parasol ( 1800 – 1826 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse .

in total she won twenty of her thirty-five races , including two newmarket first october king 's plates , the jockey-club plate and a match race against derby winner cardinal beaufort .

her only race away from newmarket was for her début , in the oaks stakes in 1803 .

she was bred and owned by augustus fitzroy , 3rd duke of grafton .

as a broodmare she foaled the stallion partisan , 2000 guineas winner pindarrie and pastille , who won both the 2000 guineas and the oaks .

parasol ( horse )

parasol ( horse ) <EOT> nurse redheart • dr . horse • dr . fauna • doctor horse • nurse ponies

hilaire - germain - edgar degas . lady with a parasol ( femme à l’ombrelle )

as the ball falls , it will make the horse move towards the right .

place the horse sign – fire on the red plaque in the upper right .

place the horse sign – water on the blue plaque in the upper right .

parasol was shot in the autumn of 1826 , having been covered that spring by sam .

in season six , parasol appears at the beginning of the gift of the maud pie .

pick up the horse sign – water that appears in the niche above the steps .

hilaire - germain - edgar degas . lady with a parasol ( femme à l’ombrelle ) | moma

parasol appears in a picture with her name listed on page 175 of the wonderbolts academy handbook .

pick up the horse doll on the side of the wall after the bars have lifted .

the penguin steals a priceless folio of famous parasols from the gotham city library . he plans to wager the $ 10 , 000 earned from its ransom on a rigged horse race . aided by his partner - in - crime lola lasagne , he disguises the favored entry parasol as the unknown " bumbershoot , " then enters a painted glue factory horse as " parasol " . with everyone betting their money on the fake horse , it looks like the penguin will make a fortune when the real parasol wins the race . but he wasn ' t counting on a last - minute entry of bruce wayne ' s , the horse waynebow , ridden by none other than batgirl .

your goal is to unlock the door by moving the horse all the way to the right .

on 16 october , pope received 75 guineas forfeiture from mr . shakespeare ' s horse nuncio .

the horse moves towards the middle of the scene after the image of the arrow has been assembled .

the horse sign – fire will be added to your inventory after all the items have been found .

and received 60 guineas forfeiture from lord darlington when his horse musician backed out of a match race .

fife and drum ( 1906 ) . " horse pedigrees " . natal agriculture journal . 9 : 1053 .

the initial idea for partypoker came from one of the company’s founders , ruth parasol , an american born in san francisco .

this was a very lucrative business in the 1990s , giving parasol an excellent base of income to invest in her own business .

thought that goodisson " rode his horse with great skill and judgement " and " gave great satisfaction to all present . "

partisan ( gb ) b c 1811 ( walton - parasol , by pot8os ) . sire line highflyer . family 1 - e .

as the 2000s began , online poker was starting to enter the conversation , and parasol knew she needed to be in that game .

in his last start of the season , pope was unplaced in the tortoise stakes won by mr . shakespeare ' s horse tumbler .

in 2000 , parasol offered shares in her company iglobalmedia to anurag dikshit , a software developer from india , in return for his development of a multiplayer poker platform . dikshit had a very successful business of his own , and he invited parasol to become a partner in his business as well .

in september at doncaster orville won the two mile free handicap sweepstakes and a four mile match race against mr mellish ' s horse stockton .

now find the painting nearby that shows another woman holding a parasol and talking to a friend . this is called at the races . visiting the racetrack and watching the races were popular pastimes . can you find the horse in the background here ? it’s a black shape , blurry and far away .

before getting into the gaming business , parasol worked for her father’s company , which had a series of 900 numbers used for psychics , weather , and porn .

' s five - year - old horse pavilion at the houghton meeting . he ended his season by finishing unplaced in a subscription handicap on 31 october .

pope won 500 - guinea garden stakes at the houghton meeting on 30 october , beating the 6 - year - old horse cassio and the filly mirth .

later at the same meeting , pope finished third ( but not officially placed ) in £50 subscription handicap plate , losing to the colt cambric and the horse salvator .

walton ' s only engagement in 1806 was a sweepstakes of 200 guineas each in april , but he paid a forfeit to parasol and the race never took place . [ 26 ]

orville ended his career at newmarket in autumn with two further wins beating canopus in a subscription race over the beacon course on 28 september and parasol in a similar event on 9 october .

" a horse of another color " is an episode of batman starring adam west , burt ward , and yvonne craig . the penguin steals a priceless folio of famous parasols from the gotham city library . he plans to wager the $ 10 , 000 earned from its ransom on a rigged horse race . aided by his . . . see full summary »

parasol ran for six years winning the jockey club plate , four king ' s plates and placing third in the oaks stakes . in 1806 she beat the derby winner cardinal beaufort ( b c 1802

the two added two more founders to the initiative : parasol’s husband russ deleon would become the coo , and vikrant bhargava would head up marketing . with that , the core of partygaming was formed .

parasol , with orange eyes , appears next to starry eyes on page 67 of little , brown ' s my little pony friendship is magic official guidebook my little pony : the elements of harmony .

vector parasol rain umbrella , sunshade set . red , yellow white black colored . blank classic opened round slanted mock up isolated . side view . illustration object for advertising , poster , banner design .

) . her descendant empress ( ch f 1872 citadel ) founded a very successful family in south america that includes the famous embrujo ( ch c 1936 congreve ) . parasol was humanely destroyed in 1826 .

. in a racing career which lasted from august 1801 until october 1807 the horse ran thirty - four times and won twenty races . in his early career he was based in yorkshire and won the

cruiser and rarey . for an exhaustive discussion of rarey and cruiser , visit rarey , the horse ' s master and friend , " ohio history , the journal of the ohio historical society , vol . 25

mr . s . arthur sold cardinal beaufort after the 1806 racing season to mr . arthur shakespear . in april at newmarket , cardinal beaufort received an unspecified amount forfeiture from lord darlington ' s horse zodiac .

pelisse returned to newmarket in october where she finished fourth to canopus in the october oatlands stakes and then collected a 50 guinea forfeit when lord sackville ' s horse enchanter failed to appear for a scheduled match .

parasol is named on a cloudsdale high " school spirit award " plaque on my little pony : friends forever issue # 18 cover a . she also physically appears on my little pony : friendship is magic issue # 46 page 12 .

parasol’s bet on the poker industry could not have been better timed . poker was about to become very popular as a spectator sport with the introduction of the hole - card camera invented by steve lipscomb , founder of the world poker tour .

the rise of partypoker in the online gaming world was astronomic in size and impact ; the site that was started by ruth parasol , russ deleon , vikrant bhargava , and anurag dikshit would shape the online gambling landscape from many different perspectives .

having died sometime between august 1808 and the beginning of the 1809 season in april . at newmarket on 17 april , general gower paid a forfeiture to lord sackville ' s horse bustard due to cardinal beaufort ' s death .

and was relocated to ireland for use as a racehorse . lord lonsdale wrote to the marquess that " he [ had ] sent him the best bred horse in the world save one , " with the exception being swordsman .

pope was retained by lord sligo after his racing career as a breeding stallion . pope stood under the name " waxy pope " to distinguish him from another horse named pope ( sired by shuttle ) that was also standing in ireland .

as there weren’t that many online casinos in the market at that time , parasol was able to capture a significant number of real - money players to her casino brand . she opened a couple of other brands to help cross - promote to her growing database .

in 1994 , parasol saw the potential in the internet ( many of her father’s businesses were moving from telephone to online ) . in fact , one of her companies was responsible for the release of the massively in - demand tommy lee / pamela anderson sex tape .

in season five , parasol appears at the end of the cutie map - part 2 , in apple bloom ' s dream in bloom & gloom , tanks for the memories , party pooped , amending fences , canterlot boutique , rarity investigates ! , and scare master .

being in the porn business , it wasn’t long before parasol made her way into the other vices ; she saw the rise of online gambling sites very early on and was able to leverage the massive databases of her and her father’s companies when she launched the starluck online casino in 1997 .

gladiator ' s sire was partisan , who was by walton , and from parasol , a well - bred mare and top race horse from the influential grafton stud . walton was a good stayer and led the sire ' s list in england twice . partisan was a fast horse on the turf , and a good sire who got a leading sire son in venison ( 1833 ) , and four classic winners - - mameluke ( 1824 , derby ) , patron ( 1826 , 2 , 000 guineas ) , cyprian ( 1833 , oaks ) and zeal ( 1818 , 1 , 000 guineas ) . in addition to venison , who sired three classic winners , partisan ' s son glaucus ( 1830 ) sired two classic winning fillies . another son , godolphin ( 1818 ) also got a classic filly in young mouse ( 1826 , 1 , 000 guineas ) .

a horse of great quality , power and endurance , many of his races were run over the beacon course , upwards of four miles . not surprisingly he was considered the best horse of his time , winning twenty - eight races over the span of seven years , including the jockey club purse three times , and the craven stakes . ( some sources say he ran more than forty times and won over thirty races ) . he was sold to richard , 1st earl grosvenor , for 1500 guineas at five years of age , after his first race in 1778 .

pair small original acrylic on canvas board signed " newlin " automobile , horse and buggy parasol woman . i do not know anything about this artist . these cute 1970 ' s acrylic paintings in the original wooden frames measure 3 - 1 / 2 inches wide and 4 - 1 / 2 inches tall . the frames measure 5 - 1 / 2 inches wide and 6 - 1 / 2 inches tall . the picture with the car has a slight wave in the canvas where the canvas has become detached from the canvas board . hardly noticeable but i want you to know what i see .

hilaire - germain - edgar degas ( french , 1834–1917 ) . lady with a parasol ( femme à l’ombrelle ) . c . 1870–72 . oil on canvas . 29 5 / 8 × 33 7 / 16″ ( 75 . 3 × 85 cm ) . the samuel courtauld trust , the courtauld gallery , london

orville failed to win in three starts in 1803 . at york in may he finished second to lennox in a two mile sweepstakes . at the same course in august he finished second to duxbury in a four mile race and second again when beaten by mr mellish ' s horse stockton four days later .

parasol works in cloudsdale ' s weather factory in sonic rainboom , attending to all three sections of weather development . she also partakes in the best young flyer competition , albeit with her eye color switched to green . she initially wears the tag numbered " 6 " , which is swapped with rainbow dash ' s " 5 " .

orville began his five - year - old season by winning a two mile sweepstakes at york on 29 may . he returned to york in august when he finished last of the five runners behind haphazard in a four mile subscription race and second to r garfoth ' s horse by traveller in a similar event two days later .

whalebone was a mottled bay or brown colt that stood 15 . 2 hands high with " short legs , high - bred nostrils and very prominent eyes . " he was a " plainish looking " horse with a " turkish - pony look " and thick neck and body that were not as well - proportioned as those of his full - brother whisker . whalebone was reportedly one of the smallest horses waxy ever produced . in the words of his groom , dryman , " he was the lowest and longest , and most - double jointed horse , with the best legs—eight and a half below the knee—and worst feet i ever saw in my life . "

to move the horse a bit farther , you have to assemble the image of the arrow in the upper right panel . find and place the 4 picture squares to accomplish this task . when placing the squares in the panel , make sure you place your cursor ( not the square ) where you want to place the panel .

narrator : find the big painting of a woman on this wall . the woman carries a kind of umbrella , called a parasol , to shade herself from the bright sunlight . it’s hard to see her – she is just a black silhouette . degas made this painting with black , grey , and white marks and captures the light and shadow moving across the scene .

in season two , she appears in hearts and hooves day standing across from " silver script " underneath a parasol , blushing while apple bloom sings " all the good ones are taken " during the perfect stallion . she also appears in hurricane fluttershy aiding ponyville ' s pegasi in the creation of the tornado required to lift the water into cloudsdale for the rainy season .

two versions , both with different cutie marks and one with a different mane color , each appear in boast busters and magic duel . a gray - coated variant appears in winter wrap up and the super speedy cider squeezy 6000 . a pony with parasol ' s design and color scheme , but without wings or a cutie mark , appears in boast busters watching twilight move the ursa back to its cave .

the soldier ' s daughter ( 1836 , by doncaster st . leger winner the colonel ) , a mare bred at hampton court , produced four venison foals for the duke of richmond . the first , a filly , she killed . the next year , 1841 , she dropped red deer , the first three - year - old to win the chester cup ( 2 - 1 / 4 miles ) ; he was carrying one of the smallest , youngest , lightest jockeys ( 3 stone - 4 pounds , plus a ten pound penalty ) ever to ride such a tough race , who barely had the strength to keep red deer on course in the 25 horse field . the large , narrow , circular chester course at the time was described as " the equivalent to turning a horse loose in a circus , " and his win that year was later referred to as " the red deer chase " when the high - strung horse plunged to the front and was never headed , winning by 12 lengths ( the great race mare alice hawthorn second ) and continuing to run well past the finish before kitchener could pull him up .

whisker did not run in 1817 and made his first appearance on 13 april 1818 at the craven meeting ( still listed as a five - year - old ) in the craven stakes , for which he ran unplaced in a 22 horse field . [ 11 ] at newmarket , whisker was third in the fifty pound subscription stakes , losing to the four - year - old colt skim and the horse fugitive . [ 31 ] a few days later , whisker beat lord cavendish ' s colt little dick in a 200 - guinea match race . [ 32 ] whisker received 200 guineas forfeiture from the horse cannonball on 11 may at newmarket . [ 33 ] the next day , whisker finished third in a handicap race , losing to the colt merrymaker and the filly leopoldine ( the full - sister to 1816 derby winner prince leopold ) . [ 34 ] at the same meeting , whisker beat mr . prince ' s colt manfred in a match race and a few hours later finished fifth ( unplaced ) in a 50 - guinea cup race won by the flyer . [ 35 ] in his last career start , whisker was beaten in a match race by the colt the student at the october newmarket meeting . [ 36 ] whisker was retired to stud at the end of the racing season .

7 . parasol b f 1800 ( pot8os - prunella , by highflyer ) . sire line pot8os . family 1 - e . bred by the 3rd duke of grafton , she won thirty - one races , including the jockey club plate , four king ' s plates , and placed 3rd in the oaks stakes . she became the dam of one and two thousand guineas winner pastille ( b f 1819 rubens ) and two thousand guineas winner pindarrie ( b c 1817 phantom ) .

as a three - year - old , gainsborough ran unplaced in a sprint race won by sicyon . but this was merely a tightener for the two thousand guineas , which he won easily by a length and a half , thereby enabling lady douglas to become the first woman to not only breed a classic winner , but to have that horse run in her own silks . joe childs , gainsborough ' s regular rider , was attached to the 4th hussars , and he donated his winnings to his regiment .

at the craven meeting in april , whisker won the 100 - guinea port stakes , beating the colt equator . [ 24 ] at newmarket on 29 april , whisker beat lord darlington ' s colt paulus in a mile - long match race , winning 200 guineas . [ 25 ] in may at newmarket , whisker beat the colt sir joshua in a 300 - guinea match race . [ 26 ] whisker finished fourth in a 200 - guinea sweepstakes race , losing to the horse bourbon and the colts sir thomas and quinola . [ 27 ] on 14 october , whisker received 70 guineas from lord darlington after his horse paulus backed out of a match race . [ 28 ] whisker was sold to lord darlington at newmarket . a few weeks later running in lord darlington ' s name , whisker was beaten in a match race by his former rival equator at the houghton meeting . [ 29 ] a few days later , whisker won the handicap sweepstakes , beating the filly duenna and the colts fandango and equator . [ 30 ]

ladbroke reportedly " took a dislike to whalebone " and sold him in 1814 for 510 guineas to lord egremont . whalebone was initially thought to be a poor stud prospect due to his small stature and lord egremont put him back into training . however , the seven - year - old horse had become " dangerous to ride , " having " acquired the habit of rearing to an alarming extent " and would frequently " knock his hooves together like a pair of castanettes . " consequently , he was permanently retired from racing and became a breeding stallion for lord egremont in 1815 .

the comus son destined to continue the godolphin arabian sire line was the golden yellow bay humphrey clinker , out of clinkerina , a daughter of the very modest sir peter son , clinker , and pewet , a good race mare who had won the 1789 doncaster st . leger . he was bred by william wentworth fitzwilliam , earl fitzwilliam , who also raced him , limiting the horse ' s challenges to yorkshire venues that nonetheless included some stiff competition . humphrey clinker was described as a horse " of immense size and power , unquestionably the largest thoroughbred ever known . " he also " made a bit of noise , " or as the druid put it , " he did prophesy of himself pretty loudly as he came up to the cords , " which may have affected his racing career . although fast , humphrey clinker was not a top race horse . at age three he won a produce sweepstakes at pontrefact , beating two , and was second to saladin in doncaster ' s foal stakes . his best year was 1826 , when he was four . he won york ' s constitution stakes , beating lottery and three others , and the knavesmire stakes , beating two . at doncaster he won a handicap sweepstakes , beating one , and a produce sweepstakes beating escape , saladin , and one other , but could only run third in a thrilling doncaster gold cup , to the great race mare fleur - de - lis and to mulatto ( also owned by fitzwilliam ) ; the latter would win the same race the next year . in 1827 he won malton ' s craven stakes , beating five , and then was third to fleur - de - lis and jerry in york ' s constitution stakes . he won six races total during his career .

alarm ( 1842 ) was out of a defence mare , southdown , owned by captain george delmé of cams hall , fareham , in hampshire , not far from stockbridge . alarm had " wonderful hips " and a bit of a temper . he was a good stayer and had speed , but his temperament got in the way of his racing , notably when he injured himself before the start of the epsom derby after instigating a fracus by kicking out at another horse at the start , an incident that sidelined him throughout most of his three - year - old season . he died at age 20 , " little more than a splendid ruin . "

bayardo was sired by bay ronald , a good handicap performer sired by hampton . slow to come to hand as a younger horse , bay ronald eventually rounded into a decent sort , and during his career , he won the hardwicke stakes at ascot and the 1 - 1 / 4 mile city and suburban handicap . at stud , he was never considered to be a top class stallion , yet he came up with some very good stock . his daughter rondeau was a stakes winner of nine races , including the hardwicke stakes and the dullingham plate , which she won twice . as a producer , she became the dam of internationally influential stallion teddy .

the racing commentator " the druid " described whisker ' s physique " as near perfection as a horse could be " [ 3 ] [ 4 ] and his only fault was that he was " a little calf - kneed " but was " equally likely to get a racer , hunter , machiner or a hack . " [ 5 ] whisker has been lauded as the " handsomest " of waxy ' s offspring [ 6 ] and his appearance was described more favorably than his brother whalebone , who was short and had a " turkish pony - look . " [ 7 ] all of waxy ' s offspring reportedly inherited " short legs , high - bred nostrils and very prominent eyes " [ 8 ] with whisker inheriting his sire ' s " beautiful quarters . " [ 9 ]

whalebone was sold by the duke of grafton in october 1812 to mr . ladbroke for 700 guineas . whalebone ' s first start under ladbroke ' s ownership was on 26 october at the houghton meeting where he won a match race against mr . lake ' s two - year - old colt turner . whalebone won an additional match race against the lord sackville ' s horse pan at the same meeting . whalebone ran three times in 1813 , winning the 100 - guinea his majesty ' s plate on 8 june at guildford against three other horses and the lewes his majesty ' s plate on 5 august . on 7 august , in what was ultimately the last start of whalebone ' s racing career , he won the 60 - guinea ladies ' plate against lord somerset ' s colt offa ' s dyke .

whalebone was bred by the duke of grafton in 1807 at his euston hall stud farm near newmarket . he was sired by the 1793 epsom derby winner waxy out of the mare penelope ( foaled in 1798 ) , both owned by the duke . as a racehorse , penelope was a contemporary of the 1801 derby - winning filly eleanor , beating her several times , and was half - sister to 1809 derby winner pope and the mares pope joan ( both sired by waxy ) , parasol ( partisan ' s dam ) and prudence . penelope was a prolific and influential broodmare , producing eight full - siblings to whalebone that achieved success on the turf . she produced 13 foals between 1806 and 1823 , all with names beginning with the letter w . whalebone was her second foal and his full - siblings include web , woful , wilful , wire , whisker , wildfire and windfall . penelope died in 1824 .

whisker was bred by the duke of grafton and was foaled in 1812 at his euston hall stud farm near newmarket . whisker was sired by the 1793 epsom derby winner waxy out of the mare penelope ( foaled in 1798 ) , both owned by the duke . as a racehorse , penelope was a contemporary of the 1801 derby - winning filly eleanor , beating her several times , and was half - sister to 1809 derby winner pope and the mares pope joan ( both sired by waxy ) , parasol ( partisan ' s dam ) and prudence . [ 1 ] penelope was a prolific and influential broodmare , producing eight full - siblings to whisker that achieved success on the turf . she produced 13 foals between 1806 and 1823 , all with names beginning with the letter w . whisker was her seventh foal and his full - siblings include whalebone ( the 1810 derby winner ) , web , woful , wilful , wire , wildfire and windfall . penelope died in 1824 . [ 2 ]

continues on from last week ' s penguin / lola lasagne adventure . this episode gives less screen time to lola ( great ! ) and more time to adam west playing bruce wayne ( instead of batman ) . when the 1966 batman series ended i am told that adam west was asked to play james bond in her majesty ' s secret service ( 1969 ) . . . but west turned down the role because he felt the role should be played by a british actor . but the general suave nature of bruce wayne , seen in this episode , makes the viewer think that west would have made a really wonderful james bond . too bad he turned down the offer . . . and he later admitted to regretting the decision . but away from all this , the later sections of a horse of a different color feature some outstanding location filming where batgirl looks better than ever ! all in all , a knockout part two that is much better than part one .

joe miller ( 1849 ) , from witticism by sultan junior , was bred at stockbridge by isaac sadler . he was very much in the venison mold , and quite small : " in the month of july he looked more like a foal than a yearling , " and " was never fifteen hands . " he had , said the druid , " a very sweet head . . . and all his limbs were most beautifully turned , and exquisitely proportioned . " light and wiry like his sire , he was also an excellent stayer , but he was one of the venisons with a temper - - or as the druid put it , " full of fire and courage " - - and at the end of his three - year - old season he was gelded , possibly a mistake despite his erratic performances , because although he ran for three more seasons , he won only once , took a walk - over once , and placed third once in twenty - two starts . after he was cut , the druid said , " he was never the same horse . "

in the stud bayuda produced a filly by hurry on that the aga khan purchased for 4 , 000 guineas and named hajibibi . that was all . there were no more foals from bayuda . the mare had a difficult delivery and suffered internal injuries that rendered her barren . after a few failed attempts to get her in foal , she was given by lady douglas to a mr . gerald deane to use as a pleasure horse . deane toyed with the idea of returning her to training , and lady douglas gave her permission for this venture . bayuda was galloped but never did return to the races . it was a sad end for this classic - winning filly . other bayardo offspring bayardo had several other high class runners , including : manilardo , a full brother to gay crusader which captured the coronation cup ; manton , out of the le sancy mare jane grey , placed third in the st . leger and ran well in some other races , including the st . george stakes at liverpool ; he was sent to poland in 1922 , and in the late 1920s was one of the top three leading sires there , including champion sire in 1930 . mapledurham , out of montem , by ladas , placed third to bayuda in the cheveley park stakes and third to her in the oaks ; allenby , out of derby - winning filly tagalie , placed second in the two thousand guineas ; and pompadour , out of popinjay by st . frusquin , placed third in the one thousand guineas .

8 - bit • all aboard • angel wings • blossomforth • bow hothoof • bulk biceps • chancellor puddinghead • charity sweetmint • cheerilee • cheese sandwich • cherry jubilee • claude • clear skies • cloud chaser • clover the clever • coco pommel • commander hurricane • cookie crumbles • coriander cumin • davenport • double diamond • fawn doo • feather bangs • firelight • flash sentry • flax seed • fleur de lis • flitter • fluffy clouds • gaffer • gallant true • gizmo • golden gavel • the headless horse • hondo flanks • hoofbeard • hooffield and mccolt families • inkwell • inky rose • jack pot • jet set • joe • junebug • lightning dust • lily lace • marcie pan • mare do well • mayor mare • method mares • moon dancer • mr . breezy • mr . paleo • mr . stripes • mrs . paleo • ms . harshwhinny • ms . peachbottom • mudbriar • night glider • open skies • party favor • petunia paleo • plaid stripes • pony pickers • the pony tones • ponyacci • power ponies • private pansy • quibble pants • radiant hope • randolph • roma • royal guards • saffron masala • sassy saddles • sheriff silverstar • silver frames • silver shill • sky stinger • smart cookie • spa ponies • spearhead • starstreak • steamer • stellar eclipse • stellar flare • sugar belle • sunburst • sunshower • sunspot • swan song • teddie safari • tree hugger • trouble shoes • upper crust • vapor trail • wheat grass • windy whistles

on 2 april 1804 , the first day of the season , walton finished second to aniseed in the craven stakes at newmarket . third placed eleanor was the only other of the seven other horses that could be placed by the judge . [ 11 ] on 19 april , at the first spring meeting , he beat duxbury and slapband to win the king ' s plate over the round course ( about four miles ) . [ 12 ] at guildford in may he raced against enchantress and rumbo for the king ' s plate , run in three four - mile heats . walton , who was the favourite , won the first heat , but finished second to enchantress in the second . before the third heat ( which only walton and enchantress took part in ) enchantress was the 2 / 5 favourite , but walton took the victory to win the race . [ 13 ] on 18 july at salisbury he took part in the king ' s plate in four - mile heats . walton won both heats against his only rival little chance to win the race . [ 14 ] he won another king ' s plate in august , this time beating mr . frogley ' s colt in two four - mile heats at winchester . in the next race he walked over for a sweepstakes of 10 guineas each . [ 15 ] a month later he beat a john bull filly in both of the four - mile heats to win the king ' s plate at warwick . [ 16 ] on 11 september he beat three rivals to win the lichfield king ' s plate . [ 17 ] at newmarket ' s first october meeting he finished last of the three runners in the king ' s plate , behind winner parasol and sir harry dimsdale . [ 18 ]

waxy pope got numerous winners in ireland , including the dandy ( 1815 , out of a drone mare and so in - bred to waxy ) , winner of five royal plates at the curragh and bellewstown and of the lord lieutenant ' s plate at the curragh and champion of his year in 1819 ; prendergast ( 1816 ) , whose wins included three royal plates at the curragh ; starch ( 1819 ) , winner of at least eight royal plates at the curragh , and of the lord lieutenant ' s plate twice , and champion in 1822 ; skylark ( 1826 ) , a winner of forty races , including 23 king ' s plates and champion horse in ireland three times , 1829 - 1831 ; sligo ( 1821 ) , who won the madrid handicap and several king ' s plates at the curragh and was champion in ireland in 1824 , and was taken to england to win newmarket ' s audley end stakes and oatland stakes and other races ; sligo ' s brother , mounteagle ( 1827 ) , a winner of several king ' s plates and the lord lieutenant ' s plate at the curragh and champion in ireland in 1832 ; canteen ( 1821 ) , who almost won the doncaster st . leger for sligo , and later won the king ' s plate at newcastle ( later sire of the grand sir hercules race mare , cruiskeen ) ; butterfly , a winner of the gold cups at both oxford and warwick ; the cardinal ( 1827 ) , whose wins in england included the leamington stakes and worcester stakes ( 1 - 1 / 4 miles beating dr . faustus and hedgford ) at warwick , and the 2 - 1 / 2 mile chester cup ; trumpeter ( 1824 ) who took newmarket ' s clearwell stakes and cheltenham ' s 2 - 1 / 2 mile glocestershire stakes , and his sister , jenny vertpre ( 1827 ) , a winner of epsom ' s shirley stakes .

bred by willoughby bertie ( 1740 - 1799 ) , 4th earl of abingdon , pot8os was the first foal of his dam , sportsmistress ( ch f 1765 sportsman ) , who also produced the derby winner sir thomas ( ch c 1785 pontac ) along with the winners jocundo ( b c 1777 marske ) , roscius ( ch c 1781 garrick ) and sulky ( ch c 1786 garrick ) .

potatoes acquired the peculiar spelling of his name when his lad was asked to write it on a corn bin or stall door . the lad ' s version , potoooooooo , was said to amuse his lordship enough to adopt it , and so it appears in the general stud book . later writers shortened it to pot - 8 - o ' s and similar variants .

he stood at oxcroft farm near balsham , cambridgeshire , for a fee of 20 guineas along with justice ( br c 1774 herod ) . he was moved to upper hare park near newmarket in 1796 . a great success in the stud , he sired 165 winners of £57 , 595 and 3 cups . his best son was waxy ( ch c 1773 ) who ensured the continuance of the eclipse sire line down to the present day .

at 4 : 2nd in a 100 guineas each sweep , plus one hogshead of claret each , at newmarket , won by lord grosvenor ' s yellow jack ( ch c 1773 dux ) , beating thirteen others over the beacon course , 2nd in a 1025 guineas sweepstake at nottingham , won by mr swinfen ' s colt ( ch c chrysolite ) , 3rd in a 100 guineas each sweep at newmarket , won by lord grosvenor ' s grey robin ( gr c 1773 gimcrack ) , beating sixteen others , 5th in the great subscription purse at york , won by sir thomas gascoigne ' s cannibal ( ch c 1773 matchem ) .

at 5 : won 1200 guineas at newmarket , second spring , beating grey robin and lord ossory ' s titan ( b c 1773 otho ) over the beacon course , won the 140 guineas at newmarket , won £50 at swaffham , walked - over for 175 guineas at ipswich , 2nd jockey club plate , won by sir thomas gascoigne ' s magog ( gr c 1773 matchem ) , 2nd in the 140 guineas at newmarket , october , won by dictator , beating dorimant , 6th and last for the oxford cup , won by dorimant ( ch c 1772 otho ) .

at 6 : won a 50 sovereigns purse at newmarket , beating the duke of grafton ' s caractacus ( b c herod ) , won the 140 guineas subscription at newmarket , second spring , beating sir j shelley ' s comet ( ch c 1774 matchem ) , won a 150 guineas sweep , beating the hon r vernon ' s pastorella ( b f 1774 otho ) and three others over the beacon course , won a 300 guineas each sweep at newmarket october , beating lord derby ' s laburnum ( br c 1774 herod ) , won the 140 guineas subcription at newmarket , october , beating the hon r vernon ' s freeholder ( b c 1772 chrysolite ) , walked - over for the clermont cup at newmarket , walked - over for the gold cup at newmarket , october .

at 7 : won the 140 guineas subscription at newmarket , second spring , beating mr o ' kelly ' s king fergus ( ch c 1775 eclipse ) and lord ossory ' s dorimant ( ch c otho ) , won the jockey club plate , beating mr shafto ' s tandem ( b c 1773 syphon ) over the beacon course , won a 500 guineas sweep at newmarket , october , beating laburnum , won 150 guineas , beating woodpecker , walked - over for the clermont cup , walked - over for the gold cup at newmarket , october , walked - over for the 140 guineas at newmarket , october , 3rd in a 1400 guineas handicap sweep at newmarket , first spring , won by sir c davers ' s woodpecker ( ch c 1773 herod ) , beating mr douglas ' s bourdeaux ( gr c 1774 herod ) .

at 8 : won a 200 guineas each handicap sweep at newmarket , first spring , beating woodpecker and lord derby ' s guildford ( ch c 1775 herod ) and two others , won a 400 guineas sweep at newmarket , second spring , beating sir c davers ' s buccaneer ( ch c 1776 herod ) , walked - over for the jockey club plate at newmarket , second spring , was paid 85 guineas not to start at newmarket , first october , for the 140 guineas subscription , won by lord clermont ' s hollandaise ( gr f 1775 matchem ) , who had previously won the st leger for sir thomas gascoigne , with lord derby ' s bridget ( ch f 1776 herod ) , who had won the oaks , and three others in the field , 2nd for the 140 guineas , newmarket , second october , won by woodpecker .

at 9 : won the craven stakes at newmarket , beating hollandaise , the duke of cumberland ' s io ( b f 1778 pyrrhus ) , and mr o ' kelly ' s mercury ( ch c 1778 eclipse ) , won £50 at newmarket , first spring , beating two others , won the jockey club plate , beating buccaneer and mercury , won a 50 sovereigns purse , beating hollandaise and lord ossory ' s alaric ( br c paymaster ) , over the beacon course , walked - over for the clermont cup and 200 guineas , and the next day walked - over for the 140 guineas subscription purse , 2nd in the 140 guineas subscription at newmarket , first october , won by sir john lade ' s crop ( gr c 1778 turf ) , beating the duke of grafton ' s puzzle ( b f 1778 matchem ) , ran once unplaced .

at 10 : won 200 guineas each and the whip at newmarket , second spring , beating sir j lade ' s nottingham ( br c 1776 tantrum ) , lost a 300 guineas match to lord egremont ' s derby winner assassin ( b c 1779 sweetbriar ) at newmarket , first spring , 3rd and last in a 200 guineas sweep , won by mr parker ' s anvil ( b c 1777 herod ) followed by lord egremont ' s boxer ( gr c 1776 herod ) .

1 . co - heiress ( ch f 1786 ) , 3rd dam of the half - brothers , blacklock ( b c 1814 whitelock ) and st leger winner theodore ( b c 1819 woful ) . blacklock was a champion sire in 1829 . his best known son was voltaire ( br c 1826 ) .

2 . dabchick ( br f 1798 ) , 2nd dam of one thousand guineas winner catgut ( br f 1816 juniper or comus ) .

3 . sister to edwin ( b f 1794 ) , taproot mare of family 3 - i , and 4th dam of the derby and st leger winner the flying dutchman ( br c 1846 bay middleton ) .

4 . mandane ( ch f 1800 ) , a winner of two races , she was the taproot mare of family 11 - g , the dam of the st leger winner altisidora ( ch f 1810 dick andrews ) , the oaks winner manuella ( b f 1809 dick andrews ) , and the stallions brutandorf ( b c 1821 blacklock ) and lottery ( br c 1820 tramp ) .

5 . nightshade ( b f 1785 ) , winner of oaks stakes and 3rd dam of the ascot gold winner sir huldibrand ( br c 1818 octavius ) .

6 . outcast ( b f 1793 ) , winner of 4 races at five years of age .

8 . pot8os mare ( f 1793 ) , dam of the oaks winner maid of orleans ( b f 1806 sorcerer ) and the woodcote stakes winner rivulet ( ch f 1813 rubens ) . pot8os mare was also the 3rd dam of the one thousand guineas and oaks winner galata ( br f 1829 sultan ) .

9 . pot8os mare ( b f 1796 ) , 2nd dam of the two thousand guineas winner interpreter ( b c 1815 soothsayer ) and 2nd dam of the two thousand guineas winner nectar ( b c 1813 walton ) .

10 . sister to timidity * ( ch f 1792 ) was quite an influential matron in america where she produced cole ' s bright phoebus ( c 1804 messenger * ) , one of few who beat sir archy ( b c 1805 diomed * ) , and millers damsel ( gr f 1802 messenger * ) , the dam of american eclipse ( ch c 1814 duroc ) .

alderman ( gb ) * ( b c 1787 ) was a stallion in america , where his daughters contributed to the build up of several native families . alderman mare ( b f 1799 ) was the 2nd dam of boston ( ch c 1833 timoleon ) who was probably the greatest american racehorse of the 19th century and also the sire of lexington ( b c 1850 ) .

asparagus ( gb ) ( ch c 1787 ) , sire of the one thousand guineas winner rhoda ( b f 1813 ) and the stallion teddy the grinder ( b c 1798 ) .

coriander ( gb ) ( b c 1786 ) , sire of coriander mare ( b f 1799 ) , the grandaughter of co - heiress [ see co - heiress , above ] . coriander mare was inbred to 2x3 to pot8os , and the dam of blacklock and theodore . coriander also sired hyacinthus ( ch c 1797 ) , sire of hyacinthus mare ( ch f 1804 ) , taproot of family 2 - f , and variety ( b f 1808 ) , taproot of family 20 - a .

tyrant ( gb ) ( b c 1799 ) , winner of the derby stakes and a 300 guineas sweepstakes against julia ( br f 1799 whiskey ) .

vespasian ( gb ) ( b c 1793 ) , sire of pomona ( ch f 1815 ) , the dam of champagne stakes winner bud ( b c 1827 partisan ) . pomona was also the 2nd dam of the one thousand guineas and park hill stakes winner sorella ( ch f 1841 the saddler ) and the union - rennen winner my hope ( ch f 1853 birdcatcher ) .

worthy ( gb ) ( b c 1795 ) , winner of a king ' s plate and the oxford cup .

champion ( gb ) b c 1797 ( pot8os - huncamunca , by highflyer ) . sire line pot8os . family 3 - b .

waxy ( gb ) b c 1790 ( pot8os - maria , by herod ) . sire line pot8os . family 18 .

finished 3rd in the oaks stakes at epsom , won by sir t gascoigne ' s theophania ( b f 1800 delpini ) with 2nd going to mr harris ' s laura [ ex - fanny ] ( ch f 1800 pegasus ) , beating 4 others . won the town plate at newmarket july , beating lord clermont ' s rumbo ( b c 1800 whiskey ) and 2 others . collected a 40gs forfeit at newmarket first october from sir frank standish ' s brother to eagle and mr howorth ' s skyscraper filly . won a £140 subscription at the same meeting , with an added town plate , beating the prince of wales ' s nitre ( gr f 1800 precipitate ) and 4 others . won a £50 plate at newmarket second october , beating sir c bunbury ' s orlando ( br c 1799 whiskey ) . collected 50gs from a 100gs match at newmarket houghton against lord stawell ' s elizabeth ( br f 1800 waxy ) .

won the 400gs oatlands handicap at newmarket craven , beating lord g cavendish ' s lignum vitae ( b c 1797 walnut ) and 4 others . collected a 100gs forfeit at newmarket first spring from mr wyndham ' s young eclipse ( br c 1799 young eclipse ) . won a 200gs match at newmarket second spring from lord sackville ' s enchanter ( ch c 1799 pot8os ) . collected 70gs forfeit at the same meeting from mr howorth ' s malta ( ch c 1798 buzzard ) . won £190 at newmarket first october , beating sir f standish ' s brother to stamford ( br c sir peter teazle ) , nitre ( gr f 1800 precipitate ) and lord grosvenor ' s baron bull ( b c 1800 john bull ) . won the king ' s plate at the same meeting , beating " easily " mr norton ' s sir harry dimsdale ( gr c 1800 sir peter teazle ) and sir h williamson ' s walton ( b c 1799 sir peter teazle ) . collected 40gs at the same place from lord foley ' s watery ( b c 1801 waxy ) . won a 200gs match at newmarket second october from colonel mellish ' s buss ( b c 1800 john bull ) . lost a 100gs match at newmarket houghton to mr c wilson ' s lennox ( ch c 1798 delpini ) .

finished 3rd in the oatlands at newmarket craven to hrh the duke of york ' s giles ( b c 1798 trumpator ) and mr watson ' s duxbury ( b c sir peter teazle ) , beating 4 others . walked over for the king ' s plate at newmarket first spring . won £50 at the same meeting , beating lord foley ' s hippocampus ( b c 1801 coriander ) , mr wardell ' s houghton lass ( b f 1801 sir peter teazle ) , mr ladbroke ' s sir david ( br c 1801 trumpator ) and 2 others . won the jockey club plate at newmarket second spring , beating walton and the prince of wales ' s petruchio ( ro c 1801 stride ) " in a canter " by 6 lengths . collected 50gs at newmarket october from col mellish ' s pipylin ( br c sir peter teazle ) . walked over for 200gs and the king ' s plate at the same meeting . won 125gs at newmarket second october , beating sir harry dimsdale by a neck " after a most severe and punishing race " .

collected a 100gs forfeit at newmarket craven from lord foley ' s hippocampus . collected a 100gs forfeit from a 200gs sweep at newmarket first spring . won the king ' s plate at the same meeting , beating mr abbey ' s margery ( ch f john bull ) by 8 lengths , and 1 other . won £50 at the same place , beating mr cave - browne ' s antipater ( b c 1801 pipator ) " in a canter " . won £50 at newmarket july , beating sir c bunbury ' s lydia ( br f 1802 whiskey ) " in a canter " . finished 2nd for a purse of 50gs at newmarket first october to orville . collected 50gs forfeit at the same meeting from colonel mellish ' s czar peter ( br c 1801 sir peter teazle ) . won a 200gs match at newmarket second october from mr arthur ' s derby winner cardinal beaufort ( b c 1802 gohanna ) . ran twice more without success .


tomarctus is a canid genus of the extinct subfamily borophaginae which inhabited most of north america during the late early miocene to the early barstovian age of the middle miocene ( 23 — 16 million years ago ) .

tomarctus existed for approximately 6.83 million years .

this animal shared a period and ecology with a variety of other bear dogs like the giant mustelid genus of bone-crushing canidae , cynarctoides .

as the bear dogs and giant mustelids became extinct , tomarctus further radiated to fill a line of dogs which filled the hyena-like fruit eating and bone-crushing niches .

tomarctus

tomarctus <EOT> another structural adaption of the tomarctus is its four - toed foot . this effectively narrowed the foot which meant the tomarctus could exert more force on the ground on a smaller surface . this would mean that the tomarctus would run faster . this is useful in catching smaller prey that are fast and more agile than the tomarctus .

tomarctus meaning not found if you know the meaning of this word , share it .

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the eurasian branch was called tomarctus and is the progenitor of wolves , dogs , and foxes .

the only evidence of the tomarctus is found in north america , mainly within the usa . the

the tomarctus probably became extinct because it evolved into better versions of itself , each being able to survive better in its given environment . the tomarctus is the ancestor of all canids ranging from the fruit eating hyena - like animals to the bone crushing canids much like the bear and the wolf . as the tomarctus radiated into different branches , the original species had to compete with the more suited species . this meant there would be an insufficient amount of food to support both species and the tomarctus eventually died out . another reason could have been the size of the tomarctus . the size of thse tomarctus did not allow for speed so as slow moving animals started to become extinct , the food chain was disrupted and the tomarctus became extinct .

this is useful when the tomarctus is being pursued and does not look on what it is stepping on .

on earth for around 6 . 83 millions of years , tomarctus inhabited most of the north american continent . tomarctus had long tails for balance , sharp claws to catch preys while hunting and an appearance resembling our dogs of today .

) evolve from . it is also the starting place of the vulpes genus . there are two species of tomarctus and they are

the evolutionary pressure for this adaptation could perhaps have been the death of some tomarctus from infected cuts on the bottom of their feet . this caused the bottom of the tomarctus ' s feet to develop calluses which eventually turned into pads over the 7 million years of its existence .

another noticeable behavior of the tomarctus is that it is a carnivore . this is seen from the large canines and incisors in the tomarctus ' s mouth . this was a very good adaptation during this time as prey was abundant because of development grasslands across the great plains of north america .

the environmental pressure that could ' ve given rise to the size of the tomarctus could have been the need to survive in a time when everything when size dictated if you survived or not . the bigger the tomarctus the more chances it will have at surviving because of its greater strength and stamina .

one of the ways the tomarctus adapted physiologically is in its size . it was found to be massive in size , around the size of a bear . thus earning its name , tomarctus , which means " almost a bear " . the size of the tomarctus served it in many ways . having such a big body would mean that it was stronger than smaller animals , thus making it able to hunt for larger prey which means more it can hunt less .

osteoborus _ cyonoides , _ aelurodon _ taxoides , _ tomarctus _ temerarius , _ and _ cormocyon _ leptodus . jpg : ryan somma . derivative work : kevmin

tomarctus had an incredibly strong bite force that exceeded what was required to kill a wild animal , the conclusion that streams is that tomarctus’ diet was probably composed of a lot of scavenging . carcasses and bones must have been a primary source of alimentation for tomarctus as bone marrow by itself is one of the most nutritious food in the natural wild world . plus , when kept in the bone under the right conditions , it can last for years after the death of the animal .

age of the middle minocene which is around 23 - 16 million years ago . the tomarctus is estimated to have existed for nearly 7 million years before going extinct .

this adaptation was probably the result of the need to catch prey . as the tomarctus preyed on small rodents , it needed to run faster in order to catch up to it . this meant that the five toes in its foot were making its foot heavier and by losing this toe , the tomarctus could catch up to its prey .

one of the behavioral adaptations that is found in the tomarctus is that unlike other canids , the tomarctus is a solitary hunter which means it only comes into contact with others of its kind only in the breeding season . this means that it can spend time fending for itself and does not have to waste time and energy defending its pack .

this adaptation could have arisen due to the need for more energy . the diet of the tomarctus was small rodents which would meant that sharing food would have been difficult of everyone was to be satisfied . being a solitary hunter meant that the tomarctus does not need to hunt for more than one animal and thus able to consume more energy ,

the period of that the tomarctus lived in was the miocene epoch of the neogene period . this was a period where the climate of the earth was slightly cooler and drier then before . this meant the grasslands that existed all over the world were expanding as forests receded , the area that the tomarctus lived in were mostly grassland with mountains forming in some parts of western north america .

cynodictis gave rise to two branches , one leading to the modern african hunting dog ( 4 ) and one through tomarctus ( 5 ) to the wolves and domestic dogs . tomarctus ( of some 15 million years ago ) differed but little physically from the wolves and wild dogs , but doubtless had far to go in intelligence . in modern times many widely different dogs have been bred , but the intelligence and adaptability of the dog remain distinctive .

a possible pressure that caused this adaptation could have been the need for a better growth . as meat contains proteins needed to build strong muscles , the tomarctus needed to eat large amounts of it to be able to grow to its optimal size .

like another carnivore of the cenozoic era , cynodictis , tomarctus has long been the " go - to " mammal for folks who want to identify the first true prehistoric dog . unfortunately , recent analysis has shown that tomarctus wasn ' t any more ancestral to modern dogs ( at least in a direct sense ) than any of the other hyena - like mammals of the eocene and miocene epochs . we do know that this early " canid , " which occupied a place on the evolutionary line that culminated in apex predators like borophagus and aelurodon , possessed powerful , bone - crushing jaws , and that it wasn ' t the only " hyena dog " of middle miocene north america , but other than that much about tomarctus remains a mystery .

one of the structural adaptations known about the tomarctus is common in most canids . these are pads on the bottom of their feet to protect them from sharp objects that they might step on . these include sharp rocks , oyster shells and sharp animal bones .

what did dogs look like before gray wolves were domesticated into modern poodles , schnauzers and golden retrievers ? on the following slides , you ' ll find pictures and detailed profiles of a dozen prehistoric dogs of the cenozoic era , ranging from aelurodon to tomarctus .

as the giant mustelids and bear dogs started to disappear , tomarctus further radiated to initiate a line of dogs which filled the hyena - like fruit eating and bone - crushing niches . we’ve been able to find specimens in california and up to the montana / canada line . we also found fossils as low as panama . more information about the fossils discovered here .

cynodictis was one of the first members in the mammalian predators , then much better known as ‘bear dogs’ .  this was a medium - sized long mammal , with a long tail and a fairly brushy coat . over the millennia cynodictis have then given rise to two branches , one in eurasia and the other one in africa . the eurasian branch , called tomarctus , is the progenitor wolves , dogs , and foxes originated from .

miacis branched into a number of species by 30 to 40 million years ago , giving rise to a more recent ancestor of modern wolves . cynodicits , however , was much smaller than the wolf of today , with shortened legs and a flexible body . between 15 and 30 million years ago , cynodictis split into cynodesmus and tomarctus to give yield to wolf - like animals with longer legs , more compact feet , a shortened tail , and a smaller big toe ( mech 1972 ) .

another group of early canids was the borophagines , or " bone - crushing dogs , " equipped with powerful jaws and teeth suitable for scavenging the carcasses of mammalian megafauna . the largest , most dangerous borophagines were the 100 - pound borophagus and the even bigger epicyon ; other genera included the earlier tomarctus and aelurodon , which were more reasonably sized . we can ' t say for sure , but there ' s some evidence that these bone - crushing dogs ( which were also restricted to north america ) hunted or scavenged in packs , like modern hyenas .

for a prehistoric dog , aelurodon ( greek for " cat tooth " ) has been given a somewhat bizarre name . this " bone - crushing " canid was an immediate descendant of tomarctus , and was one of a number of hyena - like proto - dogs that roamed north america during the miocene epoch . there ' s evidence that the larger species of aelurodon may have hunted ( or roamed ) the grassy plains in packs , either taking down diseased or aged prey or swarming around already - dead carcasses and cracking the bones with their powerful jaws and teeth .

name : tomarctus  ( cut bear )  . phonetic : toe - mark - tus . named by : edward drinker cope  -  1873 . synonyms : aelurodon francisi ,  aelurodon simulans . classification : chordata ,  mammalia ,  carnivora ,  canidae ,  borophaginae . species : t .  brevirostris ( type )  ,   t .  hippophaga . diet : carnivore . size : about 1 . 2 meters long . known locations : across north america . time period : aquitanian through to langhian of the miocene ,  possibly later into the miocene . fossil representation : multiple individuals .

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full reference : e . d . cope . 1873 . third notice of extinct vertebrata from the tertiary of the plains . paleontological bulletin 16 : 1 - 8

full reference : w . d . matthew and h . j . cook . 1909 . a pliocene fauna from western nebraska . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 26 ( 27 ) : 361 - 414

see also matthew 1924 , matthew and cook 1909 , olsen 1956 , skinner et al . 1977 and vanderhoof and gregory 1940

type specimen : amnh 13836 , a mandible . its type locality is trojan quarry , which is in a hemingfordian terrestrial horizon in the olcott formation of nebraska .

further reading -  phylogenetic systematics of the borophaginae ,  x .  wang ,  r .  h .  tedford & b .  e .  taylor  -  1999 . -  small mammal fossils from the barstow formation ,  california ,  e .  h .  lindsay  -  1972 .

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animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…

horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …

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is found within a range of as west as california , east as maryland , as north as montana and as far south as panama . the

it was first discovered in nebraska and later found in california and as north as the canadian border .

kathleen munthe ( 1989 ) . the skeleton of the borophaginae . retrieved 20th july 2010 from :

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true to its nickname , amphicyon , the " bear dog , " looked like a small bear with the head of a dog , and it probably pursued a bear - like lifestyle as well , feeding opportunistically on meat , carrion , fish , fruit and plants . however , it was more ancestral to dogs than to bears ! see an in - depth profile of amphicyon

borophagus was the last of a large , populous group of north american predatory mammals informally known as the " hyena dogs . " closely related to the slightly bigger epicyon , this prehistoric dog ( or " canid , " as it should technically be called ) made its living much like a modern hyena , scavenging already - dead carcasses rather than hunting live prey . borophagus possessed an unusually big , muscular head with powerful jaws , and was probably the most accomplished bone - crusher of its canid line ; its extinction two million years ago remains a bit of a mystery . ( by the way , the prehistoric dog formerly known as osteoborus has now been assigned as a species of borophagus . )

until recently , it was widely believed that the late eocene cynodictis ( " in - between dog ) was the first true " canid , " and thus lay at the root of 30 million years of dog evolution . today , though , its relationship to modern dogs is subject to debate . see an in - depth profile of cynodictis

one of the apex predators of pleistocene north america , the dire wolf competed for prey with the saber - toothed tiger - - as evidenced by the fact that thousands of specimens of these predators have been dredged up from the la brea tar pits in los angeles . see 10 facts about the dire wolf

not only was dusicyon the only prehistoric dog to live on the falkland islands ( off the coast of argentina ) , but it was the only mammal , period - - meaning it preyed not on cats , rats and pigs , but birds , insects , and possibly even shellfish that washed up along the shore . see an in - depth profile of dusicyon

the largest species of epicyon weighed in the neighborhood of 200 to 300 pounds - - as much as , or more than , a full - grown human - - and possessed unusually powerful jaws and teeth , which made their heads look more like those of a big cat than a dog or wolf . see an in - depth profile of epicyon

to simplify matters just a bit , the late miocene eucyon was the last link in the chain of prehistoric dog evolution before the appearance of canis , the single genus that encompasses all modern dogs and wolves . the three - foot - long eucyon was itself descended from an earlier , smaller genus of dog ancestor , leptocyon , and it was distinguished by the size of its frontal sinuses , an adaptation linked to its diverse diet . it ' s believed that the first species of canis evolved from a species of eucyon in late miocene north america , about 5 or 6 million years ago , though eucyon itself persisted for another few million years .

dogs were only domesticated about 10 , 000 years ago , but their evolutionary history goes back way further than that - - as witness one of the earliest canines yet discovered , hesperocyon , which lived in north america a whopping 40 million years ago , during the late eocene epoch . as you might expect in such a distant ancestor , hesperocyon didn ' t look much like any dog breed alive today , and was more reminiscent of a giant mongoose or weasel . however , this prehistoric dog did have the beginnings of specialized , dog - like , meat - shearing teeth , as well as noticeably dog - like ears . there ' s some speculation that hesperocyon ( and other late eocene dogs ) may have led a meerkat - like existence in underground burrows , but the evidence for this is somewhat lacking .

for all intents and purposes , ictitherium marks the time when the first hyena - like carnivores ventured down from the trees and skittered across the vast plains of africa and eurasia ( most of these early hunters lived in north america , but ictitherium was a major exception ) . to judge by its teeth , the coyote - sized ictitherium pursued an omnivorous diet ( possibly including insects as well as small mammals and lizards ) , and the discovery of multiple remains jumbled together is a tantalizing hint that this predator may have hunted in packs . ( by the way , ictitherium wasn ' t technically a prehistoric dog , but more of a distant cousin . )

among the earliest ancestors of modern dogs , various species of leptocyon roamed the plains and woodlands of north america for a whopping 25 million years , making this small , foxlike animal one of the most successful mammalian genera of all time . unlike larger , " bone - crushing " canid cousins like epicyon and borophagus , leptocyon subsisted on small , skittering , live prey , probably including lizards , birds , insects and other small mammals ( and one can imagine that the larger , hyena - like prehistoric dogs of the miocene epoch themselves weren ' t averse to making an occasional snack out of leptocyon ! )

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dogs and canines were domesticated between 10 , 000 and 35 , 000 years ago through selective breeding , suggesting the earliest dogs presumably arose once we , humans , were still searching and gathering , way before the appearance of agriculture . history did not wait for our fancy ( and amazing ) articles to understand how to breed dogs .

the prehistoric development of the wolf , from which the dog sprang , is typified chiefly by increase in running speed . while we are having an attempt here at climbing the domestic dog’s evolution tree , it is important to remind our readers that the origin of the domestic dog , the canis lupus familiaris , is not clear as per today , 2015 . mitochondrial dna and nuclear dna evidences are not confirming each other’s conclusions :

regardless of the exact timeline and dates , it seems like domestic dogs appeared simultaneously in various areas of the world and each from their own wolf - like ancestors that were genetically similar . this is why there are a few extinct animals that are highlighted here , in this article . these have been recognised as being part of the evolution of the domestic dog , in a way or another .

biology & conservation of wild canids – simplified phylogenetic relationships of canids at the generic level . species ranges are indicated by individual

bars enclosed within grey rectangles , detailed relationships among species in a genus is not shown . relationships for the hesperocyoninae is modified from wang ( 1994 , fig . 65 ) , that for the borophaginae from wang et al . ( 1999 , fig . 141 ) , and

the dog’s ancestor cynodictis ( 2 ) of some 20 or 30 million years ago was a slender , short - legged animal perhaps no larger than a mink . this animal began a line of evolution characterized by ever - increasing leg length and the development of an almost unique ability to run down prey mile after mile and seize it . this led to important “social” developments , involving group hunting . competition , in turn , stimulated the growth of intelligence , along lines quite different , for instance , from that of the solitary cat .

according to this reprint from the national history magazine ( 1939 ) , the dogs has evolved from the now extinct miacis , to the the gray wolf or canis lupus .

the miacis was a relatively mammal with a weasel - like body , five toed legs , a very long thin tail and sharp pointy ears . miacis is known as one of the first ancestors of the coyote and the great grandmother of all carnivores including hyenas , canines , felines , bears , and racoons . it appeared around 60 - 55 million years ago , at the late paleocene era . miacis lived in the north american and european continents just like coyotes today . close to the miacis are the creodonts who show similar physical features and characteristics .

daphoenus also belonged to the family of bear dogs , scientifically named as the amphicyonidae family . these had the size of our coyotes today and shared important similarities with today’s dogs and bears . daphoenus could only perform short accelerations and sprints due to their short legs , thus daphoenus were ambushing their preys and scavenging .

african wild dog or african painted dog are the two other names used to designate the lycaon pictus . member of the biological family canidae , this sub - saharan canid differs from its cousin group , canis , with a body designed for a predominantly hyper - carnivorous diet with fewer toes and dentition . still with us today , the lycaon is now an endangered species .

african wild dogs have disappeared from much of their former range . their population is currently estimated at approximately 6 , 600 adults in 39 subpopulations , of which only 1 , 400 are mature individuals . population size is continuing to decline as a result of ongoing habitat fragmentation , conflict with human activities , and infectious disease .

from the greek “voracious eater” , the borophagus genus is the last known of the line of bone - crunching dogs , also called hyena - like dogs . measuring around 80cm in length , they are smaller than their other bone - crushing ancestors but their jaws are way more developed so we think they relied on scavenging other predators’ kills more than proactively hunting new preys . because their meal was already eaten by the predators who actually killed the dead animal , they had to content themselves with the leftovers , usually the bones .

historians have not yet understood why the borophagus got extinct but the prehistoric dog formerly known as osteoborus has now been assigned as a species of borophagus . based on figure 141 of wang et al . ( 1999 ) , other species within this genus are :

borophagus diversidens existed for 2 . 5 million years ( synonymous with felis hillianus , hyaenognathus matthewi , hyaenognathus pachyodon , hyaenognathus solus , porthocyon dubius )

borophagus hilli existed for 0 . 5 million years ( synonymous with osteoborus crassapineatus , osteoborus progressus )

the grey wolf is the one , the one that is the direct ancestor of our dogs , all of them , from teacup chihuahuas to great danes , from alaskan malamutes to arabian salukis .

all that happened because , around 33 , 000 years ago , men domesticated the tamest wolves by adopting their cubs into human tribes , fed them and bred them selectively . these wolves were raised amongst people , they were given tasks that would facilitate the tribe’s life such as hunting , guarding , herding , etc .

while transitioning and adapting to their entirely new environment , these wolves who are used by humans to be selectively bred start to genetically change which manipulates all their offsets . over several generations , the original wild grey wolf has changed and a new species appeared that is genetically different from the founding stock that was adopted by the humans : the canis familiaris .

not considered wild anymore , the new species has been selected over time to be docile , tamed , and work - driven . from that point on , humans have started to use the same methods of selective breeding to develop desirable characteristics to get the dogs better at what a given tribe and environment need .

huskies’ ancestors were bred to endure ice - cold temperatures and long , draining , races in the snow . whereas the salukis , arabian greyhounds , were bred for speed so they could hunt quarry such as gazelles and hares . this is why , today , we have over 400 dog breeds that specialise at retrieving , pointing , hunting , pulling , swimming , pulling , searching , etc .

how the heck did we take a wolf and come up with bulldogs , yorkshires , collies , golden retrievers , whippets , goldendoodles , and otterhounds ? designed by parisian artist alice bouchardon , the “evolution of dogs” tries to make sense of the complicated darwinian ( and not - so - darwinian ) machinations that have led us to the kinds of dog breeds that can be toted in paris hilton’s handbag . ( credits :

only today , the trend shifts from breeding dogs for a given purpose to breeding dogs for looks . it leads to a lot of severe medical conditions and it should be a matter of time before the authorities and international canine organisations become stricter about breeding standards .

to read more about the origin and evolution of the domestic dog , you should check out the wikipedia page as it has the most up - to - date dna discoveries and updates .

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in many ways , the story of dog evolution follows the same plot line as the evolution of horses and elephants : a small , inoffensive , ancestral species gives rise , over the course of tens of millions of years , to the respectably sized descendants we know and love today . but there are two big differences in this case : first , dogs are carnivores , and the evolution of carnivores is a twisty , serpentine affair involving not only dogs , but prehistoric hyenas , bears , cats , and now - extinct mammals like creodonts and mesonychids . and second , of course , dog evolution took a sharp right turn about 15 , 000 years ago , when the first wolves were domesticated by early humans . ( see a gallery of prehistoric dog pictures )

as far as paleontologists can tell , the very first carnivorous mammals evolved during the late cretaceous period , about 75 million years ago ( the half - pound cimolestes , which lived high up in trees , being the most likely candidate ) . however , it ' s more likely that every carnivorous animal alive today can trace its ancestry back to miacis , a slightly bigger , weasel - like creature that lived about 55 million years ago , or 10 million years after the dinosaurs went extinct . miacis was far from a fearsome killer , though : this tiny furball was also arboreal and feasted on insects and eggs as well as small animals .

modern dogs evolved from a line of carnivorous mammals called " canids , " after the characteristic shape of their teeth . before ( and alongside ) the canids , though , there were such diverse families of predators as amphicyonids ( the " bear dogs , " typified by amphicyon , which seem to have been more closely related to bears than dogs ) , prehistoric hyenas ( ictitherium was the first of this group to live on the ground rather than in trees ) , and the " marsupial dogs " of south america and australia . although vaguely dog - like in appearance and behavior , these predators weren ' t directly ancestral to modern canines .

even more fearsome than bear dogs and marsupial dogs were mesonychids and creodonts . the most famous mesonychids were the one - ton andrewsarchus , the largest ground - dwelling carnivorous mammal that ever lived , and the smaller and more wolflike mesonyx ; oddly enough , mesonychids were ancestral not to modern dogs or cats , but to prehistoric whales . the creodonts , on the other hand , left no living descendants ; the most noteworthy members of this breed were hyaenodon and the strikingly named sarkastodon , the former of which looked ( and behaved ) like a wolf and the latter of which looked ( and behaved ) like a grizzly bear .

paleontologists agree that the late eocene ( about 40 to 35 million years ago ) hesperocyon was directly ancestral to all later canids—and thus to the genus canis , which branched off from a subfamily of canids about six million years ago . this " western dog " was only about the size of a small fox , but its inner - ear structure was characteristic of later dogs , and there ' s some evidence that it may have lived in communities , either high up in trees or in underground burrows . hesperocyon is very well - represented in the fossil record ; in fact , this was one of the most common mammals of prehistoric north america .

here ' s where things get a bit confusing . shortly after the appearance of hesperocyon 40 million years ago , leptocyon arrived on the scene—not a brother , but more like a second cousin once removed . leptocyon was the first true canine ( that is , it belonged to the caninae subfamily of the canidae family ) , but a small and unobtrusive one , not much bigger than hesperocyon itself . the immediate descendant of leptocyon , eucyon , had the good fortune to live at a time when both eurasia and south america were accessible from north america —the first via the bering land bridge , and the second thanks to the uncovering of central america . in north america , about six million years ago , populations of eucyon evolved into the first members of the modern dog genus canis , which spread to these other continents .

but the tale doesn ' t end there . although canines ( including the first coyotes ) continued to live in north america during the pliocene epoch , the first plus - sized wolves evolved elsewhere , and " re - invaded " north america shortly before the ensuing pleistocene ( via that same bering land bridge ) . the most famous of these canines was the dire wolf , canis diris , which evolved from an " old world " wolf that colonized both north and south america ( by the way , the dire wolf competed directly for prey with smilodon , the " saber - toothed tiger . " )

the end of the pleistocene epoch witnessed the rise of human civilization around the world . as far as we can tell , the first domestication of the gray wolf occurred somewhere in europe or asia anywhere from 30 , 000 to 15 , 000 years ago . after 40 million years of evolution , the modern dog had finally made its debut !

rocky mountain geology ( 1965 ) 4 ( 1 ) : 21 - 25 .

m . r . voorhies ; the carnivora of the trail creek fauna . rocky mountain geology ; 4 ( 1 ) : 21–25 . doi :

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have you ever looked around and wondered how so many different animals can all be related ? in fact , scientists believe that all animals—and all forms of life—share a common ancestor . gray wolves are only one out of billions of different species that live or used to live on the earth .

although there are many different types of animals , most of the ones that you will be familiar with belong to the smaller group of vertebrates : animals with a true backbone .

gray wolves are part of the order carnivora , which is grouped largely based on their predatory diet habits . carnivora consists of over 260 species , including dogs , cats , bears , foxes , skunks , and raccoons . they all have long , pointed teeth and sharp claws used to attack their prey . they are also fairly intelligent animals with highly developed brains .

wolves belong to the family canidae and are most closely related to domestic dogs , foxes , coyotes , dingoes , lycaons , and jackals . there are 14 total living subgroups of canidae , and they are often referred to as canids . a derived trait for canids is that they have 42 teeth , although bears also share this characteristic . there are , however , other distinguishing features between canids and bears . canids tend to have long tails , walk on their toes , and have four toes to each hind foot , while bears have short tails , walk on their soles , and have 5 toes to each hind foot .

the gray wolf looks very similar to other canids , so differentiating species isn’t always straightforward . throughout its evolution , the wolf has been increasing in size , so wolves tend to have a larger body that most other canids . furthermore , after collecting skull measurements from the wolf , scientists have found that it has a broader snout and wider nose pad than its other close relatives .

we believe that the some of the early ancestors of the gray wolf were a group of generalized carnivores named the creodonts that first walked the northern hemisphere of the earth between 100 and 120 million years ago . about 55 million years ago , the creodonts gave rise to the carnassials , a group of wolf - like animals that had specialized jaws for eating meat . one member of this family , miacis , is thought to be the ancestor for all present - day wolves , dogs , weasels , bears , and raccoons .

when did the wolf become a wolf ? somewhere between 4 . 5 and 9 million years ago during the miocene , the recent ancestors of wolves split off from the ancestors of foxes . by 1 . 8 million years ago , wolves in north america had split from coyotes , and looked very much like they still do today . just think of this : when you look at a wolf , you are in a way looking at an animal that is 2 million years old !

how do we know this ? of course , there were no people alive 120 million years ago to help us out . so we use the fossil record , which means that we look for evidence of the ancestors of wolves through bones or other remains that have been preserved by the earth over time .

for wolves , the evidence is pretty convincing , although it is incomplete . scientists have tracked changes in skull size and shape , limb length , the evolution of sharp teeth for tearing meat , and evidence of changes in wolf population and habitat distribution over very long periods of time . in fact , researchers’ use of the fossil record has led them to believe that north american wolves crossed the land bridge to eurasia and established themselves there 130 to 300 million years ago to evolve into canis lupus before returning to north america ! the wolf species that never left north america became different from those who had left and then returned ( boitani & mech 2003 ) .

the sheer diversity of canids is amazing . some of them are more closely related than others , but all share an amazing evolutionary history that might even make you howl !

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phylogenetic systematics of the borophaginae ( carnivora , canidae ) . bulletin of the amnh ; no . 243

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bulletin of the american museum of natural history the bulletin , published continuously since 1881 , consists of longer monographic volumes in the field of natural sciences relating to zoology , paleontology , and geology . current numbers are published at irregular intervals . the bulletin was originally a place to publish short papers , while longer works appeared in the memoirs . however , in the 1920s , the memoirs ceased and the bulletin series began publishing longer papers . a new series , the novitates , published short papers describing new forms .

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