the fairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) , previously known as the fairy warbler , is a species of bird in the family acanthizidae native to new guinea and queensland .

fairy gerygone

fairy gerygone <EOT> fairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) is a species of bird in the acanthizidae family .

fairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) occurrence records from continental australia suitable for species distribution modelling .

the fairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) is a species of bird in the acanthizidae family .

vanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . fairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) - occurrence records filtered for species distribution modelling . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) / occurrences

murphy , s . ( 2002 ) . why do male fairy gerygones gerygone palpebrosa burst into song on hearing predators or loud noises ? sunbird 32 : 62 - 66 .

this dataset includes observations of fairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) that are sourced from the atlas of living australia ( ala ) database . rather than raw observations , these have been filtered such that they are assumed to be suitable for species distribution modelling exercises . the cleaning process included :

the white - throated gerygone is found in open eucalypt woodlands and forests and in vegetation along watercourses .

until relatively recent years , fairy gerygone was not known to occur south of the gin gin - childers region . whether it has spread southward or was overlooked in the past is not known ; this is one of several essentially tropical species which appears to be extending its range south . in the sunshine coast littoral scrubs , it occurs side by side with mangrove gerygone . more rarely in the hinterland , it may be in the same habitat as brown gerygone , which is absent from the coastal scrubs .

gregory , p . ( 2018 ) . fairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

gerygone , the gerygones or peep - warblers , is a genus of bird in the acanthizidae family . the . . .

the fairy gerygone , g . palpebrosa differs from the white - throated gerygone in that it does not have the white tail tips , and some males have a black chin and / or throat . it also only overlaps in the queensland part of the white - throated gerygone ' s range , from tropic of capricorn to northern cape york . the smaller weebill , smicrornis brevirostris , can resemble young white - throated gerygones , but does not have a red eye , lacks the white throat and forehead and is generally paler above , with a shorter , paler bill .

ford j ( 1986 ) phylogeny of the acanthizid warbler genus gerygone based on numerical analyses of morphological characters . emu 86 : 12–22 .

the white - throated gerygone ranges from south - eastern australia through queensland and across northern australia to the kimberley region , western australia .

this fairy gerygone was singing today at mudjimba on the sunshine coast . there are six pairs of this species in a 3 - km stretch of coastal vine scrub in the vicinity . i ' ve also seen the bird elsewhere along the coast including noosa national park and coolum . occasionally in turns up in the hinterland - at ninderry , kenilworth and bli bli - but it does not appear to be resident there .

the white - throated gerygone mates for life . it builds an oval or pear shaped nest of bark bound with spiders ' silk , which is hung in the outer foliage of trees .

10–11·5 cm ; 8 g . medium - small gerygone with distinctive male plumages . male nominate race has forehead , side of head and throat to upper breast black , crown . . .

citation : nyári ás , joseph l ( 2012 ) evolution in australasian mangrove forests : multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the gerygone warblers ( aves : acanthizidae ) . plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e31840 . urltoken

despite ford ' s ( 1986 ) pioneering attempt to analyze gerygone phylogenetically , the conservative morphology of the group has inhibited development of a comprehensive phylogenetic framework . this in turn has complicated interpretations of biogeographic patterns . a recent phylogenetic study of the largest radiation of australasian songbirds , the meliphagoidea [ 8 ] , was the first molecular analysis of acanthizids that included gerygone . the eight species of gerygone analysed there comprised a monophyletic group , which , together with the monotypic fernwren oreoscopus gutturalis , was basal to all other acanthizids . support for the monophyly of the eight species was high but relationships within the genus were not well resolved .

complex evolutionary and biogeographic scenarios in the history of gerygone are clearly apparent from our results . they identified g . chrysogaster and g . mouki as a sister clade to the rest of gerygone , consistent with an australo - papuan center of diversity for the group . the geographic distributions of these two taxa correspond to australo - papuan tropical lowland ( irian ) and subtropical - montane rainforest ( tumbunan ) avifaunas [ 3 ] , [ 5 ] , [ 49 ] .

picture of an australian brood parasite and its host : ( a ) little bronze - cuckoo nestling ( left ) and egg ( right ) ; ( b ) large - billed gerygone nestling ( left ) and egg ( right ) .

the white - throated gerygone is a very small grey brown bird with a white throat and spot on forehead , distinctive bright yellow underparts and a white - tipped tail . it has a red eye . most often heard during breeding season , it is not obvious at other times .

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : gerygone palpebrosa . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

g . cinerea was consistently recovered by all loci as not closely related to other ingroup species , rendering gerygone paraphyletic ( figure 1 , 2 ) . analysis of our 13 - locus dataset placed this species among the three outgroup members , and specifically with the species we used of acanthiza ¸ a . apicalis .

the white - throated gerygone mates for life . it builds an oval or pear shaped nest of bark bound with spiders ' silk , which is hung in the outer foliage of trees . breeding season : september to november ; longer in north of range . clutch size : 2 to 3 incubation : 12 days time in nest : 15 days

the most novel relationship that we recovered is the exclusion from gerygone of g . cinerea , which clearly belongs in acanthiza ( figure 2 and 3 ) . based on plumage and biogeography , ford ( 1986 ) suggested that g . cinerea was closely related to g . chloronota . we conclude that g . cinerea should be assigned to acanthiza vigors and horsfield , 1827 , and so be known as a . cinerea ( salvadori , 1876 ) .

the species tree inferred from all 13 loci mirrored closely the consensus among the underlying gene trees and the analysis of the concatenated and partitioned dataset . topologies obtained throught the best and * beast algorithms were congruent . again , gerygone was not monophyletic and the sister species relationships of g . chrysogaster / g . mouki , and g . igata / g . modesta were strongly supported ( figure 2 ) . similarly , the three mangrove specialists were not a monophyletic group , and their constrained monophyly constitutes a significantly worse likelihood under the au test . the majority of nodes in the species tree received strong support ; however , several low - to - moderately supported nodes prevailed , especially in the recently evolved clades sister to g . magnirostris .

thus , gerygones colonized mangroves on several occasions and those that occur in mangroves are not each other ' s closest relatives within the genus gerygone . this lends further support for case - by - case exploration of the rich australo - papuan mangrove avifauna . phylogeographic analysis of diversity within and among the three gerygones adapted to mangroves and their closest relatives especially g . fusca , will bring additional insights to levels of intraspecific genetic diversity , influence of geographic barriers , and the history of any hybridization events . contrasting these molecular findings with data based on morphology , plumage , song and ecological niche will broaden our understanding of historical biogeography within this group . in particular , it should clarify the importance of the mangroves of australia and new guinea in the evolution of the region ' s avifauna and its ecological diversity .

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warblers ( aves : acanthizidae ) . plos one 7 ( 6 ) : 10 . 1371 / annotation / 2e9dfd8d - 413c - 47bd - 84c2 - d7df5db7859c .

editor : robert c . fleischer , smithsonian institution national zoological park , united states of america

copyright : © 2012 nyári , joseph . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .

funding : csiro ecosystems science ( ces ) , atlas of living australia provided funding for laboratory work , consumables and travel within australia . the university of kansas biodiversity institute provided funding for laboratory consumables , sequencing fees and data analysis . the american museum of natural history frank m . chapman memorial fund provided funding for laboratory consumables and sequencing fees . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .

several molecular phylogenetic studies have now documented the importance of island radiations in diversification of continental avifaunas [ 9 ] – [ 11 ] . they have led to the conclusion that islands are not necessarily evolutionary dead ends , but rather that they can be sources of biological diversity for mainland groups through back - colonization events . by analogy , the role of mangrove forests as ecological islands for closed - canopy - dwelling birds , especially during australia ' s long history of aridification [ 12 ] , might also be tested .

complementary gene sequence contigs derived from all 13 loci for all taxa were aligned using clustalx 2 . 0 . 7 [ 25 ] , and scrutinized further by eye in mesquite 2 . 74 [ 26 ] . separate data matrices of 19 taxa ( 16 ingroup and 3 outgroup ) were assembled for each of the 11 nuclear loci , while the two mitochondrial genes ( nd2 and nd3 ) were combined in a single dataset . subsequent analyses examined individual loci and a partitioned dataset through model - based phylogenetic algorithms under both maximum likelihood ( ml ) and bayesian analysis ( ba ) approaches . modeltest 3 . 7 [ 27 ] was used to determine the most appropriate model of sequence evolution via the akaike information criterion ( aic ) .

additionally , a species tree was estimated from the joint distribution of individual gene trees via the program best 1 . 6 [ 32 ] , [ 33 ] . the dataset was again partitioned by locus , each with an appropriately specified model of evolution . we assigned default settings for the parameter values of the bayesian search , as recommended by the authors : flat priors , inverse gamma distribution with values of α = 3 and β = 0 . 003 for priors of population size , and a uniform distribution with bounds of 0 . 5 and 1 . 5 for priors of the mutation rates . two runs with four separate chains ( one heated and three cold ) were run simultaneously for 10 8 generations , sampling every 1000 generations . a consensus topology from the two separate runs was obtained after discarding an initial burn - in of 50 % of the sampled topologies . additionally , we also used the species tree reconstruction options in the program * beast 1 . 6 [ 34 ] , [ 35 ] using the same set of model parameterizations and number of generations as for the best run .

alignment of sequence data derived from all thirteen loci was straightforward , resulting in a total of 8124 base pairs ( bp ) . overall sequence length ranged from 279 bp to 1350 bp for nuclear loci , whereas the two mitochondrial genes were 1041 bp and 351 bp in length ( table 2 ) . among the nuclear loci , mameal - 23 , musk , and tgfb2 were the most variable ; however , mameal - 16 , cdc132 and fib5 had the highest percentage of informative sites ( table 2 ) . the two mtdna protein - coding genes nd2 and nd3 had no insertions , deletions , or anomalous stop - codons . base composition was typical of avian mtdna ( table 2 ) , consistent with true mitochondrial origin as opposed to nuclear pseudogenes [ 40 ] . information content in the two mitochondrial loci was significantly higher than in the nuclear loci : out of the total number of variable sites , nd2 and nd3 had over 70 % and 64 % parsimony informative sites , respectively ( table 2 ) .

phylogenetic estimates of gene trees obtained via bayesian and maximum likelihood analysis of individual loci .

locus acronyms follow table 2 and references therein . nodal support is indicated by circles , where the upper half corresponds to bayesian posterior probabilities ( bpp ) and the lower half depicts ml bootstrap values ( mlbv ) . bpp support values greater than 95 % are given in bold above branches , and indicated by dark upper half - circles . mlbv greater than 80 are in bold below branches , and indicated by dark lower half - circles . support values below these thresholds are in regular font and depicted with an open circle half . values below 50 % bpp and 50 mlbv are denoted by double dashes or not at all where both algorithms failed to recover that value at a node . the mitochondrial protein coding genes nd2 and nd3 have been combined in a single partition , indicated as “mtdna” . mangrove specialists are highlighted in bold .

all gene trees indicated clearly that the three mangrove - inhabiting species g . magnirostris , g . tenebrosa , and g . levigaster , do not form a monophyletic group . strong support was evident in all gene trees for two sister species relationships , one between g . chrysogaster and g . mouki , and the other between g . igata and g . modesta . the mtdna dataset further indicated strong support for sister species relationships between g . chloronota and g . palpebrosa ( also supported by fib5 ) , between g . inornata and g . albogularis ( also supported by musk , hmg2 , al16 ) , and between g . fusca and g . levigaster ( also supported by rag2 , tgfb2 , hmg2 , cdc132 ) .

extended taxon sampling included in the analysis of g . cinerea within the acanthizidae . all samples are listed in gardner et al . ( 2010 ) and include genbank accession numbers from multiple sources used in building a multilocus dataset for testing relationships within the meliphagoidea .

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recorded at dawn ; campsite twelve mile lagoon , lakefield np . background : white - throated honeyeater ( 0 : 07 ) ; yellow honeyeater ( 0 : 02 , 3 calls ) ; rainbow lorikeet ( 0 : 28 ) ; blue - faced honeyeater ( from 0 : 38 onwards ) .

recording at dawn in iron range np . a lot of species in the background ( some in the front ) , for instance :

yellow - spotted honeyeater ( song ) at 0 : 06 ; white - eared monarch ( buzzing call ) from 0 : 20 ; little shrikethrush at 0 : 24 ; dusky myzomela ( call ) at 0 : 29 ( can be heard more often ) ; lovely fairywren ( song , faint recording ) at 0 : 27 ; graceful honeyeater ( ' plik ' song ) at 0 : 39 .

there ' s an unknown bird calling at 0 : 10 and 0 : 59 , possibly also graceful honeyeater . a possible yellow - breasted boatbill ( short shong ) at 0 : 44 , although lovely fairywren might also be possible .

recording was modified slightly : amplifying , some noise removal , high pass filtering ( < 1000 hz ) , some low pass filtering ( > 5500 hz to muffle insects a bit ) ; interval shortened at 0 : 19 .

the usual quiet " tip tip " feeding calls from mid - stratum , generally by a pair or family group feeding together .

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .

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two views of a foraging female in a tree , the second one repeated in slow motion .

john o ' malley , holger teichmann , lindsay hansch , aviceda , nick athanas , rhonda hansch .

this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 31b7981a - a45e - 46a6 - 9702 - 67dfb17cb744

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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :

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male of northern race personata - & apos ; black - throated warbler & apos ; .

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( a . b . meyer , 1899 ) – yapen i and n new guinea ( e to n coast of se peninsula to the kumusi r ) .

rand , 1941 – s new guinea from morehead r e to fly r .

e . p . ramsay , 1878 – se new guinea e from upper fly r .

gould , 1866 – ne queensland ( cape york peninsula s to mitchell r and townsville area ) , in ne australia .

often located by quiet but insistent , rather nasal “tt tt” contact note . song , by male . . .

edges of tropical rainforest and ecotone between that and other habitats , vine thickets ( e . g . at 40 . . .

insectivorous ; no details of items . seen mostly singly , in pairs or in small parties of up to five individuals , probably family groups . . . .

birds in breeding condition in oct ( at end of dry season ) in new guinea ; breeding recorded in jul–may in australia . nest reported as . . .

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taxonomy : psilopus olivaceus gould , 1838 , new south wales , australia . three subspecies recognized ( source : handbook of the birds of world )

* cinerascens sharpe , 1878 - se new guinea ( around port moresby area and gulf coast ) , and ne australia ( n & c cape york peninsula ) . * rogersi mathews , 1911 - n australia from western australia ( roebuck bay ) e to se corner of gulf of carpentaria . * olivacea ( gould , 1838 ) - e australia from base of cape york peninsula s ( extending inland to w slopes of great dividing range ) to se & sc victoria ; scattered records in extreme e coastal south australia .

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this small bird can be occasionally seen in the thickly vegetated areas on the eastern part of the douglas campus . the male has a blackish throat with a white stripe , then yellow underparts , female yellow underparts , both sexes are brownish - green on the back . legs and feet black , eyes red , bill grey . photograph courtesy ian montgomery , urltoken

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ctx _ ver = z39 . 88 - 2004 & rft ; _ val _ fmt = info % 3aofi % 2ffmt % 3akev % 3amtx % 3adc & rfr ; _ id = info % 3asid % 2fands & rft . title ; = catchment restoration / coommonderry swamp / habitat restoration & rft . identifier ; urltoken ; = atlas of living australia & rft . description ; = the project will protect and enhance coommonderry wetlands by removing environmental weeds and re - establishing native vegetation within the catchment on both public and private lands . & rft . creator ; = anonymous & rft . date ; = 1970 & rft ; _ rights = & rft . type ; = dataset & rft . language ; = english

the project will protect and enhance coommonderry wetlands by removing environmental weeds and re - establishing native vegetation within the catchment on both public and private lands .

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it is found in australia , indonesia , and papua new guinea . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests .

this article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .


amphilepis is a genus of brittle stars of the family amphilepididae .

it contains the following species : amphilepis antarctica amphilepis guerini amphilepis ingolfiana amphilepis mobilis amphilepis neozelandica amphilepis norvegica amphilepis nuda amphilepis papyracea amphilepis patens amphilepis pycnostoma amphilepis sanmatiensis amphilepis scutata amphilepis tenuis amphilepis teodorae

amphilepis

amphilepis <EOT> species amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 accepted as amphilepis patens lyman , 1879 ( synonymized by h . l . clark ( 1917 ) )

worms - world register of marine species - amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911

worms - world register of marine species - amphilepis pycnostoma ( h . l . clark , 1911 )

amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ( synonymized by h . l . clark ( 1917 ) )

( of amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) stöhr sabine ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

species amphilepis gymnopora hertz , 1926 accepted as amphiura belgicae koehler , 1900 ( synonymized by a . m . clark ( 1965 ) )

species amphilepis diastata murakami , 1942 accepted as amphiura diastata ( murakami , 1942 ) ( synonymized by a . m . clark ( 1965 ) )

to barcode of life to biodiversity heritage library ( 10 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 4 publications ) ( from synonym amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) to mczbase - harvard university ( mcz oph - 3173 ) ( from synonym amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) to mczbase - harvard university ( mcz oph - 3383 ) ( from synonym amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology echinodermata collection ( 4 records ) ( from synonym amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology echinodermata collection ( 5 records ) to itis

species amphilepis remittens koehler , 1922 accepted as ophiomonas remittens ( koehler , 1922 ) ( transferred to ophiomonas by a . m . clark ( 1970 ) )

o’hara t ( 2009 ) . amphilepis neozelandica sp . nov . , the first record of the amphilepididae in new zealand waters ( echinodermata : ophiuroidea ) .

( of amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) clark , h . l . ( 1911 ) . north pacific ophiurans in the collection of the united states national museum . smithsonian institution united states national museum bulletin . 75 : 1 - 302 . [ details ]

this dataset contains the digitized treatments in plazi based on the original journal article mills , sadie , o’hara , timothy ( 2010 ) : amphilepis neozelandica sp . nov . , the first record of the amphilepididae in new zealand waters ( echinodermata : ophiuroidea ) . zootaxa 2514 : 47 - 54 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 196098

( of amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) clark , h . l . ( 1917 ) . reports on the scientific results of the albatross expedition to the tropical pacific , 1899 - 1900 ( part 18 ) . reports on the scientific results of the albatross expedition to the eastern tropical pacific , 1904 - 1905 ( part 30 ) . ophiuroidea . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard . 61 ( 12 ) : 429 - 453 . [ details ]

stöhr , s . ; o’hara , t . & thuy , b . ( eds ) ( 2018 ) . world ophiuroidea database .

hansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

lyman , t . ( 1879 ) . ophiuridae and astrophytidae of the “challenger” expedition . part ii . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college , cambridge , mass . 6 ( 2 ) , 17 - 83 , 10 pl . [ details ]

intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of amphiura norvegica ljungman , 1865 ) ljungman , a . v . ( 1865 ) . tillägg till kännedom af skandinaviens ophiurider . öfversigt af kgl . vetenskaps - akademiens förhandlingar 1863 . 21 ( 7 ) , 359 - 367 , pl . xv . [ details ]

dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]

( of amphiura norvegica ljungman , 1865 ) hansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors

( of amphiura norvegica ljungman , 1865 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

amphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 ( transferred by a . m . clark ( 1970 ) )

( of amphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 ) clark , h . l . ( 1911 ) . north pacific ophiurans in the collection of the united states national museum . smithsonian institution united states national museum bulletin . 75 : 1 - 302 . [ details ]

( of amphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 ) clark , a . m . ( 1970 ) . notes on the family amphiuridae ( ophiuroidea ) . bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( zool . ) 19 ( 1 ) : 1 - 81 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of amphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 ) stöhr sabine ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

to biodiversity heritage library ( 5 publications ) ( from synonym amphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym amphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology echinodermata collection ( holotype usnm 25641 ) ( from synonym amphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 )

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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

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clea wykoffi is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family buccinidae , the true whelks , most of which are marine .

clea wykoffi

clea wykoffi <EOT> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : clea wykoffi r . a . m . brandt , 1974 - id : 5288000028

worms - world register of marine species - clea h . adams & a . adams , 1855

overally , clea species feed like their marine cousins . although clea helena is the most well - known in the genus , there are plenty of other species . here ' s a list from

while clea gemma ( conolly 1929 ) is the type for the afrocanidia ( sub ) genus from africa .

species clea fusca ( h . adams , 1862 ) accepted as anentome fusca ( h . adams , 1862 )

one more update ! i just found that canidia bocourti brot was synonymised as clea helena by brandt ( 1974 ) . best ! gianluca

clea helena is sometimes called clea ( anentome ) helena or anentome helena . it is a member of the whelk family buccinidae , and one of very few whelks that lives its entire life in freshwater habitats . common names in the trade include assassin snail and snail - eating snail .

clea are whelks , most of which live in the sea . like their marine relatives , clea are opportunistic carnivores that feed on both live prey and carrion . among the prey taken are snails , and it is this that has made them popular with fishkeepers . clea stay partially hidden under the sediment , and if a snail slides past , then quickly ( by snail standards ) jump into action , chasing their prey and eventually subduing it .

most clea live in clean , fast - flowing streams where they can be found in sandy or muddy substrates . clea helena is exceptional in being found in ponds and ditches too , and its tolerance for a wider range of water conditions is probably why this one particular species does so well in captivity .

clea helena is not difficult to breed , though it does so slowly , and isn’t likely to become a pest in the same was as many other snails . for one thing , being carnivorous , it is fussier about food , and that means an aquarium of given size will support a much smaller population of clea helena than omnivorous or herbivorous snails .

hello guys , i thought you may be interested in some updates : 1 ) afrocanidea gemma conolly , 1929 is an invalid taxon , synonym of gutturnium muricinum ( röding , 1798 ) it is a ranellidae ( note also the spelling of the invalid genus ) urltoken 2 ) the species list of congeners is not complete : c . broti ( deshayes 1876 ) c . cambojiensis ( reeve , 1861 ) c . funesta adams , 1861 c . fusca ( adams , 1861 ) c . scalarina ( deshayes , 1876 ) c . spinosa temcharoen , 1971 c . wykoffi brandt , 1974 some sites you may find useful : worldwide molluscan species database - bagni liggia urltoken urltoken

sungai jernih , perlis , northern peninsular malaysia . another typical habitat for many clea species as they have abundant prey to feed on and nutrient - rich waters flowing from nearby caves .

in the author’s experience , controlling a runaway malayan livebearing snail ( or malayan trumpet snail , melanoides tuberculata ) is to use 4 - 6 clea helena per 60 litres ( about 15 us gallons ) of water . while they won’t exterminate every last one of the malayan livebearing snails , the clea helena will keep the population of them small enough that they’re no longer troublesome .

usually , clea snails can be found in abundance when present in a water body . thus , when a prey is detected , a large number of snails will search and assemble around it .

steung saen , kampong thom , cambodia . this is the preferred habitat for clea species as it has a wide , muddy river bottom . such habitats are widespread across delta plains of southeast asian countries .

meanwhile , other clea snails will try to loosen the grip of the feeding predator on its prey by using their foot to " pull " the prey out , much like a tug - of - war game .

on the other hand , like all snails , clea helena and tylomelania spp . are vulnerable to predation when kept with large fish . cichlids , pufferfish , loaches and certain catfish ( e . g . , synodontis ) are likely to view clea helena and the smaller tylomelania as potential food . even if they don’t eat them outright , fish that like to peck at things may stress these snails sufficiently that they’ll cause damage and eventually death .

clea helena are known as assassin snails and snail - eating snails precisely because they’re so good at catching and killing small snails . are they worth using though ? in short , yes , but you will need quite a few of them .

besides malayan livebearing snails , clea helena will also eat other small snail species including physa spp . ( tadpole snails ) . they will also eat juvenile tylomelania snails , and that may be an issue if you want to keep them together .

clea helena is a predator , and it will eat any small snails it can catch . it will likely eat fish eggs too , and quite likely immobile ( “wriggler” ) fish fry too . but otherwise clea helena is an excellent community tank resident . it does not harm snails that are substantially larger than it is , and things like adult nerite snails as well as tylomelania seem to coexist amicably enough . fish are at no risk at all once mobile , and even livebearer fry are ignored .

these are true freshwater snails and do not need salt added to the water . but having said that , the authors experience is that both clea helena and tylomelania spp . tolerate slightly brackish water conditions ( around sg 1 . 003 ) perfectly well .

( of quadrasia crosse , 1886 ) smith e . a . ( 1895 ) observations on the genus clea , with the description of a new species . proceedings of the malacological society of london 1 : 251 - 253 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

hi ! nice work you ' ve done here ! i ' m portuguese malacologist currently finishing my phd thesis on gastropods in the aquarium trade . clea helena was one of my studied species ! i wonder if you could contact me by email so we could exchange some thoughts ? rita . coelho @ urltoken kind regards , rita

like most other snails , clea helena and tylomelania spp . will not do well in water that is too soft or acidic . while the precise water chemistry values do not seem to be important , aim for moderately hard to hard water with a ph above neutral ( 10 - 20 degrees dh , ph 7 - 8 ) .

hello , i am trying to id a species of clea i collected in a hill - forest torrent in brunei . i think it might be c . nigricans . however , i found descriptions of other species that are rather similar ( c . funesta , c . bockii ) and would like to share some thoughts . could you pls send me a mail to gianluca . polgar @ urltoken

it is not possible to tell male and female clea helena apart , so to start breeding them , a small group will be necessary . when clea helena mates , pairs or groups of snails clamber over each other and seem to hold position like that for hours at a time . eventually the males and females separate , and the females go off to lay their eggs . eggs are deposited one at a time in tiny transparent blobs , usually on solid objects such as bogwood roots . hatching takes a few weeks , and it is fully six months before the juveniles are big enough ( around 8 mm ) to be seen actively hunting at the surface . before they get that big they are presumably hidden away in the sand feeding on whatever small organisms they find there . lifespan is around two years .

clea helena is a burrowing species , and does best in tanks with a sandy substrate . if nothing else , this gives the aquarist an opportunity to watch the natural behaviour of the species . it is also more likely to reproduce successfully in a tank with a sandy substrate since the juvenile snails seem to spend a lot of time hidden underground . perhaps they need to avoid being eaten by the adults ?

tylomelania spp . and clea helena have much to attract the aquarist keeping small , gentle freshwater fish . compared to the existing species on offer , these snails are far less likely to become a pest , and once settled in , hardy and easy to maintain . while we’re not quite at the stage of having a freshwater reef tank just yet , these snails are a good few steps in that direction !

hello i am gianluca , i am trying to id a clea that i think is c . nigricans , collected in a hill - forest torrent in brunei . however , the original description of c . nigricans adams , 1855 closely resembles that one of c . funesta and c . blockii . . . if anyone likes to share some thoughts , i would love to have a chat by email : gianluca . polgar @ urltoken cheers , gianluca

the assassin snail ( clea helena ) has been welcomed by fishkeepers as the single best all - around snail - killing animal in the hobby . existing choices were limited to things like pufferfish and the larger loaches , particularly botiine loaches , but these fish are often difficult to maintain , and in the case of puffers especially , tend to be nippy towards their tankmates . the assassin snail is very different . it is small , completely harmless towards fish and shrimps , and generally very easy to keep . it is also very pretty , bright yellow with chocolate brown stripes .

alright , the next big question is probably : how does it feed ? i have heard many who discovered them congregating around rotting carcasses of frogs , dead swiflets and bats near caves . personally , i have encountered a group of clea helena feeding on picnic leftovers of fried fish at water ' s edge in sungai jernih , perlis , malaysia . so , these buccinids are no different from their marine cousins - scavengers and predators at the same time . i ' ve brought some back home for further observations of their feeding behaviour . here ' s a photo - essay of it :

information on the african species is particularly void while asia ' s ones received more attention ( from the aquarium trade , not researchers ! ) . clea genus is widespread across southeast asia and have not been recorded elsewhere . it ' s abundance is notable especially in alluvial plains and around large water bodies like the irrawaddy delta ( myanmar ) , mekong river ( indochina countries ) , chao phraya river ( thailand ) and other major waterways and lakes of malaysia , brunei and indonesia ( sumatra , java , kalimantan ) . the question is - how did they managed to reach other rivers and lakes divided by tall mountain ranges and vast seas ?

on the scientific front though , little is known about this enigmatic group of snails . however , it is generally accepted that there are two genus of this family that somehow abandoned the sea in favour of creeks and ponds . the african species is categorised into the ( sub ) genus afrocanidia while asia ' s is grouped into the clea genus . now , this may shed some light to its origins . perhaps , they first appeared from a common ancestor when africa and south asia was in one piece ( called pangea ) 225 million years ago ? or did they adapted to freshwater separately ( convergent evolution ) since it is more likely to be a recent adaptation ?

the possible answer can be found when we turn the clock back to around 20 000 years ago . the waters of south china sea , gulf of siam , straits of malacca and java sea recede and is replaced by alternating grasslands and swamps . now , one would notice that major rivers were being drained out of this large peninsula , dubbed sundaland , by " mega rivers " ( much like the present day amazonian basin ) . so , it ' s possible that the clea genus or its ancestor have had its early millenias conquering much of sundaland ' s freshwater systems before rising sea levels cut off many populations and from there each evolved into seperate species or subspecies .

tylomelania spp . are almost but not quite livebearers . again , males and females are separate , so for breeding purposes a group is required . there is no easy way to sex them . once mating has taken place , the female broods the eggs internally almost to the point when they are ready to hatch . the eggs are then released , and within an hour than juvenile snail crawls out from the shell . at this point the juvenile has a shell that is a good 5 mm in length , and can be reared alongside the adults without problems . they are , however , vulnerable to predation by clea helena , so while adults of both species can be mixed , you won’t get many tylomelania if they’re kept together .

adams a . ( 1855 ) . description of two new genera and several new species of mollusca , from the collection of hugh cuming , esq . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 23 : 119 - 124 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 119 [ details ]

galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

( of quadrasia crosse , 1886 ) houbrick r . s . ( 1986 ) transfer of quadrasia from the planaxidae to the buccinidae ( mollusca : gastropoda : prosobranchia ) . proceedings of the biological society of washington 99 ( 2 ) : 359 - 362 . [ details ]

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the various species of tylomelania imported from the southeast asian island of sulawesi are not kept to do a job , but because they’re interesting and attractive . in the past aquarists have kept apple snails ( pomacea spp . ) but these don’t always do well . in the wild most apple snails spend a few months resting in the mud , but they can’t do this in an aquarium , and because of this seem to ‘burn up’ , dying within a year or so and never attaining full size . tylomelania spp . do much better in aquaria , and unlike apple snails , they do not eat plants , so can be kept in planted tanks without risk .

tylomelania are members of the family pachychilidae , a freshwater - dwelling group within the predominantly marine cerithioidea superfamily of gastropods . there are numerous tylomelania species , and telling them apart is difficult . many retailers simply sell them as tylomelania , or else under trade names such as sulawesi elephant snails , helmet snails , rabbit snails and various other names .

tylomelania spp . are primarily inhabitants of lakes and rivers . they are more scavengers than carnivores , and feed on various types of decaying organic matter besides carrion . they also eat some algae , though they are less dedicated algae - eaters than , say , nerite snails , which seem to eat nothing else .

what makes tylomelania so remarkable is their size and variety . their shells come in a range of shapes and sizes , the biggest ones more than 10 cm ( 4 inches ) in length . ornamentation consists of different arrangements of ribs and grooves . the soft body of the animal is variable too , and can be yellow , green , grey or black .

water quality is important , particularly in the case of tylomelania . these are not species for immature aquaria , and are best added after the aquarium has been running for at least a couple of months . unlike the other freshwater snails kept by hobbyists , such as apple snails , these are not air - breathing snails , and they will not do well in tanks with poor water circulation or inadequate oxygen .

tylomelania are less fussy and do well in tanks with either sand or gravel substrates . if sand is provided , they will root about a bit more naturally , and this is fun to watch , but they don’t seem overly bothered by gravel substrates . tylomelania will breed successfully in tanks with either type of substrate .

feeding these snails is extremely easy , since both species consume any meaty food they find , including uneaten fish food . to a degree then , they’re scavengers . but for optimal health they will need some food left out specifically for them . catfish pellets are a good staple , but these could be augmented with calcium - rich fare that will help them build their shells . wet - frozen brine shrimp , mysis and krill all seem to be very popular . small pieces of frozen lancefish are also welcomed , especially the more bony bits like the head that fish tend to ignore .

tylomelania spp . are essentially non - predatory so far as aquarium fish and invertebrates go .

good companions are things like tetras , non - nippy barbs , rainbowfish , livebearers , corydoras catfish , bristlenose catfish and so on .

tylomelania are excellent scavengers and a good choice for the aquarist after a snail that will consume uneaten fish food and organic detritus . they are especially good at cleaning up any leftover bones and shells , as well as things like shrimp moults .

of course no snail actually “cleans” an aquarium , and that remains the job of the filter ( as well as the weekly water changes ) . but tylomelania seem to be able to compete reasonably well with things like corydoras catfish , and aquarists might even consider using these snails , perhaps alongside shrimps , as the only bottom feeders in the aquarium .

brandt r . a . m . ( 1974 ) . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand . archiv für molluskenkunde . 105 : i - iv , 1 - 423 . page ( s ) : 204 , pl . 15 fig . 69 [ details ]

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like all snails in the clade neogastropoda , snails in this genus are carnivorous .

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from sungai jernih , perlis , northern peninsula malaysia . note its difference from thai varieties offered in the aquarium trade .

is a very resilient snail . it can lay dormant for more than a month without food . in this stage , it usually buries or half - buries itself in the loose , sandy or muddy substrate .

when food ( meat or snail ) is detected , it prolongs it ' s proboscis ( siphon ) and crawls out to search for its quarry . occasionally , it will also react similarly when there is movement in the water ( especially if it lives in still waters most of the time . )

it will then wander around to locate the prey . however , it takes a straight path towards the prey if there are no others in the vicinity .

the first to reach the prey will grab it with its foot and inserts a thin , fleshy tube ( siphon ) into the snail and suck the animal within the shell .

( proably excreting digestive enzymes and dissolve the prey alive before consuming it . )

to finish its meal but that may be because of the miniature size of the prey . for larger size meals like frog carcasses , it might take a day or more to finish the entire body . most of the time , they will abandon their meal when they are full and return back when they ' re ready for the next meal .

after some time devouring its prey , other snails will lose interest and gradually retreats back to their hideouts , leaving the lucky snail and its meal alone . at last , when the meal is finished , the predator will crawl back to its own resting spot , leaving empty shells of the prey behind .

not surprisingly , buccinids aren ' t the only one which has migrated to freshwater environments in southeast asia . there are also genus

( thailand ) of pyramidellidae . so , who knows what more lurks in the muddy depths of these tropical rivers and lakes ?

the melvill - tomlin collection . parts . 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 . buccinacea ( pyrenidae , buccinidae , galeodidae , nassariidae and fasciolariidae ) .

maps of holocene sea level transgression and submerged lakes on the sunda shelf . the natural history journal of chulalongkorn university , supplement 2 : 1 - 44 , august 2006 .

ellen e . strong , oliver gargominy , winston f . ponde , phillippe bouchet , 2008

global diversity of gastropods ( gastropoda ; mollusca ) in freshwater . hydrobiologia ( 2008 ) 595 : 149–166

according to the report : ellen e . strong , oliver gargominy , winston f . ponde , phillippe bouchet , 2008 global diversity of gastropods ( gastropoda ; mollusca ) in freshwater . hydrobiologia ( 2008 ) 595 : 149–166 . freshwater buccinids are first recorded in the fossil assemblages of the miocene period ( approximately 23 - 5 million years ago ) .

a young nature - lover aspiring to be a malacologist . inspired by the amazing biodiversity of tropical rainforests and coral reefs ( snails , clams and slugs in particular ) ; intrigued by the fields of paleotology , geology and many other fields that suffix with " - logy " ; motivated by the never ending discoveries of nature and the ecology within . traveled extensively around southeast asia & beyond . this blog showcases snapshots of my discoveries , explorations , views and admiration of the intricacies in molluscs and nature while on the journey towards achieving my childhood dream .

last wednesday i received an email from mike cole of cole ecological , forwarded by our good buddy tim pearce . attached to mike’s message was the jpeg bel . . .

the ubin community came together to celebrate singapore ' s last unspoilt island from 26 may ( sat ) to 24 jun ( sun ) 2018 . here ' s a look back at pesta ubin 201 . . .

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red - legged pademelons ( * thylogale stigmatica * ) are not sociable animals , but they put up with each other . but every now and then , especially towards the en . . .

to come out again , mr / ms mantis shrimp… . . and true enough , patience paid off and here’s he / she peeking out of his / her hole ! more of the mantis shrimp and . . .

today is halloween . in my own culture , it is never part of our ' habit ' to celebrate this event . but in my adopted country , this is big ! the children are lo . . .

article id : 2013 - 07 - 22 - wetecol * jamilah , ms * & muhammad razali salam coastal biodiversity and conservation research group department of biological scien . . .

the 15th meeting of the mid - atlantic malacologists took place yesterday at the delaware museum of natural history ( dmnh ) in wilmington , delaware . i counted . . .

the ariophantid * hemiplecta belerang * sp . nov . from south sumatra is described in this paper . it is compared with its closest congeners , from which it is g . . .

snakes ! tigers ! lizards ! pangolins ! bears ! calling all wildlife in the forest ! run for your lives ! for the wildlife kingpin is freed - again . . . old habits . . .

i pick my way along the beach the sky is blue , the tide is out , exposed pools glitter ; down i reach to touch a sea hare on the snout . * – * ( perhaps it’s not . . .

borneo is totally smaller than india or australia , but very rich with biodiversity . i am interested on terrestrial snail fauna especially the micro - terres . . .

19 october 2009 after the not - so - satisfying snorkeling experience at bare island in the morning , i went snorkeling at little bay in the afternoon and had a . . .

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lottia langfordi is a species of sea snail , a true limpet , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family lottiidae , one of the families of true limpets .

lottia langfordi

lottia langfordi <EOT> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : lottia langfordi ( t . habe , 1944 ) - id : 5004000058

( of collisella langfordi habe , 1944 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

nakano t . & ozawa t . ( 2007 ) . worldwide phylogeography of limpets of the order patellogastropoda : molecular , morphological and paleontological evidence . journal of molluscan studies 73 ( 1 ) : 79–99 . [ details ]

kase t . , nakano t . , kurihara y . & haga t . ( 2013 ) . a middle pleistocene limpet assemblage from central japan ( gastropoda : patellogastropoda ) and selective extinction of intertidal rocky shore molluscs in response to glacio - eustatic sea - level changes . paleontological research . 17 ( 3 ) : 261 - 281 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( habe , 1944 ) . accessed through : xu , k . , an , j . , ding , l . , dong , d . , gao , y . , huang , y . , jiang , w . , lei , y . , li , k . , li , x . , li , y . , liang , x . , lin , g . , lin , m . , liu , h . , liu , j . , liu , w . , liu , x . , lu , d . , ma , z . , ren , x . , sha , z . , sun , j . , sun , s . , sun , z . , tian , l . , wang , d . , wang , j . , wu , x . , xia , b . , xiao , n . , yin , j . , zhang , j . , zhang , s . , zhang , x . , zhao , e . , zheng , x . , zhou , h . , zhou , j . & zhou , k . ( 2018 ) chinese register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 456595 on 2018 - 07 - 09

xu , k . , an , j . , ding , l . , dong , d . , gao , y . , huang , y . , jiang , w . , lei , y . , li , k . , li , x . , li , y . , liang , x . , lin , g . , lin , m . , liu , h . , liu , j . , liu , w . , liu , x . , lu , d . , ma , z . , ren , x . , sha , z . , sun , j . , sun , s . , sun , z . , tian , l . , wang , d . , wang , j . , wu , x . , xia , b . , xiao , n . , yin , j . , zhang , j . , zhang , s . , zhang , x . , zhao , e . , zheng , x . , zhou , h . , zhou , j . & zhou , k . ( 2018 ) . chinese register of marine species .

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fuchigami , t . and sasaki , t . , 2005 : the shell structure of the recent patellogastropoda ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . paleontological research , vol . 9 , no . 2 , pp . 143–168 . ( reference no . 0793 )

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cymbium marmoratum , commonly known as the marble cymbium volute , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family volutidae , the volutes .

cymbium marmoratum

cymbium marmoratum <EOT> bail p . & poppe g . t . 2001 . a conchological iconography : a taxonomic introduction of the recent volutidae . conchbooks , hackenheim . 30 pp , 5 pl . ( updated october 2008 for worms ) [ details ]

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calathus metallicus is a species of ground beetle from the platyninae subfamily that can be found in albania , bulgaria , greece , poland , romania , slovakia , ukraine , all states of former yugoslavia ( except slovenia ) , and near east .

calathus metallicus

calathus metallicus <EOT> have a fact about calathus metallicus ? write it here to share it with the entire community .

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hans - martin braun added the german common name " rothalsiger kahnläufer " to " calathus melanocephalus linnaeus " .

hans - martin braun added the german common name " hellschildiger breithalskäfer " to " calathus melanocephalus linnaeus " .

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paleartic . open habitats , xerophilous . pteridimorphic , with winter larvae . small size . predator .

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