anoura is a genus of leaf-nosed bats from central and south america .

note that anoura , the bat genus , should not be confused with neither ' anura ' , an order of amphibians , nor ' anoures ' , the original spelling of this order .

anoura

anoura <EOT> anoura caudifer ( e . geoffroy , 1818 ) – tailed tailless bat , tailed tailless bat

baumgarten , j . , e . vieira . 1994 . reproductive seasonality and development of anoura geoffroyi ( chiroptera : phyllostomidae ) in central brazil .

geographie distribution of anoura fistulata ( black triangles ) on eastern and western slopes of andes , ecuador . type locality is marked with a square .

anoura was a female cerean information broker for the bothan businessman elwis bontraar . her death caused her sister zascha to enact revenge on elwis and kidnap his daughter .

heideman , p . , p . deoraj , f . bronson . 1992 . seasonal reproduction of a tropical bat , anoura - geoffroyi , in relation to photoperiod .

to cite this page : fackler , k . 2005 . " anoura geoffroyi " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

lip morphology of anoura fistulata . a ) lateral view of noseleaf , lip , and partially extended tongue with papillae ; and b ) dorsal view of noseleaf and lip .

measurements ( in mm ) and body masses ( in g ) of specimens of adult anoura fistulata , a . caudifer , a . geoffroyi , and a . cultrata .

cranial and dental morphology of anoura fistulata ( from holotype , epn 9713 ) . a ) dorsal and b ) palatal view of skull , and c ) lateral view of skull and mandible .

during the reign of the galactic republic , anoura worked as an information broker for the bothan elwis bontraar , a wealthy businessman who lived on the planet coruscant and was best known for the annual galactic costume extravaganza , a costume party where guests would swap information anonymously . anoura was eventually killed on a routine mission for elwis which brought much grief to her force - sensitive sister , zascha .

diagnosis . — this is a medium - sized species of anoura ( forearm 35–40 mm ) . distinguishing characteristics include an elongated , tubelike lower lip ( extending 3 . 3–4 . 8 mm beyond upper lip ; fig . 2 ) and an extremely long tongue ( 6–8 cm in fresh individuals ) . the interfemoral membrane is relatively wide ( 3 . 3–7 . 5 mm ) with an inverted v - shaped margin ( versus narrow and u - shaped in other anoura ) . the tail , which is normally absent or rudimentary in other anoura , protrudes slightly beyond the edge of the interfemoral membrane .

mantilla - meluk , h . and baker , r . j . 2006 . systematics of small anoura ( chiroptera : phyllostomidae ) from colombia , with description of a new species . occasional papers museum of texas tech university 261 .

ecology . — anoura fistulata inhabits midelevations of outer slopes of the andes . one specimen was captured in the numbala caves , where it was roosting with 4 other individuals . all specimens have been collected in mature cloud forest habitat .

nathan muchhala , mena v . patricio , albuja v . luis ; a new species of anoura ( chiroptera : phyllostomidae ) from the ecuadorian andes , journal of mammalogy , volume 86 , issue 3 , 6 june 2005 , pages 457–461 , urltoken ; 2

mantilla - meluk , h . and baker , r . j . 2010 . new species of anoura ( chiroptera : phyllostomidae ) from colombia , with systematic remarks and notes on the distribution of the a . geoffroyi complex . occasional papers museum of texas tech university 292 .

we examined approximately 300 museum specimens of anoura . of these , we measured 16 individuals of the new species , 25 of a . caudifer , 25 of a . geoffroyi , and 10 of a . cultrata ( appendix i ) . in addition , we have external measurements and information on collection locality for 4 individuals of the new species , which were captured with mist nets and released . the museum specimens listed above include 9 anoura n . sp . and 5 a . caudifer that we collected ; these were captured with mist nets and euthanized by cervical dislocation . all procedures were in accordance with guidelines of the american society of mammalogists for the capture , handling , and care of mammals ( urltoken ) .

comments : includes lonchoglossa ; see cabrera ( 1958 ) . keys to species of anoura were provided by tamsitt and nagorsen ( 1982 ) and handley ( 1984 ) , but usefulness of these keys has been reduced by subsequent descriptions of new species ( i . e . , by handley [ 1984 ] and molinari [ 1994 ] ) and suggestions that other undescribed species exist ( emmons , 1997 )

in a study of the bat fauna of cloud forests in the cordillera del cóndor and cordillera de cutucú in southwestern ecuador , one of us ( pmv ) collected a series of 8 anoura that he could not identify . muchhala independently encountered individuals of this species during studies of bat pollination in several cloud forest sites on the eastern and western slopes of the andes . subsequent research in museum collections ( appendix i ) revealed additional individuals misidentified as either a . caudifer or a . geoffroyi .

anoura geoffroyi ( 25 ) : ecuador : provincia el carchi : gruta de rumichaca , 2 , 690 m , 00°49′n , 77°40′w ( epn 1616–1624 ) . provincia manabí : san sebastián , 350 m , 01°36′s , 78°42′w ( epn 732 ) . provincia pichincha : amaguaña , 2 , 650 m , 00°22′22″s , 78°30′14″w ( epn 1676–1685 ) ; antisana , 3 , 250 m , 00°25′s , 78°22′w ( epn 1674 , 1675 ) ; el palmito , 1 , 600 m , 00°06′36″n , 78°37′12″w ( epn 1670 , 1671 , 1673 ) .

cranium and mandibles similar in shape to those of a . caudifer , with most measurements approximately 10 % larger ( table 1 ) . mandibular suture protrudes anteriorly ( fig . 1 ) . gap ( 0 . 54 mm , n = 6 ) often present between 1 st and 2nd lower premolar . dental formula identical to that of other species of anoura ( i 2 / 0 , c 1 / 1 , p 3 / 3 , m 3 / 3 , total 32 ) . postpalatal spine relatively short ( 0 . 3 mm , n = 6 ) , although length is highly variable . zygomata complete in all specimens examined .

anoura cultrata ( 10 ) : ecuador : provincia el carchi : el pailón , 1 , 450 m , 01°02′n , 78°15′w ( epn 1583 ) . provincia esmeraldas : km 3 on road to lita , 600 m , 00°52′48″n , 78°28′12″w ( epn 1580 , 1581 ) ; luis vargas torres , 10 km south of río santiago , 300 m , 00°49′n , 78°45′w ( epn 1582 ) . provincia morona - santiago : uuntsuants , 1 , 000 m , 02°33′01″s , 77°54′37″w ( epn 9855 ) . provincia orellana : alto coca , 450 m , 00°05′s , 77°15′w ( epn 1585 ) . provincia pastaza : mera , 1 , 150 m , 01°26′s , 78°06′07″w ( epn 1579 ) ; cavernas mera , 1 , 150 m , 01°27′s , 78°07′07″w ( epn 1584 ) . provincia pichincha : estación biológica maquipucuna , 1 , 200 m , 00°07′30″n , 78°37′36″w ( epn 1586 ) . provincia zamora chinchipe : mayaicu alto , 900 m , 03°58′57″s , 78°37′47″w ( epn 9856 ) .

anoura fistulata ( 17 plus 4 released ) : ecuador : provincia morona santiago : uuntsuants , 1 , 300 m , 02°33′9″s , 77°53′48″w ( epn 9806 ) ; rio cristalino , 1 , 061 m , 03°31′12″s , 78°25′48″w ( epn 9700 ) . provincia napo : cotundo , 1 , 870 m , 00°38′30″s , 77°50′15″w ( epn 9539 ) ; el salado , alto coca , 1 , 800 m , 00°15′s , 77°41′w ( epn 1531 , 1537 ) . provincia pichincha : , bellavista , 2 , 200 m , 00°00′8″s , 78°41′2″w ( qcaz 7500 plus 2 released ) ; guajalito , 2 , 000 m , 00°13′9″s , 78°48′0″w ( qcaz 3427 , 3424 ) ; pahuma , 2 , 275 m , 00°01′4″s , 78°38′w ( 1 released ) ; yanayacu , 2 , 075 m , 00°35′3″s , 77°52′8″w ( 1 released ) . provincia zamora chinchipe : la herradura , 1 , 750 m , 04°02′02″s , 78°34′12″w ( epn 9714–9716 ) ; chinapinza , 1 , 700 m , 04°02′19″s , 78°35′40″w ( mecn 572 ) ; cuevas de numbala , 1 , 890 m , 04°32′48″s , 79°04′05″w ( epn 1561 ) ; destacamento militar condor mirador , 1 , 750 m , 03°38′8″s , 78°23′22″w ( epn 9710–9713 ; holotype and paratypes ) .

anoura caudifer ( 25 ) : ecuador : provincia el carchi : el pailón , 1 , 450 m elevation , 01°02′n , 78°15′w ( epn 1522 ) . provincia esmeraldas : río piedras , 1 , 400 m , 00°32′n , 78°38′w ( epn 1519 ) . provincia morona santiago : destacamento militar etza , 1 , 440 m , 03°03′41″s , 77°56′40″w ( epn 9805 , 9806 ) . provincia napo : archidona , 1 , 600 m , 00°38′48″s , 77°49′25″w ( epn 1105 ) ; cavernas jumandi , tena , 650 m , 00°56′s , 77°50′w ( epn 5053 ) ; cascada san rafael , 1 , 400 m , 00°54′54″s , 77°34′28″w ( epn 1515 ) ; el salado , alto coca , 1 , 700 m , 00°11′s , 77°42′w ( epn 1537 ) ; guamaní , 900 m , 00°43′06″s , 77°36′42″w ( epn 1526–1528 ) . provincia pastaza : mera , 1 , 150 m , 01°26′s , 78°06′w ( epn 1516 ) ; mera , 1 , 200 m , 01°27′s , 78°07′ w ( epn 1518 ) ; arajuno , 400 m , 01°28′15″s , 77°26′w ( epn 1577 ) . provincia sucumbios : marian , 300 m , 00°01′s , 76°19′w ( epn67 ) . provincia orellana : tarapoa , 180 m , 01°05′55′s , 75°38′58″w ( epn 831 ) . provincia zamora chinchipe : tiink , 1 , 150 m , 03°19′40″s , 77°27′ 21″w ( epn 9807 ) ; la herradura , 1 , 750 m , 04°02′02″s , 78°34′12″w ( epn 9857–9861 ) ; mayaicu alto , 900 m , 03°58′57″s , 78°37′47″w ( epn 9862–9864 ) .

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( é . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1818 ) [ orth . error ]

according to the code of the international commission on zoological nomenclature ( simmons 2005 ) .

based on morphological and distributional differences between a . caudifer caudifer and a . c . aequatoris , mantilla - meluk and baker ( 2006 ) elevated the latter to specific level .

justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .

this species occurs in colombia , venezuela , the guianas , suriname , brazil , ecuador , peru , bolivia , paraguay and northwestern argentina ( simmons 2005 , griffiths and gardner 2008 ) . although the species definition by simmons ( 2005 ) was challenged by mantilla - meluk and baker ( 2006 ) , its distribution remains almost unchanged . further studies are necessary to establish the taxonomic and geographic limits in regard to a . aequatoris .

over most of its geographic range , northern and central andes , the species is not rare , at the brazilian cerrado capture rates are often reported to be low ( zortéa 2003 ) . it is rare in argentina and the abundance of this species seems to decrease southwards , becoming difficult to capture ( barquez et al . 1999 ) .

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based on the morphological distinction observed between a . g . peruana and a . g . geoffroyi , as well as the ecological differentiation of the areas inhabited by these two taxa , mantilla - meluk and baker ( 2010 ) elevated a . peruana to specific level .

arroyo - cabrales , j . , mantilla - meluk , h . & molinari , j .

justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas and because the population is likely to be stable .

this species is common and widespread ( emmons and feer 1997 ) , and broadly tolerant of human disturbance ( handley 1976 ) .

there are no major threats to this species . cave mining and tourism could be a threat . there is habitat loss in mexico ( j . arroyo - cabrales pers . comm . ) .

it occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its range . recommended conservation actions include the identification and protection of caves where this species is found . also , further research on the taxonomic distinction among putative species and subspecies of this species - complex should be enforced ( jarrin and kunz 2008 ) .

medellín , r . ( chiroptera red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )

justification : listed as data deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence .

this species occurs throughout the ecuadorian andes , including the eastern and western slopes of the andes of northern ecuador , and the slopes of the cordillera de cóndor and cordillera del cutucú in southern ecuador . its known distribution is restricted to higher elevations ( 1 , 300 - 1 , 890 m on the eastern and 2 , 000 - 2 , 275 m on the western slopes ) , where it inhabits montane cloud forests ( muchhala et al . , 2005 ) .

although widespread , this species is uncommon , as demonstrated by the low rate of capture in mist nets and its relative rarity in museum collections ( muchhala et al . , 2005 ) .

the ecosystem on which it is highly dependant is very fragile and the rate of destruction is high ( mantilla pers . comm . ) .

the species range is within two protected areas in which it is likely to occur although there are no records ( burneo pers . comm . )

justification : this species is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution , presumed large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas and as it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .

this species has a discontinuous range . it occurs in venezuela , guyana , colombia and peru ( simmons 2005 ) . the elevation range is 50 to 2 , 100 m asl in venezuela ( linares 1998 ) .

in venezuela and colombia , it is not common ( linares 1998 , mantilla pers . comm . ) .

it is strongly associated with tropical evergreen forest ( handley 1976 ) . it feeds on nectar , insects , fruit and pollen . it roosts in small groups in caves or tree hollows and is found in lowland rainforest , deciduous forest , gardens and plantations . it is common only where there are caves or rock crevices , and rare or perhaps absent from lowland amazonian forests lacking high ground , rocks and caves ( emmons and feer 1997 ) .

there are no major threats but the habitat is under threat in some areas ( molinari pers . comm . ) .

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, geoffroy ' s tailless bat , is found from central mexico to central south america and in trinidad and grenada .

have been reported occur in tropical rain forests and in savanna - like cerrado near trees .

( baumgarten and vieira , 1994 ; heideman , et al . , 1992 ; zortea , 2003 )

geoffroy ' s tailless bats have a dull - brown color when viewed from above and a gray - brown color when viewed from below . they usually have a silvery - gray color on the shoulders and neck . no tail is present . nowak ( 1999 ) describes the calcar as rudimentary and the cheek teeth as narrow and elongate . the tongue is long and has papillae , and the muzzle is elongate . the average mass for

is 15 . 2 g . in peru body length ranges from 61 to 71 mm , skull length ranges from 24 . 3 to 26 . 6 mm , and forearm length ranges from 41 to 45 mm .

in central brazil , males and females were reported to be about the same size . mean male mass , forearm length and wing area were 14 . 9 g , 42 . 1 mm and 91 . 43 cm2 respectively ; mean female mass , forearm length and wing area were 14 . 7 g , 42 . 3 mm and 91 . 77 cm2 respectively . however , in central trinidad , heideman observed that “females had slightly longer forearms than males ( females 42 . 3 ± 0 . 1 mm , males 39 . 9 ± 0 . 3 mm ) . ” this difference in forearm length may be related to reproduction , since females carry a single pup until it is ready to fly on its own .

( baumgarten and vieira , 1994 ; heideman , et al . , 1992 )

. this may be because they are small , nocturnal , and fly - - making it difficult to observe mating and courtship .

in trinidad may have evolved to accommodate the simultaneous occurrence of lactation and food abundance .

had a seasonal monoestrous cycle . however , birthing and pregnancy timing differed between the two study sites . both study sites had wet and dry seasons , but the sites experienced the seasons in different months . nowak ( 1999 ) stated that pregnant

have been collected in nicaragua during july , in costa rica during march , and inperu during june , and that lactating females have been collected july , november and december in mexico . unless lactation lasts for more than 6 months , this may indicate that in some places the bats undergo two reproductive cylces per year , having young both in summer and late autumn months .

likely breeds once a year , although females in some populations may have two young per year .

more research is needed to understand the father’s role ( if any ) in postpartum care of offspring . adult males may sometimes use different roosts than females and young . baumgarten et al . ( 1994 ) found that the number of adult male bats decreased in the cave when pregnant females or females with young were present .

it is likley that like all microchiropterans , these bats live longer than other mammals of similar size . although there are no data on maximum lifespan , or population age composition , one member of this species in captivity is known to have lived longer than 10 years .

is a dexterous flier and is able to hover . members of this species may roost alone or in groups . roosting groups may include both sexes or may seasonally include colonies of different sexes . heideman et al . ( 1992 ) reported

in a cave in trinidad that left the cave “within 40 minutes of sunset” and “returned from midnight to about dawn . ”

( heideman , et al . , 1992 ; nowak , 1999 ; tamsitt and nagorsen , 1982 )

. a tracking study in central brazil suggests that individual bats roost in the same cave for more than a year .

phyllostomids use calls for echolocation and communication . heideman et al . ( 1992 ) described the eyes of

as large and suggested that the bat relies on vision in addition to echolocation . in addition to use of echolocation , these bats likely have some vocal communication , as is common in the family . scent probably plays some role in communication , as it does in most mammals , during reproduction . tactile communication undoubtedly occurs between mothers and their offspring as well as between mates . this for of communication may occur between bats in the roost .

eats insects , fruit , nectar and pollen . although this bat is a generalist , it prefers fruit and arthropods in central brazil .

can be considered a foliage gleaner because it eats insects that are on leaves , nectar and flowers .

. it is likely that small mammals , snakes , and birds of prey could take these bats as prey items . because they are gleaners , taking isects from surfaces , and feeders on fruit and nectar , they are relatively slow in flight , making them more susceptible to aerial predators .

eats insects and pollinates plants . in brazil it is sympatric with two other nectarivorous bats ,

host macronyssid mites that cause periodontal disease . this may result in the first premolars being lost .

eats insects and pollinates plants . however , whether it polinates crops or controls pest populations is not known .

does not appear on the iucn red list . no data were returned on searches for

kim fackler ( author ) , university of alaska fairbanks , link e . olson ( editor , instructor ) , university of alaska fairbanks , nancy shefferly ( editor ) , animal diversity web .

living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .

young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .

having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .

used loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies . more specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits ( a continuous , modular society ) - as in clonal organisms .

the process by which an animal locates itself with respect to other animals and objects by emitting sound waves and sensing the pattern of the reflected sound waves .

animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .

offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .

the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .

rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .

the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .

a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .

a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .

a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .

reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .

gould , e . 1977 . echolocation and communication . pp . 247 - 279 in r baker , k jones , jr . , d carter , eds .

zortea , m . 2003 . reproductive patterns and feeding habits of three nectarivororus bats ( phyllostomidae : glossophaginae ) from the brazilian cerrado .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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these are far from the tiniest bats , but an individual at the top of the weight range weighs only about half an ounce ( 18 g ) . unlike many bats , they have hairy legs and feet and small , hairy tail membranes , which undoubtedly collect pollen - to eat , but also to spread from plant to plant . they have long , narrow muzzles and no lower incisor teeth , which probably helps them stick their tongues way into a blossom to gather nectar . they also eat insects and fruit .

these bats are found in lowland forests and fruit groves and at elevations as high as 2 , 500 meters . they roost in caves and tunnels ; about 75 were counted roosting in small clusters in one tunnel .

gray , j . e . , 1838 . magazine of zoology and botany ( jardine ) , 2 : 490 .

mammal species of the world ( opens in a new window ) . mammalian species , american society of mammalogists ' species account ( opens in a new window ) .

could contain two species ( l . davalos pers . comm . ) . includes brevirostrum and werckleae ; see nagorsen and tamsitt ( 1981 ) .

justification : this species is assessed as least concern because of its wide distribution throughout is geographic range ; although it might be locally rare , there are no specific requirements for its occurrence . this species is highly dependent on very fragile ecosystems , with a high rate of transformation ; however , these impacts are not noticeable on their populations or distribution .

this species occurs in humid high montane cloud forest in costa rica , panama , venezuela , colombia , ecuador , peru , and bolivia ( simmons 2005 ) .

the species seems to be rare in colombia , peru and bolivia , but locally common in costa rica and panama .

it is strongly associated with humid montane cloud forest ( minimum 1 , 000 m throughout most of the andes , but can occur lower where this habitat is present ) ( h . mantilla - meluk , pers . comm . ) . it feeds on nectar , pollen occasionally insects and fruit . it roosts in small groups in caves , commonly found with other species in the genus . it also roosts in tunnels or tree hollows ( tamsitt and nagorsen 1982 ) .

there are no major direct threats throughout its range , but as with other species from andean forest , there is a great risk because of reduction of forest cover associated to expansion of agriculture and human populations .

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cirranello , andrea , nancy b . simmons , sergio solari , and robert j . baker

mammals of south america , vol . 1 : marsupials , xenarthrans , shrews , and bats

nogueira , marcelo r . , isaac p . lima , adriano l . peracchi , and nancy b . simmons

simmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .

mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2

mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing

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department of biology , university of miami , p . o . box 249118 , coral gables , fl 33124 , usa

mass was taken in the field with a pesola scale ( pesola ag , baar , switzerland ) and rounded to the nearest 0 . 5 g . external dimensions also were measured in the field with a plastic ruler , to the nearest 0 . 5 mm , or to the nearest 0 . 1 mm with dial calipers . external measurements include forearm length , from the elbow ( tip of the olecranon process ) to the wrist ( including the carpals ) ; total length , from tip of muzzle to tip of tail ; tail length , from base of tail to tip of last caudal vertebra ; uropatagium width , from base of tail to center of margin of interfemoral membrane ; vibrissae length , length of longest rostral vibrissa ; ear length , length of pinna from base of antitragus ; and hind foot length , from ankle to tip of claw .

craniodental dimensions were measured from cleaned skulls with dial calipers , to the nearest 0 . 1 mm . these include total skull length , from the posteriormost point of the occiput to the anteriormost point of the premaxillae ; condylobasal length , a line connecting the posterior margins of the occipital condyles to the anteriormost point of the premaxillae ; zygomatic breadth , greatest breadth across the zygomatic arches ; postorbital breadth , least breadth across the frontals posterior to the postorbital process ; braincase breadth , greatest breadth of the globular part of the braincase ; palatal length , from the posteriormost margin of the upper medial incisor alveolus to the posteriormost point of the palate ( including the postpalatal spine , when present ) ; maxillary tooth - row length , from the anteriormost face of the canine to the posteriormost face of the crown of the 3rd molar ; mandible length , from the anteriormost point of the mandible to the posteriormost point of the mandibular condyle ; mandibular tooth - row length , from the anteriormost face of the canine to the posteriormost face of the 3rd molar ; breadth across molars , greatest breadth across the outer edges of the crowns of the 3rd upper molars ; and breadth across canines , greatest breadth across the outer edges of the crowns of the upper canines .

holotype . — adult male ( epn 9713 ) , preserved in alcohol with skull removed ( fig . 1 ) , collected 6 may 2003 by p . mena v . ( original number cm009 ) , on the condor mirador ( near the destacamento militar ; 3°38′08″s , 78°23′22″w ) of the cordillera del condor , 1 , 750 m , zamora chinchipe province , ecuador .

paratypes . — the 3 paratypes were collected by p . mena v . at the type locality , and include an adult female ( epn 9710 ) , skin and skull , collected 24 june 2003 ; an adult male ( epn 9711 ) , skin and skull , collected 5 may 2003 ; and an adult female ( epn 9712 ) , preserved in alcohol , collected 6 may 2003 .

distribution . — we recorded a . fistulata in 10 localities throughout the ecuadorian andes ( fig . 3 ) , including the eastern and western slopes of the andes of northern ecuador , and the slopes of the cordillera de condor and cordillera del cutucú in southern ecuador . its known distribution is restricted to higher elevations ( 1 , 300–1 , 890 m on the eastern and 2 , 000–2 , 275 m on the western slopes ) , where it inhabits montane cloud forests . although widespread , this species is uncommon , as demonstrated by the low rate of capture in mist nets and its relative rarity in museum collections . given the proximity of several collection sites to the peruvian border , it is highly likely that a . fistulata also occurs to the south in peru , and it may occur to the north in colombia , as well .

etymology . — the specific epithet for this species is derived from the latin word for tube ( fistula ) , and refers to the characteristic tubelike lower lip . an appropriate common name for the species is the tube - lipped nectar bat .

specimens examined . — the following specimens used in this study are preserved in the escuela politécnica nacional , quito , ecuador ( epn ) ; the museo de zoología of the pontificia universidad católica del ecuador , quito , ecuador ( qcaz ) ; and the museo ecuatoriano de ciencias naturales , quito , ecuador ( mecn ) . sample size is given in parentheses .

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marginella liparozona is a species of colorful small sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the marginellidae family .

the species is endemic to são tomé and príncipe .

marginella liparozona

marginella liparozona <EOT> marginella liparozona tomlin & shackleford , 1913 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella jousseaumei locard , 1897 : synonym of marginella subturrita p . fischer , 1884

marginella jousseaumi locard , 1897 : synonym of marginella subturrita p . fischer , 1884

marginella gorii t . cossignani , 2012 : synonym of marginella gemma a . adams , 1850

marginella unifasciata turton , 1932 : synonym of marginella munda e . a . smith , 1904

marginella tomlini shackleford , 1916 : synonym of marginella bicatenata g . b . sowerby iii , 1914

marginella nimbosus s . g . veldsman , 2013 : synonym of marginella nimbosa s . g . veldsman , 2013

marginella intermedia g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of marginella floccata g . b . sowerby iii , 1889

marginella savignyi . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella suezensis . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella arcana s . g . veldsman , aiken & j . h . veldsman , 2014

marginella mzimayiensis s . g . veldsman , aiken & j . h . veldsman , 2015

marginella obliqua s . g . veldsman , aiken & j . h . veldsman , 2014

marginella umzumbeensis s . g . veldsman , aiken & j . h . veldsman , 2016

marginella amydrozona melvill . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella persicula linnaeus . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella pygmaea issel , 1869 : synonym of marginella isseli g . nevill & h . nevill , 1875 : synonym of granulina isseli ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1875 )

marginella lamarck , 1799 . 6 december 2010 . retrieved through : world register of marine species .

marginella epipolia tomlin 1921 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella pachista tomlin 1913 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella barnardi tomlin , 1919 : synonym of gibberula differens ( e . a . smith , 1904 )

marginella borealis verrill , 1884 : synonym of prunum boreale ( a . e . verrill , 1884 )

marginella deburghi a . adams , 1864 : synonym of persicula deburghi ( a . adams , 1864 )

marginella evelynae bayer , 1943 : synonym of prunum evelynae ( f . m . bayer , 1943 )

marginella ithychila tomlin , 1918 : synonym of gibberula dulcis ( e . a . smith , 1904 )

marginella lactea kiener , 1841 : synonym of volvarina abbreviata ( c . b . adams , 1850 )

marginella mirabilis h . adams , 1869 : synonym of glabella mirabilis ( h . adams , 1869 )

marginella nobiliana bayer , 1943 : synonym of prunum nobilianum ( f . m . bayer , 1943 )

marginella taylori shackleford , 1916 : synonym of gibberula differens ( e . a . smith , 1904 )

marginella virginiana verrill , 1885 : synonym of dentimargo smithii ( a . e . verrill , 1885 )

marginella adamkusi bozzetti , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella amazona bavay , 1912 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella anapaulae massier , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella anna jousseaume , 1881 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella aurantia lamarck , 1822 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella bavayi dautzenberg , 1910 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella belcheri hinds , 1844 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella broderickae hayes , 2001 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella caterinae bozzetti , 1991 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella cosmia bartsch , 1915 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella croukampi hayes , 1996 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella emmae bozzetti , 1998 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella eucosmia bartsch , 1915 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella felixi massier , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella festiva kiener , 1841 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella fishhoenkensis massier , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella gabrielae bozzetti , 1998 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella geraldi lussi , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella gloriosa jousseaume , 1884 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella hayesi bozzetti , 1993 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella helmatina rang , 1832 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella huberti clover , 1972 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella hybrida cossignani , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella irrorata menke , 1828 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella joanae bozzetti , 2001 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella joanmassierae bozzetti , 1992 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella lamarcki boyer , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella limbata lamarck , 1822 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella lineatolabrum gaskoin , 1840 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella lineofasciata bozzetti , 1992 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella marocana locard , 1897 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella millardi lussi , 1993 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella monicae bozzetti , 1997 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella musica hinds , 1844 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella natalcinerea massier , 1993 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella nevillana kilburn , 1977 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella ornata redfield , 1870 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella orstomi coomans , 1975 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella peelae bozzetti , 1993 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella petitii duval , 1841 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella piperata hinds , 1844 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella pseudornata bozzetti , 1992 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella pseudosebastiani mattavelli , 2001 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella purpurea cossignani , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella rosea lamarck , 1822 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella roseafasciata massier , 1993 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella roseolineata turton , 1932 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella senegalensis clover , 1990 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella sergioi bozzetti , 1997 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella stuarti kilburn , 1977 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella tuguriana lussi , 1993 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella verrilli morrison , 1967 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella vexillum redfield , 1852 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella werneri bozzetti , 1993 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella westhuizeni massier , 1993 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella decaryi bavay , 1920 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella delphinica bavay , 1920 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella virgula jousseaume , 1922 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella granum philippi , 1849 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella angustata sowerby , 1846 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella burnupi sowerby , 1897 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella cherubini bavay , 1922 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella henrikasi bozzetti , 1995 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella lantzi jousseaume , 1875 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella marianae bozzetti , 1999 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella pulchella kiener , 1834 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella pumila redfield , 1870 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella sandwicensis pease , 1860 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella alabaster reeve , 1865 : synonym of volvarina fauna ( g . b . sowerby i , 1846 )

marginella albina gaskoin , 1853 : synonym of mesoginella turbinata ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella attenuata weinkauff , 1879 : synonym of austroginella translucida ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella candida bivona ant . , 1832 : synonym of ringicula auriculata ( ménard de la groye , 1811 )

marginella ignota jousseaume , 1875 : synonym of dentimargo neglecta ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella imperatrix sykes , 1905 : synonym of glabella pseudofaba ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella inflexa sowerby g . b . i , 1846 : synonym of volvarina mitrella ( risso , 1826 )

marginella leia cotton , 1944 : synonym of mesoginella turbinata ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella lepta bartsch , 1915 : synonym of gibberula burnupi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1897 )

marginella marianae bozzetti , 1999 : [ 123 ] synonym of prunum pyrumoides lussi & g . smith , 1999

marginella multizonata krauss , 1848 : synonym of hyalina cylindrica ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella pattisoni cotton , 1944 : synonym of mesoginella turbinata ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella pellucida weinkauff , 1879 : synonym of volvarina fauna ( g . b . sowerby i , 1846 )

marginella petterdi beddome , 1883 : synonym of ovaginella ovulum ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella reevei krauss , 1852 : synonym of dentimargo neglecta ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella rufula gaskoin , 1853 : synonym of dentimargo neglecta ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella volutiformis reeve , 1865 : synonym of austroginella translucida ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella claudoni bavay , date unknown . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella scalariformis duclos , date unknown . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella bellii sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of glabella bellii ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella harpaeformis sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of glabella harpaeformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella pseudofaba sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of glabella pseudofaba ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella aequinoctialis boyer & simbille , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella aronnax bouchet & warén , 1985 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella carquejai gofas & fernandes , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella celestae massier & rosado , 2008 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella chalmersi tomlin & shackleford , 1912 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella cloveri rios & matthews , 1972 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella colomborum ( bozzetti , 1995 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella desjardini marche - marchad , 1957 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella gemma a . adams , 1850 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella gemmula bavay in dautzenberg , 1913 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella genessi h . fisher , 1901 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella gilva goud & neefs , 1996 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella glabella ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella himburgae massier & zettler , 2009 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella immelmani hart m . , 2001 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella impudica p . fischer , 1883 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella joostei liltved & millard , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella lemaitrei liltved & millard , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella luculenta gofas & fernandes , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella lussii hayes & millard , 1995 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella marimba gofas & fernandes , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella mauretanica boyer & neefs , 1999 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella melvilli tomlin & shackleford , 1913 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella minuscula ( turton , 1932 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella poppei boyer & neefs , 1999 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella simulata gofas & fernandes , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella spinacia gofas & fernandes , 1988 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella spiralineata b . hayes , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella subturrita p . fischer , 1883 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella susanae veldsman & jooste , 2009 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella undulans gofas & fernandes , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella verdascai hayes & rosado , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella xhosa liltved & millard , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella eveleighi tom & schackelford , 1913 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella extra ( jousseaume , 1894 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella lateritia melvill & sykes , 1903 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella reeveana ( petit , 1851 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella signali dautzenberg & fischer , 1896 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella angustata sowerby , 1846 : [ 115 ] synonym of volvarina angustata ( g . b . sowerby , 1846 )

marginella cypraeoides tenison - woods , 1878 : synonym of ovaginella ovulum ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella cleryi petit de la saussaye , 1836 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella matthewsi van mol & tursch , 1967 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella abbreviata c . b . adams , 1850 : synonym of volvarina abbreviata ( c . b . adams , 1850 )

marginella algoensis e . a . smith , 1901 : synonym of crithe algoensis ( e . a . smith , 1901 )

marginella burnupi sowerby , 1897 : [ 116 ] synonym of gibberula burnupi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1897 )

marginella carinata e . a . smith , 1891 : synonym of alaginella carinata ( e . a . smith , 1891 )

marginella differens e . a . smith , 1904 : synonym of gibberula differens ( e . a . smith , 1904 )

marginella fallax e . a . smith , 1903 : synonym of canalispira fallax ( e . a . smith , 1903 )

marginella fluctuata c . b . adams , 1850 : synonym of gibberula fluctuata ( c . b . adams , 1850 )

marginella guillaini petit de la saussaye , 1851 : synonym of glabella obtusa ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella ingloria e . a . smith , 1910 : synonym of volvarina ingloria ( e . a . smith , 1910 )

marginella onychina a . adams & reeve , 1850 : synonym of cryptospira onychina ( a . adams & reeve , 1850 )

marginella pygmaea g . b . sowerby , 1846 : synonym of mesoginella pygmaea ( g . b . sowerby , 1846 )

marginella rubella c . b . adams , 1845 : synonym of volvarina rubella ( c . b . adams , 1845 )

marginella shepstonensis e . a . smith , 1906 : synonym of persicula shepstonensis ( e . a . smith , 1906 )

marginella walkeri e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of dentimargo walkeri ( e . a . smith , 1899 )

marginella diadochus a . adams & reeve , 1848 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella goodalli g . b . sowerby , 1825 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella mosaica g . b . sowerby , 1846 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella munda e . a . smith , 1904 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella nebulosa ( bolten in röding , 1798 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella punctilineata e . a . smith , 1899 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella sebastiani marche - marchad & rosso , 1979 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella inconspicua g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of mesoginella inconspicua ( g . b . sowerby , 1846 )

marginella vignali dautzenberg & fischer , 1896 : [ 132 ] synonym of gibberula vignali ( dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 )

marginella bairstowi g . b . sowerby iii , 1886 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella bicatenata g . b . sowerby iii , 1914 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella floccata g . b . sowerby iii , 1889 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella lineolata g . b . sowerby iii , 1886 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella lutea g . b . sowerby iii , 1889 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella curta g . b . sowerby i , 1832 : synonym of prunum curtum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 )

marginella cylindrica g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of hyalina cylindrica ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella electrina g . b . sowerby iii , 1892 : synonym of hyalina electrina ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1892 )

marginella evanida g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of volvarina evanida ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella fauna g . b . sowerby i , 1846 : synonym of volvarina fauna ( g . b . sowerby i , 1846 )

marginella neglecta g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of dentimargo neglecta ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella obtusa g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of glabella obtusa ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella ovulum g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of ovaginella ovulum ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella perminima g . b . sowerby iii , 1894 : synonym of granulina perminima ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1894 )

marginella ponsonbyi g . b . sowerby iii , 1897 : synonym of hyalina cylindrica ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella princeps g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 : synonym of closia princeps ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 )

marginella ringicula g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 : synonym of dentimargo rincigula ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 )

marginella robusta g . b . sowerby iii , 1904 : synonym of persicula robusta ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1904 )

marginella sauliae g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of volvarina sauliae ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella taeniata g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of volvarina taeniata ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella translucida g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of austroginella translucida ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella turbinata g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of mesoginella turbinata ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella picturata g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .

marginella isseli g . nevill & h . nevill , 1875 : synonym of granulina isseli ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1875 )

marginella bella auct . : synonym of volvarina lactea ( kiener , 1841 ) : synonym of volvarina abbreviata ( c . b . adams , 1850 )

marginella jousseaumi rochebrune , 1881 : synonym of prunum sauliae ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 ) : synonym of volvarina sauliae ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )

marginella is a genus of small tropical and temperate sea snails , marine gastropod molluscs in the family marginellidae , the margin snails . it is the type genus of the family . [ 1 ]

marginella pseustes e . a . smith , 1904 : synonym of granulina pseustes ( e . a . smith , 1904 ) : synonym of cystiscus pseustes ( e . a . smith , 1904 )

malacolog ( four marginella species names are listed for the western atlantic ocean , one name is not available ) . malacolog is created by dr . gary rosenberg , the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia

the higher classification of the family marginellidae has long been in a state of confusion . many popular works still treat all members of this family under the single genus marginella , basing them primarily on superficial similarities of the shell .

tomlin j . r . le b . & shackleford l . j . 1913 . description of new species of marginella and mucronalia from são thomé . journal of conchology , 14 : 43 , pl . 1 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 43 [ details ]

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en " " urltoken "

thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .

the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .

a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .

cossignani t . ( 2006 ) . marginellidae & cystiscidae of the world . l ' informatore piceno . 408pp . [ details ]

gofas s . & fernandes f . 1988 . the marginellids of são tomé , west africa . journal of conchology 33 ( 1 ) : 1 - 30 , pls . 1 - 2 . page ( s ) : 8 - 9 [ details ]

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label : s . thomé . tomlin , 1913 : island of sao thomé .

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the shells of species in this genus are rounded , smooth and glossy , with a large aperture that appears to be toothed because it shows the edge of the columellar folds . in many species the shells are colorful . the glossy surface of the shell results from the fact that the mantle covers most of the shell when the animal is active . as is typical in the neogastropoda , the animal has a long siphon . when the animal is active , the foot extends much further out than the edge of the shell .

as is also typical for the neogastropoda , species in this genus are carnivorous and predatory .

the shells of the species in this genus have spires which range from moderately elevated to flattened . the surface of the shell is glossy and porcellaneous , and it is often but not always colourful . the columella has four definite , subequal plaits on its anterior half . the outer lip is thickened , and generally denticulate inside , with distinct teeth or folds . [ 2 ] the siphonal canal is not deeply incised .

in the living animal , the mantle only partly extends over the shell when the animal is moving .

the head is bifurcated , with slender tentacles and eyes in small bulges lateral to the base of tentacles . the siphon is large and protrudes over the head . the foot is large and flat , and when it is extended is slightly longer than the shell .

bartsch , p . 1915 . report on the turton collection of south african marine mollusks , with additional notes on other south african shells contained in the united states national museum . bulletin of the united states national museum , issued july 28 , 1915 .

cossignani t . ( 2006 ) . marginellidae & cystiscidae of the world . l ' informatore piceno . 408pp

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marginellidae , or the margin shells , are a taxonomic family of small , often colorful , sea snails , marine gastropod molluscs in the clade neogastropoda .

the confusion over the classification stems from the fact that the earlier classifications were based rather crudely on shell characters . although many good differential shell characters do exist within this group , those characters were generally misinterpreted or not recognized as significant . such information as did exist on the radulae and the external anatomy of the living animals was widely scattered in the scientific literature , and internal anatomical descriptions were not available until fairly recently .

the shell of marginellidae is usually small , but varies in different species from minute to medium - sized . the external color of the shell can be white , cream , yellow , orange , red , or brown , and can be uniformly colored , or patterned in various ways . the protoconch is paucispiral . the lip of the shell is thickened , and can be smooth or denticulate . an external varix may be present or absent , a siphonal notch may be present or absent . the columella may have 2 - 6 plications . the operculum is absent in this family .

subfamily granulininae : this subfamily was originally placed in family cystiscidae by coovert & coovert ( 1995 ) but placed back in marginellidae , following la perna ( 1999 ) and based on the morphology of living animals .


acanthinucella spirata is a species of predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails .

acanthinucella spirata

acanthinucella spirata <EOT> so it appears that in this ecosystem at least , the pieces are not interchangeable . the players in an ecosystem have a shared history . spot - bellied rock crabs , acanthinucella whelks , and olympia oysters have had a long time to work things out . the crabs have evolved an effective predatory strategy ; the whelks have evolved a well - founded fear of crabs .

to the native whelk acanthinucella , a crab is a crab . they avoid the exotic green crab as they do the native rock crab . when the green crabs are in the oyster beds , the whelks opt to feed on barnacles instead . but the oyster drills had evolved in a habitat free of competently predatory crabs . they were , as the researchers put it , naïve ; they had no idea how to react to a crab .

( of purpura spirata blainville , 1832 ) blainville h . m . d . de . ( 1832 ) . disposition méthodique des espèces récentes et fossiles des genres pourpre , ricinule , licorne et concholepas de m . de lamarck , et description des espèces nouvelles ou peu connues , faisant partie de la collection du muséum d ' histoire naturelle de paris . nouvelles annales du muséum d ' histoire naturelle . 1 : 189 - 263 , pls 9 - 12 . page ( s ) : 252 , pl . 12 fig . 8 [ details ]

( of acanthina spirata ( blainville , 1832 ) ) turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 90 [ details ]

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microbes represent the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on this planet . they are also known to impact everything from organismal physiologies and metabolism to the functioning of ecological systems and biogeochemical processes . yet we still know very little about the microbial communities associated with marine invertebrate species . we have recently initiated a research project that will quantify ( i ) how the microbiomes of marine mollusks vary across large spatial and environmental gradients ( ii ) how such patterns have evolved and ( iii ) how they are affected by anthropogenic impacts such as coastal eutrophication and climate change .

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purpura lapilloides aurantia dall , w . h . , 1908 : s california , usa

jessie kai : acidic mucus… do native c . gracilis crabs care ? trait - mediated interaction between a native crab and an introduced sea slug

jennifer panlilio : size - based predation of cancer spp . on the invasive european green crab , c . maenas

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no . 0453251 . any opinions , findings , and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .

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crabs , whelks , and oysters : life in tomales bay’s food chain . category : columns from the berkeley daily planet

we’re surrounded by non - native plants and animals , most of which would qualify as what biologists and resource managers call invasive exotics . the thistles in your garden , the possum in your garage , the house sparrows nesting under your eaves , the argentine ants in your kitchen , the blue gum eucalyptus up the hill—all are invasives . san francisco bay has been called the world’s most invaded estuary , the adopted home of aquatic creatures native to the east coast , europe , asia , and elsewhere . many have displaced native species that filled a similar ecological niche .

you might wonder what difference that process makes in terms of overall ecosystem function . are exotic and native species interchangeable parts in the great machine ? what happens when one kind of ant or clam or shrub replaces another ?

it has become pretty clear that such substitutions can have far - reaching consequences . exotic species can change what ecologists call the trophic flow—the way nutrients travel from primary producer to secondary consumer to predator to scavenger - within natural systems . they can increase the frequency and intensity of wildfires . they can affect human health and livelihood .

some references call it the angular unicorn snail or spotted thorn drupe . the whelk in turn was preyed on by the spot - bellied rock crab ( cancer antennarius ) , which peels open the shells of its victims .

kimbro and his co - authors posit that the crabs are indirect benefactors of the oysters . on one hand , a large enough crab population will keep the whelks in check and reduce predation pressure on the tasty bivalves . on the other , the whelks have evolved anti - crab defensive behavior , namely avoiding areas - including oyster beds—where the rock crabs are likely to be .

enter the invasives . years ago , when the native oyster population had been depleted , growers introduced eastern oysters to supplement them . with the eastern oysters came another predatory whelk , the oyster drill ( urosalpinx cinerea ) . the founding oyster drills at tomales bay originated in long island sound . the european green crab ( carcinus maenas ) arrived in san francisco bay in 1989 and spread north to tomales . both the drill and the green crab can tolerate fresher water than their native counterparts and are more common in the inner portion of the bay , near creek outflows .

that would make the drills easy pickings for the rock crabs . but the green crabs were another story . they’re more generalist feeders , augmenting their mollusk diet with seaworms and algae . instead of peeling off the shells of their prey , they use their claws to crush them . this works for juvenile whelks of both species , but not for adults . once a whelk grows large enough , green crabs are no longer a threat .

the naïve oyster drills , then , are not deterred from preying on oysters by crab avoidance . the rock crabs could potentially control them , but where the green crabs have replaced the native rock crabs , the top - down pressure is off and the oysters bear the brunt . the effect of removing a top tidal - zone predator in tomales bay is similar to what happens on land when , say , coyotes are killed off and foxes , freed from their own predator , wipe out ground - nesting birds .

switch whelks and the oyster beds are no longer a no - go zone . switch crabs and you get a top predator that’s incapable of controlling the lesser predator ; to paraphrase marx , the big bully is no longer picking on the little bully . ( groucho in night at the opera , that is . ) either of those changes is bad news for the oysters , and for anyone who’s trying to raise them .

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andrew v . suarez , neil d . tsutsui ; the value of museum collections for research and society , bioscience , volume 54 , issue 1 , 1 january 2004 , pages 66–74 , urltoken ; 2

the strongest link between museum collections and national security is probably in the realm of public health and safety . collections are often used to track the history of infectious diseases and identify their sources or reservoirs . the most obvious examples are collections of known viruses and bacteria that are stored for comparison with emerging infections . for example , researchers from the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) compared isolates from the 2001 anthrax attack in the united states with stored specimens collected from the 1960s and 1970s to differentiate and identify the strain used ( hoffmaster et al . 2002 ) .

the enormity of the 1918 influenza outbreak is difficult to comprehend by today ' s standards : 20 million to 40 million people were killed worldwide , including 675 , 000 people in the united states ( crosby 1989 ) . at its peak , people were dying at a rate of more than 10 , 000 per week in some american cities ( crosby 1989 ) . how can we protect ourselves from such devastating pandemics in the future ? one of the most important steps is to identify the origin and causes of previous pandemics .

in 1993 , a mysterious pulmonary syndrome appeared in the southwestern united states , killing 70 percent of afflicted individuals . the causative agent was quickly identified as a hantavirus , but its origin remained less certain . although the virus had been found in deer mice in the southwest before the human outbreak , little was known about its abundance in natural populations or the causes for its sudden jump into human populations ( yates et al . 2002 ) . some citizens expressed concern that the new human infections might be linked to military weapons testing at nearby fort wingate ( horgan 1993 ) .

the financial impact of agricultural pests is enormous : in the united states , arthropod crop pests cost growers over $ 14 billion per year , and arthropod pests of lawns , gardens , and golf courses add another $ 1 . 5 billion to this figure ( pimentel et al . 2000 ) . deliberate introductions of highly damaging species could lead to a frightening jump in agricultural damage , agricultural costs , and lost revenue . these potential costs , coupled with the vulnerability of agricultural resources , have led to a recent appreciation of the threat posed by agricultural bioterrorism ( gewin 2003 , nrc 2003 ) .

natural history collections have long been indispensable resources for studies of earth ' s biodiversity , and the need to maintain them has recently taken on greater urgency ( davis 1996 , ponder et al . 2001 ) . museums offer a unique perspective , providing data over a vast time span ranging from millions of years ago ( paleontological collections ) to the present . three broad areas of study related to species decline and the loss of biodiversity have become crisis disciplines and depend heavily on the baseline information that museum collections offer : species ' response to habitat loss and fragmentation , biological invasions , and the consequences of global climate change .

there is widespread agreement that global climate change threatens the survival of ecological communities and individual species , including humans ( hughes 2000 , ipcc 2001 , mccarty 2001 , walther et al . 2002 ) . by examining museum specimens , researchers have documented the effects of climate change on a variety of organisms and furnished a glimpse of future impacts . the contributions of these studies fall primarily into two categories : ones that document changes in the distribution of species through time ( including their extinction ) and ones that document changes in the biology of particular species in response to climate changes .

museum collections have also shown that the effects of global warming have altered the biology of some species . for example , dunn and winkler ( 1999 ) examined 3450 nest records of tree swallows ( tachycineta bicolor ) in north america ( from a survey of over 21 , 000 nest record cards in museums , universities , and ornithological societies ) and found that the egg - laying date advanced by about 9 days between 1959 and 1991 , most likely as a result of higher air temperatures during the spring breeding season .

the use of museum collections is so widespread , and the scope of research they benefit is so varied , that it would be impossible to review even a small fraction of individual cases . only by considering the frequency with which museums are used can their vast contributions to the biological sciences be properly appreciated ( tables 1 , 2 ) .

scientists often travel to museums to use their collections , and museums loan many specimens to interested researchers ( table 1 ) . for example , in 2002 , the entomology department of the smithsonian institution ' s national museum of natural history hosted 266 visitors , for a total of 3663 visitor days ( scott miller , smithsonian institution , washington , dc , personal communication , 10 february 2003 ) . between 1976 and 1986 , the smithsonian ' s entomological collection loaned , on average , over 100 , 000 specimens each year ( miller 1991 ) . the california academy of sciences ' entomological collection currently has about 750 , 000 specimens on loan to over 40 countries ( norman penny , california academy of sciences , san francisco , personal communication , 4 april 2003 ) .

the knowledge disseminated by the curators of these museums is immense and often stems from the reference collections themselves . for example , one curator ( philip s . ward ) from one museum ( bohart museum , university of california–davis ) studying one family of insects ( formicidae—ants ) typically identifies 3000 to 4000 specimens each year for other institutions ( philip s . ward , university of california–davis , personal communication , 9 january 2003 ) . when extrapolated across curators of all museums in the united states , how many hundreds of thousands of such identifications are made each year ?

museums save time and money . first , as centralized storehouses of reference material , museums act as “biological libraries”—sites of accumulated knowledge and resources that eliminate the need for costly , time - consuming ( and sometimes dangerous ) fieldwork . given the costs of traveling to remote locales to collect specimens , it is easy to believe that museum collections save the scientific community many millions of dollars , a savings that is passed on to citizens whose tax dollars often support scientific research .

second , as with literary libraries , museums eliminate the wastefulness of duplication and redundancy . just as a library liberates borrowers from the expense of purchasing every book they wish to read , museums free researchers from the time and expense of curating all the specimens necessary for a functional reference collection . although a fiscal analysis of the savings achieved by the nation ' s biological collections is not available , a comparison with other collections provides an insightful approximation . the us library of congress , which curates a large collection of reading material , saves the nation ' s libraries $ 268 million a year by cataloging more than 250 , 000 books and serials annually and supplying the bibliographic record ( librarian of congress 2000 ) .

how can the survival of these assets and the untapped knowledge they contain be guaranteed ? first , these collections must be well curated and maintained , which will require a commitment to support and train taxonomists and to maintain modern facilities . second , the benefit of these collections to society must be maximized by stepping up the rate at which this information is entered in databases and made accessible .

we would like to thank colin favret , dina fonseca , richard grosberg , penny gullan , scott miller , craig moritz , norman penny , george roderick , ted schultz , david wake , phil ward , and two anonymous reviewers for support and insightful discussion . we would also like to thank chip clark for providing the wonderful images that accompany this article . financial support was provided by the university of california–davis , center for population biology ( n . d . t . ) , and the miller institute for basic research in science ( a . v . s . ) .

table 1 . examples of some of the largest entomological collections in the united states , including approximate collection size ( number of processed specimens ) and a yearly estimate of loaned material .

table 2 . the number of articles from some leading journals that relied on museums for support and data .

ornithologist roxie laybourne amid the bird collection at the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) . photograph : chip clark .

egg collections such as these from the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) have provided insight into the effects of toxin accumulation in the environment ( ratcliffe 1967 , hickey and anderson 1968 ) . photograph : chip clark .

museum collections of small mammals have been used to identify reservoirs of hantavirus ( yates et al . 2002 ) , reconstruct community structure in relation to habitat modification ( pergams and nyberg 2001 ) , and even build a predictive framework for crop pests ( sanchez - cordero and martinez - meyer 2000 ) . photograph : chip clark .

a section of the fish collection at the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) . stored specimens such as these have allowed scientists to reconstruct the history of contaminants ( such as mercury ) in our food supply ( e . g . , barber et al . 1972 , miller et al . 1972 ) . photograph : chip clark .

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