the hartmann 's mountain zebra ( equus zebra hartmannae ) is a subspecies of the mountain zebra found in far south-western angola and western namibia .

hartmann 's mountain zebras prefer to live in small groups of 7-12 individuals .

they are agile climbers and are able to live in arid conditions and steep mountainous country .

it has been argued that hartmann 's mountain zebras should be considered a separate species from the cape mountain zebra , but this is not supported by genetic evidence ( see mountain zebra #taxonomy ) .

consequently , it is no longer considered a subspecies in mammal species of the world . 2005 .

hartmann ' s mountain zebra

hartmann ' s mountain zebra <EOT> no critical habitat rules have been published for the hartmann ' s mountain zebra .

the cape mountain zebra ( equus zebra zebra ) is the smallest living zebra , and differs from hartmann’s mountain zebra ( equus zebra hartmannae ) by its smaller size ( 5 ) ( 8 ) , slightly thicker black stripes ( 6 ) , and minor striping variations on the rump ( 5 ) ( 8 ) .

hartmann’s mountain zebras range from south west africa into extreme southwest angola . they are found in six distinct populations .

the hartmann’s zebra is a good climber on steep , rugged terrain and has evolved very hard and pointed hooves .

cape mountain zebras are endemic to south africa ( 2 ) , while hartmann’s mountain zebras have a fragmented distribution across namibia , angola and south africa ( 9 ) .

the hartmann ' s mountain zebra is a fairly large - sized donkey - like member of the horse family , with a narrow body and narrow , fast - growing hooves . the mountain zebras are the only zebras with a dewlap - a pendulous fold of skin under the throat , which is commonly associated with bovines . there is a grid pattern on the rump which includes a series of short transverse stripes running perpendicular to the dorsal stripe , not found on any other equine . the legs are striped to the hooves , and the belly is white . the stripes are black . the widest stripes are seen on upper hind legs . there are two subspecies of the mountain zebra ( equus zebra ) : the hartmann ' s mountain zebra and the cape mountain zebra ( equus zebra zebra ) . the cape mountain zebra is the smallest of the wild equines ; the hartmann ' s zebra is considerably larger , with a maximum weight of about 340 kgs and a shoulder height of 150 cm . it tends to have narrower , more closely spaced stripes than the cape mountain zebra .

the hartman ' s mountain zebra as a species is classified as endangered , with both e . z . hartmannae and e . z . zebra falling under this same classification .

there is a strong line of thought by some conservationists that the cape mountain zebra and the hartman ' s mountain zebra should be separate species due to the habitat differentiation but genetics proves that the two are very closely linked .

hartmann’s zebra do not have a breeding season as they can breed throughout the year . they can mate from the age of 2 - 6 years old .

20 or more years . the oldest documented mountain zebra in captivity was 29 years old .

hartmann’s zebra are found in namibia , angola & south africa . they prefer habitats that have mountainous slopes and plateaus with sources of water and suitable grazing areas .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - mountain zebra ( equus zebra ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - mountain zebra ( equus zebra ) " title = " arkive species - mountain zebra ( equus zebra ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . subspecies : the cape mountain zebra ( equus zebra zebra ) is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) ; hartmann’s mountain zebra ( equus zebra hartmannae ) is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .

zebras are herbivores , feeding from different grasses , leaves , twigs and even bark . during times of dry weather , hartmann’s zebra can go without water for around 2 days .

two allopatric subspecies of mountain zebra have traditionally been recognized , the nominate race e . z . zebra ( cape mountain zebra ) and e . z . hartmannae ( hartmann ' s mountain zebra ) . groves and ryder ( 2000 ) proposed that the two be treated as distinct species , and groves and bell ( 2004 ) presented morphological evidence for separating the two subspecies as distinct species based on the diagnosability criterion of the phylogenetic species concept . recent genetic analyses indicate that the two populations have a high incidence of mitochondrial haplotype sharing ; the hypothesis that cape and hartmann ' s mountain zebra mitochondrial lineages were reciprocally monophyletic was not supported . however , the presence of private alleles at nuclear loci rendered the two subspecies genetically distinct evolutionary significant units ( moodley and hartley 2005 ) . we continue to recognize mountain zebra as a single species comprising two subspecies following penzhorn ( in press ) .

as intoned by the vernacular name , the hartman ' s mountain zebra is adapted to rugged , broken mountain escarpments , where herds rely on areas with permanent water sources and sufficient variety and quantities of grass fodder to sustain breeding populations .

both subspecies of mountain zebra are predominately diurnal , and are most active in the early morning and late afternoon to sunset ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the herbivorous diet primarily consists of grass but also includes leaves and bark , and individuals of all ages also visit mineral licks , particularly during the summer ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . cape mountain zebra must drink every day , whereas hartmann’s mountain zebra can go two or more days without drinking during the wet season ( 2 ) .

the non - profit organisation etusis foundation has been established in namibia for the conservation of hartmann’s mountain zebra . the foundation conducts research on the subspecies , and focuses on educating farmers and raising public and government awareness about the plight this subspecies faces ( 9 ) .

did you know ? that there are two subspecies of mountain zebras in southern africa ? the cape mountain zebra ( equus zebra zebra ) is the smallest of the extant zebras and the most restricted geographically . it became almost extinct but was saved in situ by the establishment of national parks and wildlife reserves . there are no cape mountain zebras kept in zoos .

hartmann’s mountain zebras are commonly found at play . types of play include chasing , racing , play - fighting , and challenge games . challenge games usually consist of nose - to - nose contact followed by mutual grooming .

hartmann’s mountain zebras live in direct conflict with livestock farmers , with available grazing ground becoming particularly scarce in many parts of namibia where very little rainfall has occurred for several years . as a result , more and more hartmann ' s mountain zebras are being culled , both legally and illegally . furthermore , due to the region’s poor economy and scarce resources , poaching for food has increased rapidly over the last few years , since the zebra offers a relatively large amount of meat . the situation in angola has been exacerbated by war , in which many soldiers and civilians have been in dire need of meat ( 9 ) .

. 2002 ) . in south africa , an estimated 280 animals occur on private properties and in the goegap provincial nature reserve . in the northern cape ; the numbers of hartmann’s mountain zebra in south africa’s eastern cape and western cape comprise nearly one - quarter of the population of the subspecies in south africa , and their removal and replacement with the cape subspecies is a priority ( novellie

justification : listed as vulnerable as the total population is currently estimated at ca . 9 , 000 mature individuals , and could be subject to a decline exceeding 10 % over the course of the coming 27 years , largely driven by annual harvesting of the hartmann ' s mountain zebra population . at present , there is limited information available on the population trend of hartmann ' s mountain zebras , but there is some evidence to suggest that they may well be declining . with the availability of further information on trends from parks and private lands , the species may need reassessment .

mountain zebra are mainly crepuscular – active in the early morning and late afternoon to sunset . grazing and resting occupy most of the daylight hours . mountain zebras usually drink once or twice per day . during cold weather , they shelter in wooded areas or caves , and go to east - facing slopes to warm up in the morning sunshine . hartmann’s mountain zebras live on the edge of the namib desert , and as a result they have to range widely to find surface water .

this evocative icon of africa is an immediately recognisable member of the horse family , characterised by its striking pattern of black and white stripes , which continue through into its short , erect mane ( 2 ) . the mountain zebra is discernable from other zebra species by the thin and relatively close - together vertical black lines on its neck and torso , which are narrower and more numerous than those of burchell’s zebra ( equus burchelli ) , and by the wide , horizontal bands on its haunches , which are broader than both those of grevy’s zebra ( equus grevui ) and burchell’s zebra ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . unlike burchell’s zebra , the mountain zebra also lacks ‘shadow stripes’ , and the stripes do not meet under the belly , which is instead white with a central black stripe ( 2 ) . the most diagnostic features of this species , however , are the ‘grid iron’ pattern of narrow stripes across the rump and the square flap of skin , or dewlap , which exists on this zebra’s throat ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . aptly named , the mountain zebra is a good climber on steep , rugged terrain and has evolved exceptionally hard and pointed hooves compared to other equines ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) .

adult mountain zebras have a head and body length of 82 to 102 inches .

mountain zebra prefer to live in small groups of 7 - 12 individuals . they are agile climbers , able to live in arid conditions in steep mountainous country .

found on mountainous slopes and plateaus . cape mountain zebras occur up to 2 , 000 metres above sea level , but move to lower elevations in the winter . hartmann’s mountain zebras occupy a more arid region on the edge of the namib desert , where surface water is patchy and herds must wander between the mountains and sand flats in order to find patches of grass ( 2 ) .

. 2002 ) . over 90 % of the current total population of 1 , 389 cape mountain zebras are derived from animals relocated from the mountain zebra national park . the management of the cape mountain zebra metapopulation requires the mixing of at least some animals from the three relict populations ( mznp , gamkaberg , and kamanassie ) , all of which are genetically depauperate , although this has been hampered by the relatively slow growth of the kamanassie population . chadwick and watson ( 2007 ) have proposed facilitating the growth of this population by changing the fire management regime in the habitat preferred by zebra ; acquiring adjacent land ; and the translocation of mountain zebra onto adjacent land .

hartmann’s mountain zebra occur in four key protected areas in namibia : skeleton coast park , etosha national park , namib - naukluft park , and ai - ais - hunsberg park complex . namib - naukluft park is particularly important with a population of around 2 , 300 animals ( 1998 estimate ) . around 25 % of the national population in namibia occurs on conservancies in communal lands with the remainder on commercial livestock and game farms ( novellie

the main predators of zebra include lions , leopards , cheetah , hyena and wild dogs .

although several attempts have been made over many centuries , zebra have never been successfully domesticated .

a mountain zebra has narrow stripes on the neck and torso , which graduate to wider stripes on the rear . the legs are striped all the way down to the hooves . it has a gridiron pattern on the rump , and its white underside has a dark stripe that runs the length of the belly . unlike other zebras , the mountain zebra has a dewlap , or fold of skin , hanging from the throat . the mane is short and erect , with no forelock . the mountain zebra is a good climber and has very hard and pointed hooves compared to other zebras and horses .

fws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .

worldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more ››

there is no significant difference between the sexes , except that the stallions are heavier at and average of 298 kg , compared to the 276 kg of mares . adult stallions over seven years of age , can weigh as much as 343 kg . adult stallions are 1 . 5 m at the shoulders , with a tail length of 500 mm and ears 280 mm long . in order to cope with the attrition of rocky terrain , the hooves of this species grows extremely fast . the difference between this specie and the cape mountain zebra is mainly only in size , the latter being slightly smaller . there is a trend for the the light stripes of the hartmann ' s zebra to be wider than that of the cape mountain species .

zebras are very popular with the general public , i . e . they are good ambassador species for conservation in their african range states . as the hartmann ' s mountain zebra is rated endangered by iucn , also the maintenance of a reserve population in human care makes sense , in particular as the range is relatively limited and about 98 % of all individuals live in one single country , which makes the population depending of essentially one single government and susceptible to the impact of droughts and changes in agricultural practice .

due to the demand in land for agriculture and grazing land for livestock animals , more and more of the zebra’s habitat is being cleared and they often have to compete for grazing areas with animals such as cattle . this has led to many zebra being hunted , both legally and illegally , so that more land can be used more by farmers .

mountain zebras act in response to the alarm signals of black wildebeest . however , they rarely respond to alarm signals of smaller antelope .

at high temperatures , the striped pattern of the zebra may serve as camouflage , an adaptation to the resultant " waviness " of the air . at a distance of a few hundred yards , the stripes make a zebra appear indistinct .

this polygynous species breeds throughout the year , although regional birth peaks exist ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . females produce a single foal every one to three years , after a gestation of approximately one year ( 5 ) . while most cape mountain zebra young leave their maternal herds of their own choice between 13 and 37 months of age , or about three months after the birth of a sibling , hartmann’s mountain zebra mares try to expel their 14 to 16 month old foals from the herd before the birth of a sibling . young males may wander alone for a while before joining a bachelor group , while females are either taken into another breeding herd or are joined by a bachelor male to form a new breeding herd ( 2 ) . if young females leave their maternal herd before adulthood they join bachelor herds until they are taken into a herd ( 2 ) .

novellie , p . a . , lindeque , m . , lindeque , p . , lloyd , p . and koen , j . ( 2002 ) status and action plan for the mountain zebra ( equus zebra ) . in : moehlman , p . ( ed ) equids : zebras , asses , and horses : status , survey and conservation action plan . iucn , gland , switzerland .

the primary threats to the mountain zebra include competition with domestic livestock , hunting and persecution , habitat loss due to conversion to agriculture ( 2 ) , and the risk of the two subspecies breed with each other leading to a loss of genetic diversity ( 2 ) ( 10 ) .

team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .

a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all

in order to stay safe , zebra will give alarm calls if they spot a threat nearby and will run up to 40mph to safety . the stripe patterns of zebra can help to break up their outline which helps to confuse predators , as it makes it harder to pick out individuals when they are running as a group .

mountain zebra form small herds of one adult stallion and 1 to 5 mares with young . breeding herds remain stable over many years and mares usually remain in a herd for life . gestation lasts one year , with one foal born at a time . foals weigh about 55 pounds at birth , and are up and walking within hours . foals are weaned at 10 months .

some populations are protected in national parks . there is a european endangered species programme ( eep ) for this zebra as well as co - operative management of zoo populations world - wide .

terms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .

mountain zebra inhabit rugged , broken mountainous and escarpment areas up to around 2 , 000 m with a rich diversity of grass species and perennial water sources ( penzhorn in press ) . they are predominantly grazers , only browsing if forced to do so . the typical social structure is one of small harems comprising an adult stallion and one to three ( maximum five ) mares and their dependent foals ; non - breeding groups consist primarily of bachelors , but sometimes include young fillies ( penzhorn in press ) .

these animals will live in herds of around 6 - 8 individuals and led by a dominant male ( stallion ) and a dominant female ( mare ) . within its first hour of life , a zebra foal will stand up , take their first steps and feed from their mother . zebra foals will suckle from their mother until about 10 months of age ; they will be pushed away by their mothers at around 14 - 16 months , just before the arrival of the next foal .

q : are the zebras black with white stripes , or white with black stripes ? a : if you look closely at the zebra , you will see that the belly does not have stripes , but is white . so zebras are white with black ( or brown ) stripes !

" wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals . " - - publisher ' s website .

- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .

taxonomy ( the study of classification ) is a constantly - evolving field . every year , changes to the " standard " list of ungulates ( covering approximately 250 species ) are proposed as new physical and genetic evidence becomes available : renaming subspecies as distinct species , separating ( or uniting ) genera , or naming species new to science . most taxonomic changes are rather restricted in scale ( usually reorganizing a species or genus ) . rarely , however , entire orders are reviewed and revised : the entire scope of hoofed mammals receives such a treatment in ungulate taxonomy ( groves and grubb , 2011 ) .

ungulate taxonomy turns the classification of hoofed mammals on its head . whereas traditional species lists rely on the biological species concept ( which differentiates species on the basis of " reproductive isolation " , the lack of interbreeding in nature ) , groves and grubb have applied the phylogenetic species concept ( which separates species on the basis of " fixed heritable differences " : measureable characters that are consistently different between taxa ) . this change in approach has had major implication on the number of species : groves and grubb recognize over 450 distinct ungulates . simultaneously , however , the recognition of subspecies has sharply declined : under the phylogenetic species concept , populations that can be differentiated are listed as separate species ; those which cannot be are grouped as a single taxon .

the new approach to ungulate classification is presented below alongside the traditional species list ( note that species fact sheets are accessible from the ungulates of the world page ) . such a radical departure from tradition often encounters great resistance , but the application of the phylogenetic species concept to ungulate taxa is not brand - new : it is generally well - accepted for taxa like babirusas , chevrotains , and musk deer .

groves , c . , and p . grubb . 2011 . ungulate taxonomy . the john hopkins university press , baltimore .

iucn ( international union for conservation of nature and natural resources ) . 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 1 . available online at the iucn redlist website .

wilson , d . e . , and d . m . reeder [ editors ] . 2005 . mammal species of the world ( 3rd edition ) . johns hopkins university press , 2 , 142 pp . available online at the mammal species of the world website .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]

your web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .

your list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .

note : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .

the e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .

the e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .

i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352

please choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .

this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .

add tags for " mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference " .

you may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .

don ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en " " urltoken "

thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

there is a trade in the skins of this species . it is only hunted for food at subsistence level .

this errata version of the 2008 assessment was created to correct the distribution map for this species .

( errata version published in 2018 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2008 : e . t7960a129037335 .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

for air transport , container requirement 73 of the iata live animals regulations should be followed .

road transport ( according to the south african standard sans 10331 ) : transport family groups in mass crates . transport individual stallions in separate , individual compartments in a mass crate . if fighting occurs , separate dominant and aggressive stallions and mares and transport them under tranquillization in individual compartments in mass crates . since fighting usually begins when different family groups are captured and transported together , this should be avoided at all costs . if a few selected animals are transported over a short distance , transportation under chemical immobilization should be considered .

this gregarious species lives in breeding herds , consisting of one adult male , one to five adult females and their young ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . all members occupy a position within a social hierarchy ( 2 ) , headed by the dominant adult stallion , which is responsible for defending the herd ( 4 ) . breeding herds inhabit overlapping home ranges , with no evidence of territoriality , and sometimes herds will even join to form larger temporary populations of up to around 30 individuals ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . surplus males live in bachelor groups , from which individuals periodically attempt to establish a new breeding herd with young females or take over an existing herd by displacing the dominant stallion ( 2 ) . nevertheless , breeding herds often remain stable over many years ( up to 20 recorded ) , with mares usually remaining in a herd for life . new stallions may need to go through courtship of up to three years before the mares in a herd will accept their new stud ( 2 ) ( 7 ) .

authenticated ( 02 / 09 / 08 ) by dr . rebecca smith , research biologist . urltoken

diurnal active during the day . endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . genetic diversity the variety of genes within a particular species , population or breed causing differences in morphology , physiology and behaviour . gestation the state of being pregnant ; the period from conception to birth . gregarious tending to form a group with others of the same species by habitually living or moving in flocks or herds rather than alone . herbivorous diet comprises only vegetable matter . polygyny in animals , a pattern of mating in which a male has more than one female partner . re - introduction an attempt to establish a native species back into an area where it previously occurred . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .

stuart , c . and stuart , t . ( 1997 ) field guide to the larger mammals of africa . struik publishers , cape town .

estes , r . d . ( 1992 ) the behavior guide to african mammals : including hoofed mammals , carnivores , primates . university of california press , california .

getty images 101 bayham street london nw1 0ag united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 800 376 7981 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken

myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .

wildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa

between the giraffe house and the amur leopards . you may also see them in the valley field from the cafe graze viewpoint .

size head and body : 210 - 260cm . tail length : 40 - 55cm . males tend to be bigger than females .

on 8th aug my 8yr old daughter took part in a junior keeper experience as a birthday present and was smiling from beginning to end . they made her feel very welcome , answered all of her questions and made her feel very special . the experiences were amazing , the animals she encountered and… read full review

marwell wildlife is a registered charity , number 275433 . hosted by redstation . © 2017 marwell wildlife . site designed by semantic . photographic contributors .

no two zebras are alike – each has a distinct stripe pattern , just like with human fingerprints .

during the 1950s , numbers of these zebras were estimated at 50 , 000 to 75 , 000 individuals . in 1992 they were estimated at only about 8 , 000 .

a single foal is born after a gestation of 11 . 5 months ( 350 days ) .

if you ' d like to stay informed of new products , events and special offers then please join our mailing lists .

our website uses cookies . by continuing to use the site you are agreeing to the use of cookies . click here to find out why .

© copyright paignton zoo 2018 . all rights reserved . website by website vision .

south west environmental parks ltd , is an educational , scientific and conservation charity dedicated to protecting our global wildlife heritage .

paignton zoo environmental park , totnes road , paignton , devon tq4 7eu ( registered office ) . company no . 792877 registered charity no . 300923

itis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .

like all equids , this is a grazer which spends the best part of a day feeding . the grazing pattern tends to follow the contours of the terrain , along which the grazing progression tends to be in a zig - zag forward pattern .

this is not a seasonal breeder since foals can be born the year round , although there tends to be a peak during the rainy season . mares foal for the first time at the age of three years . foals weigh about 25 kg at birth . gestation period is about 12 months . foals have a high survival rate , probably since adults in the herd actively defend them against predators . stallions become sexually active at about three years of age .

within a population there are two distinct social groups , namely breeding herds and bachelor groups . breeding groups consist of a single stallion with a number of mares , the latter with a distinct social hierarchy .

this equid is found in the western semi - arid regions of namibia , from where it also ranges into angola . it has a discontinues distribution from the kunene province southwards and somewhat eastwards , as illustrated on the distribution map . presently the population is estimated at 13 000 .


the black-and-yellow grosbeak ( mycerobas icterioides ) is a species of finch native to the northern parts of the indian subcontinent , primarily the lower and middle himalayas .

it is in the family fringillidae .

the species ranges across afghanistan , india , nepal , and pakistan where its natural habitat is temperate forests .

black - and - yellow grosbeak

black - and - yellow grosbeak <EOT> black - and - yellow grosbeak | see in full size . tahirabbasonli… | flickr

black - and - yellow grosbeak ( mycerobas icterioides ) is a species of bird in the fringillidae family .

the black - and - yellow grosbeak ( mycerobas icterioides ) occur in afghanistan , india , nepal , and pakistan , where they inhabit temperate forests .

interestingly , the extinct bonin grosbeak ( aka chaunoproctus ) is sister to the remaining rosefinches .

throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …

22 cm ; 67 g . large grosbeak with large head , massive bill and medium - length , notched tail . male has entire head down to upper nape , upper side of neck and lower throat black . . .

the wagtails , and particularly the yellow - colored wagtails , are more troublesome . mitochondrial dna analysis ( alström and mild , 2003 ; ödeen and bjöklund , 2003 ; outlaw and voelker , 2006b , pavlova et al . , 2003 ) suggests that there are two species of citrine wagtail ( citreola and werae ) and three species of yellow wagtail ( flava , taivana , and tschutschensis ) . the aou has adopted the split of the eastern yellow wagtail ( tschutschensis ) , but takes no official position on the 3 - way split . christidis and boles ( 2008 ) accept the 3 - way split with green - headed yellow wagtail , motacilla taivana , being the third species .

clement , p . ( 2018 ) . black - and - yellow grosbeak ( mycerobas icterioides ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

14 cm ; 17–22 g . relatively small bullfinch with short , curved bill and slightly notched tail . male has forehead to lores , cheek and chin black , forecrown to nape and . . .

in the end , i have gone with the recent analysis by harris et al . ( 2018 ) . this treats the citrine and eastern yellow wagtails as sister species , with the western yellow wagtail sister to both , and the whole lot sister to the gray wagtail . drovetski et al . ( 2018 ) has a bit different arrangment .

) and mossy forests and forest edges on hillsides and valleys ; . . .

the sao tome grosbeak has usually been included in neospiza . stervander ( 2010 ) found that the principe seedeater is it ' s closest relative and both species together form subgenus neospiza . in fact , stervander found that the sao tome subspecies of the seedeater ( thomensis ) appeared more closely related to the sao tome grosbeak than to the seedeater . the two birds are quite distinct , and it seems unreasonable to put them in one species . perhaps the genetic results are a sign of introgression .

there have also been questions concerning whether the white wagtail is a single species . some authorities have separated lugens as black - backed wagtail and yarrelli as pied wagtail . however , it is hard to make a genetic case for either of these ( see alström and mild , 2003 ; pavlova et al . , 2005 ; voelker , 2002 ) , with yarrelli ending up near alba and alba and lugens intertwinned .

se siberia , ne china , korea , sakhalin and kuril is . and japan

pyrrhulini consists of 3 clades . the first consists of the pyrrhula bullfinches and pine grosbeak ( pinicola ) . the second and third are sister , and are the arid - zone finches indentified by arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2008 ) . the second clade includes bucanetes and rhodopechys . the third consists of the mountain - finches and rosy - finches ( leucosticte ) , together with several monotypic genera : procarduelis ( dark - breasted rosefinch ) , agraphospiza ( blanford ' s rosefinch ) , callacanthis ( spectacled finch ) , and pyrrhoplectes ( golden - naped finch ) . both procarduelis and agraphospiza are usually included in carpodacus .

ne afghanistan and n pakistan e in himalayas to n india ( uttarakhand ) and w nepal .

these splits are not followed by alström and mild ( 2003 ) or by ödeen and björklund ( 2003 ) , both of which also consider nuclear dna . the nuclear dna yields a different tree for the wagtails , where macronyx , taivana and tschutschensis form a clade that can be regarded as a species : eastern yellow wagtail , motacilla tschutschensis . this species is sister to the gray wagtail , motacilla cinerea . the citrine wagtails end up as sisters , and can also be regarded as a single species . ödeen and björklund ( 2003 ) argue that the mitochondrial tree reflects the effects of past hybridization .

mostly hard - shelled seeds , buds , berries and shoots of trees and larger herbaceous shrubs , including buds and catkins of birch , willow ( . . .

fairly vocal and conspicuous . calls include ringing " pee yuu " , also longer and louder , . . .

the results in both lerner et al . ( 2011 ) and zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) support the drepanidini as sister to carpodacini ( not just the common rosefinch , as might be inferred from the press coverage ) . interestingly , the extinct bonin grosbeak is a relatively basal member of the carpodacini . perhaps it too is a relic of the spread of the ancestral carpodacini / drepanidini into the pacific .

supporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .

myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .

europe ( except british isles , sardinia ) to c asia , w , n turkey , c and e caucasus and nw iran .

tietze et al . ( 2013 ) also found a surprisingly small genetic distance between the caucasian and spotted great - rosefinches ( rubicilla and severtzovi ) and recommended lumping them . although i have followed that advice , further study is in order . rasmussen and anderton ( 2005 ) recommended splitting them based on differences in plumage , habitat , and voice .

the basal division in the nine - primaried oscines is between the motacillidae and the “finches” , sibley and monroe ' s broadly - defined fringillidae . wagtails and pipits are cosmopolitan . they are typically open country insectivores .

not globally threatened . restricted range species : present in luzon eba and mindanao and the eastern visayas eba . scarce , uncommon or locally common .

several carduelis siskins have moved to spinus ( including lesser antillean siskin ) . in another taxonomic note , the pine siskin , spinus pinus , and black - capped siskin , spinus atriceps , are quite close . some have suggested they are conspecific . although they don ' t comment on it , the genetic tree in arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2008 ) suggests another possibility . the subspecies perplexus may actually belong to s . atriceps , as had been suggested by banks in 1982 ( see a 2008 aou proposal ) .

the new world pipits have been rearranged based on van ells and norambuena ( 2018 ) . further , their analysis resulted in two splits and one lump .

howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :

this changes clade sizes and i have also reordered the hawaiian honeycreepers as a result .

preliminary genetics suggest that megaplaga and leucoptera are sisters and that bifasciata should be split to avoid paraphyly ( parchman et al . 2007 ) . see also elmberg 1993 re song differences

the overall organization of the motacillidae is based on a combination of alström et al . ( 2015a ) , drovetski et al . ( 2018 ) , harris et al . ( 2018 ) , outlaw and voelker ( 2006b ) , van ells and norambuena ( 2018 ) , and voelker and edwards ( 1998 ) . when there are disagreements , the more recent papers have been given heavier weight .

tietze et al . ( 2013 ) found substantial genetic distance between the sinai rosefinch in the strict sense c . synoicus synoicus , and the pale rosefinch group ( subspecies beicki , salimalii , and presumably stoliczkae ) . these have been suspected of being different species , and i have now split them .

sibley and monroe ' s ( 1990 ) fringillidae included all of the remaining birds , over 1000 of them . most authors use a finely - grained family structure for these species that roughly corresponds to sibley and monroe ' s tribes . the tif taxonomy divides sibley and monroe ' s fringillidae into 11 .

( weir and schluter 2004 , smith et al . 2005 ; nacc 2017 - c - 5 )

15–16·5 cm ; one male 19 g . medium - sized , blunt - billed dark bullfinch with pale cheek and slightly notched tail . male nominate race has forehead , lores , chin and . . .

most of the remaining carduelini are from the americas . there are two classification schemes in current use . the aou ' s nacc puts them all together in genus spinus . the aou ' s sacc separates them into three genera : the north american goldfinches , astragalinus ; the northern siskins spinus ; and the middle and south american siskins , sporagra . astragalinus splits off first , and the final division is between spinus and sporagra .

partial altitudinal migrant . descends to lower levels and moves slightly s of breeding range in non . . .

ogilvie - grant , 1895 – cordillera mts and zambales mts , in n luzon ( n philippines ) .

the fourth carduelini clade is more cosmopolitan . the basal piece includes the palearctic linnets ( linaria , formerly carduelis ) , which are sister to the holarctic redpolls ( now acanthis rather than carduelis ) and crossbills ( loxia ) . there is some uncertainty about the linnets . the mitochondrial dna consistently puts them near the siskins and american goldfinches rather than near the redpolls and crossbills . the nuclear dna does the opposite . since they seem more akin to the redpolls and crossbills , and since the combined analysis puts them there , i have followed suit .

this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .

sa : n colombia to trinidad and the guianas , south to n argentina , se brazil , e paraguay .

australasian pipit , corydalla novaeseelandiae , has been split into australian pipit , corydalla australis , and new zealand pipit , corydalla novaeseelandiae . this split was recommended by schodde and mason ( 1999 ) , but rejected by christidis and boles ( 2008 ) “in the absence of molecular evidence” . tavares and baker ( 2008 ) provided limited molecular evidence in the form of a barcode divergence of 4 . 1 % , which is a good indication that they are separate species .

ioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .

this article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?

the third carduelini clade is exclusively afrotropical . the oriole finch ( linurgus ) is sister to the rest . these closely related birds are variously called canaries , seedeaters , serins , and siskins and are all placed in the genus crithagra . the species - level phylogeny still needs some work , as might be guessed from the question marks , polytomies , and blue ink .

based on beckman and witt ( 2015 ) , the hooded siskin , sporagra magellanica , has been split into lowland hooded siskin , sporagra magellanica , and andean hooded siskin , sporagra capitalis . we lack complete information on the subspecies , but i ' ve tentatively allocated boliviana , alleni , icterica , longirostris , and magellanica to the lowland group , s . magellanica , and capitalis , paula , peruana , urubambensis , santaecrucis , hoyi , and tucumana to the andean group , s . capitalis . the genetic distances between the capitalis group and atrata , crassirostris , siemiradzkii is razor - thin , calling their species status into question . even uropygialis appears to be closely related to the capitalis group . further study is needed to sort out these taxa .

comprehensive molecular phylogeny # r for the genus , based on both nuclear and mitochondrial loci , recovered three main groups : ( 1 ) se asian ( p . nipalensis , p . waterstradti and p . leucogenis ) ; ( 2 ) himalayan ( p . aurantiaca , p . erythrocephala , p . erythaca ) ; and ( 3 ) eurasian ( p . murina , p . pyrrhula ) .

the other piece of this final clade includes the true carduelis and serinus finches of the palearctic . it starts with the mountain serin of indonesia and the philippines . the mountain serin is sometimes considered part of serinus , but i ' ve had it in its own genus , chrysocorythus , for a while . zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) found chrysocorythus sister to the true carduelis finches , now reduced to the european goldfinch and the corsican and citril finches . these two genera together are sister to the rest of the clade .

i follow the recent aou decisions ( 56th supplement ) to split the apapane , akepa , greater akialoa , and nukupuu . thus :

get access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .

crowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .

the placement of spinus may be a little soft . e . g . , in nguembock et al . ( 2009a ) , it appeared in different places in the combined tree ( their figure 4 ) and some of the individual gene trees . this is the subject of some discussion in nguembock et al . the arrangement here is based on zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) and beckman and witt ( 2015 ) .

season may to early sept ; two broods . displaying male with body horizontal and wings spread , quivering or fluttering rapidly , perches . . .

please note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .

different sources treat the rufous sparrow ( passer motitensis ) complex differently . here it is treated as 5 species : iagoensis , motitensis ( including benguellensis and subsolanus ) , rufocinctus ( including cordofanicus and shellyi ) , insularis , and hemileucus . see kirwan ( 2008 ) for arguments that the small pale hemileucus should be split from insularis . as in the ioc list , the name great sparrow is used for the narrowly defined passer motitensis .

the second clade includes synoicus group , the former kozlowia ( c . roborowskii ) , the rubicilla clade ( streaked and great rosefinches ) , the former uragus ( c . sibiricus ) , pyrrhospiza ( c . puniceus ) , and pinicola subhimachala ( aka propyrrhula subhimachala ) . it ends with a group including the carpodacus type species pallas ' s rosefinch , carpodacus roseus ( see banks and browning 1995 ) , through c . dubius .

i recognize several subgenera . besides crithagra , there are dendrospiza , neospiza , pseudochloroptila , and ochrospiza . all are marked on the species tree .

mearns , 1909 – mt malindang , mt kitanglad , mt hilong - hilong , mt apo and mt mayo , in mindanao ( s philippines ) .

based on davies and peacock ( 2014 ) , the kimberley pipit , anthus pseudosimilis , is considered conspecific with african pipit , anthus cinnamomeus , and the long - tailed pipit , anthus longicaudatus , is considered conspecific with buffy pipit , anthus vaalensis . in both cases , the original collections seem to involve several taxa .

the motacillidae include two species that were long thought of as belonging to sylviidae , the sao tome shorttail ( amaurocichla ) , and the madanga ( madanga ) .

n pakistan ( chitral and gilgit ) e to n kashmir , in nw himalayas ; in winter also nw india ( himachal pradesh , recorded in uttarakhand ) .

the italian sparrow , passer italiae , is recognized as a separate species based on hermansen et al . ( 2011 ) and elvgin et al . ( 2011 ) . although töpfer ( 2006 ) had argued that it was a subspecies of the spanish sparrow , based on apparent ongoing hybridization , hermansen et al . ( 2011 ) find that this is not the case . rather , their genetic data found that the sympatric populations in italy ' s gargano peninsula showed no evidence of gene flow . however , they did find a hybrid zone with the house sparrow in the alps . the hybrid zone appears narrow and relatively stable , and does not suggest substantial ongoing gene flow ( and they did not find evidence of any ) . the twin papers produced by a group at oslo , hermansen et al . ( 2011 ) and elgvin et al . ( 2011 ) , explore the evidence that the italian sparrow is the result of past hybridization between the house and spanish sparrows .

the order here is based on a combination of the dna study of lerner et al . ( 2011 ) and the osteological study of james ( 2004 ) . fleischer et al . ( 2001 ) , pratt ( 2001 ) , arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2007b ) , and reding et al . ( 2009 ) have also been consulted . it fits nicely with morphology ( look at bill shapes in each clade ) and subfossil taxa can be easily accomodated using james ( 2004 ) . this is pretty similar to the previous version , but tweaked based on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) , which greatly decreases the conjecture needed , and increases my confidence in it .

not globally threatened . restricted range species : present in western himalayas eba . common to very common ; scarce and local in n pakistan . rare visitor in himachal pradesh .

dickinson et al . ( 2003 ) consider plocepasser , histurgops , pseudonigrita , and philetairus to be passeridae . however , groth ( 1998 ) found them to be in the ploceidae .

the genera palmeria , himatione , and vestiaria have been merged into drepanis . the genetic distance between them seems to be small ( lerner et al . , 2011 ) and there is evidence of hybridization between vestiaria and himatione ( knowlton et al . , 2014 ) . olson ( 2012b ) also argues that this is a reasonable treatment . although i think the genera i use for the hawaiian honeycreepers are oversplit , i consider the aou genera even more oversplit . i haven ' t gone further on the lumping because data on the extinct species is too limited .

by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .

one interesting thing in alström et al . ( 2015a ) is that their multigene analysis yields a different placement of the longclaws compared with outlaw and voelker ( 2006b ) . the limited taxon sampling leaves some residual uncertainty , but it has caused me to separate some of anthus in corydalla ( vigors , 1825 , type richardi ) and cinaedium ( sundevall , 1850 , type lineiventre ) .

the various studies of the finches have made it clear that the genera carduelis and serinus both required substantial surgery . the alternative for carduelis would be to put almost all of the carduelini into one genus ! for serinus , the alternative is less drastic , mainly because carduelis has priority . neither of these outcomes is particuarly desirable , so both serinus and carduelis have been divided into several pieces each .

as constituted here , carduelini contains 4 major clades . as mentioned above , the first clade includes only a single genus : haemorhous — the american purple finches . the second includes the chloris greenfinches ( sometimes included in carduelis ) , the desert finch ( rhodospiza ) , and the the golden - winged grosbeaks ( rhynchostruthus ) . kirwan and grieve ( 2007 ) argue that rhynchostruthus includes three species .

interestingly enough , the pale rockfinch ( carpospiza ) also appears to be only distantly related to the other passeridae . this was hinted at some time ago , and it had been suggested by h . mendelssohn ( fide hbw - 14 ) that it did not even belong in passeridae . to my knowledge , it has not been included in any published phylogeny . however , samples from the 16s and cox - 1 genes are available , and were used in an unpublished tree by raty . its position was not fully resolved , but it may be as distant from the other passeridae as the ibon is .

a dna analysis by sangster et al . ( 2016a ) has confirmed that sillem ' s mountain - finch is a carpodacus rosefinch , and as expected , is sister to tibetan rosefinch , carpodacus roborowskii .

these three genera were formerly considered part of carduelis . the aou currently treats them all as spinus , and rejected a proposal to make these last two generic splits , also proposed by nguembock et al .

zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) found that eophona was embedded within coccothraustes . a reasonable solution to this problem is to restore the two american species to hesperiphona and leave the asian species in a reduced eophona .

forms three well - defined subfamilies # r , including euphoniinae , previously placed in thraupidae . also includes drepanidini , sometimes treated as a separate family ( as in hbw ) , but here considered merely a tribe of carduelinae . extensive phylogenetic data available , and comparatively few species remain wholly unscreened ; nonetheless , study of internal relationships has been confounded by recurring plumage patterns and use of similar feeding niches by taxa that prove to be far from closely related .

while the estrilid clade is primarily old world and southern , its passerid sister clade is cosmopolitan . more precisely , the nine - primaried oscinces are cosmopolitan , while their sister group , the passeridae , are restricted to the old world .

two proposed races from mindanao , coriaria ( described from mt kitanglad ) and apo ( from mt apo ) , both synonymized with steerei . species name sometimes spelt “ leucogenys ” , but this is an unjustified emendation . two subspecies recognized .

the sao tome shorttail ( or bocage ' s longbill ) was thought to be related to the macrosphenus longbills . when the old sylviidae were broken up , that put it in the crombec family , macrosphenidae . however , johansson et al . ( 2008b ) results suggested by it was related to the wagtails and pipits , and possibly sister to the wagtails . alström et al . ( 2015a ) found it was not only related to the wagtails , but is actually part of motacilla .

copyright © world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .

the tribes within the carduelinae are now based on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) and zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) . except for the basal position of the coccothraustini , there had previously been a lack of consensus on the relationships between the cardueline tribes . see yuri and mindell ( 2002 ) , arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2007a ) , nguembock et al . ( 2009a ) , and töpfer et al . ( 2011 ) . that has changed with the publication of lerner et al . ( 2011 ) and zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) . although the taxon sampling is different , the two papers are completely consistent at the generic level except for the placement of the pyrrhulini . zuccon et al . put the pyrhullini sister to the carduelini while lerner et al . place it sister to the carpodacini / drepanidini clade . note that “european serin” on lerner et al . ' s tree is a typo as noted in the supplementary material . it actually refers to the white - bellied canary .

there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .

not long ago , the chlorophonias and euphonias were considered tanagers . many guidebooks still list them as such , but it is not so . the aou recognized them as finches in the 44th checklist supplement ( 2003 ) , placing them in the subfamily euphoniinae . accordingly , they are placed in fringillidae as a subfamily ( groth , 1998 ; klicka et al . , 2000 ; yuri and mindell , 2002 ; zuccon et al . , 2012 ) . the hawaiian honeycreepers were once considered a separate family ( drepanididae ) . they are now thought to form a clade buried inside carduelinae ( yuri and mindell , 2002 ; arnaiz - villena et al . , 2007b ; lerner et al . , 2011 ; zuccon et al . , 2012 ) . they are treated here as a tribe within carduelinae .

the bullfinches are arranged based on töpfer et al . ( 2011 ) . kirwan and gregory ( 2005 ) established the monotypic genus eremopsaltria for the mongolian finch , separating it from bucanetes . however , they acted under the misapprehension that the mongolian finch is more likely closer to the common rosefinch than to the trumpeter finch . arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2008 ) found a rather different result , with the two bucanetes as sister taxa , and the rosefinch placed rather distantly from them . zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) confirm this .

the combination of a large number of genes and attention to the problem of discerning the true species tree in spite of incongruent gene trees has led me to use the overall structure from lerner et al . ( 2011 ) . they use a large superset of the genes used by zuccon et al . , but only sample half as many taxa . the tif tree of genera is 100 % consistent with lerner et al . , and except for the placement of pyrrhulini , is also consistent with zuccon et al . it ' s nice to see so much consensus .

this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

it ' s also not really clear how many red crossbills there are . i continue to follow the aou and bou taxonomy for the crossbills , but benkman et al . ( 2009 ) make a case for considering the “type 9” crossbills of idaho to be a separate species , south hills crossbill , loxia sinesciuris . see also parchman et al . ( 2006 ) . however , it is doubtful there ' s any real genetic differentiation ( piertney et al . , 2001 ) . i also wonder whether it would be better to lump the parrot and scottish crossbills into red crossbill .

the fringillidae start with a basal palearctic group , fringillinae . fringillinae is comprised of three species , one of which has spread across the northern palearctic . the remaining fringillidae fall into two sister clades , euphoniinae and carduelinae . the common ancestor of the euphoniinae / carduelinae clade was likely an old world species . something must connect it with the neotropical euphoniinae , but that something is missing without a trace . being geographically contiguous and more similar in appearance , the position of the carduelinae is easy to understand . euphoniinae is a mystery that unscores the importance of extinction in creating the bird distribution we currently see .

i have kept the genus akialoa merged with hemignathus as akialoa appears to be paraphyletic ( see the trees in james , 2004 ) . however , portions of hemignathus have been split off as chlorodrepanis and viridonia . this has allowed restoration of the name hemignathus wilsoni for the akiapolaau ( hemignathus munroi ) . when chlorodrepanis virens is subsumed in hemignathus , the name wilsoni belongs to a subspecies of virens . the situation with the kauai amakihi , chlorodrepanis stejnegeri is similar . in hemignathus , the name stejnegeri belongs to a subspecies of the greater akialoa , hemignathus ellisianus stejnegeri , and the kauai amakihi uses the substitute name h . kauaiensis .

price et al . ( 2014 ) included one species of gymnoris in their analysis while qu et al . ( 2006 ) examined the snowfinches . the genus tree is based on a combination of fjeldså et al . ( 2010 ) , price et al . ( 2014 ) , qu et al . ( 2006 ) and raty .

this brings us to the carduelini . it has become apparent that the north american carpodacus finches are not that closely related to the true carpodacus finches . previously , the tif list used the genus burrica , also used as a subgenus by aou ( 2nd - 5th aou checklists ) . however , the oldest available name seems to be haemorhous ( swainson 1837 , type purpurea —compare burrica ridgway , 1887 , type mexicana ) and i have now adopted that . haemorhous appears to be sister to the rest of the carduelini , and rather distantly related . perhaps it would even make sense to treat it as a separate tribe ( as done previously in the tif list ) .

the nine - primaried oscines are called that because they appear to have nine primary feathers . actually , they have ten primaries , but the tenth primary is reduced and usually hidden under the ninth primary covert ( hall , 2004 ) . this sometimes occurs in birds outside the nine - primaried oscine group , but is most characteristic of this group .

the split of the blue chaffinch , fringilla teydea , from common chaffinch , fringilla coelebs , was based on on suárez et al . ( 2009 ) . the further split of gran canaria blue chaffinch , fringilla polatzeki , from blue chaffinch , fringilla teydea , is based on suárez et al . ( 2009 ) and the analysis by sangster et al . ( 2016b ) .

one has to be careful with the genus name for the south american siskins . both sporagra ( reichenbach 1850 , type magellanica ) and pyrrhomitris ( bonaparte 1850 , type cucullata ) come into consideration . the publication date of sporagra seems to be june 1 , 1850 . the publication date for pyrrhomitris is not as clear . bonaparte ' s “conspectus generum avium” was published in sections beginning in mid - 1850 . the first part was already available in mid - june , and likely published a bit earlier , perhaps earlier than reichenbach . however , pyrrhomitris was not included in the section i , nor was it even included in the first part of section ii ( published by oct 15 , 1850 ) . it appeared in the second part of section ii ( dated nov 10 , 1850 and certainly published before feb 3 , 1851 ) . if i understand the iczn correctly , the parts should be treated as separate publications , in which case it appeared either in the later part of 1850 or early 1851 . that would give priority to reichenbach ' s sporagra . in this case there is further evidence of which was published first . bonaparte refers to sporagra on page 516 , the page before he establishes pyrrhomitris .

although pratt ( 2009 ) has established the genus manucerthia for the hawaiian creeper , loxops mana , i have not adopted it . lerner et al . ( 2011 ) make clear that the hawaiian creeper is sister to the other loxops . moreover , they shared a common ancestor about 2 million years ago and do not seem so different as to justify introducing an extra genus into a tribe that already has too many genera .

i moved sillem ' s mountain - finch ( rediscovered in june 2012 ) from leucosticte ( pyrrhulini ) to carpodacus based on a photo of what is believed to be the female . when roselaar ( 1992 ) named sillem ' s rosefinch , he put it in leucosticte . at the time , the female plumage was unknown . the other leucosticte have female plumages that are only slightly different from the male , usually just duller . as roselaar pointed out , if it has a distinctive female plumage , it would more likely related to kozlowia ( now part of carpodacus ) than to leucosticte . more recently , muzika ( 2014 ) has made the same point . yann muzika ' s photo of the probable female sillem ' s shows a bird that is quite different from the adult male . see kazmierczak and muzika ( 2012 ) for an account of this rediscovery and muzika ( 2014 ) for further observations .

the arrangement of the rosefinches is based on tietze et al . ( 2013 ) . their analysis has much in common with zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) , but is more comprehensive . now that we had a decent understanding of how the rosefinches relate , it makes sense to put the whole group in the genus carpodacus . there is a basal clade consisting of the common rosefinch ( previously moved to erythrina ) and the scarlet finch ( aka haematospiza ) .

as mentioned above , how the tribes with the carduelinae relate has been somewhat contentious . there is considerable agreement that the holarctic coccothraustini are basal . the results of nguembock et al . ( 2009a ) suggested that carpodacus and pyrrhula were fairly closely related to each other , as did töpfer et al . ( 2011 ) . neither had much to say about their relation to the hawaiian honeycreepers ( drepanidini ) . zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) were unable to clearly resolve the position of the honeycreepers ( see fig . 2 ) , but lerner et al . ( 2011 ) place them sister to the rosefinches ( carpodacini ) . the two together are then sister to the bullfinches and many arid - zone finches ( pyrrhulini ) . lerner et al . place the whole lot of them are sister to carduelini , which includes the american red finches ( previously separated as a tribe ) . as mentioned before , zuccon et al . disagree , placing pyrrhulini sister to carduelini .

it ' s not entirely clear whether subgenus pseudochloroptila belongs in subgenus ochrospiza , so they are kept separate . both the yemen serin , crithagra menachensis , and ankober serin , crithagra ankoberensis , remain somewhat mysterious . these have be considered conspecific by some , or in separate genera by others . i have little confidence in their placement here ( hence the blue color on the tree ) , but it seems at least as reasonable as any other . this clade is expected to get a revision when more information becomes available .

the arrangement of the finches is based on several sources . i originally relied on groth ( 1998 ) , klicka et al . 2007 , and arnaiz - villena et al . ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2007a , b , 2008 ) . their studies have included a substantial number of finch species . however , some monotypic genera had been left out ( e . g . , callacanthis , chaunoproctus , kozlowia , neospiza ) . these have all been included in the analysis by zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) .

the redpolls themselves are an interesting case . it ' s not clear how many redpoll species there are . there is evidence that at least two are good biological species ( e . g . , knox , 1988 ) . in fact , knox et al . ( 2001 ) support separation of lesser redpoll , acanthis cabaret . however , genetic studies have failed to find any differences between lesser and common redpolls ( ottvall et al . , 2002 ) . worse , marthinsen et al . ( 2008 ) found little genetic difference between any of the redpolls ! there may be only one redpoll species . indeed , mason and taylor ' s detailed study using snp ' s ( 2015 ) found little genetic differentiation among the redpolls . at this point the balance of the evidence is that there is only one species involved . as a result , i ' ve lumped them all as a single species , holarctic redpoll , acanthis flammea . i thought about referring to them as just “redpolls” , but added the adjective holarctic to emphasize that all races have been grouped together .

arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2008 ) found that the dark - breasted rosefinch , formerly carpodacus nipalensis belongs in the same clade close to leucosticte . rather than folding it in leucosticte , i restored the genus name procarduelis ( blyth 1843 ) . i had previously noted that blanford ' s rosefinch is thought to be close to nipalensis . indeed , zuccon et al . found it in the other portion of this clade . it is sufficently distant from its sister group ( callacanthis and pyrrhoplectes ) to deserve a separate genus . zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) established the name agraphospiza for it .

the most astonishing change in the passeridae is due to fjeldså et al . ( 2010 ) . they found that the cinnamon ibon , long thought to be an abberant white - eye , is actually a sparrow . this is a canopy bird from the cloud - forest of mindanao , in the philippines . it ' s a long way from anything we think of as sparrows . it ' s also a long way physically . the nearest native populations of any sparrows are on the asian mainland . nonetheless , it is a sparrow . indeed , fjeldså et al . report than its skull is similar to a sparrow , and that it has many other features in common with the other passeridae .

more surprisingly , alström et al . ( 2015a ) also found that the madanga is actually a pipit , not a white - eye ( sylviioidea : zosteropidae ) . in fact , it falls in the genus anthus . its closest relative seems to be the alpine pipit , anthus gutturalis . laurent raty has pointed out a complication . in 1831 , lesson used the name anthus ruficollis . the madanga wasn ' t named until 1923 by rothschild and hartert , so lesson ' s ruficollis has priority if both species are placed in anthus . the fact that lesson ' s ruficollis is a junior synonym of anthus cervinus ( orginally motacilla cervina pallas 1811 ) does not eliminate the conflict . until either a new name is proposed or lesson ' s name anthus ruficollis is suppressed , the madanga won ' t have a proper scientic name . for the present , i will refer to it as anthus “ruficollis” .

song is a rich , rather clear " prr - trweeet - a - troweeet " , " tri - a - tr - a i - i - t tra - tr - u - wa - ey " , or . . .

largely sedentary in n pakistan . elsewhere an altitudinal migrant , descending to lower levels in . . .

not globally threatened . common to locally common . rare in w nepal , where possibly breeds , but may be only a scarce non - breeding visitor .

only subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !

only members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !

also available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 € ( instead of 59 . 90 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 € ( instead of 89 . 85 € )

view more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .

also available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 € ( instead of 89 . 9 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 € ( instead of 134 . 85 € )

there is a registration fee of 20€ . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .

if you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : mycerobas icterioides . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en "

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .

you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .

avibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 763 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy

the articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .

; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please

male at bhandak thaatch ( 8500 ft . ) in kullu - manali distt . of himachal pradesh , india

male at bhandak thaatch ( 8500 ft . ) in kullu - manali distt . of himachal pradesh , india .

male at guna pani ( 9000 ft . ) in kullu - manali distt . of himachal pradesh , india .

female at bhandak thaatch ( 8500 ft . ) in kullu - manali distt . of himachal pradesh , india .

popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en " " urltoken "

the passeridae are seed - eating birds , primarily distributed in the southern portion of the palearctic , but ranging into the afrotropics . several passerids are closely associated with humans , especially the ubiquitous house sparrow , which has spread worldwide .

the order of species in passer does not seem to be quite correct , but allende et al . ( 2001 ) do not consider enough species for reorganization of passer to be helpful at this time . moreover , their results were quite soft . qu et al . ( 2006 ) was helpful concerning the snowfinch genera .

finally , the asian subspecies zarudny ' s sparrow , passer zarudnyi , has been split from desert sparrow , passer simplex , which now contains only the african subspecies ( kirwan et al . , 2009 ) .

puna pipit , anthus brevirostris , has been split from short - billed pipit , anthus furcatus .

south georgia pipit , anthus antarcticus , has been lumped into correndera pipit , anthus correndera due to very small dna differences between them .

zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) found evidence that the antillean euphonia is more closely related to the chlorophonias than to most euphonias . the two other blue - headed species are usually considered closely related to musica ( sometimes treated as one species under the name blue - hooded euphonia ) , so all three have been placed in the genus cyanophonia ( bonaparte 1851 , type musica ) .

i follow aou in listing three north american rosy - finches . some have even suggested further splitting the gray - crowned rosy - finch . they have also been all been lumped into one species in the past . drovetski et al . ( 2009 ) find little genetic difference between the three , suggesting that they may be lumped again .

the rest of carpodacus splits into two clades . the first ranges from blyth ' s rosefinch to taiwan rosefinch . the taiwan rosefinch , carpodacus formosanus , has been split from vinaceous rosefinch , carpodacus vinaceus , based on wu et al . ( 2011 ) .

the now - reduced serinus comes next , followed by the tibetan serin . it ' s in chionomitris rather than serinus .

ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2

przevalski ' s finch , previously called pink - tailed rosefinch , is a relict member of an ancient separate lineage that is as old as , or older than other families of finches ; it belongs in its own monotypic family urocynchramidae , with a name change ( groth 2000 , päckert et al . 2016 )

classification of fringillidae revised for v3 . 3 ; see especially zuccon et al . 2012

split gran canaria blue finch from [ tenerife ] blue chaffinch ( sangster et al . 2015 )

( zuccon et al . 2012 , cf kirwan & gregory 2005 , bli , hbw )

( tietze et al . 2013 , cf rasmussen & anderton 2005 , ioc 3 . 5 ) . restore english name to great rosefinch

has priority for species name . change english name to pink - rumped rosefinch ( hbw , clements , h & m 3 )

( wu et al . 2011 , tietze et al . 2013 ; cf collar 2004 )

hawaiian honeycreepers resequenced following pratt 2005 , lerner et al . 2011 ; see also nacc 2015 . needs review of oversplit genera .

island populations of the akepa are recognized as separate species ( nacc 2015 - b - 4c ) ; add island name ( hawaii ) to akepa .

based on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) phylogeny ; see also pratt 2005 .

, is preoccupied by a subspecies of greater akialoa . that conflict no longer exists with placement of kauai amakihi in

( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 )

( tschusi , 1901 ) as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .

( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 , nacc )

recognized by bou ( ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 )

pending future analyses ( knox 2001 , ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 , mason & taylor 2015 , bou , h & m4 , nacc 2017 - b - 7 )

taczanowski , 1879 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .

( zuccon et al . 2012 , also arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , ryan et al . 2004 )

from thraupidae to a new monotypic family rhodinocichlidae , which follows calcariidae ( barker et al . 2013 , 2015 ; nacc 2017 - b - 6 ) . eng [ 8 . 1 ] = lower case ' tanager '

song a loud " tew " followed by a rapidly repeated metallic trisyllabic " tyatlinka - tlinka " ; also has . . .

season late may to early aug ; probably two broods . pairs form from break - up of winter flocks , by early may . nest built by female , a cup of . . .

clement , p . ( 2018 ) . orange bullfinch ( pyrrhula aurantiaca ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

present also , race uncertain ( perhaps nominate ) , on panay , in wc philippines .

clement , p . ( 2018 ) . white - cheeked bullfinch ( pyrrhula leucogenis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .