the singing honeyeater ( gavicalis virescens ) is a small bird found in australia , and is part of the honeyeater family , meliphagidae .

the bird lives in a wide range of shrub-land , wood-land and coastal habitat .

it is relatively common and is widespread right across australia west of the great dividing range , through to the west coast and on western australian coastal islands .

it does not occur in other countries .

singing honeyeater

singing honeyeater <EOT> black - faced honeyeater , forrest’s honeyeater , large - striped honeyeater , singing honey - eater .

there are 66 species of honeyeater in australia that rely on feeding on nectar from the cups of flowering plants . the little & red wattlebird , noisy miner , singing honeyeater , white - plumed honeyeater , new holland honeyeater , white - naped honeyeater , crescent honeyeater and eastern spinebill are frequent sightings across kangaroo island , the great ocean road and gippsland , whilst kakadu & arnhem land provides opportunity to see the red - headed honeyeater , helmeted friarbird and blue - faced honeyeater . tasmania is home to four endemic species , including the black - headed honeyeater , yellow - throated honeyeater and yellow wattlebird .

fiji wattled honeyeater is split from [ polynesian ] wattled honeyeater ( andersen et al . 2014 , pratt ms )

the singing honeyeater is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

singing honeyeater ( lichenostomus ( gavicalis ) virescens ) occurrence records from continental australia suitable for species distribution modelling .

singing honeyeater at lajamanu an aboriginal settlement on the northern edge of the tanami desert . northern territory , australia .

a black band running from the bill through the eye and down the neck gives the singing honeyeater a masked appearance .

lateral view of a singing honeyeater ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ cook , sa , june 2016 ]

singing honeyeater scavenging food from humans ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ shark bay , wa , may 2018 ]

there are four subspecies of singing honeyeater , each found in different ranges , and differing slightly in terms of colour and size .

picture of the singing honeyeater has been licensed under a creative commons attribution . original source : picasa web albums author : wampycamera location

the singing honeyeater has a pleasant voice , and is one of the first birds to sing in the morning in its native australia .

near - frontal view of a singing honeyeater ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ shark bay , wa , may 2018 ]

near - lateral view of a singing honeyeater ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ shark bay , wa , may 2018 ]

singing honeyeater drinking water from a shallow puddle ( photo courtesy of m . mearns ) [ currawinya np , qld , october 2008 ]

below a recording of three different species of honeyeaters competing for territorial supremacy : first to call is a singing honeyeater , with answers from a spiny - cheeked honeyeater and then also a pair of striped honeyeaters .

the singing honeyeater may breed in all months of the year , although most breeding occurs between mid - august and late november ( 2 ) , particularly in coastal areas ( 5 ) . a monogamous species , the singing honeyeater sometimes forms long - term bonds with its partner ( 3 ) .

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there are four recognised subspecies of singing honeyeater , each with a different range , although these ranges are known to overlap in places ( 2 ) .

as it is a very widespread species with an extremely large range ( 7 ) ( 9 ) , the singing honeyeater is not considered to be globally threatened ( 2 ) . although some declines have been reported in certain parts of its range , the singing honeyeater is increasing in other areas ( 2 ) .

the singing honeyeater is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .

gilbert ' s [ previously swan river ] honeyeater is split from ( paraphyletic ) white - naped honeyeater ( toon et al . 2010 , dolman & joseph 2015 ) .

the singing honeyeater , lichenostomus virescens is a small bird found in australia , and is part of the honeyeater family . although it is common there , it is not very well known in other places . singing honeyeaters are commonly found in western australia , mainly past the great dividing range and on western australian coastal islands . they can also be spotted in city parks , gardens and in bushlands . the singing honeyeater can vary in length from 18 - 22 cm long . more

frontal view of an adult singing honeyeater in a grevillea ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ the granites gold mine , inland nt , june 2015 ]

within its habitat , the singing honeyeater may be mistaken for the purple - gaped honeyeater , l . cratitius , or the grey - headed honeyeater , l . keartlandi . it differs from the former by having a longer black face streak , white on its throat and chest , and streaked underparts . it differs from the latter by being larger and having white on its face and no obvious yellow plume at the end of its face mask . two other species that share the singing honeyeater ' s black , yellow and white face markings do not share its habitat or range : the mangrove honeyeater , l . fasciogularis , and the varied honeyeater , l . versicolor .

avoid planting weeds such as bridal creeper or african boxthorn , as birds like the singing honeyeater eat the berries and spread these invasive plants into other areas where they can take over and become a huge problem for other australian animals and their habitats . spreading native seeds , however , is a beneficial habit of the singing honeyeater .

given the right conditions , singing honeyeaters can breed any time of the year .

when singing honeyeaters mate , they stay together for a long time . singing honeyeaters live in noisy families of five or six birds , though they often feed alone .

vanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . singing honeyeater ( lichenostomus ( gavicalis ) virescens ) - current and future species distribution models . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken honeyeater ( lichenostomus ( gavicalis ) virescens ) / suitability

in western australia it can be common to have a male singing honeyeater every 50 m along a suburban street , with each male ' s territory centred around a flowering food source .

vanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . singing honeyeater ( lichenostomus ( gavicalis ) virescens ) - occurrence records filtered for species distribution modelling . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken honeyeater ( lichenostomus ( gavicalis ) virescens ) / occurrences

singing honeyeaters were in the area where this call was recorded but i didn ' t see the birds calling . spiny - cheeked honeyeaters were also in the general area . this call was originally uploaded to xeno - canto as a mystery , til it was identified as singing honeyeater

singing honeyeater - video footage captured by our team of bird watchers at www . ej - birdwatching . com . learn from the pro ' s and start ticking off that list of lifers .

these striking little birds are hard to miss but they are easy to confuse with another bird . the white - cheeked honeyeater is about the same size and has similar colouring to the new holland honeyeater . the way to tell them apart is in their eyes . white eyes = new holland honeyeater and b . .

male singing honeyeaters have a melodious ' prrip , prrip ' call . they call regularly to signal their territory , which usually includes a flowering food source . listen out for singing honeyeaters in the early morning , when they will be one of the very first birds singing .

if you ' re fond of a coffee on the balcony in the early morning , don ' t be surprised if a singing honeyeater wants to join you . some singing honeyeaters in victoria have discovered that the dregs of a camper ' s coffee cup may also contain a sweet drink .

the singing honeyeater has a varied diet , primarily feeding on nectar , but also eating fruit and various insects and spiders . impressively , it has also been known to take finch eggs and nestlings .

lateral view of a fledgling singing honeyeater , left , with one of its parents on the right ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ boolardy station , murchison , wa , august 2016 ]

the call of the singing honeyeater varies according to where it lives . scientists have found that singing honeyeaters from mainland australia did not respond to the songs of singing honeyeaters from an island off australia ' s west coast . this study showed that the songs of the birds on the island were smaller , had less song types , syllable types , and fewer syllables and notes per song .

( after kimberley honeyeater ) , noting gender agreement ( driskell & christidis 2004 , higgins et al . 2008 )

the singing honeyeater feeds on nectar , insects and fruit . it forages in low shrubs or on the ground , usually alone , but sometimes in loose flocks . it feeds at lower levels than most other honeyeaters

following white - plumed honeyeater ( driskell & christidis 2004 , higgins et al . 2008 , christidis & boles 2008 )

known for its pleasant voice ( 3 ) , the singing honeyeater ( lichenostomus virescens ) is one of the first birds to call in the morning , with the male bird singing from its roost 20 to 30 minutes before dawn ( 2 ) . while its common name is derived from its vocal capabilities , the singing honeyeater’s scientific name is presumably related to its plumage colour . the name of this species , virescens , means ‘greenish’ ( 4 ) and relates to the faint olive tint throughout the bird’s deep greyish - brown upperparts ( 2 ) .

singing honeyeater size : 17 - 22cm habitat : found west of the great dividing range , this honeyeater prefers shrubland , woodlands and suburbia . feeds on nectar , seeds and native fruits . notes : grey / brown bird with black stripe through eye and down neck , yellow stripe under eye . green / yellow on wings , belly pale with grey streaks . breeds winter - spring - summer . for more information on singing honeyeater see references . images have been uploaded in low resolution for storage efficiency , ( they do not reflect the true image quality ) . more

the singing honeyeater may have benefited from land - clearing and fragmentation in southern western australia and is readily able to fly over open agricultural lands . it has been implicated in the spread of the noxious weed bridal creeper , asparagus medeoloides .

singing honeyeater found right throughout australia except for the east coast and cape york . inhabits woodlands , various drier inland scrublands , mangroves and town gardens . near an overflowing cattle trough by the gibb river road , kimberley , western australia .

one of first birds to call in morning , male singing from roost 30–20 minutes before dawn . . . .

male and female singing honeyeaters are similar in appearance ( 2 ) . although the juveniles look much like the adults , they tend to have paler upperparts , particularly on the forehead and crown , as well as a narrower , duller face mask ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the pale buffish - brown underparts of the juvenile singing honeyeater also tend to be mottled rather than streaked ( 2 ) . there are some differences in size and colouration between the various subspecies of singing honeyeater , with northern populations tending to be smaller than more southern populations ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . interestingly , the singing honeyeaters on rottnest island have been found to be 25 percent larger than those on the mainland ( 7 ) .

singing honeyeaters , race " sonorus " , are regularly seen and heard by a . lines at ashley , nsw .

singing honeyeater , lichenostomus virescens , is a medium sized honeyeater , with a size of 18 - 22cm . a thick black stripe runs through the eye and part way down the neck . a thin yellow line is underneath the eye . the dark bill is slightly curved . the body is off - white with dark streaking . has a loud whistling call and can be quite aggressive towards other species .

a relatively versatile feeder ( 12 ) , the singing honeyeater primarily feeds on nectar ( 5 ) , but also eats fruit and a range of invertebrates ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 12 ) , including insects , spiders and molluscs ( 2 ) . interestingly , this species is known to rub bees against a hard surface before swallowing them , although the reasons for this are unclear . on occasion , the singing honeyeater has been recorded taking the eggs and nestlings of certain taeniopygia finches ( 2 ) .

this dataset consists of current and future species distribution models generated using 4 representative concentration pathways ( rcps ) carbon emission scenarios , 18 global climate models ( gcms ) , and 8 time steps between 2015 and 2085 , for singing honeyeater ( lichenostomus ( gavicalis ) virescens ) .

there are no known targeted conservation measures currently in place for the singing honeyeater . however , it is thought to be benefitting from ongoing habitat degradation , which is creating new areas of suitable habitat and leading to a population increase in this species ( 3 ) ( 9 ) .

singing honeyeaters , race " sonorus " , were also spotted by us in flinders ranges np , sa , in march 2008 .

the female singing honeyeater lays a clutch of between one and three eggs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , although two is most common , and the eggs are thought to be incubated by the female alone ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . the eggs are a pallid , pinky - yellow colour marked with rusty spots ( 5 ) , and are incubated for a period of between 12 and 14 days ( 2 ) , with the chicks remaining in the nest for a further 13 days or so ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . while the male singing honeyeater is not involved in the incubation of the eggs , it does assist with feeding and raising the young ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . singing honeyeater nests are often parasitised by the pallid cuckoo ( cuculus pallidus ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .

from macgregor ' s lappetface to macgregor ' s honeyeater ; it is a honeyeater ( cracraft and feinstein 2000 ) . letters to de vis confirm that the english name should be " macgregor ' s " with capital " g " contra previous change ( a knox , b . beehler oct 2015 ) .

singing honeyeaters , lichenostomus virescens , are one of australia ' s most widespread species of honeyeater , preferring open shrub lands and low woodlands , especially where acacias are abundant . it also lives in swamplands , along creeks and drainage channels , in urban parks and gardens and around farms .

m . mearns reports spotting singing honeyeaters , race " sonorus " , at currawinya np , southern inland qld , in october 2008 .

the singing honeyeater is a habitat generalist ( 11 ) , and is found in most open wooded areas across the australian outback ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) ( 10 ) , particularly those dominated by acacia trees ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . it also occurs in open shrublands , on plains , or around swamps and other wetlands , as well as in parks , gardens , farmland and towns ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . the singing honeyeater is occasionally seen in mangroves ( 2 ) ( 10 ) and along small creeks ( 2 ) .

since we arrived in 2007 , singing honeyeaters , race " sonorus " are permanent residents at eulah creek , 20 km east of narrabri , in the foothills of the nandewar range . together with a strong contingency of spiny - cheeked honeyeaters , they are the dominant species of honeyeater in the area .

this dataset includes observations of singing honeyeater ( lichenostomus ( gavicalis ) virescens ) that are sourced from the atlas of living australia ( ala ) database . rather than raw observations , these have been filtered such that they are assumed to be suitable for species distribution modelling exercises . the cleaning process included :

singing honeyeaters , nominate race " virescens " , were spotted by j . greaves at dianella , perth , wa , in december 2014 .

singing honeyeaterthe singing honeyeater ( lichenostomus virescens ) is a regular resident to city parks , gardens and bushland . they associate with brown honeyeaters and red wattlebirds , feeding on nectar , grubs , insects and berries . they will forage on the ground or in grass for insects . breeding birds can be very territorial and aggressive , and won ' t hesitate to attack much larger animals . they can be fairly aggressive with members of their own species also . more

singing honeyeaters are pollinators of several species of plants , particularly grevilleas and hakeas , and unfortunately also help spread bridal creeper , a noxious weed .

resident year - round throughout its range , the singing honeyeater is only thought to make local movements ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . however , this species is known to be a vagrant in certain areas at the edges of or beyond its normal range , including on kangaroo island , south australia ( 2 ) .

kikau is split from [ polynesian ] wattled honeyeater ( andersen et al . 2014 , pratt ms ) ; accept proposed use of local name kikau ( pratt , watling )

provide a bird bath or dish of water for birds like the singing honeyeater to drink from and bathe in . keep the water fresh and clean , and don ' t let it dry out for long periods of time . once birds find that your garden is a reliable place for a drink , they will visit often .

at the two places where we live ( d ) , we observe ( d ) an anti - coincidence of singing honeyeaters and white - plumed honeyeaters .

the birds have a soft metallic song and have been known to mimic other birds such as wattlebirds and friarbirds . when singing , they bob their heads .

while breeding , singing honeyeaters may form a mob to aggressively drive away or attack other birds or even larger animals , as they fight to defend their territory .

singing honeyeaters , race " sonorus " , were a rare sight at the place where we lived in 2003 - 2006 , 20 km south of narrabri , nsw .

compared with varied honeyeaters , singing honeyeaters are much less yellow down their front . compared with mangrove honeyeaters , they are much less grey and lighter of colour down their front .

the singing honeyeater has a plain grey - brown body with a distinctive black streak through the eye from the bill to the neck . the black streak is bordered by a yellow streak below the eye . they also have a small , inconspicuous white ear - tuft , usually hidden by yellow feathers over the ears . they build a delicate nest among the foliage of the shrubs they live in .

the singing honeyeater is faintly streaked with darker brown on the top of its head ( 2 ) , and has a small , inconspicuous white ear - tuft , which is usually covered over by yellow ear - coverts ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . this species sports a black mask which extends from the bill through the eye and to the neck . the striking mask is bordered below by a yellow stripe under the eye , which fades into the whitish or grey underparts ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) , giving the throat a yellowish wash ( 2 ) . heavy , dense grey - brown streaks pepper the singing honeyeater’s pale breast , flanks and upper belly ( 2 ) , while fainter , paler streaks mark the rest of the underparts ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .

the singing honeyeater is a common species in suitable habitat throughout much of australia . it tends to be absent only from the eastern coastal areas , most of victoria ( except the south coast ) , and the far north of queensland and the northern territory . it’s preferred habitats include mallee scrubs , mulga , roadside vegetation , orchards , vineyards and gardens . it tends to be rather solitary in habit . more

on our trip to the west in 1990 we saw singing honeyeaters virtually everywhere from the little desert in victoria to shark bay in wa . they were eating berries wherever we saw them .

singing honeyeaters are commonly found in western australia , mainly past the great dividing range and on western australian coastal islands . they can also be spotted in city parks , gardens and in bushlands .

the singing honeyeater is found mostly in open shrublands and low woodlands , especially dominated by acacias . it is also be found in swamplands , along creeks and drainage channels . it is often seen in urban parks and gardens and around farmyards , particularly in south - west western australia . it is also found in partly cleared lands with remnant woodlands and has been seen in plantations and in african boxthorn thickets or isolated shrubs .

this active and conspicuous species usually forages alone ( 2 ) , but may sometimes feed in pairs or in loose flocks of four to six individuals ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . such flocks usually contain family members ( 2 ) . feeding at lower levels than most other honeyeater species ( 3 ) , the singing honeyeater generally feeds in low shrubs or on the ground ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , probing at flowers for nectar ( 2 ) . its invertebrate prey is usually gleaned from foliage , branches and tree trunks ( 2 ) ( 12 ) , or caught by flying out from a perch to catch it in the air or on the ground ( 2 ) .

yellow - olive outer edges are present on some of the greyish - brown to brown uppertail and upperwing feathers , creating a conspicuous panel on the folded wing . the underwing is creamy with a brown trailing edge and tip and an orange - buff wash on the coverts ( 2 ) . the singing honeyeater has a black bill and dark brown or black - brown eyes , while its legs are dark grey ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .

resident breeding species the singing honeyeater is a resident breeding species in our garden . their numbers never seem to go over about four or five on our 2 hectare ( 5 acre ) block of land . the dominant plant species is mallee scrub ( click here for a photo ) . they were perhaps more numerous more than ten years ago , but in recent times the new holland honeyeaters have become the dominant – and very bossy – species .

higgins , p . , christidis , l . & ford , h . ( 2018 ) . singing honeyeater ( gavicalis virescens ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

j . greaves reports spotting singing honeyeaters , race " forresti " , at the granites gold mine , inland nt , in june 2015 , and at boolardy station , murchison , wa , in august 2016 .

from mid year to the end of summer , you may find a singing honeyeater searching for a mate in your garden , park or local bushland . they breed from july to february each year , in flimsy open nests built from grasses and often lined with hair or root fibres . their nests are a target of the pallid cuckoo , who like almost all cuckoos , looks for an existing nest to lay their eggs in instead of building their own .

the singing honeyeater has a plain grey - brown upperbody , a distinctive black streak through the eye from the bill to the neck , bordered by a yellow streak below the eye grading into a white throat , and a white to grey underbody streaked dark grey - brown . there is a small , inconspicuous white ear - tuft , usually hidden by the yellow ear coverts ( feathers ) . the bill is black and the eye is dark brown . more

the singing honeyeater is an australian species ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) , and is very widespread across the mainland ( 5 ) ( 7 ) . however , this species tends to be absent from the forested coastal areas ( 5 ) ( 10 ) , as well as from the east and far north of the country ( 7 ) ( 10 ) , including upper queensland , and tasmania ( 5 ) .

the springtime brings out beautiful flowering eucalypts , with honeyeaters abundant at this time including red and little wattlebirds , eastern spinebills , new holland , yellow - faced , tawny - crowned and white - plumed honeyaters . other sightings that are possible include the black - chinned , white - naped , spiny - cheeked , yellow - tufted , fuscous and singing honeyeater . lorikeets often accompany the honeyeaters feeding on the nectar including the rainbow , musk and purple - crowned species .

the singing honeyeater forms monogamous pairs , with some long - term bonds . the open , often flimsy cup - nest is formed from matted grasses and lined with roots , wool or other mammal hairs . it has once been observed nesting in the top ' false nest ' cup of a yellow - rumped thornbill nest while the lower nest chamber was occupied . the female incubates the eggs alone but both adults feed the young . this species is parasitised by the pallid cuckoo .

singing honeyeaters are a resident breeding species in our garden in murray bridge . we see several of them every day , usually when they come to one of our bird baths . we often hear their beautiful ‘preet preet preet’ call . singing honeyeaters are found throughout mainland australia with the exception of the east coast . they are not found in tasmania . one of their preferred habitats is mallee scrubland , of which we have plenty around here . more

singing honeyeaters , nominate race " virescens " , were also found by j . greaves at cook , sa , on the edge of the nullarbor , in june 2016 , and at shark bay , wa , in may 2018 .

other bushbirds that are typically active include laughing kookaburras , superb fairy - wrens , white - winged choughs , singing , new holland & white - plumed honeyeaters , australian magpies , magpie - larks , common bronzewing and crested pigeons .

singing honeyeaters can usually be found in low shrubs and trees , both in the interior and along the coastline . they have a preference for eremophilas , grevilleas and bottlebrushes , where present . they are normally not found in dense forest .

singing honeyeaters will eat a variety of foods . this includes nectar , small insects , fruits , grubs , and berries . this makes them omnivorous creatures . the singing honeyeaters breed between july and february . they are capable of forming long time relationships with partners . when they are breeding , they show aggressive actions . also they don’t have any particular color for their eggs , they all are different colors . their nest is a cup of grass , plant stems , and spider webs . more

the singing honeyeater is widespread on mainland australia . it is found west of the great dividing range from queensland through to new south wales , but is rare around canberra or on the eastern slopes of new south wales . it is widespread in western victoria and in all regions of south australia , except the mt lofty ranges . widespread in western australia except for the extreme south - west or northern kimberley region , and not common in the top end but otherwise widespread in the northern territory . also found on groote eylandt and sir edward pellew islands in the gulf of carpentaria .

in victoria the singing honeyeater is a bird of the coastal scrub west of western port bay and the drier mallee area in the north west of the state . it is often heard calling “prtt prtt prtt” from the top of a tall bush or tree on the bluff or along the dune system of 13th beach . this bird also utter a peevish “scree” . it feeds on insects , nectar and fruit . its preferred food is the berries of local shrubs , but it also feeds on nectar . some innovative birds have discovered that the dregs of a camper’s coffee cup may also contain a sweet drink .

like many other bird species , in particular those that are being predated on , singing honeyeaters keep their nest clean ; after feeding a chick , the parent bird sticks around to see whether a back side is being lifted . . . [ eulah creek , nsw , january 2016 ]

like many other honeyeaters , singing honeyeaters do not exclusively feed on nectar , but take insects too . while previously we had seen them looking for insects in trees and bushes only , the photo below shows a bird foraging on our lawn - behaviour we do not regularly observe from honeyeaters .

this species performs a lively range of loud , high and clear musical phrases consisting of double or multiple notes ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , with the most common call being a repeated , drawn - out ‘ preet ’ , ‘ queek ’ or ‘ sheek ’ . loud , sharp rippling or trilling whistles signal alarm , while continuous chirping and intense chattering and bill snapping usually accompanies territory defence ( 2 ) . the singing honeyeater’s song is known to vary geographically ( 2 ) ( 8 ) , with individuals on islands using fewer syllables and having fewer song - types . however , island populations have also been found to use some unique syllables ( 8 ) .

the singing honeyeater has a plain grey - brown upperbody , a distinctive black streak through the eye from the bill to the neck , bordered by a yellow streak below the eye grading into a white throat , and a white to grey underbody streaked dark grey - brown . there is a small , inconspicuous white ear - tuft , usually hidden by the yellow ear coverts ( feathers ) . the bill is black and the eye is dark brown . young birds are similar to adults , with a lighter forehead and crown and a narrower , duller face marking . this widely - distributed species is known for its pleasant voice and is usually seen in small noisy groups of five or six birds .

singing honeyeaters were a rare sight at the place where we lived in 2003 - 2006 , 20 km south of narrabri , nsw . first spotted in december of 2005 , then again in april of 2006 in the area of bohena , 15 km west of narrabri and later in august and september in both areas . more

the nest is an open cup created from woven grasses and leaves , occasionally with additional flowers and bark ( 2 ) , and bound with wool or spider web ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . it is usually lined with wool , roots , fur ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) and occasionally with plant down or fine grasses ( 2 ) . oddly , the singing honeyeater’s nest tends to be a flimsy structure in the eastern parts of its range , but quite substantial in the more western regions . the nest is usually suspended from a fork in a tree or from small twigs in a low , thorny shrub , at an average of two metres above the ground ( 2 ) .

while feeding in eucalypts , honeyeaters often stay high up in the crowns of trees and are therefore hard to spot . but many species , including singing honeyeaters , will also visit lower plants to feed on nectar in gardens , such as e . g . eremophila , banksia , grevillea or callistemon . there they are much easier to spot .

superb fairy - wrens are a common site across the south - east corner of australia including tasmania , with males singing long choruses to stake their territory . splendid fairy - wren males during breeding season are even more striking with shades of violet - blue , turquoise and pale - blue and are found in the interior of the country , especially around uluru .

to attract singing honeyeaters to your garden , plant acacias and insect - attracting plants and avoid pesticides , as these birds will happily eat up small insects , beetles , moths , flies , spiders , caterpillars and grubs . they are omnivores , so they will also sip nectar , and eat fruits and berries . they will also take finch eggs and nestlings given the opportunity .

at this time of year it is normal to hear the lyrebird’s perfectly - imitated calls from yellow - tailed black cockatoos , crimson rosellas , golden whistlers , pied currawongs , eastern whipbirds and laughing kookaburras , all coming from the same location on the ground . patience and a quiet approach will usually reveal a singing , dancing male lyrebird with it’s remarkable lyre - shaped tail feathers .

one of the world’s most amazing songbirds , the superb lyrebird , is in full voice at this time . these birds reside in east gippsland year round but early breeding season brings out their best . during may , males can be heard singing loudly from specially - constructed dancing mounds used to attract females . males with complex songs featuring the largest number of mimicked sounds are successful breeders .

rainbow bee - eaters and red - capped robins are an opportune sighting with the beautiful bee - eaters arriving around august from their northern migration . a host of bush birds can be seen across the mulga , grasslands , rocky terrains and spinifex and including crested pigeons , mudlarks , butcherbirds , fairy martins , yellow - throated miners , crested bellbirds , chiming wedgebills , grey shrike thrush and grey - headed honeyeater and occasionally the spinifex pigeon and major mitchell cockatoo .

the endemic and rare forty - spotted pardalote can be seen living in community groups in creek gullies and amongst the upper foliage of flowering white gums forests . these patches are some of the last remaining sanctuaries for this attractive and active tree dweller . all of tasmania’s eight honeyeaters can be found feeding on nectar around the island including the raucous yellow wattlebird , which is the largest honeyeater in the world . black - headed and strong - billed honeyeaters prefer to feed on the browntop stringybarks scattered around the island .

with its prettily patterned breast , the regent honeyeater is striking and distinctive . its head is black with a cream eye - patch , the upper breast is black , flowing to speckled black , and its lower breast is pale lemon . wings and tail feathers are tipped with bright yellow . the birds grow to about 20cm long with a wingspan of 30cm . females are similar to males , though slightly smaller . in the past , flocks of several hundred were common , but now flock numbers are typically less than 20 .

eremophila glabra the resident singing honeyeaters are regular visitors to our bird baths . i don’t think i’ve seen them actually bathing in the water ; they just tend to come for a drink . next to the bird bath is a sprawling bush called eremophila glabra . in the photo this plant has the bright red tube - shaped flowers . ( click on the photo to enlarge ) . the honeyeaters frequently stay for five minutes or more feeding on these flowers . a quick return trip to the water for a drink and then they are off to feed elsewhere .

singing honeyeaters are small to medium - sized nectar - eating birds . their most prominent feature are conspicuous black eye stripes above a narrow yellow line and a white line on each side of the head . they have a white front from throat to undertail coverts , with the chest and part of the belly streaked with yellow and grey feathers . the back , from the crown to the tail , is mostly grey . only the flight feathers have olive - green leading edges . the undertail is light - grey . the irises are dark - brown . the slightly down - curved bill is dark - grey , while the legs and feet are grey .

originally described as meliphaga virescens lipferti mathews 1942 now lichenostomus virescens ( vieillot 1817 ) .

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ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2

( driskell & christidis 2004 , higgins et al . 2008 , christidis & boles 2008 )

as masculine . ( christidis & boles 2008 , schodde in litt . see also lecroy 2011 . contra higgins et al 2008 , dickinson & christidis 2014 )

distinct ssp ( reddish myzomela ) ; detailed review with vocalizations needed ( gregory , in litt . )

to papuan black myzomela to conform to ioc modifier rules and local use ( gregory in litt . )

new guinea , aru is . ( sw of new guinea ) , yapen i . and louisiade arch . ( off se new guinea )

new species described on the basis of morphology and vocalizations ( eaton et al 2016 , prawiradilaga et al . 2017 )

n , c and se sulawesi , sula is . ( e of sulawesi )

torres is . ( vanuatu ) and santa cruz is . ( e solomons )

to simpler black - bellied myzomela in current use ( gregory in litt . )

( nyari and joseph 2011 ; cf driskell & christidis 2004 , higgins et al . 2008 , christidis & boles 2008 )

trobriand is . and d ' entrecasteaux arch . ( off se new guinea )

dubious and awaits results of new studies in progress . may be endemic ne au species or more likely conspecific with new guinea / helmeted friarbird complex ( sibley and monroe 1990 , christidis and boles 2008 ) . h & m4 lump

batanta and waigeo is . ( west papuan islands ) , yapen i . and nc new guinea

salawati and misool is . ( west papuan islands ) , w , s and e new guinea , aru is . ( sw of new guinea )

recognized as a valid subspecies of hybrid origin with fixed , stable phenotypic characteristics rather than part of a hybrid swarm . traditionally placed within

. beehler & pratt 2016 . ( see mayr & gilliard , 1952 ) .

recognized as a valid subspecies of hybrid origin with fixed , stable phenotypic characteristics rather than part of a hybrid swarm . lecroy 2011 , beehler & pratt 2016 . ( see mayr & gilliard , 1952 ) .

s new guinea , aru is . , islands in the torres strait and cape york pen . ( ne australia )

( norman et al . 2007 , christidis and boles 2008 ) . treat as monotypic . includes

( norman et al . 2007 , christidis and boles 2008 , miller & wagner 2015 )

au : west papuan islands , new guinea , aru i . and d ' entrecasteaux arch .

" giant " honeyeaters on viti levu i differ in behavior , vocals , and genetics ( andersen et al . 2014 ; watling , pratt ms ) . english name options under discussion

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a large range of clear , noisy calls , usually lively and melodious : ' prrip , prrip ' . dawn choruses may last for an hour , starting before sunrise .

handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds , volume 5 { ( tyrant - flycatchers } to chats ) .

formerly considered conspecific with g . versicolor . races intergrade where they meet : cooperi with forresti in n northern territory ; forresti with sonorus in narrow band from n queensland ( e drainage of gulf of carpentaria ) s through c cooper creek drainage to n flinders ranges and gawler ranges ( south australia ) , and with nominate from w western australia ( between north west cape and shark bay ) e to w eyre peninsula ( south australia ) ; in s south australia , nominate , forresti and sonorus overlap in three - way melange sw of gawler ranges . proposed race insularis ( rottnest i , in western australia ) is indistinguishable from nominate , and westwoodia ( westwood , in s queensland ) synonymized with sonoru s . four subspecies recognized .

( mathews , 1912 ) – tiwi is ( bathurst i , melville i ) and n northern territory ( s to victoria r and sw gulf of carpentaria , including groote eylandt and sir edward pellew is ) , in n australia .

( c . ingram , 1906 ) – western australia from kimberley division s to shark bay and wheatbelt , e to se gulf of carpentaria and nc queensland , south australia ( n eyre peninsula and n flinders ranges ) and nw new south wales .

( gould , 1841 ) – cn queensland ( burdekin–flinders rivers to dawson–mackenzie basin ) s , w of great divide , to se south australia ( e from eyre peninsula ) and w victoria ( w of westernport bay ) .

( vieillot , 1817 ) – coastal and subcoastal sw & s western australia from carnarvon–shark bay s ( including rottnest i ) to sw capes ( absent from wetter far sw ) , inland to wheatbelt , and e to sc south australia ( e to w eyre peninsula ) .

open wooded habitats . primarily open shrublands and low open woodlands , frequently dominated by . . .

diet includes nectar , invertebrates ( mainly insects , also spiders and molluscs ) and fruit ; ratio of nectar to invertebrates estimated at 26 . . .

breeds in all months ; of 219 clutches , most ( 72·6 % ) mid - aug to late nov . nest an open cup , typically substantial ( at least in w of . . .

resident , usually with some local movements or fluctuation in numbers at specific locations . at . . .

not globally threatened . locally common ; recorded densities of up to 4·33 birds / ha and 1·3 breeding pairs / ha . declines reported in some areas but may have . . .

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internal sequence based mainly on findings of recent phylogenetic studies # r # r , with a few modifications # r # r .

previously treated as a subgenus within lichenostomus , but molecular data # r support treatment as a full genus . sister to ptilotula . see also manorina ( below ) .

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del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and christie , d . a . ( 2008 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 13 : penduline - tits to shrikes . lynx edicions , barcelona .

jobling , j . a . ( 2009 ) helm dictionary of scientific bird names . a & c black publishers , london .

waybill , s . ( 2007 ) our australian feathered friends . lulu . com .

schodde , r . and mason , i . j . ( 1999 ) directory of australian birds : passerines . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .

thomas , r . , thomas , s . , andrew , d . and mcbride , a . ( 2011 ) the complete guide to finding the birds of australia . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .

avital , e . and jablonka , e . ( 2000 ) animal traditions : behavioural inheritance in evolution . cambridge university press , cambridge .

sibley , c . g . and monroe jr , b . ( 1991 ) distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . yale university press , connecticut .

wiens , j . a . ( 1995 ) habitat fragmentation : island v landscape perspectives on bird conservation . ibis , 137 ( 1 ) : 97 - 104 .

wiens , j . a . ( 1992 ) the ecology of bird communities . volume 1 . cambridge university press , cambridge .

flpa - images of nature pages green house wetheringsett stowmarket suffolk ip14 5qa united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 861 113 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 860 222 pictures @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken

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this species is found in barrow island . visit our barrow island topic page to find out more .

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songs at dawn from a bird perched high in a small tree in fairly open mulga . different individual than in xc328822 .

songs at dawn from a bird perched high in a small tree , part of a copse of trees around a small pond surrounded by an open , barren area .

several song types ( or some calls ? ) from the same bird as in xc328819 , in response to playback .

one song from a bird ( part of a pair ) moving at mid - height at the edge of tall mulga .

same bird as xc 107797 . recording equipment : telinga pro 7 stereo dat mic , sound devices 702

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a blue bird ( western scrub jay ) sings outside my window . . .

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gavicalis virescens cooperi : n australia ( arnhem land , melville i . , groote eylandt )

gavicalis virescens sonorus : cent . queensland and nsw to s victoria and se south australia

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home | biography | resources | photo library | top shots | contact copyright © 2005 - 2016 graeme chapman . all rights reserved .

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christidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common ( morcombe 2000 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be increasing as ongoing habitat degradation is creating new areas of suitable habitat ( higgins et al . 2001 ) .


galerida is a genus of birds in the family alaudidae .

the current scientific name is derived from latin .

galerida was the name for a lark with a crest , from galerum , " cap " .

the name galerida is synonymous with the earlier genus names calendula , heliocorys and ptilocorys .

galerida

galerida <EOT> valter jacinto marked " galerida cristata " as hidden on the " galerida cristata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) " page . reasons to hide : low quality

galerida theklae huei : s - c ethiopia ( bale mts . , arussi )

valter jacinto marked " file : galerida cristata ( crested lark ) . jpg " as trusted on the " galerida cristata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) " page .

galerida cristata caucasica : e aegean is . , n turkey , s caucasus and w transcaucasia

galerida theklae theresae : sw morocco ( s from anti - atlas mts . ) and western sahara

galerida cristata kleinschmidti : nw morocco ( e to rif mts . and s to middle atlas )

galerida theklae theklae : e and s portugal , spain , balearic is . , and extreme s france

galerida cristata cinnamomina : w lebanon ( w from beirut ) and nw israel ( mt . carmel and haifa )

valter jacinto marked " n52 _ w1150 " as hidden on the " galerida cristata " page . reasons to hide : low quality

jennifer hammock split the classifications by urltoken import , clements checklist resource , clements checklist resource , and clements checklist resource from galerida cristata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : galerida theklae . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

ryan , p . ( 2018 ) . large - billed lark ( galerida magnirostris ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

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ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2

move nicator species from incertae sedis to nicatoridae , which aligns with alaudidae and panuridae to form a basal trichotomy that is sister of the rest of the sylvioids ( beresford et al . 2005 , johansson et al . 2008 )

bearded reedling is not related to parrotbills , but is sister to the larks ( alaudidae ) and in turn to the rest of the sylvioidea ( ericson and johansson 2003 ; alström et al . 2006 ; fuchs et al . 2006 ; alström et al . 2013 )

( de juana et al . 2004 , hockey , dean & ryan 2005 , alström et al . 2013 )

desert lark comprises at least 4 divergent mtdna lineages that require study and revision ( alström et al . 2013 )

a . c . arenicolor may comprise two divergent taxa ( alström et al . 2013 )

e sudan to somalia , arabia , s iraq , socotra i . , iran an pakistan

treat as monotypic . spottiswoode et al . 2013 , alström et al . 2013 .

af : sw zambia , n , ec namibia , botswana , c and e south africa .

( sinclair & ryan 2003 , hockey , dean & ryan eds 2005 , alström et al . 2013 )

to cape clapper lark and range to " sw namibia , w , sc , s . africa " with split of

c myanmar to s china , c , sc thailand , cambodia , c , s vietnam .

( de juana et al . 2004 , hockey , dean & ryan 2005 )

s sakhalin i . , s kuril is . , japan and ryukyu is .

thekla lark comprises several possible species , e . g . east african populations (

) exhibit deep genetic divergences among themselves and from mediterranean populations ( guillaumet et al . 2008 ) . correct english name to thekla ' s lark which refers to the daughter of the german ornithologist brehm ( hbw alive )

is split from crested lark ( guillaumet et al . 2006 , 2008 ; alström et al . 2013 ) . correct species name is

treat erlanger ' s lark as a subspecies of blanford ' s lark ( stervander et al . 2016 )

accept recommendation by redman et al . to use shorter name of blanford ' s lark for

is a proposed split from blanford ' s lark ( stervander et al 2016 ) . includes

eu : wc turkey to s kazakhstan , kyrgyzstan , ne iran and n afghanistan . also n israel , lebanon and w syria and n iraq .

s europe and nw africa to turkey ( except sc and se ) , transcaucasia and nw iran .

morocco to nw egypt , s turkey to the sinai pen . and e iraq

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

pareja en su zona de nidificación . grabado en una zona de estepa llana con hierba y matorral ralos donde existe una gran concentración de aláudidos .

el ecosistema es una zona de pequeñas parcelas cultivadas de modo tradicional y casi sin productos fitosanitarios . allí se alternan plantaciones de tomate , alfalfa , cereal , calabaza , calabacín , judías , y las lindes entre campos son de cañas y algún que otro arbusto de ricino .

zona de cultivos tradicionales en regadío con poco tratamiento de productos fitosanitarios donde se alternan pequeñas parcelas de alfalfa , calabacín , calabaza , nabo , tomate y cereal . las lindes entre campos están constituídas por cañas y algún arbusto de ricino .

un macho posado en el suelo canta realizando diversas imitaciones . grabado por audiotrampeo en una tabla de cristalización de salinas .

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cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

in europe , the breeding population is estimated to number 17 , 700 , 000 - 24 , 500 , 000 pairs , which equates to 35 , 300 , 000 - 49 , 000 , 000 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) . europe forms c . 20 % of the global range , so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 176 , 500 , 000 - 245 , 000 , 000 mature individuals , placed here in the range of 175 , 000 , 000 - 249 , 999 , 999 mature individuals , although further validation of this estimate is needed . trend justification : the population is estimated to be in decline following regional declines in recent decades , probably owing to habitat loss and degradation ( del hoyo et al . 2004 ) . in europe , trends between 1982 and 2013 show that populations have undergone a steep decline ( ebcc 2015 ) . the european population decline is estimated to be less than 25 % in 11 . 4 years ( three generations ) ( birdlife international 2015 ) .

this species is threatened by agricultural intensification and over fertilization which results in overgrown vegetation in wastelands and road margins ( de juana and suárez 2004 ) . in addition the use of pesticides has also negatively affected populations ( tucker and heath 1994 ) . changes in urbanization practices , such as new housing or industrial areas being rapidly forested along with afforestation schemes and possibly , climatic change are also threats ( de juana and suárez 2004 ) .

conservation actions underway there are currently no known conservation measures for this species within europe . conservation actions proposed wide scale conservation measures are required for this species including the maintenance of traditional low - intensity farming practices . management should include the maintenance of mosaics of non - irrigated cereal crops , including short - term set - aside lands , arable lands and wide margins between crops without any chemical treatments . in addition research should focus on the biological processes affecting the distribution and abundance of this species ( tucker and heath 1994 ) .

( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22717383a111109755 .

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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .

there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .

there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .

howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :

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avibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 809 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy

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combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing therefore the species is not thought to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

has sometimes been placed in monospecific calendula . see g . modesta . geographical variation largely clinal , with clines of increasing body size and decreasing bill size from w to e . birds from lesotho sometimes separated as race montivaga , but probably better merged with harei . three subspecies recognized .

clancey , 1993 – karoo areas of extreme sw namibia and w south africa ( e to griqualand west ) .

18 cm ; 35–48 g . large , heavily built , straw - coloured lark with robust bill . nominate race has fairly prominent creamy - buff to whitish supercilium , narrow dark eyestripe . . .

typical song , in flight or from ground or perch , a fast , stereotyped , slightly wheezy “tit - it . . .

semi - arid grassland and dwarf shrubland , open coastal scrub , and fields . most abundant in cereal . . .

seeds of grasses , sedges , various forbs and legumes ; also insects , including beetles ( coleoptera ) , caterpillars , cockroaches ( blattodea ) , . . .

breeds chiefly during spring months aug–nov , occasionally later ( in summer ) . monogamous and territorial ; pair - members remain together . . .

largely resident ; has been suggested that it undertakes some altitudinal movements in e of range , . . .

not globally threatened . generally common to very common . has benefited from agriculture ; abundant in cereal croplands in western cape . also benefits from poor agricultural . . .

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recent molecular phylogeny of this family # r —the most comprehensive attempted to date—has recommended novel arrangements for several species and genera , including the resurrection of a number of abandoned genus - group names .

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classification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by valter jacinto - see more .

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provoost , s . ; bonte , d . ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) . animated dunes : a view of biodiversity at the flemish coast [ levende duinen : een overzicht van de biodiversiteit aan de vlaamse kust ] . mededelingen van het instituut voor natuurbehoud , 22 . instituut voor natuurbehoud : brussel , belgium . isbn 90 - 403 - 0205 - 7 . 416 , ill . , appendices pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

gill , f . and wright , m . ( 2006 ) birds of the world : recommended english names , princeton university press , →isbn

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chersadaula ochrogastra is a moth of the oecophoridae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1923 .

it is found in new zealand .

the wingspan is 17 mm for males and 16 mm for females .

the forewings are light-brownish , irregularly tinged with rosy-pink , and sprinkled with grey-whitish and dark fuscous .

the hindwings are dark grey , but lighter towards the base .

larvae have been found under stones .

chersadaula ochrogastra

chersadaula ochrogastra <EOT> monotypic and endemic . the ♂ genitalia show affinity with the chloradelpha group of borkhausenia , the chief difference being that in c . ochrogastra meyr . the harpes are clothed outwardly with long hair - scales .

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head loosely haired ; ocelli posterior ; tongue developed . antennae ¾ , in ♂ evenly ciliated , basal joint moderate , without pecten . labial palpi rather long , recurved , second joint thickened with appressed scales , terminal joint about half second , slender , acute . maxillary palpi very short , filiform . posterior tibiae rough - scaled above . forewings 1 b furcate , 2 and 3 stalked from angle , 7 and 8 stalked , 7 to costa , 11 from middle ; in ♀ half - aborted , pointed . hindwings in ♂ 1 , elongate - ovate , cilia ¾ ; 3 and 4 connate , 5–7 nearly parallel ; in ♀ half - aborted , very short , lanceolate .

♀ 16 mm . abdomen yellow - ochreous , grey on sides and praeanal segment , anal segment whitish . forewings broad - lanceolate , apex strongly and narrowly produced , pointed ; colour and markings nearly as in ♂ , but basal third more whitish , angularly prominent in disc , a stronger blackish mark between second discal and tornus . hindwings rather broad - lanceolate , less than half length of forewings and about half as broad : cilia grey - whitish .

breaker bay , wellington ; bred in november from larvae found under stones on the coast in september ; two examples . the female must be incapable of flight—probably an adaptation to a shelterless and windy coast .

♂ 26 mm . head and thorax grey suffused with white except shoulders . palpi white , second joint sprinkled with blackish , and with a black subapical

ring , terminal joint with black median band . abdomen grey , segmental margins whitish , anal tuft ochreous - whitish . forewings elongate , posteriorly rather dilated , costa slightly arched , apex obtuse , termen nearly straight , oblique ; grey suffusedly irrorated with white , tinged here and there with ochreous ; a small grey basal patch , edge sprinkled with blackish , acutely angulated on fold ; small blackish spots on costa at ⅓ and ⅗ ; stigmata blackish , plical beneath first discal , second discal represented by a small transverse spot from which a blackish streak runs nearly to first , a blackish dot between and above first and second discal ; an obscure angulated subterminal shade of whitish suffusion ; a marginal series of small blackish - grey spots round posterior part of costa and termen : cilia whitish with two grey shades . hindwings grey ; cilia as in forewings .

ben lomond , lake wakatipu , in forest at 2 , 000 ft . , january ; one example .

♂ 19 mm . head and thorax rosy - fuscous . palpi light rosy partially suffused with fuscous . abdomen pale - greyish tinged laterally with rosy , anal tuft whitish - ochreous . forewings elongate , moderate , costa moderately arched , apex obtuse , termen slightly rounded , somewhat oblique ; 2–4 approximated , 7 to apex ; rosy - lilac - brownish , costal edge ferruginous ; stigmata small , indistinct , dark fuscous , plical beneath first discal ; an obtusely angulated subterminal series of indistinct short interneural dark - fuscous dashes : cilia rosy mixed with light grey . hindwings light grey ; cilia light rosy .

takapuna , auckland , january ; one example . next to liochroa , which , however , has ochreous - whitish hindwings .

[ read before the nelson philosophical society , 30th june , 1926 ; received by editor , 2nd july , 1926 ; issued separately , 10th august , 1927 . ]

family oecophoridae is numerically a very important one among new zealand micro - lepidoptera , its members comprising about one - third of the whole of the tineoidea . this predominence is chiefly due to the large genus

which , in turn , accounts for nearly forty per cent . of the oecophoridae . other fairly large genera are

( 19 species ) , which has several representatives in australia . the remaining forms are divided among about twenty genera and constitute either small endemic groups or are outliers of genera more common elsewhere . at least two species ,

stt . , are semi - domestic in habits and have undoubtedly been accidentally introduced by man .

the male genitalia of the family have been dealt with , in part , in previous publications . these are as follows : —

“list of new zealand species of borkhausenia ( oecophoridae : lepidoptera ) , including new species . ” trans . n . z . inst . , vol . 56 , p . 399 . this article figures the male genitalia of 47 species of the genus .

“new zealand lepidoptera : notes and descriptions . ” trans . n . z . inst . , vol . 56 , p . 387 . gives figures of the male genitaia of borkhausenia affinis philp . , b . terrena philp . , euchersadaula tristis philp . , e . lathriopa ( meyr . ) , leptocroca scholaea ( meyr . ) , l . asphaltis ( meyr . ) , l . variabilis philp . , l . vacua philp . and barea ambigua philp .

“the genitalia of the genus gymnobathra . ” trans . n . z . inst . vol . 57 , p . 716 . figures the male genitalia of all species except g . philadelpha meyr . , g . thetodes meyr . and g . sarcoxantha meyr .

“new zealand lepidoptera : notes and descriptions . ” trans . n . z . inst . , vol . 57 , p . 703 . figures the male genitalia of borkhausenia marcida philp . and b . paula philp .

a general description of the male genitalia in each genus follows , with keys to the species in the larger groups . these keys , with

the figures , will probably be found sufficient for species determination without detailed descriptions . from want of material the genera aochleta ( one species ) and philobota ( two species ) have had to be omitted .

only a single straggler , s . orthophanes meyr . , is found in new zealand . the male genitalia are of fairly normal oecophorid type , the chief modification being the long narrow basally - projecting process ( saccus ) of the vinculum . the uncus is of moderate length and is opposed by a normal gnathos , the apical projection of which is directed caudally . the harpes are irregularly oblong and divided into a cucullus and sacculus , the latter being the more strongly chitinised and having its apex overlapping the former .

the world - wide house - frequenting species , s . lacteella schiff . is the only form found in new zealand . the tegumen , with its uncus and gnathos , resembles that of the preceding species . the harpes are of simple leaf - like type , with the ventral margin forming apically a free curved lobe . it is doubtful if such a lobe , which occurs frequently among the oecophoridae , can be regarded as the homologue of the sacculus , a part which rather seems to be the result of an apical splitting of the harpe . as in the preceding species , the vinculum is produced in a cephalic direction , but is here very broad and scoop - like . the juxta consists of two long tapering lobes springing from the basal plate . the unusual development of the vinculum and juxta is probably related to the corresponding development of the aedeagus , which is both stout and long , reaching almost from the base of the vinculum to the apex of the harpe .

montotypic and endemic . the genitalia resemble those of some species of gymnobathra ; barea dinocosma meyr . and b . ambigua philp . also exhibit the same type . the uncus is apically dilated and bears some spiny areas near its abruptly truncate apex .

the genus is characterised by the feeble development of the tegumen and uncus , the anal tube frequently projecting beyond the apex of the latter . the gnathos is absent . the harpes , in a few instances , are divided into sacculus and cucullus , but in outline do not depart much from the oecophorid type . on the inner side near the base is a process which takes a variety of forms in the different species . it is probably a development of the editum , which in borkhausenia and other related genera consists only of a slight fold

( lettering : a , male genitalia , lateral view ; b , harpe—inner view ; c , aedeagus—in some instances the juxta is included ; d , juxta , ventral view ; e , vinculum ; f , uncus , in some instances showing the gnathos also ; g , tegumen , dorsal view ; h , transtilla ; i , apex of gnathos . )

clothed with a few short hairs . the juxta invariably mainly consists of a pair of processes , which may range from a blunt protuberance , as in i . epiphanes meyr . to a long and irregular cone , as in i . peroneanella walk . the aedeagus , in most instances , has an elaborate armature of spines , which may be short or long , single or arranged in rows or groups . in view of the specialisation of the other parts the absence of the gnathos and the weakness of the uncus may be considered to be also the result of specialisation .

the male genitalia of i . acmonias philp . differ little , if at all , from those of i . picarella walk . and the former species may be only a large race of the latter . i have not found , however , any intermediate

meyr . i , seventh segment , showing pouch containing brush of long hair - scales ; j , dorsal view of paired pouches on seventh segment ; k , a pouch everted , forming a finger - like process carrying a brush of radiating hairs .

individuals and it is advisable , for the present , to recognise the two species . of i . manubriata meyr . , i . planetella huds . and i . copiosella walk . i have not been able to obtain material for dissection .

the single new zealand representative ( l . vagata meyr . ) of this genus is remarkable for the reduction of the tegumen , which is very small in comparison with the normal sized harpes . the gnathos is present , but is very weakly chitinised . a ⊥ - shaped transtilla connects the upper basal angles of the harpes , an organ not usually present in the family . a structure on the seventh tergite probably has relation to the genitalia . it is a paired organ , situated caudally on the dorso - lateral region , and is in the form of a pouch filled with long hair - scales . this pouch can be everted , when it becomes a truncate finger - like process with the long hairs standing out in all directions , though most numerous round the apex . the eighth segment is largely membranous , there being only a narrow chitinised strip in a median position on the sternite .

this genus closely approaches borkhausenia in genitalia characters . the gnathos is strongly developed , the uncus finger - like from a lateral view and the harpes with both cucullus and sacculus , or cucullus only . the aedeagus is a simple tubular organ , enclosing a slender spine - like penis and supported beneath by a small shield - shaped or rounded concave juxta .

six of the eighteen species have not been available for dissection and t . phaeoptila meyr . proves , on examination , to belong to izatha .

only one species , e . chloratma meyr . , of this small australian genus is known from new zealand . the genitalia of the male approach those of trachypepla .

the male genitalia in atomotricha display , in some cases , very striking specific differences . in others , however , the differences are not of sufficient importance to warrant specific distinction . it is possible that a . versuta meyr . , a . chloronota meyr . and a . sordida butl . may be only forms of one widely spread species ; they cannot be separated by definite genitalia characters . a . exsomnis , meyr . , though nearer than any of the other species examined to this group , is at once distinguished by the broad uncus and altogether differently shaped gnathos . so far there is no departure from the more simple oecophorid types , but the remaining two forms , which are all i have been able to examine , are extremely specialised . in a . isogama meyr . the uncus is divided into two elongate paddle - shaped blades , from near the base of each of which a long process projects above the gnathos . the gnathos is strongly developed and the front of the ring is curved prominently upward . the harpes are much narrowed apically where they are cleft into two portions . a . ommatias meyr . is somewhat of the same type , but the uncus is divided into two depressed rounded flat oblique plates , the lateral arms being

smaller and nearer the gnathos than in a . isogama ; the frontal process of the gnathos is also much shorter . the apical fissure of the harpes in a . isogama is here represented by a wide indentation .

there being considerable doubt as to the validity of several of the species , no key is at present attempted .

of the three new zealand species of this genus , two , b . dinocosma meyr . and b . ambigua philp . , have genitalia of the gymnobathra type ; the remaining species , b . confusella walk . , approaches more nearly to some forms of borkhausenia . the harpes , however , exhibit a character not found in the latter genus , the ventral fold being free at its apex and developing into a pointed process . there is also a somewhat similar process beyond , arising from the dorsal area and projecting slightly over the ventral margin .

the single new zealand species , e . zophoessa meyr . , of this extensive genus shows the normal characters of the family , with the exception that a fairly well - developed a - shaped transtilla is present .

this australian genus has one representative , o . austrina meyr . in new zealand . the uncus and gnathos are of normal type , but the harpes exhibit some unusual features . the ventral margin is very strongly chitinised and the fold within , in addition to a free apical lobe , has a pointed process at about ⅓ from base . the aedeagus is dilated at its apex and obliquely truncate ; basally it passes imperceptibly into the ductus ejaculatorius .

the only new zealand representative of this large australian genus is p . acroxantha meyr . , a comparatively recent addition to our lepidopterous fauna . the male genitalia of this species do not differ greatly from those of gymnobathra as far as the vinculum , tegumen and harpes go , but the rounded gnathos and peculiar juxta are distinctive .

a monotypic and endemic genus . the uncus has almost disappeared and consists only of a rounded prominence behind the base of the gnathos . the gnathos itself is highly specialised , the frontal plate taking the form of a scoop - like expansion , outwardly thickly covered with backwardly directed short spines . the harpes are broad , apically truncate , and with a small thumb - like projection beyond the middle of the ventral margin . the aedeagus is rather short and stout .

a small endemic genus containing three species . the uncus and gnathos are of the same type as those of the preceding genus , but the harpes are more normal in shape . reference to the figures will show the very distinctive characters of the aedeagus and juxta . no difficulty will be found in separating p . profunda meyr . and p . carnifex butl . , but a male of p . clarkei philp . has not been available for dissection .

the single new zealand species , c . bifasciella walk . , of this south american genus is characterised by the peculiar bifid and laterally expanded uncus . the gnathos is rather weak with the frontal plate upcurved ; the harpes are of simple leaf - like type .

the outstanding feature of the male genitalia of the two new zealand species of this genus is the complete absence of the uncus , the long anal tube being protected by a tuft of hair springing from the dorsal surface of the tegumen . the gnathos is very highly specialised . from near the apex of each lateral arm arises a racket - shaped organ of the same nature as the single structure of proteodes . the harpes are simple in type and the cephalic margin of the vinculum is deeply and widely excised .

of the six new zealand species of cryptolechia two have not been available for examination . of the remaining four , three , c . apocrypta meyr . , c . compsotypa meyr . and c . liochroa meyr . form a related group , but the fourth , c . semnodes meyr . differs very considerably . the group just referred to is characterised by the absence of the gnathos , the development of processes on the inner surface of the harpes , the reduction of the vinculum to a narrow band and the strongly curved aedeagus . in c . liochroa the curving of the aedeagus is carried so far that the base and apex almost meet .

in c . semnodes the harpes are simple , but the gnathos is present ; it consists of a pair of thin lateral arms and a broad flat frontal plate covered with minute spines .

monotypic and endemic . the genitalia of l . leucocentra meyr . approach nearer to the type of barea dinocosma meyr . than to any of the new zealand representative of the oecophoridae .

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