kikihia is a genus of cicada in the family cicadidae .

most species contained in the genus are endemic to new zealand , with a single australian species ( k. convicta ) .

the genus was established in 1972 by dugdale with eleven species formerly classed within the genus cicadetta .

kikihia

kikihia <EOT> no one has contributed data records for kikihia yet . learn how to contribute .

kikihia subalpina is a small new zealand endemic cicada ( body length : . . .

no one has contributed data records for kikihia angusta yet . learn how to contribute .

new zealand cicadas ( troutbum . co . nz ) large photos of kikihia and amphipsalta .

kathy hill added text to " text " on " kikihia subalpina ( hudson 1891 ) " .

kikihia peninsularis voucher 01 . mc . bpt . 11 elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1 alpha ) gene , partial sequence

kikihia nelsonensis voucher 01 . sd . cul . 02 elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1 alpha ) gene , partial sequence

kikihia murihikua voucher 94 . fd . rds . 01 elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1 alpha ) gene , partial sequence

kikihia nelsonensis voucher 01 . nn . wrr . 01 cytochrome oxidase subunit ii ( coii ) gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial

kikihia murihikua voucher 94 . fd . rds . 01 cytochrome oxidase subunit ii ( coii ) gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial

kikihia nelsonensis voucher 01 . nn . wrr . 01 cytochrome oxidase subunit i ( coi ) gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial

kikihia murihikua voucher 94 . fd . rds . 01 cytochrome oxidase subunit i ( coi ) gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial

the cicada genus kikihia dugdale ( hemiptera , homoptera ) : the new zealand green foliage cicadas . national museum of new zealand

notes : “x” indicates crosses for which intermediate song phenotypes have been observed and recorded . kikihia species for which putative hybrids have not yet been identified are not included in the table . boxes shaded in gray indicate taxa within the kikihia muta species complex .

kikihia scutellaris voucher 97 . to . ope . 60 _ scu elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds

kikihia cauta voucher 94 . wn . haw . 72 _ cau elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds

kikihia horologium voucher 11 . mc . car . 01 _ hor elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds

kikihia scutellaris voucher 07 . ri . ran . 01 _ scu elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds

kikihia cauta voucher 06 . nd . kau . 01 _ cau elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds

kikihia paxillulae voucher 06 . nc . loe . 01 _ pax elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds

marie - claude lariviere added an association between " identification guide to new zealand cicadas ( insecta : hemiptera : cicadidae ) " and " kikihia " .

kikihia ( dugdale ) ( hemiptera , homoptera ) . part 1 . the new zealand green foliage cicadas . natl . mus . n . z . rec

kikihia sp . ' westlandica south ' voucher 02 . nc . apv . 01 _ wes elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds

cases of putative song hybrids in the genus kikihia ( e . g . , see fig . 3 ) observed at locations of geographic contact or overlap between the proposed parental species

there’s a new paper from sarah e . banker , elizabeth j . wade , and chris simon titled “the confounding effects of hybridization on phylogenetic estimation in the new zealand cicada genus kikihia” .

second , there’s cicada central’s new zealand cicada website , which features an electronic field guide of new zealand cicada species , a specimen database , and a photo gallery featuring kikihia , amphipsaltas and maoricicada .

kikihia nelsonensis voucher 01 . nn . wrr . 01 trna - asp gene , partial sequence ; atp synthetase subunit 8 gene , complete cds ; and atp synthetase subunit 6 gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial

kikihia murihikua voucher 94 . fd . rds . 01 trna - asp gene , partial sequence ; atp synthetase subunit 8 gene , complete cds ; and atp synthetase subunit 6 gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial

sarah e . banker , elizabeth j . wade , chris simon , the confounding effects of hybridization on phylogenetic estimation in the new zealand cicada genus kikihia , molecular phylogenetics and evolution , volume 116 , november 2017 , pages 172 - 181 , issn 1055 - 7903 , urltoken urltoken

david c . marshall , kathy b . r . hill , john r . cooley , chris simon ; hybridization , mitochondrial dna phylogeography , and prediction of the early stages of reproductive isolation : lessons from new zealand cicadas ( genus kikihia ) , systematic biology , volume 60 , issue 4 , 1 july 2011 , pages 482–502 , urltoken

haplotypes representing individuals from three other kikihia species ( or putative species ) nested within sections of the k . muta tree . specifically , one k . paxillulae sequence was found within the t1 clade , the k . longula ( chatham is . ) haplotype grouped with the ae1 clade ( fig . 2a ) , and both tasmani sequences grouped with the wn1 clade ( fig . 2b ) .

a ) chronogram of kikihia ingroup phylogeny with kikihia muta complex haplotypes included ( indicated by gray bars ) . order of taxa is the same as the phylogram in figure 2 . b ) ltt plot for chronogram in a . dotted line highlights apparent recent shift in the rate of lineage splitting expected to correspond to the transition from between - to within - species coalescence patterns ( see methods section ) . this shift corresponds to lineages that diverged during the middle pleistocene ( ca . 1 ma ) according to the divergence time analysis of marshall et al . ( 2008 ) . black stars indicate splits that correlate with species - specific song differences . text discusses evidence that all splits younger than the recent diversification rate shift that correlate with song differences are due to hybridization and mtdna introgression .

three of the six loci were found to violate the hwe in no more than 2 of the 15 populations tested . heterozygote deficiency increases due to factors such as inbreeding , population stratification , null alleles , and genotyping errors . it is not surprising that species of kikihia display high levels of inbreeding or population stratification since field observations suggest low dispersal rates . however , these were not explicitly tested here .

the large number of potential hybrid zones between multiple species of kikihia makes this genus uniquely suited for the study of hybrid zones . many of these potential hybrid zones are between nonsister species that vary in their divergence times from less than 1 million years to more than 3 million years ( marshall et al . 2008 , 2011 ) . the markers developed in this study will be useful for investigations of the evolutionary past and future of this interesting species radiation .

current taxonomy and putative species diagnosed by dna - based methods ( see text ) contrasted with putative species diagnosed by male song characters . letter plus number codes refer to mtdna clades shown in figure 2 . type locality information suggests that mtdna clade m1 corresponds to true kikihia muta . gmyc analysis of mtdna branching - rate patterns ( monaghan et al . 2009 ) . statistical parsimony = method of templeton et al . ( 1992 ) with a 95 % reconnection limit .

notes : ml ( gtr + i + γ ) pairwise distances ( substitutions / site ) from the partitioned garli analysis are below the diagonal and p distances ( uncorrected pairwise percentage / 100 ) are above . cells in gray correspond to comparisons of clades with the same song phenotype predominating . outlined cells indicate contrasts for which haplotypes were excluded due to hybridization in contact zones . note that the wn1 , wn2 , and ws clades are only distantly related to the remaining k . muta complex clades in the kikihia mtdna tree ( fig . 1 ) .

ml ( fig . 2 ) analysis of the extended kikihia mtdna data set yielded a tree that differed from the previous results of marshall et al . ( 2008 ) mainly at deeper poorly supported nodes joining major species groups . these deeper level relationships were estimated in marshall et al . ( 2008 ) with a combined nuclear plus mtdna genetic data set and they are not considered further here . the likelihood score of the final ml tree , shown in figure 2 , was − 8501 . 614 , and the total tree length was 1 . 380 substitutions / site ( s / s ) . the estimated substitution model and relative rate parameters are shown in table 2 .

recent studies ( e . g . , monaghan et al . 2005 , hart and sunday 2007 ) have applied statistical parsimony using the program tcs ( clement et al . 2000 ) , usually under default settings , as a means to identify candidate taxa . for comparison purposes , we analyzed the complete data set ( k . muta group unique haplotypes plus single exemplars for other kikihia species ) each using tcs version 1 . 2 . 1 under the default ( 95 % ) reconnection limit . statistical parsimony ( templeton et al . 1992 ) uses maximum parsimony to join haplotypes into an unrooted network until the chosen limit of confidence is exceeded ( “parsimony connection limit” ) , depending on sequence length and variability .

a total of 1467 bases were amplified from most of the k . muta complex specimens , 789 from coi and 678 from coii ; 107 unique mitochondrial haplotypes were observed in the concatenated k . muta complex data set and 209 parsimony - informative sites were found across the entire data set ( including the other kikihia taxa and outgroups ) . the alignment was unambiguous and contained no gaps . the tests of homogeneity of base frequencies were nonsignificant in all four tests ( p = 1 ) . gard tests on the two halves of the data set found no evidence of recombination . genbank accession numbers are given in table 1 , and the data matrix has been deposited with treebase at the following address : urltoken : s11130 .

examples of putative hybrid songs observed in contact zone sites , with the two proposed parental species . a ) aotea west ( upper song ) , aotea east ( lower song ) , and hybrid ( middle song ) . b ) kikihia muta ( upper song ) , nelsonensis ( lower song ) , and hybrid ( middle song ) . arrows and brackets in a and b highlight characters showing intermediate states and combinations . c ) nelsonensis ( upper song ) , tuta ( lower song ) , and hybrid ( middle song ) . note that tuta lacks an introductory section . the introductory section of the putative hybrid combines qualities of the nelsonensis introduction and the two - part song cue of tuta , and the putative hybrid produces the two - part cue of tuta inconsistently .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

larivière m - c , larochelle a 2013 - 2015 . identification guide to new zealand cicadas ( insecta : hemiptera : cicadidae ) .

each factsheet includes more than one species , i . e . species that are most closely similar morphologically but not necessarily closely related phylogenetically ( not necessarily descendants from a single immediate ancestor ) . the geographic areas listed in the range of each species follow crosby

copyright © 2013 - present : m - c larivière , a larochelle , and landcare research new zealand ltd .

phylogenetic signal and pattern differ dramatically among nuclear genes but always weak on south island .

three nuclear species trees support major north island but not south island mitochondrial clades .

first , there’s the new zealand cicadas ( hemiptera : cicadidae ) : a virtual identification guide which features photographs and extensive information about the cicadas of new zealand . the site has an abundance of information , and a wonderful design & layout .

i asked david marshall of urltoken , “when does new zealand cicada season start and end ? ” his answer essentially is that it depends on the location , elevation and species , but the best months are between december and april . interestingly , in certain locations k . muta sing every month of the year .

david also mentioned the amphipsalta zelandica ( feb - march ) which calls using wing - clicks ! here is a video .

read the downloadable article chorus cicada , amphipsalta zelandica ( boisduval ) , males calling with only wing - clicks by kathy b . r . hill , the weta ( 2012 ) 43 ( 1 ) : 15–20 , for more information .

update : here’s some google trends data . more people search for cicada & cicadas in february in new zealand .

urltoken is an excellent source of cicada photos , and it is where i go for cicada photos from new zealand . this is a sample of the cicada photos you will find on urltoken .

photo by sid mosdell . auckland new zealand . cc by 2 . 0 .

photo by nuytsia @ tas . punakaiki , paporoa national park , new zealand . cc by - nc - sa 2 . 0 .

photo by rosino . auckland , new zealand . cc by - sa 2 . 0 .

photo by aliceskr . new zealand . cc by - nc - nd 2 . 0 .

photos by jon sullivan . auckland , new zealand . cc by - nc 2 . 0 .

photo by jon sullivan . auckland , new zealand . cc by - nc 2 . 0 .

visit new zealand cicadas ( hemiptera : cicadidae ) : a virtual identification guide for in - depth information about the cicadas of new zealand .

© 1996 - 2018 cicada mania - 22 years of providing cicada information and fun on the web ! all content on urltoken is owned and copyrighted by the content ' s creator . site map | terms & conditions , privacy policy , and help

flies , caddisflies , craneflies , damselflies dragonflies , gnats , mayflies . midges , mosquitoes

insects ( ants , beetles , bugs , cicadas , cockroaches , centipedes , crickets , grasshoppers , lacewings , ladybirds , mantis , millipedes , scale , shield bugs , stick insects , wetas , weevils , etc . ) .

bug ( shield bug ) ( brown shield bug ) ( dictyotus caenosus ) .

bug ( shield bug ) ( brown marmorated stink bug ) ( halyomorpha halys ) .

bug ( shield bug ) ( brown soldier bug ) ( cermatulus nasalis ) .

bug ( shield bug ) schellenberg ' s soldier bug ( oechalia schellenbergii ) .

bug ( shield bug ) ( yellow spotted stink bug ) ( erthesina fullo ) .

bug ( shield bug 5th instar ( brown shield bug ) ( dictyotus caenosus ) .

reptiles ( frogs , geckos , skinks , snakes , lizards , turtles ) .

trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names a to f with photo .

trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names g to l with photo .

trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names m to q with photo .

trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names r to z with photo .

trees ( new zealand ) hebes and their hybrids & cultivars ( photos ) .

weeds & escapee plants : a to f ( common names with photo ) .

weeds & escapee plants : g to l ( common names with photo ) .

weeds & escapee plants : m to q ( common names and photo ) .

weeds & escapee plants : r to z ( common names with photo ) .

the adult male cicada possesses two ribbed membranes called tymbals , one on each side of its first abdominal segment . by contracting the tymbal muscle , the cicada buckles the membrane inward , producing a loud click . as the membrane snaps back , it clicks again . the two tymbals click alternately . air sacs in the hollow abdominal cavity amplify the clicking sounds . the vibration travels through the body to the tympani , which amplify the sound further .

© copyright 2008 - 2018 - t . e . r : r . a . i . n . all rights reserved . last update : 11 - apr - 18 . site designed & hosted by smokeylemon .

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format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3

db = nuccore | term = % 22kikihia % 22 | query = 1 | qty = 38 | blobid = ncid _ 1 _ 268768777 _ 130 . 14 . 22 . 215 _ 9001 _ 1531167446 _ 863710040 _ 0meta0 _ s _ megastore _ f _ 1 | ismultiple = false | min _ list = 5 | max _ list = 20 | def _ tree = 20 | def _ list = | def _ view = | url = / taxonomy / backend / subset . cgi ? | trace _ url = / stat ?

finds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .

marie - claude lariviere added an association between " identification guide to new zealand cicadas ( insecta : hemiptera : cicadidae ) " and " notopsalta " .

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1 department of ecology and evolutionary biology , university of connecticut , 75 north eagleville rd . , ct 06269

2 corresponding author , e - mail : ude . nnocu @ edaw . htebazile

copyright © the author 2015 . published by oxford university press on behalf of the entomological society of america .

this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution non - commercial license ( urltoken ) , which permits non - commercial re - use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited . for commercial re - use , please contact journals . permissions @ urltoken

phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies using mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences have provided insight into the evolutionary history of the genus ( arensburger et al . 2004a , b ; marshall et al . 2008 , 2009 , 2011 ) . extensive field study and molecular investigation into this genus identified 20 contact zones between different species that are possible sites of hybridization ( marshall et al . 2011 ) . individuals found in these proposed hybrid zones possess morphological and acoustic traits that are intermediate between parental species found away from the hybrid zones . although species in the genus are estimated to have diverged more than 6 million years ago , hybridization seems confined to species that diverged 2 million years ago or less ( marshall et al . 2008 ) .

cicada specimens were identified in the field based on morphology and song traits . taxonomic descriptions are pending for many

species as denoted by informal names in quotes . populations located as far from putative hybrid zones as possible were chosen as species - typical or “parental” populations . subsequently , 24–36 individuals per species from 1 to 5 largely species - typical populations were investigated to test these new microsatellite markers (

) . whole body specimens were placed in 95 % ethanol or three legs were removed and stored in 95 % ethanol and the bodies were pinned . all ethanol specimens are stored at −20°c .

2 . 5 km n . of opawa river on sh1 , s . of grovestown

species nw , k . “northwestlandica” ; sw , k . “southwestlandica” ; mur , k . “murihikua” ; muta , k . muta , k . “nelsonensis , ” k . “tuta , ” k . angusta ; n , number of specimens per population ; site code , the first two letters represent new zealand district codes and the last three letters are unique collecting location codes ; lat , latitude ; long , longitude ; e , elevation in meters

) . pcr amplifications were performed in 15 µl reactions containing 0 . 4 u

populations for the six described primer pairs were multiplex amplified using the qiagen type - it microsatellite pcr kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions ( qiagen , boston , ma ) , including an annealing temperature of 57°c for all multiplexed pcrs .

f , forward primer sequence ; r , reverse primer sequence ; label , fluorescent label on 5’ - end of forward primer ; s a , amplicon size range ; mm , multiplex mix ; n a , total number of alleles .

genemarker v2 . 2 . 0 ( softgenetics , llc , kalamazoo , mi ) was used to visualize and score alleles .

files were converted between different formats using convert v1 . 31 ( glaubitz 2004 ) . arlequin v3 . 5 . 1 . 2 ( excoffier et al . 2005 ) was used to assess the number of alleles per locus , the allele frequencies , and expected and observed heterozygosity . deviations from hardy–weinberg equilibrium ( hwe ) for each locus in each population were tested with genepop v4 . 2 . 1 ( rousset 2008 ) using the markov chain method . microchecker v2 . 2 . 3 ( van oosterhout et al . 2004 ) was used to test for the presence of null alleles and large allele dropout . microsatellite neutrality was tested using the fst - outlier method implemented in lositan ( beaumont and nichols 1996 , antao et al . 2008 ) . lositan was run for 100 simulations using the neutral mean fst and force mean fst settings for a 0 . 99 confidence interval and infinite alleles model .

. only one marker , a553 , showed stutter patterns that made scoring of some individuals difficult . the largest peak was used , and individuals that were ambiguous because of stutter were marked as missing data . the other five markers had minimal stuttering that did not influence peak calling . the number of alleles per locus varied from 14 to 47 in a total of 213 individuals from seven species .

n a , number of alleles ; n p , number of private alleles ; h o , observed heterozygosity ; h e , expected heterozygosity ; x , missing data . h e cells colored gray represent loci that violate hwe .

antao t . , lopes a . , lopes r . j . , beja - pereira a . , luikart g . 2008 .

list of the specimens of homopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part 1 , british museum ( natural history ) , london

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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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in this paper , we examine a related question—the degree to which clades identified using mtdna exhibit divergence in phenotypic traits functionally connected to reproductive isolation , a central process for many species concepts . in one of the few studies directly addressing this question , monaghan et al . ( 2006 ) found that morphological species of rivacindela beetles diagnosed using male genitalic traits were only loosely correlated with a classification obtained by dna barcoding and that several morphological species were incongruent with the mtdna phylogeny . pons et al . ( 2006 ) also compared results from dna taxonomy ( based on analysis of branch length patterns ) in beetles to results obtained from morphological analyses that included genitalia , and their results suggest that mtdna - based barcoding may be conservative compared with morphology - based methods . in a related analysis , hickerson et al . ( their fig . 5 2006 ) summarized a range of empirical studies and found that pairwise mtdna genetic distances were poor predictors of the degree of reproductive isolation .

when mate - attracting signals can be easily measured ( mainly acoustic , vibratory , visual—and typically of males ) , the characters comprising these signals often distinguish closest relatives more effectively than do genitalia or other morphological attributes , an observation that may be related to ( 1 ) greater evolutionary lability of behavioral traits and ( 2 ) the fact that sexual signals function earlier in the mating sequence ( alexander 1964 , alexander et al . 1997 ) . these qualities make sexual pair - forming signals attractive as taxonomic indicators and potentially useful for examining the correspondence of mtdna phylogeography with early stages of phenotypic divergence and reproductive isolation ( e . g . , salzburger et al . 2002 ) .

phylogenetic analysis was conducted using maximum likelihood ( ml ) because of the need for good branch - length estimates . maximum parsimony methods do not correct for multiple hits , and branch lengths in bayesian likelihood–based analyses can be strongly affected by choices of prior probability distributions ( e . g . , marshall et al . 2006 , brown 2010 , marshall 2010 ) . we used garli - part version 0 . 97 ( see zwickl 2006 ) to obtain our phylogenetic tree . garli - part allows data partitioning , which has been shown to lead to improvements in phylogenetic inference in bayesian likelihood - based analyses ( e . g . , nylander et al . 2004 , brown and lemmon 2007 ) as well as in genetic distance estimates ( papadopoulou et al . 2010 ) .

in the ml analysis , five independent partitioned garli runs from random starting trees , using the best - fit model for each data partition , were conducted to verify repeatable convergence on a single best topology and branch length solution . node support was estimated by a nonparametric bootstrap of 100 pseudoreplicates , implemented in a separate garli analysis .

field recordings of cicada song were made using a sony tcd - d8 dat digital recorder , a marantz pmd - 660 compact flash recorder , or a marantz pmd - 670 compact flash recorder , combined with a sennheiser me - 62 omnidirectional microphone mounted in a sony pbr - 330 parabolic reflector . songs were sampled at 44 . 1 or 48 khz . canary version 1 . 2 . 1 ( cornell bioacoustics laboratory , ithaca , ny ) was used to visualize song patterns in the form of oscillograms ( plots of sound intensity over time or waveforms ) .

homology assessments of song characters are facilitated by knowledge of which male song element elicits female replies ( song structure across the genus is shown in fig . 1 ) . ad hoc trials using simulated female wing - flick replies ( e . g . , finger snaps ) and free - flying males allowed us to determine the correct placement of the female reply for each of the song types . males of all taxa flew readily to the observer when simulated wing flicks were made only after the correct cueing component of the song ( see the caption of fig . 1 ) . in many species , the cue is repeated several times in series and / or alternated with an additional song element ( minor - cue ) that does not elicit female replies .

the statistical correlation between song phenotype and mtdna haplotype was examined using arlequin v 3 . 1 . 1 ( excoffier et al . 2005 ) . individual sequences were grouped according to song phenotype ( as coded in fig . 2 of results ) , and an analysis of molecular variance was conducted to estimate the fraction of genetic variation explained by the resulting song groupings . significance was assessed using a null distribution of the test statistic obtained using 1000 random permutations of the data .

the gmyc model was fitted to the resulting chronogram in r across the interval range from 0 to 10 ( wider interval settings were explored to confirm that this did not change the outcome ) . both single - and multiple - threshold models were examined using the log - likelihood test provided in the gmyc package . because initial results identified nearly all the tip branches as putative species , we re - ran the analyses with identical haplotypes reduced to single exemplars following ahrens et al . ( 2007 ) . the gmyc package also produced a lineage - through - time ( ltt ) plot , which we visually evaluated for changes in branching rate .

to compare dna divergence levels of candidate species , pairwise genetic distance values were calculated in paup * for all the mtdna clades identified using the gmyc technique plus three geographically coherent clades identified visually and diagnosed in some preliminary analyses . for each clade , two sequences were selected to represent the maximum and minimum root - to - tip distance within the group . then , the distance between two clades was estimated using the average of the four interclade distances measured between the representative sequences . uncorrected ( p ) pairwise distances were calculated as well as with model - corrected ml distances using the model parameters estimated from the garli analysis . finally , the same pairwise distance relationships were calculated by summing path lengths on the ml tree for comparison with the paup * distances . for these comparisons , haplotypes corresponding to isolated cases of hybridization in contact zones ( see below ) were excluded .

the best - fitting model for the first data partition ( first - and second codon positions ) was gtr + i + γ , whereas gtr + γ was best fitting for the third codon positions . the akaike information criterion weights for the best - fit model were 0 . 895 and 0 . 760 , respectively , for the first - and second position sites combined and for the third position sites alone .

notes : descriptions of characters are as follows : a , introductory section present : 0 = no , 1 = yes ; b , introductory section form : 0 = syllable rate uniform ( “buzz” ) , 1 = syllable rate accelerating ( “zeet” ) ; c , delay before cueing section : 0 = equal to delay between major song cues , 1 = half as long ; d , minor - cue : 0 = absent , 1 = present ; e , primary doublet form : 0 = out - click suppressed , much quieter than in - click , 1 = in - and out - clicks both loud , often equal amplitude . this song character is correlated with a morphological difference in the timbal ( 0 = five ribs , 1 = four ribs ) ; f , extended cueing section : 0 = absent , 1 = present . species with an extended cueing section produce more than 50 repeated cues in the average cueing phrase ; g , amplitude modulation pattern of introductory section : 0 = absent ( steady amplitude ) , 1 = high–low–high , 2 = low–high .

additional gmyc analyses conducted with congeneric sequences removed ( all k . muta complex data only , muta group only , and westlandica group only ) did not give the same results as the whole - genus analysis . some tests failed to find a statistically significant shift in branching rate , and all yielded different sets of diagnosed mtdna clades ( data not shown ) .

the tcs analysis diagnosed 9 geographically coherent mtdna clades ( fig . 5 ) , 5 of them matching song - defined groups ( note that the clade containing groups m1 and m2 is geographically coherent when the distribution of alluvial lowlands is considered ) . six of these ( n1 , n2 , n3 , aw , t , and ws1 ) corresponded to clades diagnosed using the gmyc method .

uncorrected mtdna sequence divergence ( concatenated coi + coii ) within the k . muta complex ranged up to 6 . 7 % for comparisons between individuals of the most divergent k . muta groups ( table 6 ) . this maximum corresponds to an ml model–corrected distance of 0 . 104 expected substitutions / site . pairwise distances inferred by summing branch lengths on the ml tree were larger than the paup * - corrected pairwise distances , with the maximum contrast reaching 0 . 116 s / s ( data not shown ) , presumably because of the influence of topological information on model parameter estimates .

when individual cases of likely hybridization and introgression were excluded from consideration ( see below ) , average uncorrected distances between mtdna clades within individual song species ranged from 0 . 7 % to 2 . 4 % in most cases ( 0 . 008–0 . 028 s / s , model - corrected distance ) ( see gray cells in table 6 ) . contrasts involving likely hybridization in contact zones ( not shown , and excluded from outlined cells in table 6 ) , involved much larger pairwise distances ranging up to 0 . 060 uncorrected s / s ( 0 . 087 s / s corrected distance ) . no genetic “gap” or break - separated values of within song–species contrasts from between song–species contrasts , and identical values were observed in comparisons of some within - and between - species contrasts ( e . g . , n1 or n2 vs . t3 in table 6 ) .

comparatively few species have been described solely on the basis of sexual mate attracting signals . the taxonomic significance of songs in the “singing insects” ( crickets , katydids , and cicadas ) was not recognized until the early 20th century ( e . g . , fulton 1915 , davis 1922 , alexander 1964 ) , and the use of songs in taxonomic studies has been steadily increasing ( e . g . , lloyd 1990 , henry 1994 , otte 1994 , marshall and cooley 2000 , percy et al . 2006 , sueur and puissant 2007 , sueur et al . 2007 , gogala et al . 2008 , tobias et al . 2010 ) . our results validate the anticipated utility of sexual signals for identifying clades in the earliest stages of population differentiation .

the genetic distance estimates suggest no clear genetic “break , ” or bimodal distribution , to support a threshold that could be applied to distinguish “intraspecific” and “interspecific” comparisons in our mtdna trees ( see also mallet et al . 2007 ) . early studies suggesting that such gaps are prevalent may have suffered from insufficient geographic or population sampling within species ( moritz and cicero 2004 ) , so there may be little hope for automated species delimitation based on such thresholds ( see also meyer and paulay 2005 , vogler and monaghan 2007 ) .

interestingly , the gmyc single - threshold model also grouped six of the non - k . muta congeners into three clusters of two species each . one of these splits , k . cutora exulis and k . cutora cutora , involves a kermadec islands subspecies with minimal , if any , song divergence from its north island relative and another , k . rosea rosea and acoustica , involves two taxa with minimal song divergence . the third , murihikua and k . angusta , is a suspected case of recent mtdna introgression ( see above ) . although additional refinements of the gmyc technique are apparently needed before it can be applied in a repeatable manner across data sets , it does appear that the single - threshold method can serve as a useful heuristic tool for detecting independent lineages when used in combination with other information .

although songs in the k . muta complex seem to change reliably soon after lineages begin to diverge ( fig . 4b ) , we know from other groups that song evolution does not always precede significant morphological and / or ecological divergence . for example , r . leptomera , a beach - grass cicada of north island , and r . microdora , a shrub cicada of the eastern north and south islands , are morphologically and ecologically distinctive , yet their complex songs are all but identical ( see also maoricicada iolanthe and m . campbelli — buckley et al . 2006 ) . failure of advertisement signals to distinguish some morphologically identifiable species was also noted in a recent study of neotropical frogs ( padial et al . 2009 ) . such examples are rare ; however , we are aware of fewer than 10 cases out of the hundreds of morphologically distinctive species that we have recorded .

this work was supported by the national science foundation [ deb 05 - 29679 , deb - 04 - 22386 , deb - 06 - 19012 ( reu ) , deb 07 - 20664 , deb 09 - 55849 ] ; the university of connecticut research foundation faculty large grants program ; and the new zealand marsden fund .

asymmetric viability of reciprocal - cross hybrids between crested and marbled newts ( triturus cristatus and t . marmoratus )

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rapid morphological radiation and convergence among races of the butterfly heliconius erato inferred from patterns of mitochondrial dna evolution . proc . natl . acad . sci . u . s . a

evolution of new zealand ' s terrestrial fauna : a review of molecular evidence . philos . trans . r . soc . lond

the fate of clades in a world of recurrent climatic change : milankovitch oscillations and evolution . ann . rev . ecol

lohse k . 2009 . can mtdna barcodes be used to delimit species ? a response to pons . ( 2006 ) . syst . biol . 59 : 439–442

reverse taxonomy : an approach towards determining the diversity of meiobenthic organisms based on ribosomal rna signature sequences . philos . trans . r . soc . lond

glacial refugia and reticulate evolution : the case of the tasmanian eucalypts . philos trans . r . soc . lond

papadopoulou a . , monaghan m . t . , barraclough t . g . , vogler a . p . 2009 . sampling error does not invalidate the yule - coalescent model for species delimitation . a response to lohse ( 2009 ) . syst . biol . 58 : 442–444

the nature of the lower north island floristic gap . n . z . j . bot

environmentally - induced modification of the chirp length of males of the true katydid , pterophylla camellifolia ( f . ) ( orthoptera : tettigoniidae )

conflict between nuclear and mitochondrial dna phylogenies of a recent species radiation : what mtdna reveals and conceals about modes of speciation in hawaiian crickets . proc . natl . acad . sci . u . s . a

using new zealand examples to teach darwin ' s “origin of species : ” lessons from molecular phylogenetic studies of cicadas . n . z . sci . rev

paup * . phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) . version 4

a cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping and dna sequence data . iii . cladogram estimation

© the author ( s ) 2011 . published by oxford university press , on behalf of the society of systematic biologists . all rights reserved . for permissions , please email : journals . permissions @ urltoken

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cicada season in new zealand begins in november and lasts throughout their summer months .

the species maoricicada hamiltoni ( myers , 1926 ) aka hamilton’s cicada , in particular , emerges in november . m . hamiltoni is known for its abundant hair - like setulae ( see an image on this page ) .

new zealand cicadas ( hemiptera : cicadidae ) : a virtual identification guide ( landcareresearch . co . nz ) a wonderful web site . includes a visual identification guide , checklist , and image gallery . photos of dozens of species .

cicada central : new zealand ( uconn . edu ) cicada central’s new zealand cicada pages .

suzy’s world cicada page ( suzy . co . nz ) fun , kid - friendly presentation of cicada information .

an encyclopaedia of new zealand ( teara . govt . nz ) three paragraphs of information .

introducing cicadas ( teara . govt . nz ) photos , sounds and 4 paragraphs of information .

we have around 40 species of cicada in new zealand , and probably the most familiar to us is the clapping cicada , which is actually two very closely related species that form the basis of our summer soundtrack in much of the country .

awesome cicada photos from new zealand : steve reekie is a great nature photographer . take a look at some of his cicada photos : gone but not forgotten , chorus cicada , cicada nymph , and little grass cicada

save my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .


onthophagus is a genus of dung beetles in the onthophagini tribe of the wider scarab beetle family , scarabaeidae .

it is the most species-rich and widespread genus in the subfamily scarabaeinae ( the ' true ' dung beetles ) , with a global distribution .

onthophagus

onthophagus <EOT> habitus ( oblique and lateral views ) of onthophagus males ( holotypes , except 3–4 ) . 1–2 onthophagus abmisibilus 3–4 onthophagus catenatus , vicinity of mt hagen 5–6 onthophagus kokodanus kokodanus 7–8 onthophagus kokodanus hagenaltus .

this scarab could be confused with onthophagus of similar color and medium size ( more than 10 mm ) : onthophagus nigriventris and digitonthophagus gazella .

onthophagus males ( holotypes , except 13 , 15 , 18 ) . 9–11 , 21 onthophagus kokosquamatus ; 12 , 17 onthophagus abmisibilus ; 13 , 18 onthophagus catenatus , vicinity of mt hagen 14 , 15 , 19 onthophagus kokodanus kokodanus , 15 minor male e pt moresby 16 , 20 onthophagus k hagenaltus . 9–10 habitus ( oblique and lateral views ) 11–16 head and pronotum in dorsofrontal view 17–21 parameres in lateral view ( scales 1 mm ) .

onthophagus nigriventris male genitalia , caudal view ; photo by e . l . engasser

onthophagus nigriventris male genitalia , lateral view ; photo by e . l . engasser

onthophagus kokodanus hagenaltus subsp . n . – papua new guinea ( western highlands )

révision des onthophagus de l’archipel indo - néerlandais , avec description des espèces nouvelles .

. " les onthophagus ( coleoptera , scarabaeidae ) des îles philippines " . –

all four species included in the onthophagus catenatus group are formally placed in the nominotypical subgenus .

onthophagus kokodanus kokodanus subsp . n . – papua new guinea ( e of port moresby )

. " neue onthophagus - arten von neu - guinea and den benachbarten inseln " . –

hunt j , simmons lw . status - dependent selection in the dimorphic beetle onthophagus taurus .

four new taxa from new guinea are proposed in the dung beetle genus onthophagus latreille , 1802 , all in the operational group of onthophagus catenatus lansberge , 1883 . the group is discussed , defined , and the five taxa included are listed , keyed , and diagnosed . three new species are described : onthophagus abmisibilus ( from west new guinea , indonesia ) , onthophagus kokodanus , onthophagus kokosquamatus ( both from papua new guinea ) . one new species comprises a lowland and an upland subspecies : onthophagus kokodanus kokodanus and kokodanus hagenaltus ( both in papua new guinea ) .

phylogenetics and biogeography of the dung beetle genus onthophagus inferred from mitochondrial genomes . - pubmed - ncbi

taxonomy of papuasian onthophagus : twenty new species and their relatives ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae : scarabaeinae ) .

new guinea onthophagus : taxonomy of ten new small , unicolour species ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae : scarabaeinae ) .

new guinea onthophagus : taxonomy of ten small , unicolored new species ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae : scarabaeinae ) .

genital morphology and fertilization success in the dung beetle onthophagus taurus : an example of sexually selected male genitalia .

hunt j , simmons lw . maternal and paternal effects on offspring phenotype in the dung beetle onthophagus taurus .

diversity in the weapons of sexual selection : horn evolution in the beetle genus onthophagus ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) .

the mega - diverse subcosmopolitan genus onthophagus is currently represented by approximately 2 , 000 species worldwide ( scarabnet 2009 ) .

details of morphology of onthophagus . 22–26 onthophagus abmisibilus , holotype 27–32 onthophagus catenatus , male , vicinity of mt hagen 32 female , n pt moresby 22 , 27 , 32 head in dorsal view 23 , 28 pronotum in dorsal view 24 , 29 elytron in dorsal view 25 , 30 protibia , upper side 26 , 31 metatibia , underside . scales 1 mm .

. " a new record of onthophagus ( sunenaga ) wallacei ( coleoptera , scarabaeidae ) from halmahera , maluku " . –

new guinea onthophagus : taxonomy of ten small , unicolored new species ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae : scarabaeinae ) . - pubmed - ncbi

this species could be confused with the similarly colored and medum - sized ( more than 10 mm ) digitonthophagus gazella and onthophagus sagittarius .

. " six new taxon [ sic ] of the subgenus indachoriusof the genus onthophagus ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) from borneo " . –

diversity in the weapons of sexual selection : horn evolution in the beetle genus onthophagus ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi

moczek ap , emlen dj . male horn dimorphism in the scarab beetle , onthophagus taurus : do alternative reproductive tactics favour alternative phenotypes ?

huijbregts j ( 2012 ) . new guinea onthophagus : taxonomy of ten small , unicolored new species ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae : scarabaeinae ) .

what made you want to look up onthophagus ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .

reiche , l . ( 1840 ) note sur deux espèces d ' onthophagus . revue et magasin de zoologie , pure et appliquée , 3 , 243–244 .

no reason is provided by smith ( 2009 : 43 ) for treating the senior name onthophagus curvicornis latreille 1812 as synonym of the junior name onthophagus incensus say 1835 . it may be that there is a homonymy , or that the senior name is for some reason unavailable , but further research would be required to determine this

simonnet f , moczek ap ( 2011 ) conservation and diversification of gene function during mouthpart development in onthophagus beetles . evol dev 13 : 280 - 289 . doi :

to cite this page : roof , j . 1999 . " onthophagus australis " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

google scholar ( 2016 ) [ digital resource with search terms : " digitonthophagus gazella " or " onthophagus gazella " ] . available from urltoken [ accessed 25 august 2016 ] .

onthophagus species are boxed up in red . this picture is taken in the raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore , singapore . picture by m . y neo .

as o . semifex is not individually studied till date , many of its ecology habits are not well documented . however , their characteristics can be possibly inferred from the other onthophagus relatives .

the red arrows indicate the cupreous appearance on the onthophagus species . this picture is taken in the raffles musuem of biodiveristy research , national university of singapore , singapore . picture is by m . y . neo

details of morphology of onthophagus kokosquamatus ( male holotype ) 45 head in dorsal view 46 pronotum and head armature in dorsal view 47 elytron in dorsal view 48 protibia , upper side 49 metatibia , underside . scales 1 mm .

details of morphology of onthophagus ( holotypes , except 38 , 44 ) . 33–38 o . k . kokodanus , 38 female paratype , e pt moresby 39–44 onthophagus kokodanus hagenaltus 44 minor male paratype , mt hagen 33 , 38 , 39 , 44 head in dorsal view 34 , 40 pronotum and head armature in dorsal view 35 , 41 elytron in dorsal view 36 , 42 protibia , upper side 37 , 43 metatibia , underside . scales 1 mm .

scarab beetles of the genus onthophagus latreille north of mexico ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) howden h . f . , cartwright o . l . 1963 . proc . u . s . nat . mus . 114 : 1 - 135 .

krikken , j . & huijbregts , j . ( 2008 ) . distinguishing the sundaland species in the onthophagus ( parascatonomus ) aurifex group ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae : scarabaeinae ) . tijdschrift voor entomologie . pp . 151 : 173 - 185 .

emlen , d . j . & nijhout , f . h . ( 1999 ) . hormal control of male horn length dimorphism in the dung beetle onthophagus taurus ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) . journal of insect physiology . pp . 45 : 45 - 53 .

onthophagus fracticornis ( preyssler , 1790 ) : tronquet ( 2014 ) : 387 . [ statut pour la france métropolitaine ] tronquet , m . [ coord . ] 2014 . catalogue des coléoptères de france . revue de l’association roussillonnaise d’entomologie , 23 ( supplément ) : 1 - 1052 .

your discussions , opinions and reviews for this site will be greatly appreciated . if you have any new information on onthophagus semifex that you wish to be added in , do leave your reference material and your contact in the discussion box below . your request will be attended as soon as possible .

onthophagus is the most diverse tunneling dung beetle genus , with over 2 , 000 species described [ 32 ] . in the united states alone , there are at least 35 native onthophagus spp . [ 32 ] and at least 5 more introduced , naturalized , non - native species [ 33 – 35 ] . all of these species are known to be dung specialists . onthophagus taurus , the bull - headed dung beetle , is one of the most abundant dung beetles specialized on cattle dung . it is a native of the mediterranean , was first found in florida in 1974 [ 36 ] , and has increased its distribution throughout the u . s . ever since [ 37 ] . although native dung beetles such as o . hecate and o . pennsylvanicus are also found in agricultural habitats , o . taurus is the most abundant beetle in these settings . however , o . taurus is uncommon in non - agricultural ecosystems [ 37 ] .

citation : estes am , hearn dj , snell - rood ec , feindler m , feeser k , abebe t , et al . ( 2013 ) brood ball - mediated transmission of microbiome members in the dung beetle , onthophagus taurus ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) . plos one 8 ( 11 ) : e79061 . urltoken

this dataset contains the digitized treatments in plazi based on the original journal article krikken , j . , huijbregts , j . ( 2013 ) : new guinea onthophagus : taxonomy of ten small , unicolored new species ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae : scarabaeinae ) . zootaxa 3619 ( 5 ) : 501 - 525 , doi :

bianchin , i . , alves , r . g . o . & koller , w . w . ( 1998 ) efeito de carrapaticidas / inseticidas “pour - on” sobre adultos do besouro coprófago africano onthophagus gazella fabr . ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) . anais da sociedade entomológica do brasil , 27 , 275–279 . urltoken

the presence of an isolated conical protrusion right in front of the horns is shared with other new guinea species , like onthophagus heurni gillet , 1930 and joliveti paulian , 1973 , which may be confusing . the males of both these species , however , have on their horns , which are more or less erect , a distinct basal - internal lobe or denticle , and their eyes are narrow .

there are currently six onthophagus species that can still be found in the uk ( extant species ) and two that are now thought to be extinct . in many species , males have a noticeably pointed horn on the posterior margin of the head . the beetles can also be sexed by looking at the abdomen – in females the pygidium is uniform in width and , in males it is narrower in the middle ( see image below ) .

based on the nutritionally incomplete diet dung provides , the nesting behavior of the female , and the larval feeding behavior , we hypothesize that a vertically transmitted microbiome is present that is transmitted through the brood ball in the dung beetle , onthophagus taurus . here we use a sterile rearing technique along with culture based and molecular methods to assess the potential for microbiome transmission and inheritance of the bull headed dung beetle , o . taurus , through the brood ball .

established . there is conflicting information regarding the arrival of this species to hawaii . markin and yoshioka ( 1998 ) reported that onthophagus sagittarius was purposely released on oahu in 1957 and 1958 . however , harris et al . ( 1982 ) stated that the species was accidentally introduced . regardless , this scarab is now established on both molokai and oahu , where it is one of the most commonly encountered dung beetles ( nishida , 2002 ; harris et al . , 1982 ) .

many of the species on earth have yet to be described or documented , thus they are still unknown and not recognized for their ecological influences on nature and man . luckily for onthophagus semifex , several aspects of its biology are described in the year 2008 , though it is still relatively incomplete and insufficient as compared to many other renowned animals . but to be able to gain an official name , this little dung beetle is fortunate enough to enter the encyclopedia of life before its extinction .

o . semifex , similar to other onthophagus tropical dung beetles , may locate their food resource by smell . they fly in a zig - zag manner , usually one meter or less above ground and land close to the source of the odour . they are also known to be tunnellers , which they bury the dung in preformed burrows . they transport their food fast owing to resource competition by other dung beetles , necrophagous beetles and flies ( hanski , 1989 ; philips et al . , 2004 ) .

like related onthophagus species , this nocturnal scarab is a dung tunneler , with the female creating a burrow under or near a fresh dung source ( simmons and emlen , 2008 ) . the burrow is then provisioned with dung in the form of brood balls . each ball is impregnated with an egg ; larval development occurs within the brood ball . this species is confined to tropical areas that experience warm , wet summers , and annual rainfall over 800 mm ( 31 . 5 in ) ( edwards , 2007 ) .

till date , there are currently eight dung beetle representatives belonging to the o . aurifex species group , under the genus onthophagus of latreille , 1802 . o . aurifex was made the ‘type’ of this group . furthermore the group has been divided into two complexes - the o . aurifex complex and the o . sarawacus complex in a recent article published by tarasov et al . ( 2010 ) . in this , the authors classified four representatives in the o . aurifex complex , which are characterized by their shiny metallic upper - side body .

figures 1 – 8 . habitus ( oblique view ) of onthophagus species , with indication of body length . 1 , o . acerus , holotype , , 6 mm ; 2 , o . aceroides , holotype , 5 mm ; 3 , o . baiyericus , holotype , 5 mm ; 4 , o . mimikanus , female holotype , 6 mm ; 5 , o . kokopygus , holotype , 3 mm ; 6 , o . daymanus , holotype , 4 . 5 mm ; 7 , o . kokocellosus , holotype , 4 . 5 mm ; 8 , o . bituberoculus , female paratype , timika , 7 mm .

total body length 10 . 0–13 . 0 mm ( 0 . 39–0 . 52 in ) . body shape oval ; may be caked in dung . color dark brown ; elytra pale brown . medium - sized onthophagus , more than 10 mm . clypeal apex rounded to sinuate ; not strongly produced or reflexed in either sex . head of male with paired tusk - like horns on the clypeus ; female with single horn on the frons . ocular canthus not completely dividing eye . pronotum with anterior angle rounded . pronotum of male with broad , hump - like process ; female with spine - like process . front tibia of male and female similar . scutellum absent .

diagnosis . clypeal apex bidentate ; major males have their denticles set on a reflexed lobe ( emargination between denticles not going down to base of lobe ) , this lobe on either side delimited by a sinuate border ( contrary to o . dissidentatus ) . clypeus and frons in both sexes without any further protrusions ( contrary to o . dissidentatus ) . onthophagus kokodentatus usually shiny black ( occasionally with metallic lustre ) ; most of dorsum distinctly , finely punctate , punctation varying in strength . eye foramina narrow . pronotum entirely evenly convex , lateral and basal borders evenly , widely rounded . proximal serrate section of protibia long ( 8 – 10 very small denticles ) . pygidium simply punctate . body length usually 3 . 5 – 4 . 5 mm .

adults fly into the dung pat to feed and mate . beneath the dung pat , the juvenile life stages of onthophagus taurus are isolated in the brood chamber of the brood balls constructed by the female beetles in tunnels . females lay several brood balls in each tunnel that would all be at the same developmental stage . however , for illustrative purposes all life stages are represented in one tunnel . these stages include the : ( a ) egg , ( b ) 1 st larval instar , ( c ) 2 nd larval instar , ( d ) 3 rd larval instar , ( e ) pupa , and ( f ) an eclosing adult beetle that is tunneling toward the surface . the brood ball chamber is larger with each successive life stage as the larva feeds on the chamber walls within the brood ball . the top inset shows ( g ) the fecal pedestal the egg is positioned upon in brood ball . the bottom inset shows ( h ) the larval instar feeding on the walls of the brood ball chamber .

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

37 in our area , 130 in the new world , > 1500 spp . total

the scarabaeoid beetles of nebraska brett c . ratcliffe & m . j . paulsen . 2008 . university of nebraska state museum , vol 22 , 570 pp .

peterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .

scarab beetles ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) of south carolina phillip j . harpootlian . 2001 . clemson university public service .

disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .

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a team dump downloadable identification guide is available , please click here . this guide was produced with funding from a british ecological society outreach grant awarded to dump team member ceri watkins in 2016 .

this species tends to be found in locations with a slightly heavier soil type i . e . some clay content . the brood burrows are vertically constructed with no side chambers and the brood balls are stacked one on top of the other .

distribution : south to central england and wales , absent from north england and scotland .

this beetle was formerly found in good numbers in hampshire but has declined massively in this area . it is now most frequently found in the mendip hills in somerset but , even here it remains rare .

distribution : south england , less common central england and wales . absent from scotland .

this species prefers alluvial soils and it is therefore most often found on riverside pastures and flood plains .

this species was widespread but is now rare . it is a sandy soils specialist – most often found on sand dunes .

a large and very distinctive looking beetle . the males have two long curved horns which are lacking in the female .

distribution : the last mainland record for this species was in the 1800’s . it is still present in the channel islands .

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1913 ) , which shows a distribution restricted to tropical east african highlands and cool temperate highlands of south africa .

tunnelling species are predominantly from cattle dung with a few records from buffalo , giant forest hog , zebra , and elephant dung ( australian csiro 1970 - 1986 , unpublished records ) . it has been recorded entirely from finer - grained soils , especially lateritic sandy clay loam , but occasionally also on black cotton clay or sandy loam . all records are from open vegetation , particularly extensive highland pastures and grassland , but it has occasionally been found in pastures within forest or woodland clearings .

some environmental characteristics for 48 locality records are as follows : altitude : mean : 1 , 929 ± 357 ( s . d . ) , range : 812 - 2 , 509 m ; annual rainfall : mean : 1 , 004 ± 254 ( s . d . ) , range : 538 - 1 , 623 mm ; annual temperature : mean : 17 . 0 ± 2 . 3 ( s . d . ) , range : 13 . 9 - 23 . 4 o c ( max . + min . / 2 ) .

although this species is clustered around forested highlands , primarily in east africa , it has been frequently collected on cattle dung in open vegetation , which suggests that it is not affected by any major threats to forest habitats .

there are no species - specific conservation actions in place for this species , and it is unlikely that any actions are required at present , as it is frequently recorded in the open vegetation of farming areas .

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east africa . this species is native to moist highlands in eastern africa . it also was introduced to australia ( tyndale - biscoe , 1990 ) .

none . this species feeds on dung as both an adult and larva . there are no records of this beetle feeding on live plant tissues .

( tyndale - biscoe , 1990 ) : adults of this diurnal species live 2–4 months . during that time , adults actively fly in search of fresh dung . females create oval - shaped brood balls in burrows constructed under or near dung . development from egg to adult requires 4–7 weeks . there are multiple generations per year .

none . this species recycles dung and is beneficial for ranching and farming in hawaii . primarily being a dung feeder , this species has never been recorded damaging crop or ornamental plants . additionally , this species is not a threat to native dung beetles because none occur in hawaii or guam .

established . in hawaii , this species was imported in 1975 to big island and maui to combat the horn fly ( haematobia irritans ) , a biting pest of livestock ( markin and yoshioka , 1998 ) . it is established in the highlands of both islands , being rare on maui ( krushelnycky et al . , 2007 ) but more common on big island ( markin and yoshioka , 1998 ) .

not established or recorded . there are no records of this species from guam .

major males are readily separated by examining the head armature ( o . nigriventris lacking horns on head versus d . gazella with 2 short , upward curving horns and o . sagittarius with 2 tusk - like horns ) .

minor males and females can be separated by examining base of the head ( o . nigriventris with a sinuate ridge versus d . gazella with straight , transverse ridge versus o . sagittarius with single horn ) .

southeastern asia . this species is native to southeastern asia , where it has been recorded from malaysia , indochina ( hawaiian entomological society , 1964 ) , india ( chandra , 2000 ) , and sri lanka ( edwards , 2007 ) . this species was introduced to australia ( edwards , 2007 ) .

none . this species recycles dung and is beneficial for ranching and farming in hawaii . primarily being a dung feeder , this species has never been recorded damaging crop or ornamental plants . additionally , this scarab is not a threat to native dung beetles because none occur in hawaii or guam .

major males of these species can quickly be distinguished by examination of the head armature ( o . sagittarius with two tusk - like horns on the clypeus versus o . nigriventris without horns or ridges , d . gazella with two short , upward curving horns at the base of the head ) .

females and can be separated by examining the base of the head ( o . sagittarius with a single horn o . nigriventris with a sinuate ridge , d . gazella with a straight , transverse ridge ) .

the range of the native dung beetle is over most of southeastern australia . it can be found from southern queensland to tasmania and south australia .

the most distinctive feature is the segmented antennae . this antennae forms a club containing three to seven leaves . these leaves can be expanded or folded together to form one compact club . the beetle is brightly colored . the surface of the dung beetle ' s head varies , but it is short , broad , and partially deflexed . the eyes are oval and prominent . the wings are large and well - developed .

native dung beetles emerge mainly during late summer into fall . for the first several weeks they are in a " maturation feeding stage " . a majority of beetles are in the adult stage during the winter . ocassionally eggs are laid in the fall , which then emerge in spring .

it is unclear what the exact function of food balls is in the life cycle of the native dung beetle . while most beetles store dung in food chambers before reproduction , the native dung beetle forms food balls during reproduction . this leads to

being the only beetle found in dung when the first population of bush flies begin oviposition in the spring .

living in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .

having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .

the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .

a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .

a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .

a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .

the beetles of the united states . ross arnett . the american entomological institute . loudonville , new york . 1968 .

phenology of o . australis . marina tyndale - biscoe and josephine walker . australian journal of zoology . volume 40 ( 3 ) .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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breeschoten t 1 , doorenweerd c 2 , tarasov s 3 , vogler ap 4 .

department of life sciences , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , united kingdom ; naturalis biodiversity center , darwinweg 2 , 2333 cr leiden , the netherlands ; institute biology leiden , leiden university , sylviusweg 72 , 2333 be leiden , the netherlands . electronic address : thijmen . breeschoten @ gmail . com .

naturalis biodiversity center , darwinweg 2 , 2333 cr leiden , the netherlands ; institute for biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics , university of amsterdam , science park 904 , 1098 xh amsterdam , the netherlands .

national institute for mathematical and biological synthesis , university of tennessee , 1122 volunteer blvd , ste . 106 , knoxville , tn 37996 , usa .

department of life sciences , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , united kingdom ; department of life sciences , silwood park campus , imperial college london , buckhurst road , ascot sl5 7py , united kingdom .

discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .

towson university , department of biological sciences , baltimore , maryland , united states of america , j . craig venter institute , inc . , plant genomics , rockville , maryland , united states of america ,

current address : department of ecology , evolution , and behavior , university of minnesota , st . paul , minnesota , united states of america

contributed equally to this work with : julie c . dunning hotopp , armin p . moczek

copyright : © 2013 estes et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .

funding : this research was supported in part through funds from : the towson university fisher college undergraduate research awards ( kf , ta ) , a towson university undergraduate research award ( kf ) , orchid society of arizona funding ( ame ) , nsf reu dbi0552654 ( mf ) , nsf ios 0445661 ( am ) , nsf ios 0718522 ( am ) , and state of maryland internal funds ( jdh ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .

although it may seem surprising that such diverse insects have radiated onto a nutritionally - poor resource , mutualistic symbioses between bacteria and their eukaryotic hosts allow animals to feed on a diversity of diets that would otherwise be inaccessible to the host . such beneficial endosymbionts can provide essential amino acids and vitamins lacking in the host diet , or they can synthesize novel enzymes , such as cellulases and hydrolases , to degrade otherwise indigestible materials like cellulose , lignin , and chitin [ 9 , 10 ] . these mutualisms are seen in animals ranging from cellulose feeding vertebrates to wood - , sap - , and blood - feeding insects [ 9 ] . in insects , mutualistic endosymbionts frequently supplement the host with essential amino acids and vitamins missing from their food source [ 10 , 11 ] . this supplementation may be provided primarily by one symbiont species , as in the aphid - buchnera system [ 12 , 13 ] , or by a community of symbionts , such as in termites [ 14 , 15 ] .

no matter the number of beneficial endosymbionts , the faithful transmission of these specific mutualists from parent to offspring is essential for offspring survival . there are two broad categories of transmission : vertical transmission , where symbionts are acquired from the parent , and horizontal transmission , where they are not [ 9 , 16 ] . in the dung beetle system , horizontal transmission could be from many sources including adult siblings , other insect taxa including other species of dung beetles , and host dung . vertical transmission is the dominant transmission type in evolutionarily stable , obligate insect - bacterial nutritional mutualisms . vertically transmitted endosymbionts are frequently transmitted transovarially , though alternate methods of transmission from parents to offspring are known [ 9 , 16 ] . these include endosymbiont transmission through proctodeal trophallaxis [ 17 ] , milk glands [ 18 , 19 ] , coprophagy [ 20 ] , egg smearing [ 21 , 22 ] , capsules [ 23 ] , and brood chambers [ 24 ] .

the clovr pipeline with chimera check [ 51 ] was run on 275 sequences for a 1425 bp amplicon of the 16s rrna gene . clovr uses scripts from qiime [ 52 ] to cluster reads into operational taxonomic units ( otus ) , select representative sequences from each otu , and use the ribosomal database naïve bayesian classifier ( 0 . 5 confidence interval ) to assign each otu to a known taxon [ 53 ] . the nucleotide sequence identity within an otu is 95 % . otu’s ( n = 22 ) that had less than an 80 % confidence with rdp were not classified [ 54 , 55 ] . clovr uses scripts from mothur [ 56 ] to plot rarefaction curves of richness and diversity , which were calculated every five sequences [ 53 , 57 ] .

to assess the relatedness of 16s rrna sequences , sequences were aligned with muscle v3 . 7 [

] , visualized and trimmed with bioedit v7 . 1 . 3 . 0 [

substitution model , random seeds of 12345 , and 100 bootstraps . the best tree as ascertained by raxml is shown and is decorated with symbols denoting the key characteristics of the sample . percent similarity was determined between all sequences (

to compare the microbiome community composition of the cultured isolates to the microbiome community found using molecular methods , all cultured isolates were screened using previously described degenerate primer sets designed for 10 single copy loci . the

] amplified the majority of the cultured isolates . cultured isolates that amplified with the

amplicons sequenced from cultured bacteria isolated from the dung beetle larval digestive system . for the constrained analysis , the concatenated

from cultured isolates : kf193370 - kf193385 ) . phylogenetic trees and amino acid alignments used for phylogenetic inference have been deposited in dryad

in order to assess the transmission pattern of the microbiome , dung beetles needed to be both surface sterilized and reared aseptically . beetle offspring were surface sterilized by washing with dilute bleach and detergent followed by two water rinses . no 16s rrna pcr amplicons were observed for dna extracted from the rinse water from surface sterilized beetles ( figure s1 , lane rw ) . under the same conditions , dna extracted from bactrocera oleae , the olive fruit fly , which is known to have bacterial symbionts that amplify with the primer pair 10f - 1507r [ 21 , 62 ] yielded the ~ 1500 bp amplicon and served as a positive control ( figure s1 , lane + ) . the negative control with sterile water as the template did not produce an amplicon ( figure s1 , lane - ) . this experiment was repeated two additional times with the same results .

to ensure that bacteria were not living or that exogenous dna could not be amplified from the dung , dna was extracted from both frozen and autoclaved dung . the ~ 1500 - bp 16s rrna amplicon could not be obtained from either the frozen or autoclaved dung ( figure s1 , lane fd and ad ) . when the bactrocera oleae positive control was added to these same negative control samples , a 1490 bp product was formed demonstrating that the lack of amplification was not due to the differential presence of inhibitors of the pcr reaction ( figure s1 , lane ad + and ad + + ) . no amplicons were formed from the dna of the autoclaved water or autoclaved soil ( figure s1 , lanes aw and as ) . amplicons were produced in fresh , unautoclaved , unfrozen dung ( figure s1 , lane ug ) and the dna extracted from the homogenized digestive system of the 3 rd larval instar ( figure s1 , lane gut ) . this experiment was repeated two additional times with the same results .

otus were assigned using the clovr pipeline with a 95 % threshold as described in the methods for the 275 16s rrna sequences obtained . predicted chimeric sequences ( n = 4 ) as well as sequences shorter than 470 bp ( n = 6 ) were discarded . from the 265 remaining sequences , 71 otus were identified across 19 individuals . of those 71 otus , 49 otus were classified to the family level , 4 to the phylum level , and 4 could not be classified further than “root” ( figures 3 , 4 , and 5 ) . the most abundant genus found across all samples was enterobacter ( figures 3 , 4 , and 5 ) .

the relative abundance of each taxon is shown for each sample . enterobacteriaceae ( bright blue ) were found in 95 % of the samples , in all populations , and all life stages . other major components include bacteria in the comamonadaceae ( green ) and pseudomonadaceae ( bluish purple ) . sample names are abbreviated as follows : 1l ( 1 st instar larva ) , 2l ( 2 nd instar larva ) , 3l ( 3 rd instar larva ) , pu ( pupa ) , ci ( cultured isolates ) , fp ( female parent ) , in ( indiana population ) , and nc ( north carolina population ) . the number after the life stage indicates different individuals sampled .

bacterial otus identified in qiime are arranged in a bulls - eye configuration with the most commonly occurring group in the yellow center , those occurring in two or more individuals in the blue circle , and those genera occurring only one time in the outermost rim . the lowest common ancestor qiime classification is given and may be at the genus , family , or class level and as such may overlap . enterobacter was found in offspring of all parental females and in 68 % of the individuals . samples denoted with a star are those otus that were found using both culture - dependent and - independent techniques .

an unrooted phylogenomic tree based on 287 loci from 1095 sequenced bacterial genomes was made as a skeletal tree on which was placed the lepa and gyrb sequences from 16 bacterial cultures isolated from the digestive system of four different 3 rd instar larvae from female parent 2 from the north carolina population . this analysis placed the isolates sister to ( a ) providencia stuartii , ( b ) enterobacter cloacae , ( c ) pusillimonas , ( d ) pedobacter heparinus , and ( e ) lysinibacillus sphaericus .

several offspring and their female parents have bacteria with 100 % identical 16s rrna sequencing , suggesting vertical transmission through the brood ball and its contents ( figure s3 and table s3 ) . for example in the north carolina samples , one sequence was recovered five times from the female parent , four times from the 2 nd instar larva , and five times from the 3 rd instar larvae ( table s3 ) . additionally , otu’s classified as alcaligenes and pasteurella are similar between one of the female parents and the cultured isolates from a different female parent . deeper sequencing of individuals may reveal more shared bacterial otus .

rarefaction curves of the microbial community in several larvae and the in parental female beetle suggests that additional sampling was needed to identify additional taxa in the microbiome ( figure s4 ) . the rarefaction curves of the nc parental female beetle ( 35 sequenced clones ) and of a second larval instar ( 20 sequenced clones ) suggests that microbiome taxonomic sampling to be close to saturation ( figure s4 ) . the highest bacterial taxonomic richness was isolated from the larval samples and the in parental female , and lower richness was sampled in pupae and in the nc parental female . however , different primer sets and deeper sampling may amplify a wider diversity of bacterial taxa .

these initial results suggest that deeper sequencing of individuals may reveal more shared bacterial otus . the primers used are biased for amplifying γ - proteobacteria , thus additional taxa may be identified using different primers . lastly , some bacteria from the dung also may have a role in the microbiome of beetles in the wild . while , it is not a subject of this study such studies may be fruitful .

collectively , the sterile rearing conditions , overlap of the microbiome between female parent and offspring , specialized dung processing behavior , and bacterial colonies found in the matrix on the brood ball chamber walls , but absent from other locations in the brood ball , suggest that the o . taurus microbiome is maternally transmitted via the brood ball .

the transmission from mother through the brood ball to offspring may be essential for provisioning specific beetle endosymbionts to the offspring since dung beetles develop in an environment rich with other microbes that were excreted from the digestive tract of the mammalian host , as well as bacteria from the soil . thus , the brood ball provides offspring not only with a safe refuge and food , but it is likely that the female parent additionally provisions a microbiome alongside the egg . however , future experimental validation is needed to further test this hypothesis .

vertical transmission via the brood ball may favor organisms that are culturable on standard microbiological media , as the bacteria must persist in an external environment prior to ingestion by the larvae . our analyses based on separate loci for the cloning versus culture - based assays reveals shared bacterial taxa , suggesting a portion of the microbiome is culturable . this is in contrast to relative unculturability of the majority of vertically transmitted endosymbionts that have been studied thus far in insects .

our data suggest that the dung beetle , o . taurus , has endosymbionts that are vertically transmitted in a unique method – via a brood ball . several of the endosymbionts are culturable . due to the manipulability of the system , the dung beetle symbiosis may be an ideal system to understand how host and microbes co - operate , and perhaps co - evolve , to thrive on nutritionally unbalanced diets . additionally , these data suggest that the essential ecosystem function of dung beetles , the degradation of cellulose - rich dung , may be due to communities of bacterial endosymbionts . whether other dung feeding insects have a specific a vertically transmitted microbiome warrants future studies .

a more detailed version of figure 6 that includes the species or strain names of the taxa used to build the tree .

dendrogram illustrating sequence identity between 16s rrna sequences relative to the samples . abbreviations are the same as in figure 4 .

rarefaction curves for selected individuals where the frequency with which diversity is calculated every five sequences .

accession numbers and ncbi taxonomy of the bacterial genomes used for the phylotyping analysis .

sequence identity matrix for 16s rrna samples . cells labeled id are where the sequence is compared to itself . cells labeled na were those where the sequence was not long enough for comparison .

conceived and designed the experiments : ame ecsr djh apm . performed the experiments : ame ecsr mf kf ta djh . analyzed the data : ame djh jcdh . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : ame jcdh apm . wrote the manuscript : ame djh jcdh . developed pipeline for phylotyping analysess : djh . collected females from the field : apm ecsr . provided beetle sterile rearing facilities and personnel : apm .

chin k , gill bd ( 1996 ) dinosaurs , dung beetles , and conifers : participants in a cretaceous food web . palaios 11 : 280 - 285 . doi :

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) subsisting on plant litter in arid south african sand dunes . j arid environ 73 : 1090 - 1094 . doi :

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nichols e , spector s , louzada j , larsen t , amezquita s et al . ( 2008 ) ecological functions and ecosystem services provided by scarabaeinae dung beetles . biol conserv 141 : 1461 - 1474 . doi :

philips tk ( 2011 ) the evolutionary history and diversification of dung beetles . ecology and evolution of dung beetles . john wiley & sons , ltd . . pp . 21 - 46 .

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: milk protein production , symbiont populations and fecundity . j insect physiol 54 : 1236 - 1242 . doi :

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potamon potamios is a semi-terrestrial crab occurring around the eastern mediterranean , including many mediterranean islands , extending as far south and west as the sinai peninsula .

potamon potamios

potamon potamios <EOT> subfamily potaminae . seven subspecies of p . potamios have been recognised over the years ( ghiavarini 1934 ; pretzmann 1962 , 1984 , 1986 ; bott 1967 ) mainly to recognise subpopulations of this species that inhabit islands . this taxon was most recently revised as potamon ( potamon ) potamios by brandis et al . ( 2000 ) and it is treated here as potamon potamios .

photo of the freshwater crab , potamon potamios , one of the four freshwater crab species found in greece . its distribution is now very limited due to the destruction of its habitat by humans .

in cyprus , p . potamios is threatened by deforestation , loss of water in its habitat , and pollution from pesticides . protection from these threats may be provided to those populations of crabs that are found in the state forests which are protected areas in the westernmost tip of the island of cyprus that may become part of a national park in the near future .

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cyprus ; egypt ( sinai ) ; greece ( east aegean is . , kriti ) ; israel ; jordan ; lebanon ; palestinian territory , occupied ; syrian arab republic ; turkey ( turkey - in - asia )

no conservation measures are known to be in place for this species in most parts of its range .

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database contains : 10 . 643 species ( 763 with photo ) , 1 . 682 genera , 124 families

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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amiantofusus candoris is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

amiantofusus candoris

amiantofusus candoris <EOT> fraussen k . , kantor y . & hadorn r . 2007 . amiantofusus gen . nov . for fusus amiantus dall , 1889 ( mollusca : gastropoda : fasciolariidae ) with description of a new and extensive indo - west pacific radiation . novapex 8 ( 3 - 4 ) : 79 - 101 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

after more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .

last week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .

on 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .

the 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .

in 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .

the scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .

fraussen , kantor & hadorn , 2007 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 456364 on 2018 - 07 - 09

panama horse conch - triplofusus princeps ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 ) - classifications - encyclopedia of life

scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .

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