the bay whiting , sillago ingenuua , is a species of coastal marine fish of the smelt-whiting family sillaginidae .

the bay whiting 's range extends throughout the west indian ocean , including northern australia , thailand , india and taiwan , where it inhabits protected waters .

it is benthic in nature , preying on shrimps , polychaetes and molluscs , however little else is known of its biology .

bay whiting are an important part of some inshore fisheries around australia and asia , where subsistence and commercial fishermen regularly take the species .

bay whiting

bay whiting <EOT> whiting bay is a lovely village and not too far to travel . . .

copyright © whiting bay bed & breakfast . b & b website by barnstormer design group

keep a watch for tuesday nights at the common table at whiting bay b & b .

we found great results , but some are outside whiting bay . showing results in neighbouring cities .

better still , you can join whiting bay golf club for just £190 pa for 2 years , starting 2018 .

or enjoy a round of golf this summer at whiting bay at our great value green fee of just £20 .

glenashdale waterfall located to the west of whiting bay some 2km from the sea - about 2 hours for the walk .

whiting bay bed & breakfast ~ whiting , maine your homeplace when visiting lubec , campobello , and the downeast region . 207 - 733 - 2402 ~ address , map , and directions

whiting bay golf course is a hidden gem of a course , set above the village on the south east coast of arran .

milne bay , papua . 1942 - 09 . flying officer j . c . whiting serving with 76 fighter squadron raaf in . . .

milne bay , papua . 1942 - 09 . flying officer j . c . whiting serving with 76 fighter squadron raaf in new guinea .

whiting bay is a pleasant resort situated 4 miles south of lamlash and 8 miles south of brodick in the southern half of isle of arran .

the shark bay seasnake occupies shallow embayments of shark bay in the vicinity of limestone reefs and adjacent rocky and sandy seafloor ( storr et al . 1986 ) .

gorgeous open bay to the south of brodick on isle of arran . . .

whiting bay is the third largest of the isle of arran ' s settlements after lamlash and brodick , and is named after the bay it runs along for over two miles near the southern end of arran ' s east coast .

the shark bay seasnake is thought to be represented in the incidental bycatch for trawls in the shark bay region but numbers caught are not available ( bunting 2002 ) .

the dramatic red siltstone cliffs below boyds tower on the far side of twofold bay .

cozzie and i set out to chase a bag of king george whiting from south port phillip bay , we go through techniques and how to clean the fish .

milne bay , papua . 1942 - 09 . flying officer j . c . whiting serving with 76 fighter squadron raaf in . . . | the australian war memorial

anderson , p . 1997 . shark bay dugongs in summer . i : lek mating .

* the first european to sight twofold bay was captain james cook in april , 1770 .

the species is occasionally called the ' yellow - cheek whiting ' and also ' school whiting ' , a broad name applied to a number of australian sillaginids .

how can i tell if a therapist is right for me ? therapists in whiting are able to work with a wide range of issues . for example , if you ' re seeking a marriage counselor in whiting you ' ll find that most therapists are trained in marriage counseling or couples counseling in whiting and couples therapy . and they welcome families for family counseling in whiting or family therapy in whiting .

whiting bay is a lovely village and not too far to travel from ferry . nice mix of the bay - deli - eat i g opportunities and our favourite beach and glen ashdale walk . roads are truly appalling a d north ayrshire needs to make this a priority .

snapper fever - port phillip bay fishing with ange and anton . location , tips and rigging techniques

the lamlash bay hotel is on the isle of arran , 150 metres from the beach . it offers panoramic views over brodick bay , rooms with free wi - fi and an italian restaurant .

the lamlash bay hotel is on the isle of arran , 500 ft from the beach . it offers panoramic views of brodick bay , rooms with free wi - fi and an italian restaurant .

today ' s whiting bay retains much of the quiet gentility of an earlier era . the grand villas remain , with many - especially towards the north end of the village - having been converted to hotels , guest houses and restaurants . the result is that whiting bay offers a significant proportion of the accommodation available on arran . the whiting bay golf club continues to thrive , while , for those with more limited golfing aspirations , the putting green established on the seaward side of the main road near the centre of the village also remains open for business .

there is no information available on the clutch size or seasonality of reproduction for the shark bay seasnake .

offering a restaurant , burlington guest house is located in whiting bay . free wifi access is available . featuring a shower , private bathroom also comes with a hairdryer . extras include bed linen .

cruickshanks boutique b & b in whiting bay provides adults only accommodations with a garden and a shared lounge . all rooms feature a flat - screen tv with cable channels and a private bathroom .

cruickshanks boutique b & b in whiting bay provides adults - only accommodation with a garden and a shared lounge . all rooms feature a flat - screen tv with cable channels and a private bathroom .

, the japanese whiting has a slightly compressed , elongate body tapering toward the terminal mouth .

area auto widened to ocean county - no sexual addiction therapists were found in whiting , nj .

but more commonly seen below 23 cm . like most sillaginids , the stout whiting has a slightly more

is the most dependable diagnostic feature . japanese whiting have a swim bladder characterised by a single , long

discussions with fishermen along the victorian coastline also suggest that the coastal fishery is characterised by short - term temporal dynamics similar to that of the port phillip bay fishery . this is consistent with fish passing through coastal areas and not remaining resident for long periods . one way of confirming the migration of king george whiting from victorian waters to spawning areas in south australia is tag / recapture . currently few king george whiting are tagged in victorian waters . however , the few fish that have been tagged in port phillip bay and recaptured outside the bay , have been recaptured in areas well to the west of port phillip bay ( patrick coutin , personnel communication ) . demonstration of migration of adult king george whiting from victoria to south australia would be critical to understanding the importance of spawning in victorian waters .

by car , proceed south through whiting bay village centre . turn right at ' the coffee pot ' , following the signs up the hill and back along the golf course road to the club . plenty of car parking available .

until the late 1950s , steamer services to arran from the mainland called at whiting bay as well as brodick . the change to a brodick - only car ferry service in 1957 led to a decline in the fortunes of whiting bay . the old steamer pier closed in the early 1960s . today the village pier is a very modest affair , projecting out from the shore close to the line of tiny shops backing onto the sea in the centre of the village .

, the first being steindachner and döderlein in 1885 . studies into various aspects of the japanese whiting ' s

© 2018 deborah whiting , msw , mft | san francisco & cupertino counseling . all rights reserved . login

early post - settlement habitat and diet shifts and the nursery function of tidepools during sillago spp . recruitment in moreton bay , australia

* permission was given by the governor to establish a town at twofold bay in 1834 but it was not laid out until 1843 .

in whiting bay the beach runs from sandbraes right through to the village at low tide . easily accessible , the beach at the village end has a small jetty - the remains of what was at one time the longest pier on the clyde !

jenkins gp , may hma ( 1994 ) variation in settlement and larval duration of king george whiting , sillaginodes punctata ( sillaginidae ) , in swan bay , victoria , australia . bulletin of marine science 54 ( 1 ) , 281 - 296 .

( lawler , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , et al . , 2002 ; whiting , 2008 )

the origins of some of these settlements are very ancient . on the hillside behind largymore at the southern end of whiting bay are the giants graves , a prehistoric burial site . meanwhile , at the village ' s northern end , kingscross point , a dun or fortified farmstead has been found dating back the better part of two thousand years . rather more recently , kingscross was used by vikings as a settlement and burial site , and it has been suggested that the bay to the south was named after them , with " viking bay " later becoming corrupted to whiting bay . kingscross also achieved a footnote in history when it became the place from which robert the bruce sailed for ayrshire in february 1307 , en route to regaining control of his kingdom from the english .

lovely relaxed place . the giant’s grave and glenashdale falls walk is very close by and gives great views of whiting bay . be sure you’re up early enough to catch the beautiful sunrises . we ate at coast which was only a 10 minute walk from the burlington guest house . beautiful views out onto the sea , and delicious food , although slightly pricey . not much choice in the way of restaurants or pubs in whiting bay , so we found ourselves heading into lamlash and brodick a couple of times .

are hyaline . there have been records of geographical variation in colour amongst the species , especially within shark bay . the shark bay fish may have faint gold bars trending 50 degrees above the mid lateral silvery band , and may have black dusting on the dorsal and anal fins .

many interesting boats visit mounts bay , from the surreal floating yacht - hotels to mighty ships like the four - masted windjammer , kruzenshtern .

whiting bay golf course is an 18 hole par 63 course playing 4092 yards from the yellow tees . it was founded in 1895 . although quite short , the course is a fair test for golfers of all abilities and features some particularly challenging par 3s .

beyond the graves the path begins to descend , with more great views over whiting bay village . the descent becomes quite steep before eventually rejoining the outward route at the sign near the start . turn right to return to the road and the parking area .

there are parking areas both north and south of ashdale bridge towards the southern end of whiting bay . there are also picnic tables here with a great outlook over the bay . the walk begins up the signed path on the south side of the bridge . pass the barrier and continue to a signpost - keep ahead here for the falls ( the path on the left is the return leg ) .

the japanese whiting , sillago japonica , ( also known as the japanese sillago or shiro - gisu ) is a common species of coastal marine fish belonging to the smelt - whiting family , sillaginidae . as suggested by its name , the japanese whiting was first recorded from japan in 1843 , but has subsequently been found to extend to korea , china and taiwan .

located down a private road , beach cottage is a few steps from the beach and boasts scenic views towards the holy isle and lamlash bay .

located down a private road , beach cottage is a few steps from the beach and features scenic views towards the holy isle and lamlash bay .

whiting bay was a very relaxing place to stay . not a huge selection of restaurants but we enjoyed a lovely meal at coast one evening . local people very welcoming . arran is a small island and it ' seems easy to visit all aresounds of the island .

join paul worsteling & david kramer as they spend a day on victorias port phillip bay . they go in search of whiting & squid then later even dive for some tasty scallops . then david shares his quick & easy recipes for scallops & squid ! delicious ! ! urltoken

two humpback whales ( left and right ) approach and pursue a female killer whale . © alisa schulman - janiger / monterey bay whale watch .

disaster bay lookout and bittangabee bay if you decide to drive to green cape lighthouse you should pause at disaster bay lookout which provides excellent views to the south over disaster bay , wonboyn lake and nadgee nature reserve . to the left is a turnoff to bittangabee bay where in the 1840s the imlay brothers established a base for their whaling operations which were eventually taken over by benjamin boyd in 1848 . the stone ruins of an old house set amidst a garden area , probably started by the imlays but never completed , can be found near the bittangabee camping area . there are interpretative placards . the beaches surrounding bittangabee are ideal for swimming , fishing and picnicking and the light to light track heads south for 7 km ( 2 . 5 hours one way ) to green cape . on the way you will travel along a track which was built for a horse drawn tram which carried the materials from bittangabee bay to build the green cape lighthouse .

sulition , o . ; s . watanabe and m . yokota ( 1999 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for > " reproduction of the japanese whiting , sillago japonica , in tateyama bay " ] . suisan zoshoku 47 ( 2 ) : 209–214 . issn 0371 - 421 .

figure 1 . map of the victorian coast showing locations and zones where samples of king george whiting were collected from 2002 - 2004 .

without a more detailed investigation of the king george whiting inhabiting deeper waters along the victorian coast we cannot be conclusive as to the importance of king george whiting spawning in victorian coastal waters . the only known locations for king george whiting spawning along the south - eastern coastline of australia are situated in south australian waters , in particular around kangaroo island ( fowler and mcgarvey 2000 ) . however , there has been no investigation of king george whiting populations in waters between kangaroo island and victoria , and modelling of larval drift would suggest that king george whiting recruiting into victorian bays and inlets could come from unknown spawning grounds in this region ( jenkins et al . 2000 ) .

whiting , s . 2008 . movements and distribution of dugongs ( dugong dugon ) in a macro - tidal environment in northern australia .

situated on the scenic isle of arran , this 19th century farmhouse has been converted into a family - run guest house overlooking the bay with panoramic sea views .

located on the scenic isle of arran , this 19th century farmhouse has been converted into a family - run guest house overlooking the bay with panoramic sea views .

saltwater bay saltwater bay is typical of ben boyd national park . for most of the year it is sparsely populated and ideal for safe swimming and productive fishing . there is a 9 km walking track ( part of the light to light 29 km track - check out the excellent map at urltoken ) which heads south through high heaths , beside rugged cliffs , and down onto rock platforms and lonely beaches before reaching bittangabee bay . on the way you are likely to see eastern grey kangaroos and if you go in spring the countryside is awash with native wildflowers . beyond hegarty ' s bay there is a remarkable purple and yellow coloured headland .

this superb circular walk climbs up through a wooded glen to reach a viewing platform for the glenashdale falls - a double cascade which is the finest on arran . the route then continues to visit the giant ' s graves - two chambered cairns - with a fantastic outlook over whiting bay and holy island .

sulistion , o . ; s . watanabe , m . yokota and s . kitada ( 1999 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for > " age and growth of japanese whiting sillago japonica in tateyama bay " ] . fisheries science 65 ( 1 ) : 117–122 . issn 0919 - 9268 .

) . in may , herring showed a higher fi than herring , whereas in july blue whiting seemed to show lower values than the other species ( tukey hsd test : herring vs . blue whiting , p < 0 . 05 ; mackerel vs . blue whiting , p < 0 . 001 ; mackerel vs . herring , p < 0 . 05 ) , except in 2010 , when mackerel had the lowest value (

finding whiting king george are widely distributed from approximately jurien bay in western australia around the southern half of australia up to around botany bay but they are reputedly rare that far north . as a generalisation bigger fish will usually inhabit deeper coastal waters while juveniles will more often be found inside estuaries and bays . south australia’s coffin bay is a prime example of a true nursery existing inside the shallow and sheltered waters of kellidie bay where it’s hard to catch a legal sized fish but offshore around the island groups in encounter bay it’s a very different story where big fish are plentiful ! regardless of whether you fish for them in sheltered waters or offshore whiting are synonymous with structure . find some sea grass or reef edge in this part of the world and there is a better than average chance there will be a school of whiting somewhere nearby . in shallower waters the key to good whiting ground is finding sand patches amongst the sea grass but in deeper water where there are still plenty of fish this type of visual fishing is harder to achieve . in deeper water dropping on a reef edge is more likely going to bring you results . i have fished for whiting in hard running currents and slower water locations , and by far the most productive place to fish for them is where there is some run in the water . king george tend to find you and bite more aggressively when the tide is flowing while in slower water you need to spend more time searching , a cast bait slowly retrieved often gets a bite while a stagnant bait is not touched .

indo - pacific : endemic to australian waters from fremantle northward to shark bay ( western population ) , and from southern queensland to new south wales ( eastern population ) .

figure 4 . histological section of a female king george whiting ovary collected in april and classified as macroscopic stage 2 ( magnification x 100 ) .

the spawning areas and times estimated for king george whiting caught in port phillip bay , western port and corner inlet ( fig . 1 ) have previously only been identified using indirect methods . research by jenkins and may ( 1994 ) has shown that the daily rings on ear - bones ( otoliths ) of juvenile king george whiting in port phillip bay provide an estimate of the length of time of the larval phase in bass strait prior to entering a bay , and thereby an estimate of the time of spawning . kgw larvae entering port phillip bay were aged between 100 and 170 days and were predicted to have been spawned between april and july ( jenkins and may 1994 ) . computer modelling of the currents in bass strait predicted that juvenile king george whiting in port phillip bay , western port and corner inlet could have been spawned in western victoria and southeastern south australia ( jenkins et al . 2000 ) . the centre of the predicted spawning distribution was approximately 500 km west of the bays , with a region of intense spawning spread along approximately 300 km of coastline ( jenkins et al . 2000 ) . interestingly , however , the model also predicted that juveniles in corner inlet could have been spawned close by ( wilsons promontory , fig . 1 ) . to date , however , the spawning times and locations of king george whiting in victoria have not been measured directly , leaving a major gap in our understanding of the biology of this species .

previous modelling suggested that king george whiting larvae that recruit to bays and inlets in central victoria are spawned from south - east of sa to central victoria ( jenkins et al . 2000 ) . even though large whiting are caught along the victorian coast , it is not known whether these fish actually spawn in victorian waters , and therefore whether they contribute directly to the fishery in this region . to address where kgw spawn in victorian waters , we sampled fish from a broad geographic range of locations along the victorian coast . these included portland , port fairy , warrnambool , apollo bay , lorne , torquay , southern port phillip bay and western port , waratah bay , corner inlet , shallow inlet and the eastern side of wilson ' s promontory ( fig . 1 ) . details of collections are included in table 1 .

( whiting , 2008 ; " australian government great barrier reef marine park authority " , 2002 ; lawler , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , 2009 ; whiting , 2008 ; " arkive . images of life on earth . " , 2003 )

whiting bay itself was quiet . i visited off peak . few places were open when i arrived . ( around 19 : 30 / 20 : 00 ) but i drove elsewhere for dinner , as the places that were open didn ' t take cards . will return in peak season , to see what it is like .

whiting beach is a two - hour walk from the steamers cark park in booderee national park . if you visit at the right time you might catch a glimpse of a little waterfall at the back of the beach . the beach is inside a quiet bay , perfect for snorkelling or swimming in the clear and fairly shallow water .

bunting , j . ( 2002 ) . draft bycatch action plan for the shark bay prawn managed fishery ( full report ) . department of fisheries , western australian government , perth .

kazunori , arayama ; kono hiroshi ( 2004 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for > " vertical distributions of the japanese whiting , sillago japonica , larvae and juveniles and their food organisms at a sandy beach in tateyama bay , central japan " ] . suisan zoshoku 52 ( 2 ) : 167–170 . issn 0371 - 4217 .

the stout whiting is also a major prey species itself for a number of species , with seals , dolphins and larger fish known predators of the species .

weighted by the total estimated abundance per station ) , in percentages , for mackerel , herring and blue whiting in different water masses in may and july .

in other countries where other sillaginids are more prevalent , japanese whiting are caught as a byproduct of smaller inshore fisheries , usually alongside other species of sillago .

the mean age of fish was lowest for the southern end of port phillip bay and increased with distance to the west of port phillip bay ( fig . 7 ) . the highest mean age was for portland fish ( fig . 7 ) . fish from waratah bay were predominantly 4 year - old ( fig 7 ) . we did not age any fish from corner inlet , but based on their size and previous ageing work we would be confident that the majority of these fish were of age 3 years and younger ( see figs . 8b and 9b ) .

and movement of the juveniles differs between the eastern and western populations . in the western population , unlike many co - occurring sillaginids , stout whiting do not move

figure 7 . comparison of the mean age ( ± 1 standard error ) of king george whiting collected by recreational anglers across sampling locations from east to west .

the b & b is well located for day trips . you ' re also free to explore the natural landscape of the b & b ' s bay - front property during your stay .

whale watching most of the harbours along the new south wales south coast now offer whale watching experiences in cruises and individual boats . there is a strong argument , if you have time and can choose , for going to eden during the whale watching season ( late september to late november ) when the whales , having wintered around hervey bay , are making their way slowly down the coast . firstly there is a sense of occasion when whales get near twofold bay : the killer whale museum sounds a siren and people rush to the vantage points . secondly twofold bay is rich with krill ( a favourite food for whales ) and humpback whales will actually pause at the bay to feed . there are a number of charter operators working out of eden harbour . for more information check out urltoken

figure 8 . a ) length frequency distributions for female and male king george whiting sampled by recreational anglers from victorian waters and examined for reproductive condition , november 2002 - june 2004 , and b ) mean length ( ± 1 standard error ) of king george whiting sampled by recreational anglers compared across sampling locations from east to west .

* by the early 1830s the imlay brothers had started whaling in twofold bay . they trained local aborigines to become whalers . peter imlay arrived at twofold bay around 1833 and decided to settle . his brothers george and alexander followed and they are credited with erecting eden ' s first building , a small slab and bark hut at snug cove . unfortunately the depression of the 1840s destroyed the family financially .

the species ' distribution is restricted to the mid - west coast of western australia , especially shark bay . despite this , isolated specimens have been found further south ( storr et al . 1986 ) .

saltwater creek to bittangabee bay - 9 km , 3 hours - through wildflowers in spring , scrubby heathland , past yellow and purple rocky headlands . to the ruins of the green cape storehouse and landing wharf

the transformation of a group of tiny settlements into the whiting bay we see today began with the establishment of a ferry to saltcoats in 1790 . this was followed from the 1830s by the arrival of steamers from glasgow and elsewhere in the clyde estuary . clearance of arran ' s inland crofting areas from the 1830s produced a demand for more accommodation on the coast , here and elsewhere on the island . but of all arran ' s villages , whiting bay seems to have attracted the most upmarket clientele , and the result was a succession of fine villas being built along the landward side of the road running behind the bay . meanwhile , a golf course was established in 1895 , as were tennis courts , a bowling club and a putting green . the building of a new pier in 1901 , which allowed steamers to land passengers directly rather than via flit boats , only confirmed the growth of the village . a village hall was added in 1926 .

table 1 . details of numbers , sizes , sex and macroscopic reproductive condition of adult king george whiting collected by recreational anglers along the victorian coast , 2002 - 2004 .

figure 9 . a ) age versus length of king george whiting sampled by recreational anglers in victorian ocean waters and the entrance regions of port phillip and western port bays , november 2002 - june 2003 , b ) age versus length with von - bertalanffy growth curve fitted for all king george whiting aged from victorian waters including bays and inlets .

fowler aj , short da ( 1998 ) validation of age determination from otoliths for king george whiting ( perciformes : sillaginodes punctata ) . marine biology 130 , 577 - 578

coastal and bush walking there are a number of short walks around eden all of which are worth doing because they offer excellent views over twofold bay and the nearby beaches . the most popular walks are ( 1 ) the lake curalo walkway ( 3 km return , 40 minutes ) north of the town centre which is excellent for bird watching . it takes the visitor on a boardwalk beside a melaleuca swamp forest and it can connect to the aslings beach walk or the maritime heritage walk ( 2 ) the aslings beach walk which is a pleasant stroll along the beach from the rock pool at the southern end to lake curalo at the northern end ( 3 ) cocora beach walk is a charming walk around the headland with dramatic views over snug cove and the wharf area and ( 4 ) the cattle bay wharf walk which is a one hour long walk around the western edge of twofold bay to boydtown passing cocora beach , bungo beach , rixons beach , quarantine bay , nullica bay and reaching boydtown for an afternoon drink .

wild fisheries research program ( 2008 ) . status of fishery resources in nsw 2006 / 07 : stout whiting . new south wales department of primary industries . pp . 1–3 .

this investigation has provided limited evidence for the occurrence of spawning by king george whiting in victorian waters . of the approximately 1600 specimens examined we found complete gonad maturation in only one female and did not find any fully mature males . although we found several females in a highly developed reproduction state there was no evidence that these fish had spawned prior to capture or were about to spawn . these results suggest that king george whiting are not spawning where recreational anglers target them along the victorian coast , and importantly , they imply that spawning king george whiting are not exploited by victorian anglers . our observation supports the anecdotal information supplied by recreational anglers during the project that suggests king george whiting in roe are rarely captured .

indo - west pacific : india to the gulf of thailand , north to taiwan , south to northern australia from shark bay around the northern coast to adolphus passage , queensland . possibly more widely distributed than indicated .

) . blue whiting diet was clearly different from the diet of the other two species . with the exception of may 2005 , when copepods appeared as dominant prey items , euphausiids and amphipods dominated the diet both in may and july . amphipods in particular were more common in the blue whiting diet than the other diets . some ingestion of large prey was also detected ( e . g . fish of order actinopterygii in may 2008 ) . copepod contribution in the blue whiting diet for may decreased during the last sampling years ( 2009–2010 ) (

) . as for both mackerel and herring , the fi for blue whiting was positively affected by lower temperatures . it also increased with increasing length and a year effect was apparent .

) . however , the diet width of blue whiting and herring was similar in may , while in july significant differences were observed , especially for blue whiting compared with the other species ( tukey hsd test , p < 0 . 001 ) and , to a lesser extent , between mackerel and herring ( tukey hsd test , p < 0 . 1 ) (

burchmore , j . j . ; d . a . pollard , m . j . middleton , j . d . bell and b . c . pease ( 1988 ) . " biology of four species of whiting ( pisces : sillaginidae ) in botany bay , new south wales " . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 39 ( 6 ) : 709–727 . doi : 10 . 1071 / mf9880709 .

mccormack , catherine ( january 2006 ) . annual status report 2005 : finfish ( stout whiting ) trawl fishery . queensland government department of primary industries . pp . 1–17 . issn 0727 - 6273 .

fowler aj , mcgarvey r ( 2000 ) ' development of an integrated fisheries management model for king george whiting ( sillagnodes punctata ) in south australia ' . frdc project 95 / 008 final report .

* whaling was the reason the area was settled . as early as 1791 whalers were in the area . the migration , mostly of right whales , to and from the antarctic resulted in large numbers passing twofold bay between may and november .

our results , based on diet data of mackerel , herring and blue whiting acquired during spring and summer 2005–2010 , showed that mackerel and herring diets largely overlapped , with calanoid copepods being their main prey item , while the blue whiting diet consisted of larger prey items , particularly amphipods . mackerel were not present in the study area in spring , and seemed to show good feeding conditions and predation success in the ns during summer . herring showed their highest feeding incidence during the spring . however , contrary to expectations , herring showed a similar degree of stomach fullness as mackerel in summer , but with a diet composed more of larger macrozooplankton rather than copepods , indicating that in particular larger herring adopt a strategy of migrating into cold waters and search for larger prey . blue whiting seemed to avoid competition with co - occurring herring by feeding on different prey , and the higher stomach fullness degree , feeding incidence and condition factor observed for the largest blue whiting suggested a higher feeding success than that observed for small blue whiting .

( lawler , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , 2009 ; whiting , 2008 ; " arkive . images of life on earth . " , 2003 )

bittangabee bay to green cape - 7 km , 2 . 5 hours , along a section of the old rail track which was used to carry stores and materials to green cape lighthouse . there is an audio tour which can be downloaded at urltoken

although we found evidence of spawning , our results provide no indication of extensive spawning by king george whiting along the victorian coastline . our results in combination with previous work lead to the generation of two hypotheses to explain the lack of spawning king george whiting observed in victorian coastal waters during this project . the first hypothesis is that king george whiting spawn in highly localised , deep - water habitats , and are therefore difficult to detect with angler - based surveys . the second hypothesis is that most king george whiting that spend their juvenile years in victorian bays and inlets migrate back to the major spawning grounds in eastern south australia . in order to determine which of the hypotheses is correct future research should involve more extensive sampling of deeper water habitats and / or investigation of adult migration behaviour to determine if victorian juveniles are returning to south australian waters as adults .

whiting tactics whiting are a foraging fish that spend the vast majority of their time on the bottom nose down looking for their next meal . small crabs , saltwater nippers or yabbies , shrimps , molluscs , worms and tiny fish as well as algae all form part of the food sources available and depend on the availability and size of the fish . the next big whiting taken on a whole pilchard in deeper water intended for a snapper won’t be the last showing that as the fish get larger they become less fussy and more aggressive in their feeding habits . these feeding habits are a fair clue on how to zone in and target them .

more run more fun . whiting tend to bite well mid tide and can go missing on slack water periods , often this is the time to move or chase some squid which lurk in similar area’s as king george

the shark bay seasnake has been identified as a conservation value in the north - west ( dsewpac 2012y ) marine region . the " species group report card - marine reptiles " for the north - west ( dsewpac 2012y ) marine region provides additional information .

located on the picturesque isle of arran , tigh an eilean offers free wi - fi and free on - site parking . just 50 yards from the shores of lamlash bay , the property also offers en - suite rooms and a garden . . . .

for ideas on where to refuel during your self catering holiday in penzance . or if you fancy a restaurant with spectacular views , the bay in penzance is the place to go . read more on our blog : restaurants with the best views in west cornwall .

gorgeous open bay to the south of brodick on isle of arran with views of the holy isle and ailsa craig ( paddy ' s milestone ) . excellent challenging golf course ( 1 of 7 on arran ) and yes you can play them all in 1 day .

parenting is one of the most challenging experiences we humans encounter . in the bay area , many of us are juggling so much that just surviving each day can be overwhelming . with time , despite your best efforts , you may find yourself yelling or giving in .

o ' neill , m . ; kate yeomans , ian breddin , eddie jebreen & adam butcher ( march 2002 ) . the queensland stout whiting fishery : 1991 to 2002 . dpi , queensland government . pp . 1–52 .

) . the dietary overlap between herring and blue whiting was lower than expected by chance for all comparisons , except for july without co - occurrence . also between mackerel and blue whiting , the dietary overlap was lower than expected by chance both with and without co - occurrence . mackerel and herring had a higher dietary overlap when they co - occurred ( 0 . 77 ) , but lower than would have been expected by chance without co - occurrence (

annual increment formation has previously been validated for king george whiting by fowler and short ( 1998 ) . we aged individual king george whiting by counting annual increments in sectioned otoliths ( sagittae ) . birth date was fixed at 1st july ( i . e . end of spawning season ) . we aged 317 individuals that were made up of 4 samples of 60 - 100 randomly selected individuals from each two - month period from november 02 to june 03 . age and length were compared among sampling locations to examine trends in age and length with distance from the major juvenile nursery areas in central victoria ; port phillip bay and western port . we also deliberately aged several of the largest fish to determine the maximum age of fish sampled .

figure 5 . a ) mean ( ± 1 standard error ) gonosomatic indices for female and male king george whiting sampled along the victorian coast from december to july , b ) relationship between ovary weight and ovary free fish weight .

cockrum k s , jones g k ( 1992 ) the reproductive biology and fecundity of king george whiting ( sillaginodes punctata ) in south australian waters , 1953 - 1988 . south australian research and development institute . no . 25 .

average diet width , condition factor , stomach fullness and feeding incidence ( ± 2se ) for mackerel , herring and blue whiting , per year ( from 2005 to 2010 ) and separated by seasons ( may vs . july ) .

weighed with the total estimated abundance per station ) for mackerel , herring and blue whiting in spring and summer and from 2005 to 2010 , based on the highest taxonomic level categorization ( i . e . 45 prey groups ) .

guinea , m . l . & s . d . whiting ( 2005 ) . insights into the distribution and abundance of sea snakes at ashmore reef . the beagle ( supplement 1 ) . page ( s ) 199 - 206 .

fowler aj , mcleay l , short da ( 1999 ) reproductive mode and spawning information based on gonad analysis for the king george whiting ( percoidei : sillaginidae ) from south australia . marine and freshwater research 50 , 1 - 14 .

overall , an average of between 1 and 3 different prey groups were consumed by blue whiting , which tended to consume a broader diet than herring . no significant inter - annual variation was observed in the diet width in any season (

on a sunny day , st . michael’s mount , mount ' s bay and penzance seafront might be mistaken for the mediterranean . sitting in the corner of a sheltered and attractive bay , the town has been a popular resort since the napoleonic wars when the wealthier english people were cut off from the continent and searched closer to home for fresh air and the newly - discovered benefits of sea - bathing . the temperature in penzance is always a little warmer than elsewhere ; sub - tropical plants grow well in morrab gardens and in the gardens on st . michael’s mount .

hyndes ga , platell me , potter ic , lenanton rcj ( 1998 ) age composition , growth , reproductive biology and recruitment of king george whiting ( sillaginodes punctata ) in south - western australia . fishery bulletin 96 , 258 - 270 .

fowler aj , mcleay l , short da ( 2000a ) spatial variation in size and age structures and reproductive characteristics of the king george whiting ( percoidei : sillaginidae ) in south australian waters . marine and freshwater research 51 , 11 - 22 .

weighted by total estimated abundance per station ) , in percentages , for mackerel , herring and blue whiting , per year ( i . e . , from 2005 to 2010 ) and season ( i . e . , may and july ) .

* hearing the reports of the survivors , george bass , travelled down the coast in december , 1797 . on his return in early 1798 he entered twofold bay and named snug cove , where eden wharf now stands , because he believed it was suitable as a resting place for passing vessels .

fowler aj , black kp , jenkins gp ( 2000b ) determination of spawning areas and larval advection pathways for king george whiting in southeastern australia using otolith microstructure and hydrodynamic modelling . ii . south australia . marine ecology progress series 199 , 243 - 254

estimated fish abundance distribution per year ( 2005–2010 ) in may and july for ( a ) mackerel ( july ) , ( b ) herring and ( c ) blue whiting . abundances per grid square ( see section 2 . 3 ) are defined as thousands of tonnes for herring and blue whiting , and in cpue for mackerel . black symbols represent sampling stations . dark grey lines indicate water - mass boundaries for each year and season , and light grey lines represent the average boundaries during each season .

) , also known as sea cows , have a broad but fragmented range , encompassing tropical waters from east africa to vanuatu , about 26 degrees both north and south of the equator . this range spans at least 48 countries and about 140 , 000 km of tropical coastline . the largest population of sea cows is found in the northern waters of australia between shark bay ( western australia ) and moreton bay ( queensland ) . the second largest population is found in the arabian gulf . dugongs are not considered migratory but are known to travel great distances within their range in order to find food .

cite this article as : krück nc , chargulaf ca , saint - paul u , tibbetts ir ( 2009 ) early post - settlement habitat and diet shifts and the nursery function of tidepools during sillago spp . recruitment in moreton bay , australia . mar ecol prog ser 384 : 207 - 219 . urltoken

jenkins gp , black kp , hamer p a ( 2000 ) determination of spawning areas and larval advection pathways for king george whiting in southeastern australia using otolith microstructure and hydrodynamic modelling . i . victoria . marine ecology progress series 199 , 231 - 242 .

parameters of models predicting ( a ) condition factor ( cf ) , ( b ) stomach fullness degree ( sfd ) and ( c ) feeding incidence ( fi ) for mackerel , herring and blue whiting ( see section 2 . 6 for model explanation ) .

figure 3 . a ) histological section of the ovary from a female king george whiting collected in may that was classified as macroscopic stage 3 ( magnification x 100 ) , b ) close up of a cortical alveoli or developing oocyte stage ( magnification x 250 ) .

figure 6 . a ) age frequency distribution for king george whiting sampled by recreational anglers from victorian coastal waters and the entrance regions of port phillip and western port bays , november 2002 - june 2003 , and b ) age frequency by sex , n = 317 .

n fish and n station denote the number of fish samples and sampling stations in each case , respectively . sd is the standard deviation . ( 1 ) sfd units : x10 - 5 mg mm - 1 . ‘mac’ mackerel ; ‘her’ herring ; ‘bwh’ blue whiting .

research is required that directly measures the reproductive state of adult king george whiting along the victorian coast so that the spawning times and locations of king george whiting in victorian waters can be determined . a direct method of investigating spawning times and areas is by studying gonad condition . it is possible to assess the stage of gonad development and the imminence of spawning in fish using macro - and microscopic characteristics of gonads from male and female fish ( hunter and macewicz 1985 ) . this type of research has been conducted for many of our commercially important species ( farely and davis 1998 ) . major studies of this type have been carried out for king george whiting in western australia ( hyndes et al . 1998 ) and south australia ( cockrum and jones 1992 , fowler et al . 1999 , 2000a ) . in this study we examine the reproductive characteristics of adult fish collected by recreational anglers along the victorian coastline . the aim of this work is to identify whether king george whiting spawn along the coastline of victoria , and if so , where and when does spawning take place .

although spawning adults were largely absent from recreational catches , we cannot rule out the possibility that spawning may occur in areas not fished by recreational anglers . previous investigations of the spawning behaviour of king george whiting in western australia have suggested that spawning may occur in depths from 6 to at least 50 m ( hyndes et al . 1998 ) . although research in south australia suggests that spawning may occur predominantly in deeper waters , it has been observed in waters shallower than 10 m ( fowler et al . 2000 ) . although king george whiting were collected over a broad geographic range , the majority of samples obtained from recreational anglers came from water depths of less than 20m . this reflected the fishing behaviour of victorian anglers , who target king george whiting in shallow water where they can visualise the bottom habitat .

) , were especially abundant as prey in may , while these were partially replaced by euphausiids and amphipods in july . the seasonal difference in diet was most obvious in the coastal water mass . no seasonal or water mass differences were observed for the ingestion of appendicularians . the amount of copepods ingested by blue whiting was generally low and limited to the atlantic water mass . larger euphausiids and / or amphipods dominated blue whiting diet in all water masses and seasons , and fish were also found in the stomachs from two coastal stations in july (

stout whiting are fast growers in comparison to most other smelt - whitings , reaching 80 % of its final length after 2 years of life . the species is known to reach a maximum age of 7 years , although most individuals do not survive more than 3 years .

figure 2 . a ) images of reproductively mature king george whiting that were supplied to anglers involved in collection of frames ( photo courtesy of dr . tony fowler , south australian research and development institute ) , b ) developing female collected during april in victorian coastal waters .

blue whiting showed lower dietary overlap with herring in co - occurring stations than in those stations without co - occurrence in both may and july . this suggests that they are able to avoid competition by feeding on different prey than herring when the two species co - occur .


crotalus is a genus of venomous pit vipers found only in the americas from southern canada to northern argentina , colloquially known as rattlesnakes .

the name is derived from the greek word κρόταλον krótalοn , which means " rattle " or " castanet " , and refers to the rattle on the end of the tail which makes this group ( genera crotalus and sistrurus ) so distinctive .

currently , 32 species are recognized .

crotalus

crotalus <EOT> crotalus viridis viridis ( rafinesque 1818 ) crotalinus viridis rafinesque 1818 crotalus viridis viridis — klauber 1936 crotalus viridis viridis — klauber 1952 : 103 crotalus viridis viridis — stebbins 1985 : 231 crotalus viridis viridis — liner 1994 crotalus viridis viridis — conant & collins 1991 : 236 crotalus viridis — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 297 crotalus viridis viridis — tennant & bartlett 2000 : 529 crotalus viridis viridis — ashton et al . 2001 crotalus viridis viridis — campbell & lamar 2004 crotalus viridis — hoser 2009 crotalus viridis — crother et al . 2012 crotalus viridis — wallach et al . 2014 : 196 crotalus viridis — davis et al . 2016 crotalus viridis nuntius klauber 1935 crotalus confluentus nuntius klauber 1935 crotalus viridis nuntius — klauber 1936 crotalus viridis nuntius — stebbins 1985 : 232 crotalus viridis nuntius — crother 2000 : 60 crotalus viridis nuntius — ashton et al . 2001 crotalus viridis nuntius — campbell & lamar 2004 crotalus viridis — beaman & hayes 2008 crotalus viridis nuntius — lillywhite 2014 : 23 crotalus viridis nuntius — davis et al . 2016

5 . blue : crotalus oreganus helleri southern pacific rattlesnake 6 . orange : crotalus oreganus lutosus great basin rattlesnake 7 . red : crotalus oreganus oreganus northern pacific rattlesnake

snake venomics of the central american rattlesnake crotalus simus and the south american crotalus durissus complex points to neurotoxicity as an adaptive paedomorphic trend along crotalus dispersal in south america .

2 . red : crotalus cerastes cerastes - mohave desert sidewinder 3 . orange : crotalus cerastes laterorepens - colorado desert sidewinder

snake venomics of the central american rattlesnake crotalus simus and the south american crotalus durissus complex points to neurotoxicity as an ad . . . - pubmed - ncbi

goldberg , s . 1999 . reproduction in the blacktail rattlesnake , crotalus molossus .

notes on identifying subspecies of western rattlesnakes , crotalus oreganus , found in california .

crotalus is available under the mit license . see the license file for more info .

geographic and ontogenic variation in venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) .

phenotypic integration in the feeding system of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) .

click the banners below to learn more about these fascinating members of the genus crotalus .

patrick leary changed the thumbnail image of " file : crotalus . cerastes . jpg " .

mackessy , stephen p . 1991 . literature : venom ontogeny in the pacific rattlesnake crotalus viridis helleri and crotalus viridis oreganus . litteratura serpentium 11 ( 5 ) : 116 - get paper here

aldridge , r . 1979 . female reproductive cycles of the snakes arizona elegans and crotalus viridis .

diller , l . 1990 . a field observation on the feeding behavior of crotalus viridis lutosus .

abby greb added text to " brief summary " on " crotalus cerastes hallowell , 1854 " .

timber rattlesnakes ( crotalus horridus ) use chemical cues to select ambush sites . - pubmed - ncbi

crotalus is available through cocoapods . to install it , simply add the following line to your podfile :

beaupre , s . 1993 . an ecological study of oxygen - consumption in the mottled rock rattlesnake , crotalus - lepidus - lepidus , and the black - tailed rattlesnake , crotalus - molossus - molossus .

charland , b . 1989 . size and winter survivorship in neonatal western rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) .

kento furui added the japanese common name " ヨコバイガラガラヘビ " to " crotalus cerastes hallowell , 1854 " .

ontogeny of striking , prey - handling and envenomation behavior of prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus v . viridis )

" home range and behavior of the timber rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus ) " by jennifer p . adams

hemorrhagic toxins from rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) venom . pathogenesis of hemorrhage induced by three purified toxins .

from crotalus durissus terrificus showed antiviral activity against dengue and yellow fever viruses . toxicon 59 : 507–515 .

means , b . 2009 . effects of rattlesnake roundups on the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) .

graves , b . 1989 . defensive behavior of female prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) changes after parturition .

geographic and ontogenic variation in venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) . - pubmed - ncbi

renato agazzi added the italian common name " crotalo ceraste " to " crotalus cerastes hallowell , 1854 " .

amy chang selected " geographic range " to show in overview on " crotalus cerastes hallowell , 1854 " .

phenotypic integration in the feeding system of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) . - pubmed - ncbi

macartney , m . 1989 . diet of the northern pacific rattlesnake , crotalus viridis oreganus , in british columbia .

sealy , j . b . 1996 . serpentes : crotalus horridus ( timber rattlesnake ) mating . herpetological review .

ontogeny of striking , prey - handling and envenomation behavior of prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus v . viridis ) - sciencedirect

( crotalus viridis viridis , ) . paper presented at meeting of the animal behavior society , tucson , az .

cameron dl , tu at . characterization of myotoxin a from the venom of prairie rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis viridis ) .

natureserve explorer , 2004 . " crotalus molossus " ( on - line ) . accessed july 06 , 2004 at urltoken .

exploring the venom proteome of the western diamondback rattlesnake , crotalus atrox , via snake venomics and combinatorial peptide ligand library approaches .

macartney , m . , p . gregory . 1988 . reproductive biology of female rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) in british columbia .

weima , andré 1992 . crotalus durissus vegrandis in captivity . litteratura serpentium 12 ( 5 ) : 81 - 85 - get paper here

widmer , e . 1967 . helminth parasites of the prairie rattlesnake , crotalus viridis rafinesque , 1808 , in weld county , colorado .

petricevich vl , mendonça rz ( 2003 ) inhibitory potential of crotalus durissus terrificus venom on measles virus growth . toxicon 42 : 143–153 .

cosewic . cosewic assessment and status report on the prairie rattlesnake crotalus viridis in canada . none . ottawa , canada : cosewic . 2015 .

geographical distribution of crotalus durissus with stomach contents from central region of brazil covering forest formations of amazon and atlantic forest , caatinga and cerrado .

food composition in individual males , females , newborns and juveniles of crotalus durissus from central region of brazil ( n = 30 snakes ) .

s1 text . the concatenation and analysis of mitochondrial dna for the crotalus viridis complex , with best - supported models of sequence evolution provided .

mccranie j r 1993 . crotalus durissus linnaeus , neotropical rattlesnake . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles 577 : 1 - 11 - get paper here

crotalus is an convenient and fast approach to create attributedstring in swift . this library is inspired by colorize which is a ruby gem colorize string .

cameron , d . , a . tu . 1977 . characterization of myotoxin a from the venom of prairie rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis viridis ) .

charland , b . , p . gregory . 1990 . the influence of female reproductive status on thermoregulation in a viviparous snake , crotalus viridis .

duvall , d . , g . shuett . 1997 . straight - line movement and competitive mate searching in prairie rattlesnakes , crotalus viridis viridis .

hayes , w . 1992 . prey - handling and envenomation strategies of prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus v . viridis ) feeding on mice and sparrows .

benício , r . a . 2016 . crotalus durissus ( south american rattlesnake ) arboreal habitat use . herpetological review 47 ( 3 ) : 477 .

mccranie j r 1984 . crotalus vegrandis klauber . uracoan rattlesnake . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 350 : 1 - 2 - get paper here

winchell , s . 2007 . klapperschlangen ! die gattung crotalus . reptilia ( münster ) 12 ( 66 ) : 18 - 25 - get paper here

kardong , k . , k . rochelle . 1996 . mechanical damage inflicted by fangs on prey during predatory strikes by rattlesnakes , crotalus viridis oreganus .

sweet , s . 1985 . geographic variation , convergent crypsis and mimicry in gopher snakes ( pituophis melanoleucus ) and western rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) .

description of the gamonts of a small species of hepatozoon sp . ( apicomplexa , hepatozoidae ) found in crotalus durissus terrificus ( serpentes , viperidae ) .

echeverrigaray , s . , grazziotin , g . , grazziotin , f . & agostini , g . 2000 . random amplified polymorphisms between two south american subspecies of rattlesnakes ( crotalus durissus collilineatus e crotalus durissus terrificus ) . braz . arch . biol . techn . 313 - 317 . [ links ]

quinn hr . morphology , isozymes , and mitochondrial dna as systematic indicators in crotalus : ph . d . dissertation . university of houston ; 1987 .

latella , ian m . and howard snell . 2015 . geographic distribution : crotalus viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) . herpetological review 46 ( 1 ) : 62

warning , nathanial and nora covy . 2016 . crotalus viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) behavior / long distance swimming . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 145

due to some unique rules for the triduum , if you attend triduum liturgies , you may hear one of the rarest of liturgical instruments : the crotalus .

ownby cl , cameron d , tu at . isolation of myotoxic component from rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis viridis ) venom . electron microscopic analysis of muscle damage .

exploring the venom proteome of the western diamondback rattlesnake , crotalus atrox , via snake venomics and combinatorial peptide ligand library ap . . . - pubmed - ncbi

s1 fig . plots depicting bayesian posterior probabilities that stem from assigning specimens to subspecies under equal prior probabilities in the western rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis ) complex .

taylor , nathan caleb and sean p . graham . 2015 . geographic distribution : crotalus viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) . herpetological review 46 ( 4 ) : 572

william , p . , b . william . 1974 . mortality and weight changes of great basin rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) at a hibernaculum in northern utah .

we have tried to account for most of the main species of the crotalus family below . this list is arranged alphabetically by scientific name ( species extension ) .

chepsongol , roxanne m . and douglas w . burkett . 2013 . crotalus viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) diet . herpetological review 44 ( 3 ) : 520 - 521

butler , j . , t . hull , r . franz . 1995 . neonate aggregations and maternal attendance of young in the eastern diamondback rattlesnake , crotalus adamanteus .

macartney , m . , p . gregory , b . charland . 1990 . growth and sexual maturity of the western rattlesnake , crotalus viridis , in british columbia .

gibbons , j . w . 1972 . reproduction , growth and sexual dimorphism in the canebrake rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus atricaudatus ) . copeia 1972 : 222 - 226 .

food item , ameiva ameiva , recorded in the stomach of a female crotalus durissus . specimen deposited in the coleção herpetológica da universidade de brasília ( chunb 49673 ) .

gloyd , howard k . , 1978 . the rattlesnakes : genera sistrurus and crotalus . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , kansas . pg . 204 .

the term “crotalus” is a latin term that comes from the greek word “krotalon” ( κροταλον ) , which means “rattle . ” ( as a result , “crotalus” is also the name of a genus of rattlesnakes . ) crotaluses can come in many different designs ( see the pictures and videos at the end of this article for examples ) .

hellebuyck , tom 2012 . captive breeding characteristics of the uracoan rattlesnake ( crotalus durissus vegrandis ) . litteratura serpentium 32 ( 4 ) : 181 - 186 - get paper here

kauffeld , carl f . ; gloyd , howard k . 1939 . notes on the aruba rattlesnake , crotalus unicolor . herpetologica 1 : 156 - 160 - get paper here

mccranie j r 1986 . crotalus unicolor van lidth de jeude . aruba island rattlesnake . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 389 : 1 - 2 - get paper here

to cite this page : desai , m . 2004 . " crotalus molossus " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

to cite this page : johnson , l . 2018 . " crotalus adamanteus " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

to cite this page : russell , h . 2017 . " crotalus viridis " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

to cite this page : falk , a . 2002 . " crotalus horridus " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

clark , r . w . 2002 . diet of the timber rattlesnake crotalus horridus . j . herpetol . 36 ( 3 ) : 494 - 499 . [ links ]

to cite this page : ingmarsson , l . 2002 . " crotalus atrox " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

travaglia cardoso , silvia r . and ana c . parpinelli 2006 . crotalus durissus terrificus . a case of xanthism . herpetological bulletin 97 : 38 - 39 - get paper here

enderson , e . f . 2010 . the occurrence of crotalus viridis in sonora , mexico . sonoran herpetologist 23 ( 7 ) : 94 - 96 . - get paper here

description of the gamonts of a small species of hepatozoon sp . ( apicomplexa , hepatozoidae ) found in crotalus durissus terrificus ( serpentes , viper . . . - pubmed - ncbi

adams , jennifer p . , " home range and behavior of the timber rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus ) " ( 2005 ) . theses , dissertations and capstones . 26 . urltoken

on the other hand , crotalus venom causes a persistent albuminuria and extensive tubular degeneration and cast formation , with death , preceded by great emaciation , after five to six weeks .

aeberhard , r . 2010 . interessante beobachtungen zur tragzeit der tropischen klapperschlange , crotalus durissus durissus . reptilia ( münster ) 15 ( 81 ) : 7 - 9 - get paper here

gloyd , howard k . 1936 . the status of crotalus unicolor van lidth de jeude and icrotalus pulvis ditmars . herpetologica 1 ( 2 ) : 65 - 68 - get paper here

hansen , r . w . & bryson , r . w . , jr . 2018 . crotalus viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) diet . herpetological review 49 : 128 - 129 .

rokyta , d . , a . lemmon , m . margres , k . aronow . 2012 . the venom - gland transcriptome of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) .

ferrante , lucas , rafael menegucci and ibere farina machado . 2015 . crotalus durissus ( south american rattlesnake ) swimming behavior to cross geographical barrier . herpetological review 46 ( 4 ) : 640

olivier , r . 2008 . grote verwarring rond een ‘kleine’ ratelslang : de hopiratelslang , crotalus viridis nuntius . lacerta 66 ( 1 - 3 ) : 40 - 46 - get paper here

golan , l . , c . radcliffe , t . miller , b . o ' connell , d . chiszar . 1982 . trailing behavior in prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) .

macias - rodriguez , eduardo f . , ana gatica - colima and hector gadsden . 2013 . crotalus viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) reproduction / combat . herpetological review 44 ( 3 ) : 521

hammerson , g . 2007 . " crotalus adamanteus " ( on - line ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2007 e . t64308a12762249 . accessed november 02 , 2017 at urltoken .

chiszar , d . , k . scudder , l . knight , h . smith . 1978 . exploratory behavior in prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) and water moccasins ( agkistrodon piscivorus ) .

brown , w . s . 1993 . biology , status , and management of the timber rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus ) : a guide for conservation . ssar herp . circular no . 22 .

hoser , r . 2009 . a reclassification of the rattlesnakes ; species formerly exclusively referred to the genera crotalus and sistrurus . australasian j . herpetol . 3 : 1 - 21 - get paper here

rowley , paul 2003 . the development of a safe restraint method for handling adult specimens of the neotropical rattlesnake crotalus durissus . litteratura serpentium 23 ( 1 ) : 40 - 45 - get paper here

chiszar , d . , k . stimac , t . boyer . 1983 . effect of mouse odors on visually - induced and strike - induced chemosensory searching in prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) .

saviola , a . , d . pla , t . castoe , j . calvete , s . mackessy . 2015 . comparative venomics of the prairie rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis viridis ) from colorado .

macarthney , j . m . 1989 . diet of the northern pacific rattlesnake , crotalus viridis oreganus , in british columbia . herpetologica 45 ( 3 ) : 299 - 304 . urltoken [ links ]

santos , s . m . & germano , v . j . 1996 . crotalus durissus ( neotropical rattlesnake ) prey . herpetol . rev . 27 ( 3 ) : 143 . [ links ]

feoktistow , a . e . 1893 . on the physiology of the rattle of crotalus durissus . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 11 : 54 - 58 - get paper here

( " petition to list the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) as threatened under the endangered species act " , 2011 ; ernst and ernst , 2012 ; waldron , et al . , 2006 )

duvall , d . , d . chiszar , w . hayes , j . leonhardt , m . goode . 1990 . chemical and behavioral ecology of foraging in prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis viridis ) .

brown , william s . 1993 . biology , status , and management of the timber rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus ) : a guide for conservation . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , oxford .

beaupre , s . j . 1995 . comparative ecology of the mottled rock rattlesnake , crotalus lepidus , in big ben national park . herpetologica 51 ( 1 ) : 45 - 56 . [ links ]

gatica - colima , ana , eduardo f . macias - rodríguez and ricardo paredes - león . 2014 . crotalus viridis viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) ectoparasites . herpetological review 45 ( 1 ) : 143 - 144

macartney , j . malcolm & patrick t . gregory 1991 . literature : reproductive biology of female rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) in british columbia . litteratura serpentium 11 ( 5 ) : 116 - get paper here

( " a status assessment and distribution model for the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) in georgia " , 2015 ; " florida ' s venomous snakes " , 2004 ; " petition to list the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) as threatened under the endangered species act " , 2011 ; ernst and ernst , 2012 ; hoss , et al . , 2010 ; steen , et al . , 2007 )

ownby , c . , t . colberg , g . odell . 1986 . in vivo ability of antimyotoxin a serum plus polyvalent ( crotalidae ) antivenom to neutralize prairie rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis viridis ) venom .

considering data to other viperids ( sawaya et al . 2008 ; marques et al . 2009 ; barbo et al . 2011 ) the frequency of individuals of crotalus durissus with prey in the stomach was low .

sandner - montilla f 1980 . una nueva especie del genero crotalus ( serpentes , crotalidae , crotalinae ) del sur del estado guarico , venezuela . memorias cientifica de ofidiologia ( no . 5 ) : 1 - 12

pifano , f . & rodriguez - acosta , a . 1996 . ecological niche and redescription of crotalus vegrandis ( serpentes : crotalidae ) in venezuela . brenesia 45 - 46 : 169 - 175 . [ links ]

davis m . morphometrics , molecular ecology and multivariate environmental niche define the evolutionary history of the western rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis ) complex . ph . d dissertation . university of illinois at urbana - champaign ; 2012 .

hampton pm , moon br . gape size , its morphological basis , and the validity of gape indices in western diamond - backed rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) . journal of morphology . 2013 ; 247 : 194–202 .

murphy et al . ( 1995 ) examined variation in mtdna , allozymes , and morphology of red diamond rattlesnakes and concluded that crotalus ruber and c . exsul should be considered a single species ( c . exsul ) with three subspecies ( c . e . exsul , c . e . ruber , and c . e . lorenzoensis . smith et al . ( 1998 ) applied to the iczn to conserve the name c rotalus ruber for the red diamond rattlesnake by giving the name crotalus ruber precedence over the name c . exsul . iczn ( 2000 ) gave crotalus ruber precedence over c . exsul whenever the two names are considered to be synonyms .

hoss , s . , c . guyer , l . smith , g . schuett . 2010 . multiscale influences of landscape composition and configuration on the spatial ecology of eastern diamond - backed rattlesnakes ( crotalus adamanteus ) .

hoyos , m . a . 2012 . a cascavel neotropical crotalus durissus : uma abordagem morfológica e da história natural em populações do brasil . tese de doutorado , universidade de são paulo , são paulo . [ links ]

the goal of the present work was to label crotalus durissus terrificus venom with 99m tc . the crude and labeled venom were then subjected to a hemolytic activity study to verify that labeling did not alter the biological activities .

crotalus is a genus of venomous pit vipers naturally occurring in the americas , from southern canada to northern argentina . the rattlesnakes currently found in south africa include the sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes ) , which is a desert ambush predator . members of this genus range in size from 50–60cm to over 150cm . most forms are easily recognised by the characteristic rattle on the end of their tails , although a few island populations are exceptions to this rule .

quijada - mascareñas & wüster , w . 2006 . crotalus durissus complex : from yucatan to patagonia : the natural history of the neotropical rattlesnake . reptilia ( gb ) ( 49 ) : 66 - 73 - get paper here

klauber , laurence m . 1935 . a new subspecies of crotalus confluentus , the prairie rattlesnake . transactions of the san diego society of natural history 8 ( 13 ) : 75 - 90 + 1 plate - get paper here

the orianne society . a status assessment and distribution model for the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) in georgia . none . clayton , georgia : the orianne society . 2015 . accessed september 10 , 2017 at urltoken .

sage , r . d . ; capredon , e . e . 1971 . la distribucion de la cascabel ( crotalus durissus terrificus ( laurentius ) en argentina y su significado zoogeographico . neotropica 17 ( 54 ) : 133 - 136

wüster , w . & bérnils , r . s . 2011 . on the generic classification of the rattlesnakes , with special reference to the neotropical crotalus durissus complex ( squamata : viperidae ) . zoologia 28 ( 4 ) : 417–419

graves , b . m . , m . b . king & d . duvall 1991 . literature : natural history of prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis viridis ) . litteratura serpentium 11 ( 1 ) : 24 - get paper here

justification : crotalus durissus has been assessed as least concern in view of its very wide distribution and its tolerance of a broad range of habitats . no specific threats have been reported and this species is not undergoing significant population declines .

shipley , b . , d . chiszar , k . fitzgerald , a . saviola . 2013 . spatial ecology of prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) associated with black - tailed prairie dog ( cynomys ludovicianus ) colonies in colorado .

trutnau , l . 2002 . bemerkungen zur verbreitung , biologie und taxonomie der tropischen klapperschlange crotalus durissus sowie zur pflege und zucht der unterart c . d . terrificus . herpetofauna 24 ( 140 ) : 13 - 24 - get paper here

the crotalus used to be universally used , but fell out of use in the last few decades . it seems , however , to have made a little bit of a comeback lately due to an increase of interest in traditional liturgy .

tozetti , a . m . , & martins , m . 2008 . habitat use by the south - american rattlesnake ( crotalus durissus ) in southeastern brazil . journal of natural history 42 : 1435 - 1444 . urltoken [ links ]

collection sites with voucher numbers of studied specimens of crotalus durissus and stomach contents from central region of brazil . chunb , coleção herpetológica da universidade de brasília ; ibsp , instituto butantan ; mzusp , museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo .

( " petition to list the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) as threatened under the endangered species act " , 2011 ; gibbons and dorcas , 2005 ; hoss , et al . , 2010 ; steen , et al . , 2007 )

diller , l . v . & wallace , r . l . 1996 . comparative ecology of two snake species ( crotalus viridis and pituophis melanoleucus ) in southwestern idaho . herpetologica 52 ( 3 ) : 343 - 360 . urltoken [ links ]

the intravenous injection of crotalus atrox venom produces an immediate and profound fall in systemic arterial pressure . this change was observed in both cats and dogs , and it has been seen in previous experiments with rabbits , goats , guinea pigs and monkeys .

magres mj , wray kp , seavy m , mcgivern jj , sanader d , rokyta dr . phenotypic integration in the feeding system of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) . molecular ecology . 2015 ; 24 : 3405–3420 . pmid : 25988233

frost , d . , g . hammerson , g . santos - barrera . 2007 . " crotalus viridis " ( on - line ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2007 : e . t64339a12771847 . accessed september 10 , 2017 at urltoken .

citation : davis ma , douglas mr , collyer ml , douglas me ( 2016 ) deconstructing a species - complex : geometric morphometric and molecular analyses define species in the western rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis ) . plos one 11 ( 1 ) : e0146166 . urltoken

harris , h . jr . , r . s . simmons 1976 . a new subspecies of crotalus durissus ( serpentes : crotalidae ) from the rupununisavana of southwestern guyana . mem . inst . butantan 40 / 41 : 305 - 311 . - get paper here

sant ' anna , s . & abe a . s . 2007 . diet of the rattlesnake crotalus durissus in southeastern brazil ( serpentes , viperidae ) . stud . neotrop . fauna e . 42 ( 3 ) : 169 - 174 . urltoken [ links ]

biological activity of the crotalus venom after the labeling process was assessed by indirect hemolytic activity . hemolytic activity of crude and labeled venom was assayed as described by cadillo et al ( cadillo et al , 1992 ) and activity was expressed as absorbance at 540 nm .

douglas me , douglas mr , schuett gw , porras lw . evolution of rattlesnakes ( viperidae ; crotalus ) in the warm deserts of western north america shaped by neogene vicariance and quaternary climate change . molecular ecology . 2006 ; 15 : 3353–3374 . pmid : 16968275

vanzolini , p . e . & calleffo , e . v . 2002 . a taxonomic bibliography of the south american snakes of the crotalus durissus complex ( serpentes , viperidae ) . anais da academia brasileira de ciências 74 ( 1 ) : 37–83 - get paper here

anderson cg , greenbaum e . phylogeography of northern populations of the black - tailed rattlesnake ( crotalus molossus , baird and girard , 1853 ) , with the revalidation of revalidation of c . ornatus , hallowell , 1854 . herpetological monographs . 2012 ; 26 : 19–57 .

gardiner , laura e . , christopher m . somers , dennilyn l . parker and ray g . poulin . 2015 . microhabitat selection by prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) at the northern extreme of their geographic range . journal of herpetology 49 ( 1 ) : 131 - 137

crotalus durissus terrificus ( south american rattlesnake ) venom possesses phospholipase a 2 activity , which can lead to hemolysis , and neurotoxic activity , both of which are also expressed by crotoxin . the biological activity evaluation showed that 99m tc labeling did not alter the activity of the cv .

( " cosewic assessment and status report on the prairie rattlesnake crotalus viridis in canada " , 2015 ; charland , 1989 ; chiszar , et al . , 1978 ; duvall , et al . , 1990 ; golan , et al . , 1982 ; zug and ernst , 2004 )

beaupre , s . j . , duvall , d . & o ' leile , j . 1998 . ontogenetic variation in growth and sexual size dimorphism in a central arizona population of the western diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) . copeia 1 : 40 - 47 . [ links ]

rudolph , d . craig ; schaefer , r . r . ; saenz , d . ; conner , r . n . 2004 . arboreal behavior in the timber rattlesnake , crotalus horridus , in eastern texas . texas journal of science . 56 ( 4 ) : 395 - 404 .

monteiro , h . s . a . ; silva , i . m . s . c . ; martins , a . m . c . and fonteles , m . c . ( 2001 ) , actions of crotalus durissus terrificus venom and crotoxin on the isolated rat kidney . ,

prigioni , carlos ; borteiro , claudio ; kolenc , francisco ; colina , marcelo ; gonzález , enrique m . 2013 . geographic distribution and apparent decline of crotalus durissus terrificus ( laurenti 1768 ; serpentes , viperidae ) in uruguay . cuadernos de herpetología 27 ( 2 ) : - get paper here

chiszar , david ; bryon k . shipley , hobart m . smith , kevin fitzgerald and anthony j . saviola . 2014 . straightness - of - path during and after vernal migration in prairie rattlesnakes , crotalus viridis , in eastern colorado . herpetology notes 7 : 425 - 436 - get paper here

the rattlesnakes of the genus crotalus evolved in north america and subsequently spread across central and south america ( echevarrigaray et al . 2000 ; quijada - mascareñas et al . 2007 ) . currently 41 species of crotalus are recognized , with greater a diversity in mexico and the united states ( uetz at al . 2016 ) . this genus is frequently considered as a model for studies related to ecology , due to its widespread distribution covering several habitats , including deserts , flooded areas , forest environments and open habitats ( norman , 1994 ; beaupre et al . 1998 ; place & abramson , 2004 ) .

depending on how you classify them , there are about 29 or 30 different species of rattlesnakes in the world . most of them fall within the crotalus family of snakes . of course , when you include the various sub - species found within each species , there are even more rattlesnakes to consider .

fill , j . , j . waldron , s . welch , m . martin , j . cantrell , s . bennett , w . kalinowsky , j . holloway , t . mousseau . 2015 . breeding and reproductive phenology of eastern diamond - backed rattlesnakes ( crotalus adamanteus ) in south carolina .

salomão , m . g . , almeida - santos , s . m . & puorto , g . 1995 . activity pattern of crotalus durissus ( viperidae , crotalinae ) : feeding , reproduction and snakebite . stud . neotrop . fauna e . 30 ( 2 ) : 101 - 106 [ links ]

vanzolini , p . e . 1947 . notas sobre um derodimo de crotalus durissus terrificus ( laur . ) nota nomenclaural sobre leimadophis almada ( wagler , 1824 ) ( = leimadophis almadensis auct . ) . papéis avulsos de zoologia ( são paulo ) 8 ( 24 ) : 273 - 283 - get paper here

ashton , kyle g . ; de queiroz , alan 2001 . molecular systematics of the western rattlesnake , crotalus viridis ( viperidae ) , with comments on the utility of the d - loop in phylogenetic studies of snakes . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 21 ( 2 ) : 176 - 189 . - get paper here

bauder , javan m . ; holly akenson , and charles r . peterson 2015 . movement patterns of prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus v . viridis ) across a mountainous landscape in a designated wilderness area journal of herpetology sep 2015 , vol . 49 , no . 3 : 377 - 387 . - get paper here

davis ma , douglas mr , collyer ml , douglas me 2016 . deconstructing a species - complex : geometric morphometric and molecular analyses define species in the western rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis ) . plos one 11 ( 1 ) : e0146166 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0146166 - get paper here

holycross , andrew t . ; thomas g . anton , michael e . douglas , and darrel r . frost 2008 . the type localities of sistrurus catenatus and crotalus viridis ( serpentes : viperidae ) , with the unraveling of a most unfortunate tangle of names . copeia 2008 ( 2 ) : 421–424 - get paper here

the western diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) is a heavy bodied snake with a triangular shaped head . there are two dark diagonal lines on each side of its face running from the eyes to its jaws . it has dark diamond - shaped patterns along is back . the tail has black and white bands just above the rattles .

marchi - salvador dp , corrêa lc , magro aj , oliveira cz , soares am , et al . ( 2008 ) insights into the role of oligomeric state on the biological activities of crotoxin : crystal structure of a tetrameric phospholipase a2 formed by two isoforms of crotoxin b from crotalus durissus terrificus venom . proteins 72 : 883–891 .

citation : muller vd , soares ro , dos santos - junior nn , trabuco ac , cintra ac , figueiredo lt , et al . ( 2014 ) phospholipase a 2 isolated from the venom of crotalus durissus terrificus inactivates dengue virus and other enveloped viruses by disrupting the viral envelope . plos one 9 ( 11 ) : e112351 . urltoken

wüster , wolfgang ; julia e . ferguson ; j . adrian quijada - mascareñas ; catharine e . pook ; maria da graça salomão < br / > and roger s . thorpe 2005 . tracing an invasion : landbridges , refugia , and the phylogeography of the neotropical rattlesnake ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalus durissus ) . molecular ecology 14 : 1095–1108

almeida - santos , selma maria ; maria da graca salomão ; elaine aparecida peneti , < br / > paulo sérgio de sena ; eduardo santos guimaraes 1999 . predatory combat and tail wrestling in hierarchical contests of the neotropical rattlesnake crotalus durissus terrificus ( serpentes : viperidae ) . amphibia - reptilia 20 ( 1 ) : 88 - 96 - get paper here

the south - american rattlesnake crotalus durissus , is restricted to south america ( campbell & lamar 2004 ) and has a discontinuous distribution ( wüster et al . 2005 ) from colombia to argentina ( vanzolini et al . 1980 ) . some populations exhibit considerable ecological variation , with closeby populations differing greatly from each other ( campbell & lamar , 2004 ) .

cozendey , p . , novelli , i . a . , do nascimento , a . a . , peters , v . m . & de sousa , b . m . 2017 . study of the renal sexual segment of crotalus durissus terrificus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( viperidae : crotalinae ) . herpetological review 48 ( 4 ) : 743 - 746

valencia - hernández , ángel alberto ; irene goyenechea < br / > & jesús martín castillo - cerón 2007 . notes on scutellation , length , and distribution of rattlesnakes ( serpentes : viperidade : crotalus ) in the state of hidalgo , mexico . acta zoológica mexicana ( n . s . ) 23 ( 3 ) : 29 - 33 - get paper here

davis , mark a . and michael e . douglas 2017 . prairie rattlesnake crotalus viridis ( rafinesque 1818 ) . in : rattlesnakes of arizona , volume i , 1st edition , editors : gordon w . schuett , martin j . feldner , charles f . smith , randall s . reiserer . eco publishing , pp . 289 - 332 - get paper here

a free - ranging specimen of crotalus durissus unicolor on aruba island was observed after striking rodent prey ( calomys hummelincki ) and after no - strike presentations . strike - induced chemosensory searching and trail following were seen after strikes . when a chemical trail was not present following a strike , the snake searched extensively near its refuge , but never emerged from it .

center for biological diversity , coastal plains institute , protecting all living species , one more generation . petition to list the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) as threatened under the endangered species act . none . usa : center for biological diversity , coastal plains institute , protecting all living species , one more generation . 2011 . accessed september 11 , 2017 at urltoken .

prival , d . b . , goode , m . j . , swann , d . e . , schwalbe , c . r . & schroff , m . j . 2002 . natural history of a northern population of twin - spotted rattlesnakes , crotalus pricei . j . herpetol . 36 ( 4 ) : 598 - 607 . urltoken ; 2 [ links ]

davis ma , douglas mr , webb ct , collyer ml , holycross at , painter cw , et al . nowhere to go but up : impacts of climate change on demographics of a short - range endemic ( crotalus willardi obscurus ) in the sky - islands of southwestern north america . plos - one . 2015 ; 10 ( 6 ) : e0131067 . pmid : 26114622

quijada - mascarenas , j . adrian ; ferguson , julia e . ; pook , catharine e . ; salomao , maria da graca ; thorpe , roger s . ; wuster , wolfgang 2007 . phylogeographic patterns of trans - amazonian vicariants and amazonian biogeography : the neotropical rattlesnake ( crotalus durissus complex ) as an example . journal of biogeography 34 ( 8 ) : 1296 - 1312

% 0 report % t arboreal behavior in the timber rattlesnake , crotalus horridus , in eastern texas % j texas journal of science . 56 ( 4 ) : 395 - 404 % a rudolph , d . craig % a schaefer , r . r . % a saenz , d . % a conner , r . n . % d 2004 % > urltoken % u urltoken citation

ty - rprt ti - arboreal behavior in the timber rattlesnake , crotalus horridus , in eastern texas au - rudolph , d . craig au - schaefer , r . r . au - saenz , d . au - conner , r . n . py - 2004 jo - texas journal of science . 56 ( 4 ) : 395 - 404 l1 - urltoken ur - urltoken er - citation

wüster , w . , ferguson , j . e . , quijada - mascareñas , j . a . , pook , c . e . & salomão , m . d . 2005 . tracing an invasion : landbridges , refugia , and the phylogeography of the neotropical rattlesnake ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalus durissus ) . mol . ecol . 14 ( 4 ) : 1095 - 1108 . urltoken [ links ]

holycross , a . t . , painter , c . w . , prival , d . v . , shawnn , d . e . , schroff , m . j . , edwards , t . & schwalbe , c . r . 2002 . diet of crotalus lepidus klauberi ( banded rock rattlesnake ) . j . herpetol . 36 ( 4 ) : 589 - 597 . urltoken ; 2 [ links ]

tecnécio - 99m tem sido o radioisótopo de escolha para procedimentos médicos e pesquisas experimentais . em decorrência de suas propriedades nucleares , 99m tc é adequado para detecção de alta eficiência com a vantagem do baixo risco radiológico . o veneno de crotalus ( cv ) apresentou propriedades antitumorais em estudos clínicos e estudos de biodistribuição são fundamentais em pesquisas clínicas . esse trabalho teve como objetivo obter um análogo de veneno de crotalus marcado com 99m tc que preservasse sua atividade biológica . após a marcação , a atividade biológica foi avaliada através do ensaio de atividade hemolítica . veneno nativo e marcado apresentaram atividade hemolítica indireta quando incubados em um meio contendo uma fonte exógena de lecitina . obteve - se um alto rendimento de marcação e a atividade biológica das moléculas foi preservada . nossos resultados sugerem que 99m tc - cv pode representar uma ferramenta muito útil para estudos de biodistribuição .

souza , kariny de ; rafael damasceno fernandes coelho , paulo mauricio almeida guimarães reis , patricia avello nicola , luiz cezar machado pereira and leonardo barros ribeiro . 2013 . predation of the spix’s yellow - toothed cavy , galea spixii ( rodentia : caviidae ) by the tropical rattlesnake crotalus durissus cascavella ( serpentes : viperidae ) in the semi - arid region of brazil . herpetology notes 6 : 277 - 279 . - get paper here

quijada - mascareñas , j . a . , ferguson , j . e . , pook , c . e . , salomão , m . g . , thorpe , r . s . & wüster , w . 2007 . phylogeographic patterns of trans - amazonian vicariants and amazonian biogeography : the neotropical rattlesnake ( crotalus durissus complex ) as an example . j . biogeogr . 34 : 1296 - 1312 . urltoken [ links ]

but , during this short period of time , is anything supposed to take its place ? that’s where the crotalus comes in . the church’s liturgical rubrics don’t prescribe a replacement for altar bells , but there is a long - standing tradition of using a wooden clapper or noise - maker in its place . this serves to both mark the same events as the altar bells , but in a less “sweet” way and thus maintain the somber tone .

@ misc { rudolph % 2c + d . + craig2004arboreal , title = { arboreal behavior in the timber rattlesnake , crotalus horridus , in eastern texas } , author = { rudolph , d . craig and schaefer , r . r . and saenz , d . and conner , r . n . } , journal = { texas journal of science . 56 ( 4 ) : 395 - 404 } , year = { 2004 } } citation

crotoxin ( crtx ) , the main proteic component of crotalus venom , displays cytotoxic activity against a variety of murine ( zwaal et al , 1975 ) and human ( corin et al , 1993 ) tumor cells in vitro . antitumor efficacy in vivo has been demonstrated on lung carcinoma ( rudd et al , 1994 ) , suggesting good specificity toward solid tumors . pharmacokinetic studies are very important for clinical trials and radioisotope - based drugs are very convenent for these approaches .

in brazil , crotalus durissus is widely distributed , except for the states of acre and espírito santo . in addition , there are isolated populations in open areas within savannas of the amazonian forest ( campbell & lamar 1989 ) . the diet of the species is assumed to be characterized by an extreme specialization in endothermic prey ; a feature that exists for only a few species of rattlesnake and which is thought to represent an ancestral trait ( clark 2002 ) . studies of food composition in populations from southeastern brazil indicated that rodents and small marsupials were the prey more widely eaten by rattlesnakes ( sant ' anna & abe 2007 ) ; however , birds ( vanzolini et al . 1980 ) and lizards ( santos & germano 1996 ) , can be considered as occasional food items in the c . durissus diet . in this work , we describe the feeding ecology of crotalus durissus in the central region of brazil and discus some strategies involved in the feeding of this rattlesnake .

marcovan porto , marco antonio de oliveira , lorenzo pissinatti , renata lopes rodrigues , julio alejandro rojas - moscoso , josé carlos cogo , konradin metze , edson antunes , césar nahoum , fabíola z . mónica , gilberto de nucci 2013 . the evolutionary implications of hemipenial morphology of rattlesnake crotalus durissus terrificus ( laurent , 1768 ) ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalinae ) . plos one 8 ( 6 ) : e66903 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0066903 - get paper here

all food items were removed from the stomach and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level . each of the contents was deposited in a glass container with the same identification number as the specimen ( voucher number ) . the intestinal content was determined while taking into account the type of food residue . in addition , available literature records of prey were included in this study , which analyzed the food composition for crotalus durissus from southeastern brazil ( santos & germano 1996 ; sant ' anna & abe 2007 ) .

overall , the diet composition of the south - american rattlesnake crotalus durissus , considering information of stomach contents identified from specimens in this study in combination with literature records ( santos & germano 1996 ; sant ' anna & abe 2007 ) , show a similar feeding patterns : rodents 66 . 05 % , marsupials 3 . 98 % , unidentified mammals 28 . 38 % and reptiles 1 . 59 % ; in reference to the reptiles , only six specimens - four of which identified in females had reptiles in their stomach .

as defined by crother et al . ( 2003 ) , following congruence of pook et al . ( 2000 ) , ashton and de queiroz ( 2001 ) , and douglas et al . ( 2002 ) , this species encompasses only the ranges of subspecies viridis and nuntius of traditionally defined c . viridis . in other words , the range extends from southern alberta and southern saskatchewan in canada , to the northern fringe of northern central mexico , west to idaho , wyoming , colorado , and extreme eastern arizona , east to the dakotas , western iowa , nebraska , central kansas , central oklahoma , and western and central texas in the united states ( stebbins 2003 , campbell and lamar 2004 ) . the ranges and relationships of crotalus oreganus and crotalus viridis in the four corners region and in northwestern colorado need further clarification ( hammerson 1999 ; brennan and holycross , 2004 ) . its elevational range extends from about 100 m asl near the rio grande ( campbell and lamar 2004 ) to at least 2 , 895 m asl ( 9 , 500 feet ) in colorado ( hammerson 1999 ) .

mammal specialization may be related to several life history strategies ( martins et al . 2002 ) . in some species of pitvipers , it could be associated with the increased venom toxicity in juveniles ; this may be a consequence of the need to immobilize larger prey such as a mammal ( andrade & abe 1999 ) . furthermore , the adoption of a juvenile diet based on mammals is more profitable energetically than an ecthothermic diet ( martins et al . 2002 ) . in crotalus durissus populations , the low frequency of ectothermic prey could explain such eventual facts .

the phospholipase a 2 activity of crotalus venom is well known and this activity is responsible for breakdown of phospholipid membranes leading to hemolysis ( zwaal et al , 1975 ) . to assess biological activity of cv , its hemolytic activity was measured . crude and labeled cv did not cause direct hemolysis ( not shown ) . an indirect hemolytic activity evaluation did not show any significant difference between unlabeled ( ic50 301 . 5 + 73 µg / ml ) and labeled cv ( ic50 247 . 7 + 49 µg / ml ) ( fig . 1 ) .

the acute exudative glomerular lesion of the rabbit ' s kidney caused by crotalus venom does not lead to a subacute or chronic glomerulonephritis . the hemorrhagic lesion of the glomerular tuft may show a process of repair characterized by the ingrowth , into the hemorrhagic masses , of endothelial cells from the uninjured part of the tuft . this process is , however , more analogous to the organization of a red thrombus than it is to any form of glomerular lesion known in man , and can hardly serve as an experimental demonstration of the mode of development of a subacute or chronic glomerular nephritis .

approximately 90 percent of rattlesnakes of the genus crotalus , exhibit ontogenetic shifts in food composition , changing from ectothermic to endothermic preys . these variations could be attributed to changes in morphological , behavioral and physiological characteristics during ontogeny ( mushinsky 1987 ) . alternatively a small percentage of rattlesnakes feed almost exclusively on endothermic preys , like c . durissus ( salomão et al . 1995 ; duarte 2003 ) , c . horridus and c . molossus ( clark 2002 ) . klauber ( 1956 ) gathered these three species and another , c . basiliscus , in the " durissus group " , to demonstrate this specialization .

the snakes examined represent a total of 452 individuals of crotalus durissus from the central region of brazil covering forest formations of the amazon and atlantic forests , caatinga and cerrado ; identified as 213 males , 167 females and 72 neonates and juveniles . we considered specimens to be neonates when their snout - vent length was smaller than 400mm ( hoyos , 2012 ) . the specimens are housed in the scientific collections of instituto butantan ( ibsp ) , museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo ( mzusp ) , and universidade de brasília ( chunb ) . animals kept in captivity prior to being deposited in a scientific collection were excluded from this study .

the western rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis ) is a polytypic north american pit viper [ 16 , 23 – 24 ] , widely distributed across broad latitudinal and elevational gradients . it extends from the missouri river in the east , into saskatchewan , alberta , and british columbia to the north , along the west coast of the united states , and south into mexico ( fig 2 ; [ 23 ] ) . habitat includes deciduous and coniferous forests , scrub , prairie grasslands , shrub steppe , desert margins , and sand dunes as arrayed across a gradient from sea level to 4000m [ 24 ] . as a consequence , it displays considerable variation within and among populations , life stages , and subspecies .

crotalus venom ( cv ) produces neurotoxicity , coagulation disorders , systemic myotoxicity and acute renal failure , with possible additional heart and liver damage ( monteiro et al , 2001 and barraviera et al , 1995 ) . this venom contains enzymes , toxins ( crotoxin , crotamine , gyroxin , convulxin ) and several peptides ( barraviera et al , 1995 ) . pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies are very important for clinical use . although crotoxin has been labeled with 125 i for membrane interaction analysis ( krizaj et al , 1996 ) , radiolabeling of snake venom with 99m - technetium ( 99m tc ) has not been reported , neither has the utility of 99m tc based snake venom for in vivo studies been assessed .

we investigated food patterns in the diet composition of 452 specimens of crotalus durissus from central brazil . thirty - three items were recorded corresponding to four categories : rodents ( 75 . 76 % ) , marsupials ( 6 . 06 % ) , unidentified mammals ( 9 . 09 % ) and reptiles ( 9 . 09 % ) . adults of both sexes and some juveniles feed mostly on mammals , specifically rodents , it is the most active and abundant prey throughout the year mainly in areas from cerrado . in addition , we observed that in c . durissus there is a trend in the diet of females could be more diverse , maybe this can be associated to sexual differences involving different strategies of the feeding biology of this rattlesnake .

technetium - 99m ( 99m tc ) has been the radionuclide of choice for nuclear medicine procedures and experimental research . because of its optimal nuclear properties , 99m tc is suitable for high efficiency detection with the advantage of reduced radiological waste . crotalus venom ( cv ) has been shown to reduce tumors in clinical studies and tissue distribution studies are very important for clinical use . the goal of this work was to obtain cv labeled with 99m tc which preserves its biological activity . after labeling , biological activity was assessed by hemolytic activity evaluation . labeled and crude venom caused indirect hemolysis provided that the incubation medium contained an exogenous source of lecithin . high yield radiolabeled - cv was obtained and biological activity was preserved . the results suggest that 99m tc - cv can be a useful tool for biodistribution studies .

patrones de alimentación fueron investigados en la composición de la dieta de 452 ejemplares de crotalus durissus de brasil central . treinta y tres ítems fueron registrados , correspondientes a cuatro categorías : roedores ( 75 . 76 % ) , marsupiales ( 6 . 6 % ) , mamíferos no identificados ( 9 . 09 % ) y reptiles ( 9 . 09 % ) . los adultos de ambos sexos e individuos jóvenes se alimentaron básicamente de mamíferos , en específico de roedores , esta es la presa más activa y abundante durante todo el año , principalmente en las áreas de cerrado . además fue observado que en c . durissus existe una tendencia a que la dieta de las hembras sea más diversa , factor que podría estar relacionado a las diferencias sexuales que implican diferentes estrategias de alimentación en la biología de esta serpiente cascabel .

according to popular belief , one can tell the age of a rattlesnake by the number of rattles present at the end of its tail . a baby rattlesnake is born with the first segment of its rattle , called a " button " . as the snake grows ( and with each molting of its outer skin ) an additional segment is added to its rattle . younger snakes shed more often than older snakes , but on average , free - ranging snakes may molt three to six times a year . another clue to a snake ' s age is its color : timber rattlers darken as they age , and the darkest are old males . the scientific name , crotalus horridus , is formed from two latin words : crotalum , meaning " bell or rattle , " and horridus , for " dreadful " —which makes reference to its venom .

a small species of the genus hepatozoon found in a specimen of crotalus durissus terrificus from the botucatu region , são paulo state , brazil is described . the morphologic alterations induced in the snake ' s erythrocytes by the presence of this parasite are described . morphology and morphometric analyses were performed using the qwin lite 2 . 5 computerized image analysis system ( leica ) . the hepatozoon possessed a small and short body ( 8 . 1 + / - 0 . 5 microm long and 3 . 8 + / - 0 . 4 microm wide ) , with round extremities . the cytoplasm varied from pale blue to basophilic and had no granulations . its nucleus was large , occupied a large area of the cytoplasm , and was irregular in shape and not condensed . despite its small size , this parasite induced important changes in the host cell . total parasitemia observed was 56 . 6 % .