oreta trispina is a moth in the family drepanidae .

it was described by watson in 1967 .

it is found in china ( shaanxi , ningxia , gansu , sichuan ) .

the length of the forewings is 18.5 – 23.5 mm for males and 22.5 – 25 mm for females .

the ground colour of the forewings is either entirely reddish brown , or reddish brown with a pale yellow band on the forewings and a broad , distal , pale yellow area on the hindwings .

the wing markings are mostly dark brown or black , with a yellow distal edge to the oblique postmedial fascia on the forewings and a yellowish brown cell-patch on the forewings .

oreta trispina

oreta trispina <EOT> oreta suffusa walker , 1855 = oreta violacea hampson , 1891 = psiloreta violacea = psiloreta violacea hampson , 1891 .

figures 171 – 180 . female genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 171 , oreta pavaca sinensis ; 172 , oreta trispinuligera ; 173 , o . liensis ; 174 , o . sanguinea ; 175 , o . eminens ; 176 , o . angularis ; 177 , o . insignis ; 178 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 179 , o .

figures 66 – 77 . male genitalia of oretinae ( scale bars = 1 mm ) . 66 , oreta loochooana loochooana ; 67 , o . loochooana timutia ; 68 , o . pulchripes ; 69 , o . turpis ; 70 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 71 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 72 , o . hoenei tienia ; 73 , o . paki ; 74 , o . ancora ; 75 – 76 , o . trispina , 75 , from gansu , 76 , from ningxia ; 77 , o . flavobrunnea .

figures 159 – 170 . female genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 159 , oreta vatama acutula ; 160 , o . andrema ; 161 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 162 , o . speciosa ; 163 , o . loochooana loochooana ; 164 , o . loochooana timutia ; 165 , o . turpis ; 166 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 167 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 168 , o . paki ; 169 , o . trispina ; 170 , o . pavaca pavaca ( paratype of o . zigzaga ) .

figures 99 – 115 . aedeagus of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 99 , oreta vatama acutula ; 100 , o . vatama tsina ; 101 , o . andrema ; 102 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 103 , o . speciosa ; 104 , o . brunnea ; 105 , o . shania ; 106 , o . loochooana loochooana ; 107 , o . pulchripes ; 108 , o . turpis ; 109 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 110 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 111 , o . hoenei tienia ; 112 , o . paki ; 113 , o . ancora ; 114 , o . trispina ; 115 , o . flavobrunnea .

figures 131 – 158 . the eighth segment of oretinae . 131 , oreta vatama tsina ; 132 , o . andrema ; 133 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 134 , o . speciosa ; 135 , o . brunnea ; 136 , o . loochooana loochooana ; 137 , o . loochooana timutia ; 138 , o . pulchripes ; 139 , o . turpis ; 140 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 141 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 142 , o . hoenei tienia ; 143 , o . paki ; 144 , o . ancora ; 145 , o . trispina ; 146 , o . pavaca pavaca ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 147 , o . trispinuligera ; 148 , o . liensis ; . . .

figures 90 – 98 . male genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 90 , oreta angularis ; 91 , o . insignis ; 92 , o . extensa ; 93 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 94 , o . griseotincta ; 95 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 96 , neoreta olga ; 97 , n . purpureofascia ; 98 , n . brunhyala .

figures 131 – 158 . the eighth segment of oretinae . 131 , oreta vatama tsina ; 132 , o . andrema ; 133 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 134 , o . speciosa ; 135 , o . brunnea ; 136 , o . loochooana loochooana ; 137 , o . loochooana timutia ; 138 , o . pulchripes ; 139 , o . turpis ; 140 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 141 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 142 , o . hoenei tienia ; 143 , o . paki ; 144 , o . ancora ; 145 , o . trispina ; 146 , o . pavaca pavaca ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 147 , o . trispinuligera ; 148 , o . liensis ; 149 , o . sanguinea ; 150 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . ; 151 , o . angularis ; 152 , o . insignis ; 153 , o . extensa ; 154 , o . griseotincta ; 155 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 156 , neoreta olga ; 157 , n . purpureofascia ; 158 , n . brunhyala .

figures 1 – 32 . adults of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 cm ) . 1 , oreta vatama acutula ; 2 , o . vatama tsina ; 3 , o . andrema ; 4 – 5 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 6 , ditto ( holotype of o . sinuata ) ; 7 , ditto ( holotype of o . asignis ) ; 8 – 9 , o . speciosa ; 10 , ditto ( holotype of o . hyalina , ) ; 11 , o . brunnea , holotype ; 12 , o . shania ; 13 , ditto ( holotype of o . bimaculata ) ; 14 , ditto ( holotype of o . cera ) ; 15 , o . loochooana loochooana ; 16 , o . loochooana timutia ; 17 , o . pulchripes ; 18 , o . turpis ; 19 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 20 , ditto ( holotype of o . trianga ) ; 21 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 22 , o . hoenei tienia ; 23 , o . paki ; 24 , o . ancora ; 25 – 26 , o . trispina ; 27 – 28 , o . flavobrunnea ; 29 , ditto ( holotype of o . dalia , ) ; 30 , o . pavaca pavaca ; 31 , ditto ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 32 , o . pavaca sinensis .

figures 54 – 65 . male genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 54 , oreta vatama acutula ; 55 , o . vatama tsina ; 56 , o . andrema ; 57 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 58 , ditto ( paratype of o . sinuata ) ; 59 , ditto ( holotype of o . asignis ) ; 60 , o . speciosa ; 61 , ditto ( holotype of o . hyalina ) ; 62 , o . brunnea ; 63 , o . shania ; 64 , ditto ( holotype of o . bimaculata ) ; 65 , ditto ( holotype of o . cera ) .

figures 78 – 89 . male genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 78 , oreta flavobrunnea ( holotype of o . dalia ) ; 79 , o . pavaca pavaca ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 80 – 81 , o . pavaca sinensis ; 81 , ditto ( paratype of o . zigzaga ) ; 82 , ditto ( holotype of o . fusca ) ; 83 , ditto ( holotype of o . unichroma , ) ; 84 , o . trispinuligera ; 85 , ditto ( holotype of o . ankyra ) ; 86 , o . liensis ; 87 , o . sanguinea ; 88 , o . eminens ; 89 , o . inflativalva sp . nov .

figures 1 – 32 . adults of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 cm ) . 1 , oreta vatama acutula ; 2 , o . vatama tsina ; 3 , o . andrema ; 4 – 5 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 6 , ditto ( holotype of o . sinuata ) ; 7 , ditto ( holotype of o . asignis ) ; 8 – 9 , o . speciosa ; 10 , ditto ( holotype of o . hyalina , ) ; 11 , o . brunnea , holotype ; 12 , o . shania ; 13 , ditto ( holotype of o . bimaculata ) ; 14 , ditto ( holotype of o . cera ) ; 15 , o . loochooana loochooana ; . . .

figures 33 – 53 . adults of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 cm ) . 33 , oreta pavaca sinensis ( holotype of o . fusca ) ; 34 , ditto ( holotype of o . unichroma ) ; 35 – 36 , o . trispinuligera , 35 , holotype ; 37 , o . trispinuligera ( holotype of o . ankyra ) ; 38 , o . liensis ; 39 , o . sanguinea ; 40 , o . eminens ; 41 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . , holotype ; 42 – 43 , o . angularis ; 44 – 45 , o . insignis ; 46 , o . extensa ; 47 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 48 , o . griseotincta ; 49 , . . .

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song , wenhui , xue , dayong & han , hongxiang , 2012 , revision of chinese oretinae ( lepidoptera , drepanidae ) , zootaxa 3445 , pp . 1 - 36 : 16

. hist . ( ent . ) , 19 : 177 , figs 36–39 , pl . 2 : 98 , 99 . holotype 3 , china : s . shensi , tapaishan im tsinling ( zfmk

) : s . shensi , tapaishan im tsinling , 6 . vii . 1935 , coll . höne , 13 ( holotype ) . shaanxi ( izcas

) : ningshan , huoditang , 1580 m , 26 . vii . 1998 , coll . yuan decheng , 13 . ningxia ( izcas

) : jingyuan , hongxia linchang , 1998 m , 9–10 . vii . 2008 , coll . song wenhui , 13 . gansu ( izcas

) : wenxian , qiujiaba , 2350 m , 21–22 . vii . 1999 , coll . yao jian and zhu chaodong , 53 . sichuan ( izcas

) : wolong , 1900 m , 20 . viii . 1980 , coll . liu youqiao , 1 ƥ ; nanping , jiuzhaigou , 2350 m , 7 . ix . 1983 , coll . niu chunlai , 1 ƥ ; balangshan , 2300 m , 7 . viii . 1983 , coll . zhang xuezhong , 1 ƥ .

has another pointed process on the middle of the ventral margin of the valva , which is absent in the other two species . the posterior process of the aedeagus is blunt in

has been found from shanxi . the material from gansu and ningxia has slight differences in the male genitalia . the former ( fig . 72

) has asymmetrical saccular processes with two spines on the ventral process of the left , and two spines at the base of the diverging branches on the right . the latter ( fig . 73

) has symmetrical saccular processes on both valvae , and each bears four spines at the base of the diverging branches . in addition , the posterior process of the aedeagus is longer and blunt in the former , but short and truncate in the latter .

no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .

species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .

song , wenhui , xue , dayong , han , hongxiang ( 2012 ) : revision of chinese oretinae ( lepidoptera , drepanidae ) . zootaxa 3445 : 1 - 36 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 212981

figures 116 – 130 . aedeagus of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 116 , o . pavaca pavaca ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 117 , o . pavaca sinensis ( paratype of o . zigzaga ) ; 118 , o . trispinuligera ; 119 , o . liensis ; 120 , o . sanguinea ; 121 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . ; 122 , o . angularis ; 123 , o . insignis ; 124 , o . extensa ; 125 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 126 , o . griseotincta ; 127 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 128 , neoreta olga ; 129 , n . purpureofascia ; 130 , n . brunhyala .

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megalagrion xanthomelas ( orangeblack hawaiian damselfly ) is a species of damselfly in the family coenagrionidae that is endemic to hawaii .

its natural habitats are rivers and shrub-dominated wetlands .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

megalagrion xanthomelas

megalagrion xanthomelas <EOT> david eickhoff marked " megalagrion xanthomelas " as trusted on the " megalagrion xanthomelas " page .

david eickhoff set " megalagrion xanthomelas " as an exemplar on " megalagrion xanthomelas selys 1876 " .

damselfly species that co - occur on oahu include megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum , megalagrion hawaiiense , and megalagrion oceanicum in kane ' ohe bay ; megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum , megalagrion hawaiiense , megalagrion oceanicum , and megalagrion leptodemas on the windward side ; megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum , megalagrion hawaiiense , and megalagrion xanthomelas on the leeward / pearl harbor side ( englund , 2005 ) .

megalagrion xanthomelas sã©lys - longchamps . the taxonomic status of this species is accepted as valid .

isolation and characterization of 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the endemic hawaiian damselfly megalagrion xanthomelas ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) .

odonata specialist group 1996 . megalagrion xanthomelas . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 10 august 2007 .

isolation and characterization of 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the endemic hawaiian damselfly megalagrion xanthomelas ( odonata : coenagrion . . . - pubmed - ncbi

research into habitat management would be valuable . breeding and translocation efforts are being pursued ; successful translocation of m . xanthomelas into regions of restored habitat could be a model for other threatened megalagrion species .

englund , r . 1998 . response of the orangeblack hawaiian damselfly ( megalagrion xanthomelas ) , a candidate threatened species , to increases in stream flow . bishop museum occasional papers 56 : 19 - 24 .

u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2003 . candidate assessment and listing priority assignment form - megalagrion xanthomelas . u . s . fish and wildlife service , pacific islands office . 22 pp .

polhemus , d . a . 1996 . the orangeblack hawaiian damselfly , megalagrion xanthomelas ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) : clarifying the current range of a threatened species . bishop museum occasional papers 45 : 30 - 53 .

reston d . j . , englund r . a . , and mcshane m . k . k . 2007 . translocation and monitoring efforts to establish a second population of the rare megalagrion xanthomelas ( sã©lys - longchamps ) on o’ahu , hawai’i ( zygoptera : coenagrionidae ) .

englund , r . a . 2001 . long - term monitoring of one of the most restricted insect populations in the united states , megalagrion xanthomelas ( selys - longchamps ) , at tripler army medical center , oahu , hawaii ( zygoptera : coenagrionidae ) . odonatologica 30 ( 3 ) : 225 - 263 .

englund , r . a . 2001 . long - term monitoring of one of the most restricted insect populations in the united states , megalagrion xanthomelas ( selys - longchamps ) , at tripler army medical center , oahu , hawaii ( zygoptera : coenagrionidae ) . odonatologica , 30 ( 3 ) : 255 - 263 .

megalagrion xanthomelas is endemic to the islands of nihau , oahu , lanai , molokai , maui , hawaii , and possibly kauai . m . xanthomelas is extirpated on maui and kauai , and was believed to have been extirpated on oahu until the discovery of a single population in 1994 . its limited habitat and small scattered populations may affect long - term stability . the species is susceptible to the effects of habitat loss and introduced species . research should focus on habitat management and protection , control of invasive species , and translocation efforts .

microsatellite loci have been isolated from two species of endemic hawaiian damselflies , megalagrion xanthomelas and m . eudytum , that are of conservation concern . sixteen polymorphic loci were characterized in 32 m . xanthomelas from one population on molokai and one on hawaii island . the total number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 16 and observed population heterozygosity ranged from 0 . 0 to 0 . 963 . eleven of these loci amplified successfully in m . eudytum as well . these loci will be used to further conservation efforts and infer genetic consequences of pleistocene glaciations .

evenhuis , n . , d . polhemus , s . swift , k . arakaki , and d . preston . 1995 . a study of the biology of the orangeblack hawaiian damselfly ( megalagrion xanthomelas ) , with special reference to conservation of the population at tripler army medical center , oahu , hawaii . bishop mus . tech . rep 8 . 81 pp .

moore , n . w . 1983 . territorial behaviour in the genus megalagrion mclachlan ( zygoptera : coenagrionidae ) . odonatoligica 12 ( 1 ) : 87 - 92 .

polhemus d . a . 1993 . damsels in distress : a review of the conservation status of hawaiian megalagrion damselflies ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) . aquatic conservation 3 ( 4 ) : 343 - 349 .

englund r . a . 1999 . the impacts of introduced poeciliid fish and odonata on the endemic megalagrion ( odonata ) damselflies of oahu island , hawaii . journal of insect conservation . 3 : 225 - 243 .

polhemus , d . a . 1994b . a revision of the hawaiian damselflies in the genus megalagrion ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) . unpublished report to u . s . fish and wildlife service , pacific islands office .

polhemus , d . a . , h . oppenheimer , f . starr , and k . martz . 1999 . notable rediscoveries of megalagrion species on maui ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) . bishop museum occasional papers 59 : 27 - 29 . p

polhemus , d . a . 2007 . biology recapitulates geology : the distribution of megalagrion damselflies on the ko ' olau volcano of o ' ahu , hawai ' i . bishop museum bulletin in cultural and environmental studies 3 : 233 - 246 .

moore , n . w . and w . c . gagne . 1982 . megalagrion pacificum ( mclachlan ) - a preliminary study of the conservation requirements of an endangered species . reports of the odonata specialist group , iucn 3 : 1 - 5 .

this species was historically common and abundant in a variety of lowland habitats through the 1970s , after which populations declined . recent surveys have found populations on the islands of hawaii , lanai , molokai , mauai , and oahu . m . xanthomelas was extirpated on kauai and was thought to be extinct on oahu until a single remnant population was found on the grounds of the at the tripler army medical facility ( englund 2001 ) . additional populations are localized on : lanai ( artificial pond at koele ) ; molokai ( mouths of pelekunu and waikolu streams , palaau wetlands on the south coast ) ; mauai ( ukumehame stream , and near anchialine pools at la perouse bay ; polhemus et al . 1999 ) ; and in coastal wetlands on hawaii ( anaehoomalu bay , hawa bay , hilea stream , hilo , honokohau , kiholo bay , ninole springs , onomea bay , and whittington beach ; polhemus 1995 ) .

nymphs reach up to 18 - 20 mm ( 0 . 7 - 0 . 8 in . ) in length . they have three flattened leaf - like gills at the tip of the abdomen ; the gills are longer than the combined length of the last five segments of the abdomen , and each comes to a small point at the tip ( polhemus & asquith 1996 ) .

necessary actions include monitoring known populations and searching for new ones , habitat protection , and removal of invasive species .

daigle , j . 2000 . the distribution of the odonata of hawaii . bulletin of american entomology 6 ( 1 ) : 1 - 5 .

hawaiian terrestrial arthropoda checklist . 2nd edition . 1994 . nishida , g . m . ( ed . ) hawaii biological survey , contribution no . 94 - 04 . bishop museum . honolulu , hawaii . 287 pp .

mcpeek , m . a . 1990 . behavioral differences between enallagma species ( odonata ) influencing differential vulnerability to predators . ecology 71 : 1714 - 1726 .

polhemus , d . a . 1995 . new heteroptera and odonata ( insecta ) records and range extensions in the hawaiian islands . bishop museum occasional papers 42 : 42 - 43 .

polhemus , d . a . and asquith , a . 1996 . hawaiian damselflies . a field identification guide . bishop museum press , honolulu .

selys - longchamps , e . 1876 . synopsis des agrionines , 5me legion : agrion . bull . acad . royal belgique , ( ii ) 41 ( 2 , 3 ) : 1 - 282 . as referenced : in zimmerman , e . c . 1948 . insects of hawaii , vol . 2 . apterygota - thysanoptera . university of hawaii press , honolulu .

u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2007 . species assessment for the orangeblack hawaiian damselfly . available online .

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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .

the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .

a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .

endemic to the islands of oahu , lanai , molokai , maui and hawaii , hawaiian islands .

destruction of wetlands by resort development ; alteration of stream terminal reaches for agriculture ; introduced poeciliid fishes .

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nishida , g . m . , ed . 1994a . hawaiian terrestrial arthropoda checklist . second edition . hawaii biological survey , contribution no . 94 - 04 . bishop museum : honolulu , hawaii . 287 pp .

due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to

the number of individuals across all 25 populations probably exceeds 1 , 000 . a study of the single remnant oahu population ( evenhuis et al . 1995 ) indicated that the number of individuals observed at the site ranged between 20 and 100 based on multiple visits . surveys in the tripler army medical center ( oahu , hawaii ) stream indicated a robust population with numbers varying from 17 to 162 ( englund , 2001 ) .

although extensive surveys have already been conducted , the habits of this species may allow it to survive in small isolated pockets . continued survey is necessary to identify any other extant populations then those already identified .

the males are black with red markings on the thorax , the first 3 , and last 3 segments of the abdomen . the females have similar color patterning , but with tan rather than red coloration . more detailed descriptions and color photos are available in polhemus and asquith ( 1996 ) .

immature eats primarily aquatic diptera larvae , such as midges and mosquitos . both stages are opportunistic and readily accept any moving prey within right size range .

within catchments there are likely no significant barriers to movement of sexually mature adults between microhabitats , with even extensive sections of inappropriate waterway or major obstructions to flow being readily traversed by adults within the flight season .

the few studies determining area of adult foraging habitat surrounding breeding sites have indicated a range of 30 meters to 300 meters [ see briggs ( 1993 ) for enallagma laterale ; corbet ( 1999 ) for nesciothemis nigeriensis and calopteryx haemorrhoidalis ; beukeman ( 2002 ) for calopteryx haemorrhoidalis ; and samways and steytler ( 1996 ) for chorolestes tessalatus ] . as a result , an element occurrence should include the breeding site and surrounding pond or upland habitat extending 500 m in a radius from the breeding site .

use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .

cordeiro , j . ( 2005 ) ; nishida , gordon m . reviewed by polhemus , dan a . ( 1997 )

zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .

englund , r . a . 2005 . threats to native aquatic diversity in hawai ' i and the pacific , and challenges in their conservation . phd . dissertation , university of hawai ' i . 202 pp .

gagne , w . c . and f . g . howarth . 1982 . assessment of endangered and threatened status of hawaiian arthropods . report to u . s . fish and wildlife service , pacific islands office , honolulu , hawaii .

harwood , p . d . 1976 . dragonflies ( odonata ) observed in hawaii in 1973 and 1974 . proceedings of the hawaiian entomological society 22 : 251 - 254 .

paulson , d . r . , and s . w . dunkle . 2009 . a checklist of north american odonata including english name , etymology , type locality , and distribution . originally published as occasional paper no . 56 , slater museum of natural history , university of puget sound , june 1999 ; completely revised march 2009 . online . available : urltoken

polhemus , d . and a . asquith . 1996 . hawaiian damselflies : a field identification guide . hawaii biological survey handbook , bishop museum press , honolulu , hawaii . 122 pp .

u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 1998 . category and listing priority forms .

williams , f . x . 1936a . biological studies in hawaiian water - loving insects . part ii order odonata . proceedings of the hawaiian entomological society 9 ( 2 ) : 273 - 349 .

zimmerman , e . c . 1948b . odonata . pages 321 - 385 in insects of hawaii . volume 2 . univeristy of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii .

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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

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patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

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iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .

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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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global range : ( 1000 - 5000 square km ( about 400 - 2000 square miles ) ) historically known from all the main hawaiian islands except kahoolawe ( 6 localities on oahu , 5 on molokai , 1 on maui , 4 on hawaii , and unspecified on kauai ) ( pohlmeus , 1996 ) . until recently , the last report on oahu was in 1935 ( williams 1936 ) and it was believed extinct on this island until 1993 , when a very small population was discovered existing in pools of an intermittent stream at the tripler army medical facility . this is the only known population of this species on oahu . its range is now reduced to 25 populations on oahu , lanai , molokai , and hawaii islands ( usfws , 2003 ) .

non - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .

locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .

locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .

comments : immature eats primarily aquatic diptera larvae , such as midges and mosquitos . both stages are opportunistic and readily accept any moving prey within right size range .

note : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .

comments : the number of individuals across all 25 populations probably exceeds 1 , 000 . a study of the single remnant oahu population ( evenhuis et al . 1995 ) indicated that the number of individuals observed at the site ranged between 20 and 100 based on multiple visits .

reasons : populations have decreased from common presence on all main hawaiian islands to 25 populations on four islands with total number of individuals estimated to exceed 1 , 000 . decline strongly associated with introduction of predatory fish and crayfish which remain a threat . coastal wetland populations on hawaii are locally abundant , but oahu population is definitely at risk .

comments : the species is quite rare on oahu , localized on lanai and molokai , but locally abundant in coastal wetlands on hawaii . given its relatively broad breeding habitat requirements , recovery should be fairly easy if the significant threats to the species were incontrovertably identified and controlled . although the species as a whole receives a lower global ranking than some of the other hawaiian damselflies , the oahu population is definitely at risk .

biological research needs : the biology of the species has been studied for oahu ( evenhuis , et al . 1995 ) , and reviewed by polhemus ( 1996 ) for all islands , but more detailed studies are needed for populations on hawaii island , many of which live in mixohaline environments . research is needed to understand the actual threats to the species .

needs : transplants are necessary to maintain genetic diversity ( see englund , 2001 ) but previous transplants have been unsuccessful due to predators . mitigation water flow ponds are the primary reason why the tripler army medical center ( oahu , hawaii ) population still remains and has not been extirpated , although flaws in their design have are apparent ( englund , 2001 ) .


chamaita barnardi is a moth of the family erebidae .

it is found in australia ( including queensland ) .

adults have off-white forewings with a faint brown pattern .

chamaita barnardi

chamaita barnardi <EOT> chamaita barnardi ( t . p . lucas , 1894 ) ( previously known as nudaria barnardi ) lithosiinae , arctiidae , noctuoidea

lithosiinae chamaita barnardi female view full size photographer : d . britton © australian museum

chamaita barnardi is a moth of the family erebidae . it is found in australia ( including queensland ) . [ 1 ]

chamaita barnardi ; [ nhm card ] ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 804 , pl . 41 , f . 30 ; [ aucl ]

nudaria barnardi lucas , 1894 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 8 ( 2 ) : 135 ; tl : geraldton , johnson river , queensland

chamaita celebensis roepke , 1946 ; tijdschr . ent . 87 : 87 ; tl : todjambu

chamaita fasciata rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 332 ; tl : dampier i .

chamaita nubifera hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 107 ; tl : philippines , luzon , los baños

chamaita semifasciata rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 332 ; tl : dampier i .

this species has two distinct black spots on the forewing , with one near the base of the forewing cell , and one at the tip of the cell . the other species in the genus is s . obducta , which has more brown markings on the forewings , and does not have the distinct black spots . psilopepla mollis is similar , but is smaller , with more transparent wings , and has only one rather indistinct black marking in the forewing cell . chamaita barnardi is smaller , has fewer scales on the wings , and has only a few indistinct pale brown markings on the forewings . males of c . barnardi have highly modified antennal scapes ( base of the antenna )

chamaita fascioterminata rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 219 ; tl : milne bay , british new guinea

chamaita niveata rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 219 ; tl : mt goliath , dutch new guinea

chamaita nympha ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 530 , f . 384 ; [ nhm card ]

chamaita edelburga schaus , 1924 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 65 ( 2520 ) : 28 ; tl : mt makiling , luzon , philippines

chamaita hirta ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 804 , f . 267 ; [ nhm card ]

chamaita neuropteroides ; [ mob7 ] , 381 ( note ) ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 27

chamaita metamelaena hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 565 , pl . 35 , f . 15 ; tl : new guinea , milne bay

chamaita sundanympha holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 381 , pl . 8 , f . 280 - 281 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu

chamaita niveata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 805 , pl . 41 , f . 31 ; [ nhm card ]

chamaita ( nudariini ) ; bendib & minet , 1999 , ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 35 ( 3 - 4 ) : 257 ; [ mob7 ] : 380

chamaita fascioterminata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 803 , f . 266 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] , 382 ( note )

chamaita trichopteroides ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 530 , f . 383 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 381 , pl . 8 , f . 278 , 283

chamaita hamata dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 288 , f . 11 - 12 ; tl : vietnam , ngoc linh , kon tum , 14°45 ' - 15°15 ' n ; 107°21 ' - 108°20 ' e

the adult moths of this species have off - white forewings with a faint brown pattern . the wingspan is up to 1 . 5 cms .

qld : base cableway mt bellenden - ker 80m 17º16’s 145º54’e 19 oct 1981 e . d . edwards

the majority of images of lithosiinae presented on these pages were taken from specimens housed in the australian national insect collection ( anic ) ( csiro , canberra ) . i would like to thank the staff and researchers at anic for their generous assistance in providing me access to this collection , and i acknowledge the depth of effort and the investment of staff time that has gone into building and curating this splendid resource . in particular , i would like to thank ted edwards and marianne horak for their assistance .

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adults have off - white forewings with a faint brown pattern . [ 2 ]

this page was last edited on 20 february 2018 , at 04 : 55 .

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= ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; bendib & minet , 1999 , ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 35 ( 3 - 4 ) : 257

homopsyche nympha moore , [ 1887 ] ; lepid . ceylon 3 ( 4 ) : 536 , pl . 211 , f . 11 ; tl : ceylon

[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .

lithosiine main lineages and their possible interrelationships . i . - definition of new or resurrected tribes ( lepidoptera : arctiidae )

the lithosiids , collected by dr . l . j . toxopeus in central celebes , with remarsk on some allied species

on the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands

catalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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( walker ) . they were so numerous they appeared as snowflakes . the tiny moths seemed to be everywhere in the kuranda area even on the busy kennedy highway leading to cairns . as far as i can tell , the larvae are unknown . the following night , there were not so many .

these moths measure only 5 - 6 mm so there must have been millions of them emerging at approximately the same time . what triggered such an emergence and where where the larvae ?

this little moth seems to be seasonal . it is not always found at lights as are the two below .

all belong to the tiger moth family , the arctiidae , and are placed in the subfamily lithosiinae . i have dealt with these moths

there is so much in this article that i would never thought of on my own . your content gives readers things to think about in an interesting way . thank you for your clear information . pest control san antonio

david and family moved to kuranda , queensland in 2002 , following retirement from csiro canberra , australia . david , barbara and an assortment of wildlife live in a rainforest setting . it is their first experience living in the tropics . david ' s major interest is entomology . he continues research in the orthopteroid insects and is keenly interested in the biology of the rainforest . this blog is a narrative of observations made in and around kuranda . and remember to see more insects go to : urltoken and proceed to the " albums "

this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license .

borneo ! ! why borneo of all places . well it a place that i have visited about a half dozen times in the last 15 years and it is an interestin . . .

an interesting dilemma a situation has arisen recently that is worthy of note here . a large stick insect , the giant spiny stick ins . . .

meet the green tree snake i’ve been waiting for that spectacular snake shot to introduce the snake fauna of our rainforest , but nothing very . . .

nothing has been said to date on the lizard fauna in this blog . kuranda has a nice selection of lizards ranging from some very small speci . . .

well as a tropical low develops over the city of cairns , the titan arum in the cairns botanic gardens continues to develop . it is a wet time . . .

last week during the height of the deluge , i had a look at the light and the tree adjacent to it , a quandong , elaeocarpus sp . , was actually . . .

coremata , including hair pencils , is a phenomenon associated with lepidoptera . they are signalling structures produced by males that are see . . .

a few interesting beetles each morning there is an array of beetles of many species at the light sheet . the species component varies with . . .

the recent aquisition of a truly giant stick insect has prompted this bit of " crowing " . australia ' s largest insects are to be . . .

there are only a few grasshopper species that could be considered as true rainforest inhabitants in northern australia . reasons for this are . . .

these small white moths have only a thin layer of scales so that the wings are almost transparent . they are common at light in regions north of brisbane in queensland .

lithosiinae schistophleps albida female view full size photographer : d . britton © australian museum

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cotachena pubescens is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by warren in 1892 .

it is found in taiwan , china and indonesia .

cotachena pubescens

cotachena pubescens <EOT> no part of this website or any of its contents may be reproduced , copied , modified or adapted , without the prior written consent of the author .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .

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the rose-collared piha ( lipaugus streptophorus ) is a species of bird in the family cotingidae .

it is found in humid forests growing in the tepui highlands in south-eastern venezuela , western guyana and far northern brazil .

only the male has the rosy collar for which this species is named .

the female resembles the screaming piha , but has a cinnamon vent .

rose - collared piha

rose - collared piha <EOT> nobody uploaded sound recordings for rose - collared piha ( lipaugus streptophorus ) yet .

rose - collared piha by lars petersson . cotinga family | birds cotingidae cotinga family | pinterest | venezuela , bird and flycatchers

the rose - collared piha ( lipaugus streptophorus ) is found in humid forests in the tepui highlands in south - eastern venezuela , western guyana and far northern brazil in south america .

the female looks like the screaming piha , but she has a cinnamon vent .

the rose - collared piha is endemic to the spectacular and poorly explored tepuis of the guianan shield . both sexes are gray overall with pink undertail coverts , but the male has a bold pink collar as well . this sexual dimorphism is unusual among pihas , as is the rose - collared ' s habit of perching in the open at the forest edge . more typical for a piha , males intermittently give a loud call , in this case a rising - falling whistle . listening for this call is generally the easiest way to detect this canopy species . currently this species is known only from the cluster of tepuis around the gran sabana on the borders of venezuela , guyana , and brazil .

the screaming piha is a gray songbird that averages 10–11 inches in height . - range the screaming piha can be found from northern south america to bolivia and brazil . status common habitat this species primarily inhabits tropical rainforests . niche fruit makes up the majority of the screaming piha’s diet . more

snow , d . ( 2018 ) . rose - collared piha ( lipaugus streptophorus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

the screaming piha is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .

22·5 cm . distinctive piha ; striking sexually dimorphic plumage unique within genus . male is grey above , paler below , especially on belly ; has full collar and undertail . . .

screaming piha ( lipaugus vociferans ) song , single burst , part of series 4 - 6 per minute , recorded near yurimaguas , loreto , perú , 19 / 08 / 07 . sonagram created with syrinx software ( www . syrinxpc . com ) . “whee wheee - ooo” or “pee eeeee aaaaa” if you’ve been to the amazon or watched documentaries on the amazon you’ll have heard the ear - splitting song of the screaming piha , the song is sometimes dubbed into movies and even sampled into music tracks , presumably to give it that tropical sounding vibe . more

if the screaming piha has brown plumage in both sexes , why does the picture show a blue bird ? the picture is misleading . —preceding unsigned comment added by 132 . 230 . 66 . 189 ( talk ) 15 : 48 , 8 december 2008 ( utc ) retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia . more

screaming piha at the national aquarium in baltimoreby jennyberg 4 years ago 4 years ago : tue , apr 25 , 2006 10 : 18pm est ( eastern standard time ) more more see all show mejennyberg ' s videos * jennyberg ' s videos * staff picks 18 . i ' m the fool in the black suit to the right . by jennyberg4 months ago 17 . got latkes ? by jennyberg3 years ago 16 . me and peep by jennyberg4 years ago 15 . more

tepuis of se venezuela ( se bolívar ) and adjacent n brazil ( mt roraima , uei - tepui ) and w guyana .

main call a clear , whistled “sueeet - suéééeeeeoo” , rising and then . . .

mainly fruits , especially of melastomataceae , taken in flight sally or flutter ; also insects .

female collecting nest material in apr ; moult ( presumably post - breeding ) begins over extended period , dec–may . no other information .

not globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in tepuis eba . status not well known ; apparently uncommon , possibly local , but may be more numerous in some places . . .

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incorporates tijuca , which was found in recent genetic study # r to be embedded in lipaugus .

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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :

hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .

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a female perched in darker area ( compared to the site were the male was perched ) . notice paler color intensity in crissum , . . .

lars petersson , margareta wieser , mikko pyhälä , dilia e . garcia , fredrik salin .

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .

justification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 1 . 8 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 10 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .

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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : lipaugus streptophorus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

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range data provided by infonatura / natureserve and urltoken . ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2005 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 2 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa . additional updates and changes by urltoken 2016 .

while the plumage of both sexes is dull grey , its voice is extraordinary , exceptionally loud and among the most commonly heard sounds in the amazon . the cofan people of ecuador call it the pwe - pwe yoh , which is a reference to its voice . males often gather in loose leks , where they sing to attract females .

picture of lipaugus vociferans above has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - share alike license . original source : tanya dewey , animal diversity web , university of michigan museum of zoology author : tanya dewey , animal diversity web , university of michigan museum of zoology permission : some rights reserved

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there are around 96 species of birds in this family . they are found in tropical and subtropical forests or forest edges in central and south america .

some species , like the andean cock - of - the rock , are brightly colored and have crests . other species , like the long - wattled umbrella bird , have wattles on their chests . the male long - wattled umbrella bird ' s wattle extends past his feet ! the birds in this family range in size from the 3 inch kinglet calyptura to the 20 inch amazonian umbrella bird . they eat fruits , berries , and insects .

least concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in the wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist . if no status is listed , there is not enough data to establish status .

infonatura species index : 1 - 50 of 64 records in family cotingidae of order passeriformes .

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note : data presented in infonatura at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of april 2007 . note : this report was printed on .

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citation : infonatura : animals and ecosystems of latin america [ web application ] . 2007 . version 5 . 0 . arlington , virginia ( usa ) : natureserve . available : http : / / infonatura . natureserve . org . ( accessed :

citation for bird range maps : ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2005 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 2 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

acknowledgement statement for bird range maps : " data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace . "

citation for mammal range maps : patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2005 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 2 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

acknowledgement statement for mammal range maps : " data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace . "

citation for amphibian range maps : iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2006 . global amphibian assessment . urltoken , version 1 . 1 .

acknowledgement statement for amphibian range maps : " data provided by natureserve in collaboration with iucn , conservation international and the global amphibian assessment . "

no graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .

feedback request : using the comment form , please note any errors or significant omissions that you find in the data . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the network of users .


eupithecia staurophragma is a moth of the family geometridae .

it is endemic to maui and hawaii .

eupithecia staurophragma

eupithecia staurophragma <EOT> eupithecia staurophragma is a moth of the geometridae family . it is endemic to maui and hawaii .

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by " , + " and the number of omitted authors .

attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .

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created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .

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nishida , g . m . ( editor ) . 2002 . hawaiian terrestrial arthropod checklist , fourth edition . hawaii biological survey bishop museum , bishop museum technical report no . 22 online . available : urltoken

due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to

distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .

use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .

zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .

howarth , f . g . and w . p . mull . 1992 . hawaiian insects and their kin . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 160 pp .

scoble , m . j . ( ed . ) , m . s . parsons , m . r . honey , l . m . pitkin , and b . r . pitkin . 1999 . geometrid moths of the world : a catalogue . volumes 1 and 2 : 1016 pp . + index 129 pp . csiro publishing , collingwood , victoria , australia .

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note : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on

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natureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :

ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

" data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace . "

patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

" data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace . "

iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .

" data developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve . "

no graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .

) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .

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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

it has an unusual shape of the hind wings . it is highly variable in color pattern .

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