liobagrus aequilabris is a species of catfish in the amblycipitidae family ( the torrent catfishes ) .

this species is endemic to china , where it is only known from the xiang river , a tributary of the yangtze river , in guangxi province , but may also be present in the li river , a tributary of the pearl river , due to the presence of the lingqu canal connecting the xiang and li rivers .

l. aequilabris reaches a length of 6.2 centimetres ( 2.4 in ) sl .

it differs from other members of its genus in lacking large , retrorse serrations on the posterior edge of the pectoral-fin spine , having upper and lower jaws of equal length , relatively long dorsal ( 7.5-10.2 % of sl ) and pectoral-fin ( 9.1-12.1 % of sl ) spines , a relatively long caudal fin ( 20.1-26.9 % of sl ) , and relatively few post-weberian vertebrae ( 35-37 ) .

liobagrus aequilabris

liobagrus aequilabris <EOT> liobagrus aequilabris is named after the equally long upper and lower jaws ( from the latin aequalis , meaning equal , and labrum , meaning lip ) . more

liobagrus aequilabris wright & ng , 2008 - add this species to your " my cats " page . common name ( s ) none type locality xiangjiang at jieshou , 25°43 ' n , 110°45 ' e , xingan prefecturem guangxi province , china . more

wright , j . j . and h . h . ng , 2008 . a new species of liobagrus ( siluriformes : amblycipitidae ) from southern china . proc . acad . nat . sci . phil . vol . 157 : 37 - 43 . ( ref . 78431 )

greek , leio = smooth + mozarabic bagre , greek , pagros = a kind of fish ( dentex sp . ) ( ref . 45335 )

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 2 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 78431 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5001 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01230 ( 0 . 00405 - 0 . 03734 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 74 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .

: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in

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from the greek , leios , meaning smooth , and bagrus , a name usually used for catfishes ; in reference to the smooth head .

62mm or 2 . 4 " sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

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eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

jennifer hammock added an association between " yangtze river benthopelagic habitat " and " saurogobio lissilabris banarescu & nalbant 1973 " .

jennifer hammock added an association between " yangtze river benthopelagic habitat " and " pareuchiloglanis sinensis ( hora & silas , 1952 ) " .

jennifer hammock added an association between " yangtze river benthopelagic habitat " and " glyptothorax sinensis ( regan , 1908 ) " .

jennifer hammock added an association between " yangtze river benthopelagic habitat " and " glyptothorax fokiensis ( rendahl , 1925 ) " .

jennifer hammock added an association between " yangtze river benthopelagic habitat " and " hucho bleekeri kimura , 1934 " .

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hexaplex trunculus ( also known as murex trunculus , phyllonotus trunculus , or the banded dye-murex ) is a medium-sized species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex shells or rock snails .

this species is known in the fossil record from the pliocene to the quaternary period ( age range : from 3.6 to 0.012 million years ago ) .

fossil shells within this genus have been found in morocco , italy , and spain .

this species of sea snail is important historically because its hypobranchial gland secretes a mucus that most ancient peoples of the mediterranean from the minoans to the ancient canaanites/phoenicians and classical greeks used as a distinctive purple-blue indigo dye .

one of the dye 's main chemical ingredients is dibromo-indigotin , and if left in the sun for a few minutes before becoming fast , its color turns to a blue indigo ( like the dye used in blue jeans ) .

hexaplex trunculus

hexaplex trunculus <EOT> jeff holmes set " image of hexaplex trunculus " as an exemplar on " hexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) " .

nutrient composition of the marine snail ( hexaplex trunculus ) from the tunisian mediterranean coasts .

hexaplex trunculus snail ( cc by 3 . 0 by h krisp via wikimedia commons )

banded dye - murex ( hexaplex trunculus ) was the most important component of the purple dye production .

coastal coal pollution increases cd concentrations in the predatory gastropod hexaplex trunculus and is detrimental to its health .

nutrient composition of the marine snail ( hexaplex trunculus ) from the tunisian mediterranean coasts . - pubmed - ncbi

eduard solà added the catalan common name " corneta " to " hexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) " .

eduard solà added the catalan common name " corna " to " hexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) " .

limited effectiveness of marine protected areas : imposex in hexaplex trunculus ( gastropoda , muricidae ) populations from italian marine reserves .

belongs to hexaplex ( trunculariopsis ) according to b . landau et al . 2007

hexaplex trunculus . ( a ) , hexaplex trunculus , the shell has been removed in the posterieur side but the mantle is intact , marine snail sagittale section showing the hepatopancreas in the posterieur side . ( b ) , hexaplex trunculus hepatopancreas showing the epithelium of the digestive diverticula displaying the small lumen and the interstitial tissue . sections were stained with eosine and hematoxyline .

eduard solà added the catalan common name " corn de tap " to " hexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) " .

coastal coal pollution increases cd concentrations in the predatory gastropod hexaplex trunculus and is detrimental to its health . - pubmed - ncbi

hexaplex trunculus in his doctoral thesis ( london , 1913 ) on the subject , rabbi herzog named hexaplex trunculus ( then known by the name " murex trunculus " ) as the most likely candidate for the dye ' s source . though hexaplex trunculus fulfilled many of the talmudic criteria , rabbi herzog ' s inability to consistently obtain blue dye ( sometimes the dye was purple ) from the snail precluded him from declaring it to be the dye source .

limited effectiveness of marine protected areas : imposex in hexaplex trunculus ( gastropoda , muricidae ) populations from italian marine reserves . - pubmed - ncbi

dye made from fresh hexaplex , a similar species . kanold / wikimedia commons cc - by 30

lahbib , y . , boumaiza , m . , and trigui el menif , n . , imposex expression in hexaplex trunculus from the north tunis lake transplanted to bizerta channel ( tunisia ) ,

gharsallah , i . h . , vasconcelos , p . , zamouri - langar , n . , et al . , reproductive cycle and biochemical composition of hexaplex trunculus ( gastropoda : muricidae ) from bizerte lagoon ,

janthina within his doctoral research on the subject of tekhelet , herzog placed great hopes on demonstrating that hexaplex trunculus was the genuine snail ḥillazon . however , having failed to consistently achieve blue dye from hexaplex trunculus , he wrote : “if for the present all hope is to be abandoned of rediscovering the ḥillazon shel tekhelet in some species of the genera murex ( now " hexaplex " ) and purpura we could do worse than suggest janthina as a not improbable identification” . although blue dye has in the meantime been obtained from hexaplex trunculus snail , in 2002 dr . s . w . kaplan of rehovot , israel , sought to investigate herzog ' s suggestion that tekhelet came from the extract of janthina . after fifteen years of research he concluded that janthina was not the ancient source of the blue dye .

terlizzi a , geraci s , minganti v ( 1998 ) tributyltin ( tbt ) pollution in the coastal waters of italy as indicated by imposex in hexaplex trunculus ( gastropoda , muricidae ) . mar pollut bull 36 : 749–752

lahbib y , abidli s , chiffoleau jf , averty b , trigui el menif n ( 2009 ) first record of butyltin body burden and imposex status in hexaplex trunculus from the tunisian coast . j environ monit 11 : 1253–1258

axiak v , vella aj , micallef d , chircop p , mintoff b ( 1995 ) imposex in hexaplex trunculus ( gastropoda : muricidae ) : first results from biomonitoring of tributyltin contamination in the mediterranean . mar biol 121 : 685–691

the phoenicians also made a deep blue or indigo - colored dye from another species of marine snail closely related to for means brandaris . this snail , hexaplex trunculus , was found off the coast of morocco and produced a rather blueish color .

however , talmudic researcher ben zion rosenberg contends that there is not enough evidence supporting hexaplex trunculus as the source for tekhelet . he further claims that the proponents of the murex as tekhelet twist the religious texts , at times ' almost beyond recognition ' .

elhasni , kamel vasconcelos , paulo ghorbel , mohamed and jarboui , othman 2018 . comparison of weight - length relationships and relative growth between intertidal and offshore populations of hexaplex trunculus ( gastropoda : muricidae ) from the gulf of gabès ( southern tunisia ) . biologia ,

( of hexaplex ( trunculariopsis ) trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) merle d . , garrigues b . & pointier j . - p . ( 2011 ) fossil and recent muricidae of the world . part muricinae . hackenheim : conchbooks . 648 pp . [ details ]

hexaplex trunculus . it sounds like a harry potter spell , although there’s nothing particularly magical about this species of sea snail common in the warm waters of the mediterranean sea . still , these tiny purplish mollusks are an important piece of an enormous puzzle that’s been perplexing carl knappett for years .

spanier , e . , behavioral ecology of the marine snail trunculariopsis ( murex ) trunculus . in

another talmudic scholar cross referenced his ancient religious text with modern malacology texts and concluded that the chilazon was actually hexaplex trunculus , a murex snail which is a close relative of murex brandaris ( the source of tyrian purple ) . the dye which he created from the secretions of hexaplex trunculus was also purple and thus did not seem to fit the bill . only with the help of a chemist in the 1980s was it determined that the proper blue color could be obtained by exposing a solution of the snail slime dye to sunlight . so if you are an orthodox jew ( or a high priest of the temple ) you might want to look into getting some tekhelet clothing .

marine snail ( hexaplex trunculus ) presents increasing nutritional , commercial and economical importance , being widely consumed in northern africa , particularly in mediterranean countries . from a nutritional point of view there is still limited information on the chemical composition of edible tissues ( meat and hepatopancreas ) of this species . therefore , the aims of the present work were to study the proximate chemical composition , fatty acid and amino acid profiles of h . trunculus from the tunisian mediterranean coasts .

elhasni , k vasconcelos , p dhieb , k el lakhrach , h ghorbel , m and jarboui , o 2017 . distribution , abundance and population structure of hexaplex trunculus and bolinus brandaris ( gastropoda : muricidae ) in offshore areas of the gulf of gabès , southern tunisia . african journal of marine science , vol . 39 , issue . 1 , p . 69 .

the ultrastructure of the hepatopancreas was described in some opisthobranchs [ 27 - 30 , 24 ] , but such studies were never carried out on neogastropoda , which includes the genus hexaplex . to enlarge our knowledge about these marine molluscs , the structure and function of the digestive gland of the gastropod mollusc , h . trunculus , was investigated through electron microscopy analyses and immunohistochemistry .

hexaplex trunculus cryostat tissue sections ( × 400 ) through digestive diverticula . frozen 4 μm sections from h . trunculus hepatopancreas were used for control experiments ( without pabs anti - msdpla 2 ) and stained with eosine and hematoxyline for genral morphology . no labeling was observed without pabs anti - msdpla 2 . ( a and b ) overall view of a control section of the digestive diverticula at low magnification ( 100× ) . ( c and d ) enlarged view of the digestive diverticula sectioned longitudinally ( 400× ) .

morphological and functional correlates with distribution of murex trunculus l . and murex brandaris l . ( mollusca , gastropoda ) in the northern adriatic

professor hoffman extracts the hypobranchial gland from the murex trunculus snail . this was the source of then ancient blue dye known as tekhelet .

in the hepatopancreas of h . trunculus , digestive cells can also be distinguished by size and electron - density of vesicles in their cytoplasm .

pottery sherds stained with purple dye were found in the excavations at tel shiqmona , and were dated to the iron age ii period . analysis by hplc - dad identified the dye as ‘true purple’ , derived from the hexaplex trunculus sea snail , which is associated with the purple - dye industry that flourished in the coastal area at that time . this result is compatible with the classification of over 1000 . . . [ show full abstract ]

( of murex trunculus longicaudatus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus varicosus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus ibericus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus orirotundatus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus longispinosus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus bifidus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus multituberculatus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus crassiaculeatus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus messapianus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus bucculentus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus multivaricosus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus isolanus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus pseudopagodulus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus aculeatus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus dupliaculeatus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus minordepressus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus contrarius dautzenberg , 1914 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus luridus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

in this article we shall focus on the chemical and chromatographic analyses that were used in the study of three textiles that were found in a cave in wadi murabba ' at , the judean desert . the textiles date to the roman period , and were dyed with a prestigious purple dye . high performance liquid chromatography ( hplc ) identified the murex sea snail hexaplex trunculus as a source of dye for the . . . [ show full abstract ]

the muricidae family of snails includes about 1 , 000 species , which represent a diverse and important component of marine communities [ 1 ] . the banded murex , hexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , is found in the mediterranean sea and adjacent atlantic ocean from the portuguese coast , southward to morocco and to the madeira and canary islands [ 2 ] and [ 3 ] . this specie is a commercially important marine snail in the mediterranean coasts .

( of murex trunculus var . adusta monterosato , 1880 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . bulo coen , 1933 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . purpurifera coen , 1933 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . mixta bedé , 1903 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . curvispina segre , 1954 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . pseudorudis segre , 1954 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . turritana segre , 1952 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . spinosa coen , 1933 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . minor bellini , 1929 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . aestuari franceschini , 1906 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

what i don ' t understand is that if hilozon is murex trunculus why the practice of making tcheles stopped . wasn ' t this snail always around ?

knappett and his team of researchers , which includes specialists in botanical , faunal and marine remains , have been excavating at palaikastro , the site of a minoan harbour town on the island of crete that dates back to 1700 bce . recently , they uncovered a deposit of more than 10 , 000 hexaplex trunculus shells . in ancient times , they would have been used to create a purple - blue indigo dye . ( the dye is even mentioned in the hebrew bible . )

murex trunculus aculeatus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

murex trunculus bifidus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

murex trunculus bucculentus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

murex trunculus crassiaculeatus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

murex trunculus dupliaculeatus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

murex trunculus ibericus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

murex trunculus isolanus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

murex trunculus longicaudatus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

murex trunculus longispinosus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

murex trunculus luridus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

murex trunculus messapianus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

murex trunculus minordepressus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

murex trunculus multituberculatus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

murex trunculus multivaricosus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

murex trunculus orirotundatus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

murex trunculus pseudopagodulus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

murex trunculus varicosus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )

( of murex trunculus var . ritisus de gregorio , 1885 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . sbirsa de gregorio , 1885 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . zinga de gregorio , 1885 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . aspirta de gregorio , 1885 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . pulta de gregorio , 1885 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus f . escius de gregorio , 1885 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

this article presents three prestigious textiles dyed with murex shellfish , which were found in the murabba ' at caves in the judean desert and are dated to the roman period . the textiles were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography ( hplc ) . the results of the analysis indicate that one textile was dyed using hexaplex trunculus and its color tends to blue - greenish ; apparently , the dye solution was exposed to the sun during the dyeing process . the other two textiles underwent a double dyeing process using the hexaplex trunculus and the armenian cochineal insect dye in order to give the fabric a reddish purple color , which was indicative of high status . such a combination has not been reported in the results of dye analysis of ancient israel textiles . furthermore , these finds are unusual and unique in light of discoveries of other textiles from israel dated to the roman period . according to the dye analysis and tests of different aspects of the purple textiles , we propose the origin of the textiles .

the anatomy and the histology of the molluscs digestive system have been previously studied . however , the knowledge of the ultrastructure and the physiology of the h . trunculus digestive system remain unknown ( poor ) . in this histologic study , the ultrastructure of digestive cells of h . trunculus was investigated by electron microscopy transmission and immunoflourescence .

( of murex trunculus var . tetragona stalio in coen , 1933 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus f . gelertus de gregorio , 1885 † ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . multinodosa sandri & danilo , 1856 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . subtruncula d ' orbigny , 1847 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

of course murex trunculus is the animal from which techeleth is made . if only they could get more approvals by leading rabbanim , they would be able to mass market it .

this study suggests that h . trunculus is an important source of protein and essential amino acids . furthermore , the snail lipidic fraction contains high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids benefical for human health .

knappett is the co - director of the palaikastro project and the walter graham / homer thompson chair in aegean prehistory in the department of art . he is studying the urbanization of minoan crete during the aegean bronze age . why did the minoans choose to settle in some locations and not others ? what impact did they have on the landscape ? in what ways were local resources exploited and how did this change over time ? “we can observe the process of urbanization through features like monumental architecture , planned streets and sewers , as well as changes in agriculture and the landscape , ” says knappett . this is where the hexaplex trunculus comes in .

in the 1980s , otto elsner , a chemist from the shenkar college of fibers in israel , discovered that if a solution of the dye was exposed to ultraviolet rays , such as from sunlight , blue instead of purple was consistently produced . in 1988 , rabbi eliyahu tavger dyed tekhelet from h . trunculus for the mitzvah ( commandment ) of tzitzit for the first time in recent history . based on this work , four years later , the ptil tekhelet organization was founded to educate about the dye production process , and to make the dye available for all who desire to use it . the television show the naked archaeologist interviews an israeli scientist who also makes the claim that this mollusk is the correct animal . a demonstration of the production of the blue dye using sunlight to produce the blue color is shown . the dye is extracted from the hypobranchial gland of hexaplex trunculus snails .

the deep purple color seems to have been achieved by dipping the cloth first into the deep indigo dye made from the hexaplex trunculus , and then into the reddish - purple color produced by the bolinus brandaris . all of this complex processing made the cost of this dye , and the cloth on which it was used , exorbitantly expensive . so the color became the preserve of royalty or the exceptionally wealthy . this belief , that purple belonged to the well - to - do , permeated the ancient world and included rome and egypt , as well as persia . as it was believed that the kings of the ancient world were descended from gods , purple also came to be associated with the divine and with holiness .

( of murex trunculus var . spinosa coen , 1933 ) coen g . ( 1933 ) . saggio di una sylloge molluscorum adriaticorum . memorie del regio comitato talassografico italiano 192 : pp . i - vii , 1 - 186 [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . purpurifera coen , 1933 ) coen g . ( 1933 ) . saggio di una sylloge molluscorum adriaticorum . memorie del regio comitato talassografico italiano 192 : pp . i - vii , 1 - 186 [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . bulo coen , 1933 ) coen g . ( 1933 ) . saggio di una sylloge molluscorum adriaticorum . memorie del regio comitato talassografico italiano 192 : pp . i - vii , 1 - 186 [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . tetragona stalio in coen , 1933 ) coen g . ( 1933 ) . saggio di una sylloge molluscorum adriaticorum . memorie del regio comitato talassografico italiano 192 : pp . i - vii , 1 - 186 [ details ]

morphological studies of species with wide distribution range and high commercial value , such as the banded murex hexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , provide information on stock structure , which is the basis for understanding fish population dynamics and enable resource assessment for fisheries management . in the present study , we examined morphological variation among atlantic and mediterranean populations of h . trunculus using multivariate analysis . our results supported the existence of four distinguishable stocks ( atlantic , alboran , western mediterranean and eastern mediterranean ) , correctly classified 71 . 7 % of specimens , and indicated significant degrees of variation in morphometric characteristics between regions . examination of the contribution of each morphometric variable to the principal components and canonical functions indicated that differences among samples seemed to be associated with the shell and aperture length and width . samples from the atlantic ocean and the alboran sea had the largest shell size and the greatest morphometric divergence . this strong morphometric differentiation appears to be associated with local environmental factors ( exposure on the rocky shores , food availability and predation ) and oceanographic current barriers .

( of phyllonotus trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) salas , c . ; luque , a . a . ( 1986 ) . contribuicion al conocimento de los moluscos marinos de la isla de alboran . iberus . 6 : 29 - 37 . [ details ]

gharbi - bouraoui s , gnassia - barelli m , roméo m , dellali m , aïssa p ( 2008 ) field study of metal concentrations and biomarker response in the neogastropod , murex trunculus , from bizerta lagoon ( tunisia ) . aqua liv res 21 : 213–220

( of murex trunculus var . pagodula pallary , 1903 ) pallary p . ( 1903 ) . addition à la faune conchyliologique de la méditerranée . annales du musée de marseille , 8 : 1 - 16 , pl . 1 , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of trunculariopsis trunculus adriaticus nordsieck , 1968 ) nordsieck f . ( 1968 ) . die europäischen meeres - gehäuseschnecken ( prosobranchia ) . vom eismeer bis kapverden und mittelmeer . gustav fischer , stuttgart viii + 273 pp : page ( s ) : 115 [ details ]

the cellular location of msdpla 2 suggests that intracellular phospholipids digestion , like other food components digestion of snail diet , occurs in these digestive cells . the hepatopancreas of h . trunculus has been pointed out as the main region for digestion , absorption and storage of lipids .

the thorough involvement of the hepatopancrea of h . trunculus in secretion , digestion and , metabolism absorption was evidenced by the decondensed aspect of nuclear chromatin , presence of rough endoplasmic reticulum , golgi complex region , lysosomes , vesicles and cytoplasmic inclusions in the digestive cells . the hepatopancreas of h . trunculus has been pointed out as the main region for digestion and absorption . the cytoplasm of digestive cells contain granules similar to hemozoin , vesicles with protein content and lipid droplets , indicating the possible function in digestion , absorption , and storage of lipids .

the second version was opined by rabbi isaac herzog ( 1889 – 1959 ) to be an extract from the murex trunculus snail and has been researched by a number of scientists since rabbi herzog’s 1913 doctoral thesis on the subject . the ptil tekhelet organization produces this version of techelet for general consumption .

( of murex trunculus luridus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]

( of murex trunculus minordepressus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]

( of murex trunculus dupliaculeatus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]

( of murex trunculus aculeatus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]

( of murex trunculus pseudopagodulus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]

( of murex trunculus isolanus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]

( of murex trunculus multivaricosus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]

( of murex trunculus bucculentus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]

( of murex trunculus messapianus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]

( of murex trunculus crassiaculeatus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]

( of murex trunculus multituberculatus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]

( of murex trunculus bifidus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]

( of murex trunculus longispinosus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]

( of murex trunculus orirotundatus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]

( of murex trunculus ibericus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]

( of murex trunculus longicaudatus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]

( of murex trunculus varicosus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . bonanni monterosato , 1917 ) monterosato t . a . ( 1917 ) . molluschi viventi e quaternari raccolti lungo le coste della tripolitania dall ' ing . bollettino della società zoologica italiana . ser . 3 , 4 : 1 - 28 , pl . 1 . [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . magnifica monterosato , 1917 ) monterosato t . a . ( 1917 ) . molluschi viventi e quaternari raccolti lungo le coste della tripolitania dall ' ing . bollettino della società zoologica italiana . ser . 3 , 4 : 1 - 28 , pl . 1 . [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . ponderata monterosato , 1923 ) monterosato t . a . ( 1917 ) . molluschi viventi e quaternari raccolti lungo le coste della tripolitania dall ' ing . bollettino della società zoologica italiana . ser . 3 , 4 : 1 - 28 , pl . 1 . [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . danili monterosato , 1917 ) monterosato t . a . ( 1917 ) . molluschi viventi e quaternari raccolti lungo le coste della tripolitania dall ' ing . bollettino della società zoologica italiana . ser . 3 , 4 : 1 - 28 , pl . 1 . [ details ]

if rabbi tukchinsky’s theory is correct ( and should it be established that either the radziner or murex trunculus is in fact the hilazon of the talmud ) , science would need only need to analyze the techelet’s chemical makeup and discover the chemical compounds responsible for its color ( as well as its ability to permanently adhere to wool ) . once that succeeds , we currently have the technology to mass produce synthetic techelet for all our ritual needs . ptil tekhelet would no longer have to purchase surplus murex trunculus all the war from the black sea via fishermen who sell the snail primarily to restaurants in the balkan states .

( of murex trunculus var . dilatata dautzenberg , 1895 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1895 ) . campagne de la melita , 1892 : mollusques recueillis sur les côtes de la tunisie et de l ' algérie mem . soc . zool . france viii : 363 - 373 , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . roseotincta dautzenberg , 1895 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1895 ) . campagne de la melita , 1892 : mollusques recueillis sur les côtes de la tunisie et de l ' algérie mem . soc . zool . france viii : 363 - 373 , available online at urltoken [ details ]

1 - most of the shipping traffic in tunisia comes from foreign countries that already enforced tributyltin ( tbt ) regulation . 2 - local and imported antifouling paints in tunisia did not contain tbt . 3 - actual tbt contamination in tunisia is the result of an old / historical pollution events . 4 - here we report data on imposex in hexaplex trunculus from three tunisian lagoons . this gastropod , which locally has fishery great commercial value , is currently used mostly for monitoring tbt effects in transitional and marine waters in the mediterranean sea . 5 - our results showed a decrease of imposex in bizerta and in northern tunis lagoons , whilst in the southernmost lagoon of boughrara imposex has significantly increased . 6 - the effect of specimen size and reproductive activity on penis length variation in males and on the relative penis length index was validated . 7 - overall , we found that tbt is still a significant pollutant in the tunisian waters , which requires further studies on the contamination causes .

( of murex trunculus var . adusta monterosato , 1880 ) monterosato , t . a . ( 1880 ) . notizie intorno ad alcune conchiglie delle coste d ' africa . bullettino della società malacologica italiana , pisa . 5 : 213 - 233 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 524 [ details ]

the banded murex hexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) is a commercially exploited gastropod in the mediterranean region including tunisia where it has become an important fishery resource these last years . in the present investigation , some reproductive aspects of this species were described in the population of boughrara lagoon based on macroscopic examination of the gonads ( gonadic conditional indices ) together with observation of the seasonal hypertrophy of the penis in males and capsule gland in females . this procedure of assessing reproductive activity was validated by field observations of copulation and spawning . mature females were found during 10 months and mature males during 8 months being both frequent in january and february . reproductive activity was slightly asynchronous between sexes with males reaching maturity before females . gonadic release occurred earlier in males between january and march against february to april in females . these findings were in agreement with field observations of copulation in january and february and egg - capsule laying in late february and march . hatching juveniles were observed in the field in april and may .

1 . " with the chilazon , those who oppose its identification as murex trunculus are not proposing a more viable candidate . " for the murex fans any other candidate can ' t be viable . for others , there is no reason to ignore rav herzogs candidate ( janthina janthina ) . 2 . " the second factor involved in my conclusion is that it appears that those objecting to the murex trunculus argue that it does not match the criteria for the chilazon as explained by various rishonim . " so how do you understand the criteria listed in the beraisa ( tosefta , also in gemara menachos ) ? simple reading clearly points to periodicity , sea color or that is looks like a fish .

just wanted to comment on your statement that " murex trunculus is indeed the chilazon of old " : it is my deepest belief that no unclean creature can be even remotely considered to have been used to make a blue ( or any other ) dye . you wouldn ' t try to make a dye out of a pig , whould you ?

the gastropod hexaplex trunculu s is widely distributed in a relatively large range of habitats , but has no dispersal stage . we investigated its genetic structure across its distribution range , from mediterranean sea to adjacent atlantic coasts , by sequencing mitochondrial dna portions of the nadh dehydrogenase gene nd2 ( 420 pb ) and the internal transcribed spacer its2 ( 450 pb ) . our results suggested a significant genetic variability of nd2 ( π = 0 . 009 and hd = 0 . 629 ) and low variability of the its2 sequences . a strong phylogeographic break , separated the aegean populations from those of western / eastern mediterranean and the atlantic ones , was founded . the tow lineages may have been separated by vicariance events due to the peloponnese break that separates the aegean populations from other populations and was maintained until now by the quasi - circular anticyclonic front associated to the straits of cretan arc of the peloponnesian peninsula . tunisian coasts appear particularly diverse since the two divergent lineages co - occured . these results may have management consequences since h . trunculus is a high commercial value harvested species .

the banded dye - murex ( hexaplex trunculus ) , the main component of the purple dye , was one of the most valued marine resources in roman times . its ancient exploitation appears described in the written sources . until now , the archaeological record documenting the industry of purple dye consisted of middens of broken shells that only allowed the identification of the harvested species and the derivation of some 14 c dates , while the identity of the fishing methods used remained elusive . an integrated study of a zooarchaeological assemblage recovered at the roman city of pollentia ( mallorca , western mediterranean ) has thrown light on this unknown aspect of the muricid gastropod fishery . i present sound evidence supporting that at this roman site , the gastropod cerithium vulgatum was used at least during the 3rd century ad as bait to collect the banded dye - murex . this is derived from the high frequency of drilled shells – especially of shells showing incomplete drills – recorded in the deposit , suggesting that these specimens were unnaturally over - exposed to predatory gastropods . this is exactly what could be expected if these cerithids were encased as bait in traps used to collect muricids .

( of murex trunculus linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 747 [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . buccinoides pallary , 1904 ) pallary p . ( 1904 - 1906 ) . addition à la faune malacologique du golfe de gabès . journal de conchyliologie . 52 : 212 - 248 , pl . 7 [ 1904 ] ; 54 : 77 - 124 , pl . 4 [ 1906 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 230 - 231 [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . alcus de gregorio , 1885 ) gregorio , a . de . ( 1884 - 1885 ) . studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella . bullettino della società malacologica italiana . 10 : 36 - 128 [ 1884 ] , 129 - 288 [ 1885 ] , pl . 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 262 [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . gringus de gregorio , 1885 ) gregorio , a . de . ( 1884 - 1885 ) . studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella . bullettino della società malacologica italiana . 10 : 36 - 128 [ 1884 ] , 129 - 288 [ 1885 ] , pl . 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 263 [ details ]

( of murex trunculus f . lepigus de gregorio , 1885 ) gregorio , a . de . ( 1884 - 1885 ) . studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella . bullettino della società malacologica italiana . 10 : 36 - 128 [ 1884 ] , 129 - 288 [ 1885 ] , pl . 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 258 [ details ]

( of murex trunculus var . gipus de gregorio , 1885 ) gregorio , a . de . ( 1884 - 1885 ) . studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella . bullettino della società malacologica italiana . 10 : 36 - 128 [ 1884 ] , 129 - 288 [ 1885 ] , pl . 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 260 [ details ]

( of murex trunculus f . epitus de gregorio , 1885 ) gregorio , a . de . ( 1884 - 1885 ) . studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella . bullettino della società malacologica italiana . 10 : 36 - 128 [ 1884 ] , 129 - 288 [ 1885 ] , pl . 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 260 - 261 [ details ]

( of murex trunculus f . escius de gregorio , 1885 ) gregorio , a . de . ( 1884 - 1885 ) . studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella . bullettino della società malacologica italiana . 10 : 36 - 128 [ 1884 ] , 129 - 288 [ 1885 ] , pl . 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 249 - 250 [ details ]

parameters of environmental health , including paracellular permeability of external epithelia , functional state of lysosomes and the level of metallothioneins ( mts ) , were examined using fluorescent markers and vital microfluorometry in different tissues of the marine gastropod , hexaplex trunculus , from a coal - polluted and coal - free site . vital microfluorometrical examinations exhibited enhanced paracellular permeability of external epithelia to the anionic marker , fluorescein ( flu ) , lower lysosomal accumulation of neutral red ( nr ) as well as higher levels of mts , when compared with epithelia of gastropods from the coal - free site . those differences were particularly marked in the foot epithelium , which is in direct contact with the substrate . in addition , cadmium was measured by icp - aes in the hepatopancreas of gastropods sampled from the coal - polluted site and two coal - free sites . significantly higher levels of cd were found in gastropod hepatopancreas from the coal - polluted site . in addition , two months feeding experiments conducted in aquaria containing : ( a ) coal pieces covered by barnacles ; ( b ) natural rocks covered by barnacles ; and ( c ) natural rocks with barnacles + bare coal pieces , demonstrated significant increase of cd concentration in the hepatopancreas of the gastropods exposed to coal . we suggest that coal in the marine environment has detrimental effects on marine gastropods , both directly through contact with the organisms and indirectly through the food web .

the digestive diverticula consist of an epithelium with a single layer of cells , separated from the surrounding connective tissue and muscle cells by a basal lamina . in several molluscs these epitheliums consist of the digestive and basophilic cells [ 18 - 21 ] . however , in gastropods other cell types have been reported in addition to these two cell types [ 22 - 24 ] . digestive cells are the most abundant cell type in the digestive diverticula of h . trunculus .

rabbi yechiel michel tukchinsky , a contemporary of rabbi herzog , questioned the authenticity of identifying the murex trunculus with the hilazon . in his book , עיר הקודש והמקדש – ‘ir hakodesh vihamikdash , ( sec . 5 , chap . 5 ) rabbi tukchinsky discusses the possibility of offering sacrifices in modern times . he debated whether or not techelet was non - essential in the bigdei kehunah just as it has been decided to be non - essential to the performance of tzitzit .

36 ? amazing , you don ' t look a day over 35 , just kidding , you look great , until 121 and beyond . by the way , is that july 18th , or the 17th of tammuz , your fans want to know . how does the radzin techeleth fit in . it is most affordable and therefore more popular . many people are wearing it , and i too have a few pairs of them . is it also from the murex trunculus ? o

lots to respond to . but first , happy birthday ! my own 36th is in a couple of weeks . david k : what you quote makes no sense . many , many non - kosher animals have hooves . horses have hooves . are you suggesting that a " chazir " is a horse ? and your argument is illogical : the torah says that the shafan and arnevet * don ' t * have " mafris parsa . " finally , " mafris " pretty clearly indicates " split . " voixjuive : what do you mean ? the murex tekhelet * is * mass marketed . you can get it in stores all over . isaac : i don ' t think the radziner is " more popular . " it ' s basically worn by radziner and breslover chassidim . the murex type is much more widely distributed . as for its status , it ' s been pretty discredited for a century by now . and " cheaper " means nothing here - quite the opposite , in fact , halakhically . yitznewton : until i read your post , i had no idea singer was a radziner . i * did * know that he was trying to push radzin tekhelet without actually saying it . this extra lack of disclosure merely makes it worse . miriam : unless r ' slifkin changed it , the amazon list shows the newest edition . ameteur : actually , the name " murex " is the old name . it ' s now " hexaplex trunculus " . . . ok , not much better . ameteur again : how do we know that sample is tzitzit ? it is a piece of cloth . and why would they change the color ? the color always varies based on various conditions .

according to zvi koren , a professor of chemistry , tekhelet was close in color to midnight blue . this conclusion was reached based on the chemical analysis of a 2000 - year old patch of dyed fabric recovered from masada in the 1960s . the sample , shown to have been dyed with murex snail extraction , is a midnight blue with a purplish hue . additionally , in 2013 , na ' ama sukenik of the israel antiquities authority verified a 1st - century ce - dated fragment of blue - dyed fabric to have used h . trunculus as the source of its pure blue color .

cd , zn , cu , as , fe , cr , ni , al , and pb were analyzed in the edible and inedible parts of the muricid gastropod hexaplex trunculus sampled along the tunisian coast in 2004 , 2007 , and 2011 . the concentration ranges ( μg / g dry weight ) in the whole soft tissue were 0 . 1–19 . 2 for cd , 198 . 7–564 . 6 for zn , 31 . 9–363 . 1 for cu , 12 . 8–177 . 8 for as , 35 . 4–179 . 0 for fe , 0 . 0–5 . 8 for cr , 0 . 1–4 . 6 for ni , 1 . 0–41 . 4 for al , and 0 . 0–0 . 6 for pb . the highest concentrations were recorded in gabès for cd , menzel jemil for zn and cu , bizerte channel for as , zarat for cr and pb , and tunis north lake for fe , al , and ni . the european standards compiled by fao for mollusks were exceeded in several localities . the temporal trends revealed a decreasing metal contamination in most sampling stations from 2004 to 2011 . the calculated intake of metals ( μg / week / kg body weight ) through human consumption of the snail edible portion varied from 0 . 0 to 4 . 4 of cd , 55 . 9 to 172 . 1 of zn , 8 . 7 to 92 . 7 of cu , 3 . 0 to 42 . 6 of as , 9 . 5 to 49 . 1 of fe , 0 . 0 to 1 . 52 of cr , 0 . 0 to 1 . 4 of ni , and 0 . 3 to 11 . 4 of al . comparison of these metal intakes with those of the standard provisional tolerable weekly intake ( ptwi ) values stipulated by the who recommends precaution in terms of human consumption of this marine snail .

we previously purified a new marin snail digestive phospholipase a 2 ( msdpla 2 ) from the hepatopancreas of h . trunculus [ 12 ] . this msdpla 2 of 30 kda , which contrasts with common 14 kda - digestive pla 2 , is of interest as it exhibites hemolytic properties and could be used as model to study digestive and cytotoxicity mechanisms . zarai et al [ 12 ] have shown that the potential mspla2 activity was measured , in vitro , in presence of bile salts like natdc or nadc . this result confirms that mspla 2 presents a high interaction power which allows it to bind to its substrate even in presence of bile salts .

fatty acid profiles showed that the polyunsaturated fatty acids ( pufa ) content is higher than the saturated fatty acids ( sfa ) . the yields of pufa and sfa present in the meat fat were 68 . 2 % and 33 . 4 % of the total fatty acids , respectively . similar values were obtained in the hepatopancreatic lipidic fraction . snail tissues contain valuable concentrations of pufa , especially n - 6 and n - 3 with chain lengths of 20 and 22 carbons . all edible tissues were valuable sources of essential amino acids . aspartic acid is the major amino acids present in the meat and hepatopancreas . the concentrations of nutrients were also determined in the hepatopancreas and meat of h . trunculus . significantly high concentrations of minerals and trace elements were found in these tissues .


microgadus proximus , also commonly known as pacific tomcod , is a type of cod fish found in north american coastal waters from the southeastern bering sea to central california .

this species can reach a length of 30.5 cm ( 12.0 in ) .

their diet of the pacific tomcod includes anchovies , shrimp , worms , and other small marine invertebrates .

pacific tomcod are occasionally taken by recreational anglers .

this is usually incidental to fishing for other species of fish as they are relatively small in size .

microgadus proximus

microgadus proximus <EOT> ( of gadus proximus girard , 1854 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

greek , mikros = samll + latin , gadus = a fish , cod ? ( ref . 45335 )

marine ; brackish ; demersal ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 0 - 275 m ( ref . 1371 ) , usually 25 - 120 m ( ref . 1371 ) . temperate ; 62°n - 36°n , 170°w - 121°w ( ref . 1371 )

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27436 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 46 - 54 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 38 - 46 . body olive green dorsally , pale ventrally ; fins dusky marginally .

generally found over sand ( ref . 1371 ) . may enter brackish water ( ref . 1371 ) . young move into shallow waters in summer and fall , whereas adults usually stay in deeper waters ( ref . 28499 ) . feeds on shrimps , amphipods , isopods , gastropods , mussels and fishes ( ref . 1371 ) . an important prey species ( ref . 2850 ) .

cohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto and n . scialabba , 1990 . fao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( order gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 10 ) . rome : fao . 442 p . ( ref . 1371 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00813 ( 0 . 00436 - 0 . 01515 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 93 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 59 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 2 ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .

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( of gadus californicus ( ayres , 1854 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of morrhua californica ayres , 1854 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of morrhua proxima ( girard , 1854 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

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for more information on fishing , please contact the wdfw fish program . 360 - 902 - 2700 fish program district biologists

caught incidentally in the commercial fishery off the washington coast with otter - trawls . rarely caught by recreational harvesters in puget sound .

description : the body of the pacific tomcod is elongated and slender and covered with small , thin scales . it ranges in color from olive green to brownish above , and creamy white below . the fins have dusky tips . this species has a small barbel on the chin . characteristic of the cod family , the pacific tomcod has three dorsal fins , two anal fins , a large head , and a large mouth with fine teeth . the first anal fin begins below the rear of the first dorsal fin . the pacific tomcod is distinguished from other similar–appearing fish by its three spineless dorsal fins and the small chin barbell , but is easily confused with a pacific cod . the pacific cod has a barbel as long as the diameter of the eye , whereas the pacific tomcod has a barbel less than one half the diameter of the eye , and the anus below the first dorsal fin .

range / habitat : pacific tomcod can be found from the bering sea to pt . sal , california . they are a schooling fish that live on or near soft bottoms of mud , silt or find sand . as adults pacific tomcod are found at water depths of 27 to 219 m ( 90 - 720 ft ) .

eschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin company , boston , u . s . a . 336 p .

love , m . 1996 . probably more than you want to know about the fishes of the pacific coast . really big press , santa barbara , california , 381 pp .

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cohen , daniel m . , tadashi inada , tomio iwamoto , and nadia scialabba

mecklenburg , catherine w . , t . anthony mecklenburg , and lyman k . thorsteinson

nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .

full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams

robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .

due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to

eastern pacific ocean from the bering sea to central california ( eschmeyer and herald 1983 ) .

distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .

adults occur on or near the bottom at about 25 - 220 m ; young in shallower waters , often near surface ( eschmeyer and herald 1983 ) .

not abundant enough or large enough to be a commercial species ( eschmeyer and herald 1983 ) .

use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .

zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .

eschmeyer , w . n . , and e . s . herald . 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america from the gulf of alaska to baja california . houghton mifflin co . , boston , massachusetts . 336 pp .

nelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .

page , l . m . , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

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