whiteleg shrimp ( litopenaeus vannamei , formerly penaeus vannamei ) , also known as pacific white shrimp , king prawn , is a variety of prawn of the eastern pacific ocean commonly caught or farmed for food .

whiteleg shrimp

whiteleg shrimp <EOT> the most common species substitution was farmed whiteleg shrimp ( l . vannamei ) sold as “wild” shrimp and “gulf” shrimp ;

whiteleg shrimp ( vannamei ) output to cross 4 . 5 lakh tonnes in 2017

en - whiteleg shrimp , fr - crevette pattes blanches , sp - camarón patiblanco .

this guide from the fao cultured aquatic species information programme provides information on farming whiteleg shrimp .

proteasome properties of hemocytes differ between the whiteleg shrimp penaeus vannamei and the brown shrimp crangon crangon ( crustacea , decapoda ) .

proteasome properties of hemocytes differ between the whiteleg shrimp penaeus vannamei and the brown shrimp crangon crangon ( crustacea , decapoda ) . - pubmed - ncbi

india’s whiteleg shrimp or vannamei output is expected to see an overall 10 per cent growth hike over 2015 - 16 .

kitani h , 1993 . morphology of postlarvae of the whiteleg shrimp penaeus vannamei . nippon suisan gakkaishi , 59 ( 2 ) : 223 - 227 .

this species is native to the eastern pacific ocean - ranging from mexico to peru . whiteleg can be found on muddy bottoms at depths of 0 – 240 feet .

whiteleg shrimp is native to the pacific ocean and is farmed in central and south america as well as in asia . our product portfolio includes hatchery diets for the larval and post - larval stages as well as grower and broodstock diets .

rosenberry b , 2003 . world shrimp farming , no . 16 . shrimp news international . san diego , california , usa .

the whiteleg shrimp is native to the eastern pacific coast from sonora , mexico in the north , through central and south america as far south as tumbes in peru , in areas where water temperatures are normally > 20 °c throughout the year .

has led to serious price depression in the international markets . similarly , farm gate value for 15–20 g size whiteleg shrimp has steadily decreased from usd 5 / kg in 2000 to about usd 3 . 0–3 . 5 / kg in 2005 .

› litopenaeus vannamei ( boone , 1931 ) › pacific white shrimp › penaeus ( litopenaeus ) vannamei › penaeus sp . at - 2008 › penaeus vanameii › penaeus vannameii › white pacific shrimp › white shrimp

aquaculture in belize formally began in 1982 with the development of ten acres ( 4 ha ) of experimental ponds by a private company , in the southern part of the country . this initiative was designed to test certain primary production functions of the whiteleg shrimp (

rosenberry b , 1995 . ecuadorian white shrimp prices - - january to november 1994 . shrimp news international , 20 ( 1 ) : 24 .

aquaculture in belize formally began in 1982 with the development of ten ( 10 ) acres ( 4 ha ) of experimental ponds by a private company , in the south of the country . this initiative was designed to test certain primary production functions of the whiteleg shrimp (

most mislabeling relates to whether the shrimp was caught in the wild , a problem that cuts both ways—either saying shrimp is wild - caught when it ' s not , or failing to say it ' s wild - caught when it is . according to warner , one of the most common instances of mislabeling was for farmed whiteleg shrimp to be passed off as wild - caught , especially as wild - caught from the gulf .

cite as : «volstorf , jenny . 2018 . pacific whiteleg shrimp ( findings ) . in : fishethobase , ed . fishethobase research group . world wide web electronic publication . version 1 . 22 . www . fishethobase . fair - fish . net . » © fair - fish international

lightner dv , 1996 . a handbook of shrimp pathology and diagnostic procedure for diseases of cultured penaeid shrimp . world aquaculture society , baton rouge , la .

replacement of non - environmental friendly and costly fishmeal and artemia in shrimp feeds .

matsuda , keishi , and marcy n . wilder . 2010 . difference in light perception capability and spectral response between juveniles and sub - adults of the whiteleg shrimp litopenaeus vannamei as determined by electroretinogram . fisheries science 76 : 633–641 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s12562 - 010 - 0253 - 3 .

aparicio - simón , benjamin , manuel piñón , radu racotta , and ilie s . racotta . 2010 . neuroendocrine and metabolic responses of pacific whiteleg shrimp litopenaeus vannamei exposed to acute handling stress . aquaculture 298 : 308–314 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . aquaculture . 2009 . 10 . 016 .

shrimp is displayed for sale in galveston , texas , in 2010 . americans eat 3 . 8 pounds of shrimp per capita , more than any other seafood item .

by 2012 , 89 percent of the shrimp consumed in the u . s . was imported . most of the domestically produced shrimp is caught in 19 states , with 70 percent coming from the gulf of mexico . about 21 percent comes from the pacific northwest in the form of smaller coldwater shrimp , often called " ocean shrimp . "

shrimp are highly resilient to overfishing because they have a short lifespan , are fast growers and produce many young . farmed whiteleg shrimp have been ranked on the “avoid” list by environmental organizations . this ranking is due to pollution including - nutrient effluent discharge , use of banned antibiotics and habitat degradation . in addition - depending on the country - management practices are sometimes non - existent or poorly enforced .

nicaragua : white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) .

ecuador : white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) .

moss sm , 1998 . proceedings us marine shrimp farming biosecurity workshop . usmsfp publications .

zhang , peidong , xiumei zhang , jian li , and guoqiang huang . 2006 . swimming ability and physiological response to swimming fatigue in whiteleg shrimp , litopenaeus vannamei . comparative biochemistry and physiology part a : molecular integrative physiology 145 : 26–32 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cbpa . 2006 . 04 . 014 .

while also suggesting two additional principles to be considered by the noc committee , the southern shrimp alliance’s comments included a presentation to noaa’s office of international affairs and seafood inspection titled “overview of fraud in shrimp trade . ” this presentation provided a broad overview of historical issues confronted by the domestic shrimp industry regarding competition with falsely labeled and fraudulently - traded imported shrimp .

costa rica : white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) .

more than one - third of u . s . shrimp may be mislabeled , study says

according to gavin gibbons , a spokesperson for the national fisheries institute —the leading trade group for the u . s . seafood industry—many shrimp buyers don ' t view wild and farmed shrimp as interchangeable . they may buy some wild shrimp for higher - end uses and farmed shrimp for other uses , and often place specific orders far in advance , depending on market prices .

farm discharges , causing self - pollution in shrimp growing areas as well as viral disease outbreaks .

to meet this growing appetite , the shrimp aquaculture industry has grown dramatically since the 1980s . farmed shrimp usually can be produced for a lower price and generally comes from southeast asia and india .

mercier , laurence , elena palacios , ángel i . campa - córdova , dariel tovar - ramírez , roberto hernández - herrera , and ilie s . racotta . 2006 . metabolic and immune responses in pacific whiteleg shrimp litopenaeus vannamei exposed to a repeated handling stress . aquaculture 258 : 633–640 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . aquaculture . 2006 . 04 . 036 .

mexico : camarón blanco , white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) .

panama : white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) , camarón patiblanco .

colombia : white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) , camarón café .

national marine fisheries service , 2004 . tokyo wholesale shrimp prices . internet urltoken accessed 30 september 2004 .

yu , xiaoming , xiumei zhang , yan duan , peidong zhang , and zhenqing miao . 2010 . effects of temperature , salinity , body length , and starvation on the critical swimming speed of whiteleg shrimp , litopenaeus vannamei . comparative biochemistry and physiology part a : molecular integrative physiology 157 : 392–397 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cbpa . 2010 . 08 . 021 .

introduced species remark in thailand ( nation ) : impacts of shrimp aquaculture are controversial , and include loss of mangroves and other coastal habitat , salinization of groundwater , escape of nonindigenous shrimp species , and spread of viral shrimp diseases ( senanan et al . 2007 ; food and agriculture organization 2011 ) . [ details ]

introduced species remark in venezuela ( nation ) : impacts of shrimp aquaculture are controversial , and include loss of mangroves and other coastal habitat , salinization of groundwater , escape of nonindigenous shrimp species , and spread of viral shrimp diseases ( senanan et al . 2007 ; food and agriculture organization 2011 ) . [ details ]

introduced species remark in india ( nation ) : impacts of shrimp aquaculture are controversial , and include loss of mangroves and other coastal habitat , salinization of groundwater , escape of nonindigenous shrimp species , and spread of viral shrimp diseases ( senanan et al . 2007 ; food and agriculture organization 2011 ) . [ details ]

introduced species remark in china ( nation ) : impacts of shrimp aquaculture are controversial , and include loss of mangroves and other coastal habitat , salinization of groundwater , escape of nonindigenous shrimp species , and spread of viral shrimp diseases ( senanan et al . 2007 ; food and agriculture organization 2011 ) . [ details ]

suppliers of pathology expertise no specific institutes or laboratories named , but shrimp pathology expertise is now readily available .

advances and innovations for managing shrimp diseases speaker : dr . gourav rathore , deputy director , nbfgr , lucknow

mpeda chairman a jayathilak states the coastal shrimp aquaculture production has grown consistently during the last couple of years .

. social conflicts remain , but the shrimp culture industry employs thousands of rural people , who would be far worse off without it . the adoption of more eco - friendly shrimp culture practices should further reduce such conflicts .

if shrimp are sold directly to processing plants , specialized teams for harvesting and handling are commonly used to maintain shrimp quality . after sorting , shrimp are washed , weighed and immediately killed in iced water at 0–4 °c . often sodium metabisulphate is added to the chilled water to prevent melanosis and red - head . shrimp are then kept in ice in insulated containers and transported by truck either to processing plants or domestic shrimp markets . in processing plants , shrimp are placed in iced bins and cleaned and sorted according to standard export sizes . shrimp are processed , quickly frozen at - 10 °c and stored at - 20 °c for export by ship or air cargo . due to an increasing demand , no taxes and higher profit margins , many processing plants operate value - added product lines .

boyd ce , 1989 . water quality management and aeration in shrimp farming . alabama agricultural experiment station , auburn .

hawaii department of agriculture , 2004 . kauai’s ceatech shrimp farm under state quarantine . news release nr04 - 04 .

introduced species remark in united states exclusive economic zone ( eez ) : impacts of shrimp aquaculture are controversial , and include loss of mangroves and other coastal habitat , salinization of groundwater , escape of nonindigenous shrimp species , and spread of viral shrimp diseases ( senanan et al . 2007 ; food and agriculture organization 2011 ) . [ details ]

overall , americans eat 3 . 8 pounds of shrimp per capita , more than any other seafood item . shrimp is now the most highly traded seafood product by value in the u . s . and around the world .

also common , though to an extent that was harder to quantify , was gulf shrimp that was sold simply as " shrimp , " with no information on the source . she considered that to be a lost marketing opportunity , denying producers the chance to get the price premium that many consumers are willing to pay for wild - caught shrimp .

taw , n . 2005 . indonesia shrimp production . presented in the indonesian shrimp farmers session of world aquaculture 2005 , may 9–13 , 2005 , nusa dua , bali , indonesia . charoen pokphand , jakarta indonesia . 18 pp .

the situation is different for farmed shrimp , however . most foreign farmed shrimp is on monterey bay aquarium ' s " avoid " list because of concerns about habitat destruction , overfishing of other organisms to serve as feed , waste pollution , spread of diseases , and overuse of chemical treatments . some shrimp farmers in thailand have even been linked to human trafficking .

fox jm ; treece gd , 2000 . shrimp nutrition and feed management . in : haws mc , boyd ce , eds . methods for improvement of shrimp farming in central america . managua , nicaragua : uca press , 65 - 90 .

the close relation between skretting and farmers helps the farmers achieve their goals . watch our video from shrimp farming in vietnam .

each were paired in glass aquaria with a 0 . 5 g - piece of fresh shrimp meat put in the middle .

) , the husbandry of other penaeid species has also been attempted in belize . these include the exotic pacific blue shrimp (

concluding that wild - caught shrimp imports from mexico , amongst other products , carried “particularly high levels” of possible iuu infection .

senanan w ; tangkrock - olan n ; panutrakul s ; barnette p ; wongwiwatanawute c ; niphonkit n ; anderson dj , 2007 . the presence of the pacific whiteleg shrimp ( litopenaeus vannamei , boone , 1931 ) in the wild in thailand . journal of shellfish research , 26 ( 4 ) : 1187 - 1192 . urltoken ; = 10 . 2983 % 2f0730 - 8000 % 282007 % 2926 % 5b1187 % 3atpotpw % 5d2 . 0 . co % 3b2

quackenbush ls ; keeley ll , 1987 . vitellogenesis in the shrimp , p . vannamei . american zoologist , 26 : 810a .

with regard to the area devoted to shrimp farming in 2004 , there were 6 888 acres ( 2 789 ha ) under production with fourteen farms in operation . this represents a 12 . 5 percent of the overall area under the tenureship of shrimp farmers .

the ngo community has expressed no known concerns with regards to the social impacts of shrimp farming , or other forms of aquaculture .

innovations in shrimp culture – farmers perspective speaker : mr . saji chacko , senior vice president , onaway industries , navsari , gujarat

treece gd , 2002 . inland shrimp farming in west texas . global aquaculture advocate , 5 ( 3 ) : 46 - 47 .

in addition to the comments from the southern shrimp alliance , the noc committee received dozens of comments from other individuals , businesses , governments , and non - governmental organizations . some of these also highlighted continuing significant concerns with iuu fishing and seafood fraud in shrimp trade .

all shrimp farmers are becoming acutely aware of the growing need to farm shrimp in a responsible , traceable and low impact manner which can enhance biosecurity , and help protect the environment , whilst producing shrimp in a cost efficient manner . the newly developed intensive bacterial floc and super - intensive systems may have potential to address all of these concerns and should be investigated more thoroughly . in order to continue the growth of shrimp farming smoothly in the long term , domestic consumption should be promoted ( as in china ) to supplement the problematic export markets .

such rules can lead , for instance , to a bag of shrimp that is native to north america being marked " product of india . " " was the shrimp processed in india or somehow mixed up ? " she asks . " we don ' t know . "

peru : white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) , langostino ( used for all species of litopenaeus ) .

are very efficient at utilizing the natural productivity of shrimp ponds , even under intensive culture conditions . additionally , feed costs are generally less for

boyd ce ; clay jw , 1998 . shrimp aquaculture and the environment . scientific american , 278 ( 6 ) : 42 - 49 .

jory de , 2003 . stock domestication and genetic improvement in shrimp culture . aquaculture magazine , 29 ( 2 ) : 66 - 72 .

there were fourteen shrimp farms operational in belize at the end of 2004 . these farms were utilizing four distinct husbandry systems . these were :

forty percent of the 20 shrimp species or categories collected and identified were not previously known to be sold in the u . s . ;

the farmed shrimp supply chain is complex , consisting of approximately 400 , 000 producers worldwide , numerous processing plants , and multiple distributors , the aquarium notes on its website . " this makes it difficult for consumers to know the origin of their shrimp and how it was farmed . "

alcivar - warren a , 2004 . us marine shrimp farming industry report . online at www . usmsfp . org . accessed 30 september 2004 .

the policy responses have dealt with : disease management , aquatic pollution , the movement of exotic species , education and training , diversification of the shrimp farming industry , and the integration of small - , and medium - scale producers in shrimp farming , tilapia farming and other aspects of aquaculture .

adapting to a new reality : shrimp nurseries speaker : mr . s chandrasekhar , area manager , india & south asia , inve aquaculture , thailand

eurofish , 2004 . fishinfo network : market report on shrimp , may 2004 . online at www . eurofish . dk . accessed 27 august 2004 .

lightner dv ; redman rm , 1998 . shrimp diseases and current diagnostic methods . aquaculture , 164 ( 1 / 4 ) : 201 - 220 .

the next most important market is the european union ( importing 183 000 tonnes in the first half of 2005 ) , which favours small ( 31 / 40 count ) , whole , frozen shrimp . japan , whose market mainly requires large headless ( 16 / 20 count ) shrimp , is typically supplied by

the mislabeling that oceana uncovered can interfere with people ' s ability to choose their shrimp according to whatever matters to them , whether it be taste , price , or environmental concerns . " if everything is simply called ' shrimp , ' " says warner , " consumers are left in the dark . "

finally , nfi’s comments also downplayed mislabeling concerns regarding certain seafood species , including shrimp , indicating that the following “should represent lower concern” to the noc committee : “species that are mislabeled within the same genus or within the same acceptable market name grouping , e , g , shrimp , cod or grouper . ”

lethargy , anorexia , dark coloured shrimp ; reduced feeding & growth rates ; often increased surface & gill fouling with various epibiotic & epicommensal organisms ; severely affected larvae & postlarvae may exhibit a white midgut line through the abdomen ; acute mbv causes loss of hepatopancreatic tubule & midgut epithelia & , consequently , dysfunction of these organs , often followed by secondary bacterial infections ; linked with high mortalities ( > 90 % ) in late postlarvae & juvenile shrimp in many culture facilities ; usually juvenile & adult p . monodon are more resistant to mbv than larval shrimp ; mbv may predispose infected shrimp to infections by other pathogens ;

aquatic network , 2003 . shrimp - farming report strong on attack , weak on focus . online at urltoken ; = 1 . accessed 27 august 2004 .

massaut l , 1999 . mangrove management and shrimp aquaculture . research and development series no . 44 . alabama , usa : auburn university , 45 pp .

treece gd , 2001 . shrimp maturation and spawning . ujnr technical report no . 28 : 121 - 134 . online at urltoken accessed 29 july 2004 .

had higher frequency of antenna - to - body contact with males than with females . no such difference in males and neither females nor males of snapping shrimp

diversification of brackishwater aquaculture with special reference to indigenous species of shrimp speaker : dr . k k vijayan , director , central institute of brackishwater aquaculture , chennai

americans eat more shrimp than any other seafood product , yet they are often given little information about where it comes from or even if it is wild or farmed . in our 2014 shrimp testing report , we found that 30 percent of the 143 shrimp products sampled from 111 vendors visited nationwide were misrepresented . of the 70 restaurants visited , 31 percent sold misrepresented products , while 41 percent of the 41 grocery stores and markets visited sold misrepresented products . highlights include :

yesterday , the southern shrimp alliance submitted formal comments to the national ocean council ( noc ) committee regarding “principles” to be used in determining which seafood species are “at risk” for illegal , unreported , and unregulated ( iuu ) fishing and seafood fraud . in those comments , the southern shrimp alliance observed that the “possible principles” identified in the request for comments published in the federal register strongly support a determination that shrimp is a seafood species “at risk” for iuu fishing and seafood fraud .

wyban , j . a . & sweeney , j . n . 1991 . intensive shrimp production technology . high health aquaculture , hawaii , usa . 158 pp .

he h ; lawrence al , 1993 . vitamin c requirements of the shrimp penaeus vannamei . . aquaculture , 114 ( 3 / 4 ) : 305 - 316 .

in 2004 , the volume of exported shrimp continued to increase in a significant way . total farmed shrimp exports were 16 . 86 million pounds ( 7 664 tons ) valued at bz $ 84 . 28 million ( us $ 42 . 14 thousand ) , with an increase in export volume of 5 . 6 percent . for this time period however , there was a decline of 8 . 2 percent in export value when compared to the 2003 scenario . the downward trend in export value has been as a result of a continued decline in global shrimp prices since 2000 due to increased volumes of shrimp by the asian countries , at very low and competitive prices .

farmed shrimp production in belize is expected to remain fairly stable for the next two years . shrimp farmers have been hesitant to continue farm expansion over the past years and are examining options that would ostensibly allow them to survive the current crisis . while improvements in shrimp farming technology are expected to gradually lower production costs , with strong price declines such as those experienced in the past years , farmers are in the process of reducing operational costs at the farm level and improving on production per unit area over time .

boyd , c . e . & clay , j . w . 2002 . evaluation of belize aquaculture ltd : a superintensive shrimp aquaculture system . report prepared under the world bank , naca , wwf and fao consortium program on shrimp farming and the environment . published by the consortium and obtainable through naca , bangkok , thailand . 17 pp .

aquacop , 1977 . observations on the maturation and reproduction of penaeid shrimp in captivity in a tropical medium . aquaculture workshop , ices , may 1977 , brest , france .

all commercial aquaculture production activities are in the hands of the private sector . after some vacillation in the mid - , and late - 1990s , a shrimp farmers association was formed in belize in mid - 2000 . the association has a broad mandate that is to conceptually attend all issues relating to the interest and livelihood of the shrimp farmers .

acutely infected shrimp show reduced food consumption ; lethargy ; high mortality of 100 % within 3–10 days of onset of clinical signs ; loose cuticles with white spots of 0 . 5–2 . 0 mm diameter , most apparent inside the carapace ; moribund shrimp often have pink to reddish - brown colouration due to expansion of cuticular chromatophores & few if any white spots

kulakovskii ee ; baturin ya , 1979 . the sinus gland of the shrimp eualus gaimardi and its state related to environmental salinity variations . tsitologiya , 21 : 1200 - 1203 .

shrimp may be america ' s favorite seafood , but consumers may not always get what they ask for . according to dna analyses conducted by the environmental advocacy group oceana , 35 percent of shrimp sold in u . s . grocery stores and restaurants was improperly labeled by species or type , raising questions about food safety and complicating efforts to promote sustainability .

in its report on shrimp , oceana found misrepresentation almost everywhere it looked : farmed shrimp passed off as wild or " gulf caught , " one species swapped for another , unidentified mixing of species . the problem was worst in new york city , where 43 percent of shrimp samples were improperly labeled , and almost as bad in washington , d . c . , and the gulf coast , with mislabeling in 30 percent of the samples . portland , oregon , had the best result , with a mislabeling rate of only 5 percent .

oddly , the group also found some unknown shrimp species , or at least species that weren ' t usually considered fit for human consumption . of the 20 species the oceana team identified , eight were not previously known to be on the market for consumption . these included coral " cleaner " shrimp that pick parasites off reefs and are popular in the aquarium trade .

according to oceana ' s warner , a problem with foreign shrimp is that asian shrimp farms might be using toxic chemicals that are banned in the u . s . and consumers can ' t always rely on the mandatory country - of - origin label system , she says , because the rules state that only the last country where seafood was processed must be listed .

acutely infected shrimp show rapid reduction in food consumption ; lethargy ; high mortality rates with cumulative mortalities reaching 100 percent within 3 to 10 days of the onset of clinical signs ; acutely infected shrimp often have loose cuticle with white spots ( which represent abnormal deposits of calcium salts by the cuticular epidermis ) of 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 mm in diameter that are most apparent on the inside surface of the carapace ; in many cases moribund shrimp display a pink to reddish - brown colouration due to expansion of cuticular chromatophores & few if any white spots

caillouet cw , 1972 . ovarian maturation induced by eyestalk ablation in pink shrimp , penaeus duorarum ( burkenroad ) . proc . world maricul . soc . , 3 : 205 - 225 .

johnson sk , 1996 . summary of key virus diseases of shrimp aquaculture . prepared for the texas senate natural resources interim subcommittee , texas a & m ; university , 19 april 1996 .

preston np ; clifford hc , 2002 . genetic improvement of farmed shrimp : summary and implications of a global survey . global aquaculture advocate , 5 ( 1 ) : 48 - 50 .

overall , 30 % of the shrimp products surveyed in grocery stores lacked information on country of origin , 29 % lacked farmed / wild information and one in five did not provide either .

akiyma dm , 1986 . the development of a purified diet and nutritional requirement of lysine in penaeid shrimp . phd thesis . texas , usa : texas a & m ; university college station .

moss sm ; arce sm ; argua bj ; otoshi ca ; calderon fro ; tacon agc , 2001 . greening of the blue revolution : efforts toward environmentally responsible shrimp culture . in : browdy cl , jory de , eds . the new wave , proceedings of the special session on sustainable shrimp culture , aquaculture 2001 . the world aquaculture society , baton rouge , louisiana , usa .

there has been a slowly increasing demand for shrimp in world markets , as capture fisheries stagnate and people became more affluent and conscious of healthy food choices . despite the increased demand , the price for

brock ja , 1997 . special topic review : taura syndrome , a disease important to shrimp farms in the americas . world journal of microbiology & biotechnology , 13 ( 4 ) : 415 - 418 .

clifford hc , 2000 . personal communication . in : haws mc , boyd ce , eds . methods for improving shrimp farming in central america : fertilization . managua , nicaragua : uca press , 304pp .

kureshy n ; davis da , 2002 . protein requirement for maintenance and maximum weight gain for the pacific white shrimp , litopenaeus vannamei . aquaculture , 204 ( 1 / 2 ) : 125 - 143 .

magarelli pc , 1981 . nutritional and behavioral components of reproduction in the blue shrimp , penaeus stylirostris , reared under controlled environment conditions . phd thesis . tucson , arizona , usa : university of arizona .

cultured shrimp harvested from ponds ( after 4–5 months at 15–25 g ) , are on - grown for 2–3 months and then transferred to maturation facilities at > 7 months of age when they weigh 30–35 g .

castille fl ; lawrence al , 1989 . the effect of deleting dietary constituents from pelleted feeds on the growth of shrimp in the presence of natural foods . j . world aquacul . soc . , 20 : 22a .

secretariat of the convention on biological diversity , 2004 . solutions for sustainable mariculture penaeus [ litopenaeus ] vannamei - avoiding the adverse affects of mariculture on biological diversity - b . case study shrimp farming , 51 - 52 .

treece gd ; fox jm , 1993 . design , operation and training manual for an intensive culture shrimp hatchery . texas a & m ; university sea grant college program publication tamu - sg - 93 - 505 , 183pp .

treece gd ; yates me , 1990 . laboratory manual for the culture of penaeid shrimp larvae . texas a & m ; university sea grant college program , bryan , tx , pub . 88 - 202 ( r ) .

arcos fg ; racotta is ; ibarra am , 2004 . genetic parameter estimates for reproductive traits and egg composition in pacific white shrimp penaeus ( litopenaeus ) vannamei . aquaculture , 236 ( 1 / 4 ) : 151 - 165 .

bradfield jy ; berlin rl ; rankin sm ; keeley ; ll , 1989 . cloned cdna and antibody for an ovarian cortical granule polypeptide of the shrimp p . vannamei . biol . bull . , 177 : 344 - 349 .

laubier - bonichon a ; laubier l , 1976 . reproduction control with the shrimp p . japonicus fao tech . conf . aqua . kyoto , japan fir : aq / conf . / 76 / e . 38 , 6pp .

extensive and semi - intensive ponds are harvested by draining the pond at low tide through a bag net installed in the outlet sluice gate . if the tide does not allow harvesting , the water can be pumped out . in some larger farms , harvesting machines pump shrimp and water up to the pond bank where they are dewatered . intensive ponds may be harvested similarly and small 2–6 man seine nets are dragged around the pond to corral shrimp to the side of the pond from where they are removed by cast or dip net or perforated buckets . partial harvesting is common in asian intensive culture after the first 3 months . in thailand , artificial sluice gates are temporarily installed inside one corner of the pond to harvest closed system ponds . shrimp are then trapped in nets attached to this temporary gate when the pond is pumped out . in super - intensive systems , the shrimp are simply harvested with large scoop nets when required for processing .

bonami jr ; hasson kw ; mari j ; poulos bt ; lightner dv , 1997 . taura syndrome of marine penaeid shrimp : characterization of the viral agent . journal of general virology , 78 ( 2 ) : 313 - 319 .

abandoning the suffering paradigm we are able to discover other and at least as meaningful criteria for animal welfare , like e . g . joy , the opposite of pleasure . another criterion , deception , has been investigated with the shrimp species

griffith , d . r . w . , and j . m . wigglesworth . 1993 . growth rhythms in the shrimp penaeus vannamei and p . schmitti . marine biology 115 : 295–299 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00346347 .

duronslet m ; yudin ai ; wheller rs ; clark wh jr , 1975 . light and fine structural studies of natural and artificially induced egg growth of penaeid shrimp . proc . world maricul . soc . , 6 : 105 - 122 .

lightner dv , 1995 . taura syndrome : an economically important viral disease impacting the shrimp farming industries of the americas including the united states . proceedings of the annual meeting of the united states animal health association , 99 : 36 - 52 .

these results clearly show that misrepresentation and mislabeling of shrimp is prevalent in the marketplace . lack of clear labeling not only leaves consumers in the dark , but it also hurts honest fishermen who are trying to sell their products into the market .

dittel ai ; epifanio ce ; cifuentes la ; kirchman dl , 1997 . carbon and nitrogen sources for shrimp postlarvae fed natural diets from a tropical mangrove system . estuarine , coastal and shelf science , 45 ( 5 ) : 629 - 637 .

lightner dv , 1996 . the penaeid shrimp viruses ihhnv and tsv : epizootiology , production impacts and role of international trade in their distribution in the americas . ‘revues scientifique et technique office interantional des epizooties’ 15 ( 2 ) : 579 - 601 .

otoshi , clete a . , scott s . naguwa , frank c . falesch , and shaun m . moss . 2007 . shrimp behavior may affect culture performance at super - intensive stocking densities . global aquaculture advocate march / april : 67–69 .

kumlu , metin , serhat türkmen , mehmet kumlu , and o . tufan eroldoğan . 2011 . off - season maturation and spawning of the pacific white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei in sub - tropical conditions . turkish journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 11 .

although not mentioned in wwf / traffic’s comments , the latest official statistics show significant growth in the volume of imports from areas identified by these ngos . for example , the official statistics indicate that through the first third of this year , frozen non - breaded warmwater shrimp imports from pakistan are over 1 , 000 % larger than they were during the first four months of 2014 . in fact , the total volume of shrimp imports from pakistan between january and april of this year is more than what the united states has imported from that country in any single year since 2001 . further , frozen non - breaded warmwater shrimp imports from mexico are 90 % higher through the first four months of this year than they were over the first four months of 2014 . and the total volume of frozen non - breaded warmwater shrimp imported from argentina into the united states in 2014 was larger , by a substantial margin , than any previous year , with imports remaining at nearly the same level in 2015 .

otoshi ca ; montgomery ad ; look am ; moss sm , 2001 . effects of diet and water source on the nursery production of pacific white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei . journal of the world aquaculture society , 32 ( 2 ) : 243 - 249 .

parnes s ; mills e ; segall c ; raviv s ; davis c ; sagi a , 2004 . reproductive readiness of the shrimp litopenaeus vannamei grown in a brackish water system . aquaculture , 236 ( 1 / 4 ) : 593 - 606 .

obaldo , leonard g . , and reiji masuda . 2006 . effect of diet size on feeding behavior and growth of pacific white shrimp , litopenaeus vannamei . journal of applied aquaculture 18 : 101–110 . doi : 10 . 1300 / j028v18n01 _ 07 .

kitani , hiroshi . 1986 . larval development of the white shrimp penaeus vannamei boone reared in the laboratory and the statistical observation of its naupliar stages . nippon suisan gakkaishi 52 : 1131–1139 . doi : 10 . 2331 / suisan . 52 . 1131 .

parker , j . c . , conte , f . s . , macgrath , w . s . & miller , b . w . 1974 . an intensive culture system for penaeid shrimp . proceedings of the world mariculture society , 5 : 65–79 .

bray wa ; lawrence al , 1992 . reproduction of penaeus species in captivity . in : fast a , lester aj , eds . culture of marine shrimp : principles and practices . amsterdam , netherlands : elsevier sci . publ . , 93 - 170 .

kitani h , 1986 . larval development of the white shrimp penaeus vannamei boone reared in the laboratory and the statistical observation of its naupliar stages . bull . jap . soc . of sci . fish . , 52 ( 7 ) : 1131 - 1139 .

middleditch bs ; missler sr ; hines hb ; mcvey jp ; brown a ; ward dg ; lawrence al , 1980 . metabolic profiles of penaeid shrimp : dietary lipids and ovarian maturation . journal of chromatography , 195 ( 3 ) : 359 - 368 .

balakrishnan , gunalan , soundarapandian peyail , kumaran ramachandran , anand theivasigamani , maheswaran chokkaiah , and pushparaj nataraj . 2011 . growth of cultured white leg shrimp litopenaeus vannamei ( boone 1931 ) in different stocking density . advances in applied science research 2 : 107–113 .

but it ' s not just about the taste or the pricing ; it ' s also about sustainability . farmed and wild shrimp are not equal when it comes to environmental impact , says the monterey bay aquarium . ( also learn about illegal fishing . )

is expected to become more competitive , due mainly to the saturation of export markets and reduction in world economic growth , as well as the emergence of non - tariff barriers in shrimp trade . additionally , the industry will need to accommodate importing countries requirements on :

rye m , 2002 . applied genetic improvement programs for shrimp species – the selection approach . in : book of abstracts , was annual meeting , beijing , people’s republic of china . world aquaculture society , baton rouge , louisiana , usa , p . 664 .

yano , i . , r . a . kanna , r . n . oyama , and j . a . wyban . 1988 . mating behaviour in the penaeid shrimp penaeus vannamei . marine biology 97 : 171–175 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00391299 .

chang pohshing ; lo chufang ; wang yuchi ; kou guanghsiung , 1996 . identification of white spot syndrome associated baculovirus ( wsbv ) target organs in the shrimp penaeus monodon by in situ hybridization . diseases of aquatic organisms , 27 ( 2 ) : 131 - 139 .

vickery , rachel , kathleen hollowell , and melissa hughes . 2012 . why have long antennae ? exploring the function of antennal contact in snapping shrimp . marine and freshwater behaviour and physiology 45 : 161–176 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 10236244 . 2012 . 699644 .

the participation of the ngo community in issues of aquaculture development is limited to the conservation - oriented ngo ' s . the involvement of these ngo ' s with issues relating to shrimp farming or other aspects of aquaculture has been relatively limited . the most significant intervention of the conservation - oriented ngo ' s was by the belize audubon society ( bas ) in the early - 1990s in regard to the impacts of shrimp farming on waterfowl , and in more recent times the probable impacts of tilapia on the ecology of the crooked tree lagoon .

akiyama dm ; coelho sr ; lawrence al ; robinson eh , 1989 . apparent digestibility of feedstuffs by the marine shrimp penaeus vannamei boone . nippon suisan gakkaishi = bulletin of the japanese society of scientific fisheries , 55 ( 1 ) : 91 - 98 ; 28 ref .

balboa , william a . , timothy l . king , and paul c . hammerschmidt . 1991 . occurrence of pacific white shrimp in lower laguna madre , texas . proc . annu . conf . southeast . assoc . fish . and wildl . agencies 45 : 288–292 .

sanudin , noorsyarinah , audrey daning tuzan , and annita seok kian yong . 2014 . feeding activity and growth performance of shrimp post larvae litopenaeus vannamei under light and dark condition . journal of agricultural science 6 : p103 . doi : 10 . 5539 / jas . v6n11p103 .

momoyana k ; hiraoka m ; nakano h ; koube h ; inouye k ; oseko n , 1994 . mass mortalities of cultured kuruma shrimp , penaeus japonicus , in japan in 1993 : histopathological study . gyobyo kenkyu = fish pathology , 29 ( 2 ) : 141 - 148 .

in belize shrimp farming is at a transition between stage iv ( accelerated development ) and stage v ( immature development ) - where the development of aquaculture is accelerated as a result of the activities of producers and institutions , and where production is predominantly oriented to the generation of income .

barnette p ; khururat o ; sananan w ; tangkrad - olan n ; upatham s ; pantuwatana s ; wongwiwatanawute c , 2006 . the prevalence of taura syndrome virus , white spot syndrome virus and yellow head virus in wild shrimp species in thailand . in : icais conference proceedings . urltoken

for shrimp farming to succeed to the stage of ' mature development ' , where it is self - sufficient at an advanced technological level and external assistance or aid from donor agencies is not required - it is necessary to synthesize and implement a definitive and comprehensive development plan for the sector .

bailey - brock jh ; moss sm , 1992 . penaeid taxonomy , biology and zoogeography . in : fast aw , lester lj , eds . marine shrimp culture : principles and practices . developments in aquaculture and fisheries science , volume 23 . the netherlands : elsevier science , 9 - 27 .

varadharajan , d . , and n . pushparajan . 2013 . food and feeding habits of aquaculture candidate a potential crustacean of pacific white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei , south east coast of india . j aquac res development 4 : 5 . doi : 10 . 4172 / 2155 - 9546 . 1000161 .

super - intensive farming systems with one stocking and one harvest per cycle after four to five months - stocking densities were 500 000 pl ' s per acre ( 1 235 million pl ' s per ha ) with yields of 9 700 lbs / acre / crop ( 10 890 kg / ha / crop ) of shrimp tails and harvested shrimp being in the medium to large size classes ( 15 - 18g ) , the system is based on re - circulation technology with a diminished demand for water , and little or no immediate effluents : the system also relies heavily on artificial aeration .

the aquarium ' s seafood watch program considers u . s . - caught wild shrimp to be a " best choice " or " good alternative " from an environmental point of view , thanks to rigorous fisheries laws that reduce unintended bycatch of turtles , marine mammals , and other threatened organisms .

takahashi y ; itami t ; kondo m ; maeda m ; fuji r ; tomonaga s ; supamattaya k ; boonyaratpalin s , 1994 . electron microscopic evidence of bacilliform virus infection in kuruma shrimp ( penaeus japonicus ) . gyobyo kenkyu = fish pathology , 29 ( 2 ) : 121 - 125 .

parnes , s , e mills , c segall , s raviv , c davis , and a sagi . 2004 . reproductive readiness of the shrimp litopenaeus vannamei grown in a brackish water system . aquaculture 236 : 593–606 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . aquaculture . 2004 . 01 . 040 .

lu y ; tapay lm ; brock ja ; loh pc , 1994 . infection of the yellow head baculo - virus ( yhv ) in two species of penaeid shrimp , penaeus stylirostris ( stimpson ) and penaeus vannamei ( boone ) . journal of fish diseases , 17 ( 6 ) : 649 - 656 .

moss , dustin r . , and shaun m . moss . 2006 . effects of gender and size on feed acquisition in the pacific white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei . journal of the world aquaculture society 37 : 161–167 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1749 - 7345 . 2006 . 00022 . x .

inouye k ; miwa s ; oseko n ; nakano h ; kimura t ; momoyama k ; hiraoka m , 1994 . mass mortalities of cultured kuruma shrimp penaeus japonicus in japan in 1993 : electron microscopic evidence of the causative virus . gyobyo kenkyu = fish pathology , 29 ( 2 ) : 149 - 158 .

nakano h ; koube h ; umezawa s ; momoyama k ; hiraoka m ; inouye k ; oseko n , 1994 . mass mortalities of cultures kuruma shrimp , penaeus japonicus , in japan in 1993 : epizootiological survey and infection trials . gyobyo kenkyu = fish pathology , 29 ( 2 ) : 135 - 139 .

baloi , manecas , rafael arantes , rodrigo schveitzer , caio magnotti , and luis vinatea . 2013 . performance of pacific white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei raised in biofloc systems with varying levels of light exposure . aquacultural engineering 52 : 39–44 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . aquaeng . 2012 . 07 . 003 .

the oceana team tested shrimp from 111 vendors ( 70 restaurants and 41 grocery stores ) in the second half of 2013 , and found that 35 percent had at least some mislabeled products—31 percent of the restaurants and 41 percent of the grocery stores . when calculated by overall volume , the mislabeling rate was 30 percent .

the major market for shrimp is the united states of america , which was expected to import approximately 477 000 tonnes worth usd 3 . 1 billion in 2005 , 1 . 8 times more than the 264 000 tonnes imported in 2000 . the united states of america was traditionally supplied with small frozen or processed headless shrimp from latin america . more recently , the united states of america has looked to asia to supply its increasing demand ( 1 . 9 kg / capita in 2004 ) . major suppliers to the united states of america in 2005 were thailand , ecuador , india , china and viet nam . however , the rapidly increasing production of

aquacop , 1975 . maturation and spawning in captivity of penaeid shrimp : p . merguiensis de man , p . japonicus bate , p . aztecus ives , metap . ensis de haan , and p . semiculcatus de haan . proceedings of the 6th annual meeting of the world mariculture society , 6 : 123 - 132 .

luchiari , a . c . , a . o . marques , and f . a . m . freire . 2012 . effects of substrate colour preference on growth of the shrimp litopenaeus vannamei ( boone , 1931 ) ( decapoda , penaeoidea ) . crustaceana 85 : 789–800 . doi : 10 . 1163 / 156854012x650232 .

that means , in part , more testing and more inspecting by the fda , says williams of the southern shrimp alliance . " the agencies are doing a heck of a job , " he says . " but they need more resources , more manpower , and more dollars if you want to see better enforcement . "

brock ja ; gose r ; lightner dv ; hasson k , 1995 . an overview on taura syndrome , an important disease of farmed penaeus vannamei . swimming through troubled water . proceedings of the special session on shrimp farming , san diego , california , usa , 1 - 4 february , 1995 . , 84 - 94 .

you , kui , hongsheng yang , ying liu , shilin liu , yi zhou , and tao zhang . 2006 . effects of different light sources and illumination methods on growth and body color of shrimp litopenaeus vannamei . aquaculture 252 : 557–565 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . aquaculture . 2005 . 06 . 041 .

white shrimp are short - lived prawns with ranges that include the gulf of mexico and the eastern coast of the united states from florida to new york . this species is the largest prawn in its range , reaching lengths of nearly 8 inches ( 20 cm ) , and is one of the more highly sought seafood species wherever it lives . it therefore supports a highly lucrative fishery in the gulf of mexico and in the southeast united states . along with true crabs , lobsters , and other prawns , the white shrimp is a decapod ; it has ten legs , and it is covered with a spiny exoskeleton that provides it some protection from potential predators .

) . the growth performance of this aspect of the sector is reflected in the increase in export production and revenues from 189 thousand pounds ( 86 tons ) and bz $ 1 . 8 million ( us $ 900 thousand ) respectively in 1990 to 15 . 9 million pounds ( 7 227 tons ) and bz $ 91 . 8 million ( us $ 45 . 9 million ) respectively in 2003 . in 2004 , the volume of exported shrimp continued to increase in a significant way . total farmed shrimp exports were 16 . 86 million pounds ( 7 664 tons ) valued at bz $ 84 . 28 million ( us $ 42 . 14 million ) .

alikunhi kh ; poernomo a ; adisufresno s ; budiono m ; busman s , 1975 . preliminary observations on induction of maturity and spawning in penaeus monodon ( fabricius ) and penaeus merquiensis ( de man ) by eyestalk extirpation . bull . shrimp cult . res . cent . jepara , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 11 .

garza - torres , rodolfo , rafael campos - ramos , and alejandro m . maeda - martínez . 2009 . organogenesis and subsequent development of the genital organs in female and male pacific white shrimp penaeus ( litopenaeus ) vannamei . aquaculture 296 : 136–142 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . aquaculture . 2009 . 08 . 012 .

oceana ' s study of shrimp mislabeling , released thursday , is part of a broader effort to uncover and address fraud in the american seafood marketplace . in february 2013 , oceana released a study of mislabeling in finfish , which found that one - third of the fish sold at retail outlets was not what the label said it was .

• escapes : escapees from shrimp farms have negative or at most unpredictable influences on the local ecosystem [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] , for example as competitor for food and space [ 9 ] [ 12 ] [ 11 ] or distributor of pathogens [ 9 ] [ 11 ] ( taura syndrome virus [ 10 ] ) .

is conducted in tidal areas where minimal or no water pumping or aeration is provided . ponds are of irregular shape , usually 5–10 ha ( up to 30 ha ) and 0 . 7–1 . 2 m deep . originally , wild seeds entering the pond tidally through the gate , or purchased from collectors were used ; since the 1980s hatchery reared pl are stocked at 4–10 / m² . shrimp feed mainly on natural foods enhanced by fertilization , and once - daily feeding with low protein formulated diets . despite low stocking densities , small shrimp of 11–12 g are harvested in 4–5 months . the yield in these extensive systems , is 150–500 kg / ha / crop , with 1–2 crops per year .

john williams , the executive director of the southern shrimp alliance , agrees that his producers sometimes miss out on fetching a higher price . " those who live around the gulf coast can look at or taste the product and know where it comes from , but people in other parts of the country aren ' t as aware , " he says .

rivera - velázquez , g . , l . a . soto , i . h . salgado - ugarte , and e . j . naranjo . 2008 . growth , mortality and migratory pattern of white shrimp ( litopenaeus vannamei , crustacea , penaeidae ) in the carretas - pereyra coastal lagoon system , mexico . revista de biología tropical 56 : 523–533 .

pontes , cibele soares , maria de fatima arruda , alexandre augusto de lara menezes , and patrícia pereira de lima . 2006 . daily activity pattern of the marine shrimp litopenaeus vannamei ( boone 1931 ) juveniles under laboratory conditions . aquaculture research 37 : 1001–1006 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1365 - 2109 . 2006 . 01519 . x .

rodríguez , sergio rendón , emilio macías regalado , josé antonio calderón pérez , arturo núñez pastén , and rafael solís ibarra . 2007 . comparison of some reproductive characteristics of farmed and wild white shrimp males litopenaeus vannamei ( decapoda : penaeidae ) . international journal of tropical biology and conservation 55 . doi : 10 . 15517 / rbt . v55i1 . 6071 .

proteasome activities in shrimp hemocytes . hemocytes from crangon crangon showed fluorescence after incubation with specific substrates for a try - , b chy - , and c cas - like activities . the bars represent 20 μm . d no fluorescence was detected when hemocytes were simultaneously incubated with the substrate for chy - like activity and the inhibitor epoxomicin . the bar represents 20 μm

wakida - kusunoki , armando t . , luis enrique amador - del angel , patricia carrillo alejandro , and cecilia quiroga brahms . 2011 . presence of pacific white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei ( boone , 1931 ) in the southern gulf of mexico . aquatic invasions 6 : s139–s142 . doi : 10 . 3391 / ai . 2011 . 6 . s1 . 031 .

palacios , elena , ilie s . racolta , and acuacultores de la paz . 1999 . spawning frequency analysis of wild and pond - reared pacific white shrimp penaeus vannamei broodstock under large - scale hatchery conditions . journal of the world aquaculture society 30 : 180–191 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1749 - 7345 . 1999 . tb00865 . x .

reaction kinetics of proteasome activities of shrimp hemocytes . means , n = 3 . a trypsin - like activity of penaeus vannamei , b trypsin - like activity of crangon crangon , c chymotrypsin - like activity of penaeus vannamei , d chymotrypsin - like activity of crangon crangon , e caspase - like activity of penaeus vannamei , and f caspase - like activity of crangon crangon


nassarius coralligenus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks .

nassarius coralligenus

nassarius coralligenus <EOT> what type of species is nassarius coralligenus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the nassarius coralligenus species belongs to .

which photographers have photos of nassarius coralligenus species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species nassarius coralligenus .

how to identify nassarius coralligenus marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species nassarius coralligenus . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species nassarius coralligenus are marked in green .

where is nassarius coralligenus found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species nassarius coralligenus can be found .

subgenus nassarius ( aciculina ) a . adams , 1853 accepted as nassarius duméril , 1805

species nassarius brychius ( r . b . watson , 1882 ) accepted as nassarius frigens ( martens , 1878 ) accepted as tritia frigens ( martens , 1878 )

species nassarius antiquatus ( r . b . watson , 1897 ) accepted as nassarius recidivus ( martens , 1876 ) accepted as tritia recidiva ( von martens , 1876 )

subgenus nassarius ( usita ) [ sic ] accepted as nassarius ( uzita ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as tritia risso , 1826 ( incorrect subsequent spelling )

subgenus nassarius ( telasco ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as tritia risso , 1826

subgenus nassarius ( uzita ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as tritia risso , 1826

species nassarius denticulatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as tritia denticulata ( a . adams , 1852 )

( of nassarius ( plicarcularia ) thiele , 1929 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]

( of nassarius ( aciculina ) a . adams , 1853 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]

nassarius - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .

( of nassarius ( plicarcularia ) thiele , 1929 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors

( of nassarius ( aciculina ) a . adams , 1853 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors

( of nassa coralligena pallary , 1900 ) pallary p . ( 1900 ) . coquilles marines du littoral du départment d ' oran . journal de conchyliologie . 48 ( 3 ) : 211 - 422 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 275 ; pl . 6 fig . 13 [ details ]

gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .

- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .

pallary , p . 1900 . coquilles marines du littoral du département d ' oran . - journal de conchyliologie 48 : 211 - 422 , pl . vi - vii [ = 6 - 8 ] . paris .

gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213

( pallary , 1900 ) . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at

this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license

pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi

duméril , a . m . c . ( 1805 ) . zoologie analytique , ou méthode naturelle de classification des animaux , rendue plus facile à l’aide de tableaux synoptiques . paris , allais . pp . i - xxxiii + 1 - 344 [ imprint date 1806 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 166 [ details ]

duméril , 1805 . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 138235 on 2018 - 07 - 09

costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .

( of arcularia link , 1807 ) link d . h . f . ( 1807 - 1808 ) . beschreibung der naturalien - sammlung der universität zu rostock . rostock : adlers erben . 1 abt . [ part 1 ] , pp . 1 - 50 ; 2 abt . [ part 2 ] , pp . 51 - 100 ; 3 abt . [ part 3 ] , pp . 101 - 165 ; abt . 4 [ part 4 ] , pp . 1 - 30 ; abt . 5 [ part 5 ] , pp . 1 - 38 [ 1808 ] ; abt . 6 [ part 6 ] , pp . 1 - 38 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 126 [ details ]

( of arcularia link , 1807 ) mörch o . a . l . ( 1863 ) . on the genera of mollusca established by h . f . link in the catalogue of the rostock museum . proceedings of the zoological society of london . for 1862 : 226 - 228 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 227 [ details ]

( of arcularia link , 1807 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors

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( pallary , 1900 ) . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 140493 on 2018 - 07 - 09

gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]