the kelp gull ( larus dominicanus ) , also known as the dominican gull , is a gull which breeds on coasts and islands through much of the southern hemisphere .

the nominate l. d. dominicanus is the subspecies found around south america , parts of australia ( where it overlaps with the pacific gull ) , and new zealand ( where it is known as the southern black-backed gull or by its māori name karoro ) .

l. d. vetula ( known as the cape gull ) is a subspecies occurring around southern africa .

the specific name comes from the dominican order of friars , who wear black and white habits .

kelp gull

kelp gull <EOT> kelp gull : molting juvenile default description kelp gull : molting juvenile kelp gull : winter adult default description kelp gull : winter adult kelp gull : adult default description kelp gull : adult kelp gull : 2nd summer default description kelp gull : 2nd summer related birds lesser black - backed gull great black - backed gull general kelp gull : large and stocky gull with white head , underparts , and tail . more

a kelp gull stands near a newborn seal in namibia ' s dorob national park .

the kelp gull habitually drops molluscs from the air onto rocks to smash them open .

whereas the nominate kelp gull usually has a pale eye . young cape gulls have almost identical plumage to similarly aged kelp gulls . more

the kelp gull is native to south america , australia , parts of africa and the caribbean . the range of this bird species is about 10 million square kilometers . the population of the kelp gull is about 3 . 5 million individual birds . the rating of the kelp gull at this time is least concern . the prior rating for the kelp gull was lower risk , which was downgraded to least concern in 2004 due to the range and population of the kelp gull . there are no known threats facing the range or the population of the kelp gull at this time .

the kelp gull resembles larus pacificus – pacific gull , but the latter has white tail with black subterminal band , and its bill is larger .

aspects of the topic kelp gull are discussed in the following places at britannica . assorted references * description ( in gull ( bird ) ) the kelp gull ( l . dominicanus ) is a very wide - ranging black - backed species of the southern hemisphere , including antarctica . the laughing gull ( l . more

the kelp gull forages on land or in water , rarely in the air . it feeds mainly on fish and crustaceans , but will scavenge when an opportunity arises . like the pacific gull , the kelp gull habitually drops molluscs from midair onto rocks to smash them .

the kelp gull prefers the sheltered parts of coasts such as bays , inlets and estuaries ; also beaches and reefs on off - shore islands . it is likely that the kelp gull is in serious competition with the endemic pacific gull because of their similar habitat , food and habits .

the kelp gull is the second largest gull in the region , being smaller and less bulky than the pacific gull , larus pacificus , and with a less massive bill . its tail is all white , with no black band . immature kelp gulls can also be confused with the vagrant black - tailed gull , larus crassirostris , from japan .

thibaut chansac and stanislas wroza endured a testing day on a paris landfill , eventually clinching an elusive ' black - backed gull ' as france ' s second kelp gull .

kelp gulls occasionally become entangled in fishing lines , are occasionally illegally shot , and have been poisoned . in new zealand , the kelp gull was regularly eated by the maori .

kelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , february 28 2009 , maitencillo , chile . picture : josé canas .

kelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , may 17 2015 , maputo , mozambique . picture : ross hughes .

kelp gull ( larus dominicanus veltula ) adult , june 30 2007 , south africa . picture : j . avise .

the latest sighting details and map for kelp gull are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .

kelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , january 13 2012 , elqui prov . chile . picture : blass bass .

kelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , february 21 2015 , muriwai , new zealand . picture : christina port .

kelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) 2nd cycle , april 26 2015 , maputo , mozambique . picture : gary allport .

kelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , june 2012 , cape town , south africa . picture : chris gibbins .

kelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , july 25 2007 , kommetjie , south africa . picture : graham ekins .

kelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , september 09 2009 , bahia inglesa , chile . picture : jason quinn .

kelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , november 26 2011 , isla magdalena , chile . picture : antonio vaccarini .

kelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , november 08 2006 , karoro , new zealand . picture : brian gratwicke .

kelp gull ( larus dominicanus veltula ) adult , january 06 2012 , neko harbour , antarctic peninsula . picture : michael shepard .

kelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , march 16 2014 , petorca prov . , chile . picture : gonzalo vergara .

kelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , september 25 2010 , hout bay , south africa . picture : dick daniels .

kelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , february 24 2015 , walbis bay , namibia . picture : rafael g . sánchez .

kelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , april 18 2008 , la perouse , sidney , australia . picture : mr troy .

kelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , june 02 2009 , la perouse , sidney , australia . picture : mr troy .

kelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , july 17 2012 , cape cross seal reserve , namibia . picture : tom heijnen .

an adult kelp gull or cape gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) found and photographed today , 25 january , at the fish factory of anza near agadir by arie ouwerkerk and jacob jan de vries .

the yelping ' yo - yo - yo - yo ' call of the kelp gull is used in many films with coastal or marine scenes .

the races “ judithae ” and “ melisandae ” were described in 2002 , and evaluated as kelp gull’s subspecies on the basis of morphological characters .

kelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , january 09 2014 , robert island , south shetland islands , antarctica . picture : david cook .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - kelp gull ( larus dominicanus ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - kelp gull ( larus dominicanus ) " title = " arkive species - kelp gull ( larus dominicanus ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

the kelp gull occurs in coastal bays , beaches , inlets and estuaries and on off - shore islands . they are often seen scavenging at refuse tips

quintana rd , travaini a ( 2000 ) characteristics of nest sites of skuas and kelp gull in the antarctic peninsula . j field ornithol 71 : 236–249

normally , the kelp gull is expected at khniffiss lagoon and along the southern moroccan atlantic coast , but they do occur north of khniffiss as well .

this subspecies differs markedly from other kelp gull subspecies , especially in skull structure ( a notably flatter crown ) , and some texts ( examples will foolow ) treat this form as a distinct species , known as cape gull . however there is no molecular evidence to support this and we follow urban et al . in treating it as a subspecies of kelp gull larus dominicanus .

* the kelp gull is the only gull of the southern ocean . * kelp gulls are aggressive predators taking every opportunity to rob other birds ' nests of both eggs and small chicks . description & characteristics : the kelp or dominican gull lives on the antarctic peninsula and at most sub - antarctic islands , where it is resident year - round , generally in small numbers . they are also broadly distributed throughout southern africa , australasia and south america . more

the kelp gull is a large black - backed gull with a white tail and a large yellow bill with a red spot on the lower tip . it is the second largest gull in australia . the wing has a wide trailing edge and a small white ' window ' in the wingtip . newly - fledged kelp gulls are brown with paler mottling on the hind neck and breast and have a black bill . immature kelp gulls have mottled brown wings and back with a whitish body and an all - yellow bill . the kelp gull is gregarious , and tends to roost , feed and breed in flocks .

the kelp gull is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .

kelp gull , larus dominicanus vetula , in flight . kelp gull in flight at houtbay harbor . the nominate race of the kelp gull ( larus dominicanus ) occurs along the coasts of south america , new zealand , australia and many islands in the southern ocean . the subspecies found along the southern african coastline , l . d . vetula , is currently thought to be sufficiently different from the nominate race that it ought to be regarded as a full species . more

in some areas the kelp gull is considered a ‘nuisance’ species , often concentrated close to cities and thought to pose a potential health threat to humans , leading to calls for its populations to be controlled . however , no kelp gull colonies are currently under any kind of management ( 7 ) . it is also thought that increasing kelp gull populations could have a negative effect on other coastal wildlife , for example through increased harassment of other sea birds ( 7 ) ( 8 ) . more

blackish upperparts and thick bill in kelp gull give it a great black - backed gull impression . kelp gull is quick in attaining a dark saddle , where great black - backed gull keep anchor - patterned scapulars for a prolonged period . also , kelp gull remain to show very limited white in the primaries ( either the tips and the mirror , see picture below ) , while great black - backed gull quickly develop a mirror on p10 ( in 2nd gen p10 ) and normally develop large white tips , even obvious on outermost primaries in many immature birds . a very small mirror on p10 and absence of a p9 mirror in adult kelp gull give it a completely different , dark , wingtip impression when compared to adult great black - backed ( which has a merged mirror and white tip on p10 and always a very large mirror on p9 as well in adult plumage ) .

kelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , november 07 2012 , kenton - on - sea , eastern cape , south africa . picture : wikipedia - snowmanradio .

crawford rjm , cooper j , shelton pa ( 1982 ) distribution , population size , breeding and conservation of the kelp gull in southern africa . ostrich 53 : 164–177

the african subspecies l . d . vetula is sometimes split as the cape gull , l . vetula . it has a more angular head and a smaller shorter bill . the adult has a dark eye , whereas the nominate kelp gull usually has a pale eye . young cape gulls have almost identical plumage to similarly aged kelp gulls .

subspecies and range : the kelp gull can be considered a monotypic species , awaiting more information about the subspecies . however , the 5 currently recognized races can be mentioned .

good t ( 2002 ) breeding success in the western gull × glaucous - winged gull complex : the influence of habitat and nest - site characteristics . condor 104 : 353–365

kelp gull dominicanus 2nd cycle , december 10 2012 , australia ( mick ) . upperparts tone equals great black - backed gull , but this taxon has much more black in the wingtip ( marinus in this plumage would show large mirrors already ) . note yellowish legs .

the kelp gull occurs on coasts and islands through much of the southern hemisphere from new zealand and most sub - antarctic islands , the antarctic peninsula , south america , and africa .

kelp gull dominicanus 2nd cycle , september 24 2011 , lima , peru ( john turner ) . upperparts tone equals great black - backed gull , but this taxon has much more black in the tail , plain brown coverts , bright yellow on bill and lacking pale primary tips .

introduction : the kelp gull is present through much of the southern hemisphere . according to the authors , 4 or 5 subspecies are recognized , but kelp gull’s taxonomy is still in a state of uncertainty . as this species has extremely wide range , more subspecies might be added in the future . however , you will find on this page numerous pictures from several locations in the southern hemisphere .

in many cases , once a gull pecks out the eyeballs , other kelp gulls join in and begin to eat the seal’s exposed areas , such as its underbelly and genitals , the scientists observed .

the kelp gull breeds on islands , both oceanic and offshore , on headlands , cliffs above the sea , beaches , pastures and lava fields according to the range , and even in urban areas .

kelp gull dominicanus adult , june 30 2007 , south africa . picture : j . avise . upperparts tone equals great black - backed gull , but this taxon has much more black in the wingtip , with just a tiny mirror on the outer primary . often yellowish legs and dark iris .

kelp gull in flight , andean mountains above ushuaia in the background , larus dominicanus , beagle channel purchase a print of this imagehow to request , purchase or license this imageadd to light table sea birds ( likely western and / or heermanns gulls ) on drift kelp , open ocean , larus occidentalis , larus heermanni , san diego , california purchase a print of this imagehow to request , purchase or license this imageadd to light table kelp gull in flight , andean mountains above ushuaia in the background . more

a bird calling while standing on a beach . an immature pacific gull can also be heard .

the kelp gull is resident in many parts of australia , in others it is dispersive although this varies from colony to colony . in some colonies , parts of the population are apparantly resident or sedentary .

the kelp gull first become established in australia in the 1940s . their numbers increased rapidly and they are now found in many parts of the south - east and south - west coasts of mainland australia .

in the study , kelp gulls were successful in plucking out eyeballs in roughly 50 percent of observed attacks .

kelp gull is the dominant large gull species of south america . it is common throughout the southern part of the continent and extending north along the coasts to ecuador in the west and brazil in the east , though it is also known as a vagrant and occasional breeder north to the united states as well . large , with very dark black upperparts and pale yellow - green legs , this gull is easily distinguished from other gulls in its range . kelp gulls feed on a variety of land and marine animals and also attend refuse dumps .

researchers speculate that the kelp gull population increased decades ago with the development of fish processing in the area . waste from processing plants may have attracted gulls into the area , which then learned to get more food from whales .

burger j , gochfeld m ( 1981 ) nest site selection by kelp gulls in southern africa . condor 83 : 243–251

management and research actions suggested to address these problems include monitoring of kelp gull colonies , particularly close to urban areas , as well as an evaluation of the effects of the gulls on other coastal species , and more careful treatment and disposal of refuse , sewage and fish offal , to discourage scavenging and to help control gull numbers ( 7 ) . given the kelp gull’s abundance and large range , and its presence in many protected coastal areas , the threats to the species are not thought likely to pose any conservation problems in the near future ( 7 ) .

kelp gull prey on and scavenge molluscs , fish , crustaceans , other seabirds , and even their own chicks and eggs . they are opportunistic , and their diet varies with season and among localities depending on the availability of food .

physical description & related species : kelp gull have a white head , neck , underbody , rump and tail . the saddle and upperwing is slate - black with a white leading edge . the wingspan is 106 - 142 cm . the yellow bill has a rounded red subterminal spot at the gonys . distribution & abundance - distribution : kelp gull are broadly distributed in the subantarctic to subtropical regions , where sea surface temperatures range from 0° to 23° c . more

54–65 cm ; 810–1335 g ; wingspan 128–142 cm . four - year gull . intermediate in size and build between

kelp gulls are eating the eyeballs from newborn cape fur seals—a behavior never before seen in nature , a new study says .

in some areas the kelp gull is considered a ‘nuisance’ species , often concentrated close to cities and thought to pose a potential health threat to humans , leading to calls for its populations to be controlled . however , no kelp gull colonies are currently under any kind of management ( 7 ) . it is also thought that increasing kelp gull populations could have a negative effect on other coastal wildlife , for example through increased harassment of other sea birds ( 7 ) ( 8 ) . in particular , this gull has recently developed the habit of gouging skin and blubber from the backs of southern right whales , opening up lesions and causing the whales to take evasive action ( 2 ) ( 8 ) . it is feared that increasing harassment may compromise calf development and even cause the whales to leave the affected areas ( 8 ) .

the latest sighting details and map for cape gull are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .

cape gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) , anza , morocco , 25 january 2016 . ( jacob jan de vries )

known widely as ‘kelp gull’ in other countries , the same species is also common in similar latitudes around the southern hemisphere , including southern australia , south america , southern africa , and most subantarctic and peri - antarctic islands , and the antarctic peninsula .

the kelp gull breeds in colonies , occasionally as isolated pairs . they are monogamous , but the pair - bonds last about one year , from one season to the next breeding period . they usually strengthen the bond by courtship feeding during the winter . the colonies are noisy . alarm calls are given as soon as predators are approaching . the gulls may perform communal mobbing and attack in active defence . the kelp gull is territorial and defends an area around the nest , because cannibalism occurs towards the chicks of the neighbour nests .

the kelp gull is a large bird with slate - black wings , a white head and body , and an all - white tail . the underwing is white , tipped black , and the dark upperwing bears a white bar , with white markings on the wing tips . the beak is yellow , with a conspicuous red spot on the lower mandible , and the yellow eye is surrounded by an orange - red ring ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the pale eyes , together with greenish - yellow rather than yellow legs , and a larger , more robust body , help distinguish the kelp gull from the similar - looking lesser black - backed gull ( larus fuscus ) ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . the male and female kelp gull are similar in appearance ( 3 ) , while non - breeding adults have brown mottling on the head and neck ( 2 ) . juveniles are dark brown and mottled , with a blackish tail , dark beak , brownish legs and brown eyes ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . adult plumage is usually attained by the fourth year ( 2 ) . the kelp gull’s call is a loud ki - ok , and the alarm call is a short , repeated pok ( 5 ) .

the kelp gull nests in loose colonies or scattered single pairs on off - shore islands where breeding birds maintain large territories against other gulls . the nests of kelp gulls can be a well - made bowl of plants stems , grasses and seaweeds or a loose pile of material on the ground , near rocks or in a tussock . both the adults build the nest , incubate the eggs , brood and feed the young .

calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the kelp gull utters strident “kee - och” , and we can also hear melancholy “yo - yo - yo - yo - yo” and repeated “kwee - ah , kwee - ah , kwee - ah” . it is noisy during the breeding season and while feeding , but also during aggressive interactions . calls and songs are fairly similar to those of other gull species .

a new study suggests that increased attacks by kelp gulls on southern right whale calves could be contributing to an observed increase in mortality among the latter .

“it’s a cruel way to go , ” says gallagher . but from the gull’s point of view , it’s a “beautifully strategic attack . ”

southern black - backed gull . adult . boulder bank , nelson , january 2008 . image © rebecca bowater fpsnz by rebecca bowater fpsnz urltoken

garcía borboroglu p , yorio p ( 2004a ) habitat requirements and selection by kelp - gulls in central and northern patagonia , argentina . auk 121 : 243–252

protection / threats / status : the kelp gull has large range and it is common and conspicuous in most part of its distribution . the overall population is increasing with agriculture and fishery expansion . it is often considered a pest in urban areas , and might have negative effect on the coastal wildlife , through harassment and predation towards other bird species and small animals . the falkland’s population is about 30 , 000 breeding pairs . the global population is estimated to number 3 , 300 , 000 / 4 , 300 , 000 individuals . the kelp gull is not currently threatened , and evaluated as least concern .

the kelp gull is the second largest of australia ' s gulls ( 550 - 580 mm ) . adults have a white head , neck , underbody , rump and tail . the upperparts and wing are black with a white leading edge . the yellow bill has a red spot on the lower tip .

kelp gulls are opportunistic omnivores and will scavenge as well as prey on molluscs , fish , crustaceans , other seabirds , and even their own chicks and eggs .

fordham ra ( 1964 ) breeding biology of the southern black - backed gull . i . pre - egg and egg stage . notornis 11 : 3–34

jehl jr jr , mahoney sa ( 1987 ) the roles of thermal environments and predation in habitat choice in the california gull . condor 89 : 850–862

recent populations of kelp gulls have increased in some locations perhaps due to human subsidies : trawler fish discards , scraps from fish processing plants , and coastal rubbish piles .

though , so perhaps it’s wisest to stick with kelp gull for the time being… according to urltoken “kelp gulls breed in namibia and south africa ; there are large colonies between cape cross and the islands in algoa bay , with occasional nests recorded as far north as cape fria and as far east as the great fish river . along the west coast , nonbreeding birds occur north to luanda , angola , and along the east coast as far as the limpopo river mouth in mozambique . more

while many larid species have benefited from the presence of people , two tern and one gull species have become endangered . least and roseate terns are threatened by destruction and disturbance of their nest sites on sand bars and beaches while the sharp decline of the ivory gull could be related to pollution and global warming .

bird was a kelp gull , knowing well the possibility of a hybrid such as " chandaleur " gulls . below is my own description of this bird ( written at 7 pm , 8 nov 2008 ) , independent of any discussions with ron after the initial sighting and independent of examining any reference books / sources . overall impression : this was a large , dark - backed gull in adult plumage . it was significantly larger than the laughing and franklin ' s gulls in the area . more

the vetula subspecies of kelp gull breed on 81 known localities on the coast of southern africa from ilha dos tigres in southern angola , along the namibian and atlantic coasts of south africa , round the cape as far east as the riet river , near port alfred on the indian ocean coast in the eastern cape province of south africa ( ref : roberts birds of southern africa ) . this gull is also colonising inland locations up to 10km from the coast on the skeleton coast in namibia .

miskelly , c . m . 2013 . southern black - backed gull . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken

native to coastlines of the southern hemisphere , this big gull was a shock to birders when it began showing up in north america in the late 1980s . from 1989 into the 1990s , several adults were present on the chandeleur islands , in the gulf of mexico off the coast of louisiana . a few pairs even nested there , and other kelp gulls interbred with herring gulls on the islands , producing hybrids . during the 1990s , a few kelp gulls wandered elsewhere in north america , including texas , maryland , and indiana , and there have been scattered records since then . “pure” kelp gulls may not occur on the chandeleur islands any more , but some apparent hybrids are still wandering in the gulf of mexico .

the kelp gull breeds on coasts and islands through much of the southern hemisphere . it is found on a number of subantarctic islands , on the antarctic peninsula , on the southern coast of australia and all of new zealand , on the southern cost of africa and madagascar , and on the coast of south america as far north as ecuador and southern brazil 1 .

habitat : the kelp gull usually occurs along the coasts , especially in south africa . but throughout the range , it also frequents large inland lakes in the andes of argentina . it also feeds and roosts around lakes , including smaller mountain lakes in new zealand . it also frequents reservoirs , estuaries and rivers . it can be seen in farmland and lawns too .

kelp gull : widespread along coasts and on islands throughout the southern hemisphere , occurring in southern africa , madagascar , australia , new zealand , south america and the falkland islands , as well as on antarctica and many sub - antarctic islands . found in a variety of habitats including harbors , bays , inlets , estuaries , beaches and rocky shores . accidental in maryland .

the yelping ' yo - yo - yo - yo ' call of the kelp gull is used in many films with coastal or marine scenes . facts and figures research species : no minimum size : 49 cm maximum size : 62 cm average size : 57 cm average weight : 940 g breeding season : september to december . clutch size : two to three . more

ty - jour ti - taxonomy of the kelp gull larus dominicanus lichtenstein inferred from biometrics and wing plumage pattern , including two previously undescribed subspecies t2 - bulletin of the british ornithologists ' club . vl - 122 ur - urltoken pb - british ornithologists ' club , cy - london : py - 2002 sp - 50 ep - 71 sn - 0007 - 1595 er -

kelp gull dominicanus adult , january 06 2012 , antarctic peninsula ( michael shepard ) . birds on the southern hemisphere are in complete moult in our winter months . here moult in inner primaries p1 new , p2 groiwng , p5 - p10 old . dark as marinus , but much more black in wingtip with just a small mirror on p10 and full broad band on p5 .

fordham , r . a . 1968 . dispersion and dispersal of the dominican gull in wellington , new zealand . proceedings of the new zealand ecological society 15 : 40 - 50 .

in the subantarctic , kelp gulls lay three eggs in november to december . incubation and fledging periods are 23–30 days and 45–61 days , respectively . parents sometimes continue to feed their chicks after fledging .

l . d . vetula is found on the coasts of south africa and namibia . this race has greyer legs and feet , and dark brown eyes . it is known as cape gull .

the kelp gull is widespread along coasts and on islands throughout the southern hemisphere , occurring in southern africa , madagascar , australia , new zealand , south america and the falkland islands , as well as on antarctica and many subantarctic islands ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . although largely sedentary , some southern populations migrate north outside of the breeding season ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .

rowntree , v . j . ( 1998 ) increased harassment of right whales ( eubalaena australis ) by kelp gulls ( larus dominicanus ) at península valdés , argentina . marine mammals science , 14 : 99 - 115 .

the kelp gull breeds between september and january , in colonies numbering from one to several hundred pairs ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . the species is monogamous , with pair bonds usually maintained from one breeding season to the next , and strengthened by courtship feeding during winter months . both adults help to incubate the eggs and raise the chicks ( 4 ) . the nest , built on bare rock , sand or mud , often in a well - vegetated site , is a large and bulky structure , constructed from dried vegetation or seaweed ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . around 3 eggs are laid ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , which hatch after 24 to 30 days , the young kelp gulls fledging approximately 7 weeks later ( 2 ) . kelp gulls begin to breed from around three to four years old , and may live for 20 years ( 4 ) .

there is one common issue in peninsular valdes that i feel is important to highlight . in puerto madryn there was a fish processing factory that for many years had uncovered waste sites and this led to a massive boom in the kelp gull population . the numbers got that big that eventually more and more birds started to copy an originally small number of kelp gulls who fed on the whales by landing on a whale as it was at the surface and pecking through the skin and into the blubber . after this behaviour was first noticed there were campaigns for the fish factory to dispose of the waste more responsibly and now they move it a few kilometres further inland .

a melancholy " yo - yo - yo - yo - yo " which is unlike the call of any other tasmanian gull and will sound familiar as part of the soundscape of films and movies set on coastlines .

a common , widespread species with a large global population , the kelp gull is not currently considered globally threatened ( 2 ) ( 6 ) , and may even have increased with the expansion of agriculture and fisheries ( 2 ) . potential threats to the species include oil spills , diseases such as avian cholera and avian botulism , mortality from interactions with trawler warp cables , persecution by humans , and disturbance at breeding sites ( 6 ) ( 7 ) .

behaviour in the wild : the kelp gull is an opportunistic feeder like numerous laridae . it feeds on a variety of aquatic preys such as fish , molluscs , worms , echinoderms , arthropods , but also reptiles , amphibians , birds , small mammals and occasionally berries . it is also a scavenger and can be seen at rubbish and sewage , and carrion and fish offal . but this gull may sometimes take sickly lamb and young poultry . it is able to attack and kill adult birds as large as geese . it often follows the fishing boats and forages around the slaughterhouses and seafood factories . it is known for stealing food from other seabirds , laridae and also spheniscidae .

larids are found near fresh and salt water throughout north america but are most common near large bodies of water . even marsh nesters such as the franklin ' s gull and black tern spend the winter in coastal areas .

during the past 15 years , scientists have logged around 500 instances of kelp gulls ( larus dominicanus ) attacking and attempting to eat the eyeballs of newborn cape fur seals ( arctocephalus pusillus pusillus ) in namibia ’s coastal dorob national park ( map ) .

kelp gulls are broadly distributed in the subantarctic to subtropical regions , where sea surface temperatures range from 0° to 23° c . they can mostly be seen off the new zealand coasts and islands , and along the south and south - east australian coasts .

great black - backed gull ( marinus ) 2nd cycle , february 02 2012 , ijmuiden , the netherlands ( mars muusse ) . no blackish saddle . 2nd gen primaries with rounded pale tips . limited black in tail . chequered coverts .

kelp gulls have a white head , neck , underbody , rump and tail . the saddle and upperwing is slate - black with a white leading edge . the wingspan is 106–142 cm . the yellow bill has a rounded red subterminal spot at the gonys .

the displays are accompanied by calls . the most frequent is the “long - call” , often given from the ground or sometimes while flying . the gull raises the head and gradually lowers it while uttering a series of long notes . this display is usually followed by “head - tosses” during which the gull throws the head up over its back while giving a plaintive note . once the pair is formed , both mates call and display every day , and courtship feeding is frequently observed .

burger , j . , gochfeld , m . , garcia , e . f . j . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . kelp gull ( larus dominicanus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

gulls , terns , and the black skimmer are all migratory with the larger gulls migrating short distances to open water and the sabine ' s gull , terns , and black skimmer undertaking incredible journeys to the seas and rivers of the southern hemisphere .

yorio , p . , bertellotti , m . , gandini , p . and frere , e . ( 1998 ) kelp gulls larus dominicanus breeding on the argentine coast : population status and relationship with coastal management and conservation . marine ornithology , 26 : 11 - 18 .

the kelp gull has become established in australia since the 1940s , with the first breeding recorded on moon island near lake macquarie in new south wales in 1958 . their numbers have increased rapidly since the 1960s and they are now common in many parts of the south - east and south - west coasts , and especially in tasmania . it is widespread in new zealand , and is found on most sub - antarctic islands , as well as on islands south of the antarctic convergence and the antarctic peninsula , south america , and africa .

the southern black - backed gull ( or ‘black - back’ ) is one of the most abundant and familiar large birds in new zealand , although many people do not realise that the mottled brown juveniles ( mistakenly called “mollyhawks” ) are the same species as the immaculate adults . found on or over all non - forested habitats from coastal waters to high - country farms , this is the only large gull found in new zealand . they are particularly abundant at landfills , around ports and at fish - processing plants .

kelp gulls nest on beaches , among rocks , grassy headlands , ledges , glacial moraines and offshore islets . the shapes and materials of the nests vary due to location . they construct bowls or conical mounds or shallow scrapes in sand with grass , seaweed , sticks , shells and debris .

mainly inhabiting coastal regions , the kelp gull can be found in a variety of habitats including harbours , bays , inlets , estuaries , beaches and rocky shores , and usually forages within about ten kilometres of the shore ( 6 ) . it may also venture inland , visiting lakes , lagoons , rivers , streams and reservoirs , as well as pastures , cultivated land , grassland and scrubland . breeding usually takes place on headlands , sea cliffs , beaches , offshore islands , pastures , or even on roofs in urban areas ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .

@ article { bhlpart81344 , title = { taxonomy of the kelp gull larus dominicanus lichtenstein inferred from biometrics and wing plumage pattern , including two previously undescribed subspecies } , journal = { bulletin of the british ornithologists ' club . } , volume = { 122 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { london : british ornithologists ' club , 1893 - } , author = { } , year = { 2002 } , pages = { 50 - - 71 } , }

“once one gull figures out a fast food meal like cape fur seal eyeballs , other gulls observe and quickly learn the new feeding behavior , ” jewell says . ( also see " cute killers ? gray seals maul , suffocate seals and porpoises , studies say . " )

l . d . dominicus ( here described ) is found on the coasts of s south america and islands such as the falklands and south georgia . but it is also present in new zealand and australia . it is known as southern black - backed gull in new zealand .

kelp gulls are predominantly white birds with a brownish / black wing slate , bright yellow beak with a red spot near the tip and their eyes are dark brown with an orange eye ring . they can grow to 65cm in height , 1kg in weight and have a wing span of 128 - 142cm .

reproduction of this species : the breeding season varies , depending on the range , but usually occurs between september and january . they breed in december in the falklands and at any time on offshore islands . the kelp gull breeds in colonies , from dozens ( at range’s edges ) to several hundreds of pairs . the nest is built on rocks or sand , in well vegetated areas . it is often placed under the protection of rock , bush or tree , or any vertical structure . this is a bulky nest made with dried plants and seaweeds . it is lined with softer vegetation .

similar species : adults unmistakeable apart from possible vagrant pacific gull from australia ( which has a more massive bill , and a black subterminal tip to tail ) . juveniles may be confused with the more robust brown skua , which has broader wings with a pale flash at the base of the primaries .

the diet of the kelp gull ( larus dominicanus ) , its foraging behaviour and the consumption rates on the antarctic limpet ( nacella concinna ) were studied during austral spring and summer 1992 / 1993 and 1993 / 1994 at potter peninsula , king george island , antarctica . prey information was obtained by collecting 237 pellets , foraging behaviour was observed by focal and instantaneous scan samplings , and consumption rate was estimated by means of weekly sampling of limpets found in 5 nests and their respective middens . limpets were the most important prey followed by scavenged prey ( penguin and seal carcasses ) , amphipods , snails , fish and euphausiids . foraging gulls spent 51 % of the time searching for limpets , 10 % moving between foraging areas , 9 % in catching effort and 15 % handling prey . the number of gulls observed searching for limpets was inversely correlated with the tidal height . in the diet limpets provide 102 . 3 , 159 . 4 and 188 . 1 kj gull −1 day −1 during incubation , hatching and brooding respectively ; these values range between 15 and 27 % , with a maximum of 40 % , of the basic daily energy requirements of kelp gulls . total consumption rate estimations for the whole population of gulls at potter peninsula reached between 3400 and 4800 limpets day −1 , which represents approximately 10–14 % of the total annual limpet mortality .

the familiar large gull throughout new zealand . adults have white head and underparts with black back , yellow bill with red spot near tip of lower mandible , and pale green legs . juveniles are dark mottled brown with black bill and legs ; their plumage lightens with age until they moult into adult plumage at 3 years old .

a large black - and - white gull with a white head and underparts , black back , yellow bill with a red spot near the tip , and pale green legs . juveniles are dark mottled brown with black bill and legs ; their plumage lightens with age until they moult into adult plumage at 3 - years - old .

great black - backed gull ( marinus ) adult , 2009 - 2011 , acer port , israel . ( amir ben dov ) . note very large white tips on p10 ( no sub - terminal black ) and on p9 ( black band broken ) and no black on p5 . very powerful , huge massive bill and beady eye .

the kelp gull is resident in the falklands , with some dispersion around the islands . the birds of antarctica ( race “austrinus” ) remain in their range all year round . they can be seen in open water away from the pack ice . in australia , the non - breeding birds disperse to queensland , and along the s coast . the new zealand birds remain in their breeding areas and perform only some n movements . in africa ( race “vetula” ) , the non - breeding gulls move as far as mozambique on e coast , and mauritania and s morocco on w coats . although being largely sedentary , some of the southern populations migrate n outside the breeding season . the flight is powerful , fast and agile , with slow , steady wingbeats .

kelp gulls nest on beaches , among rocks , grassy headlands , ledges and offshore islands . the nest is a bowl of grasses and plants stems or a shallow scrape in sand lined with seaweed , shells and debris . the female usually lays 2 or 3 eggs . both parents feed the young birds . chicks peck at red spot on the parent ' s beak to stimulate the regurgitation reflex .

the adult is a typical gull with black upperparts and white tail . on the black upperwing , the trailing edge is white and the wing tip shows white patches . head , neck , nape , tail and underparts are white . the bill is yellow with red gonydal angle . the eyes are yellow , surrounded by red or orange eyering . legs and webbed feet are greenish - yellow ( mostly greyer in africa ) .

adult gulls and terns are for the most part pale - colored birds plumaged in gray , white , and black with dark plumages predominating in the black tern and noddy species . other colors are limited to orange and yellow ( in the bills and feet ) and pink hues in the plumage of the ross ' s gull and roseate tern . immature gulls of most species cycle through years of a seemingly bewildering number of gray , brown , and black streaked plumages .

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however the problem hasn’t gone away and is specific to the area . it is especially bad because the seagulls target the calves more as they have to spend more time at the surface , so it was quite common to see calves with a lot of scarring along their backs . this leaves the animals prone to infection which can cause death , but it also disturbs the animals when they are taking milk which can mean they don’t get enough and don’t grow as big before it is time to set off to the feeding grounds in antarctica before the summer arrives . scientists have been studying this behaviour for a few years now and it is a complex problem that is not simple to solve and unfortunately man made . not all of the kelp gulls display this behaviour , i witnessed many gulls fly close to whales and simply fly off , but i also witnessed gulls that would arrive to attack the whale , quite often after a while had given up its location by breaching or tail slapping .

seagulls have developed a hunting strategy never before seen in the animal world—eating the eyeballs of live seal pups , a new study says .

since blinded seals can ' t find help from other seals and easily succumb to more attacks , the birds have discovered removing eyeballs is an especially efficient way to get a meal .

the behavior seems to be entirely new to science—if a little tough to stomach , says study lead author austin gallagher , a postdoctoral researcher at carleton university in ottawa , canada . ( also see " gulls be gone : 10 ways to get rid of pesky birds . " )

“it is not a pleasant behavior to observe , as the seals completely freak out and make a lot of noise , ” says gallagher , whose study was published august 14 in the african journal of marine science .

for one , the babies can’t swim and have to rely on their mother’s milk , says michelle jewell , a behavioral ecologist at the royal netherlands institute for sea research who wasn ' t involved in the new research .

to supply that milk , the mother seals must occasionally go hunt fish , leaving the pups alone at the colony for several days . the unprotected pups might then fall prey to land predators such as lions and hyenas—and now , seagulls .

“a blind seal cannot forage , cannot find mom , and will get attacked by other gulls , ” says gallagher . ( also see " baby harp seals being drowned , crushed amid melting ice . " )

a snail will make a nice snack for a seagull , if it can figure out how to crack the shell open .

gallagher believes it ' s likely a result of an increase in cape fur seal populations—essentially , the birds are taking advantage of a newly abundant food source .

in the winter months , between 20 , 000 and 80 , 000 of the pinnipeds flock to namibia’s coasts to mate and raise young . this dramatic population increase from just around a hundred seals in 1998 is due to the species ' natural boom - and - bust cycles , the study says .

not to mention " the eyes are soft targets , and a good source of both fluid and protein , ” adds craig harms , a veterinary medicine expert at north carolina state university who wasn ' t involved in the new research .

as a responder for the u . s . marine mammal health and stranding response program , harms has seen firsthand the damage gulls can do .

“gulls particularly like to peck at and eat the jaw fats of beached harbor porpoises , dead or alive , ” says harms .

and while the seal eye - gobbling behavior is new , harms points to other research that shows seagulls peck at southern right whale calves ' back blubber when they surface to breathe .

“it ' s not surprising , " he says , " that they would find a similar source of fresh food that is not good at defending itself . "

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en " " urltoken "

thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

turbott , e . g . 1990 . checklist of the birds of new zealand . ornithological society of new zealand , wellington .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .


cosmopterix aculeata is a moth of the cosmopterigidae family .

it is known from india ( assam ) , china and australia .

it is multivoltine , with adults recorded from march to november .

cosmopterix aculeata

cosmopterix aculeata <EOT> cosmopteryx aculeata meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 419 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon ; khasis ; fort stedman , burma

global distribution : south africa , india , sri lanka ( coll . bmnh ) . h . k distribution : restricted ( kwun yum shan , central new territories ; chatham path , hong kong island ) . h . k . status : rare in woodland . h . k . phenology : single records in may , june and august . notes : distinguished from c . aculeata and c . sp . nr . basilisca by the extension of the f / w orange post - medial area beyond the post - medial fascia to the termen .

cosmopterix argentitegulella sinev , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 80

cosmopterix gracilis sinev , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 73

cosmopterix rhynchognathosella sinev , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 86

cosmopterix setariella sinev , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 88

cosmopterix sibirica sinev , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 93

cosmopterix yvani ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 259 ( list )

cosmopterix galapagosensis ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 334 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix madeleinae ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 364 , 258 ( list )

cosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] fernaldella walsingham , 1882 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 197

cosmopterix longivalvella ; huemer & koster , 2006 , veröff . tiroler landesm . ferdinandeum 86 : 80 ( note )

cosmopterix argentitegulella ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 132

cosmopterix infundibulella ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199

cosmopterix kurokoi ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199

cosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] minutella beutenmüller , 1889 ; ent . amer . 5 : 10 ; tl : cenral florida

cosmopterix setariella ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 133

cosmopterix thelxinoe koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 406 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : north carolina

cosmopterix albicaudis ; [ nhm card ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 284 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix argentifera koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 289 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : jamaica , moneague

cosmopterix bacata hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 45 ; tl : leroy , alabama

cosmopterix facunda hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 55 ; tl : brownsville , texas

cosmopterix ganymedes koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 335 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : argentina , salta

cosmopterix interfracta ; [ nhm card ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 351 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix thebe koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 404 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : peru , yurimaguas

cosmopterix yvani landry , 2001 ; revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 515 ; tl : galapagos , pinta , ~ 50m

cosmopterix callisto koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 300 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : peru , cuzco mts

cosmopterix eukelade koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 327 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : peru , cuzco mts

cosmopterix galapagosensis landry , 2001 ; revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 524 ; tl : galápagos , santa cruz , los gemelos

cosmopterix madeleinae landry , 2001 ; revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 518 ; tl : galapágos , santa cruz , los gemelos

cosmopterix molybdina hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 19 ; tl : bar harbor , maine

cosmopterix scirpicola hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 49 ; tl : oklahoma city , oklahoma

cosmopterix ( cosmopterigidae ) ; [ nhm card ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 273 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix baihashanella kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 137 ; tl : beijing , baihashan

cosmopterix bifidguttata kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 140 ; tl : zhejiang , fuyang

cosmopterix brevicaudella kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 135 ; tl : fujian , putian

cosmopterix dulcivora ; [ nhm card ] ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 143

cosmopterix fulminella ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199 ; [ nhm card ]

cosmopterix issikiella kuroko , 1957 ; kontyû 25 ( 1 ) : 31 , pl . 2 , f . 3 ; tl : kansirei , formosa

cosmopterix longivalvella kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 140 ; tl : zhejiang , wenzhou

cosmopterix nanshanella kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 141 ; tl : zhejiang , nanshan

cosmopterix phyllostachysea ; [ nhm card ] ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 141

cosmopterix sichuanella kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 137 ; tl : jiangxi , lushan

cosmopterix xanthura walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 6 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , tapea

cosmopterix beckeri koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 296 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , santa catarina , brusque

cosmopterix callichalca ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 298 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix carpo koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 301 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : puerto rico , guanica , 170m

cosmopterix citrinopa ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 308 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix jiangxiella kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 142 ; tl : jiangxi , linjiang zhen

cosmopterix pimmaarteni koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 386 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , planaltina , distrito federal

cosmopterix trifasciella koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 411 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500 '

cosmopterix vanderwolfi koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 412 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : puerto rico , patillas , 590m

cosmopterix amalthea koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 286 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : cuba , holquin , mayari , 400m

cosmopterix diaphora walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 6 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft

cosmopterix karsholti koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 357 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : peru , apurimac , abancay , 2200m

cosmopterix pararufella riedl , 1976 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s ) 12 ( 1 ) : 190 ; tl : tozeur

cosmopterix ananke koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 287 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina , 1000m

cosmopterix athesiae huemer & koster , 2006 ; veröff . tiroler landesm . ferdinandeum 86 : 76 ; tl : italy , lago di garda , mt maderno , 250m

cosmopterix chaldene koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 302 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina , 1000m

cosmopterix etmylaurae koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 323 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : costa rica , san josé , san pedro

cosmopterix euanthe koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 325 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina , 1000m

cosmopterix euporie koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 328 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , plantina , distrito federal , 1000m

cosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] gemmiferella clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 10 ; tl : [ pennsylvania ? ]

cosmopterix harpalyke koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 341 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltima , 1000m

cosmopterix helike koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 342 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , goias , alto paraiso , 1300m

cosmopterix hermippe koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 344 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina , 1000m

cosmopterix himalia koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 345 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , planaltina , distrito federal , 1000m

cosmopterix io koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 351 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : mexico , tamaulipas , gomes farias , 1000m

cosmopterix iocaste koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 353 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina , 1000m

cosmopterix lummyae koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 361 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , planaltina , distrito federal , 1000m

cosmopterix mneme koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 369 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , bahia , barra grande , 2m

cosmopterix nonna clarke , 1986 ; smithshon . contr . zool . 416 : 309 ; tl : marquesas archipelago , hiva oa , mt . feani , 3400 '

cosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] opulenta braun , 1919 ; ent . news 30 ( 9 ) : 260 ; tl : rivera , los angeles co . , california

cosmopterix praxidike koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 387 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : mexico , tamaulipas , el ensino , 250m

cosmopterix taygete koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 400 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , bahia , barra grande , 2m

cosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] turbidella rebel , 1896 ; ann . mus . wien 11 : 135 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; tl : tenerife

cosmopterix adrastea koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 283 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : cuba , pinar rio , sierra rosario , 400m

cosmopterix damnosa hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 46 ; tl : archold biological station , highlands co . , florida

cosmopterix ebriola hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 50 ; tl : archbold biological station , highlands co . , florida

cosmopterix orthosie koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 383 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , minas gerais , sierra do cipõm 1400m

cosmopterix schouteni koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 394 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : argentina , jujuy , mesada las colmenas , 1130m

cosmopterix tenax ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 259 ( list )

cosmopterix thyone koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 410 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , minas gerais , nova lima , 850m

cosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] clandestinella busck , 1906 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 30 ( 1463 ) : 712 ; tl : district of colombia

cosmopterix gomezpompai koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 340 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : costa rica , san josé , san gerardo de rivas

cosmopterix nishidai koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 376 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : costa rica , san josé , san pedro , 1150m

cosmopterix similis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 106 ; tl : virgin is . , st . thomas , danish w . indies

cosmopterix abnormalis ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 282 , 258 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

cosmopterix astrapias ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 290 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix diaphora ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 317 , 258 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

cosmopterix erasmia ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 320 , 258 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

cosmopterix inaugurata ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 346 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix irrubricata ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 354 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix isotoma ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 355 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix nyctiphanes ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 379 , 259 ( list )

cosmopterix ochleria ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 380 , 259 ( list )

cosmopterix pentachorda ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 384 , 259 ( list )

cosmopterix pyrozela ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 391 , 259 ( list )

cosmopterix similis ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 397 , 259 ( list )

cosmopterix teligera ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 401 , 259 ( list )

cosmopterix thrasyzela ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 408 , 259 ( list )

cosmopterix xanthura ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 514 , 259 ( list )

cosmopterix aurotegulae koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 294 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : mexico , veracruz , nogales , spring of rio blanco , 1300m

cosmopterix nieukerkeni koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 375 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : argentina , tucuman , san javier , 16km wnw tucuman , 1010m

cosmopterix erinome koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 322 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : alabama , baldwin co . , plash is , end of hwy 6

cosmopterix metis koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 366 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina , 15°35 ' s 47°42 ' w

cosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] 4 - lineella [ = quadrilineella ] chambers , 1878 ; bull . geol . surv . terr . 4 : 95 ; tl : bosque co . , texas

cosmopterix sinelinea hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 24 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : the wedge , mcclellanville , south carolina

cosmopterix langmaidi koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 358 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : belize , cayo distr . , chiquibul for . res . , las cuevas

cosmopterix navarroi koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 373 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : argentina , tucuman , 11km s tacanas , 28 km wsw trancas , 800m

cosmopterix bichromella sinev & park , 1994 ; korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 198 ; tl : mt . hanra - san , isl . jeju , s . korea

cosmopterix coryphaea ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me5 ] , 119 , 20 ; koster & sammut , 2006 , nota lepid . 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 54 ; [ fe ]

cosmopterix crassicervicella ; sinev , 1997 , ent . obozr . 76 ( 4 ) : ( 813 - 829 ) ; [ me5 ] , 117 , 20 ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]

cosmopterix lysithea koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 362 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , planaltina , distrito federal , 1000m , 15°35 ' s 47°42 ' w

cosmopterix themisto koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 407 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , s . matto grosso , 50 , e of amolar , rio caracara

cosmopterix dapifera hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 31 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , santa cruz co . , arizona

cosmopterix lienigiella ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199 ; [ me5 ] , 120 , 20 ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]

cosmopterix chalupae koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 304 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : argentina , salta , p . n . el rey , campsite 100km ne metán , 890m

cosmopterix phyllostachysea kuroko , 1957 ; kontyû 25 ( 1 ) : 30 , pl . 2 , f . 4 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 2 , 4 ; tl : hikosan , kyushu

cosmopterix schmidiella ; [ nhm card ] ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199 ; [ me5 ] , 110 , 20 ; [ fe ]

cosmopterix zieglerella ; [ nhm card ] ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199 ; [ me5 ] , 109 , 19 ; [ fe ]

cosmopterix saltensis koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 393 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : argentina , salta , quebrada del toro , 6km nw campo quijano , 30km w . salta , 1650m

cosmopterix gracilis ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199 ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 142

cosmopterix chisosensis hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 31 , pl . 6 , f . 2 ; tl : green gulch , 5500 ' , chisos mts , big bend national park , brewster co . , texas

cosmopterix rhynchognathosella ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197 ; [ nhm card ] ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 133

cosmopterix gielisorum koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 338 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : ecuador , loja , 10km se of loja , cajanuma ranger stt . , 2850m , 4°6 ' 58 " s 79°10 ' 19 " w

all of the cosmopterix species occurring in hong kong are only provisionally identified by comparison of external morphology to material at the natural history museum ( bmnh ) , london . they require genitalic dissection to confirm their identities . there are at least three species of cosmopterix with this type of wing patterning in hong kong . the smallest species , with a wingspan ( twice the forewing - tip to thorax measurement ) of about 8 mm , is illustrated . the larger species ( w / s = 12mm ) are less abundant at light traps .

cosmopterix chisosensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 33 ; [ nacl ] , # 1484 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 306 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix sinelinea ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 129 ; [ nacl ] , # 1470 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 399 , 259 ( list )

cosmopterix victor ; kuroko , 1957 , kontyû 25 ( 1 ) : 29 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199 ; [ nhm card ]

cosmopterix floridanella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 37 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; [ nacl ] , # 1497 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 332 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix lespedezae ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 30 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; [ nacl ] , # 1482 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 359 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix bacata ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 35 , pl . 3 , f . 6 ; [ nacl ] , # 1491 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 295 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix chalybaeella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 32 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; [ nacl ] , # 1489 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 305 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix clandestinella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 27 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; [ nacl ] , # 1475 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 309 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix damnosa ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 35 , pl . 3 , f . 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 1492 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 312 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix ebriola ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 37 , pl . 3 , f . 12 ; [ nacl ] , # 1495 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 319 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix fernaldella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 37 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; [ nacl ] , # 1496 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 330 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix gemmiferella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 34 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; [ nacl ] , # 1490 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 337 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix inopis ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 33 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 1488 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 347 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix magophila ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 28 , pl . 2 , f . 31 ; [ nacl ] , # 1477 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 365 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix molybdina ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 25 , pl . 2 , f . 21 ; [ nacl ] , # 1471 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 370 , 259 ( list )

cosmopterix nitens ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 24 , pl . 2 , f . 20 ; [ nacl ] , # 1469 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 378 , 259 ( list )

cosmopterix clemensella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 35 , pl . 3 , f . 8 - 9 ; [ nacl ] , # 1493 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 311 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix dapifera ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 29 , pl . 2 , f . 35 - 36 ; [ nacl ] , # 1479 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 314 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix delicatella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 29 , pl . 2 , f . 35 - 36 ; [ nacl ] , # 1480 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 316 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix montisella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 27 , pl . 2 , f . 28 - 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 1476 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 371 , 259 ( list )

cosmopterix opulenta ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 31 , pl . 2 , f . 39 - 40 ; [ nacl ] , # 1483 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 381 , 259 ( list )

cosmopterix quadrilineella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 32 , pl . 2 , f . 41 - 42 ; [ nacl ] , # 1485 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 391 , 259 ( list )

cosmopterix facunda ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 55 ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 38 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; [ nacl ] , # 1498 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 329 , 258 ( list )

cosmopterix pulchrimella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 25 ; [ nacl ] , # 1472 ; [ me5 ] , 115 , 20 ; koster & sammut , 2006 , nota lepid . 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 53 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 389 , 259 ( list ) ; [ fe ]

cosmopterix scirpicola ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 125 ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 36 , pl . 3 , f . 10 - 11 ; [ nacl ] , # 1494 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 395 , 259 ( list )

cosmopterix minutella ; busck , 1906 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 30 ( 1463 ) : 711 ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 33 , pl . 2 , f . 43 ; [ nacl ] , # 1486 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 368 , 259 ( list )

cosmopterix attenuatella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 26 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 1474 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; landry , 2001 , revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 526 ; [ me5 ] , 116 , 20 ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 135 ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 258 ( list ) ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]

global distribution : unknown . h . k . distribution : widespread . h . k . status : common in woodland and tall shrubland . h . k . phenology : multivoltine , a few records between late january and early april , then common between late july and mid - november

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comopterix abnormalis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 106 ; tl : haiti , port au prince

cosmopteryx anadoxa meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 412 ; tl : nilgiris , 3500ft

cosmopteryx ancalodes meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 9 ) : 283 ; tl : assam , shillong

cosmopteryx ancistraea meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 307 ; tl : barberton

aphranassa meyrick , 1926 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 74 : 274

cosmopteryx artemidora meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 415 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft

cosmopteryx artifica meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 421 ; tl : diyatalawa , ceylon

cosmopteryx asiatica stainton , 1859 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( n . s . ) 5 : 122 ; tl : calcutta

massachusetts , arkansas , florida , texas , arizona , mexico , costa rica - brazil - argentina , jamaica . see [ maps ]

: madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita ms , santa cruz co . , arizona

larva on ipomoea hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 26

florida , louisiana , s . texas , jamaica , puerto rico , mexico - brazil , peru , canary is , madeira , australia , new guinea , borneo , ceylon , s . india , china ( fujian ) , japan . see [ maps ]

= ; walsingham , [ 1908 ] , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 965 ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 1474 ; [ aucl ] ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197 ; landry , 2001 , revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 526 ; [ me5 ] , 116 , 20 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 135 ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 292 , 258 ( list ) ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]

= ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 1474 ; [ aucl ] ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197 ; landry , 2001 , revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 526 ; [ me5 ] , 116 , 20 ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 135 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 292 , 258 ( list ) ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]

= ; landry , 2001 , revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 526 ; [ me5 ] , 116 , 20 ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 292 , 258 ( list ) ; [ afromoths ]

= ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197

= ; [ aucl ] ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197 ; landry , 2001 , revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 526 ; [ me5 ] , 116 , 20 ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 135 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 292 , 258 ( list ) ; [ afromoths ]

larva on cyperus hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 27 , cyperus rotundus , scirpus sp . , melinus minutiflora kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 135

aurella ( bradley , 1957 ) ( cosmopteryx ) ; nat hist . rennell . i . , brit . sol . is . 2 : 98

cosmopteryx bactrophora meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 733 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria

cosmopteryx bambusae meyrick , 1917 ; ent . mon . mag . 53 : 258 ; tl : bengal , pusa

cosmopteryx basilisca meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 416 ; tl : puttalam , ceylon

cosmopteryx belonacma meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 416 ; tl : khasis

brachylina ( meyrick , 1933 ) ( cosmopteryx ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 13 - 14 ) : 426

florida , louisiana , michigan , mississippi , texas , brazil ( amazonas , distrito federal , goias , minas gerais ) , argentina . see [ maps ]

larva on schizachyrium scoparium koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 299

cosmopteryx callinympha meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 307 ; tl : pretoria

cosmopteryx calliochra turner , 1926 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 50 : 151

cosmopteryx calypso meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 9 ) : 283 ; tl : assam , cherrapunji

cosmopteryx catharacma meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 415 ; tl : peradeniya , ceylon

cosmopteryx chalcelata turner , 1923 ; proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 59

texas , mississippi , argentina ( salta , tucuman ) . see [ maps ]

cosmopteryx chlorochalca meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 322 ; tl : victoria , gisborne

cosmopteryx chrysobela meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 13 ) : 395 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft

cosmopteryx chrysocrates meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 8 ) : 232 ; tl : fiji , natova

cosmopteryx circe meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 94 ; tl : cape colony , east london

massachusetts , s . ohio , virginia , north carolina , michigan . see [ maps ]

larva on panicum clandestinum hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 27 , dichanthelium clandestinum koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 310

maine , s . manitoba , s . ontario , north carolina , new york , ohio . see [ maps ]

= ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 1493 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 311 , 258 ( list )

larva on carex hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 36

cosmopteryx cleophanes meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 147

cosmopteryx cognita walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 124 , pl . 6 , f . 64 ; tl : estcourt , natal

naf , seu , mediterranean , canary is . , near east . see [ maps ]

algeria , egypt , near east , sweu , greece , asia minor , transcaucasus . see [ maps ]

cosmopteryx cuprea lower , 1916 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 40 : 543 ; tl : queensland , kuranda

cosmopteryx cyclopaea meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 413 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft

cosmopteryx dacryodes meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 372 ; tl : mauritius

florida , louisiana , mississippi , michigan , new hampshire . see [ maps ]

tennessee , arkansas - florida , arizona , cuba , brazil ( bahia ) . see [ maps ]

cosmopteryx diplozona meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 95 ; tl : natal , karkloof

fiji , samoa , philippines , java , queensland , china ( jiangxi ) , japan . see [ maps ]

= ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 143

larva on miscanthus sinensis , saccharum officinarum kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 143

florida , s . mississippi , south carolina , cayman is . . see [ maps ]

cosmopteryx emmolybda meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : nyassaland , mt mlanje

cosmopteryx epismaragda meyrick , 1932 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 80 ( 1 ) : 113 ; tl : abyssinia

cosmopteryx epizona meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 340 ; tl : brisbane , queensland

cosmopteryx erasmia meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 206 ; tl : guyana , bartica

cosmopteryx erethista meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 413 ; tl : khasis

larva on ipomoea neei koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 325

maine , s . ontario , mischigan , new jersey , pennsylvania , wisconsin , minnesota , quebec , ontario , british columbia . see [ maps ]

larva on carex hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 97

florida , arkansas , sw . mississippi , tennessee , louisiana , alabama , cayman is . , cuba , jamaica , virgin is . . see [ maps ]

= ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 1497 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 332 , 258 ( list )

fulminella ( stringer , 1930 ) ( cosmopteryx ) ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 415

maine , s . quebec , illinois , arkansas , florida , louisiana . see [ maps ]

larva on panicum dichotomum braun , 1923 , trans . am . ent . soc . 49 ( 2 ) : 115 , dichanthelium dichotomum koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 338

glaucogramma meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 508

cosmopteryx gloriosa meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 567 ; tl : fiji , lautoka

se . siberia , japan , china ( jiangxi ) . see [ maps ]

cosmopteryx hamifera meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 420 ; tl : ceylon

cosmopteryx heliactis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 340 ; tl : toowoomba ( 2000ft ) , queensland

cosmopteryx hieraspis meyrick , 1924 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 3 ) : 89 ; tl : bengal , pusa

cosmopteryx holophracta meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 414 ; tl : khasis

cosmopteryx inaugurata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 568 ; tl : brazil , para

cosmopteryx ingeniosa meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 421 ; tl : khasis

: madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts . , santa cruz co . , arizona

brazil ( para , distrito federal , rio de janeiro ) , cuba , dominican republic , jamaica , puerto rico . see [ maps ]

cosmopteryx interfracta meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 567 ; tl : brazil , obidos

cosmopteryx iphigona meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 323 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft

cosmopteryx irrubricata walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 4 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; tl : vera cruz , atovac

cosmopteryx isoteles meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 9 ) : 282 ; tl : new south wales , sydney

cosmopteryx isotoma meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 205 ; tl : guyana , bartica

cosmopteryx laetifica meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 418 ; tl : diyatalawa , ceylon ; nilgiris , 3500ft

lautissimella amsel , 1968 ; stuttgart . beitr . naturk . ( 191 ) : 20

south carolina , kentucky , ohio , arkansas , texas , mississippi . see [ maps ]

larva on lespedeza , desmodium hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 30

cosmopteryx licnura meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 414 ; tl : khasis

ceu , seu , naf , se . siberia , korea , japan . see [ maps ]

cosmopteryx ligyrodes meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 322 ; tl : kanara , karwar

cosmopteryx macroglossa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 306 ; tl : waterval onder , pretoria

cosmopteryx macrula meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 339 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales

cosmopteryx [ = cosmoperix ] magophila meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 9 ) : 282 ; tl : southern pines , north carolina

cosmopteryx manipularis meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 419 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon ; n . coorg , 3500ft

larva on ipomoea hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 25

new york , oregon , new mexico , arizona , california , arkansas , iowa . see [ maps ]

= ; [ nacl ] , # 1476 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 372 , 259 ( list )

cosmopteryx mystica meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 338 ; tl : sydney , new south wales

cosmopteryx neodesma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 323 ; tl : corg , dibidi , 3500ft

larva on ipomoea neei koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 377

larva on phragmites australis koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 379

cosmopteryx nyctiphanes meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 208 ; tl : ecuador

cosmopteryx ochleria walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 5 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa

larva on ambrosia psilostachya , aremisia douglasiana hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 31

larva on phalaris arundinacea , anthoxanthum odoratum , festuca arundinacea , milium effusum , hierochloe odorata , h . australis [ me5 ] , 113

cosmopteryx oxyglossa meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 18 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ; tl : pretoria

cosmopteryx pallifasciella snellen , 1897 ; tijdschr . ent . 40 : 138 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : e . java

cosmopteryx paltophanes meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : khasis

cosmopteryx panopla meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 412 ; tl : hakgala , ceylon

cosmopteryx pentachorda meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 203 ; tl : peru , lima , 500ft

cosmopteryx phaeogastra meyrick , 1917 ; ent . mon . mag . 53 : 257 ; tl : bengal , pusa

cosmopteryx phaesphora turner , 1923 ; proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 59

tinea phengitella hübner , [ 1813 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 47 , f . 323

larva on phyllostachys bambusoides var . aurea kuroko , 1957 , kontyû 25 ( 1 ) : 31

cosmopteryx plesiasta meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 9 ) : 284 ; tl : kanara , castle rock

sweu , mediterranean , italy , switzerland , hungary , corsica , sicily , transcaucasus , massachusetts - florida , wyoming , arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]

larva on parietaria pensylvanica , pilea pumila hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 26 , parietaria officinalis , p . judaica koster & sammut , 2006 , nota lepid . 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 54

cosmopteryx pustulatella snellen , 1897 ; tijdschr . ent . 40 : 139 , pl . 6 , f . 2 ; tl : java , tegal , kemanglen

cosmopteryx pyrozela meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 566 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas

se . siberia , china ( sichuan , emeishan ) , japan . see [ maps ]

algeria , tunisia , libya , palestine , arabia , iran . see [ maps ]

cosmopteryx scaligera meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 18 , pl . 6 , f . 4 ; tl : kranspoort , ptetoria

larva on vicia sepium , v . pisiformis , orobus tuberus , o . niger , o . vernus [ me5 ] , 112

maryland - florida , wyoming , louisiana , california , alabama . see [ maps ]

larva on scirpus hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 37

ceu , seu , naf , asia minor , c . asia . see [ maps ]

cosmopteryx semnota meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 775 ; tl : pykara , nilgiris , 7000ft

larva on setaria viridis kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 133

cosmopteryx spiculata meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 420 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon

cosmopteryx tabellaria meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 733 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria

florida , louisiana , cuba , jamaica , mexico , costa rica , colombia , brazil ( distrito federal ) . see [ maps ]

cosmopteryx tenax meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 207 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6600 '

cosmopteryx tetrophthalma meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 94 ; tl : natal , karkloof

cosmopteryx thrasyzela meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 206 ; tl : guyana , bartica

cosmopteryx toraula meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 452 ; tl : borneo , kuching

cosmopteryx transcissa meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 7 ) : 203 ; tl : nyassalan , mt mlanje

larva on parietaria officinalis , p . debilis , p . arborea , forsskaolea angustifolia [ me5 ] , 118

cosmopteryx vexillaris meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 418 ; tl : khasis

cosmopteryx victor stringer , 1930 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 416

larva on sasa japonica , s . purpurascens , arundinaria pygmaea var . glabra , phyllostachys bambusoides var . aurea kuroko , 1957 , kontyû 25 ( 1 ) : 28

cosmopteryx xuthogastra meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 452 ; tl : borneo , kuching

cosmopteryx zathea meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 36 ; tl : coorg , pollibetta

ceu , seu , asia minor , caucaus , c . asia , . . . , japan . see [ maps ]

[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

the results of the zoological collecting trip to egypt in 1957 , of the natural history museum , budapest . 8 . egyptian microlepidoptera ii

lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes

ein neuer parietaria - minierer , cosmopteryx parietariae sp . n . ( lep . )

the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , cosmopterigidae

sur quelques momphidae ( s . l . ) d ' afrique du nord [ lep . gelechioidea ]

zeller , 1850 verzeichniss der von herrn jos . mann beobachteten toscanischen microlepidoptera stettin . ent . ztg . 11 ( 2 ) : 59 - 64 , ( 4 ) : 134 - 136 , ( 5 ) : 139 - 162 , ( 6 ) : 195 - 212

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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