the mountain treeshrew ( tupaia montana ) is a treeshrew species within the tupaiidae .

it is endemic to borneo and inhabits montane forests in sarawak and sabah .

the first specimen was described by oldfield thomas and was part of a zoological collection from northern borneo obtained by the british museum of natural history .

mountain treeshrew

mountain treeshrew <EOT> the mountain treeshrew , tupaia montana , belongs to scandentia , a group of mammals endemic to southeast asia . it is very abundant in mountain forest in north and central borneo ( map ) .

mountain treeshrew ( tupaia montana ) is an bornean endemic . filmed by teet sirotkin at mt . kinabalu during avifaunas trip march 2016 .

yan wong changed the thumbnail image of " file : nicobar treeshrew ( tupaia nicobarica nicobarica ) . jpg " .

munshi - south j , bernard h , emmons l . behavioral monogamy and fruit availability in the large treeshrew (

madras treeshrew ( anathana ellioti ) in the satpura national park , pachmarhi ( david v . raju , 2016 ) .

the madras treeshrew ( anathana ellioti ) , also known as the indian treeshrew , is a species of treeshrew in the monotypic genus anathana found in the hill forests of central and southern india . the genus name is derived from the tamil name of moongil anathaan ( literally " bamboo squirrel " ) and the species name is after sir walter elliot of the indian civil services in madras .

the carnivorous pitcher plant genus nepenthes grows in nutrient - deficient substrates and produce jug - shaped leaf organs ( pitchers ) that trap arthropods as a source of n and p . a number of bornean nepenthes demonstrate novel nutrient acquisition strategies . notably , three giant montane species are engaged in a mutualistic association with the mountain treeshrew , tupaia montana , in which the treeshrew defecates into the pitchers while visiting them to feed on nectar secretions on the pitchers ' lids .

munshi - south j . extra - pair paternity and the evolution of testis size in a behaviorally monogamous tropical mammal , the large treeshrew (

treeshrews have good vision , which is binocular in the case of the more arboreal species . most are diurnal , although the pen - tailed treeshrew is nocturnal .

this mountain treeshrew was too hungry to just leave after being released , as our hands smelled like banana and other baits we use , the animal started licking and biting them . it was after this desperate behaviour that we decided to fed the animal as a compensation for the time spent on the trap . this is a rare behaviour as usually most animals quickly run away when we release them .

treeshrews are omnivorous , feeding on insects , small vertebrates , fruit , and seeds . most are diurnal , although the pen - tailed treeshrew ( ptilocercus lowii ) is nocturnal .

main characteristics mountain tree shrews have a slender build and a long tail . they have well developed senses of hearing , smell and vision . habitat mountain tree shrews are found in indonesia and malaysia . diet mountain tree shrews are omnivores and they feed on a variety of insects , small vertebrates , fruit and seeds . breeding after a gestation period of approximately 50 days , a litter of 3 - 4 young are born . at birth the young are blind and hairless , but they are able to leave the nest when they are a month old . tree shrews reach sexual maturity at around 4 months old and they generally breed throughout the year with no defined breeding season . subspecies subspecies of the mountain tree shrew include : tupaia montana baluensis tupaia montana montana interesting facts tree shrews have the highest brain to body mass ratio of any animal , even higher than humans . tupaia comes from the malay word " tupai " which means squirrel . similar animals golden - bellied tree shrew horsfield ' s tree shrew common tree shrew northern tree shrew mindanao tree shrew nicobar tree shrew palawan tree shrew slender tree shrew

the pen - tailed treeshrew in malaysia is able to consume large amounts of naturally fermented nectar ( with up to 3 . 8 % alcohol content ) the entire year without it having any effects on behaviour .

in 2008 , researchers found that the pen - tailed treeshrew in malaysia was able to consume large amounts of naturally fermented nectar of up to 3 . 8 % alcohol content the entire year without having any effects on behavior .

the pen - tailed treeshrew in malaysia is able to consume large amounts of naturally fermented nectar ( with up to 3 . 8 % alcohol content ) the entire year without it having any effects on behaviour . [ 8 ]

sirdesai , v . , m . ali , and m . s . r . shad . 2013 . crested hawk - eagle nisaetus cirrhatus feeding on madras treeshrew anathana ellioti . indian birds 8 ( 1 ) : 13 .

collins , p . m . and tsang , w . n . ( 1987 ) . growth and reproductive development in the male treeshrew ( tupaia belangeri ) from birth to sexual maturity . biology of reproduction 37 ( 2 ) : 261–267 .

the fossil record of treeshrews is poor . the oldest putative treeshrew , eodendrogale parva , is from the middle eocene of henan , china , but the identity of this animal is uncertain . other fossils have come from the miocene of thailand , pakistan , india , and yunnan , china , as well as the pliocene of india . most belong to the family tupaiidae , but some still - undescribed fossils from yunnan are thought to be closer to the pen - tailed treeshrew . named fossil species include prodendrogale yunnanica , prodendrogale engesseri , and tupaia storchi from yunnan , tupaia miocenica from thailand , and palaeotupaia sivalicus from india . [ 15 ]

the fossil record of treeshrews is poor . the oldest putative treeshrew , eodendrogale parva , is from the middle eocene of henan , china , but the identity of this animal is uncertain . other fossils have come from the miocene of thailand , pakistan , india , and yunnan , china , as well as the pliocene of india . most belong to the family tupaiidae , but some still - undescribed fossils from yunnan are thought to be closer to the pen - tailed treeshrew ( ptilocercus ) . named fossil species include prodendrogale yunnanica , prodendrogale engesseri , and tupaia storchi from yunnan , tupaia miocenica from thailand , and palaeotupaia sivalicus from india ( ni and qiu 2012 ) .

this species of treeshrew is not particularly arboreal and spends much of its time on the ground or clambering about on rocky terrain in the search of insects and seeds . [ 13 ] it is easily separated from the squirrels in the field by the shape and color of the tail and the upward curve in which it is held when walking about .

the treeshrews ( or tree shrews or banxrings ) are small euarchont mammals native to the tropical forests of southeast asia . they make up the families tupaiidae , the treeshrews , and ptilocercidae , the pen - tailed treeshrew , and the entire order scandentia . the 20 species are placed in five genera . treeshrews have a higher brain to body mass ratio than any other mammals , including humans , but high ratios are not uncommon for animals weighing less than a kilogram .

the channel between palawan and borneo is about 145 m deep . during the middle pleistocene , sea levels were 160 m lower than today , and the islands were connected . during the last ice age ( late pleistocene ) , sea level was approximately 120 m below current levels , and palawan was separated from ice age borneo by a narrow channel . palawan has always remained separated from the rest of the philippines . palawan is long and narrow , consisting of a steep mountain range whose highest point is 2 , 085 m ( mt . mantalingajan ) . more than 45 percent of palawan consists of mountains with slopes greater than 30 percent ( davis et al . 1995 ) .

the treeshrews ( or tree shrews or banxrings [ 2 ] ) are small euarchontoglire mammals native to the tropical forests of southeast asia . they make up the families tupaiidae , the treeshrews , and ptilocercidae , the pen - tailed treeshrew , and the entire order scandentia . the 20 species are placed in five genera . treeshrews have a higher brain to body mass ratio than any other mammal , including humans , [ 3 ] but high ratios are not uncommon for animals weighing less than a kilogram .

recently , it has been shown that several bornean nepenthes species demonstrate specialized nutrient acquisition strategies , which differ markedly from the ‘typical’ , arthropod - trapping strategy [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] . clarke et al . [ 7 ] and chin et al . [ 8 ] established that three giant montane pitcher plant species from borneo , nepenthes lowii hook . f . , n . rajah hook . f . and n . macrophylla ( marabini ) jebb & cheek , are engaged in an extraordinary mutualistic association with mountain treeshrews ( tupaia montana thomas ( scandentia ) ) , in which the treeshrews defecate into the nepenthes ' pitchers while visiting them to feed on carbohydrate rich secretions produced by glands on the pitchers ' lids .

the degree of development and / or modification of each pitcher component varies substantially among ( and even within ) nepenthes species 2 , 6 , 7 and recent research has demonstrated that unique modifications to pitcher structure possessed by several species play important roles in specialized nutrient acquisition strategies . 8 – 12 one such species , nepenthes lowii , demonstrates a remarkable nitrogen sequestration strategy , in which mountain tree shrews ( tupaia montana ) defecate into its pitchers while feeding on exudates secreted by glands on the inner surface of the pitcher lid . feces accounts for 57–100 % of foliar nitrogen in this species 13 and n . lowii “toilet pitchers” are ineffective arthropod traps . the large orifices and reflexed , concave lids of n . lowii pitchers induce t . montana to sit astride the pitcher whilst feeding , facilitating fecal deposition .

three species of nepenthes pitcher plants from borneo engage in a mutualistic interaction with mountain tree shrews , the basis of which is the exchange of nutritional resources . the plants produce modified “toilet pitchers” that produce copious amounts of exudates , the latter serving as a food source for tree shrews . the exudates are only accessible to the tree shrews when they position their hindquarters over the pitcher orifice . tree shrews mark valuable resources with feces and regularly defecate into the pitchers when they visit them to feed . feces represent a valuable source of nitrogen for these nepenthes species , but there are many facets of the mutualism that are yet to be investigated . these include , but are not limited to , seasonal variation in exudate production rates by the plants , behavioral ecology of visiting tree shrews and the mechanism by which the plants signal to tree shrews that their pitchers represent a food source . further research into this extraordinary animal - plant interaction is required to gain a better understanding of the benefits to the participating species .

several of palawan ' s endemic mammals are considered threatened . three endemic mammal species are considered endangered , including the calamian deer , a sunda tree squirrel ( sundasciurus juvencus ) ( recommended for delisting ; heaney et al . 1998 ) , and the palawan rat ( palawanomys furvus ) , which was collected only four times in 1962 . a subspecies of mouse deer , the balabac chevrotain ( tragulus napu nigricans ) , which is confined to balabac island , is also considered endangered . five endemic mammal species are considered vulnerable , including acerodon leucotis , the palawan treeshrew ( tupaia palawanensis ) , the palawan stink badger ( mydaus marchei ) , the palawan binturong ( arctictis binturong whitei ) , and a sunda tree squirrel ( sundasciurus rabori ) ( iucn 2000 ) .

the madras treeshrew is found on the indian subcontinent south of the ganges river . three subspecies have been described — a . e . ellioti of the eastern ghats , biligirirangan [ 8 ] and the shevaroy hills and other hills of southern india , a . e . pallida from central india primarily in madhya pradesh and raipur , and a . e . wroughtoni from the satpura range and the dangs near bombay . they have been reported within the western ghats ranges of wayanad ( periya ) [ 9 ] and mahabaleshwar . the northernmost record is from garhwa district of bihar . [ 10 ] little is known about the status of these populations as the distribution is patchy , but s . m . mohnot considered them as " common " in 1975 . [ 11 ]

this treeshrew is 16 . 0 to 18 . 5 cm long with a tail of 16 . 5 to 19 . 5 cm . the nominate race ( type locality : eastern ghats , madras . british museum 50 . 1 . 21 . 5 ) has the tail coloured like the back , the ground colour above being reddish - brown while the feet and hind legs are buff or ochraceous . the other two races have the tail coloured differently from the back . the race a . e . pallida ( type locality : manbhum , bengal , collected by robert cecil beavan british museum 66 . 12 . 28 . 2 ) has the colour of body above reddish - brown and the feet and hind legs grizzled buffy . race a . e . wroughtoni ( type locality : mandvi , surat , collected by r . c . wroughton british museum 96 . 11 . 7 . 1 ) has the colour of body above dull grizzled brownish and the feet and hind legs grizzled greyish . [ 4 ] some later workers lump all the three races . [ 5 ]

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justification : listed as least concern as it is common in montane regions of borneo , which remain mostly undisturbed , and although it may be undergoing localized declines , these are not likely to be sufficient to merit listing in a threatened category .

this is a bornean species , with a disjunct range across several isolated montane outcrops of sarawak and western sabah ( malaysia ) ; probably also found in northern kalimantan ( indonesia ) . although it has been trapped as low as 300 m ( medway 1977 ) , such records are very rare , and the species is most common above 600 m .

this species is very common in north - western borneo ( han et al . 2000 ) .

this species is found only in submontane and montane forest , but can tolerate disturbed forest . it is omnivorous , its diet consists predominantly in arthropods , sometimes substituted with fruit ( l . emmons 2000 ) .

a general threat for species living in montane borneo is loss of habitat due to deforestation for agriculture , such as the conversion of upland forests to vegetable farms ( k . h . han pers . comm . ) .

the species occurs in gunung niut nature reserve ( simons 1987 ) , gunung penrissen nature reserve ( medway 1977 ) - although it has not been found there recently in a survey by k . h . han ( pers . comm . ) - danau sentarum national park in western kalimantan ( jeanes and meijaard 2000 ) , crocker range national park and kinabalu park ( k . h . han pers . comm . ) . it has also been recorded from kayan mentarang national park ( i . maryanto pers . comm . ) . it is listed on cites appendix ii .

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borneo , sarawak , mt . dulit , 5 , 000 ft . ( 1 , 524 m ) .

mountains of sarawak and w sabah ( malaysia ) ; probably n kalimantan ( indonesia ) .

mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]

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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352

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" wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals . " - - publisher ' s website .

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diurnal , and very social , they feed on vegetable and animal material mainly on the ground . two pitcher plants , nepenthes lowii and n . rajah , have a mutualistic relation with tupaia montana : the plant offers the animal sugar on its pitchers and this tupaia uses the pitcher as lavatories , thus providing the plant with nutrients ( video 1 , video 2 ) .

sorenson , m . w . , & conaway , c . h . ( 1968 ) . the social and reproductive behavior of tupaia montana in captivity . journal of mammalogy , 49 ( 3 ) , 502 - 512 .

clarke , c . m . , bauer , u . , ch’ien , c . l . , tuen , a . a . , rembold , k . , & moran , j . a . ( 2009 ) . tree shrew lavatories : a novel nitrogen sequestration strategy in a tropical pitcher plant . biology letters , 5 ( 5 ) , 632 - 635 .

wells , k . , lakim , m . b . , schulz , s . , & ayasse , m . ( 2011 ) . pitchers of nepenthes rajah collect faecal droppings from both diurnal and nocturnal small mammals and emit fruity odour . journal of tropical ecology , 27 ( 04 ) , 347 - 353 .

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although called treeshrews , scandents are not true shrews and not all species are necessarily arboreal .

treeshrews serve important roles in the ecosystem , consuming fruit , seeds , insects and other invertebrates ( spiders , centipedes , millipedes , earthworms , etc ) , and in some cases even small vertebrates ( small mammals and lizards ) , and serving as food for snakes , birds of prey , and various wild cats , such as leopard cats and clouded leopards . they also may play a useful role in seed dispersal for plants with soft , juicy fruits . for humans , the diurnal behavior of most species allows them to add to the joy of observing them in nature .

tree shrews are slender animals . they have soft , grayish to reddish - brown fur . they have large orbits , and a well - developed and complete postorbital bar behind the orbit ( myers 2000 ) . treeshrews have good vision , which is binocular in the case of the more arboreal species . they have excellent hearing ( myers 2000 ) . treeshrews have poorly developed canine teeth , with the upper canines molar - like and the upper incisors canine - like ( myers 2000 ) . their overall dental formula is ( myers 2000 ; martin 1984 ) :

in some species , these animals are solitary , while in others , the animals live in pairs or in small family groups ( myers 2000 ) . they mark their territories using various scent glands , or urine , depending on the particular species . treeshrews are typically monogamous ( gi 2012 ) .

female treeshrews give birth to up to three young after a gestation period of 45 to 50 days , in nests lined with dry leaves inside tree hollows . the young are born blind and hairless , but are able to leave the nest after about a month . during this period , the mother provides relatively little maternal care , visiting her young only for a few minutes every other day to suckle them . treeshrews reach sexual maturity after around four months , and breed for much of the year , with no clear breeding season in most species ( martin 1984 ) .

tupaia tana has been known to spend little time in parental care prior to weaning ( less than five minutes every other day to nurse the young ) and yet after weaning spending a lot of time with the young ( miller 2007 ) .

the name tupaia is derived from tupai the malay word for squirrel ( nowak 1999 ) and was provided by sir stamford raffles ( craig 1849 ) . among other things , they eat the fruit of rafflesia , a genus of parasitic flowering plants found in southeastern asia and named after sir raffles , the leader of an 1818 expedition into the indonesia rain forest where they were found .

treeshrews have a higher brain to body mass ratio than any mammals , including humans ( gi 2012 ) .

treeshrews make up the families tupaiidae , the treeshrews , and ptilocercidae , the pen - tailed treeshrews , and the entire order scandentia . there are 20 species in 5 genera .

the classification of treeshrews has been , and remains , controversial . some argue that they are primitive primates , and properly belong in the primates order . however , treeshrews and primates do not appear to share any derived characteristics ( gi 2012 ) . genetic analysis do place them in proximity to the primates and they have been used as an alternative to primates in experimental studies of myopia , psychosocial stress , and hepatitis ( cao et al . 2003 ) .

↑ k . m . helgen , " order scandentia , " pages 104 - 109 in d . e . wilson , and d . m . reeder , eds . mammal species of the world , 3rd ed . ( baltimore : johns hopkins university press , 2005 ) . isbn 9780801882210 .

cao , j . , e . - b . yang , j . - j . su , y . li , and p . chow . 2003 . the tree shrews : adjuncts and alternatives to primates as models for biomedical research . j med primatol 32 : 123–130 . retrieved july 24 , 2012 .

craig , j . 1849 . a new universal etymological technological , and pronouncing dictionary of the english language . london : routledge , warnes , and routledge .

genome institute ( gi ) . 2012 . tupaia belangeri . the genome institute at washington university . retrieved july 24 , 2012 .

helgen , k . m . 2005 . pages 104 - 109 in d . e . wilson , and d . m . reeder , eds . , mammal species of the world , 3rd ed . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . isbn 9780801882210 .

janecka , j . e . , w . miller , t . h . pringle , f . wiens , a . zitzmann , k . m . helgen , m . s . springer , and w . j . murphy . 2007 . [ 1 ] molecular and genomic data identify the closest living relatives of primates ] . science 318 : 792–4 . pmid 17975064 .

martin , r . d . 1984 . tree shrews . pages 408 - 413 in d . macdonald , the encyclopedia of mammals . new york , ny : facts on file . isbn 0871968711 .

miller , e . 2007 . tupaia tana . animal diversity web . retrieved july 24 , 2012 .

morris , m . 2003 . tree shrews : order scandentia . angelfire . retrieved july 24 , 2012 .

myers , p . 2000 . scandentia . animal diversity web . retrieved july 19 , 2012 .

ni , x . , and z . qiu . 2012 . tupaiine tree shrews ( scandentia , mammalia ) from the yuanmou lufengpithecus locality of yunnan , china . swiss journal of palaeontology 131 ( 1 ) : 51 - 60 . retrieved july 24 , 2012 .

nowak , r . m . 1999 . walker ' s mammals of the world . johns hopkins university . isbn 0801857899 .

pettigrew , j . d . , b . g . jamieson , s . k . robson , l . s . hall , k . i . mcanally , and h . m . cooper . 1989 . phylogenetic relations between microbats , megabats and primates ( mammalia : chiroptera and primates ) . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london , series b , biological sciences 325 ( 1229 ) : 489–559 . retrieved july 24 , 2012 .

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chin et al . 14 found that two other montane species from borneo , nepenthes rajah and nepenthes macrophylla , also trap tree shrew feces . detailed analysis of trap geometry revealed that these two species and n . lowii share a unique arrangement of trap characteristics that was not detected by earlier studies on the genus . this involves the production of pitchers with very large orifices , large , concave lids that are reflexed approximately 90° away from the orifice and lid glands that produce copious exudates . 14 the distance from the front of the pitcher orifice to the inner surface of the lid precisely matches the head + body length of t . montana , resulting in the tree shrews ' food source being positioned behind the pitcher orifice and ensuring that the animals ' hindquarters are positioned over the orifice while they feed on the lid gland exudates .

thus , n . lowii , n . macrophylla and n . rajah are all engaged in a mutualism with t . montana , the basis of which is the exchange of nutritional resources that are scarce in these species ' habitats . the interaction with t . montana is facilitated by trap geometry , but all three nepenthes species produce pitchers that differ substantially in structure , apart from the shared characteristics outlined above . 14 through a series of modifications to trap structure and geometry—none of which appears to have compromised their ability to trap arthropod prey— n . rajah and n . macrophylla benefit from a highly specialised nitrogen sequestration strategy that is not available to congeners other than n . lowii .

although clarke et al . 13 demonstrated that n . lowii derives nutritional benefit from t . montana feces , there are many facets of the association that have yet to be investigated and the discoveries of chin et al . 14 give rise to a number avenues for further research , several of which are discussed below .

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bauer u , bohn hf , federle w . harmless nectar source or deadly trap : nepenthes pitchers are activated by rain , condensation and nectar .

kota kinabalu , sabah , malaysia : natural history publications ( borneo ) ; 2001 .

2nd edn . kota kinabalu , sabah , malaysia : natural history publications ( borneo ) ; 2009 .

clarke cm , kitching rl . swimming ants and pitcher plants : a unique ant - plant interaction from borneo .

moran ja , merbach ma , livingston nj , clarke cm , booth we . termite prey specialization in the pitcher plant

moran ja , clarke cm , hawkins bj . from carnivore to detritivore ? isotopic evidence for leaf litter utilization by the tropical pitcher plant

merbach ma , merbach dj , maschwitz u , booth we , fiala b , zizka g . mass march of termites into the deadly trap .

merbach ma , zizka g , fiala b , merbach d , booth we , maschwitz u . why a carnivorous plant cooperates with an ant—selective defense against pitcher - destroying weevils in the myrmecophytic pitcher plant

clarke cm , bauer u , lee cc , tuen aa , rembold k , moran ja . tree shrew lavatories : a novel nitrogen sequestration strategy in tropical pitcher plants .

chin l , moran ja , clarke c . trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from borneo is a function of tree shrew body size .

jacobs gh , neitz j . spectral mechanisms and color vision in the tree shrew (

collins nm . the distribution of soil macrofauna on the west ridge of gunung ( mount ) mulu , sarawak .

kato m , hotta m , tamin r , itino t . inter - and intra - specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in nepenthes pitchers in sumatra .

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though called ' treeshrews ' , and despite having previously been classified in insectivora , they are not true shrews , and not all species live in trees . among other things , treeshrews eat rafflesia fruit .

among orders of mammals , treeshrews are closely related to primates , and have been used as an alternative to primates in experimental studies of myopia , psychosocial stress , and hepatitis . [ 4 ]

treeshrews are slender animals with long tails and soft , greyish to reddish - brown fur . the terrestrial species tend to be larger than the arboreal forms , and to have larger claws , which they use for digging up insect prey . they are

, feeding on insects , small vertebrates , fruit , and seeds . they have poorly developed canine teeth and unspecialised molars , with an overall

female treeshrews have a gestation period of 45 to 50 days and give birth to up to three young in nests lined with dry leaves inside tree hollows . the young are born blind and hairless , but are able to leave the nest after about a month . during this period , the mother provides relatively little maternal care , visiting her young only for a few minutes every other day to suckle them . treeshrews reach sexual maturity after around four months , and breed for much of the year , with no clear breeding season in most species . [ 5 ]

these animals live in small family groups , which defend their territory from intruders . they mark their territories using various scent glands or urine , depending on the particular species .

the name tupaia is derived from tupai , the malay word for squirrel , [ 6 ] and was provided by sir stamford raffles . [ 7 ]

however , the alternative placement of treeshrews as sister to both glires and primatomorpha cannot be ruled out . [ 14 ]

( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 104–109 .

cao , j ; yang , e . b . ; su , j - j ; li , y ; chow , p ( 2003 ) .

martin , robert d . ( 1984 ) . macdonald , d . , ed .

janecka , jan e . ; miller , webb ; pringle , thomas h . ; wiens , frank ; zitzmann , annette ; helgen , kristofer m . ; springer , mark s . ; murphy , william j . ( 2 november 2007 ) .

pettigrew jd , jamieson bg , robson sk , hall ls , mcanally ki , cooper hm ( 1989 ) .

foley , nicole m . ; springer , mark s . ; teeling , emma c . ( 19 july 2016 ) .

kumar , vikas ; hallström , björn m . ; janke , axel ( 1 april 2013 ) .

meredith , robert w . ; janečka , jan e . ; gatesy , john ; ryder , oliver a . ; fisher , colleen a . ; teeling , emma c . ; goodbla , alisha ; eizirik , eduardo ; simão , taiz l . l . ( 28 october 2011 ) .

zhou , xuming ; sun , fengming ; xu , shixia ; yang , guang ; li , ming ( 1 march 2015 ) .

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palawan represents a bridge between the sunda shelf and philippine bioregions and contains faunal elements from both , as well as it own unique elements . this ecoregion , though more intact than any other region in the philippines , is under great pressure from logging interests .

description location and general description this ecoregion includes the island palawan plus balabac , ursula island , and the calamian group . palawan itself is the sixth largest of the philippine islands . the climate of the ecoregion is tropical wet ( national geographic society 1999 ) . in northwest palawan , a dry season lasts from november to may while the wet season lasts from june to october ; the rest of the island experiences a short , one - to three - month dry season . the east coast becomes progressively drier than the west coast from north to south ( davis et al . 1995 ) .

vegetation types on palawan are diverse and include beach forest , tropical lowland evergreen dipterocarp rain forest , lowland semi - deciduous forest , montane forest , and ultramafic and limestone forest . beach forest merges with other forest types away from the coast and includes calophyllum inophyllum , canarium asperum var . asperum , pometia pinnata , palaquium dubardii , and ficus spp . ( davis et al . 1995 ) .

the lowland evergreen dipterocarp rain forest , which naturally occupies 31 percent of the island , is dominated by agalai spp . , dipterocarpus gracilis , d . grandiflorus , ficus spp . , tristania spp . , exocarpus latifolius , and swintonia foxworthyi . sygium spp . , dracontomelon dao , and pongamia pinnata are emergent . lianas and cycads are common . in southern palawan , a casuarina sp . dominates in the lowland forests ( davis et al . 1995 ) .

the eastern half of the island is in a rain shadow and contains moist semi - deciduous forests . soils are thin on the steeper slopes and support medium - sized trees ( up to 15 m tall ) , which shed their leaves during the march - may dry season . the rainy season is june - july . common tree species include pterocymbium tinctorium , pterospermum diversifolium , hymenodictyon spp . , and garuga floribunda ( davis et al . 1995 ) .

montane forests , found between 800 and 1 , 500 m , are dominated by tristania spp . , casuarina spp . , swietenia foxworthyi , and litsea spp . in the lower elevations . upper montane forest trees include agathis philippinensis , dacrydium pectinatum , podocarpus polystachyus , gnetum latifolium , cycas wadei , cinnamomum rupestre , nepenthes philippinensis , and angiopteris spp . ( davis et al . 1995 ) .

limestone forests are found on the islets surrounding palawan and over large areas in the southern portions of the island . represented are euphorbia trigona , aglaia argentea , and antidesma , drypetes , gomphandra , sterculia , pleomele , and begonia spp . ( davis et al . 1995 ) .

victoria peak , in south - central palawan , contains the largest region of ultramafic forest on the island . although many of the ultramafic tree species are shared with semi - deciduous forest , several species , including scaevola micrantha , brackenridgea palustris var . foxworthi , exocarpus latifolius , and phyllanthus lamprophyllus are believed to be heavy metal indicators ( davis et al . 1995 ) .

biodiversity features relative to the size of palawan , the ecoregion contains a rich fauna , including several groups that are not found in the rest of the philippines ( carnivores , pangolins , porcupines , and some insectivores ) ( heaney 1986 ) .

there are many endemic mammals in palawan , but nearly all the genera ( 96 percent ) are also found in borneo . of twenty - five indigenous nonvolant mammal species , eleven ( 44 percent ) are endemic to palawan , and the remainder are shared with borneo . therefore , the greater palawan region is rightly considered part of the sunda shelf bioregion rather than that of the philippines . the large number of endemic species but few endemic genera of palawan are consistent with a separation of borneo and palawan of approximately 160 , 000 ( since the middle pleistocene ) ( heaney 1986 ) . there are fifteen endemic or near - endemic mammals in greater palawan ( table 1 ) .

family species pteropodidae acerodon leucotis * cervidae axis calamianensis * sciuridae sundasciurus steerii * sciuridae sundasciurus moellendorfi * sciuridae sundasciurus rabori * sciuridae hylopetes nigripes * muridae chiropodomys calamianensis * muridae maxomys panglima * muridae palawanomys furvus * hystricidae hystrix pumila * sorcidae crocidura palawanensis * muridae haeromys sp . a * sciuridae sundasciurus hoogstraali * sciuridae sundasciurus juvencus * tupaiidae tupaia palawanensis *

the calamian deer ( axis calamianensis ) is found only in the calamian islands , where it survives in low densities on busuanga , calauit , and culion islands . the only protected area for this species was established to protect free - ranging african ungulates on calauit island ( wemmer 1998 ) .

as with mammals , philippine birds in general show a strong bornean affinity , and it is clear that the main pathway of asian immigration to the philippines was through palawan ; of 395 philippine breeding species , 137 ( 35 percent ) also breed in borneo . palawan birds exhibit strong differentiation at the subspecific level when compared with its nearest philippine neighbor , mindoro . this is in contrast to the other partial land bridge between borneo and the philippines , the sulu islands , which have not differentiated significantly from mindanao . borneo and palawan share twenty - three bird species that are not found in the rest of the philippines . the asian genera polyplectron , malacocincla , malacopteron , dinopium , aegithina , criniger , seicercus , and gracula are found only in palawan within the philippines ( dickinson et al . 1991 ) . the island forms an important bird migration route between borneo and the rest of the philippines for southern migrants ( davis et al . 1995 ) .

this ecoregion corresponds exactly with the palawan eba ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) . the eba contains twenty restricted - range birds , seventeen of which are found nowhere else on earth and five of which ( palawan peacock - pheasant [ polyplectron emphanum ] , grey imperial - pigeon [ ducula pickeringii ] , blue - headed racquet - tail [ prioniturus platenae ] , falcated wren - babbler [ ptilocichla falcata ] , and palawan flycatcher [ ficedula platenae ] ) are considered vulnerable ( collar 1999 ) . all these vulnerable birds are dependent on lowland and hill forest ( collar et al . 1999 ; stattersfield et al . 1998 ) . there are twenty endemic or near - endemic bird species in the palawan ecoregion ( kennedy et al . 2000 ; table 2 ) .

the critically endangered philippine crocodile ( crocodylus mindorensis ) was historically found on the islands of luzon , mindoro , masbate , samar , jolo , negros , busuanga , and mindanao . busuanga contains one of the only remaining populations ( others are found on mindoro , negros , and mindanao ) . whereas the decline of the species was initially driven by overexploitation , habitat loss and human persecution are now the principal threats to the philippine crocodile . surveys in 1980 - 1982 revealed a total wild population of approximately 500 - 1 , 000 individuals , but current wild populations may be approximately 100 nonhatchlings . captive breeding efforts are being led by the crocodile farming institute , an entity of the philippine government ( ross 1998 ) .

a total of 1 , 522 ( davis et al . 1995 ) to 1 , 672 ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) vascular plants have been identified on palawan , and it is estimated that more than 2 , 000 species are present on the island . as detailed earlier , palawan has an extremely diverse range of vegetation types for the philippines . a small number of dipterocarps , an important timber tree group , are present on the island , as well as a variety of medicinal plants used by ethnic tribes and plants used in ceremony and as ornamentals ( davis et al . 1995 ) .

current status almost all of the philippines was once completely forested ( dickinson et al . 1991 ) . as of 1988 , palawan contained 7 , 410 km2 ( 54 percent ) of total forest remaining ( ssc 1988 ) . at the time this was the highest percentage of any of the philippines ' large islands .

later aerial surveys ( development alternatives 1992 ) indicated that significant reductions in closed - canopy forest cover had occurred since 1988 as a result of recent logging . as seen from the air , the lowlands and hillsides consist of slash - and - burn agriculture up to the edges of natural forest in the highlands . closed - canopy forest caps only the highest areas on the island .

palawan ' s forests are of low commercial value because of the small number of dipterocarps , and until the last twenty years palawan ' s forests were ignored in favor of the more valuable forests of luzon and mindanao . government logging regulations setting guidelines for minimum diameter , minimum rotation length , and replanting have been largely ignored ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .

because of a generally high population density in other parts of the philippines , large numbers of shifting cultivators ( kaingineros ) are attracted to palawan to eke out a living on the hillsides of the island , and their cumulative impact is enormous ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .

all of palawan was declared a fauna and flora watershed reserve , and this includes a variety of protected areas , including national parks , wilderness areas , experimental forests , forest research reserves , game refuges , wildlife sanctuaries , museum reservations and research sites , tourist zones , and marine reserves .

recent reports in the international press indicate ( and have been confirmed , l . heaney , pers . comm . , 2000 ) that the situation in palawan has stabilized , that large - scale logging has been halted , and that a balance is being achieved between economic development and conservation ; future monitoring will determine whether this is remains true .

types and severity of threats habitat destruction is the main threat to biodiversity in the philippines , and palawan , though currently in better condition , is no different . logging and shifting cultivation ( kaingin ) are cited as the primary forces of habitat conversion . logging takes many forms , from industrial scale to smaller - scale operations that use water buffalo to haul logs out of the forest . mangroves are used locally for firewood , dyes , and tannins ( davis et al . 1995 ) , and they are sometimes removed to make way for fishponds ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .

hunting and the wild pet trade are also significant threats in palawan . leopard cats have been hunted for their pelts and are sold when kittens as pets ( heaney and regalado 1998 ) . the palawan binturong is hunted for meat and as pets , and the pangolin is hunted for its hide ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) . the palawan peacock - pheasant ( dickinson et al . 1991 ; collar et al . 1999 ) , blue - headed racquet - tail ( collar et al . 1999 ) , philippine cockatoos ( cacatua haematuropygia ) , and blue - naped parrots ( tanygnathus lucionensis ) ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) apparently are suffering greatly from the pet trade . the final destination for these birds often is the united states ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .

ornamental plant collecting , especially for the orchids ( phalaenopsis amabilis and paphiopedilum argus ) , pitcher plants ( nepenthes spp . ) , palms ( veitchia merrillii ) , and aroids ( amorphophallus spp . and alocasia spp . ) threatens some plant populations ( davis et al . 1995 ) .

a valuable resin , known as manila copal , is collected from agathis dammara trees . this collection weakens the trees , and slackening production and disease combined with overexploitation are threatening the species ( davis et al . 1995 ; quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .


acanthophila latipennella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it is found in south-eastern siberia and europe , where it has been recorded from norway south to italy and east to russia .

the wingspan is 12-13 mm .

the larvae feed on picea abies .

acanthophila latipennella

acanthophila latipennella <EOT> the occurrence of the tortricid micromoth cyclia zebeana ratzeburg in several localities of hungary is confirmed . the gelechiid micromoth dirhinosia cervinella ( eversmann ) , previously misidentified as chionodes lugubrella ( fabricius ) , is proved to be new for the fauna of hungary . further two species , caryocolum vicinella douglas , 1851 and dichomeris ( = acanthophila ) latipennella rebel , 1937 , were also recorded as new for the hungarian fauna .

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author ( s ) : szabóky , cs . title : molyfaunisztikai újdonságok — v . ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae , tortricidae ) title : new data of the microlepidoptera fauna of hungary — v . ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae , tortricidae ) year : 2001 volume : 62 pages : 385 - 387 .

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the gelechiidae is similar to other gelechioid families in that its members have a scaled proboscis and strongly recurved labial palpus , but differs from other gelechioid families by having a combination of the following characters : 1 ) hindwing subrectangular to trapezoidal with sinuous or concave termen and prominent apex , 2 ) forewing lanceolate to elongate–ovate with cup absent , 3 ) the retinaculum of the wing–coupling mechanism on the radial vein of the female forewing , 4 ) labial palpus long , second segment often with ventral brush , third segment long , acute , rarely with short dorsal brush of rough scales , 5 ) male gnathos forming a pair of lateral , articulated , symmetrical sclerites with an articulated , mesial hook ( hodges , 1986 , 1999 ) .


the eastern striped skink ( ctenotus robustus ) is a species of skink found in a wide variety of habitats in australia .

a robust lizard with complex markings and patterns .

the snout to vent length is around 123 mm .

ctenotus robustus

ctenotus robustus <EOT> note that skinks previously known as ctenotus borealis are now considered to be ctenotus robustus .

ctenotus : ' comb ear ' , refering to the comb - like projections at the ear opening . robustus : ' robust ' .

large , easily recognised ( see photos ) ctenotus robustus is the most common of two ctenotis species of its size on magnetic island and has very distinctive striped patterning .

bjursell , a . 2001 . ctenotus robustus , james cook university , urltoken . cogger , h . , 1988 . reptiles and amphibians of australia , reed books .

dna testing has shown that specimens from nsw , victoria or southern qld as well as sa are actually ctenotus spaldingi which would make all the photos on this page ctenotus spaldingi . another name for ctenotus spaldingi is the straight - browed ctenotus however that common name may no longer remain in use !

the above specimen is from brisbane , qld . note that ctenotus arcanus found in south - east qld also looks very similar to the photos above !

some authors do not accept the recent name changes . it is possible that at some stage in the future the name ctenotus josephinae may be be used for some skinks in this complex

as with all ctenotus species robusta has 5 fingers / toes on each limb , an easily seen ear opening , shiny skin , is diurnal , sun loving and very very quick .

c . robustus is probably distributed all over magnetic island . it is definitely in all the bay areas and at west point and has also been noticed right up gustav creek and on hills bounding horseshoe bay and arcadia . this skink has a know association with granite areas .

the species most closely resembling the striped skink is the spotted - back skink ( ctenotus uber orientalis ) , however , the striped skink has a solid stripe running either side of its back , while the spotted - back skink has a row of dots .

horner , p . g . & king , m . 1986 , " a new species of ctenotus ( scincidae , reptilia ) from the northern territory " , the beagle , records of the museums and art galleries of the northern territory , vol . 2 , no . 1 , pp . 143 - 148

rabosky , d . l . , hutchinson , m . n . , donnellan , c . c . , talaba , a . l . & lovette , i . j . 2014 , " phylogenetic disassembly of species boundaries in a widespread group of australian skinks ( scincidae : ctenotus ) . " , molecular phylogenetics and evolution , vol . 77 , pp . 71–82

notes and disclaimer this information may not be complete . while all care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the information in this page , primary sources should always be consulted for definitive information . animals have an endearing habit of disobeying the rules , so the information on this page should be interpreted with a degree of flexibility . the author and site operator accepts no responsibility for any losses or damages incurred through using this web site or the information contained herein . don ' t get bitten by anything ! this page may be cited as : ctenotus robustus at the australian reptile online database . last updated 2017 - 02 - 21 09 : 21 : 22 . retrieved from urltoken on the 10th of july , 2018 . before citing information contained in arod , please read our citing arod page . copyright notice this page , its content and layout are copyright © 2007 - 2018 stewart macdonald / ug media , unless otherwise stated . all photographs in the australian reptile online database are © the photographer and may not be reproduced in any form without the express written consent of the photographer . no part of the australian reptile online database may be reproduced without written permission from stewart macdonald .

if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .

wells , r . w . & wellington , c . r . 1984 , " a synopsis of the class reptilia in australia " , australian journal of herpetology , vol . 1 , no . 3 - 4 , pp . 73 - 129

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3f6c4529 - 1123 - 46e8 - b234 - b3745cfd2883

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5ccc19f4 - ae4c - 4d17 - b1b1 - 7cb170259c46

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 63c418d0 - 4fbe - 402f - 9c5d - f6b4049e5757

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 70fbfd12 - 1823 - 4df5 - 9450 - af2e7d46b5af

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ba87027c - a0c2 - 4440 - b8d5 - 4881ec9d836e

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c2fc4b0b - 5469 - 4887 - 9f1a - f791ed556d40

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f2f438fc - ce60 - 48be - a6d7 - ffe83e9595f2

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 27a72cf9 - 2444 - 409d - 9668 - b34fb9e5cf84

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 324442

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this sleek lizard was basking at the edge of a steep incline just a foot or so off of the trail i was hiking . i was lucky to spot it in the mix of live and dry grasses . it had clearly also spotted me , and after two photos it rocketed off .

i next encountered one of these skinks under a downed log . when i lifted the log , i saw a flash of movement as the skink dove into a nearby burrow . i stayed in the area for a little while to photograph other nearby lizards , and soon this skink reappeared at the edge of the log . i approached slowly , but it retreated under the log anyway . however , this time i knew where it might try to hide next , so i lifted the log again and quickly covered the burrow with my hand . the skink first ran toward the burrow , then noticed my hand and ran off to a nearby pile of small rocks , where it shimmied under one . when i carefully moved that one , it raced off to another . this went on for ten or fifteen minutes . it never stayed exposed for more than a few seconds , and eventually i gave up . the only photos i managed to get were with my iphone when the skink paused to decide how to navigate my shoe . ( its eventual decision : up and over . )

this one was on the move when i noticed it . i followed it around from a distance for a short while , until it paused to soak up some sun . apparently the undersides of its front legs especially needed warming .

wilson , s . and swan , g . 2017 . a complete guide to reptiles of australia , fifth edition

australian reptile photos , distribution maps and information this site covers snakes and lizards , crocodiles and turtles , including colubrid snakes , pythons , elapids ( called cobras or coral snakes in some countries ) , sea snakes , file snakes , blind ( or worm ) snakes , sea turtles , freshwater turtles ( or tortoises ) dragon lizards ( agamas ) , gecko ' s , legless lizards , monitor lizards ( often called goanna ' s in australia ) , skinks and crocodilia .

a very common and widespread species often found under rocks . extremely fast runner in warm weather .

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continent : australia distribution : australia ( new south wales , north territory , queensland , south australia , victoria , west australia ) type locality : barrow creek , in 21° 31’ s , 133° 53’e , n . t .

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threats to the species on a regional level include the modification of previous habitat areas for urban development .

within the suburban area , the main threat to the species is disturbance within relatively unmodified habitats such as nature reserves .

within the urban area , the main action canberrans can take for assisting the species is to minimise disturbance ( such as collection of wood or interference by pets ) to potential habitats .

the striped skink is mostly brown above , with a black stripe with white edges running down the centre of the back and tail . a black and a white line run side by side down the upper flanks , while the skink ' s sides are dark , speckled with paler brown . the sides become lighter towards the underside of the lizard . the striped skink is relatively large , growing to a maximum length of around 30cm , including the tail which may make up 2 / 3 of its length .

the striped skink occupies extensive areas of eastern and northern australia . its range extends from northern parts of western australia and the northern territory , through eastern queensland and into new south wales , victoria and eastern south australia . in the act , the striped skink occupies warmer areas to the north and east of the territory .

the striped skink is quite common in the region , although not often seen .

not common in urban areas , although relatively undisturbed parts of nature reserve may provide suitable habitat for the species .

the species prefers relatively undisturbed habitats or areas of low grazing pressure . human activities will tend to deter the lizards from otherwise appropriate habitat areas .

the female striped skink lays an average of six eggs , with larger skinks usually laying more eggs . eggs are laid in late winter or spring and these hatch about 2 months later .

the striped skink is surface active , using rocks , logs and ground litter for shelter . it creates burrows under rocks , which is uses for hibernation and nesting . it is diurnal .

the striped skink feeds mostly on arthropods , although young lizards are sometimes eaten .

the species has been recorded as being preyed upon by snakes and feral cats .

the striped skink is very shy , and it will disappear quickly into a hole or underneath shelter when humans approach . as such , it is uncommon to see the skinks .

bennett , r . 1997 . reptiles & frogs of the australian capital territory , national parks association of the act , woden . s , t

cogger , h . g . 1996 . reptiles and amphibians of australia , reed books australia , melbourne . s , t

swan , g . , shea , g . and sadlier , r . 2004 . a field guide to reptiles of new south wal es , second edition , reed new holland , sydney . s , t

it has a wide distribution , nationally found in all mainland states , in mostly dry open woodland , arid and coastal vegetation areas .

the largest specimens have been found in w . a at 125mm snout to vent length , but here , the largest this author has observed are about 100mm ( doesnt include tail ) .

this lizard will be found in areas outside the vine thickets although it will colonise paths . it prefers open areas that are warm and light . it can be seen early to mid morning sunning itself on rocks etc . until its body temperature rises to optimum , then it will remain out of the sun in the midday heat in summer .

it is quick to run off unless it thinks you can ' t see it and then it will remain completely still , waiting for you to walk on . it will hide in leaf litter or under rocks and logs for example and will utilise burrows for safety if the soil is soft .

individuals can be repeatedly seen in the same spots , and this species is believed to have a territory or home area which it seldom leaves .

they have the ability to vocalise , often uttering a squeak when hand captured . if frightened it may dive into available water and if this happens its respiration has the ability to slow accordingly .

little is known except that it is an egg - laying or oviparous skink .

primarily an insectivore with a wide flexible dietary range , its food can include grasshoppers beetles etc . it has been known to also eat other lizards and occasionally seeds . like all skinks it will stalk its food .

known predators include cats and the common death adde r - acanthophis antarcticus both of which exist on magnetic island , other reptiles and kookaburras , butcher birds etc would also be possibil ities .

couper , p . , covacevich , j . , janetzki , h . , mcdonald , keith . 2000 , lizards in ' wildlife of tropical far north queensland ' , editors ryan , m . and burwell , c . , queensland museum publication : 203 - 233 .

greer , a . e . 2004 . encyclopedia of australian reptiles . australian museum online urltoken version date : 23 november 2004 .

saylor , 1973 ( as # ) ; done and heatwole , 1977 ( as # ) ; storr , 1978 ; way , 1979 ; morley and morley , 1984 ; sadlier , wombey and braithwaite , 1985 ; shea , 1985 ; daniels , heatwole and oakes , 1987 ; henle , 1987 ; shea , weigel , harwood , floriani and hemsley , 1988 ; archer , twigg and fox , 1990 ; brown , 1991 ; twigg and fox , 1991 ; neindorf , 1994 ; annable , 1995a ; hadden and westbrooke , 1996 ; letnic and fox , 1997 ; horner and fisher , 1998 ; watharow , 1998a - b ; fearn , 2001 ; taylor and fox , 2001a - b . urltoken

oviparous ( egg laying ) . lay up to 6 eggs in a clutch .

brown in colour with a wide dark mid - ventral line running from the nape to the tail . this stripe is bordered by a narrow off white line . a narrow pale shoulder stripe is bordered by a dark streak . sides are brown with pale spots . grows to 110 mm from snout to vent .

omnnivore . primarily ants but occasionally spiders , grasshoppers , termites , beetles and flies . in addition , small amounts of vertebrate and plant material .

the department of environment and primary industry ( depi ) advisory list consists of non - statutory advisory lists of rare or threatened flora and fauna within victoria .

the flora and fauna guarantee act 1988 ( ffg act ) lists threatened species in victoria . under the act , an action statement is produced for each listed species .

the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( epbc act ) is the australian government’s key piece of environmental legislation , listing nationally threatened native species and ecological communities .

a range of teacher professional learning programs will be developed to accompany the biodiversity of the western volcanic plains online outreach . . .