pseudohemihyalea labecula , the freckled glassy-wing , is a moth in the family erebidae .

it was described by grote in 1881 .

it is found in southern nevada , utah , from colorado to arizona , new mexico and western texas .

the length of the forewings is 21 – 29 mm .

adults are on wing from july to early september .

the larvae probably feed on quercus species .

pseudohemihyalea labecula

pseudohemihyalea labecula <EOT> species pseudohemihyalea labecula - freckled glassy - wing - hodges # 8221 - bugguide . net

i believe this is an example of pseudohemihyalea labecula . elev . ~ 7500 ft . collected and deposited in the mississippi entomological museum ( mem ) .

no one has contributed data records for pseudohemihyalea yet . learn how to contribute .

i found several of these attracted to lights at night , along with some p . edwardsii . at first i thought they were all the same species and some just had their scales rubbed off , but nope ! i looked at the moth photographer ' s group page and it looks like this could be either splendens or labecula but i ' m not sure how best to tell the difference between those two species . thoughts ?

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southern nevada , utah , colorado through arizona , new mexico , west texas .

grote , a . r . 1881 . moths collected by prof . snow in new mexico , with list of eudriini . papilio 1 ( 9 ) : 174 - 175

holland , w . j . 1915 . the moth book . doubleday , page & company .

powell , j . a . & p . a . opler 2009 . moths of western north america . university of california press . pl . 48 . 24m , p . 273

the moth book w . j . holland . 1922 . doubleday , page & company .

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powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 48 . 24m ; p . 273 . book review and ordering

southern nevada , utah , colorado through arizona , new mexico , west texas south into the sierra madre occidentale of mexico .

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several specimens observed , mostly smaller than seen at lower elevations . precise map location is estimated .

several blooming flowers seen most places along the trail ( rd . 371 ) .

precise map location estimated . where creek crosses trail . each fish was 6 - 8 inches long .

exact map location estimated . heard several all along the trail ( rd . 371 ) .

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turridae is a taxonomic family name for a number of predatory sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily conoidea .

the family name turridae was originally given to a very large group of several thousand sea snail species that were thought to be closely related .

however , that original grouping was discovered to be polyphyletic .

in recent years , the family turridae has been much reduced in size , because a number of other families were created to contain the monophyletic lineages that had previously been thought to belong in the same family .

the common name " turrids " is still used informally to refer to the polyphyletic group .

turridae

turridae <EOT> the family turridae in the indo - pacific . part 1 . the subfamily turrinae

article : the family turridae in the indo - pacific . part 1 . the subfamily turrinae

powell awb . the family turridae in the indo - pacific : part 1 - the subfamily turrinae .

worms - world register of marine species - turridae h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( 1838 )

details - the family turridae in the indo - pacific . part 1 . the subfamily turrinae - biodiversity heritage library

sunderland , k . ( 1991 ) atlantic and caribbean turridae . american conchologist , 19 ( 1 ) , 14–15 .

laseron , c . f . 1954 . the new south wales turridae . royal zoological society nsw . zool . handbook 56 pp .

sunderland , k & sunderland , l . ( 1999 ) western atlantic turridae . american conchologist , 27 ( 3 ) , 16–17 .

hedley , charles . 1922 . a revision of the australian turridae . records of the australian museum 13 ( 6 ) : 213 - 359

sunderland , k & sunderland , l . ( 1993 ) atlantic and caribbean turridae . american conchologist , 21 ( 2 ) , 14–15 .

hedley , c . ( 1922 ) a revision of the australian turridae . records of the australian museum , 13 ( 6 ) , 213–359 . urltoken

williams , m . a . s . ( 2005 ) shallow - water turridae of florida and the caribbean . williams , tallevast , florida , 223 pp .

tippett , d . l . ( 1995 ) taxonomic notes on the western atlantic turridae ( gastropoda : conoidea ) . the nautilus , 109 ( 4 ) , 127–138 .

williams , m . a . s . ( 2006 ) shallow - water turridae of florida and the caribbean , version 3 . williams , tallevast , florida , 233 pp .

williams , m . a . s . ( 2009 ) shallow - water turridae of florida and the caribbean , version 3 . williams , tallevast , florida , 230 pp .

wells , f . e . 1990 . revision of the recent australian turridae referred to the genera splendrillia and austrodrillia . journal of the malacological society of australi a 11 : 73 - 117 .

lyons , w . g . ( 1972 ) new turridae ( gastropoda : toxoglossa ) from south florida and the eastern gulf of mexico . the nautilus , 86 ( 1 ) , 3–7 .

tippett , d . l . ( 2007 ) two new gastropod species ( neogastropoda : drilliidae , turridae ) from the western atlantic ocean . the nautilus , 121 ( 4 ) , 210–213 .

powell , a . w . b . 1964 . the family turridae in the indo - pacific . part 1 . the subfamily turrinae . indo - pacific mollusca 1 ( 5 ) : 227 - 345

powell , a . w . b . 1969 . the family turridae in the indo - pacific . part 2 . the subfamily turriculinae . indo - pacific mollusca 2 ( 10 ) : 207 - 415

fargo , w . g . ( 1953 ) part ii . the pliocene turridae of saint petersburg , florida . academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , monograph , 8 , 361–409 , pls . 16–24 .

powell , a . w . b . 1967 . the family turridae in the indo - pacific . part 1a . the subfamily turrinae concluded . indo - pacific mollusca 1 ( 7 ) : 409 - 431

kaicher , s . d . ( 1984 ) card catalogue of world - wide shells . pack 39 – turridae . s . d . kaicher , st . petersburg , florida , cards i–ii + 3882–3987 .

odé , h . ( 1993 ) distribution and records of the marine mollusca in the northwest gulf of mexico : family turridae figures . texas conchologist , 29 ( 3 & 4 ) , 68 – 72 .

gibson , t . g . ( 1962 ) revision of the turridae of the miocene st . mary ' s formation of maryland . journal of paleontology , 36 ( 2 ) , 225–246 , pls . 40–42 .

odé , h . ( 1991 ) distribution and records of the marine mollusca in the northwest gulf of mexico ( a continuing monograph ) , family turridae . texas conchologist , 28 ( 1 ) , 13 – 34 .

wells , f . e . 1993 . new records of splendrillia ( gastropoda : turridae ) from northwestern australia , with the description of a new species . journal of the malacological society of australia 14 : 113 - 117 .

mclean , j . h . ( 1971 ) a revised classification of the family turridae , with the proposal of new subfamilies , genera , and subgenera from the eastern pacific . the veliger , 14 ( 1 ) , 114–130 .

kilburn , r . n . ( 1988 ) turridae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of southern africa and mozambique . part 4 . subfamilies drilliinae , crassispirinae and strictispirinae . annals of the natal museum , 29 ( 1 ) , 167–320 .

melvill , j . c . ( 1923 ) descriptions of twenty - one species of turridae ( pleurotomidae ) from various localities in the collection of mr . e . r . sykes . proceedings of the malacological society of london , 15 , 162–171 .

rolán , e . & espinosa , j . ( 1999 ) el complejo brachycythara biconica ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) ( mollusca : gastropoda : turridae ) en cuba , con la descripcion de una nueva especie . bollettino malacologico , 34 , 43–49 .

powell , a . w . b . ( 1966 ) the molluscan families speightiidae and turridae : an evaluation of the valid taxa , both recent and fossil , with lists of characteristics species . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum , 5 , 1–184 . , 23 pls .

figueira , r . m . a . & absalão , r . s . ( 2010 ) deep - water drilliinae , cochlespirinae , and oenopotinae ( mollusca : gastropoda : turridae ) from the campos basin , southeast brazil . scientia marina , 74 ( 3 ) , 471–481 . urltoken

turridae one of the larger families in shelled molluscs . about 1700 species are found in recent literature . needless to say , their taxonomy is complicated and nomenclature is more than confusing . many species are known only by the types and live on the continental shelves , in bathyal and even abyssal waters .

absalão , r . s . , pimenta , a . d . & caetano , c . h . s . ( 2005 ) turridae ( mollusca , neogastropoda , conoidea ) coletados no litoral sudeste do brasil , programa revizee " score " central . biociências , porto alegre , 13 ( 1 ) , 19–47 .

melvill , j . c . ( 1917 ) a revision of the turridae ( pleurotomidae ) occurring in the persian gulf , gulf of oman and north arabian sea as evidenced mostly through the results of dredgings carried out by mr . f . w . townsend , 1893–1914 . proceedings of the malacological society of london , 12 , 140–201 .

the morphology of some deep - sea turridae lacking radulae was studied . the main features of their digestive system are the absence of a radula sac , venom and salivary glands and the reduction or absence of a proboscis . a new genus teretiopsis including 3 new species and t . thaumastopsis ( dautzenberg and fischer , 1896 ) is described . on the basis of differences of the digestive system when compared with other turrids lacking radulae the monotypical subfamily taraninae casey , 1904 new status ( type genus taranis jeffreys , 1870 ) is considered . it is shown that the process of radula reduction has occurred independently in different phylogenetic lines of toxoglossa—the subfamilies daphnellinae and taraninae among turridae and the family terebridae .

the turridae ( in the traditional , widest sense ) is so large that one strategy might be to identify your species to the appropriate family using bouchet et al . 2011 ( j . molluscan studies , 77 : 273 - 308 ) . then use that family / subfamily or included genera as search terms in your web browser to see who has published on these taxa in recent years . then approach those researchers directly .

ty - jour ti - the family turridae in the indo - pacific . part 1 . the subfamily turrinae t2 - indo - pacific mollusca . vl - 1 ur - urltoken pb - delaware museum of natural history , etc . cy - greenville , del . , etc . , py - 1964 - 03 - 31 sp - 227 ep - 346 sn - 0073 - 7240 au - powell , a w b er -

barros , j . c . n . , de lima , s . f . b . , da silva , s . v . , santos , m . c . f . & cabrel , e . ( 2005 ) sobre família turridae swainson , 1840 em depósito no laborátório de malacologia da ufrpe e os tipos brasileiros presentes na coleção malacológica do national museum of natural history - smithsonian institution . boletim técnico científico do cepene , 13 , 143–149 .

@ article { bhlpart201044 , title = { the family turridae in the indo - pacific . part 1 . the subfamily turrinae } , journal = { indo - pacific mollusca . } , volume = { 1 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder } , url = urltoken publisher = { greenville , del . , etc . , delaware museum of natural history , etc . } , author = { powell , a w b } , year = { 1964 - 03 - 31 } , pages = { 227 - - 346 } , }

there are over 4 , 000 ( described ) living species of turrids worldwide with much of this species diversity in the tropics . ( turridae in the usual sense comprises about 16 living families ) . however , there are probably several thousand unnamed extant species in existing museum collections . in the worst cases , even those genera with large body sizes can comprise a hundred or more undescribed living species - usually misidentified under a few published names - within a single biogeographic region . snaller species ( less than say 10 mm ) usually have a much smaller percentage of their species described and smaller species dominate ' turrid ' faunas .

the classification of the turridae is in a flux . a number of families and / or sub - families have been used , but there is not general agreement upon use of these names by specialists . classification at the generic level is still fluid , and the limited specimens available often make decisions on species boundaries difficult . our knowledge of the nsw fauna is the result of hedley ' s monograph of the australian species ( 1922 ) , and laseron revision of the nsw fauna in 1954 , in which he dealt with 142 species . the monographs of powell ( 1964 , 1967 , 1969 ) also refined nsw turrid systematics .

the biology , feeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships of marine snails in the family turridae remain poorly understood . here we report our study on four deep - water species in the genus gemmula , a major group in this family . the four species g . speciosa ( reeve 1843 ) , g . sogodensis ( olivera 2005 ) , g . kieneri ( doumet 1940 ) and g . diomedea ( powell 1964 ) were collected at five different sites in the philippines , and their pattern of distribution in the sites , their feeding behaviour as well as their phylogenetic relationships with each other and with other members of the subfamily turrinae were investigated . the radular morphology ( of two gemmula species ) and potential prey ( for one gemmula species ) were also examined . actual feeding observations were also conducted for gemmula speciosa and compared with two turrids from other genera .

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nomenclature family names cited with two dates ( the second one in parentheses ) are those ruled by article 40 ( 2 ) of iczn . " if . . . a . . .

nomenclature family names cited with two dates ( the second one in parentheses ) are those ruled by article 40 ( 2 ) of iczn . " if . . . a family - group name was replaced before 1961 because of the synonymy of the type genus , the replacement name is to be maintained if it is in prevailing usage . a name maintained by virtue of this article retains its own author [ and date , the first date cited ] but takes the priority of the replaced name [ the date cited in parentheses , here alluding to pleurotominae gray , 1838 ] [ details ]

bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]

( of pleurotomidae ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]

classification the taxonomy of this family has to be reconsiderd . backeljau ( 1986 ) follows nordsieck ( 1968 , 1977 ) and van aartsen et al . ( 1984 ) [ details ]

this is by far one of the largest families among marine molluscs , containing a great number of species . the family hallmark is a notch or sinus in the upper part of the outer lip , but species are very difficult to identify because of wide variety in speciation . many shells are tapered at both ends ( i . e . , " fusiform " ) , like the babylon turrid shown below . others show variable proportions in lengths between their spire and siphonal canal , while the japanese wonder shell is so unusual as to have been sometimes placed in a family of its own ( thatcheriidae ) . the shells vary widely in both colors and textures .

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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :

we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .

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click on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .

© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 005 seconds . )

© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 006 seconds . )

the turrids are the largest family of marine gastropods , numbering more than 4 , 000 described species . in a recent paper , bouchet et . al . ( 2004 ) said " turrids sing a hymn to specialisation , rarity and evolutionary innovation " . they reported that 20 years of sampling off new caledonia from the intertidal to 3 , 700 m had turned up 1 , 726 turrid species , as many as 30 % of these species being represented by single specimens . a similar situation no doubt applies to the australian and new south wales fauna , with many species being rarely obtained and a high proportion un - named .

turrids shells show a diversity of shell shapes ; some look like cones , others resemble mitrids , fasciolarids or buccinids . the one feature they have in common is a sinus - an indentation or slit at the upper end of the outer lip , which accommodates the exhalent canal . the sinus sometimes is only a weak depression , sometimes a deep slit , but most commonly a deep , rounded v shaped indentation . turrids are carnivorous , probably all being predatory ; polychaete worms are the major prey of the species of which the diet has been studied . some have a radula and associated poison gland similar to the harpoon - like structure of the cone shells , while others have lost the radula and poison gland . .

the family is represented in nsw by about 150 named species , only a few of which are common , and many of which are quite rare . a few small species occur intertidally under rocks on rocky shores , some occupy the shallow subtidal , down to about 20 metres and are occasionally washed up on beaches , but most occur in deeper water . about a dozen species exceed 20 mm in size , but the majority are quite small , many being under 5 mm in length .

the primary identification feature of turrids is the sinus , the indentation at the top of the outer lip . its shape and position are important for classification . the sinus may be narrow and deep , broad and shallow , or a mere indentation as in members of the subfamily mangelliinae . the apex of the sinus may be on the periphery of the last whorl , at the suture , or on the shoulder slope between suture and periphery . development of the sinus proceeds as the shell matures , being only a shallow indentation in juvenile shells ( see fig . 1 , showing sinus development with maturity in vexitomina coxi ) . some species have a callous nodule at the top of the inner lip of the aperture , opposite the sinus , which also increases in size with maturity .

wells , f . e . 1991 . a revision of the recent australian species of the turrid genera clavus , plagiostropha and tylotiella ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . journal of the malacological society of australia 12 : 1 - 33

wells , f . e . 1991 . a new species of splendrillia , with comments on two other species in the genus . journal of the malacological society of australia 12 : 63 - 67 .

wells , f . e . 1994 . a revision of the recent australian species of the turrid genera inquisitor and ptychobela . molluscan research 14 : 71 - 103 .

of the 150 or so nsw species only those which reach over 15 mm in length are described here . for information on the remaining species , see laseron ' s treatment mentioned above .

greenville , del . , etc . , delaware museum of natural history , etc .

biodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to… urltoken

biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken

turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .

common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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it ' s very useful in pharmacology and i survey the distribution of turrids along the indian coast . can anyone advise of identification of this species ? i ' ve identified some of the species and i request to verify the identification in the morphological level with malacologist .

without an image of the shell it is impossible to identify it . there are hundreds of turrid species , now recognized in multiple families .

ok if you want the image of the turrids species i will send you through your mail id but i like to want clear identification of turrids species . because its difficult to identify the species

species - level identifications of species - rich groups are liable to be misidentified by all except the specialist for that group . and of course many of these groups do not have any specialists . sorry to sound negative but it is important to be realistic to what level one can identify a species . it is important not to try to put a species name on every morphotype that you delimit - because this will result in misidentifications in all but the most common and well known species . in my opinion it is important to sort your putative ' species ' into the smallest morphologically consistent groupings that you can ( these are most likley to correspond to ' true ' species and then seek specialist help ) .

an expert in the anatomy and identification of turrids is yuri kantor kantor @ urltoken . in the identification - although basing mainly in shell characters - you can also contact bilal ozturk . you can contact him through researchgate . hope it helps .

elaiya , i don ' t know of anyone currently working with the expertise you need . as others have pointed out the group is so large that just gather the literature you ' ll need will be a major problem , but the internet will help - start there . i would advise you to take high quality digital pictures of your specimens and post them on some of the facebook groups that deal with marine mollusks . there are some very educated people there and someone may be able to help you . good luck .

it is found in presumablly upper eocen - lower oligocene clay sediments in sw bulgaria . given the size of the fossil and the facies feature of the . . .

hi all , i am looking for help in identifying a gastropod from an archaeological site in the gobi desert in southern mongolia . the site is centred . . .

several poorly known species lack common names due to the lack of familiarity of the non - scientific community with them . however , it can be . . .

our lab has observed this feature on presumed naticid drill holes penetrating shells of saxolucina ( megaxinus ) anodonta ( say ) from the miocene . . .

dear colleagues , in recent days an article was published in the washington post trying to sell the idea that we , humans , should not work towards . . .

in a recent critique of our paper on the third orangutan species , the author of a blog wrote that : " a “species” is not an arbitrary segment of . . .

hi all , these three specimens were also collected from mumbai coast of india . i thought these belongs to the genus agaronia and bufonaria . please . . .

what is the name of this green insect . i noticed on its carapace the presence of another small insect ? it is visible in the three photos . is this . . .

book review : marine gastropoda prosobranchiata . the zoology of iceland , volume iv , part 60 . g . thorson

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flickr photos above were identified by the individual photographers but not reviewed by eops . contact us to report errors .

backeljau , t . ( 1986 ) . lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van belgië [ list of the recent marine molluscs of belgium ] . koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen : brussels , belgium . 106 pp .

the taxonomy of this family has to be reconsiderd . backeljau ( 1986 ) follows nordsieck ( 1968 , 1977 ) and van aartsen et al . ( 1984 )

utilizing double quotes for exact terms can narrow your search results . ex . a common name search of northwestern sedge matches ' northwestern sedge ' and ' northwestern showy sedge ' . typing " northwestern sedge " return only ' northwestern sedge ' .

© 2012 - 2018 . encyclopedia of puget sound is published by the puget sound institute at the uw tacoma center for urban waters .

if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .

shells of the turritellidae are elongate with many whorls , similar in shape to the terebridae . the family consists of about a thousand species , world wide in distribution , but more speciose in temperate seas . they generally live subtidally , down to at least 1500 metres , but a few occur in the lower intertidal . the family is well represented in australia , with about 27 species occurring here .

animals of this family are ciliary deposit feeders with limited crawling ability . they lay upon or are partly buried in the substrate , usually soft muddy - sand , and filter minute particles from the sea water as it is drawn over their gills . the particles are then fed in a mucous string to the mouth . the australian species gazameda gunnii supplements its food during times of low plankton availability by scavenging , and this may occur in other members of the family .

in this family some species are dioecious , meaning they exist as male or female throughout their life , while others are protandric hermaphrodites , meaning that animals start life as males and change to females . sperm may be transferred from male to female in packets , or broadcast into the water by males and captured by females in the inhalant water stream . in some species fertilized eggs are brooded in the mantle cavity of the female , with juveniles either being released into the plankton or released onto the substrate as crawling juveniles . other species attach the egg mass to wood , rocks or other solid substrate , from whence they hatch .

there are 18 species of this family in nsw , varying in size from 6 . 5 to 90 mm in length . they all occur subtidally , some in relatively shallow water down to about 100 m , while others are among the deepest living molluscs in the nsw fauna , occurring down to at least 1500 m . they are do not live intertidally in nsw ; shells are occasionally washed up on beaches , more commonly in the far south of the state . of the 18 species , all except one has an eastern or southern australian distribution . the exception is haustator cingulifer , which occurs in the tropical indo - west pacific and just reaches southwards to sydney . one species , maoricolpus roseus , is introduced from new zealand , and is spreading northwards up the nsw coast .

garrard , t . a . 1972 . a revision of australian recent and tertiary turritellidae ( gastropoda : mollusca ) . journal of the malacological society of australia , 2 ( 3 ) : 267 - 338 .

turritellids are elongate , many whorled shells , similar to the terebrids in general shape but distinguished by not having either an anterior or a posterior canal . the outer lip bears a large sinus , but the lip in the sinus area is very thin and usually broken , even in life . the shape of the sinus is best seen in the growth lines behind the growing edge . there is strong spiral sculpture , but axial sculpture is restricted to growth lines of the shape of the outer lip . there is a smooth protoconch of 1½ - 2 ½ whorls in the nsw species , after which the adult , or teleoconch , whorls begin . the teleoconch whorl on which spiral ribs begin , and the sequence in which they commence , is diagnostic for the species , but has not been used here as it requires close microscopic examination of specimens in good condition . instead , the sculpture of the last few whorls is described .

much use is made in the species descriptions of the terms rib , riblet , and thread . these are imprecise comparative terms to describe sculpture on the surface of the shells ; ribs are larger than riblets which are in turn larger than threads . a keel is a type of rib which is tall and parallel - sided .

the following table arranges the nsw species by maximum shell length , as an aid to identification . note that the abundance and beach washup information is specific to nsw . some species are much more common outside nsw , such as

f + , rare ! ! ! from deep water ! ! ! fresh collected ! we got it wrongly as b . biconica

f + , rare ! trawled off rio de janeiro . has a small drill

f + + , rare ! beautiful specimen that we had dredged 24 years ago ! sold to a floridian collector and later p . williams got the shell !

f + , rare species ! found in 1971 ! from p . williams collection !

f + + , milky white with dark pink - rose areas ! from p . williams collection !

f + + , topotype found by gary mackintosh in 1997 ! ex . coll . p . williams !

f + , rare recently named species ! peggy williams had that as clathodrillia cf . tryoni

f + + , not really sure it this is the rare recently named species ! peggy williams had that as clathodrillia cf . tryoni ! looks different of most of the new species described by p . fallon

f + , rare ! very knobby orange specimen ! from p . williams collection !

f + + , gorgeous shell but i am not convinced if is this species ! it has the same color pattern but this is really a drillidae ! p . williams had that under clavus bilineatus !

f + , superb orange and white shell ! p . williams had that as clavus bilineatus !

f + , beautiful specimen ! from unusual area ! from p . williams collection !

f + , specimen found in 1971 ! from p . williams collection ! not sure about id !

f + + , gorgeous specimen from p . williams collection ! not 100 % sure about id !

f + + , very slender shell ! finely ribbed ! from p . williams collection !

f + + , inflated shell ! uncommon ribbed shell with a dark brown blotch on the last whorl . ex . coll . peggy williams

f + , very rare ! deep water ! beautiful specimen from p . williams collection ! ! w / o

f + , very rare ! deep water ! beautiful specimen from p . williams collection ! we had only 3 specimens before ! w / o

f + , nice nodulose shell ! nicely colored ! from p . willimas ( she had bought from us in 1996 ! ! )

f + , very nice specimen from a hard place to go , ant lagoon off the main island ! w / o - ex . coll . homer rhode

f + + + , gorgeous ! very unusual ! not sure about id ! from p . williams collection !

f + + , gorgeous species ! often confused with c . bilieatus , rare !

f + , gorgeous black - brown knobby specimen from p . williams collection !

f + + , banded species from deep water ! from p . williams collection !

f + + , great specimen ! from peggy williams collection ( labeled as c . fulvus )

f + + , very large specimen from unusual area ! special ! from p . williams collection !

f + , very unusual specimen found by p . williams ! it was labeled as c . bilineatus but it is quite different !

f + , rare species ! banded brown and grey ! from p . williams collection

f , the rarest clionella ! deep water species ! ! from p . williams collection - has damaged lip !

f + + , extremely rare water species ! from p . williams collection !

the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .

f + + , elongated nodulose species ! very rare ! id according b . cook

f + , nice specimen dredged off oahu in 1987 - ex . coll . peggy williams

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francisco m . heralde , iii , 1 , * yuri i . kantor , 2 mary anne q . astilla , 3 arturo o . lluisma , 3 rollan geronimo , 3 porfirio m . aliño , 3 maren watkins , 4 patrice showers corneli , 5 baldomero m . olivera , 5 ameurfina d . santos , 1 and gisela p . concepcion 3

4 department of pathology , university of utah , 421 wakara way , suite 3323 , 84108 , u . s . a

5 department of biology , 257 s 1400 e , room 201 , university of utah , salt lake city , utah , 84112 , u . s . a

* current address : department of biochemistry and molecular biology , college of medicine , university of the philippines , manila 1000 , philippines , moc . liamg @ edlarehmf tel / fax : + 632 - 526 - 4197

all four gemmula species showed strikingly different patterns of distribution ; each species was found to be relatively much more abundant at one site but not at the other sites . molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 16s sequences correlated with previously reported 12s sequences and revealed that the four species all belong to a well - supported gemmula clade within the subfamily turrinae ; and that this clade appeared more closely related to the clades xenuroturris , turris and lophiotoma than to the other clades in the subfamily ( i . e . , turridrupa , unedogemmula and polystira ) . morphological analysis of the radula of both g . speciosa and g . sogodensis revealed that the radulae of the two species were similar but differed from the other turrids , lophiotoma acuta and unedogemmula bisaya , by the absence of central teeth , consistent with the separation of the gemmula clade from the lophiotoma and unedogemmula clade .

to identify the polychaete group that is targeted as prey by species of gemmula , analysis of regurgitated food fragments was made ; phylogenetic analysis of an mtcoi gene fragment that was pcr - amplified from the regurgitated tissue of one specimen ( g . diomedea ) indicated close affinity of the prey to the terebellid polychaete amphitritides . specimens of gemmula speciosa , when challenged with the terebellid polychaete loimia sp . , were observed to attack the worm suggesting that gemmula species feed on terebellid polychaetes . lophiotoma acuta were also observed to feed on the same species of terebellid but were usually group - feeding in contrast to the solitary feeding of g . speciosa . unedogemmula bisaya did not feed on the terebellid which also supports the separation of the gemmula and unedogemmula clade .

two lines of proof ( i . e . the molecular phylogenetic analysis and the feeding challenge ) supporting the toxin homology findings previously reported , provide consistent evidence that gemmula is a distinct clade of worm - hunting turrinae that feeds on terebellidae .

have been collected in relatively large numbers in philippine waters . in this study , we particularly focused on four deep - water

) . we investigated their distribution and phylogeny , as information on the pattern of their distribution is scant and the phylogeny of these species has not yet been elucidated . in the superfamily conoidae , most previous investigations of molecular phylogeny have been carried out on

) are still poorly understood . so far , only one study has been carried out (

shells of gemmula species . top to bottom , gemmula speciosa , gemmula diomedea , gemmula sogodensis , gemmula kieneri .

to further discriminate the species , we examined and compared the foregut anatomy , i . e . , radula , of three species . because their habitats are inaccessible , little is also known of their feeding biology . although turrids in general are known to feed on polychaetes , there are no available data on which species of polychaetes are preyed on by gemmula ( or any turrid ) species . we therefore collected new data on feeding behavior and potential prey preferences .

snails were purchased from local fishermen as by - catch in trawl nets along the mouth of manila bay ( from bataan to cavite and batangas ) and tangle nets in the seas of cebu and bohol . live snails were kept in seawater until they were processed for anatomical or molecular work . the relative distribution and abundance of gemmula speciosa along the periphery of manila bay was initially assessed by monitoring the collections per trawl of selected boats in august 2005 and from october 2005 to january 2006 . the abundance in all the sampling sites was monitored from the snails collected by the fishermen from february to may 2006 .

the snails were segregated by putative species and preserved for various uses . the snails were cracked and tissue samples ( hepatopancreas and foot ) were obtained and preserved in approximately 10 volumes of rnalater . voucher specimens were kept in 70 % ethanol . dna extraction was performed in fifty mg tissue samples ( hepatopancreas or foot ) using the puregene dna kit ( invitrogen ) or the dneasy tissue kit ( qiagen ) and aliquots were prepared . .

the 16s mitochondrial rrna gene was amplified using the primers 16sl ( 5′ - gtttaccaaaaacatggcttc - 3′ ) and 16sh ( 5′ - ccggtctgaactcagatc acgt - 3′ ) with uracil adaptor sequences . a pcr mix containing 20–40 ng genomic dna , 2μm of each primer , 2μm of dntp and 2μm of taq polymerase was prepared and cycled with the following profile : 95°c 1 min initial denaturation ; 40 cycles of 95°c 20 sec denaturation , 55°c 20 sec annealing and 72°c 30 sec extension ; and 72°c 5 min final extension . the pcr product was ligated to pneb206a ( user friendly cloning , new england biolabs ) and introduced into e . coli ( dh5a ) through chemical transformation . plasmids from transformants with inserts were sequenced through the abi 377 dna sequencer or submitted to the university of utah sequencing facility .

) . a minimum evolution - based phylogenetic reconstruction was made using mega 3 . 1 (

) . bootstrap values were calculated and putative clades were marked accordingly . the genetic distances were computed using the kimura - 2 - parameter model to determine the range of distances of the specimens that belong to a food type cluster .

note : the gu series of accession numbers are sequences obtained in this paper .

a second phylogenetic analysis was made using the combined 12s rdna and 16s rdna ( 12s previously reported in heralde et al . 2007 ) sequences . the concatenated sequences were aligned using clustal x . the alignments were refined manually using macclade 4 . 08 . the process was repeated for some highly variable regions as long as further refinement by eye seemed possible .

trees were optimized using the individual rrna gene sequence alignments and the concatenated alignments ( presented herein ) . final analyses were restricted to model - based maximum likelihood ( paup4b10 ) and bayesian inference ( mrbayes 3 . 1 . 2 ) to account for the complexity of sequence evolution . sequence evolution parameters were optimized by a gtr + i + g model that includes six possible substitution types ( gtr ) , allows some sites to be invariant ( i ) , allows across - site rate heterogeneity ( g ) and allows unequal base frequencies .

the maximum likelihood optimization used tbr branch swapping with 10 searches , each using a random addition of taxa . the analysis ended when the paup default criteria for convergence of the log - likelihood were met .

the bayesian analysis was run for two million generations with the first 500 , 000 generations discarded as burn - in trees . two mcmcmc runs ( metropolis - coupled markov - chain monte - carlo ) , using four chains each , were used to thoroughly explore tree space . convergence of the likelihoods was judged adequate by monitoring the ased ( average standard error of the difference ) in split frequencies between the two runs and by comparing plots of the tree log - likelihood trees from generation 500 , 000 to 2 million . by the last generation , average standard error was 0 . 0039 ; the plot of likelihoods versus generation had stabilized . furthermore , the psrf ( potential scale reduction factor ) reached 1 . 00 for the total tree length and for each model parameter .

since maximum likelihood and bayesian analyses converged to the same tree , only the bayesian results are presented below ( ml results are available from psc ) .

species in the phylogenetic analysis included the following : turrinae : gemmula speciosa , gemmula diomedea , gemmula . kieneri , gemmula sogodensis , lophiotoma albina , lophiotoma acuta , lophiotoma cerithiformis , lophiotoma olangoensis , lophiotoma cingulifera , lophiotoma kingae , lophiotoma jickelli , lophiotoma polytropa , turris gamonsii , turris babylonia , turris spectabilis , turris normandavidsoni , turris grandis , turridrupa elongata , turridrupa bijubata , unedogemmula bisaya , unedogemmula leucotropis , unedogemmula tayabasensis , unedogemmula indica , unedogemmula panglaoensis , polystira oxytropis , polystira picta ; and terebridae : hastula hectica and terebra guttata , .

live snails were relaxed in 1 % cold magnesium chloride ( mgcl 2 ) for 2–3 hours and preserved in 95 % ethanol ; the sem of their radulae was carried out as described previously ( imperial et al . 2007 ) .

six samples of gemmula diomedea caught by trawling at depths of 231–271 meters in the panglao 2005 expedition were relaxed in cold 1 % magnesium chloride for at least 2 hours and regurgitated tissues were recovered . genomic dna was extracted from the tissues using the dneasy tissue kit ( qiagen ) . an aliquot was prepared as template for mtcoi amplification using modified universal primers with user adaptor sequences ( simison 2000 ) . subsequent cloning into pneb206a , transformant screening and plasmid sequencing were as described above . the mtcoi sequence obtained was searched in the genbank database using blast ( basic local alignment search tool ) .

the snails used for the feeding experiments were maintained indoor using a 56 - liter aquarium containing seawater with salinity maintained at a range between 35–37 ppt . a filtration system and an aerator were in place while the feeding behavior of g . speciosa and other turrids was observed . the snails used in the experiment had been in the tanks for a period of 2–4 weeks with artificial lighting following a 12 hour light - dark cycle . the introduction of live terebellid worms into the tank was done at night .

were obtained from two different biogeographic regions . the first three sites came from manila bay in the south china sea region : site 1 is close to the bataan peninsula , site 2 is off corregidor island and site 3 is off the batangas coast . at these three sites ,

specimens were obtained as by - catch of commercial fish trawlers operating in these areas . the only larger

was only rarely collected at the southern sites within the visayan seas biogeographic region ( off sogod , cebu and off the island of panglao in bohol ) . the primary method for collection at the latter sites was tangle nets mostly laid at greater depths . at the sogod , cebu site , the major

collected per trawl was 20±9 or a mean catch rate of 1 . 3±0 . 6 per trawl - hour . the specimens ranged in length from 2 . 0 to 6 . 7 centimeters ( mean : 4 . 0±1 . 1 cm . ) and collected at night . it must be noted that the fishing gear used effectively captured only those organisms that were either on or close to the surface of the substrate ( unlike dredges that go deeper ) .

clade . this clade is where the food type / preference analysis is focused . the occurrence of

) is also well - supported as indicated by a high bootstrap value ( 82 % ) .

clades which have similar food type / preference ( i . e . , among worm - hunting cone species ) (

) . we selected three clades of worm - hunting coniids ( i . e . s1 – sedentary polychaete feeders , mainly terebellidae , s2 – sedentary polychaete feeders , mainly capitellidae and e6 – errant polychaete feeders , mainly eunicidae ) based on the clade grouping of

) . the largest distance range occurs among terebellidae feeders ( i . e . , the s1 clade ) , thus in

comparison of genetic distance between 16s rrna gene sequences of gemmula species and selected vermivorous cone clades . clade s1 , sedentary polychaete feeders , mainly terebellidae ; clade s2 , sedentary polychaete feeders , mainly capitellidae ; and clade e6 , errant polychaete feeders , mainly eunicidae .

) with each other and with other forms in the subfamily turrinae was further inferred from the 12s and 16s mitochondrial rrna gene sequences . both bayesian and maximum likelihood methods , as described under experimental procedures , were used . the phylogenetic tree , shown in

clade ) , separate from other groups in the subfamily turrinae that were included in the analysis . furthermore , the analysis suggests that the sister group of the

) form a major monophyletic group within the turrinae , which is strongly supported by the analysis .

and their relatives based on bayesian inference . ( an identical tree was returned by a full maximum likelihood analysis of the sequence data . ) branches are labeled with bayesian confidence values expressed as percentages . for clarity , some of the outgroup species used in the analysis have been pruned from this figure ( see methods for the full list ) . shown are various forms in the subfamily turrinae , including the four species that are the subject of this article ( shells of these species are shown in

) . the seven clades identified by roman numerals all have 100 % support based on both bayesian and maximum likelihood analysis and have the following generic / subgeneric assignments within the subfamily turrinae : i .

there were significant morphological variations in the shells of g . speciosa specimens collected ( i . e . , gemmule shape , inter - gemmule distance , length and diameter ratio , etc ) . however , when molecular analysis was done to evaluate the specimens with different shell morphotypes , no significant differences could be detected in the rrna gene sequences of the morphological variants . thus , the shell morphological variation does not appear to be correlated with any significant genetic ( 12s and 16s rrna gene ) divergence .

) the radula had type 2 wishbone teeth that were robust , short and curved , sometimes with a knifelike cutting edge on the main limb and a large accessory limb with a formula of 1 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 1 ( following powell’s system ) . an analysis of the radular structure of

radular morphology . scanning electron microscopy images of the radula of gemmula speciosa ( a–b ) . gemmula sogodensis ( c–d ) , unedogemmula bisaya ( e–f ) and lophiotoma acuta ( g–h ) . . the central tooth is prominent in both gemmula species and absent in u . bisaya and l . acuta


ghilianella phasma is a species of assassin bug in the subfamily emesinae .

it is found on the indian subcontinent and in myanmar .

there is some debate about whether this species may belong in the genus schidium .

william lucas distant placed the species in ghilianella but ernst evald bergroth and pedro wygodzinsky moved it to schidium .

in his 1990 work of the reduviidae of the world , moldonado doubted the schidium placement .

ghilianella phasma

ghilianella phasma <EOT> a new genus , neoschidium ( hemiptera : reduviidae : emesinae ) , with a redescription of the type genus , neoschidium phasma ( distant ) [ ghilianella phasma distant and schidium phasma ( distant ) ] , recorded for the first time from india .

a new genus , neoschidium was erected with the type genus , neoschidium phasma ( distant ) . it was earlier described under ghilianella spinola 1850 as g . phasma distant and later under schidium bergroth 1916 as schidium phasma ( distant ) by bergroth ( 1916 ) . because it exhibits characters not only of ghilianella and schidium but also intermediate specific characters that are not found in both the genera , the type genus neoschidium phasma ( distant ) is redescribed with additional taxonomic details , morphometrics , and illustrations . it is also recorded for the first time from india .

a new genus , neoschidium ( hemiptera : reduviidae : emesinae ) , with a redescription of the type genus , neoschidium phasma ( distant ) [ ghilianella phasm . . . - pubmed - ncbi

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mukherjee p 1 , ambrose dp 2 , saha gk 3 , bal a 1 .

zoological survey of india , ' m ' block , new alipore , kolkata - 700053 . ; email : unknown .

entomology research unit , st . xavier ' s college ( autonomous ) , palayamkottai - 627 002 , tamil nadu , india ; email : unknown .

department of zoology , university of calcutta , 35 , ballygunge circular road , kolkata - 700019 . ; email : unknown .

what is neoschidium mukherjee , ambrose , saha , and bal , 2014 ( hemiptera : reduviidae : emesinae : metapterini ) ? a reflection on taxonomic practices .

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this chapter reviews the ecology of assassin bugs with special reference to their microhabitats , habitats , relationship between their structural adaptations and habitats , adaptive ecotypic and polymorphic adaptations , and the factors governing their population dynamics . the biology of assassin bugs covering information on fecundity , hatchability , postembryonic development , nymphal mortality , sex ratio , adult longevity , life table , growth pattern , and parental care are described . the prey records of 182 assassin bugs preying upon 267 insect pests belonging to diverse orders of insecta are given . the ecophysiological factors that affect the postembryonic development are discussed . the predatory behavior , prey capture strategies , and defensive and offensive behaviors and mimicry accompanied by morphological adaptations are dealt with . impacts of prey deprivation , competition , and space effect on predation are mentioned . the courtship behavior and its impact on postembryonic development and the oviposition behavior are also given . the prey and the stage preferences of reduviid predators and the factors that govern them are dealt with .

the phylogenetic analysis of a nuclear gene , 28s ribosomal rna of two determined and three undetermined species of ectomocoris mayr and the mitochondrial gene , cytochrome c of three determined and one undetermined species of ectomocoris and one species of catamiarus ( serville ) from australia and asia was made . it reveals the interspecific and intrageneric phylogenetic affinity among ectomocoris and intergeneric affinity between ectomocoris and catamiarus . moreover , the cty c sequence analysis warrant further studies on the undetermined species of ectomocoris and the validation of catamiarus as genus or subgenus of ectomocoris . the study also proves the usefulness of 28s rrna and cyt c oxidase subunit i genes as useful molecular markers in the phylogenetic analysis of the peiratine genera ectomocoris and catamiarus .

available mitochondrial dna sequences viz . , 16s , cyt b , cyt c oxidase subunit - i , and cyt c subunit - like - i gene of rhynocoris ( kolenati ) species were subjected to phylogenetic analysis to understand the intrageneric and intraspecific variations and the role of geographical isolation on speciation ; using clustal w in mega version 5 . 1 . this analysis includes fifteen species and four ecotypes of r . kumarii ambrose and livingstone and three morphs of r . marginatus ( fabricius ) from four countries viz . , canada , china , korea , and south africa . the pairwise genetic distances were calculated and phylograms were constructed using maximum likelihood , maximum parsimony , and neighbor - joining methods . these preliminary analyses not only demarcated the fifteen species of rhynocoris , the four ecotypes of r . kumarii , and the three morphs of r . marginatus , but also revealed phylogenetic relationships and the role of geographical isolation and polymorphism on speciation .

the predator - prey interaction of five prey species with the assassin bug , rhynocoris longifrons ( stål ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) was assessed in a y - shaped olfactometer and the prey preference was assessed in six - arm olfactometer provided with the bodyextracts in hexane . although r . longifrons responded to all the hexane extracts of testedinsect pests , r . longifrons showed maximum response to the lepidopterans spodoptera litura ( f . ) ( 6 . 67±1 . 18 min ) , helicoverpa armigera ( hübner ) ( 5 . 17±0 . 89 min ) and achaea janata ( l . ) ( 4 . 42±1 . 04 min ) followed by the coleopteran mylabris indica ( thunberg ) ( 3 . 00±0 . 82 min ) and the least response to the hemipteran dysdercus cingulatus ( f . ) ( 2 . 42±0 . 76 min ) . thus , the present study clearly reveals the order of the host preference of r . longifrons to the tested hexane extracts of the taxonomically diverse insect pests .

the reduviid predator , rhynocoris fuscipes ( fabricius ) ( heteroptera : reduviidae ) is a potential predator inhibiting diverse agroecosystems and preying upon about 50 minor as well as major insect pests . the prey approaching behaviour of r . fuscipes ( fabricius ) to the hexane extracts of insect pests viz . , helicoverpa armigera hubner , spodoptera litura ( fabricius ) , achaea janata linnaeus , dysdercus cingulatus fabricius and mylabris indica thunberg was assessed in y - shaped olfactometer in terms of excess proportion index ( epi ) . ether in hexane fraction extracts of s . litura stimulated higher rostral protruding activity ( 6 . 53 + / - 1 . 56 min ) than that of h . armigera ( 4 . 61 + / - 1 . 29 min ) followed by a . janata ( 3 . 17 + / - 1 . 11 ) and d . cingulatus ( 2 . 95 + / - 1 . 12 min ) . the lowest response was observed to the hexane extract of m . indica ( 1 . 30 + / - 0 . 63 min ) . the order of excitement in behavioral response of r . fuscipes to the tested body extract of five insect pests was ranked as follows : s . litura > h . armigera > a . janata > d . cingulatus > m . indica . thus the present study clearly reveals the host preference of r . fuscipes to the taxonomically diverse insect pests .

harpactorine reduviid , rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) exhibited type ii holling ' s curvilinear functional response to teak skeletonizer , eutectona machaeralis walker . the predator ' s attack rate increased with the increase in prey density . the maximum predation represented by ' k ' values was observed as 4 . 16 . but the highest and lowest attack ratios ( y / x ) ( 0 . 69 and 0 . 52 ) were obtained at 1 and 8 prey / predator density . positive correlations were obtained between the prey density and prey killed , but negative correlations were obtained between the prey density and searching time of the predator . at high prey density , predator spent less time in searching , therefore it spent more time in handling , whereas at low prey density predator spent more time in searching than handling . however , handling time varied due to factors such as rate of pursuit of predator and prey escape or prey capture success .

individuals of rhynocoris kumarii collected from three different ecological habitats viz . , rajapalayam tropical rainforest , tiruvannamalai scrub jungle and kanchipuram semiarid zone exhibited pronounced diversities in their oviposition pattern , hatchability , incubation and stadial periods , nymphal mortality , adult longevity , sex ratio and life table parameters . these diversities are considered a specially adapted biological function collectively called ecotypism .

the effective utilization of any biological control agent relies upon its comprehensive knowledge on bioecology , ecophysiology and behaviour . hence , in the present study , the predatory behaviour of third , fourth and fifth nymphal instars and adults of an assassin bug , coranus spiniscutis ( reuter ) to the larvae of rice meal moth , corcyra cephalonica ( stainton ) and leaf armyworm , spodoptera litura ( f . ) was observed in the laboratory . the sequential acts of predatory behaviour and the time taken for each predatory act such as arousal , approach , capturing , paralysing , sucking and postpredatory behaviour and the number of piercing and sucking sites were observed . the predator took less time to predate upon the larvae of s . litura than that of c . cephalonica .

the knowledge on the bioecology of any predator is essential to explore its biocontrol potential . in the present work the postembryonic development , oviposition pattern and nymphal mortality of an acanthaspidine assassin bug , acanthaspis pedestris stål were studied on two types of prey species viz . , larvae of rice meal moth , corcyra cephalonica ( stainton ) ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) and the termite , odontotermes obesus rambur ( isoptera : termitidae ) . the incubation period was 15 . 21 ± 0 . 64 days in c . cephalonica fed predators and it was 15 . 08 ± 0 . 28 days in o . obesus fed predators . the stadial periods of i , ii , iii , iv and v ( to male and female ) nymphal instars were 15 . 14 ± 0 . 68 , 13 . 50 ± 0 . 51 , 13 . 83 ± 0 . 70 , 15 . 83 ± 0 . 87 , 21 . 11 ± 1 . 45 and 25 . 18 ± 0 . 75 days when fed with c . cephalonica and 14 . 81 ± 0 . 49 , 12 . 68 ± 0 . 48 , 12 . 71 ± 0 . 58 , 14 . 56 ± 0 . 50 , 21 . 06 ± 1 . 03 and 23 . 72 ± 0 . 83 days when fed with o . obesus . the total periods of postembryonic development from i nymphal instar to adult were 81 . 30 ± 2 . 40 and 77 . 10 ± 1 . 70 days in c . cephalonica and o . obesus fed predators . the longevities of male and female adults fed with c . cephalonica were shorter ( 79 . 44 ± 1 . 81and 82 . 82 ± 1 . 66 days ) than those fed with o . obesus ( 98 . 03 ± 1 . 13 and 112 . 29 ± 1 . 38 days ) .

the protein profile of saliva of three rhynocoris species viz . , r . fuscipes ( f . ) , r . kumarii ambrose and livingstone and r . marginatus ( f . ) and the paralytic potential of these species to three prey species viz . , tobacco cutworm , spodoptera litura f . , blister beetle , mylabris pustulata thunberg and red cotton bug , dysdercus cingulatus f . were studied . the volume of saliva was uniformly higher in the posterior lobe than in the anterior lobe of rhynocoris spp . the highest and equal volume of saliva was found in the posterior lobe of r . fuscipes and r . kumarii followed by r . marginatus . the volume of saliva in the anterior lobe was higher in r . kumarii followed by r . marginatus and r . fuscipes . prey deprivation caused accumulation of saliva , uniformly well pronounced in both the lobes . the total volume of the saliva was the highest in the posterior lobe of 8 day prey deprived r . marginatus followed by r . kumarii . the protein content was uniformly higher in the anterior lobe of all the three species irrespective of the volume of the saliva . r . kumarii had the highest protein content both in the anterior and posterior lobes . though prey deprivation increased protein content in both the lobes in all the three species it was well pronounced in r . kumarii . the densitometric electropherogram revealed 9 , 8 and 9 protein fractions in r . fuscipes , r . kumarii and r . marginatus and none of them share a common protein thus suggesting that the proteins are species specific . though the paralytic potential of toxin in terms of dosage and duration varied among the three species and also in relation to the target pest species , prey deprivation uniformly enhanced paralytic potential in all of them . the chemical and functional diversity and mode of action of neurotoxin of these three species are related to morphological and structural adaptations and the mode of predation . the role of saliva in extraoral digestion and the multidimensional utility of neurotoxin as a neuropharmacological tool , a basis for synthesizing venom based bioinsecticides and as a molecular marker are discussed .

field record of harpactorine assassin bugs in tirunelveli district , tamil nadu , south india .

functional response of assassin bug , acanthaspis pedestris stål to rice meal moth larva , corcyra cephelonica stainton and termite , odontotermes obesus rambur .

host preference , stage preference and functional response of assassin bug , rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) to its most preferred prey tobacco cutworm , spodoptera litura ( f . )

the assassin bug , rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone preferred larvae of tobacco cutworm , spodoptera litura ( f . ) ( 35 . 29 % ) followed by the larvae of castor semilooper , achaea janata l . ( 29 . 41 % ) and slant - faced grasshopper , tyloprobidus variecornis walker ( 21 . 57 % ) . a low preference was expressed towards the blister beetles , mylabris indica thunberg ( 13 . 45 % ) and mylabris pustulata thunberg ( 8 . 03 % ) . among the blister beetles m . pustulata was the least preferred one . among the different size groups of its most preferred prey s . litura , r . kumarii preferred 5 - 10 mm size group ( 44 . 64 % ) followed by other size groups ( 0 - 5 mm , 26 . 95 % ) and ( 10 - 15 mm , 18 . 16 % ) . the least preferred ( 10 . 23 % ) size group was 15 - 20 mm . r . kumarii also exhibited type ii functional response to s . litura larvae . a positive correlation was obtained between the prey density and the prey killed ( y = 0 . 598 + 0 . 279x ; r = 0 . 926 ) . the attack ratio decreased as the prey density increased ( y = 0 . 496 - 0 . 011x ; r = - 0 . 732 ) . the maximum predation represented by ' k ' value ( 4 . 53 ) was always found restricted to higher prey density . a negative correlation was obtained between the searching time and the prey density ( y = 4 . 383 - 0 . 311x ; r = - 0 . 975 ) .

assassin bugs are biological control agents . the reduviine assassin bug , acanthaspis pedestris stål is a predator of diverse insect pests . in the present study , the prey preference of a . pedestris to five species of grasshoppers ( orthoptera : acrididae ) viz . , tylotropidus variecornis walker , orthacris maindroni boliver , two undetermined slant - faced grasshoppers and one undetermined cone - headed grasshopper ; its stage preference to the life stages of its most preferred prey , o . maindtroni were investigated . the adults of a . pedestris highly preferred the o . maindroni ( 39 % ) followed by the slant - faced sp . 1 ( 25 % ) , t . variecornis ( 16 . 38 % ) and cone - headed grasshopper ( 16 . 24 % ) among the five different types of acridid grasshoppers . a . pedestris rarely preferred the slant - faced grasshopper sp . 2 ( 14 . 85 % ) . among the different size groups of its most preferred prey o . maindroni , the adults of a . pedestris highly preferred the size groups of ( 1 . 0 - 1 . 7 cm ) ( 32 % ) followed by the size groups ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 0 cm ) ( 26 . 34 % ) and 1 . 7 - 2 . 2 cm ) ( 22 . 46 % ) . the least preferred size group was ( 0 - 0 . 5 cm ) ( 19 . 04 % ) . a . pedestris exhibited type ii functional response to o . maindroni . a positive correlation was obtained between the prey density and the prey killed ( y = 0 . 2504 + 0 . 4692 ; r = 0 . 9829 ) . the attack ratio decreased as the prey density increased ( y = 0 . 7621 - 0 . 0399x ; r = 0 . 6911 ) . the maximum predation represented by ' k ' value ( 4 . 16 ) was always restricted to higher prey density . a negative correlation was obtained between the searching time and the prey density ( y = 4 . 7095 - 0 . 5652x ; r = 0 . 9828 ) . the result revealed that a . pedestris preferred 1 . 0 to 1 . 7 cm size groups of o . maindroni and exhibited type ii functional response to it , revealing the biocontrol potential of a . pedestris on o . maindroni .

courtallam tropical rainforest , the present study area , a famous hill resort is located in the eastern slope of western ghats at an altitude of 550 ft msl . the study area is opposite to five falls , located at a latitude 8 o 54 ' 39 ' ' to 9 o 2 ' 35 ' ' n and longitude 77 o 11 ' 47 ' ' to 77 o 20 ' e . light trap studies conducted at courtallam from feb , 1992 to jan 1993 yielded insects belonging to five orders namely coleoptera , hemiptera , hymenoptera , isoptera and lepidoptera . hemiptera was predominant with 29 species , 27 genera and 12 families followed by coleoptera 23 species , 21 genera and 10 families . isoptera was the lowest recorded with two species two genera and one family . the result suggested that the reduviids and pyrrhocorids were the major constituent of hemiptera collected by light trap . coleopteran population peaks were recorded in may and october . these peaks could be related to the occurrence of rainfall at the study area . the hemipterans were maximum during december and january . this peak of hemiptera was mainly due to the dominance of single species nephotettix sp . the swarming behaviour of ants would probably be the reason for high hymenopterans found during december and january . the isopterans were poorly represented . the lepidopteran peak was observed during july after heavy rainfall at the study area . the factors governing diversity and population dynamics of insect fauna in courtallam are discussed .

chemical ecology of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) and chosen prey species .

the impact of the insecticide , synergy - 505 ( chlorpyrifos 50 % and cypermethrin 5 % e . c ) , on the functional response , predatory behavior , and mating behavior of a non - target reduviid , rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) , a potential biological control agent , were studied . though both normal and synergy - 505 - exposed r . marginatus exhibited holling ' s type ii curvilinear functional response , synergy - 505 caused a less pronounced type ii functional response with reduced numbers of prey killed , attack rate , searching time , and prolonged handling time in 4th and 5th nymphal instars and adult males and females reflecting reduced predatory potential . synergy - 505 also delayed the predatory and mating events . the impacts of synergy - 505 on functional response , predatory behavior , and mating behavior were more evident at higher concentrations of synergy - 505 .

two species of endochus stål , 1859 , e . albomaculatus stål and e . merula distant , were recorded for the first time from india . they are redescribed , together with the genus , with additional taxonomic details and illustrations .

mass rearing of entomophages insects for biological control : success , bottlenecks and strategies .

development , reproductive performance and ecotypic diversity of coranus siva kirkaldy ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) .

intraspecific competition was found to affect the predation of assassin bug , irantha armipes ( stål ) on cotton bollworm helicoverpa armigera ( hübner ) and quickened predatory acts such as capturing , paralyzing and sucking with reduction in the number of piercing and sucking sites . the impact of competition on predation increased in proportion to the number of competitors confronted .

functional and numerical responses of the reduviid predator , rhynocoris fuscipes f . ( het . , reduviidae ) to cotton leafworm spodoptera litura f . ( lep . , noctuidae )

rhynocoris fuscipes positively responded to the changing abundance of prey and exhibited holling ' s second model of functional response . increased searching capacity and decreased handling time were observed with the increasing prey density in r . fuscipes . the considerable number of prey consumed by the predator per day at higher prey density than at lower density reflected the predator ' s biocontrol potential . increasing prey density did not significantly shorten the iv stadium of the predator , whereas that of v stadium was significantly shortened . predators ' survival and longevity were not affected by the prey density . low prey densities resulted in an increase in the pre - oviposition period . fecundity and hatchability were increased as a function of prey density .

biology , behaviour and functional response of sphedanolestes variabilis distant ( insecta : hemiptera : reduviidae : harpactorinae ) , a potential predator of lepidopteran pests .

influence of predator’s age , sex and prey size on the functional response of rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) to dysdercus cingulatus fabricius ( hemiptera : pyrrhocoridae ) .

rhinocoris marginatus ( fabr . ) is found to be a potential biological control agent on various insect pests . adults and nymphal instars of r . marginatus , collected from the scrub jungles and semiarid zones , were reared in plastic containers of different volumes , viz . , 85 ml . , 170 ml . , 340 ml . , under laboratory conditions . individuals reared in 85 ml . containers take less time in capturing their prey . increase in the volume of containers causes early oviposition and higher fecundity and hatchability . adults reared in containers of 170 and 340 ml . oviposit bigger eggs than the adults reared in 85 ml . containers . individuals reared in 340 ml . containers emerge first followed by individuals reared in 170 ml . containers . decrease in volume of the container causes increase in the longevity of the adults . space has also a direct effect on the adult morphometry of various regions .

sycanus reclinatusdohrn , a reduviid predator , inhabits tropical evergreen forests of southern india . females lay clusters of brown coloured eggs 22 d after emergence . the eggs hatch in 14 to 23 d and the pale - ochraceous nymphs turn into deep - ochraceous within 1 h . total stadial period from i instar to adult ranges from 61 to 90 d at 32 °c . the different nymphal instars are taxonomically described . male and female longevities are 5 to 54 d and 5 to 50 d , respectively . the sex ratio is slightly male biased . the predatory and mating behaviours are described . the biocontrol efficiency of this reduviid is also dealt with .

a redescription of adult of sphedanolestes himalayensis distant is given . the immatures and adults of s . himalayensis were found to inhabit the shrubs of tropical evergreen forests . it lays single , elongate , pale reddish eggs , which adhered to the top of the rearing containers in the laboratory . the average number of eggs laid by a female was 74 . 8 ± 5 . 2 . incubation period was 9 . 6± 0 . 86 days . the total nymphal developmental period from i to v nymphal instar was 59 . 8± 8 . 6 days . the longevity of the adult female ( 71 . 6±3 . 4 days ) was longer than that of the adult male ( 68 . 3±6 . 1 days ) . the preoviposition and postoviposition periods were 9 . 8± 0 . 76 and 4 . 6±0 . 03 days . the male and female sex ratio was 0 . 86 : 1 . sequential events of predation and mating conform to those of other harpactorine reduviids .

functional response of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone and normal and synergy - 505 exposed rhynocoris marginatus ( fab . ) to larva oe euproctis fraterna ( moore ) .

relative toxicity of two organophosphorous insecticides and polymorphic resistance in rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) .

functional response of acanthaspis quinquespinosa ( fabricius ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) on coptotermesheimi ( wasmann ) .

development , intrinsic rate of natural increase and ecotypism of euagoras plagiatus ( burmeister ) ( insecta : hemiptera : reduviidae ) .

impact of female parental age on the postembryonic development and reproductive potential of sphedanolestes pubinotum reuter ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) .

acanthaspis pedestris stål is an important reduviid predator found in the scrub jungles and agroecosystems of india predating on a number of insect pests and it is used as a bio - control agent . but its use is limited due to its scarcity at times when pests are often most abundant . the only possible way to overcome this difficulty is to mass culture this predator in the laboratory and supply them to the farmers . the practice of mass culturing leads to inbreeding which renders the species ultimately less effective against the pests . in order to overcome this shortfall , the morphological and biological characteristics of a . pedestris collected from seven ecotypes were subjected to upgma cluster analysis and the distantly related ecotypes were identified . by this method , it is possible to select and use two distantly related ecotypes for mating which can restore the genetic variability . thus , the suggested approach makes the biocontrol agent effective even under mass culturing .

impact of cypermethrin on the biology and lifetable parameters of a nontarget biological control agent rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) .

ecotypic diversity and life table parameters of rhynocoris longifrons ( stål ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) , a potential predator of cotton pests .

an annotatec checklist of indian peiratinae ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) with ecological and morphological characteristics .

biodiversity of light - trapped entomofauna of vickramasingapuram , tirunelveli , tamil nadu , south india .

the effects of sublethal concentrations of insecticide deltamethrin on the functional response , predatory and mating behaviour were studied in a nontarget harpactorine reduviid predator rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) in the laboratory ( temp . 30 ± 1°c , rh 75 ± 5 % , photoperiod 12 ± 1 hrs ) . the intensity of abnormal behaviour increased as the concentration of deltamethrin was increased . the insecticide affected the predatory potential i . e . , functional response events such as number of prey killed , attack ratio and rate of discovery . deltamethrin also prolonged the predatory behaviour , inhibited the premating events and quickened the mating events in r . marginatus .

a checklist of 464 indian species of assassin bugs under 144 genera and 14 subfamilies with their taxonomical status , their distribution in india and world over and their morphological characteristics are given . members of the harpactorinae are the most abundant group with 146 species and 41 genera followed by the reduviinae and the ectrichodiinae . the subfamilies such as the physoderinae and the ectinoderinae are represented each by two and lone species . other characteristics of the family reduviidae discussed in this overview include the rostrum structure , tibial pads , habitat characteristics , microhabitats and habits . morphological characteristics are correlated with ecological , behavioural and biological manifestations of the reduviids .

effect of insecticides on the intrinsic rate of natural increase of rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) .

seasonal density of reduviid predators of vagaikulam semiarid ecosystem in thoothukudi dist , tamil nadu .

a survey of kalakad - mundanthurai tiger reserve ( k - mtr ) , western ghats , southern india , from september 2002 to march 2003 revealed the presence of 24 species of butterflies . observation on diagnostic morphological features , habitat range , larval and adult food , months of abundance , duration of flight , mode of flight and associated habits , mimicry and conservation status are included with meteorological data .

impact of cypermethrin on the functional response , predatory and mating behaviour of a non - target biocontrol agent rhynocoris marginatus fab . ( hem . , reduviidae )

upgma cluster analysis as a tool in the biosystematics of reduviidae ( insecta : hemiptera ) .

adults of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone when treated with insecticides viz . , monocrotophos , dimethoate , methylparathion , quinalphos and endosulphan at sublethal doses developed severe abnormalities in the alimentary canal , testis and ovary . lysis of intercellular cementing material , pycnotic nuclei , vacuolated cells , obliteration of peritrophic membrane and exfoliation of cells were the abnormalities in the alimentary canal . insecticides caused size reduction , sperm cells distortion , vacuolated spermatocytes and spermatids in the testis and crumpled follicular epitheliun and vacuolization of the germarium in the ovary .

impact of insecticides on the hemogram of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone ( hem . , reduviidae )

the haemogram of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone comprises prohaemocytes , plasmatocytes , granular haemocytes , cystocytes and oenocytoids . the impact of five insecticides , viz . monocrotophos , dimethoate , methylparathion , quinalphos and endosulfan on the total haemocyte count ( thc ) and differential haemocyte counts ( dhc ) was studied . all of the insecticides except endosulfan initially reduced both prohaemocytes and plasmatocytes , increased the granular haemocytes , altered the percentage of cystocytes and oenocytoids and increased the total haemocyte count ( thc ) . on the contrary , endosulfan initially increased the prohaemocytes and plasmatocytes , decreased the granular haemocytes and also the thc . the highest impact on the dhc and thc was caused by methylparathion and monocrotophos and the least impact by endosulfan . hence , endosulfan is considered as the safest insecticide followed by dimethoate and quinalphos among these five insecticides to use with r . kumarii .

polymorphic diversity in salivary and haemolymph proteins and digestive physiology of assassin bug rhynocoris marginatus ( fab . ) ( het . , reduviidae )

rhynocoris marginatus ( fab . ) occurs in three morphs viz . ( i ) niger ( black connexivum ) ( ii ) sanguineous ( red connexivum ) and ( iii ) nigrosanguineous ( black and red banded connexivum ) . the salivary protein ( μg / mg wet weight of salivary gland complex ) , and haemolymph protein ( μg / 100 μl ) were higher in niger morph than in nigrosanguineous and sanguineous morphs . endopeptidase ( trypsin ) activity of homogenate of salivary gland complex ( sgc ) of niger morph was also higher . it was significantly lower in the sanguineous morph . endopeptidase activity was found to be uniformly meagre in the anterior midgut ( amg ) and in the posterior midgut ( pmg ) in all the three morphs . the exopeptidase ( aminopeptidase ) activity was also found to be negligible in sgc in all the three morphs . niger morph showed a significantly higher activity of exopeptidase in amg and pmg than the other two morphs .

abundance of boll worm , flower beetle , predators and field colonization by rhynocoris kumarii ( het . , reduviidae ) following mulching and shelter provisioning in cotton

field colonization of the assassin bug rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone and biocontrol potential of predatory arthropods after mulching with sorghum trash and coconut leaflets and with shelter provisioning with pieces of clay pots and stones was studied in a cotton field experiment at the agricultural college farm , killikulam , south india . third and fourth nymphal instars of r . kumarii were released . there were fewer helicoverpa armigera hübner larvae in plots with mulched cotton trash than in control and other ( mulched and shelter provisioned ) plots . but mulching did not affect the number of adult mylabris pustulata thunberg . the flower and boll damage was significantly less in trash and leaflet mulch plots than in other shelter provisioned and control plots . the percentage of good quality cotton was also greater in mulch plots than in control plots . the yield of seed - cotton was also significantly greater in plots with trash mulches and coconut leaflet mulches than in control plots .

impact of cypermethrin on the functional response , predatory and mating behaviour of a non - target potential biological control agent acanthaspis pedestris ( stål ) ( het . , reduviidae )

the impact of the insecticide cypermethrin on the functional response , predatory behaviour and mating behaviour was studied in a non - target potential reduviid biological control agent acanthaspis pedestris ( stål ) . the intensity of abnormal behaviour increased as the concentration of cypermethrin was increased . the insecticide negatively affected the functional response events such as attack ratio , handling time and rate of discovery . cypermethrin also reduced the predatory efficiency and prolonged the mating events in a . pedestris . the type ii ( decelerating curve ) of functional response was altered into a type iv ( dome - shaped curve ) by cypermethrin .

influence of hunger level and prey density on searching behaviour of the reduviid predator rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) ( het . , reduviidae )

mechanism underlying the searching behaviour of the predator rhynocoris marginatus in different levels of hunger and at different densities of its prey spodoptera litura was studied within an experimental arena . starved for 1 - day r . marginatus travelled 2 . 34 times longer distances than starved for 4 - day ones to find prey in the four prey density arenas . total distance travelled by r . marginatus at four s . litura density arenas was 0 . 4 times shorter than that in one density regime . searching speed of 4 - day hungry r . marginatus was 2 . 44 times greater than 1 - day hungry r . marginatus . r . marginatus at four s . litura density regimes searched at 2 . 43 times higher speeds than r . marginatus at one density regime . higher rates of turning were observed in 4 - day hungry r . marginatus than in 1 - day hungry r . marginatus . higher rates of turning of r . marginatus were recorded in one s . litura density regime than in four density regimes . one - day hungry r . marginatus turned 4 . 14 - fold greater degree mean angle than 4 - day hungry ones . at four s . litura density regime r . marginatus turned 0 . 34 - fold lesser angle than at one density regime .

suppression of helicoverpa armigera ( hubner ) , nezara viridula ( l . ) and riptortus clavatus thunberg infesting pigeon pea by the reduviid predator rhynocoris fuscipes ( fabricius ) in field cages .

influence of mulching and intercropping on the abundance of the reduviid predator , rhynocoris fuscipes ( f . )

suppression of cotton leafworm spodoptera litura , flower beetle mylabris pustulata and red cotton bug dysdercus cingulatus by rhynocoris marginatus ( fabr . ) ( het . , reduviidae ) in cotton field cages

mass - reared reduviid , rhynocoris marginatus was released in large - sized cotton field cages against three cotton pests , spodoptera litura , mylabris pustulata and dysdercus cingulatus . pest species were introduced into separate cages in the absence of other pests , parasitoids and predators . control experimental cages without r . marginatus were maintained for each prey set up during the evaluation period . r . marginatus greatly reduced the infestation of s . litura ( 57 . 5 % ) , m . pustulata ( 52 . 3 % ) and d . cingulatus ( 45 . 8 % ) . the leaves , flower and boll damages ( 32 % , 35 % and 28 % by s . litura , m . pustulata and d . cingulatus , respectively ) and seed - cotton yield loss ( 1 . 4 , 1 . 6 and 1 . 25 times in s . litura , m . pustulata and d . cingulatus infested cages , respectively ) were reduced by r . marginatus compared with such fields without r . marginatus . the field observations suggest this predator’s pest suppression and damage reduction efficacy .

a new species of the genus linshcosteus distant , 1904 ( hemiptera : reduviidae : triatominae ) is described from specimens collected near kalakkadu , tamil nadu state , southern india . specimens were found in deep crevices between rocks , in a region of semi - arid scrub jungle . the distinctiveness of the new species was demonstrated by a morphometric analysis including the five previously described species of linshcosteus , all from india . nine measurements of the head were used in an isometric size - free principal component analysis . in terms of discrete morphology the new species , linshcosteus karupus sp . n . galvão , patterson , rocha & jurberg differs from the most similar one , l . kali lent & wygodzinsky , 1979 , by its very prominent anterolateral projections of the pronotum , by the length to width ratio of the pronotum , by the pilosity of the head and several other characters , including phallic structures . a revised key is presented for the six species of the genus .

searching behaviour and functional response of rhynocoris longifrons ( stål ) ( heteroptera : reduviidae ) , a key predator of pod sucking bug , clavigrallagibbosa spinola .

prey stage preference of the predator , rhynocoris kumariiambrose and livingstone ( het . , reduviidae ) to three selected cotton insect pests

assassin bugs ( heteroptera : reduviidae ) in integrated pest management programme : success and strategies .

nutritional influence of prey on the biology and biochemistry in rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) ( heteroptera : reduviidae ) .

insecticidal impact on the post‐embryonic development of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone ( het . , reduviidae )

the impact of sublethal concentration of five insecticides namely monocrotophos , dimethoate , methylparathion , quinalphos and endosulfan on the post - embryonic developmental characteristics such as stadial period , body weight , fecundity and longevity of rhynocoris kumarii was studied . all of the insecticides except endosulfan increased stadial period , decreased body weight , fecundity and longevity .

impact of antennectomy , eye blinding and tibial comb coating on the predatory behaviour of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone ( het . , reduviidae ) on spodoptera litura fabr . ( lep . , noctuidae )

the predaceous reduviid rhynocoris kumarii uses its antennae , eyes and tibial comb to predate tobacco cutworm spodoptera litura ( fabr ) . a delayed arousal response was observed in the antennectomized , eye blinded and tibial comb - coated predators . the predators whose entire antennae had been removed showed significant delayed approach but the approach response was not affected significantly in the blinded and tibial comb - coated reduviid predators . capturing response was significantly affected in pedicel and entire antennae - removed predators , and blinded and tibial comb - coated predators . antennectomy , eye blinding and tibial comb coating did not cause any impact in the act of paralysing the prey . progressive reduction in sucking duration and the number of sucking sites were observed as a function of sequential segment - wise removal of antennae . a reduction in the sucking duration and number of sucking sites were also observed in blinded and tibial comb coated predators .

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