripa <EOT> what type of species is ranularia tripa ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the ranularia tripa species belongs to .

which photographers have photos of ranularia tripa species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species ranularia tripa .

how to identify ranularia tripa marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species ranularia tripa . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species ranularia tripa are marked in green .

where is ranularia tripa found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species ranularia tripa can be found .

( of triton tripa lamarck , 1822 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]

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id : 274415 original name : cymatium _ tripum . jpg size 560x750 - 97667 bytes image manager : jan delsing directory : 1116 created : 2015 - 08 - 07 04 : 02 : 57 - user jan delsing last change : 2015 - 08 - 07 04 : 02 : 58 - user jan delsing url : urltoken text function : [ [ i : 274415 ; image ] ] , [ [ it : 274415 ] ] ( thumbnail )

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- couleur de la bouche : rose chez r . encaustica , orange vif chez r . gutturnia

- en vue apicale , il n ' y a que deux varices ( contre trois voire plus chez r . g . )

ce spécimen est censé provenir d ' australie , cependant je n ' ai pas trouvé mention de cette localité dans la littérature ni sur internet .

habitat : specimens of c . pyrum are uncommon at depths of 20 to 28 m .

ce coquillage de la famille des ranelles mesure 97 mm et provient des philippines .