the indochinese spitting cobra ( naja siamensis ) also called the thai spitting cobra , siamese spitting cobra or black-and-white spitting cobra , is a species of spitting cobra found in southeast asia .

indochinese spitting cobra

indochinese spitting cobra <EOT> also known as : black spitting cobra , malayan spitting cobra , golden spitting cobra , sumatran spitting cobra ; naja ( naja ) sputatrix ( malaysia ) , naja naja miolepis ( borneo ) .

the indochinese spitting cobra is a species of spitting cobra snakes belonging to southeastern asia . with a decline in population , this snake has been grouped under ‘vulnerable’ species .

ashe’s spitting cobra is closely related to the mozambique spitting cobra in terms of certain morphological and behavioral characteristics .

indochinese spitting cobra — the indochinese spitting cobra has white spots or stripes . it is nocturnal and aggressive at night , but during the day , it is timid and quickly runs away . talk about a snake with dual personality !

seven species of african spitting cobras exist today . they are ashe’s spitting cobra ( n . ashei ) , the mali cobra ( n . katiensis ) , mozambique spitting cobra ( n . mossambica ) , zebra spitting cobra ( n . nigricincta ) , black - necked spitting cobra ( n . nigricollis ) , nubian spitting cobra ( n . nubiae ) , and the red spitting cobra ( n . pallida ) .

the smallest species of spitting cobras is the mozambique while the largest being the ashe’s spitting cobra .

the indochinese spitting cobra ( naja siamensis ) eat mouse ( feeding ) in feeding terarium . this empty terarium is great for feeding : )

also known as : black and white spitting cobra , isan spitting cobra ; naja ( naja ) isanensis , naja ( naja ) sputatrix .

whenever a indochinese spitting cobra gets the chance , it will try to flee and spare its venom . the ‘hood’ is only visible in defensive posture .

indochinese rat snakes are silver , black , grey , brown , or orange in color .

equatorial spitting cobra ( naja sumatrana ) with spread hood . by angusticeps cc4 . 0

javan spitting cobra ( naja sputatrix ) . by department of sustainability & environment cc2 . 0

ashe’s spitting cobra — this is the largest spitting cobra , normally growing about 6 . 5 feet ( 2 meters ) long , and so it is also known as the giant spitting cobra . the largest specimen to date was almost 9 feet ( 2 . 7 meters ) long !

zebra spitting cobra — once thought to be a subspecies of the black - necked spitting cobra but now considered a species of its own , the zebra spitting cobra is light brown , pink or yellow , with ( of course ) black stripes . that’s how it got its name .

" captive care and reproduction of the red spitting cobra " , erik attmarson , reptilia 33 .

indonesian spitting cobra — also known as the javan spitting cobra , this snake is nocturnal and spends most of its time on the ground . it is a common prey for the komodo dragon , the largest monitor lizard .

snake getting a quick snack – think this is a mozambique spitting cobra . by i love trees cc2 . 0

the head can be elliptical or depressed like in the case of the equatorial and the mandalay spitting cobra . while few show distinct hood marks like the javan spitting cobra there are others that don’t show any mark like the equatorial spitting cobra . however , many african spitting cobras portray dark cross bands located around the neck like the nubian spitting cobra . they do possess an inflatable neck hood which is the flap of the skin located behind the head of the cobra . when spitting cobras feel threatened they can expand their movable ribs by drawing in air from its lungs , a defense mechanism often used to frighten or warn predators .

also known as : black pakistan cobra , sri lankan cobra ; naja naja karachiensis , naja naja polyocellata .

now , you might wonder , how does spitting protect the cobra ? sure , it’s disgusting . but is it dangerous ?

mozambique spitting cobra ( naja mossambica ) dysmorodrepanis 01 : 09 , 29 may 2008 ( utc ) . by chris eason cc2 . 0

indochinese spitting cobra ( naja siamensis ) spits at the camera , covering it with venom . note : spitting cobras don ' t actually ' spit ' their venom . they use muscles to squeeze their venom glands , squirting the venom from the hole in the fang . the hole isn ' t at the very tip of the fang , it ' s faces forward slightly . the hissing noise they make plays no part in ' spitting ' .

equatorial spitting cobra — the equatorial spitting cobra comes in two colors , black ( in singapore , malaysia , indonesia and the philippines ) and yellow ( in thailand ) . it is particularly common in singapore , where it often wanders near humans — not good news for those living there .

the red spitting cobra is a medium - sized cobra that may reach a length of up to 4 feet . originally , it was thought to be a subspecies of the mozambique spitting cobra , but is now considered its own species . it is favored by venomous snake keepers due to its coloration , which is typically a salmon to red color with black banding .

spitting cobras do have teeth so , yes , they can bite . besides , they still need to eat , and spitting isn’t a very good hunting technique .

of the elapidae family that also showcase the same spitting behavior . however , the

spitting cobras showcase defense mechanisms like their upright postures followed by a threatening hood .

red spitting cobra ( naja pallida ) from africa . original uploader was pogrebnoj - alexandroff at ru . wikipedia cc - by - 2 . 5 .

the most potent venom is that of the philippine spitting cobra , one of the world’s most dangerous true cobras whose venom is completely composed of neurotoxins .

is classified under a different genus hemachatus and due to the major differences between genus hemachatus and naja , we will only focus on the 14 naja spitting cobra species in this article . spitting cobras are dominant in the naja genus , further characterized by two distinct types according to their location – the asian and african spitting cobras .

other than the monocled cobra morphs , the indochinese spitting cobras are probably the most commonly kept and bred cobras in the usa . we purchased the cb ' 99 female , now deceased , from a friend on 10 / 26 / 02 . we bred the cb ' 99 female to a cb ' 02 male in 2006 and 2007 .

spitting cobras are capable of spraying venom consecutively 40 times in a very short time span .

what makes spitting cobra venom so scary ? well , it often contains a combination of neurotoxins and cytotoxins — substances that can damage nerve tissue and shut down individual cells . on human skin , spitting cobra venom isn’t harmful , but if it gets in the eyes , inside the nostrils or into a cut in the skin , it can cause serious damage .

a 28 - year - old thai male who was clearing debris at a construction site when he encountered a spitting cobra . the reptile spat venom into his right eye before trying to escape . a colleague who was also at the site managed to kill the cobra [

lethal injection : thailand . king cobra grabbed , hugged and kissed goodbye in the wild

red spitting cobra — the red spitting cobra starts out as salmon red or reddish - orange , with a black or dark blue band around its throat , making it an attractive snake . as it grows , however , it becomes a darker shade of red and the throat band disappears . young red spitting cobras are diurnal , meaning they are active during the day , while adults are nocturnal , or active at night . this prevents the adults from eating the young ones .

spitting cobra fang anatomy is different compared to other cobra species , as they possess a more forward and circular opening to their fangs compared to other cobras . this specialized structure allows the venom stream expelled by spitting cobras to travel forward , rather than downward . amazingly , when spraying , spitting cobras are able to match venom distribution to the size of the target , regardless of distance . these snakes are very unlikely to bite as a defensive behavior ; however , envenomations from bites have been reported .

the king cobra is not considered to be a true cobra species , such as the other cobras in the naja genus ; instead , it belongs to its own genus , ophiophagus .

philippine cobra — the philippine cobra is considered one of the world’s deadliest snakes . why ? because its venom is purely neurotoxic and the second - most toxic among all cobra venom . one bite can kill within 30 minutes , without the victim even displaying any symptoms at all !

black - necked spitting cobra — the black - necked spitting cobra doesn’t always have a black neck . sometimes it can be pure copper or olive brown , and sometimes it can have black and white stripes . it is a very adaptable snake that can thrive in different environments . also , it can be nocturnal or diurnal , depending on the time of year , whichever is more favorable for the snake .

spitting cobras are any species of venomous snakes that can project venom from their fangs , hence the name ‘spitting cobras’ . this unique ability to project venom with a precise aim is a defensive mechanism found in most cobra species , specifically of the genus naja and few others . such species of cobras that are recognized for possessing a set of spitting fangs use specialized muscles that contract the venom gland forcing the venom out through the fangs .

a killed juvenile javan spitting cobra , naja sputatrix ( tl ca 50 cm ) ; head close up , note the fang position . from banyumas , central java , indonesia . by wibowo djatmiko cc3 . 0

once the venom of a spitting cobra gets in your eyes , you will feel pain and be forced to retreat . if left untreated , victims can even go blind . that’s how potent the venom of a spitting cobra is . in this case , an antivenom won’t work . the best thing to do is quickly wash the venom out of your eyes , and then get to a doctor for antibiotic eye drops .

philippine cobra . by mario lutz [ cc by - sa 3 . 0 urltoken via wikimedia commons

king cobra skull showing large teeth and thick , rather short fangs for injecting venom during envenomation .

the fangs of the mozambique are modified with channel openings at the tip and directed forward at right angles for spitting venom .

despite preferring open grasslands , thick woodlands and agricultural fields , spitting cobras are often encountered near human settlements in southeast asia .

the holes present within the fangs of spitting cobras are tear dropped shaped to ensure spraying of a narrow stream of venom .

a 23 - year - old chinese male who was gathering fallen tree branches when he uncovered a spitting cobra under the branches that spat into his left eye . the snake , which managed to escape , fitted the description of the

cham g , pan jc , lim f , earnest a , gopala krishna kone p . effects of topical heparin , anti - venom , tetracycline and dexamethasone treatment in corneal injury resulting from the venom of the black spitting cobra (

king cobra eating a red - tailed racer ( oxycephalum gonyosoma ) snake – thailand . copyright 2009 vern lovic .

the diet of a spitting cobra doesn’t differ much from the diet of other snakes . frogs and toads are on the menu , as well as lizards , birds , bird eggs , chickens , rats , mice , other snakes and even insects .

first , don’t forget that their spit is actually venom . second , spitting cobras aim for the eyes , an extremely vulnerable part of the body . third , studies show that spitting cobras hit their target at least eight out of ten times — that’s deadly accuracy !

just as rattlesnakes only rattle when they sense danger , spitting cobras only spit in order to defend themselves — this self - defense mechanism is a deep - rooted instinct . spitting cobras are able to spit immediately after hatching , and some say they can even do it after they’re dead !

ptyas korros can be silver , grey , or brown – orange looking in color . scales on the posterior part of the body and on the tail often yellow and edged with black . underbelly is light yellow . juvenile indochinese rat snakes have a transverse series of round whitish spots or narrow yellow transverse bars .

morphologically , the king cobra has a larger head and more narrow hood compared to other cobra species . a key to identifying them is the presence of a pair of large scales , known as occipitals , located at the back of the top of the head . these are behind the usual “nine - plate” arrangement typical of colubrids and elapids , and are unique to the king cobra .

another interesting bit of information is that the king cobra is said to be able to see as far as 100 meters during daylight .

twelve cobra species live in asia . in contrast to african cobras , who exhibit great adaptive diversity , most asian cobra species are similar in behavior , lifestyle and habitat preference . the prevalence of cobras in asia is reflected by their frequent appearance in the region ' s religions and mythology .

naja siamensis possesses a deadly venom . in addition , the spitting of venomous can lead to damage to the corneas . strong venomous , deadly , corrosive for the eyes !

wuster , w . ; warrell , d . a . ; jintakune , p . 1997 . redescription of naja siamensis ( serpentes : elapidae ) , a widely overlooked spitting cobra from s . e . asia : geographic variation , medical importance and designation of a neotype . journal of zoology 243 ( 4 ) : 771 -

in thai language , it sounds like ngoo how chang ( literally “snake cobra elephant” , or ngoo chong ahng . there are many names for this snake .

recently tom charlton and i found a 3 - meter king cobra in krabi and got some great shots and video of it . facebook photo of it here .

wolfgang wuster ' s asiatic cobra systematics page is extremely detailed and helpful , covering not only species descriptions but also some of the problems in identifying asian naja species .

to describe three presentations of spitting cobra venom induced ophthalmia in urban singapore . case notes and photographs of three patients with venom ophthalmia who presented to our clinic between 2007 and 2012 were reviewed . two patients encountered the spitting cobra while working at a job site while the third patient had caught the snake and caged it . the venom entered the eyes in all 3 cases . immediate irrigation with tap water was carried out before presenting to the accident and emergency department . all patients were treated medically with topical antibiotic prophylaxis and copious lubricants . the use of anti - venom was not required in any case . all eyes recovered with no long - term sequelae . if irrigation is initiated early , eyes can recover with no significant complications or sequelae .

may be quite common in places . all are oviparous . diet is other vertebrates , with regards to which the african species at least are overall fairly catholic . some species have the ability to spit venom , a fact worth remembering as the venom can cause pain and blindness . o ' shea notes that often a spitting and non - spitting species may occur in the same location in africa and continental se asia .

chu er , weinstein sa , white j , warrell da . venom ophthalmia caused by venoms of spitting elapid and other snakes : report of ten cases with review of epidemiology , clinical features , pathophysiology and management .

the king cobra ( ophiophagus hannah ) is the longest venomous snake species , with adults ranging from about 8 to 18 feet in length . they may live up to 25 years .

the egyptian cobra gained notoriety in the u . s . in 2011 , when mia , a resident of the bronx zoo , escaped . she was eventually discovered in the reptile house .

these are the true cobras , and the most widespread of cobra genera , covering all of africa , arabia , the indian subcontinent and se asia including china , the philippines and indonesia .

despite rapid urbanization , spitting cobra venom ophthalmia - a condition which is more commonly encountered in the wild and rural environment - can be seen in urbanized areas . as far as possible , these snakes should not be handled , caught or held captive as presented in our last case . captive snakes can be aggressive and still cause spitting injuries . we strongly discouraged captivity of these and a public education campaign or warning should be issued . ophthalmologists such are cognizant of such occurrences . regardless of the venom or toxin that the eye is exposed to , it is well - documented that prompt and copious irrigation is the key to preventing any chronic visual morbidity .

the forest cobra ( n . melanoleuca ) is considered the largest true cobra species , and specimens have been documented at up to 10 feet in length . it occurs mainly in western and central africa , where it can be found from senegal in the west to angola , western kenya , uganda and rwanda in the east . it can also be found in some parts of south africa .

description : first aid for bites by elapid snakes which are likely to cause significant local damage at the bite site as their major clinical effect ( see listing in comments section ) . this includes venom spat into eyes by spitting cobras .

spitting cobras are predominantly found in southern africa and southeast asia . in southern africa , they are found in dry savanna and semidesert areas . in southeast asia , they are found in forests , fields , grasslands and even near human settlements .

the mangshan pit viper , from china , is also known to spit venom , though not as far as spitting cobras can . this snake mostly uses its white - tipped tail to lure prey close , and then delivers a deadly bite .

slowinski , j . b . & w . wüster ( 2000 ) a new cobra ( elapidae : naja ) from myanmar ( burma ) . herpetologica , 56 ( 2 ) : 257 - 270 . pdf

deraniyagala , p . e . p . ( 1939 ) a new colour variety of cobra from ceylon & south india . ceylon journal of science ( b ) , 21 ( 3 ) : 233 - 235 .

deraniyagala , p . e . p . ( 1945 ) some new races of the python , chrysopelea , binocellate cobra and tith - polonga inhabiting ceylon and india . spolia zeylanica , 24 : 103 - 113 .

venom extraction from indo - chinese spitting cobras , naja siamensis . we use the term ' malayan ' spitters in the video - that ' s what these snakes have been called for a long time in the animal trade , and old habits die hard !

the monocled cobra is found relatively frequently throughout thailand . naja kauthia , which is also found in india , nepal , south china and indochina , is called „keautiah” in calcutta . this led to the name „kauthia “ .

as its common name indicates , the forest cobra lives primarily in forest or woodlands , and it is the only cobra species found in such areas in africa . due to its ecological niche , humans do not often encounter forest cobras , and the species is one of the least frequent causes of snakebites in africa ( it possesses a primarily neurotoxic venom ) . it is primarily a diurnal species , and it exhibits some arboreal tendencies due to its natural habitat .

does not quickly run out of venom , can spit surprisingly often . and as noted in the introduction , they do not first have to get in a good pose before spitting . they can spit instantly as it turns its head towards you when you grab the tail . beware .

thais are a bit crazy about cobras – it is the most easily recognized snake , and though i have met few people that can identify other snakes , most know what a cobra looks like . there are even amulet necklaces of cobras !

this cobra is primarily found in east africa , including somalia , southern egypt , ethopia , tanzania , kenya and sudan . there is much variation to the coloration throughout its range , and animals from kenya and northern tanzania exhibit an orange to red coloration with a very broad black throat band . when interacting with any spitting species of cobras , it is , naturally , imperative to wear protective eye gear , or even an entire face shield , to prevent any venom from entering your eyes if the animal decides to spit venom .

wüster , w . & r . s . thorpe ( 1989 ) population affinities of the asiatic cobra ( naja naja ) species complex in south - east asia : reliability and random resampling . biological journal of the linnean society , 36 : 391 - 409 . pdf

nearly everyone , whether or not they are knowledgeable about reptiles , recognizes a cobra . this is due primarily to the fact that cobras display one of the most—if not the most—iconic snake poses : the rearing , hooded display . for proof of this , look no further than ancient egypt . in ancient egyptian culture , the uraeus was a hooded cobra symbol used to represent sovereignty , royalty , deity , or divine authority . cobras belong to the family elapidae , the members of which are characterized by proteroglyph dentition , meaning they have two short , fixed fangs in the front of the mouth , which channel venom into their prey like hypodermic needles .

taxonomic comment . the " suphan cobra " ( " n . k . suphanensis " ) is a colour variety of n . kaouthia known from central thailand . all intermediates between " typical " suphan cobras and " typical " n . kaouthia are known , and a molecular genetic study showed no differences bewteen these colour forms .

reproduction cobra breeding season is between the months of april and july . females can lay 12 to 30 eggs in an underground nest which hatch 50 to 70 days later . newly hatched cobras measure between 20 to 30 cm ( 8 12 inches ) and already have fully functional venom glands . however , they cannot control how much venom they release when they are still young .

very toxic , but monocled cobras ( naja kaouthia ) and kraits ( genus bungarus ) are more potent on the ld50 scale . the power of the king is in the volume of venom it can inject in one bite – maximum around 7ml ! kings can ( and have ) killed elephants with a good bite . more information on venom constituents and treatment for king cobra snakebite here .

this article will provide a brief introduction to several cobra species , including some that are commonly available in the reptile trade ( at least where venomous reptiles can be kept legally ) , as well as some discussion on some of the defining characteristics of cobras . naturally , only extremely experienced keepers who have training with elapids , including cobras , should even think about maintaining these amazing snakes in captivity .

so this page will be a collection of all the best information i can source about my favorite species of snake , king cobra – ophiophagus hannah . if you have some article , book , documentary , photo , video , or other bit of information you’d like to see listed here , just write via the contact form at this link . it is found under the home menu at the top of all pages .

i’ve seen a few king cobras ( hamadryad ) in the wild . one i saw in a park in krabi – just the tail as it crossed the road behind me . i’m guessing it was an eight meter long snake . i know it is probably impossible , but i’m not joking . the tail was absolutely massive , longer and thicker by nearly double that of other 5 - meter kings i’ve seen many of . this was quite possibly the biggest king cobra in the world .

in thailand i’ve watched just one snake show take over fifty king cobras each year out of the wild . they ‘rescue’ them from homes , yards , businesses , gardens , and farms . the kings spend a couple weeks or months rubbing their faces raw and bleeding against the fence trying desperately to escape . some of them are put in the king cobra show – where they are teased mercilessly three to ten times each day for tourists that are interested in seeing snakes , but don’t really understand the state of the kings that are held there .

i mentioned earlier having seen many dozens of king cobras run through the snake show here in our local area . that is just one king cobra show out of perhaps a dozen in the country . if every show caught and disposed of 50 king cobras annually , that’s 600 adult king cobras yearly that are being depleted from the forests just here in thailand . kings mate once per year and their eggs are highly vulnerable to predators like monitors , other snakes , rats , and weather phenomena like high humidity and monsoon rains . kings lay eggs just before the rains start .

ophiophagus hannah is the only snake known in the world that creates a nest ( usually of bamboo and other leaves ) . this snake lays eggs which they stay with in the nest until ready to hatch . when the eggs begin hatching , the female king leaves because it eats other snakes primarily – and would likely eat the young . the young are fast , and deadly from the time they hatch . juvenile king cobras from thailand have yellow bands across their black bodies and heads . they look radically different from adult king cobra snakes . there is a danger of mistaking them for mangrove cat snakes ( boiga dendrophila ) .

update 7 / 20 / 2016 – i’ve seen a number of king cobras in the wild now over the years . four of them have been hundreds of meters high on mountains . many snake enthusiasts want to come to thailand to see king cobras , and i have to tell them… the chance of seeing one is slight . i’ve lived in thailand for ten years and i’ve seen only a handful , and i’m in the rainforest often . your best bet is to come to the country and stay for a couple of months . stay at urltoken in a bungalow , and hike during the days around there . that’s my best advice . your chance at seeing a king cobra is not high – you would probably need weeks of walking around during the day to see one . it’s all luck !

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stuart , b . , thy , n . , chan - ard , t . , nguyen , t . q . & bain , r .

de silva , r . , milligan , ht , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .

justification : this species is listed as vulnerable on the basis that this species has experienced high rates of decline throughout its range , estimated at over 50 % in parts of its range and likely to be between 30 - 50 % globally over the past 15 - 18 years , which equals three generations assuming a generation length of 5 - 6 years , and the cause of decline ( overharvesting ) has not ceased .

this species has a very wide distribution throughout mainland southeast asia , with an extent of occurrence of over 800 , 000 km 2 that encompasses cambodia , southern laos , central and all of southern vietnam , northern thailand and eastern myanmar .

this species inhabits lowland and upland forest and cultivated areas , including rice paddies . it is found in deciduous , disturbed and open forest , and is absent from closed - canopy evergreen forest ( b . stuart and q . t . nguyen pers . comm . 2011 ) . generation length in this species is uncertain , but captive specimens have been reported to exhibit generation lengths of 4 - 5 years . generation length in the wild is probably longer , and is here estimated at 5 - 6 years .

like other cobras , this species is heavily harvested in vietnam , cambodia , and lao pdr where it is used for traditional chinese medicine ( b . stuart pers . comm . 2011 ) . this is the primary cause of observed population declines in this species , which is highly tolerant of habitat modification . this species is sometimes harvested for the skin trade , but this is only a minor threat as the skin quality is not high .

this species is listed on appendix ii of cites . in places the distribution of this species coincides with protected areas , probably providing small safeguards from high levels of harvesting . further research into the harvest levels of this species is needed , as is population monitoring . it is a protected species in vietnam , where it is listed as endangered in the national red data book ( dang

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distribution . india ( except assam ) , pakistan ( except most of baluchistan ) , sri lanka , bangladesh , nepal .

identification . pattern : dorsal colour brown , grey or black ; often light , chevron - shaped bands across dorsum , which are frequently split into double or quadruple bands ; hood mark shape variable : spectacle , mask , horseshoe or o - shape , often linked to light throat area on at least one side ; clearly defined light throat area , usually a pair of clearly defined lateral spots . scalation : 23 - 29 scale rows around hood ( usually 25 - 27 ) , 19 - 21 just ahead of mid - body ; 161 - 180 ventrals , 37 - 51 subcaudals ; often only two posterior temporals .

distribution . northern laos , northern vietnam , china ( north - east to the mouth of the yangtze river ) , taiwan , hainan . .

taxonomic comment . easily confused with naja kaouthia . most easily distinguished by virtue of having lower ventral and subcaudal scale counts , particular when sex is taken into account .

identification . pattern : variable ; hood mark o - or mask - shaped , may be faint , but absent only in few populations ; dorsal colour yellow , brown , grey or blackish ; plain or with ragged or clearly - defined cross - bands ; throat pattern usually clear ; one pair of lateral throat spots , encroach only on lowest dorsal scale row . ventral colour usually similar to dorsal colour , may be light . underside of tail light , subcaudals usually dark - edged . scalation : 27 - 33 scale rows around hood , 21 just ahead of mid - body ; 170 - 197 ventrals , 46 - 61 subcaudals , normally all divided ; often more than one cuneate on each side ; frontal scale short , often almost square .

distribution . northern india ( east of delhi ) , assam , nepal , bangladesh , burma , thailand , northern malaya , cambodia , southern half of vietnam , probably southern laos , china ( yunnan , sichuan ) .

identification . pattern : medium to dark brown , with lighter interstitial skin , sometimes with more or less obvious lighter cross bands , mostly on interstitial skin ; a spectacle - shaped hood mark may be present , especially in some juveniles ; ventral side creamish , with two or three dark brown cross bands ; throat heavily mottled with dark brown pigment in adults . scalation : 27 - 31 scale rows around hood , 19 - 21 at midbody , usually 21 just ahead of midbody ; 173 - 185 ventrals , 50 - 58 paired subcaudals .

distribution . myanmar ( burma ) - confined to the dry zone surrounding the city of mandalay .

distribution . turkmenistan , uzbekistan , tadzhikistan , ne iran , northern and eastern afghanistan , northern half of pakistan , kashmir , e to himachal pradesh ( india ) .

taxonomic comment . naja naja specimens without a hood mark are often confused with n . oxiana , especially in pakistan and northern india . naja oxiana is never fully black , although some specimens may be quite dark . also , n . oxiana normally has several dark bands under the throat , whereas in black n . naja from pakistan , almost the entire throat is black .

identification . fairly stockily built . pattern : adults uniformly light or medium brown , occasionally some lighter variegations ; juveniles dark brown , with lighter variegations , sometimes a dark band behind the throat . scalation : 23 - 27 ( usually 25 ) scale rows around neck , 21 ( rarely 23 ) just ahead of mid - body ; 182 - 193 ventrals , 36 - 49 subcaudals , basal pairs sometimes undivided .

distribution . philippine islands : known with certainty from luzon , mindoro , catanduanes and masbate , likely to occur on other neighbouring islands . records from the calamianes group and palawan require confirmation .

identification . pattern : dorsal ground colour dark ; juveniles have a series of light lines ascending along the side , giving a series of a - shaped marks when seen from the side ; monocle hood mark present ; adults tend to be uniform . scalation : 175 - 183 ventrals , 60 - 64 divided subcaudals , 27 - 29 dorsal scale rows around hood , 21 - 23 scale rows at midbody .

distribution . philippine islands : recorded from mindanao , samar , leyte , bohol and camiguin . likely to occur on other nearby islands .

distribution . thailand ( except on malayan peninsula ) , western laos , cambodia , southern vietnam .

taxonomic comment . often mislabelled as naja sputatrix . the latter is never black and white , and normally lacks any clearly defined pattern .

identification . pattern : javan adults usually uniform yellowish , brown or blackish ; juveniles often have throat band and lateral throat spots , sometimes a hood mark , which is most often chevron - shaped , rarely mask - , spectacle - , horseshoe - or o - shaped ; specimens from the lesser sunda islands usually medium or light brown , with lighter scale bases ; throat band and heart - shaped hood mark persist into adulthood . scalation : 19 - 28 scale rows around hood , 18 - 21 just ahead of midbody ; javan specimens have more scale rows than lesser sunda specimens ; 162 - 183 ventrals , 42 - 54 subcaudals , normally all divided .

distribution . southern indonesia : java , bali , lombok , sumbawa , komodo , flores , lomblen , alor , possibly other islands in the group . the occurrence of this species on timor and sulawesi requires confirmation .

distribution . equatorial south - east asia : malaysia , extreme southern thailand , indonesia ( sumatra , borneo , bangka , belitung , the riau archipelago ) and the philippines ( palawan , culion ) ; may occur on other islands in the region ; possible remnant population in western java .

taxonomic comment . populations from the malayan peninsula were long mislabelled as naja ( naja ) sputatrix . populations from borneo were formerly known as naja naja miolepis . the systematics of this species need further analysis . naja sputatrix lacks any clearly defined pattern on the throat , and usually has fewer ventral scales .

matters are further complicated by the fact that the old subspecies of naja naja , as previously recognized , did not always correspond to the species currently believed to exist . in other words , some of the old subspecies were either trivial local variants , and their names are no longer used , or they were found to be heterogeneous , and encompass populations of several currently recognized species . relating the older nomenclature to that currently used is therefore not straightforward .

the appended table provides a kind of " taxonomic conversion table " for the older and newer literature . note that if the locality of origin of a snake is unknown , it may not be possible to determine which currently recognized species an animal mentioned in the literature belongs to .

n . n . atra ( common ) , n . sputatrix atra ( china , northern vietnam - lingenhöle and trutnau , 1989 )

n . n . kaouthia ( common ) , n . n . siamensis ( common in the toxinological literature ) , n . n . sputatrix ( vietnam , rare ) , n . n . leucodira ( reid , 1964 ) , n . kaouthia suphanensis ( yellow form from central thailand , rare )

n . n . naja ( common ) , n . n . oxiana ( patternless specimens from northern india ) , n . n . indusi ( nw india , northern pakistan , rare ) , n . n . karachiensis ( black form from southern pakistan ) , n . n . polyocellata ( sri lanka , rare ) , n . n . caeca ( patternless specimens from northern india - rare )

n . n . kaouthia ( thailand , cambodia , vietnam , through confusion ) , n . n . sputatrix ( thailand ) , n . n . isanensis , n . n . atra ( thailand ) , n . atra ( thailand ) , n . sputatrix atra ( rare , thailand ) , n . sputatrix isanensis , n . isanensis .

n . n . sumatrana ( sumatra ) , n . n . sputatrix ( common , malayan peninsula , bangka , belitung ) , n . n . miolepis ( borneo ) , n . n . leucodira ( malayan peninsula , sumatra ) , n . n . kaouthia ( yellow form from northern malaysia - reid , 1964 ; tweedie , 1954 ) , n . sputatrix sputatrix ( malayan peninsula , java - lingenhöle and trutnau , 1989 )

deraniyagala , p . e . p . ( 1960 ) the taxonomy of the cobras of south - eastern asia . spolia zeylanica , 29 : 41 - 63 .

deraniyagala , p . e . p . ( 1961 ) the taxonomy of the cobras of south - eastern asia , part 2 . spolia zeylanica , 29 : 205 - 232 .

lingenhöle , s . and trutnau , l . ( 1989 ) über die kobras der gattung naja laurenti , 1758 in thailand . herpetofauna 11 : 6 - 13 .

wüster , w . ( 1992 ) a century of confusion : asiatic cobras revisited . the vivarium , 4 : 14 - 18 . pdf

wüster , w . ( 1996 ) taxonomic changes and toxinology : systematic revisions of the asiatic cobras ( naja naja species complex ) . toxicon , 34 ( 4 ) : 399 - 406 . pdf

wüster , w . ( 1998 ) the cobras of the genus naja in india . hamadryad , 23 ( 1 ) : 15 - 32 . pdf

wüster , w . & r . s . thorpe ( 1991 ) asiatic cobras : systematics and snakebite . experientia , 47 : 205 - 209 . pdf

wüster , w . & r . s . thorpe ( 1992 ) asiatic cobras : population systematics of the naja naja species complex ( serpentes : elapidae ) in india and central asia . herpetologica , 48 ( 1 ) : 69 - 85 . pdf

wüster , w . & r . s . thorpe ( 1994 ) naja siamensis , a cryptic species of venomous snake revealed by mtdna sequencing . experientia , 50 : 75 - 79 . pdf

wüster , w . , r . s . thorpe , m . j . cox , p . jintakune & j . nabhitabhata ( 1995 ) population systematics of the snake genus naja ( reptilia : serpentes : elapidae ) in indochina : multivariate morphometrics and comparative mitochondrial dna sequencing ( cytochrome oxidase i ) . journal of evolutionary biology , 8 : 493 - 510 . pdf

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general shape medium in length , heavy bodied snake with long cervical ribs capable of expansion to form a hood when threatened . body is compressed dorsoventrally and sub - cylindrical posteriorly . can grow to a maximum of about 1 . 60 metres . head is elliptical , depressed and slightly distinct from neck with a short , rounded snout and large nostrils . eyes are medium in size with round pupils . dorsal scales are smooth and strongly oblique .

general : other these snakes can spit their venom , causing venom spit ophthalmia .

treatment summary bites can cause both local tissue injury and systemic effects , principally flaccid paralysis . treatment is therefore twofold ; good wound care and control of secondary infection , plus watch for flaccid paralysis . if severe paralysis present , with respiratory failure , requires intubation & ventilation . specific antivenoms available , which should be given at first sign of developing paralysis .

general approach to management all cases should be treated as urgent & potentially lethal . rapid assessment & commencement of treatment including appropriate antivenom ( if indicated & available ) is mandatory . admit all cases .

antivenom therapy antivenom is the key treatment for systemic envenoming . multiple doses may be required .

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naja siamensis laurenti 1768 : 91 naja naja kaouthia smith 1943 naja naja kaouthia , variety c taylor 1965 naja tripudians — nootpand 1971 naja oxiana — nootpand 1971 naja naja isanensis nutaphand 1982 naja naja sputatrix — nutaphand 1982 naja naja atra — nutaphand 1982 naja isanensis — nutaphand 1986 naja sputatrix atra — lingenhole & trutnau 1989 naja sputatrix isanensis — lingenhole & trutnau 1989 naja atra — wüster & thorpe 1991 naja cf . atra — wüster & thorpe 1992 naja siamensis — wüster & thorpe 1994 naja siamensis — cox et al . 1998 : 28 naja ( naja ) siamensis — wallach et al . 2009 naja siamensis — wallach et al . 2014 : 462

note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .

venomous ! in the toxinological literature , the name " naja naja siamensis " is more likely to refer to naja kaouthia than to this species . not listed by golay 1985 .

chan - ard , t . , parr , j . w . k . & nabhitabhata , j . 2015 . a field guide to the reptiles of thailand . oxford university press , ny , 352 pp . [ see book reviews by pauwels & grismer 2015 and hikida 2015 for corrections ] - get paper here

chan - ard , t . ; grossmann , w . ; gumprecht , a . & schulz , k . d . 1999 . amphibians and reptiles of peninsular malaysia and thailand - an illustrated checklist [ bilingual english and german ] . bushmaster publications , würselen , gemany , 240 pp . [ book review in russ . j herp . 7 : 87 ] - get paper here

cox , merel j . ; van dijk , peter paul ; jarujin nabhitabhata & thirakhupt , kumthorn 1998 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of peninsular malaysia , singapore and thailand . ralph curtis publishing , 144 pp .

das , i . 2012 . a naturalist ' s guide to the snakes of south - east asia : malaysia , singapore , thailand , myanmar , borneo , sumatra , java and bali . oxford j , ohn beaufoy publishing - get paper here

geissler , peter , truong quang nguyen , nikolay a . poyarkov & wolfgang böhme 2011 . new records of snakes from cat tien national park , dong nai and lam dong provinces , southern vietnam . bonn zoological bulletin 60 ( 1 ) : 9 - 16 - get paper here

golay , p . 1985 . checklist and keys to the terrestrial proteroglyphs of the world ( serpentes : elapidae - hydrophiidae ) . elapsoidea , geneva . - get paper here

grismer , l . l . , neang , t . , chav , t . & grismer , j . l . 2008 . checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the cardamom region of southwestern cambodia . cambodian journal of natural history 2008 ( 1 ) : 12–28 - get paper here

laurenti , j . n . 1768 . specimen medicum , exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota reptilium austracorum , quod authoritate et consensu . vienna , joan . thomae , 217 pp . - get paper here

lillywhite , harvey b . 2014 . how snakes work : structure , function and behavior of the world ' s snakes . oxford university press , new york , 256 pp

lingenhöle , s . & trutnau , l . 1989 . über die kobras der gattung naja laurenti 1758 in thailand . herpetofauna 11 ( 58 ) : 6 - 13 - get paper here

pauwels , o . s . g . ; david , p . ; chimsunchart , c . & thirakhupt , k . 2003 . reptiles of phetchaburi province , western thailand : a list of species , with natural history notes , and a discussion on the biogeography at the isthmus of kra . natural history journal of chulalongkorn university 3 ( 1 ) : 23 - 53 - get paper here

sang , nguyen van ; ho thu cuc , nguyen , quang truong 2009 . herpetofauna of vietnam . chimaira , frankfurt , 768 pp .

teynié , alexandre and patrick david . 2007 . additions to the snake fauna of southern laos , with the second laotian specimen of naja siamensis ( laurenti , 1768 ) and the forst country record of oligodon taeniatus ( günther , 1861 ) ( squamata , serpentes ) . russ . j . herpetol . 14 ( 1 ) : 39 - 44 - get paper here

vonk , f . j . et al . 2008 . evolutionary origin and development of snake fangs . nature 454 : 630 - 633

wallach , v . ; wüster , w . & broadley , d . g . 2009 . in praise of subgenera : taxonomic status of cobras of the genus naja laurenti ( serpentes : elapidae ) . zootaxa 2236 : 26–36 - get paper here

wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .

wuster , w . ; thorpe , r . s . 1994 . naja siamensis , a cryptic species of venomous snake revealed by mtdna sequencing . experientia 50 ( 1 ) : 75 - 79

wüster , w . 1996 . taxonomic changes and toxinology : systematic revisions of the asiatic cobras ( naja naja complex ) . toxicon 34 ( 4 ) : 399 - 406

wüster , w . ; thorpe , r . s . ; cox , m . j . ; jintakune , p . ; nabhitabhata , j . 1995 . populuation systematics of the snake genus naja ( reptilia : serpentes : elapidae ) in indochina : multivariate morphometrics and comparative mitochondrial dna sequencing ( cytochrome oxidase i ) . j . evol . biol . 8 : 493 - 510

this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .

very dangerous , bites potentially fatal , and able to spit venom possibly causing blindness ; fixed front - fanged , potent venom , and a fast agile snake .

we have encountered this species in different seasons , both in the winter and in the wet season .

our personal experience with this species has been primarily during the day , mostly in the mornings . many books however state they are nocturnal . this could perhaps vary per season / or even habitat .

image credit : urltoken staff . “blausen gallery 2014” . wikiversity journal of medicine . doi : 10 . 15347 / wjm / 2014 . 010 . issn 20018762

protobothrops mangshanensis , also known as mangshan pitviper at the los angeles zoo . image credit : junkyardsparkle cc0

according to urltoken they live up to about 20 years . http : / / urltoken / cobras - all - you - need - to - know /

habitat elevations up to about 1500 metres in mainly tropical primary and secondary forest ( including dense jungle terrain ) but has been found in gardens and parks in urban areas .

prey feeds mainly on rodents and amphibians but will also eat snakes , lizards and small mammals .

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editorial use only photos don ' t have any model or property releases , which means they can ' t be used for commercial , promotional , advertorial or endorsement purposes . this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest ( for example , in a blog , textbook , newspaper or magazine article ) .

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please do not steal my photos for the purpose of advertising your own animals .

all animals pictured on this page are in our collection , and owned by us . the photos were taken by us , unless otherwise labeled . we are still looking specimens of naja philippinensis , and extra specimens of species we already have . if you have something for sale , please contact us , at the link above .

the 7 photos below were taken by me , unless otherwise labeled , of some animals that used to be in our collection . the animals pictured below those 7 , are in our collection now .

the female at left died on 01 / 04 / 13 . she was a great girl and when bred to high - white males , produced some very nice offspring , including sia - 003 - 07 - f above .

they are easy to keep and work with , and most don ' t spit very often at all .

our male id # sia - 019 - 06 - m , below , was produced by us from a clutch of 11 . 6 hatchlings back in 2006 from completely black parents . we got him back in may 2013 . he is almost completely black having only a few white dots in the center of some of his ventral scales . he is also very big at 68 " / 172 . 7 cm long . maximum length is considered to be about 160 cm . his mother and father are shown below . .


malea pomum , common name the pacific grinning tun , is a species of large sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family tonnidae , the tun shells .

malea pomum

malea pomum <EOT> taxonomy the species currently referred to as malea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) was referred to as dolium ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . . .

specimen thach ( 2005 : 93 pl . 44 , nr . 4 ) refers to a specimen of malea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) as malea sp . [ details ]

genus and description : malea pomum , 53 . 2 & 69 . 5 mm , f + + + / gem , set of 2 specimens

frédéric ducarme marked the classification from " world register of marine species ( worms ) " as preferred for " malea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) " .

taxonomy the species currently referred to as malea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) was referred to under that name by ( a . o . ) paetel . . .

taxonomy the species currently referred to as malea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) was referred to as dolium ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) by ( a . o . ) tryon ( 1885 : 265 ) ; boetger ( 1908 : 671 ) ; schepman ( 1909 : 125 ) ; vredenburg ( 1919 : 187 ) [ details ]

( of tonna ( malea ) pomum pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) kilias , r . ( 1962 ) das tierreich , lieferung 77 , gastropoda / prosobranchia : 1 - 63 , walter de gruyter & co . , berlin . page ( s ) : 19 [ details ]

dolium ( cadium ) pomum var . macgregori ( iredale , 1931 ) ( recombination of synonym )

type species type taxon by subsequent designation herrmannsen , 1847 is malea latilabris valenciennes , 1832 which is accepted as cassis ringens swainson , 1822 ( i . e . malea ringens ( swainson , 1822 ) ) ( fide beu ( 2005 : 112 ) [ details ]

( of tonna ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) kilias , r . ( 1962 ) das tierreich , lieferung 77 , gastropoda / prosobranchia : 1 - 63 , walter de gruyter & co . , berlin . page ( s ) : 19 [ details ]

( of tonna ( malea ) pomum macgregori ( iredale , 1931 ) ) kilias , r . ( 1962 ) das tierreich , lieferung 77 , gastropoda / prosobranchia : 1 - 63 , walter de gruyter & co . , berlin . page ( s ) : 20 [ details ]

( of tonna ( malea ) pomum pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]

( of dolium ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]

( of malea ( quimalea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]

( of tonna ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]

( of tonna ( malea ) pomum macgregori ( iredale , 1931 ) ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]

( of malea ( quimalea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) habe , t . ( 1961 ) . coloured illustrations of the shells of japan . ii . hoikusha , osaka [ in japanese ] . xii + 183 + 42 pp . , 66 pl . page ( s ) : 47 [ details ]

family : tonnidae born : 1758 , linnaeus genus and description : malea pomum , 53 & 65 mm , f + + + / gem , " big & small " , set of 2 specimen origin : collected by local fishermen through diving at about 20 to 50 meters deep off nucnucan island , bohol philippines . april 2016

( of malea noronhensis kempf & matthews , 1969 ) kempf , m . & matthews , h . r . , ( 1969 ) occurence of the genus malea valenciennes , 1832 in atlantic waters , with the description of a new species ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . arquivos do ciências do mar , 9 : 57 - 62 . page ( s ) : 57 [ details ]

( of malea ( malea ) valenciennes , 1832 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 30 [ details ]

( of malea pomum noronhensis kempf & matthews , 1969 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]

( of dolium ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]

( of malea ( quimalea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]

( of tonna ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]

( of tonna ( malea ) pomum macgregori ( iredale , 1931 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]

( of malea noronhensis kempf & matthews , 1969 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 - 114 [ details ]

( of malea ( quimalea ) iredale , 1929 ) habe , t . ( 1961 ) . coloured illustrations of the shells of japan . ii . hoikusha , osaka [ in japanese ] . xii + 183 + 42 pp . , 66 pl . page ( s ) : 47 [ details ]

( of quimalea pomum macgregori iredale , 1931 ) cernohorsky , w . o . ( 1972a ) marine shells of the pacific . vol . ii . pacific publications , sydney , 411 pp . page ( s ) : 112 [ details ]

kempf , m . & matthews , h . r . 1969 , " occurence of the genus malea valenciennes , 1832 in atlantic waters , with the description of a new species ( mollusca : gastropoda ) " , arquivos do ciências do mar , vol . 9 , no . 1 , pp . 57 - 62

( of buccinum pomum linnaeus , 1758 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 114 [ details ]

( of cadus pomum röding , 1798 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]

( of quimalea pomum macgregori iredale , 1931 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]

( of quimalea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]

( of dolium pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]

( of quimalea pomum macgregori iredale , 1931 ) iredale t . ( 1931 ) . australian molluscan notes . nº i . records of the australian museum , 18 : 201 - 235 , pl . 22 - 25 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 215 [ details ]

( of quimalea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) iredale t . ( 1929 ) . mollusca from the continental shelf of eastern australia . records of the australian museum . 17 ( 4 ) : 157 - 189 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 345 [ details ]

( of malea pommum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) richmond , m . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . a guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands . sida / department for research cooperation , sarec : stockholm , sweden . isbn 91 - 630 - 4594 - x . 448 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of dolium ( cadium ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) bayer c . ( 1937 ) catalogue of the doliidae in the rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie . zoologiscshe mededelingen , 20 ( 5 ) : 29 - 50 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 30 [ details ]

( of malea noronhensis kempf & matthews , 1969 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]

( of dolium ( malea ) valenciennes , 1832 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]

( of malea ( quimalea ) iredale , 1929 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]

( of dolium ( cadium ) pomum var . macgregori ( iredale , 1931 ) ) bayer c . ( 1937 ) catalogue of the doliidae in the rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie . zoologiscshe mededelingen , 20 ( 5 ) : 29 - 50 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 31 [ details ]

( of buccinum pomum linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of cadus pomum röding , 1798 ) röding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 151 [ details ]

( of buccinum pomum linnaeus , 1758 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]

( of cadus pomum röding , 1798 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]

( of quimalea pomum macgregori iredale , 1931 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]

( of quimalea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]

( of cadium pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]

( of dolium pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]

( of dolium ( cadium ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]

( of dolium ( cadium ) pomum var . macgregori ( iredale , 1931 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]

taxonomy the species currently referred to as malea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) was referred to under that name by ( a . o . ) paetel ( 1887 : 222 ) ; hedley ( 1916 : 196 ) ; dautzenberg ( 1929 : 447 ) ; van der vlerk ( 1931 : 243 ) ; winckworth & tomlin ( 1933 : 212 ) ; dodge ( 1956 : 167 - 169 ) ; cernohorsky ( 1972 : 112 ) ; hinton ( 1972 : 19 ; 1974 : 18 ; 1977 : 27 ) ; kay ( 1979 : 231 ) ; powell ( 1979 : 163 ) ; abbott & dance ( 1982 : 118 ) ; springsteen & leobrera ( 1986 ) ; kilburn ( 1986 : 4 ) ; wye ( 1991 : 100 ) ; wilson ( 1993 : 252 ) ; severns ( 2000 : 79 ) ; zhang & ma ( 2004 : 82 ) ; dharma ( 2005 : 192 & 352 ) ; thach ( 2005 : 93 in part ) ; beu ( 2005 : 113 ) [ details ]

( of buccinum pomum linnaeus , 1758 ) linné c . ( 1764 ) . museum s : æ r : æ m : tis ludovicæ ulricæ reginæ svecorum , gothorum , vandalorumque & c . ; & c . ; & c . ; in quo animalia rariora , exotica , imprimis insecta & conchilia describuntur & determinantur prodromi instar editum . holmiae vii + 720 pp . : , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 600 [ details ]

( of dolium ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) tryon g . w . , jr . ( 1885 ) manual of conchology , structural and systematic , with illustrations of the species . ( 1 ) 7 : terebridae , cancellariidae , strombidae , cypraeidae , pediculariidae , ovulidae , cassididae , doliidae , pp . 1 - 64 , pl . 1 - 12 ( terebridae ) , 65 - 98 , pl . 1 - 7 ( cancellariidae ) , 99 - 152 , pl . 1 - 12 ( strombidae ) , 153 - 240 , pl . 1 - 23 ( cypraeidae , by s . r . roberts ) , 241 - 256 , 301 - 304 , pl . 1 - 5 ( pediculariidae and ovulidae ) , 257 - 267 , 305 - 306 , pl . 1 - 6 ( doliidae ) , 268 - 300 , 307 - 309 , pl . 1 - 10 ( cassididae ) . philadelphia , published by the author . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 265 [ details ]

( of buccinum pomum linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus c . ( 1767 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . ed . 12 . 1 . , regnum animale . 1 & 2 . holmiae , laurentii salvii . holmiae [ stockholm ] , laurentii salvii . pp . 1 - 532 [ 1766 ] pp . 533 - 1327 [ 1767 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 1 197 [ details ]

( of cadium pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) link d . h . f . ( 1807 - 1808 ) . beschreibung der naturalien - sammlung der universität zu rostock . rostock : adlers erben . 1 abt . [ part 1 ] , pp . 1 - 50 ; 2 abt . [ part 2 ] , pp . 51 - 100 ; 3 abt . [ part 3 ] , pp . 101 - 165 ; abt . 4 [ part 4 ] , pp . 1 - 30 ; abt . 5 [ part 5 ] , pp . 1 - 38 [ 1808 ] ; abt . 6 [ part 6 ] , pp . 1 - 38 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]

( of dolium ( malea ) valenciennes , 1832 ) tryon g . w . , jr . ( 1885 ) manual of conchology , structural and systematic , with illustrations of the species . ( 1 ) 7 : terebridae , cancellariidae , strombidae , cypraeidae , pediculariidae , ovulidae , cassididae , doliidae , pp . 1 - 64 , pl . 1 - 12 ( terebridae ) , 65 - 98 , pl . 1 - 7 ( cancellariidae ) , 99 - 152 , pl . 1 - 12 ( strombidae ) , 153 - 240 , pl . 1 - 23 ( cypraeidae , by s . r . roberts ) , 241 - 256 , 301 - 304 , pl . 1 - 5 ( pediculariidae and ovulidae ) , 257 - 267 , 305 - 306 , pl . 1 - 6 ( doliidae ) , 268 - 300 , 307 - 309 , pl . 1 - 10 ( cassididae ) . philadelphia , published by the author . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 265 [ details ]

spry , j . f . ( 1961 ) . the sea shells of dar es salaam : gastropods . tanganyika notes and records 56 [ details ]

drivas , j . ; jay , m . ( 1987 ) . coquillages de la réunion et de l ' île maurice . collection les beautés de la nature . delachaux et niestlé : neuchâtel . isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1 . 159 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

obis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]

cernohorsky , w . o . ( 1972a ) marine shells of the pacific . vol . ii . pacific publications , sydney , 411 pp . page ( s ) : 112 [ details ]

rosenberg , g . 1992 . encyclopedia of seashells . dorset : new york . 224 pp . page ( s ) : 80 [ details ]

beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]

liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

vos , c . ( 2012 ) overview of the tonnidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) in chinese waters . shell discoveries 1 ( 1 ) ; pp . 12 - 22 ; pls . 1 - 9 page ( s ) : 12 [ details ]

vos , c . ( 2013 ) overview of the tonnidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) in chinese waters . gloria maris 52 ( 1 - 2 ) ; pp . 22 - 53 ; pls . 1 - 9 page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]

vos , c . ( 2008 ) tonnidae . in poppe g . t . ( ed . ) philippine marine mollusks , volume 1 : gastropoda 1 : 594 - 611 , pls 242 - 250 . conchbooks , hackenheim , germany . page ( s ) : 594 [ details ]

severns , m . ( 2011 ) . shells of the hawaiian islands - the sea shells . conchbooks , hackenheim . 564 pp . page ( s ) : 132 [ details ]

( of cassis labrosa martini , 1773 ) gray j . e . ( 1847 ) . a list of the genera of recent mollusca , their synonyma and types . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 15 : 129 - 219 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 137 [ details ]

( of cassis labrosa martini , 1773 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]

( of cassis labrosa martini , 1773 ) martini , f . h . w . & chemnitz , j . h . ( 1769–1795 ) neues systematisches conchylien - cabinet . g . n . raspe , nürnberg . [ vol . 1 , 1–408 , pls . 1–31 ( 1769 ) ; vol . 2 , 1–362 , pls . 32–65 ( 1773 ) ; vol . 3 , 1–434 , pls . 66–121 ( 1777 ) ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 2 ( 1773 ) : 58 [ details ]

( of cassis labrosa martini , 1773 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 114 [ details ]

after more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .

last week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .

on 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .

the 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .

in 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .

the scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .

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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .

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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :

we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .

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iredale , t . 1931 , " australian molluscan notes . no . 1 " , records of the australian museum , vol . 18 , no . 4 , pp . 201 - 235 , pls xxii - xxv

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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 548da39c - da70 - 4e9e - a7b1 - 2b89d4a7023d

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cook islands islands : rr = rarotonga , mg = mangaia , at = ‘ātiu , mk = ma‘uke , mt = miti‘āro , ak = aitutaki , pl = palmerston , pn = penrhyn , mn = manuae , tk = takūtea , tn = tongareva ( ts = tongaleva spoken , tw = tongareva written , they say " el " but write " r " ) , mh = manihiki , rk = rakahanga , pk = pukapuka , ns = nassau , sw = suwarrow . after a polynesian name : ^ = orthography query . countries and other : fij = fiji , wt = wallis & futuna , sam = samoa , ton = tonga , niu = niue , ck = cook islands , ckm = cook islands māori , fp = french polynesia , aus = australs , soc = societies , tah = tahiti , tua = tuamotus , mqs = marquesas , mng = mangareva , pit = pitcain group , eas = easter island , haw = hawai‘i , nz = new zealand , nzm = new zealand māori

mccormack , gerald ( 2007 ) cook islands biodiversity database , version 2007 . 2 . cook islands natural heritage trust , rarotonga . online at http : / / cookislands . bishopmuseum . org .

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fine + + + , fresh and very dark , rare and unique , fresh and very dark , lovely pattern and beautiful color , net 15 to 20 m , january 2017 .

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origin : collected by a local fishermen by nets off olango island , cebu philippines , march 2013 .

origin : collected by local fishermen through diving at about 20 to 50 meters deep off samar island philippines . april 2015

vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 26 [ details ]

beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 112 [ details ]

( of quimalea iredale , 1929 ) nomenclator zoologicus online . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of dolium ( cadium ) link , 1807 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]

( of dolium ( cadium ) link , 1807 ) bayer c . ( 1937 ) catalogue of the doliidae in the rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie . zoologiscshe mededelingen , 20 ( 5 ) : 29 - 50 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 30 [ details ]

the symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .

vos , c . 2007 : a conchological iconography 13 , the family tonnidae , conchbooks , hackenheim , germany ( p . 28 )

brook , f . j . , marshall , b . a . 1998 : the coastal molluscan fauna of the northern kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean , journal of the royal society of new zealand , 28 ( p . 221 )

paul , w . j . mar / 1979 : new zealand tonnidae , cookia , 3 ( 1 ) ( p . 21 )

powell , a . w . b . 1976 : on the considerable influx of warm water molluscs that have invaded northern new zealand waters within recent years , records of the auckland institute and museum , 13 ( p . 150 )

powell , a . w . b . 1974 : new zealand molluscan systematics with descriptions of new species : part 8 , records of the auckland institute and museum , 11 ( p . 204 )

note : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .

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national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .

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