saphenista subsphragidias is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in tungurahua province , ecuador .

the wingspan is about 21 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is creamy white with yellowish-creamy suffusions and some brownish dots .

the hindwings are white creamy , tinged with yellowish at the apex .

saphenista subsphragidias

saphenista subsphragidias <EOT> this is the place for subsphragidias definition . you find here subsphragidias meaning , synonyms of subsphragidias and images for subsphragidias copyright 2017 © urltoken

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subsphragidias razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 298 tl : ecuador , tunggurahua province , patate . holotype : vbc . female .

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burreus razowski , in heppner , 1995 ( saphenista ) , atlas neotropical lepid . checklist 2 : 140 . no type

milicha razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 211 tl : mexico , veracruz , banderilla . holotype : eme . female .

mira razowski , 1989 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 17 : 206 . tl : guatemala , volcn santa maria . holotype : usnm . female .

dexia razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 454 tl : costa rica , volcn turrialba . holotype : mnrj . female .

novaelimae razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 104 . tl : brazil , nova lima . holotype : vbc . male .

perlaria razowski & becker , 2010 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 442 . tl : ecuador , carchi , maldonado . holotype : vbc . female .

teopiscana razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 450 tl : mexico , chiapas , teopisca . holotype : mnrj . male .

alpha razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 101 . tl : ecuador , carchi , maldonado . holotype : vbc . female .

beta razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 102 . tl : ecuador , carchi , maldonado . holotype : vbc . female .

brunneomaculata razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( saphenista ) , genus 19 : 503 . tl : ecuador , province pichincha , pululahua , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .

carchiana razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 299 tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .

chiriboga razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( saphenista ) , genus 19 : 502 . tl : ecuador , province pichincha , chiriboga , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . female .

chlorfascia razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 103 . tl : ecuador , carchi , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .

contermina razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 298 tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , patate . holotype : vbc . male .

cryptogramma razowski & becker , 1994 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 22 : 28 . tl : brazil , par , belm . holotype : mnrj . female .

fluida razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 402 tl : mexico , veracruz , fortn de las flores . holotype : eme . female .

lineata razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 300 tl : ecuador , azuay province , cajas . holotype : vbc . male .

livida razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 402 tl : mexico , durango , 11 mi e revolcaderos . holotype : eme . male .

merana razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 299 tl : ecuador , pastaza province , mera . holotype : vbc . male .

nauphraga razowski & becker , 1983 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 26 : 422 tl : brazil , santa catarina , brusque . holotype : mnrj . male .

nongrata razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 397 tl : mexico , veracruz , fortn de las flores . holotype : eme . female .

nuda razowski & becker , 1999 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 323 tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : mrsn . male .

ochraurea razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 296 tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . female .

pululahuana razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( saphenista ) , genus 19 : 503 . tl : ecuador , province pichincha , chiriboga , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .

rufozodion razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 297 tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .

scalena razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 103 . tl : ecuador , carchi , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .

turguinoa razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 69 . tl : cuba , santiago , turguino . holotype : vbc . male .

absidata razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 216 tl : mexico , sinaloa , 8 mi w el palmito . holotype : eme . female .

ceteora razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 297 tl : brazil , minas gerais , nova lima . holotype : vbc . female .

cnemiodota razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 214 tl : mexico , mexico , 10 air km se amecameca . holotype : eme . female .

cyphoma razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 220 tl : mexico , mexico , 10 air km se amecameca . holotype : eme . female .

delapsa razowski , 1990 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 18 : 340 . tl : mexico , guerrero , 16 km nw iguala . holotype : eme . female .

embolina razowski , 1984 ( saphenista ) , ann . zool . 38 : 277 . tl : venezuela , merida , 4 km s santo domingo . holotype : usnm . female .

gilva razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 453 tl : costa rica , cartago province , turrialba . holotype : mnrj . male .

glorianda razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 401 tl : mexico , nuevo leon , 4 mi w iturbide . holotype : eme . male .

illimis razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 400 tl : mexico , sinaloa , 8 mi w el palmito . holotype : eme . male .

imaginaria razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 452 tl : costa rica , cartago province , turrialba . holotype : mnrj . male .

mediocris razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 398 tl : mexico , nuevo leon , 4 mi w iturbide . holotype : eme . female .

ochrapex razowski & becker , 2010 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 443 . tl : ecuador , napo prov . , baeza . holotype : vbc . female .

parabeta razowski & becker , 2010 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 441 . tl : ecuador , loja prov . , loja . holotype : vbc . male .

paraconsona razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 296 tl : brazil , minas gerais , nova lima . holotype : vbc . female .

ryrsiloba razowski , 1990 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 18 : 339 . tl : mexico , mexico , chilpango de los bravos . holotype : eme . female .

saragurae razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 8 . tl : ecuador , province loja , saraguro . holotype : mzuj . female .

solisae razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 104 . tl : mexico , tamaulipas , gomez farias . holotype : vbc . male .

subperlaria razowski & becker , 2010 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 443 . tl : ecuador , loja prov . , loja . holotype : vbc . male .

temperata razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 399 tl : mexico , tamaulipas , 12 mi sw ciudad victoria . holotype : eme . female .

tufinoa razowski , 1999 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 323 tl : ecuador , carchi province , 35 km w tufino . holotype : cmnh . male .

amusa razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 170 tl : peru , dept . puno , 5 km w limbani . holotype : zmuc . female .

chasia razowski & becker , 2010 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 444 . tl : brazil , rio de janeiro , nova friburgo . holotype : vbc . female .

consona razowski & becker , 1983 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 26 : 423 tl : brazil , paran , banhado , quatro barras . holotype : mnrj . male .

endomycha razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 96 . tl : costa rica , puntarenas province , monteverde . holotype : eme . female .

euprepia razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 171 tl : peru , dept . cajamarca , 10 km w huambos . holotype : zmuc . male .

juvenca razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 455 tl : costa rica , cartago province , volcn turrialba . holotype : mnrj . female .

lathridia razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 457 tl : costa rica , cartago province , volcn turrialba . holotype : mnrj . male .

orescia razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 456 tl : mexico , distrito federal , parque nacional zoquiapan . holotype : mnrj . female .

pyrczi razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 123 . tl : ecuador , prov . napo , papallacta . holotype : mzuj . male .

rosariana razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 70 . tl : cuba , pinar rio , sierra rosario . holotype : vbc . male .

runtuna razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 124 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua , banos , runtun . holotype : mzuj . male .

sclerorhaphia razowski & becker , 1994 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 22 : 29 . tl : brazil , santa catarina , so joaquin . holotype : mnrj . female .

solda razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 212 tl : mexico , veracruz , 22 rd km w ciudad mendoza . holotype : eme . male .

splendida razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 297 tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , indanza . holotype : vbc . female .

allasia razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 205 tl : ecuador , napo province , via santa barbara - la bonita . holotype : eme . female .

consectaria razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo ent . 62 : 118 . tl : mexico , sonora , cuchujaqui , 8 rd mi e alamos . holotype : lacm . male .

consulta razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 400 tl : costa rica , puntarenas province , 6 km s san vito . holotype : eme . male .

leuconigra razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( saphenista ) , genus 19 : 502 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , res . forest golondrinas , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .

multistrigata walsingham , 1914 ( saphenista ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 296 . tl : mexico , veracruz , atoyac . holotype : bmnh . male .

oreada razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 456 tl : mexico , chiapas , san cristobal de las casas . holotype : mnrj . female .

praia razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 399 tl : costa rica , puntarenas province , 6 km s san vito . holotype : eme . male .

ambidextria razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 222 tl : mexico , veracruz , caon las minas , 13 km ne perote . holotype : eme . female .

burrens razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 169 tl : peru , huanuco , 25 km ne huanuco , cordillera carpish pattytrail . holotype : zmuc . female .

constipata razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 216 tl : mexico , veracruz , caon las minas , 13 km ne perote . holotype : eme . female .

cubana razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 71 . tl : cuba , santiago , sierra maestra p . cuba . holotype : vbc . male .

incauta razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 456 tl : costa rica , cartago province , santa cruz , turrialba . holotype : mnrj . male .

onychina razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 452 tl : costa rica , cartago province , santa cruz , turrialba . holotype : mnrj . female .

rafaeliana razowski , 1989 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 17 : 206 . tl : colombia , cauca , paramo de parace , lake san rafael . holotype : usnm . male .

rawlinsiana razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 211 tl : ecuador , azuay province , azuay pass , 8 km ne giron . holotype : cmnh . male .

simillima razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 71 . tl : cuba , santiago , sierra maestra p . cuba . holotype : vbc . male .

cuscana razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 78 . tl : peru , prov . cusco , cordillera vilcanota , marcapata . holotype : mzuj . male .

eranna razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 453 tl : costa rica , san jos province , parque nacional braulio carrillo . holotype : mnrj . female .

erasmia razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 92 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , 7 km se caon . holotype : eme . male .

omoea razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 169 tl : peru , dept . puno , 15 km e ayaviri , laguna huascacocha . holotype : zmuc . male .

orichalcana razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 451 tl : costa rica , san jos province , parque nacional braulio carrillo . holotype : mnrj . male .

peruviana razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 170 tl : peru , dept . apurimac , 12 km n abancay , cerro turonmocco . holotype : zmuc . male .

epiera razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 96 . tl : costa rica , alajeula province , n slope volcn de rincon . holotype : eme . male .

phenax razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 198 tl : costa rica , san jos province , estacin carrillo , parque nacional braulio carrillo . holotype : eme . male .

semistrigata forbes , 1931 ( saphenista ) , j . dep . agric . p . r . 15 ( 4 ) : 355 . tl : puerto rico , luquillo mountains . holotype : cuic . female .

xysta razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 202 tl : costa rica , alajuela province , ro sarapiqui , 6 air km san miguel . holotype : eme . male .

campalita razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 171 tl : peru , dept . lima , 10 km n oyn , quabrada quichas , pueblo quichas . holotype : zmuc . male .

discrepans razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 196 tl : costa rica , alajuela province , ne slope volcn pos , 8 km n vara blanca . holotype : eme . male .

rufoscripta razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 78 . tl : peru , dept . huanuco , via huanuco - tingo maria , carpish . holotype : mzuj . male .

chloromixta razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 93 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . female .

eneilema razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 90 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .

ephimera razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 88 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .

epipolea razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 92 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .

ereba razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 94 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .

gnathmocera razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 92 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .

melema razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 94 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . female .

storthingoloba razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 93 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .

pascana razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 78 . tl : peru , dept . pasco , p . n . yanachaga chemillen , refugio el cedro . holotype : mzuj . male .

peraviae razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 202 tl : dominican republic , dominican republic ( peravia , 3 km sw la nuez , tributary ro las cuevas ) . holotype : cmnh . female .

bimaculata nishida & adamski , 2004 ( saphenista ) , proc . ent . soc . wash . 106 : 136 . tl : costa rica , san jos province , cerro de la muerte , villa mills . holotype : inbio . male .

muerta nishida & adamski , 2004 ( saphenista ) , proc . ent . soc . wash . 106 : 135 . tl : costa rica , san jos province , cerro de la muerte , villa mills . holotype : inbio . male .

chanostium razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 124 . tl : ecuador , prov . napo , morona - santiago , n . p . sangay , via guamote - macas . holotype : mzuj . female .

rivadeneirai razowski & pelz , 2001 ( saphenista ) , nachrbl . ent . ver . apollo ( n . f . ) 22 : 23 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , macas , proao , alshi , 5 km sw alshi . holotype : vpc . male .

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aculeata razowski , 1967 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 171 tl : ecuador , chimborazo province , huigra . holotype : bmnh . male .

aeraria razowski , 1967 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 170 tl : peru , cuzco mountains . holotype : bmnh . male .

anaxia clarke , 1968 ( amallectis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 32 . tl : guatemala , volcn santa mara . holotype : usnm . female .

cinigmula razowski & becker , 1986 ( lasiothyris ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 462 tl : mexico , veracruz , estacin biologica las tuxtlas . holotype : mnrj . female .

cordifera meyrick , 1932 ( phtheochroa ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 267 . tl : bolivia , ro songo . holotype : nhmv . unknown .

delicatulana zeller , 1877 ( conchylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 137 . tl : colombia , bogot . holotype : bmnh . male .

deliphrobursa razowski , 1992 ( phalonidia ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 97 . tl : costa rica , puntarenas province , monteverde . holotype : eme . female .

domna clarke , 1968 ( amallectis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 34 . tl : colombia , nario , volcn galeras . holotype : usnm . male .

frangula clarke , 1968 ( amallectis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 30 . tl : venezuela , aragua , rancho grande . holotype : usnm . female .

lacteipalpis walsingham , 1891 ( conchylis ) , proc . zool . soc . london 1891 : 500 . tl : west indies , st . vincent ( westward side ) . holotype : bmnh . male .

lactaipalpis razowski , 1967 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 175 no type

lassa razowski , 1986 ( aethes ) , ann . zool . 40 : 390 . tl : mexico , sinaloa , 8 mi w el palmito . holotype : eme . female .

nephelodes clarke , 1968 ( amallectis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 27 . tl : bolivia , cochabamba , incachaca , tropical cloud area . holotype : usnm . male .

nomonana kearfott , 1907 ( phalonia ) , can . ent . 39 : 84 . tl : usa , california , carmel . holotype : amnh . male .

voluntaria meyrick , 1912 ( phalonia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type

parvimaculana walsingham , 1879 ( cochylis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 30 . tl : usa , california , shasta co . , hatchet creek . holotype : bmnh . male .

penai clarke , 1968 ( amallectis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 28 . tl : bolivia , cochabamba , incachaca , tropical cloud area . holotype : usnm . female .

praefasciata meyrick , 1932 ( phalonia ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 266 . tl : costa rica , irazu . holotype : nhmv . male .

pruinosana zeller , 1877 ( conchylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 129 . tl : colombia , bogot . syntypes : bmnh . male , female .

saxicolana walsingham , 1879 ( cochylis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 29 . tl : usa , south oregon . lectotype : bmnh . male .

sphragidias meyrick , 1932 ( phalonia ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 265 . tl : bolivia , andes . holotype : nhmv . female .

substructa meyrick , 1927 ( phtheochroa ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 367 . tl : colombia , mt . tolima . holotype : bmnh . female .

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dichomeris ustalella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it is found in south-eastern siberia , the caucasus , transcaucasia , korea , japan , china ( zhejiang , jiangxi , yunnan ) and europe , where it has been recorded from most of the continent , except for ireland , the iberian peninsula and scandinavia .

the wingspan is 15 – 20 mm .

adults are on wing in may and june .

the larvae feed on tilia cordata , corylus heterophylla var .

thunbergii , betula , carpinus and acer species , as well as fagus silvatica and quercus serrata .

they feed from in between leaves spun together .

dichomeris ustalella

dichomeris ustalella <EOT> a very local species , known only from a couple of localities in worcestershire and south wales . it was found in the 19th century in worcestershire , but remained undetected again until 1987 when it was rediscovered there . it is still a very rare and local species .

) , between leaves spun together , although on the continent a number of other foodplants are noted .

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tilia cordata ( small - leaved lime ) , see plant distribution map . in europe , also reported to use betula pendula ( silver birch ) , carpinus betulus ( hornbeam ) , corylus avellana ( hazel ) , fagus sylvatica ( beech ) , salix sp . ( willows ) , prunus sp . and acer campestre ( field maple ) .

between flatly spun leaves eating out holes between the veins or occasionally between a spun bract and leaf .

larva : feeds between flatly spun leaves or a leaf and a bract , overwintering from october in a folded leaf on the ground .

adult : has been known to rest in the sunshine on a leaf of the foodplant and comes to light .

distinctive palps and the dark , rich reddish - brown with the central golden - ochreous suffusion rule out any other species .

single - brooded , flying from late may to june , occasionally into early july .

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we have no records for this species in sussex in the sxbrc database as yet . . .

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notes : endangered ( proposed as a future red data book species ) and confined to shrawley wood , worcestershire , where rediscovered in 1987 after not having been seen for many years , and monmouthshire , where found for the first time in june 1999 . unlikely to be recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight . wingspan 15 . 5 - 22 mm . larva feeds on small - leaved lime , living between leaves spun together with silk .

2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr ole karsholt

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pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi

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a very local and rare species in belgium , except for old records from brabant and luxembourg lately only observed in namur .

the larva lives between spun leaves on carpinus , betula , or salix . pupation takes places amongst detritus on the ground .

belgium , namur , doische , 20 may 2005 . ( photo © chris steeman )


dichocoenia stellaris , commonly known as pancake star coral , is a species of stony coral in the family meandrinidae .

it is found in the west indies and the bahamas .

its form is a flat , platform-like structure and it is usually found in deeper water than the closely related pineapple coral ( dichocoenia stokesi ) .

some authorities consider these to be the same species while other authorities regard them as distinct .

dichocoenia stellaris

dichocoenia stellaris <EOT> specimen details : dichocoenia stellaris milne edwards & haime , 1849 specimen : usnm 84894 image type : image view : colony ; dichocoenia sp . ; scale : reference : locality : - enlarge image -

specimen details : dichocoenia stellaris milne edwards & haime , 1849 specimen : usnm 84894 image type : image view : calice ; dichocoenia sp . ; scale : reference : locality : - enlarge image -

dichocoenia stokesi . caribbean . colony with tentacles extended at night . charlie veron .

dichocoenia stokesi . caribbean . this species commonly forms small spherical colonies . charlie veron .

e . c . peters ( personal communication ) considers the recent caribbean genus dichocoenia to consist of only one highly polymorphic species ( manuscript in preparation ) . cairns ( 1982 ) and zlatarski and estalella ( 1982 ) both synonymized d . stellaris with this species .

taxonomic note : taxonomic note : colonies from lower reef slopes or shaded habitats have markedly smaller corallites than those from more exposed environments and are usually identified as dichocoenia stellaris ( see wells , 1973b ) . source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic references : roos ( 1971 ) , wells ( 1973b ) , cairns ( 1982 ) . additional identification guides : colin ( 1978 ) , humann ( 1993 ) .

in the western atlantic , this coral was been divided into two species ( d . stokesii and d . stellaris ) , although most researchers lump both corals in d . stokesii . cairns et al . ( 1999 ) regard the two as distinct .

este estudio , cuarto y último donde se describen los arrecifes coralinos de bocas del toro y su estado de conservación en forma individual , contempla a 14 arrecifes continentales en 129 km de costa comprendidos entre la península valiente y el río calovébora . se encontró una cobertura de coral vivo promedio para esta región de 17 . 1 % ( " 3 . 6 % ) , principalmente en el sector occidental de la península , en particular la zona interna de bahía bluefield , y en el sector de tobobe . la cobertura de coral aumenta con la profundidad ( 5 m ) en la mayoría de los arrecifes . dos especies de coral , porites furcata y acropora palmata , dominan las aguas superficiales . el coral acropora palmata se encontró abundante en seis de los 14 arrecifes estudiados concentrándose su mayor presencia hacia el sector de la ensenada tobobe y punta valiente . los patrones de reclutamiento son similares en distribución a los de mayor cobertura , presentándose densidades promedios de 4 reclutas / m² ( hasta 9 reclutas / m² ) principalmente agaricia spp . , porites astreoides y siderastrea siderea . la mayor diversidad de corales y esponjas se registró hacia el sector occidental de península valiente encontrandose 55 especies de corales en el área de estudio , incluyendo dos nuevos registros para bocas del toro ( 59 especies en total ) ; dichocoenia stellaris y madracis luciphila , incrementando también la diversidad de corales de panamá a 65 especies . se encontraron 24 especies de octocorales , informándose por primera vez tres especies : gorgonia mariae , muriceopsis sulphurea y muricea laxa , aumentando así en un 10 % la diversidad de bocas del toro a 32 especies en total . se registraron cinco nuevas especies de esponjas , lo que representa un incremento del 9 % en el número de especies que hacen un total de 58 para bocas del toro . la diversidad total de esponjas en el área de estudio fue de 48 especies . se encontraron grandes poblaciones de acropora palmata en la ensenada de tobobe lo que justifica , una vez más , la necesidad de modificar el área protegida actual de forma que se incorpore dentro de los planes de conservación este nuevo sector .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

justification : this species is listed as data deficient as there is no reliable information on population status , and there are taxonomic uncertainties on the validity of the species . if this species is shown to be valid , and to be affected by white plague at levels similar to that observed in d . stokesii , this species may qualify for listing in a threatened category due to its low abundance .

this species occurs in the caribbean , southern gulf of mexico , florida ( including the florida middle grounds ) , and the bahamas .

this species is usually uncommon . this is a deep - water species , often classified as the more abundant and closely related

, and there is no reliable information on its current population status . ( aronson , r . , precht , w . , moore , j . , weil , e . , and bruckner , a . pers . comm . )

there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is particularly susceptible to bleaching , disease , and other threats and therefore population decline is based on both the percentage of destroyed reefs and critical reefs that are likely to be destroyed within 20 years ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .

the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .

this species is found in fore reef habitats below 15 m . coexists with d . stokesii in deeper water . ( aronson , r . , precht , w . , moore , j . , weil , e . , and bruckner , a . pers . comm . ) this species may be found to 22 m .

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milne edwards h , haime j ( 1849 ) recherches sur les polypiers . mémoire 4 . monographie des astréides . annales des sciences naturelles , zoologie , series 3 , 12 : 95 - 197 . [ details ]

hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .

milne edwards & haime , 1848 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 289806 on 2018 - 07 - 09

cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

zlatarski v . n . ; martinez e . n . ( 1982 ) . les scléractiniaires de cuba avec des données sur les organismes associés . editions l’académie bulgare des sciences , sofia . 472 pp . [ details ]

m . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda

colonies form rounded heads , domes or flattened plates . rounded colonies may reach 40 cm in diameter . the

humann , p . , 1993 . reef coral identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .

roos , p . j . , 1964 . the distribution of reef corals in curacao . stud . fauna curacao , 20 : 1 - 51 .

roos , p . j . , 1971 . the shallow - water stony corals of the netherlands antilles . studies on the fauna of curaçao and other caribbean islands , 130 .

voss , g . l . , 1976 . seashore life of florida and the carribbean . banyan books , inc . miami , florida .

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cites is an international agreement between governments , aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .

late pliocene moin fm ( santarosa ) . pueblo nuevo , limon , costa rica , southwest caribbean . late pliocene - early pleistocene manchioneal formation . navy island , port antonio , jamaica , central caribbean . moin fm ( lomas del mar ) . & nbsplomas ; del mar , limon , costa rica , southwest caribbean . & nbspportete ; , limon , costa rica , southwest caribbean . early pleistocene manchioneal formation . & nbspnavy ; island , port antonio , jamaica , central caribbean . & nbspport ; antonio , port antonio , jamaica , central caribbean . middle pleistocene middle terrace . hato , curacao , south caribbean . middle pleistocene - late pleistocene san andres formation . san andres , san andres , central caribbean . late pleistocene lower terrace . hato , curacao , south caribbean . recent recent 10 - 20m . discovery bay , jamaica , central caribbean . > 30m . discovery bay , jamaica , central caribbean .

colonies are massive , often spherical , or may form thick submassive plates . corallites are evenly spaced , plocoid or ploco - meandroid . septo - costae are usually in two neatly alternating orders .

colour : a distinctive orange - brown with white septo - costae , rarely green .

© 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3 . 0

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arrecifes coralinos de bocas del toro , panamá : iv . distribución , estructura y estado de conservación de los arrecifes continentales de península valiente

geo - spatial location , chronological period , research sample ( gender , age , etc . )

the following 6 pages are in this category , out of 6 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .

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cairns , s . d . , d . r . calder , a . brinckmann - voss , c . b . castro , d . g . fautin , p . r . pugh , c . e . mills , w . c . jaap , m . n . arai , s . h . d . haddock , and d . m . opresko . 2002 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : cnidaria and ctenophora . 2nd edition . american fisheries society , special publication 28 , bethesda , maryland . 115 pp .

widespread distribution in the tropical western atlantic , occurs on most classes of marine hardbottom communities , and has recently been classfied as common in much of its range , with more than 50 localities having been recorded . but it has been designated as vulnerable by the iucn in part because of recent declines . more information is needed .

due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to

there are records for more than 50 localities between urltoken and the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission invertebrate collection and this species has a relatively large range .

common on low - relief hardbottom communities , patch reefs , fringing reefs , spur and groove reefs , transitional reefs and deeper intermediate reefs .

all coral reefs are being adversely affected by bleaching from rising ocean temperatures and water temperatures in 2005 were the warmest they ' d been in 150 years ( eakin et al . 2010 ) . coral disease , bleaching , sedimentation , and habitat loss are threats to this species and ocean acidification and climate change may be ( aronson et al . 2008 ) .

a 2008 iucn assessment estimated an approximate 38 % loss in the short term over its entire range ( aronson et al . 2008 ) .

( > 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( greater than 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) widespread distribution in the tropical western atlantic , including the gulf of mexico , southern florida , bahamas , mexico , jamaica , belize , cuba , puerto rico , bermuda , curacao and bonaire and south to northern south america .

distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .

a79bak02fcus : low reported recruitment rates . little information on reproductive ecology in resources consulted .

p91pet01fcus : protozoan parasites , diseases of unknown etiology . a90ghi01fcus : susceptible to bleaching ( loss of zooxanthellae ) due to adverse environmental conditions . a81ant02fcus : seldom inflicted with black band disease , never reported with white band disease . a15vau01fcus : growth rate measured at 2 - 7 mm / yr increase in diameter and 2 - 5 . 2 mm / yr increase in height . p93pet01fcus : slow growth rate at 1 - 2 mm / yr .

overall depth range from 2 - 40 + m , but typically occurs from 3 - 20 m on most classes of marine hardbottom communities .

data needed on reproduction and recruitment patterns . information needed on susceptibility to sedimentation and eutrophication .

four components to a stony coral element occurrence : 1 . ) determine size and boundary of site to be surveyed , 2 . ) determine density of colonies via quadrats , 3 . ) determine size distribution of colonies with a note on maximum colony size , and 4 . ) provide habitat description .

use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .

zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .

almy , c . c . , jr . and carrion - torres , c . 1963 . shallow - water stony corals of puerto rico . caribbean journal of science 3 : 133 - 162 .

aronson , r . , a . bruckner , j . moore , b . precht , and e . weil . 2008 . [ various coral species treatments ] in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 4 . urltoken .

bak , r . p . m . 1975 . ecological aspects of the distribution of reef corals in the netherlands antilles . bijdragen tot de dierkunde 45 : 181 - 190 .

bak , r . p . m . and elgershuizen , j . h . b . w . 1976 . patterns of oil - sediment rejection in corals . marine biology 37 : 105 - 113 .

bak , r . p . m . , brouns , j . j . w . m . and heys , f . m . l . 1977 . regeneration aspects of spatial competition in the scleractinian corals agaricia agaricites and montastrea annularis . proceedings of the 3rd international coral reef symposium 1 : 143 - 148 .

cairns , s . d . 1982 . stony corals of carrie bow cay , belize . smithsonian contributions to the marine sciences 12 : 271 - 302 .

cairns , s . d . , calder , d . r . , brinckman - voss , a . , castro , c . b . , pugh , p . r . , cutress , c . e . , jaap , w . c . , fautin , d . g . , larson , r . j . , harbison , g . r . , arai , m . n . and opresko , d . m . 1991 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : cnidaria and ctenophora . american fisheries society special publication 22 , bethesda , maryland . 75 pp .

colin , p . l . 1978 . caribbean reef invertebrates and plants . thf publications , hong kong . 512 pp .

dahlgren , e . j . 1989 . gorgonian community structure and reef zonation patterns on yucatan coral reefs . bull . mar . sci . 45 ( 3 ) : 678 - 696

dodge , r . e . , logan , a . and antonius , a . 1982 . quantitative reef assessment studies in bermuda : a comparison of methods and preliminary results . bulletin of marine science 32 ( 3 ) : 745 - 760 .

dryer , s . and logan , a . 1978 . holocene reefs and sediments of castle harbor , bermuda . journal of marine research 36 ( 3 ) : 399 - 425 .

dunne , r . p . and brown , b . e . 1979 . some aspects of the ecology of reefs surrounding anegada , british virgin islands . atoll research bulletin 236 : 1 - 83 .

dustan , p . 1985 . community structure of reef - building corals in the florida keys : carysfort reef , key largo and long key reef , dry tortugas . atoll research bulletin 288 : 1 - 27 .

dustan , p . and halas , j . c . 1987 . changes in the reef - coral community of carysfort reef , key largo , florida : 1974 to 1982 . coral reefs 6 : 91 - 106 .

eakin c . m . , l . alvarez - filip , b . baca , e . bartels , c . bastidas , c . bouchon , m . brandt , a . w . bruckner , l . bunkley - williams , a . cameron , b . d . causey , m . chiappone , t . r . l . christensen , m . j . c . crabbe , o . day , g . díaz - pulido , d . diresta , c . m . eakin , d . l . gil - agudelo , d . s . gilliam , r . n . ginsburg , s . gore , e . d . l . guardia , h . m . guzmán , j . c . hendee , e . a . hernández - delgado , s . f . heron , e . husain , c . f . g . jeffrey , r . j . jones , e . jordán - dahlgren , l . s . kaufman , d . i . kline , p . a . kramer , j . c . lang , d . lirman , g . liu , j . mallela , c . manfrino , j . maréchal , k . marks , j . mihaly , w . j . miller , j . a . morgan , e . m . mueller , e . m . muller , h . a . oxenford , d . ponce - taylor , n . quinn , a . r . ramírez , k . b . ritchie , k . w . roberson , s . rodríguez , s . romano , j . f . samhouri , j . a . sánchez , g . p . schmahl , b . v . shank , w . j . skirving , t . b . smith , s . c . c . steiner , c . a . o . toro , e . villamizar , s . m . walsh , c . walter , e . weil , e . h . williams , and y . yusuf . 2010 . caribbean corals in crisis : record thermal stress , bleaching , and mortality in 2005 . plos one 5 ( 11 ) : e13969 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0

edmunds , p . j . , roberts , d . a . and singer , r . 1990 . reefs of the northeastern caribbean i . scleractinian populations . bulletin of marine science 46 ( 3 ) : 780 - 789 .

farrell , t . m . , d ' elia , c . f . , lubbers , l . and pastor , l . j . 1983 . hermatypic coral diversity and reef zonation at cayos arcas , campeche , gulf of mexico . atoll research bulletin 270 : 1 - 7 .

florida museum of natural history . undated c . invertebrate zoology master database . online . available : urltoken

ghiold , j . and smith , s . h . 1990 . bleaching and recovery of deep - water , reef - dwelling invertebrates in the cayman islands , b . w . i . caribbean journal of science 26 ( 1 - 2 ) : 52 - 61 .

goldberg , w . m . 1973a . the ecology of the coral - octocoral communities off the southeast florida coast : geomorphology , species composition and zonation . bulletin of marine science 23 ( 3 ) : 465 - 487 .

goodwin , m . h . , cole , m . j . , stewart , w . e . and zimmermann , b . l . 1976 . species density and associations in caribbean reef corals . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 24 : 19 - 31 .

goreau , t . f . 1959 . the ecology of jamaican coral reefs . i . species composition and zonation . ecology 40 : 67 - 90 .

goreau , t . f . and wells , j . w . 1967 . the shallow - water scleractinia of jamaica : revised list of species and their vertical distribution range . bulletin of marine science 17 ( 2 ) : 442 - 453 .

hopkins , t . s . , blizzard , d . r . , brawley , s . a . , earle , s . a . , grimm , d . e . , gilbert , d . k . , johnson , p . g . , livingston , e . h . , lutz , c . h . , shaw , j . k . and shaw , b . b . 1977 . a preliminary characterization of the biotic components of composite strip transects on the florida middle grounds , northeastern gulf of mexico . proceedings of the 3rd international coral reef symposium 1 : 31 - 37 .

humann , p . and n . deloach . 2013 . reef coral identification : florida , carribean , bahamas . new world publications inc . jacksonville , florida . 270 pp .

jaap , w . c . 1984 . the ecology of the south florida coral reefs : a community profile . u . s . fish and wildlife service , office of biological services , washington , d . c . fws / obs - 82 / 08 . 138 pp .

jaap , w . c . , halas , j . c . and muller , r . g . 1988 . community dynamics of stony corals ( scleractinia and milleporina ) at key largo national marine sanctuary , key largo , florida during 1981 - 1986 . proceedings of the 6th international coral reef symposium 2 : 237 - 243 .

jaap , w . c . , w . g . lyons , p . dustan and j . c . halas . 1989 . stony coral ( scleractinia and milleporina ) community structure at bird key reef , ft . jefferson national monument , dry tortugas , florida . florida marine research publications 46 : 1 - 31

kuhlmann , d . 1974 . the coral reefs of cuba . proceedings of the 2nd international coral reef symposium 2 : 69 - 83 .

logan , a . 1984 . interspecific aggression in hermatypic corals from bermuda . coral reefs 3 : 131 - 138 .

roberts , h . h . 1972 . coral reefs of st . lucia , west indies . caribbean journal of science 12 ( 3 - 4 ) : 179 - 190 .

rogers , c . s . , h . c . fitz , iii , m . gilnack , j . beets , and j . hardin . 1984 . scleractinian coral recruitment patterns at salt river submarine canyon , st . croix , u . s . virgin islands . coral reefs 3 : 69 - 76 .

rogers , c . s . , m . gilnack , and h . c . fitz , iii . 1983 . monitoring of coral reefs with linear transects : a study of storm damage . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 66 : 285 - 300 .

scatterday , j . w . 1974 . reefs and associated coral assemblages off bonaire , netherlands antilles , and their bearing on pleistocene and recent reef models . proceedings of the 2nd international coral reef symposium 2 : 85 - 106 .

scoffin , t . p . and garrett , p . 1974 . processes in the formation and preservation of internal structure in bermuda patch reefs . proceedings of the 2nd international coral reef symposium 2 : 429 - 448 .

smith , f . g . w . 1971 . atlantic reef corals . university of miami press , coral gables , florida . 164 pp .

sterrer , w . 1986 . marine fauna and flora of bermuda . a systematic guide to the identification of marine organisms . john wiley and sons , new york . 742 pp .

tomascik , t . and sander , f . 1987a . effects of eutrophication on reef - building corals . ii . structure of scleractinian coral communities on fringing reefs , barbados , west indies . marine biology 94 : 53 - 75 .

tunnell , j . w . , jr . 1988 . regional comparison of southwestern gulf of mexico to caribbean sea coral reefs . proceedings of the 6th international coral reef symposium 3 : 303 - 308 .

vaughan , t . w . 1915 . the geologic significance of the growth - rate of the floridian and bahamian shoal - water corals . journal of the washington academy of sciences 5 : 591 - 600 .

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wheaton , j . l . , and w . c . jaap . 1988 . corals and other prominent benthic cnidaria of looe key national marine sanctuary . florida marine research publications 43 , 25 pp .

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zlatarski , v . n . and estalella , n . m . 1982 . les scleractiniaires de cuba avec des donnees sur les organismes associes . academic bulgare des sciences , sofia , bulgaria . 472 pp .

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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

" data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace . "

patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

" data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace . "

iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .

" data developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve . "

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] [ fr doc no : 2013 - 13194 ] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - department of commerce national oceanic and atmospheric administration 50 cfr part 622 [ docket no . 120718255 - 3500 - 02 ] rin 0648 - bc38 amendment 4 to the corals and reef associated plants and invertebrates fishery management plan of puerto rico and the u . s . virgin islands ; seagrass management agency : national marine fisheries service ( nmfs ) , national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) , commerce . action : final rule . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - summary : nmfs issues this final rule to implement amendment 4 to the corals and reef associated plants and invertebrates fishery management plan ( fmp ) of puerto rico and the u . s . virgin islands ( usvi ) ( coral fmp ) , as prepared and submitted by the caribbean fishery management council ( council ) . this final rule removes seagrass species from the coral fmp . the purpose of this rule and amendment 4 to the coral fmp is to address the future management of seagrasses in the u . s . caribbean exclusive economic zone ( eez ) in accordance with the magnuson - stevens fishery conservation and management act ( magnuson - stevens act ) . dates : this rule is effective july 5 , 2013 . addresses : electronic copies of amendment 4 to the coral fmp , which include an environmental assessment , a regulatory flexibility act analysis , a regulatory impact review , and a fishery impact statement , may be obtained from the southeast regional office web site at :

9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 8 . marine neritic - coral reef - > 9 . 8 . 1 . outer reef channel suitability : marginal 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 8 . marine neritic - coral reef - > 9 . 8 . 3 . foreslope ( outer reef slope ) suitability : suitable

1 . land / water protection - > 1 . 1 . site / area protection 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 1 . site / area management 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 3 . habitat & natural process restoration 3 . species management - > 3 . 2 . species recovery 3 . species management - > 3 . 4 . ex - situ conservation - > 3 . 4 . 1 . captive breeding / artificial propagation 3 . species management - > 3 . 4 . ex - situ conservation - > 3 . 4 . 2 . genome resource bank

1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 1 . housing & urban areas

1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 2 . commercial & industrial areas

1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 3 . tourism & recreation areas

11 . climate change & severe weather - > 11 . 3 . temperature extremes

11 . climate change & severe weather - > 11 . 4 . storms & flooding

5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 1 . intentional use : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ]

5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 3 . unintentional effects : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ]

5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 6 . motivation unknown / unrecorded

8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 1 . invasive non - native / alien species / diseases - > 8 . 1 . 1 . unspecified species

2 . species stresses - > 2 . 3 . indirect species effects - > 2 . 3 . 2 . competition

8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 2 . problematic native species / diseases - > 8 . 2 . 1 . unspecified species

8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 4 . problematic species / disease of unknown origin - > 8 . 4 . 2 . named species

9 . pollution - > 9 . 1 . domestic & urban waste water - > 9 . 1 . 3 . type unknown / unrecorded

9 . pollution - > 9 . 2 . industrial & military effluents - > 9 . 2 . 3 . type unknown / unrecorded

9 . pollution - > 9 . 3 . agricultural & forestry effluents - > 9 . 3 . 2 . soil erosion , sedimentation

9 . pollution - > 9 . 3 . agricultural & forestry effluents - > 9 . 3 . 4 . type unknown / unrecorded

9 . pollution - > 9 . 5 . air - borne pollutants - > 9 . 5 . 3 . ozone

1 . research - > 1 . 1 . taxonomy 1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats 1 . research - > 1 . 6 . actions 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 1 . population trends

aeby , g . s . , work , t . , coles , s . , and lewis , t . 2006 . coral disease across the hawaiian archipelago . eos , transactions , american geophysical union 87 ( 36 ) : suppl .

aronson , r . b . and precht , w . f . 2001b . white - band disease and the changing face of caribbean coral reefs . hydrobiologia 460 : 25 - 38 .

bruno , j . f . , selig , e . r . , casey , k . s . , page , c . a . , willis , b . l . , harvell , c . d . , sweatman , h . , and melendy , a . m . 2007 . thermal stress and coral cover as drivers of coral disease outbreaks . plos biology 5 ( 6 ) : e124 .

colgan , m . w . 1987 . coral reef recovery on guam ( micronesia ) after catastrophic predation by acanthaster planci . ecology 68 ( 6 ) : 1592 - 1605 .

green , e . p . and bruckner , a . w . 2000 . the significance of coral disease epizootiology for coral reef conservation . biological conservation 96 : 347 - 361 .

jacobson , d . m . 2006 . fine scale temporal and spatial dynamics of a marshall islands coral disease outbreak : evidence for temperature forcing . eos , transactions , american geophysical union 87 ( 36 ) : suppl .

patterson , k . l . , porter , j . w . , ritchie , k . b . , polson , s . w . , mueller e . , peters , e . c . , santavy , d . l . , smith , g . w . 2002 . the etiology of white pox , a lethal disease of the caribbean elkhorn coral , acropora palmata . proc natl acad sci 99 : 8725 - 8730 .

porter , j . w . , dustan , p . , jaap , w . c . , patterson , k . l . , kosmynin , v . , meier , o . w . , patterson , m . e . , and parsons , m . 2001 . patterns of spread of coral disease in the florida keys . hydrobiologia 460 ( 1 - 3 ) : 1 - 24 .

sutherland , k . p . , porter , j . w . , and torres , c . 2004 . disease and immunity in caribbean and indo - pacific zooxanthellate corals . marine ecology progress series 266 : 273 - 302 .

veron , j . e . n . 2000 . corals of the world , volume 2 . australian institute of marine science , townsville mc , australia .

wallace , c . c . 1999 . staghorn corals of the world : a revision of the coral genus acropora . csiro , collingwood .

weil , e . 2003 . the corals and coral reefs of venezuela . in : jorge cortes ( ed . ) , latin american coral reefs , elseview science b . v .

weil , e . 2004 . coral reef diseases in the wider caribbean . in : e . rosenberg and y . loya ( eds ) , coral health and diseases , pp . 35 - 68 . springer verlag , ny .

weil , e . 2006 . coral , ocotocoral and sponge diversity in the reefs of the jaragua national park , dominican republic . rev . bio . trop . 54 ( 2 ) : 423 - 443 .

wilkinson , c . 2004 . status of coral reefs of the world : 2004 . australian institute of marine science , townsville , queensland , australia .

willis , b . , page , c and dinsdale , e . 2004 . coral disease on the great barrier reef . in : e . rosenber and y . loya ( eds ) , coral health and disease , pp . 69 - 104 . springer - verlag berlin heidelberg .

5 - year efh review 5 - year essential fish habitat review bob trumble , ph . d mã³nica valle , ph . d . monica . valle @ urltoken cfmc meeting fajardo , puerto rico dec . 14 - 15 , …

[ pdf ] 5 - year review - united states fish and wildlife 5 - year review . final . pdf5 - year review - united states fish and wildlife service

guide to essential fish habitat consultation david o’brien noaa fisheries service habitat conservation division gloucester point , va .

fish habitat : essential fish habitat and rehabilitation l . benaka ( ed . ) 1999 . american fisheries society , bethesda , md , usa . price us * $ 50 . 00 , isbn 1 - 888569 - 12 - 3 , 480 pp .

groundfish essential fish habitat ( efh ) gis mapping van hare pacific states marine fisheries commission .

entender os fatores e interações que afetam a estrutura de comunidade em um ambiente recifal é importante para a compreensão e elaboração de propostas de manejo que visem a resiliência e conservação de populações instáveis no ambiente . algumas estratégias de conservação e manutenção destes ecossistemas são as criações de áreas protegidas marinhas que vêm se tornando locais de recuperação e conservação de várias espécies restritas nestes ambientes . o trabalho procurou avaliar o efeito do fechamento da área recifal de tamandaré , litoral sul pernambucano após 14 anos de exclusão da pesca , na estrutura de comunidades bentônicas , especialmente em populações de ouriços echinometra lucunter , abundância de corais e cobertura algal viva . foram comparados dois recifes , dentro e fora da área fechada através de técnicas de censo visual subaquático com mergulhos livres , utilizando o método conjugado de linha de transects e quadrats no topo recifal durante três períodos do ano ( verão 2011 ; outono 2012 ; verão 2012 ) empregados para avaliar a estimativa da densidade populacional de ouriços e corais ; e a técnica de fotoquadrats para a estimativa de cobertura viva dos mesmos . os resultados mostraram densidade média de ouriços e . lucunter sete vezes maior no recife aberto à pesca ( pirambu ) em comparação ao recife fechado ( ilha da barra ) indicando que o efeito da pesca intensiva de seus predadores e a falta de organismos competidores por espaço e disponibilidade de alimento na área impactada , afeta diretamente a sua abundancia e distribuição , modificando a composição de outros organismos , complexidade topográfica e os processos ecológicos do local . colônias do hidrocoral do gênero millepora sp . apresentaram maior densidade populacional na área fechada , onde foram treze vezes mais abundantes neste recife em comparação ao recife adjacente . para os corais escleractinios , as espécies agaricia humilis e favia gravida apresentaram maior densidade no recife do pirambu , enquanto que siderastrea stellata apresentou maior abundancia na ilha da barra . apesar das diferenças encontradas entre as espécies , a cobertura geral viva geral destes organismos foi três vezes maior no recife fechado à pesca , indicando um ambiente mais propício para o crescimento destes corais neste recife . a cobertura algal viva apresentou diferenças significativas entre as duas áreas , onde foram mais abundantes na ilha da barra , cobrindo cerca de 80 % do topo recifal , com exceção das algas calcarias incrustantes que apresentaram maior abundância no recife do pirambu . os resultados mostraram que a exclusão do uso de pesca no recife da ilha da barra , na área fechada de tamandaré , vem mostrando capacidade de resiliência do ecossistema recifal , importante para a reestruturação e conservação do ecossistema marinho .


gnorimoschema lobatum is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by povolný in 1998 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from quebec and ontario .

the length of the forewings is about 5.1 mm .

the forewings are covered by uniform cinereous scales with darker tips .

there are two groups of blackish scales indicating blackish stigmata and there are individual scales at the apex .

the hindwings are cinereous whitish .

gnorimoschema lobatum

gnorimoschema lobatum <EOT> have a fact about gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .

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ancylomenes magnificus , is a kind of cleaner shrimp common to the western pacific ocean at depths of 3 – 29 metres ( 10 – 95 ft ) .

these shrimp are commonly found on scleractinian coral , catalaphyllia and the anemone , dofleinia armata .

they have a transparent body except on the carapace and segments of the abdomen which have bands of white specks outlined in red .

the tail and the hump on the abdomen are also white .

ancylomenes magnificus

ancylomenes magnificus <EOT> ( of periclimenes magnificus bruce , 1979 ) bruce , a . j . ( 1979 ) . notes on some indo - pacific pontoniinae , xxxi . periclimenes magnificus sp . nov . , a coelenterate associate from the capricorn islands ( decapoda , palaemonidae ) . crustaceana supplement . 5 : 195 - 208 , plate 1 . [ details ]

( of periclimenes magnificus bruce , 1979 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

bruce , a . j . 1979 , " notes on some indo - pacific pontoniinae , xxxi periclimenes magnificus sp . nov . , a coelenterate associate from the capricorn islands ( decapoda , palaemonidae ) " , crustaceana , ser . suppl . , vol . 5 , pp . 195 - 208

( of periclimenes magnificus bruce , 1979 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

also known as formerly - periclimenes magnificus , crustaceans , carid shrimps , commensal shrimps , cleaner shrimps , magnificent commensal shrimp , magnificent cleaner shrimp , magnificent partner shrimp , anemone cleaner shrimp , anemone shrimp , crystal shrimp and glass shrimp . found on sandy bottoms often on scleractinian corals , dofleinia armata anemones and in the process of cleaning fish . they feed on parasites , algae and plankton . length - 2 . 5cm depth - 3 - 30m widespread indo - pacific often if a divers hand is near to a cleaner shrimps , they will hop on board and perform a manicure ! carid shrimps occur worldwide in almost every habitat , from sea water to fresh water and can be found all over the reef . they are generally respected by other creatures , often sharing burrows and holes and working as housekeepers . they will wave their antennae around to attract customers , they then proceed to clean outside and inside the creatures mouths , gills etc , .

created to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .

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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2fab201e - b61f - 4d51 - 9267 - 4d043c9d69eb

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 34e7338e - 9283 - 4e37 - b106 - 022ae0b21248

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 44ca4756 - 0dee - 4599 - a7e4 - 3e30ae3d9b4b

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6081481a - 3d3c - 4a7c - 918d - 8a6e8bae5f60

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6b965be3 - 47b3 - 4b69 - a8fe - c10cb0b7ebbc

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 80913f51 - e4d2 - 4d39 - 834d - 3a634c4a9c7a

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : adc89084 - 1e7a - 49d7 - a7b3 - 5fb2357e40e0

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f5bdf7a9 - 864a - 4f70 - b060 - 407abed34321

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 52e274fb - cd5f - 4955 - bca5 - 9a013c179462

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 556140

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translucent with blue and white claw arms curving inwards to overlap , white banding and a blotch on the abdominal hump .

west pacific to new caledonia and japan . it lives on anemones , commonly associated with ( actinostephanus haeckeli ) branching anemone and tube dwelling anemones from the cerianthus genus .


telmatochromis vittatus is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika usually at depths of from 5 to 10 metres ( 16 to 33 ft ) but occasionally down to 20 metres ( 66 ft ) .

this species can reach a length of 8.6 centimetres ( 3.4 in ) tl .

it can also be found in the aquarium trade .

telmatochromis vittatus

telmatochromis vittatus <EOT> abstract telmatochromis vittatus ( cichlidae ) is a tanganyikan substrate brooder which spawns in the gastropod - shell nests of a cichlid , lamprologus callipterus . we describe male reproductive tactics of t . vittatus in and around the shell nests , where males of

ok i ' m not an expert . . . . but my fish look like telmatochromis vittatus ( kambwimba ) visitors can ' t see pics , please register or login or telmatochromis vittatus ( namansi ) visitors can ' t see pics , please register or login clints fish is also called telmatochromis vittatus and looks like visitors can ' t see pics , please register or login which looks alot like telmatochromis brichardi ( chituta ) visitors can ' t see pics , please register or login or telmatochromis brichardi ( ulwile ) visitors can ' t see pics , please register or login the only difference between clint ' s type and the brichardi is size . . . . 31 / 2 inches verses 2 inches for brichardi i wonder if the difference in size is just a confusion between different types of males as per my previous post ? ? ? any comments ? ? isn ' t telmatochromis brichardi ( chituta ) a beautiful fish . . . . love to get some of them ! ! !

smilie , there is a picture on urltoken that shows a fish very much like your photo above , identifying it as telmatochromis vittatus " kambwimba " . follow the link below : http : / / www . urltoken / profiles / species . php ? id = 2274 the standard picture on urltoken for telmatochromis vittatus shows a fish with a solid stripe . it looks from this as though the fish you have seen may indeed be t . vittatus , but from a specific location in the lake . can you provide a reference for the abstract quoted in your previous post ?

similar in lifestyle to julidochromis species , telmatochromis vittatus is ideal for the smaller tanganyikan community and is also a good choice for the beginner . it can be distinguished from the similar t . brichardi and t . bifrenatus primarily by its larger size , smaller eyes and more rounded nose . like other lamprologines , telmatochromis have fang - like , caniform teeth , which they use for scraping microrganisms from rock surfaces . on adult specimens these are clearly visible .

maréchal , c . and m . poll , 1991 . telmatochromis . p . 474 - 478 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5704 )

a lfs has some fish that the say are t . vittatus these fish are still quite small . . . . . and very rare in australia i ' m going to get 6 . . . . . swapping some of my l . ocellatus they seem to be more slender than clint photo ' s the biggest is about an inch long and very thin . . . almost like an eel and the strip on the side is broken with diagonal lines . . . . . not the full line of clint ' s fish i was looking for t . brichardi because i thought they were smaller but there seems to be conflicting information on the web regarding size of both these species . doesn ' t matter i suppose can ' t find t . brichardi but i have found t . vittatus . . . . i think ? ( wouldn ' t be the first time a fish was mislabelled ) a different sort of shellie ! this is what they look similar to visitors can ' t see pics , please register or login

i have a pair of telmatochromis vittatus as well . they are wild caught , and specific location is utinta bay , tanzania . they are very excellent fish to maintain . i have them for over a year and a half . their bodies color are yellow when they are getting bigger . i really love them very much . they bred more than 12 times after i have had them . i used to have three pairs , but i lost 2 pair when i went back to my country for vacation . they are not fuzzy for the foods . they love to eat everything when i feed them . i put them in 10 gallon tank , 50 liters for breeding and for their private home for more than a year and a half , but i put their fries in 20 gallons and 30 gallons tank for my future collection . i know that this species it is not easy to find wild caught and specific location , so i try to keep their fries for my future collection and for my studying in the future . i have fries more than 80 of them right now from 1 " to 2 1 / 2 " . oh ! they are very hardy even their fries also . their parent allows their fries to live with them until they grow up to 1 1 / 2 " or a little more . oh ! i used to put 4 lamprologus ocellatus , " chimba " fries in their own private tank , and they killed them all . i thought it might be the male killed my little lam . ocellatus fries because male always stays outside of the cave , and female never get out from her own cave ; only when she really want to eat . i had to put lam . ocellatus fries because i had no space for them , so i tried to put them together with their own fries , but the male killed only lam . ocellatus fries . that was surprised me very much because he knew which one wasn ' t his own fries even though at that time , he had almost 30 fries in his own private tank , but he still knew which one wasn ' t his own babies . i will try to take a photo of my telmatochromis vittatus to show in this website if it is possible soon . oh ! the male will grow up to 2 1 / 2 " with very slender body , but the female is slightly smaller about 2 1 / 4 " with a fat body . when they are quite mature , it is very easy to distinguish how male and female are different . i will take their photos , and will show their photos over here as soon as i can .

has anyone seen lake tanganyika jewel of the rift ? it displays the type of spawning behavior being talked about here with lamprologus callipterus . some males get 6 inches and create large shell nests where as some only get 1 . 5 inches and sneak in spawns with the females . i still would not consider telmatochromis species shell dwellers in the traditional sense . just like caudopunctatus for example or signatus . they are commonly referred to as shell dwellers but they are more of shell spawners or just creatures of opportunity . these fish will breed in the smallest crevice or shell that they can get into safely and feel like they can guard their young efficiently . most shell dwellers not only breed but live and base their lives around their shell and arranging it to their liking . i ' ve have l . attenatus breed exclusively in shells and in no accounts is it a shell dweller . it just depends on the fish and the situation . none the less telmats are nice unique fish that should be more widespread . i have some wild caught varieties available to me if anyone is interested . p . s i also have meeli , meleagrise and occelatus gold available right now in breeding sizes if anyone is looking for them .

greek , telma - atos = swamp + greek , chromis = a fish , perhaps a perch ( ref . 45335 )

freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 8 . 5 - 9 . 0 ; dh range : 10 - 20 . tropical ; 24°c - 26°c ( ref . 1672 ) ; 3°s - 9°s

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 6 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5704 )

lives in rather deep water for such small species , specimens having been found as deep as 20 m , although they seem to prefer a range between 5 and 10 m . swims in the open . omnivorous , feeds on microorganisms ( ref . 6770 ) . usually solitary but form temporary pair bonds ; the male defends the territory while the female takes care of her offspring ( ref . 7343 ) .

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5156 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 3 ±0 . 1 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .

the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .

a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .

snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )

justification : widespread species in rocky shore littoral zone of lake tanganyika where it has no known major widespread threats . localised sedimentation is the greatest threat .

the aquarium trade heavily exploits this species . sedimentation of the rocky shore habitat .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

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an open water species usually found at depths of 5 - 20 metres in the vicinity of rocky areas .

30″ x 12″ x 12″ ( 75x12x12cm ) – 70 litres , though larger is preferable .

should be housed in a lake tanganyika biotope setup , with piles of rocks arranged to form caves filling much of the aquarium . a sandy substrate is preferable . upturned flower pots make good alternative shelters and spawning caves for this species , as do large snail shells .

live and frozen foods should comprise a large proportion of the diet . dried foods can be fed and some vegetable matter such as spirulina or blanched spinach should also be offered .

a territorial but shy species . it can be maintained successfully with other small to medium - sized tanganyikan cichlids that occupy different areas of the tank such as neolamprologus shelldwellers and cyprichromis species . it should be kept as a pair as it is aggressive towards conspecifics . a suitably large aquarium is required if several are to be kept .

not a terribly easy species to sex . adult males tend to be slightly larger than females and have a more slender shape .

possible . bi - parental cave spawner . we suggest the purchase of a group of young fish . allow these to pair off naturally . once a pair forms the other fish should be removed from the aquarium as the pair will remain together for life . the aquarium itself should be at least 30″ in length and set up as suggested above . the ph should be around 8 . 2 - 9 . 0 and the temperature 77 - 80°f .

the pair will spawn very secretively in a cave or shell , with the female laying her eggs on the wall or roof . the courtship ritual is quite vigorous , but if you miss this it is often very difficult to tell if they have spawned until the fry are seen . once spawning has occured the female will remain in the cave , tending to the eggs while the male guards the area around the cave . when the fry become free swimming ( around 2 weeks post spawning ) you may wish to remove them or the parents to a separate aquarium .

the fry are large enough to accept brine shrimp nauplii , microworm or powdered dry foods . brood care is short - lived , with the adults losing interest in the fry once they are free swimming .

i just got these little squirts . im thinking they will be a lot like the bifrenatus i used to keep . we ' ll see .

how big ' re they supposed to get ? and how quickly / slowly do they grow ? i understand there ' s debate as to whether they ' re shellies or not , as well ! aggression ? breeding ? experience so far ? they look more like julies then neolamps . . . .

they look like chalinochromis more than anything , imo . . . kinda wish i hadn ' t passed up on these guys at that fish place but i have no more shellie room , really . well , sort of . anyway , great shots of a cute fish .

really ? they ' re very cute , they look , well , rather like telmatachromis . chalinochromis ( a few genera down the list ) : urltoken oh , and clint - you should send your old photos in to cichlid - forum , their profile page on t . bifrenatus doesn ' t have any pictures .

l . occelatus " blue " n . multifasciatus n . similis l . calliurus " magara " l . brevis " kavala " l . brevis " bulu point " l . brevis " zaire " l . brevis " katete "

i ' ve been doing some browsing on this species and was confused by the number of different sizes quoted . . . . everywhere from 2 " to 4 "

: sneaker males , satellite males , territorial males and piracy males . size range of males in tactic groups rarely overlapped . territorial males defended shell nests harboring multiple females , but during pair - spawning they were occasionally taken over by large piracy males that visited several nests repeatedly . small sneaker males darted to pair - spawning territorial males and might ejaculate sperm . satellite males did not perform parasitic spawning but pair - spawned in a single shell outside the nests . spawning of satellite males was infrequently parasitized . the largest gonado - somatic index ( gsi ) was found in sneaker males followed by piracy males , territorial males and satellite males , suggesting that gonadal investment of males using the four tactics may be consistent with intensity or risk of sperm competition .

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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .