herrerasaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs .

its name means " herrera 's lizard " , after the rancher who discovered the first specimen .

all known fossils of this carnivore have been discovered in rocks of carnian age ( late triassic according to the ics , dated to 231.4 million years ago ) in northwestern argentina .

the type species , herrerasaurus ischigualastensis , was described by osvaldo reig in 1963 and is the only species assigned to the genus .

ischisaurus and frenguellisaurus are synonyms .

for many years , the classification of herrerasaurus was unclear because it was known from very fragmentary remains .

it was hypothesized to be a basal theropod , a basal sauropodomorph , a basal saurischian , or not a dinosaur at all but another type of archosaur .

however , with the discovery of an almost complete skeleton and skull in 1988 , herrerasaurus has been classified as either an early theropod or an early saurischian in at least five recent reviews of theropod evolution , with many researchers treating it at least tentatively as the most primitive member of theropoda .

it is a member of the herrerasauridae , a family of similar genera that were among the earliest of the dinosaurian evolutionary radiation .

herrerasaurus

herrerasaurus <EOT> herrerasaurus | description herrerasaurus img 9435 . jpg | dinosauria 1 : herrerasaurus | pinterest

schleich world of history herrerasaurus dinosaur figure . . . schleich world of history herrerasaurus dinosaur figure . . .

herrerasaurus was in the jurassic park brochure , as an attraction for phase i .

image - juvi herrerasaurus . png | the isle wikia | fandom powered by wikia

on the video of herrerasaurus seen on the tour the island website there is a scene comparing the herrerasaurus seen in jurassic park : the game to the actual size of herrerasaurus and it is stated that they can reach 20 ft in length like the real dinosaur .

before 1988 , herrerasaurus —like many prehistoric creatures—was exclusively known from a smattering of very incomplete specimens . thankfully , an american team dug up a reasonably complete herrerasaurus skeleton that year .

read about herrerasaurus and the triassic world in lecture notes by paul olsen at columbia university .

the isle - herrerasaurus gameplay ( 0 . 1 . 0 . 1343 ; dev branch )

the herrerasaurus was bigger . he could grow to be about 20 feet long , and weighed over 700 pounds . the herrerasaurus was a hunter… so watch out if you ever see one !

the first herrerasaurus fossil was found in 1958 by don victorino herrera , a local rancher . three partial skeletons have been found . the first herrerasaurus skull wasn ' t found until 1988 .

the model used for the herrerasaurus is one of vlad ' s ( swordlord3d ) older models .

herrerasaurus was one of the top predators of its age – surpassed only by large rauisuchians such as saurosuchus and prestosuchus . a recently discovered herrerasaurus skull had puncture wounds thought to be from saurosuchus .

helpful joints allowed herrerasaurus’ lower jawbones to flex about considerably for added leverage while ensnaring its quarrelsome prey .

herrerasaurus is listed on the isla sorna map seen in the game , but does not physically appear .

gerry harding claims the cloned herrerasaurus are classed as early theropods . however , a study by barron , norman and barrett has found that herrerasaurus was more closely related to sauropodomorphs like brachiosaurus . [ 10 ]

the computer screens in the film don ' t show a " herrerasaurus paddock " ( see image ) .

when herrerasaurus lived , dinosaurs were actually quite rare . they had yet to become dominant creatures . close relatives of herrerasaurus lived in north america during the late triassic , but these primitive dinosaurs went extinct by the jurassic .

the lower jaw was lined with large , inwardly curving teeth so that herrerasaurus could hold its prey more efficiently .

one specimen of herrerasaurus exhibits unusual pitting in the skull bones . this has been attributed to an infected head injury that later healed . it is likely that these injuries were obtained during a fight with another herrerasaurus . [ 11 ]

herrerasaurus was bipedal and carnivorous . it would have been one of the very first dinosaurs ever to walk the planet .

a herrerasaurus figure will be featured in a toy - line for jurassic world : fallen kingdom . this has been the first time herrerasaurus has ever physically appeared in a toy set . the toy varsity resemblance to the jp : tg version .

herrerasaurus was a carnivore , and likely preyed on smaller animals . coprolites found in the ischigualasto formation have been assigned as belonging to herrerasaurus , and if this identification is correct it is evidence that the dinosaur could digest bone . [ 10 ]

according to the dinosaur protection group , herrerasaurus is one of the 12 dinosaur species extinct by the setting of the film .

herrerasaurus ' forelimbs were less than half the length of its hindlimbs but were much longer than those of t . rex .

herrerasaurus , from the triassic era . now that we ' ve bred them we can easily classify them as early theropod . "

bizarrely , the herrerasaurus sounds in jurassic park : the game seem to be a slowed - down version of the velociraptor calls .

at the time of the isla nublar incident of 1993 , the herrerasaurus living in jurassic park were not fully grown . [ 8 ]

the valley of the moon in argentina , where herrerasaurus was found , is one of the world ' s richest triassic fossil sites .

the next significant discovery of herrerasaurus fossils was in 1988 , when a complete skull was discovered by paul sereno and colleagues . [ 7 ]

herrerasaurus had very little involvement in the incident and farthest they were known to go outside of their paddock was the nearby bone shaker roller coaster .

children become independent from their mothers at about 3 years old ( 0 . 6 ) . most creatures should disregard herrerasaurus unless they lack food . herrerasaurus are extremely vocal , unless they feel they are in immediate danger , in which they will flee . this dinosaur is classified as a scavenger .

herrerasaurus is one of the best known early dinosaurs . this ferocious predator was named after the farmer who discovered it , victorino herrera , in argentina .

herrerasaurus was a carnivore . it lived in the triassic period and inhabited south america . its fossils have been found in places such as argentina and argentina .

herrerasaurus is the oldest and one of the most primitive dinosaurs ever discovered . herrerasaurus was probably not the actual ancestor of all other dinosaurian species , but it is the closest candidate yet discovered to an ancestor , so it gives us a glimpse of what the ancestral dinosaur may have looked like . this makes herrerasaurus one of the most exciting dinosaurs yet discovered . among researchers , there is controversy over how herrerasaurus is related to other dinosaurs . by running this skull through ut’s high - resolution x - ray ct scanner , they can now study internal structures such as its braincase and reconstruct what its brain looked like . with this new information , researchers may now have the evidence they need to solve the problem of where herrerasaurus fits on the family tree of dinosaurs . from the shape of the cavity that once held its brain , they are also forming a picture of its intelligence and behavior . see a full description of the herrerasaurus scan project .

you probably think of dinosaurs as giants , but the first dinos were pretty small . some of the earliest ones we know about were called herrerasaurus and eoraptor .

herrerasaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs . it walked on two long legs and had sharp teeth . the arms were short and the fingers had sharp claws .

when dennis nedry disabled jurassic park ' s security , herrerasaurus , along with many other dinosaurs , were able to freely go outside of their paddocks . [ 9 ]

herrerasaurus ( meaning " herrera ' s lizard " , after the name of the rancher who discovered the first fossil of the animal ) was one of the earliest dinosaurs . all known specimens of this carnivore have been discovered in rocks of early carnian age ( late triassic , around 228 million years ago ) in northwestern argentina . the type species , herrerasaurus ischigualastensis , was described by osvaldo reig in 1963 and is the only species assigned to the genus . the names ischisaurus and frenguellisaurus are synonymous with herrerasaurus .

herrerasaurus is a genus of basal theropod from the carnian age of the late triassic period , around 231 million years ago . it contains one species , h . ischigulastensis .

reig believed herrerasaurus was an early example of a carnosaur , but this was the subject of much debate over the next 30 years , and the genus was variously classified during that time . in 1970 , steel classified herrerasaurus as a prosauropod . in 1972 , peter galton classified the genus as not diagnosable beyond saurischia . later , using cladistic analysis , some researchers put herrerasaurus and staurikosaurus at the base of the dinosaur tree before the separation between ornithischians and saurischians . several researchers classified the remains as non - dinosaurian .

herrerasaurus likely preyed on small - to - medium sized animals , such as the small ornithschian pisanosaurus , as well as the more plentiful rhynchosaurs and synapsids . it was likely preyed upon by saurosuchus ; puncture wounds matching the large crocodylomorph were found in a herrerasaurus skull . a pit in a skull bone of a specimen was attributed to intraspecific fighting .

herrerasaurus ( meaning " herrera ' s lizard " , after the name of the rancher who discovered the first fossil of the animal ) was one of the earliest dinosaurs . all known specimens of this carnivore have been discovered in rocks of early carnian age ( late triassic , around 228 million years ago ) in northwestern argentina . the type species , herrerasaurus ischigualastensis , was described by osvaldo reig in 1963 [ 1 ] and is the only species assigned to the genus . the names ischisaurus and frenguellisaurus are synonymous with herrerasaurus .

height : 1m ( 3 . 28ft ) length : 4m ( 13 . 12ft ) weight : 210 . 01kg ( 463lbs ) top speed : 40kph ( 24 . 85mph ) vision : as a predator , herrerasaurus would have had binocular vision so that it could judge distances and time to attack . skin : there is a possibility that herrerasaurus sported simple feathers , because so many other theropods did . brain : herrerasaurus had a simple , tubular brain , which would have been at the other end of the spectrum from the enlarged and complex brain of the birds . herrerasaurus was no bird brain – it was much dumber ! prey : herrerasaurus ' forelimbs were equipped with three large , recurved claws for grasping and raking . it even had a semi - opposable thumb to help capture prey . it fed on small and medium - sized herbivores such as pisanosaurus , rhyncosaurs and synapsids . bite : herrerasaurus had a dual - hinged jaw so that it could hold prey more tightly . once a victim had been caught , there would have been no escape .

meaning - herrerasaurus means " herrera ' s lizard " named for don victorino herrera pronounced - her - air - a - sawr - us named by - osvaldo a . reig

the upper cladogram presented here follows one proposed analysis by m . d . ezcurra in 2010 . in this review , herrerasaurus is a primitive saurischian , but not a theropod . [ 13 ] the lower cladogram is based on an analysis by m . j . benton , in 2004 . this review indicated herrerasaurus was a basal theropod . [ 14 ]

herrerasaurus was a dinosaur which lived approximately 231 million years ago—making it one of the earliest dinosaurs to have ever walked the earth that have been found so far . it was first discovered in 1959 by a goat herder named victorino herrera who happened on it by accident . it would be named herrerasaurus in his honor in 1963 . its name literally means “”herrera’s lizard” .

the unearthing of a complete skull and skeleton of the early dinosaur herrerasaurus ischigualastensis sheds light on the early evolution of dinosaurs . discovered in the upper triassic ischigualasto formation of argentina , the fossils show that herrerasaurus , a primitive theropod , was an agile , bipedal predator with a short forelimb specialized for grasping and raking . the fossils clarify anatomical features of the common ancestor of all dinosaurs . herrerasaurus and younger dinosaurs from upper triassic beds in argentina suggest that the dinosaurian radiation was well under way before dinosaurs dominated terrestrial vertebrate communities in taxonomic diversity and abundance .

the teeth of herrerasaurus indicate that it was a carnivore ; its size indicates it would have preyed upon small and medium - sized plant eaters . these might have included other dinosaurs , such as pisanosaurus , as well as the more plentiful rhynchosaurs and synapsids . herrerasaurus itself may have been preyed upon by giant rauisuchids like saurosuchus ; puncture wounds were found in one skull .

the environment herrerasaurus lived in was a volcanically active floodplain , which was covered by forests and had strong seasonal rainfall . the climate was moist and warm , although subject to seasonal variation .

herrerasaurus was first discovered in 1958 by victorino herrera , a local andean farmer , after whom the animal is named . that skeleton was incomplete , but the discovery of a complete skull in 1988 by palaeontologist paul sereno provided enough information to make a complete reconstruction . herrerasaurus is important because it shows palaeontologists what dinosaurs were like just after or at the time they first evolved .

also in the middle to late triassic of south america , other dinosaur relatives have been found which may be closely related to herrerasaurus . these include the incompletely known staurikosaurus pricei from southern brazil and northwestern argentina and ischisaurus cattoi , which is very similar to herrerasaurus and may even be the same species . the north american chindesaurus briansmalli , from the chinle formation , may also be related .

south america may very well be the place where dinosaurs made their grand debut . herrerasaurus , eoraptor , and panphagia —which rank among the earliest dinos yet unearthed—emerged there roughly 231 million years ago .

it is believed that herrerasaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs . its body shape suggests that this dinosaur was a very fast hunter , and that it could turn quickly from side to side .

notes : found in northwest argentina , herrerasaurus is one of the earliest known dinosaurs , a primitive carnivore . herrerasaurus had four - toed feet and hip bones with both saurischian and ornithischian features . its jaws were double - hinged to allow it to scoop large chunks of meat from its prey . its skeleton was discovered headless and it was 30 years before a skull specimen was found .

dinosaurs are often said to have “ruled” the earth throughout their tenure upon it . yet , as we’ll see , the boxy - headed herrerasaurus hailed from a time in which dinos were hardly dominant .

for several years , scientists couldn’t agree about how to classify this odd - looking critter . some felt that herrerasaurus was closely akin to the gigantic , long - necked herbivores known as sauropods . others felt the animal couldn’t even be considered a proper dinosaur at all , but was instead a humble precursor . today’s general consensus , however , cites herrerasaurus as a basal theropod ( or “meat - eating” dino ) .

herrerasaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs . all known fossils of this carnivore have been discovered in upper triassic strata dated to 231 . 4 million years ago ( mya ) in northwestern argentina . [ 1 ]

incomplete remains of herrerasaurus were discovered in the ischigualasto formation of argentina , and named in 1963 by paleontologist osvaldo reig after the rancher who first noticed the fossils . [ 5 ] it was first believed that the remains were from an early type of carnosaur , but over the following years herrerasaurus was classified on separate occasions as a theropod , a prosauropod , an indeterminate saurischian , and non - dinosaurian . [ 6 ]

herrerasaurus ’ wrist and lower arm look fairly unusual for a reptile from its period , yet they do crudely resemble those of 21st - century avians . herrerasaurus forelimbs utilized a similar range of motion , folded up like a modern pigeon’s , and may have even been decorated with lengthy feathers . what we’re almost certainly seeing here , therefore , is an early step down the evolutionary path to bird wings and , eventually , flight .

at least four herrerasaurus were created was created by ingen inside their compound on isla sorna and shipped to isla nublar where they lived in their own paddock , but the animal was never seen on - screen . [ 1 ] on the map , herrerasaurus ‘ enclosure is located at the far northwestern end of the island where the tourist route does not connect . this population went extinct between the 1993 incident and the 1994 cleanup .

some theropods survived the great flood . few brave ( or foolish ) souls have managed to subdue them into being mounts , though a temporary role , as the herrerasaurus often turns against its master on a whim .

reig believed herrerasaurus was an early example of a carnosaur , [ 1 ] but this was the subject of much debate over the next 30 years , and the genus was variously classified during that time . in 1970 , steel classified herrerasaurus as a prosauropod . [ 26 ] in 1972 , peter galton classified the genus as not diagnosable beyond saurischia . [ 27 ] later , using cladistic analysis , some researchers put herrerasaurus and staurikosaurus at the base of the dinosaur tree before the separation between ornithischians and saurischians . [ 15 ] [ 21 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] several researchers classified the remains as non - dinosaurian . [ 30 ]

specifically , i ' m interested in learning more about the _ herrerasaurus _ skin impressions he mentions . has anyone seen the dinosaur discoveries article ralph tentatively cites ? is it very easy to get a hold of ?

herrerasaurus was named by paleontologist osvaldo reig after victorino herrera , an andean goatherd who first noticed its fossils in outcrops near the city of san juan in 1959 . these rocks , which later yielded eoraptor , are part of the ischigualasto formation and date from the late ladinian to early carnian stages of the late triassic period . reig named a second dinosaur from these rocks in the same publication as herrerasaurus ; this dinosaur , ischisaurus cattoi , is now considered a junior synonym and a juvenile of herrerasaurus . two other partial skeletons , with skull material , were named frenguellisaurus ischigualastensis by fernando novas in 1986 , but this species too is now thought to be a synonym .

herrerasaurus was found in the ischigulasto formation of argentina , and was around 6 meters long . it ' s legs were strong , with a short thigh and a rather long foot , indicating it was probably a fairly swift runner .

several of the world ' s most famous dinosaurs are featured attractions of digital morphology . on the following pages you can see the two oldest known dinosaurs , herrerasaurus and eoraptor , along with their younger relatives , syntarsus and allosaurus .

fragmentary fossil remains of herrerasaurus were first discovered in the early 1960s , but it was not until 1988 , when several skeletons were discovered in the ischigualasto formation of northwestern argentina , that researchers could complete the first picture of the animal .

sereno , p . c . ( 1993 ) . " the pectoral girdle and forelimb of the basal theropod herrerasaurus ischigualastensis " . journal of vertebrate paleontology 13 : 425–450 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1994 . 10011524 .

another archosaur , at one time considered a dinosaur , was herrerasaurus , from the triassic of argentina . this animal marked the transition between the archosaur stem group and the derived dinosaurs . in all but a few characteristics herrerasaurus is a dinosaur , although a smallish one of 3 - 4 meters in length and a body weight estimated at around 300 kg . . eoraptor , from the same age and area , was another archosaur with a mosaic of dinosaurian and nondinosaurian characteristics .

although herrerasaurus shared the basic body design of future rulers of the earth ( like allosaurus , giganotosaurus , and tyrannosaurus ) , it lived during the triassic period - a time when the dinosaurs were not the most powerful animals on earth . herrerasaurus would have had to run away from the much larger saurosuchus , a giant land - dwelling crocodile relative , and the even larger fasolasuchus tenax , which was the largest meat - eater in argentina during the beginning of the mesozoic era .

details : probably the earliest known theropod , herrerasaurus was much more primitive than later predators . the largest of the early meat - eating dinosaurs , it may have weighed about 400 pounds ( 181 kilograms ) . double - hinged jaws allowed herrerasaurus to grip its prey and to swallow huge chunks of meat . serrated teeth helped it slice the flesh from a fresh kill . evidence of its primitive nature includes such anatomical features as the rectangular shape of its nearly complete skull fossil .

the study of early dinosaurs such as herrerasaurus and eoraptor therefore has important implications for the concept of dinosaurs as a monophyletic group ( a group descended from a common ancestor ) . the monophyly of dinosaurs was explicitly proposed in the 1970s by galton and robert t . bakker , who compiled a list of cranial and postcranial synapomorphies ( common anatomical traits derived from the common ancestor ) . later authors proposed additional synapomorphies . an extensive study of herrerasaurus by sereno in 1992 suggested that of these proposed synapomorphies , only one cranial and seven postcranial features were actually derived from a common ancestor , and that the others were attributable to convergent evolution . sereno ' s analysis of herrerasaurus also led him to propose several new dinosaurian synapomorphies .

a complete herrerasaurus skull was not found until 1988 , by a team of paleontologists led by paul sereno . based on the new fossils , authors such as thomas holtz and jose bonaparte classified herrerasaurus at the base of the saurischian tree before the divergence between prosauropods and theropods . however , sereno favored classifying herrerasaurus ( and the herrerasauridae ) as primitive theropods . these two classifications have become the most persistent , with rauhut ( 2003 ) and bittencourt and kellner ( 2004 ) favoring the early theropod hypothesis , and max langer ( 2004 ) , langer and benton ( 2006 ) , and randall irmis and his coauthors ( 2007 ) favoring the basal saurischian hypothesis . if herrerasaurus were indeed a theropod , it would indicate that theropods , sauropodomorphs , and ornithischians diverged even earlier than herrerasaurids , before the middle carnian , and that " all three lineages independently evolved several dinosaurian features , such as a more advanced ankle joint or an open acetabulum " . this view is further supported by ichnological records showing large tridactyl ( three - toed ) footprints that can be attributed only to a theropod dinosaur . these footprints date from the ladinian ( middle triassic ) of the los rastros formation in argentina and predate herrerasaurus by 3 to 5 million years .

coprolites ( fossilized dung ) containing small bones but no trace of plant fragments , discovered in the ischigualasto formation , have been assigned to herrerasaurus based on fossil abundance . mineralogical and chemical analysis of these coprolites indicates that this carnivore could digest bone .

[ 7 ] [ 8 ] an artist ' s impression ; feeding on a small synapsid the teeth of herrerasaurus indicate that it was a carnivore ; its size indicates it would have preyed upon small and medium - sized plant eaters . these might have included other dinosaurs , such as pisanosaurus , as well as the more plentiful rhynchosaurs and synapsids . [ 50 ] herrerasaurus itself may have been preyed upon by giant rauisuchids like saurosuchus ; puncture wounds were found in one skull . [ 8 ]

also due to this basal status , herrerasaurus ' placement in the dinosaur tree has been rather variable , due to it ' s combination of basal and derived traits . initially described as an early carnosaur , it was then hypothesized to be a prosauropod , a basal saurischian , a basal dinosaur and even outside of dinosauria . currently , there are two hypothesis on the placement of herrerasaurus ; some believe it to be a basal member of saurischia , others believe it to be a basal member of theropoda .

herrerasaurus ( meaning " herrera ' s lizard " , after the rancher who discovered the first specimen ) , was one of the oldest and most primitive theropod . all known fossils of this dinosaur have been discovered in rocks of carnian age ( late triassic according to the ics , dated to 231 . 4 million years ago ) in northwestern argentina . the type species , herrerasaurus ischigualastensis , was described by osvaldo reig in 1963 and is the only species assigned to the genus . ischisaurus and frenguellisaurus are synonyms .

herrerasaurus is estimated to have measured 3 meters or more in length and up to 350 kilograms in weight . [ 1 ] it had a fairly typical theropod body plan , but its skull more resembled those of earlier and more primitive archosaurs . [ 2 ]

herrerasaurus was named by paleontologist osvaldo reig after victorino herrera , an andean goatherd who first noticed its fossils in outcrops near the city of san juan in 1959 . [ 1 ] these rocks , which later yielded eoraptor , [ 23 ] are part of the ischigualasto formation and date from the late ladinian to early carnian stages of the late triassic period . [ 24 ] reig named a second dinosaur from these rocks in the same publication as herrerasaurus ; [ 1 ] this dinosaur , ischisaurus cattoi , is now considered a junior synonym and a juvenile of herrerasaurus . [ 11 ] two other partial skeletons , with skull material , were named frenguellisaurus ischigualastensis by fernando novas in 1986 , [ 25 ] but this species too is now thought to be a synonym . [ 11 ]

there is no evidence that mosquitoes existed during the triassic period . however , scientists have found amber from that period , meaning that herrerasaurus must have been created using dna from drops of blood or pieces of flesh preserved in amber ( see dna in amber ) .

coprolites ( fossilized dung ) containing small bones but no trace of plant fragments , discovered in the ischigualasto formation , have been assigned to herrerasaurus based on fossil abundance . mineralogical and chemical analysis of these coprolites indicates that this carnivore could digest bone . [ 51 ]

herrerasaurus ( " [ victorino ] herrera ' s lizard " ) was one of the oldest and most primitive theropods , or meat - eating dinosaurs , though in its day it was relatively hyper - advanced . its body displayed many of the same features of the later theropods . it walked on its hind legs and its arms ended in powerful clawed hands for grasping prey . its teeth - like those of most theropods - were shaped like blades and had knife - like serrations running up the front and down the back . its lower jaw had a special hinge about halfway along its length . this joint would have helped herrerasaurus to better hold on to struggling victims . many later theropods also had this hinge . some scientists consider the herrerasaurus to be more carnivorous primitive member of the prosauropoda family .

the study of early dinosaurs such as herrerasaurus and eoraptor therefore has important implications for the concept of dinosaurs as a monophyletic group ( a group descended from a common ancestor ) . the monophyly of dinosaurs was explicitly proposed in the 1970s by galton and robert t . bakker , [ 40 ] [ 41 ] who compiled a list of cranial and postcranial synapomorphies ( common anatomical traits derived from the common ancestor ) . later authors proposed additional synapomorphies . [ 15 ] [ 21 ] an extensive study of herrerasaurus by sereno in 1992 suggested that of these proposed synapomorphies , only one cranial and seven postcranial features were actually derived from a common ancestor , and that the others were attributable to convergent evolution . sereno ' s analysis of herrerasaurus also led him to propose several new dinosaurian synapomorphies . [ 3 ]

an interesting fact about herrerasaurus is that paleontologists have concluded that this dinosaur was a carnivore , but it was probably not the apex predator of its ecosystem . in fact , while it may have lived off of animals such as hyperodapedon and ischigualastia , it may have indeed been hunted itself by some of the top predators of that era—reptiles ! ! yes , reptiles during the triassic were the top predator and there were many that were large enough to give herrerasaurus a hard time . these included postosuchus and saurosuchus , as well as many others .

the herrerasaurus was small compared with the giganotosaurus and spinosaurus , who lived much later on . it was only 10 - 13 feet long , however its legs were very strong , and it could sprint about as fast as a 100 - meter runner . for a dinosaur , the herrerasaurus had an unusual flexible - jointed lower jaw which it could slide back and forth . this allowed it to better grasp its prey . it was named after the argentinian goatherd victorino herrera who chanced upon its skeleton in 1959 . hand painted and highly detailed .

sereno , p . c . ; and novas , f . e . ( 1993 ) . " the skull and neck of the basal theropod herrerasaurus ischigualastensis " . journal of vertebrate paleontology 13 : 451–476 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1994 . 10011525 .

for many years , the classification of herrerasaurus was unclear because it was known from very fragmentary remains . it was hypothesized to be a basal theropod , a basal sauropodomorph , a basal saurischian , or not a dinosaur at all but another type of archosaur . however , with the discovery of an almost complete skeleton and skull in 1988 , herrerasaurus has been classified as either an early theropod or an early saurischian in at least five recent reviews of theropod evolution , with many researchers treating it at least tentatively as the most primitive member of theropoda .

during the late fifties , when very little was known about this animal , a partial herrerasaurus skull and skeleton were found by harvard paleontologist alfred romer . unfortunately , these remains were confiscated by the local authorities and held in their custody for two years until romer’s institution finally claimed them .

eoraptor is only slightly younger than herrerasaurus , yet it already shows specialized features indicating that it lies several branches up from the base of the dinosaurian family tree . it is one of the most primitive members of the great lineage theropoda - the theropod dinosaurs - which includes such celebrities as tyrannosaurus rex , allosaurus , deinonychus , and velociraptor . some of these became huge , although most remained small , like eoraptor and herrerasaurus . and it is among these small theropod dinosaurs that we can now trace the ancestry of living birds . see a full description of the eoraptor scan project .

sereno , p . c . ; and novas , f . e . ( 1993 ) . " the skull and neck of the basal theropod herrerasaurus ischigualastensis " . journal of vertebrate paleontology 13 ( 4 ) : 451–476 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1994 . 10011525 .

for many years , the classification of herrerasaurus was unclear , as the animal was initially known from very fragmentary remains ; it has been hypothesized to be a basal theropod , a basal sauropodomorph , a basal saurischian , or not a dinosaur at all . however , with the discovery of a mostly complete skeleton and skull in 1988 , herrerasaurus has been classified as either an early theropod or an early saurischian in at least five recent reviews of theropod evolution . it was a member of the herrerasauridae , a group of similar animals which were among the earliest of the dinosaurian evolutionary radiation .

herrerasaurus lived in these jungles alongside a smaller dinosaur , the one metre long eoraptor , as well as saurosuchus , [ 9 ] a huge quadrupedal archosaur . there were also a number of therapsid and reptilian herbivores . the dinosaurs had not yet taken control of the land environments as they did later .

this is a history of herrerasaurus before the mankind era and just to give some historical theories and historical description of the small mighty dinosaurs ! support the groovy and subscribe i hope you all have enjoyed stay groovy . my channel : urltoken follow me : urltoken check out my groovy historical blog : urltoken

herrerasaurus and its closest relatives form the family herrerasauridae . however , where the herrerasaurs fit in the early evolutionary tree of dinosaurs is unclear . most studies have found them to be basal theropods , although it is possible that they are basal saurischians or even non - dinosaurian archosaurs . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

but them being posted elsewhere in great quantity will divert people from going to paleofile in the first place , this forum is fairly popular , search " herrerasaurus ischigualastensis " on google images and the 21th result is hartman ' s skeletal posted here , the quantity of carnivoraforum post appearing only increases if you have visited the site before , people that do not know about paleofile will probably find the images here first and never go to paleofile , specially if you don ' t mention that they come from there , at least update your post to say from where they come from and a link to the herrerasaurus profile on paleofile .

get ready to meet some distant relatives , folks ! mammals are the last surviving members of a larger group known as the “therapsids . ” though non - mammalian species were largely on the decline when herrerasaurus came along , fossils from a few varieties have been found in the same deposits as this south american dino .

found in the late triassic of the ischigualasto formation of northwestern argentina , herrerasaurus ischigualastensis is an early archosaur and on the verge of being a dinosaur proper . the first specimen was found in 1958 by victorino herrera , for whom the fossil was named . this skeleton was incomplete , but the discovery of a complete skull in 1988 and additional fragments have provided enough information to make a complete reconstruction ; this has also permitted paul sereno at the university of chicago to redescribe herrerasaurus properly in a series of papers published in the journal of vertebrate paleontology . material found thus far suggests that it was a large carnivore about three to four meters long .

like all of ingen ' s cloned theropods herrerasaur clones had pronated hands . the herrerasaurus clones had a bright red body with dark red stripes , and white underbelly and some yellow patches . they roamed in packs [ 6 ] and their willingness to pursue their prey over long distances made them highly dangerous . [ 5 ]

for many years , the classification of herrerasaurus was unclear , as the animal was initially known from very fragmentary remains ; it has been hypothesized to be a basal theropod , a basal sauropodomorph , a basal saurischian , or not a dinosaur at all . however , with the discovery of a mostly complete skeleton and skull in 1988 , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] herrerasaurus has been classified as either an early theropod or an early saurischian in at least five recent reviews of theropod evolution . it was a member of the herrerasauridae , a group of similar animals which were among the earliest of the dinosaurian evolutionary radiation . [ 4 ] [ 5 ]

the forelimbs of herrerasaurus were less than half the length of its hind limbs . the upper arm and forearm were rather short , while the manus ( hand ) was elongated . the first two fingers and the thumb ended in curved , sharp claws for grasping prey . its fourth and fifth digits were small stubs without claws .

herrerasaurus was somewhere in the ballpark of 12 feet long , yet it would’ve been dwarfed by such non - dinosaurian predators as the 20 - foot quadruped saurosuchus , which also inhabited its territory . carnivorous dinos wouldn’t start topping food chains until the stage was set by a mass extinction that wiped out these competitors 201 million years ago .

novas , f . e . ( 1994 ) . " new information on the systematics and postcranial skeleton of herrerasaurus ischigualastensis ( theropoda : herrerasauridae ) from the ischigualasto formation ( upper triassic ) of argentina " . journal of vertebrate paleontology 13 ( 4 ) : 400–423 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1994 . 10011523 .

herrerasaurus pronunciation : her - rare - uh - sawr - us translation : herrera lizard also known as : description : carnivore , bipedal order : saurischia suborder : theropoda infraorder : ceratosauria family : herrerasauridae height : 7 feet ( 2 . 1 meters ) length : 15 feet ( 4 . 6 meters ) weight : period : late triassic

herrerasaurus has all but a few of the characters which define the dinosaurs , lacking only certain features of the hip and leg bones . the pelvic structure is similar to saurichian dinosaurs , which had previously led to herrerasuarus being classified in that group . this arrangement of hip bones , however , is ancestral in the archosaurs and not uniquely derived .

the holotype of herrerasaurus ( pvl 2566 ) was discovered in the cancha de bochas member of the ischigualasto formation in san juan , argentina . it was collected in 1961 by victorino herrera , in sediments that were deposited in the carnian stage of the triassic period , approximately 235 to 221 million years ago . herrerasaurus was a lightly built bipedal carnivore with a long tail and a relatively small head . adults had skulls up to 56 cm ( 22 in ) long and were up to 6 metres ( 20 ft ) in total length and roughly 350 kg ( 770 lb ) in weight . smaller specimens were half the size , with skulls only about 30 cm ( 12 in ) long .

herrerasaurus and eoraptor both date back some 232 million years , to the middle of the triassic . herrerasaurus is the older of the two , but eoraptor is younger by only a split geological second . by comparison , fossils of our own species date back only about 400 , 000 years , so these oldest dinosaurs are more than a thousand times older than the oldest human fossils . while this may seem almost unbelievably ancient by human standards , from a geological perspective dinosaurs are comparatively young . current evidence indicates that the earth is about 4 . 7 billion years old , and that life itself originated more than 4 billion years ago . dinosaurs thus originated after more than 90 % of life ' s history had already passed .

systematic relationships of herrerasaurus and its relatives are far from certain . while some analyses suggest they are sister to the dinosaurs , others consider them saurischian or even theropods . the importance of this group is that they give us some idea of the time at which dinosaurs evolved ( towards the end of the triassic ) and what the earliest dinosaurs would have looked like .

herrerasaurus possesses a long , narrow skull that lacked nearly all the specializations that characterized later dinosaurs , and more closely resembled those of more primitive archosaurs such as euparkeria ( a primitive dinosaurian predecessor from the earlier triassic ) . it had five pairs of fenestrae ( skull openings ) in its skull , two pairs of which were for the eyes and nostrils . between the eyes and the nostrils were two antorbital fenestrae and a pair of tiny , 1 - centimeter - long ( 0 . 4 in ) slit - like holes called promaxillary fenestrae . marked supratemporal depressions for jaw adductor musculature on the skull roof and a well - developed , sliding intra - mandibular joint suggest that herrerasaurus ischigualastensis was an a active predator within its habitat .

herrerasaurus was a bipedal carnivore that was approximately 20 feet long , 3 feet high at the hip and probably weighed around 700 pounds . it also had an elongated narrow skull that was filled with dozens of serrated teeth for cutting and tearing the flesh of its prey . this dinosaur also had a small front arms that were about half the length of its back legs .

due to it ' s basal status , herrerasaurus ' skull was more similar to more basal archosaurs like euparkeria then to more derived theropods ; it had five pairs of fenestrae in it ' s skull , two of which were for the eyes and nostrils . between them was two pairs of antorbital fenestrae and a pair of tiny , slit - like holes called promaxillary fenestrae .

humeral robustness as a function of humeral length . select taxa labeled in gray . cera . = cerasinops , gypo . = ”gyposaurus” , herr . = herrerasaurus , igua . = iguanodon , mono . = mononykus , post . = postosuchus , psit . = psittacosaurus , scut . = scutellosaurus , stego . = stegosaurus , thec . = thecodontosaurus , tric . = triceratops .

herrerasaurus had a flexible joint in the lower jaw , allowing it to slide back and forth to deliver a grasping bite . this cranial specialization is unusual among the dinosaurs but has evolved independently in some lizards . the rear of the lower jaw also had fenestrae . the jaws were equipped with large serrated teeth for biting and eating flesh , and the neck was slender and flexible .

herrerasaurus was a lightly built bipedal carnivore with a long tail and a relatively small head . its length is estimated at 3 to 6 meters ( 10 to 20 ft ) , [ 4 ] and its hip height at more than 1 . 1 meters ( 3 . 3 ft ) . [ 5 ] it may have weighed around 210–350 kilograms ( 463–772 lb ) . [ 5 ]

herrerasaurus was created by ingen inside their compound on isla sorna [ 3 ] where they were taken care of by the workers there at a young age . [ 4 ] dr . laura sorkin believed that they were created to be a " safe " alternative to velociraptor , since the raptors proved to be too difficult to handle and were said not to be as intelligent . [ 5 ]

herrerasaurus gives its name to its family , herrerasauridae , a group of similar animals from the late triassic which were among the earliest of the dinosaurian evolutionary radiation . where it and its close relatives lie on the early dinosaur evolutionary tree is unclear . they are possibly basal theropods or basal saurischians but may in fact predate the saurischian - ornithischian split . some analyses , such as nesbitt et al . 2009 , have found herrerasaurus and its relatives in herrerasauridae to be very basal theropods , while others ( such as ezcurra 2010 ) have found them to be basal to the clade eusaurischia , that is , closer to the base of the saurischian tree than either theropods or sauropodomorphs , but not true members of either . the situation is further complicated by uncertainties in correlating the ages of late triassic beds bearing land animals .

herrerasaurus fossils have been found in the ischigualasto formation of north - western argentina . today this landscape is known as the valley of the moon because of its eerie , moon - like geology . here , palaeontologists have also found eoraptor , another early dinosaur . the ischigualasto landscape was a floodplain dominated by rivers and studded with volcanic activity 230 million years ago . today , it is an arid , barren landscape .

it is believed that the ischigualasto formation was a volcanically active floodplain during the middle and late triassic period when herrerasaurus lived . the climate was typically warm and moist , although the area experienced seasons throughout the year . [ 8 ] ferns and conifers were likely the dominant vegetation , forming high - altitude forests . [ 9 ] it coexisted with the early dinosaur eoraptor , which was also found in the ischigualasto formation .

herrerasaurus ' small size means it is easy for it to hide from potential predators or prey in bushes and tall grass . it ' s vocalizations are loud and deep , similar to those of a crocodile . one good strategy to survive is to follow some carnivore / herbivore packs and wait that they kill someone or that someone dies , then go and eat the corpse . just make sure that no one sees you .

other members of the clade may include eoraptor from the same ischigualasto formation of argentina as herrerasaurus , staurikosaurus from the santa maria formation of southern brazil , [ 16 ] chindesaurus from the upper petrified forest ( chinle formation ) of arizona , and possibly caseosaurus from the dockum formation of texas , although the relationships of these animals are not fully understood , and not all paleontologists agree . other possible basal theropods , alwalkeria from the late triassic maleri formation of india , and teyuwasu , known from very fragmentary remains from the late triassic of brazil , might be related . novas ( 1992 ) defined herrerasauridae as herrerasaurus , staurikosaurus , and their most recent common ancestor . sereno ( 1998 ) defined the group as the most inclusive clade including h . ischigualastensis but not passer domesticus . langer ( 2004 ) provided first phylogenetic definition of a higher level taxon , infraorder herrerasauria .

herrerasaurus gives its name to its family , herrerasauridae , a group of similar animals from the late triassic which were among the earliest of the dinosaurian evolutionary radiation . where it and its close relatives lie on the early dinosaur evolutionary tree is unclear . they are possibly basal theropods or basal saurischians but may in fact predate the saurischian - ornithischian split . [ 15 ] some analyses , such as nesbitt et al . 2009 , have found herrerasaurus and its relatives in herrerasauridae to be very basal theropods , [ 4 ] while others ( such as ezcurra 2010 ) have found them to be basal to the clade eusaurischia , that is , closer to the base of the saurischian tree than either theropods or sauropodomorphs , but not true members of either . [ 13 ] the situation is further complicated by uncertainties in correlating the ages of late triassic beds bearing land animals . [ 7 ]

both of these precious specimens were collected from middle triassic rocks in the ischigualasto basin of argentina . very slightly younger ( late triassic ) dinosaurs have been found in texas , arizona , and new mexico . the ischigualasto region , set aside as a natural preserve , is an area rich in natural beauty and fossils . dr . oscar alcober of the museo de ciencias naturales , san juan , argentina brought herrerasaurus and eoraptor to utct for scanning .

herrerasaurus had a flexible joint in the lower jaw , allowing it to slide back and forth to deliver a grasping bite . [ 8 ] this cranial specialization is unusual among the dinosaurs but has evolved independently in some lizards . [ 10 ] the rear of the lower jaw also had fenestrae . the jaws were equipped with large serrated teeth for biting and eating flesh , and the neck was slender and flexible . [ 8 ] [ 11 ]

herrerasaurus is a small animal that can be easily killed by larger creatures , and so it is recommended that you use stealth to ambush prey similar in size to or smaller than you , such as dryosaurus and psittacosaurus . hunting these animals involves taking as many bites as possible and building up the prey animal ' s bleeding level ; eventually forcing them to either sit and heal , leaving themselves open to even more bites , or keep moving and die from blood loss .

the paleoenvironment of the ischigualasto formation ( where it was found ) was a volcanically active floodplain covered by forests with strong seasonal rainfall . the climate was moist and warm , [ 7 ] with seasonal variations . [ 8 ] vegetation consisted of ferns ( cladophlebis ) , horsetails , and giant conifers ( protojuniperoxylon ) . these plants formed lowland forests along the banks of rivers . [ 4 ] herrerasaurus remains appear to have been the most common among the carnivores of the ischigualasto formation .

other members of the clade may include eoraptor from the same ischigualasto formation of argentina as herrerasaurus , staurikosaurus from the santa maria formation of southern brazil , [ 16 ] chindesaurus from the upper petrified forest ( chinle formation ) of arizona , [ 17 ] and possibly caseosaurus from the dockum formation of texas , [ 18 ] although the relationships of these animals are not fully understood , and not all paleontologists agree . other possible basal theropods , alwalkeria from the late triassic maleri formation of india , [ 19 ] and teyuwasu , known from very fragmentary remains from the late triassic of brazil , might be related . [ 20 ] novas ( 1992 ) defined herrerasauridae as herrerasaurus , staurikosaurus , and their most recent common ancestor . [ 21 ] sereno ( 1998 ) defined the group as the most inclusive clade including h . ischigualastensis but not passer domesticus . [ 22 ] langer ( 2004 ) provided first phylogenetic definition of a higher level taxon , infraorder herrerasauria . [ 7 ]

[ 3 ] [ 4 ] skeleton cast shown alongside the smaller skeleton of eoraptor and a plateosaurus skull , north american museum of ancient life the forelimbs of herrerasaurus were less than half the length of its hind limbs . the upper arm and forearm were rather short , while the manus ( hand ) was elongated . the first two fingers and the thumb ended in curved , sharp claws for grasping prey . its fourth and fifth digits were small stubs without claws . [ 3 ] [ 12 ]


archips nigricaudanus is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in china ( liaoning ) , korea , japan and russia ( ussuri , sakhalin , siberia ) .

the wingspan is 16 – 22 mm for males and 22 – 23 mm for females .

adults are on wing from april to june in china .

the larvae feed on diospyros , malus , morus , pyrus and quercus .

archips nigricaudanus

archips nigricaudanus <EOT> archips ( archips ) nigricaudanus ( walsingham , 1900 ) = archips nigricaudana walsingham 1900 .

archips subrufanus is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in china ( heilongjiang , jilin ) , korea , japan and russia ( primorye ) .

this study was carried out to clarify the fauna of the tribe archipini , which belongs to the family tortricidae in northeast china . in the present study , fifty - four species of the tribe were recognized and enumerated . based on the present study , two species , archips viola falkovitsh and choristoneura evanidana ( kennel ) , are reported for the first time from china . also five species , archips dichotomus falkovitsh , archips similis ( butler ) , argyrotaenia angustilineata ( walsingham ) , choristoneura longicellana ( walsingham ) , and gnorismoneura orientis ( filipjev ) , are newly recorded from northeast china . all available information , including host plant , distributional range , and biological information , are listed .

foundation item : this study was support by kosef ( korea science & engineering foundation ) with the program of “korea and china young scientist exchange program” ( 2002–2003 ) .

biography : * byun bong - kyu ( 1963 - ) , male , ph . d . , researcher in korea national rrboretum , korea

( clerk ) in korea [ j ] . korean j . appl . entomol . ,

byun , b . k . , bae , y . s . , park , k . t . 1998 . illustrated catalogue of tortricidae in korea ( lepidoptera ) [ r ] . insects of korea , vol . 2 , pp 317 .

byun , b . k . , k . t . park and b . y . lee . 1996 . five species of tortricinae new to korea [ j ] . korean j . entomol . ,

falkovitsh , m . i . 1965 . new eastern - asiatic species of leaf rollers ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) [ j ] . ent . obozr . ,

jaros j . , spitzer , k . , havelka , j . and park k . t . 1992 . synecological and biogeographical outlines of lepidoptera communities in north korea [ j ] . insects of koreana ,

kawabe , a . 1982 . tortricidae and cochylidae [ c ] . in : h . inoue , s . sugi , h . kuroko , s . moriuti , a . kawabe ( eds ) moths of japan , vol . 1 : 62–258 , vol . 2 : 158–183 , pls . 14–31 , 227 , 279–295 .

kuznetsov , v . i . 1973 . leaf - rollers ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) of the southern part of the soviet far east and their seasonal cycles [ j ] . ent . obozr . ,

liu youqiao . 1983a . cochylidae and tortricidae [ c ] . in : animal research institute of chinese academy sciences ( ed ) iconographia heterocerorum sinicorum ( 1 ) beijing : science press , p 28–56 , pls . : 6–8 . ( in chinese )

hübner ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) [ j ] . zool . res . ,

liu youqiao , bai jiuwei . 1977 . lepidoptera , tortricidae , part 1 [ c ] . in : economic insect fauna of china ( vol . 11 ) . beijing : science press : p 1–93 , 24 pls .

hübner ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) with description of two new species [ j ] . acta zool . sinica ,

liu youqiao , li guangwu . 2002 . insecta , lepidoptera , tortricidae . [ c ] in : editorial committee of fauna sinica , chinese academy sciences ( ed ) fauna sinica ( vol . 27 ) . beijing : science press , pp . 463 , plates . 1–136 , colour plates 1–2 .

hübner ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) [ j ] . acta zool . cracov . ,

yasuda , t . 1972 . the tortricinae and sparganothinae of japan ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) . part i [ j ] . bull . univ . osaka prefect . series b ,

yasuda , t . 1975 . the tortricinae and sparganothinae of japan ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . part ii [ j ] . bull . univ . osaka prefect . series b ,

bong - kyu , b . , shan - chun , y . & cheng - de , l . journal of forestry research ( 2003 ) 14 : 93 . urltoken

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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .

species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .

download ' korean pear ( pyrus pyrifolia ) from the republic of korea - fresh fruit / vegetables - import health standard ' | mpi - ministry for primary industries . a new zealand government department .

your document ' korean pear ( pyrus pyrifolia ) from the republic of korea - fresh fruit / vegetables - import health standard ' should start downloading automatically . if it does not , follow this link to your document .

the wingspan is about 11 mm . adults are on wing from july to mid - september .

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sloggett 's vlei rat or ice rat ( otomys sloggetti ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .

it is found in southern lesotho and south africa where its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland , swamps , and rocky areas .

its name commemorates col. arthur sloggett who served in south africa and collected at deelfontein in 1902 .

this is a common species and the international union for conservation of nature has rated it as being of " least concern " .

sloggett ' s vlei rat

sloggett ' s vlei rat <EOT> minden pictures stock photos - sloggett & apos ; s vlei rat ( otomys sloggetti ) adult , sitting on rock , sani pass , drakensberg mountains , lesotho , septembe . . .

minden pictures stock photos - sloggett & apos ; s vlei rat ( otomys sloggetti ) skull , adult , showing deeply grooved front incisors , drakensberg , kwazulu - n . . .

the sloggett ' s vlei rat is listed as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species

sloggett ' s vlei rat or ice rat ( otomys sloggetti or myotomys sloggetti ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found in southern lesotho and south africa . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high - altitude grassland , swamps , and rocky areas .

its name commemorates col . a . t . sloggett who collected at deelfontein in 1902 .

hinze , a . , pillay , n . and grab , s . 2006 . the burrow system of the african ice rat otomys sloggetti robertsi . mammalian biology 71 : 356–365 .

a young / baby of a sloggett is called a ' kitten , nestling , pinkie or pup ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a sloggett group is called a ' colony , horde , pack , plague or swarm ' .

worldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more ››

willan , k . 1990 . reproductive biology of the southern african ice rat . acta theriologica 35 : 39–51 .

sloggett ' s vlei rat is found at high elevations ( > 2 , 000 m ) in the drakensberg mountains of the eastern cape and kwazulu - natal provinces of south africa as well as lesotho ( lynch 1994 , monadjem et al . 2015 ) , with isolated subpopulations from mountains in the karoo , such as in the sneeuberg mountain complex ( kok et al . 2012 ) , or in dry , semi - desert habitats around inselbergs and mountain ranges at > 1 , 500 m asl . in the drakensberg range , o . angoniensis occurs on the lower slopes in savannah habitats , o . auratus and o . laminatus at mid - elevation in grasslands and o . sloggetti at the highest elevations in alpine heath habitats ( monadjem et al . 2015 ) .

schwaibold , u . and pillay , n . 2010 . habitat use in the ice rat otomys slogetti robertsi . south african journal of wildlife research 40 : 64–72 .

a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all

hinze a . 2005 . social behaviour and activity patterns of the african ice rat otomys skiggetti robertsi . faculty of science , school of biology , university of the witwatersrand .

hinze , a . , rymer , t . and pillay , n . 2013 . spatial dichotomy of sociality in the african ice rat . journal of zoology 290 : 208–214 .

mokotjomela , t . , schwaibold , u . and pillay , n . 2009 . does the ice rat otomys sloggetti robertsi contribute to habitat change in lesotho ? acta oecologica 35 : 437–443 .

mokotjomela , t . , schwaibold , u . and pillay , n . 2010 . population surveys of the ice rat otomys sloggetti robertsi in the lesotho drakensberg . african zoology 45 : 225–232 .

grab , s . w . and deschamps , c . l . 2004 . geomorphological and geoecological controls and processes following gully development in alpine mires , lesotho . arctic , antarctic , and alpine research 36 : 49–58 .

it may be an important prey species for predators occurring at high - altitudes . their extensive burrow systems s contributes to soil turnover and aeration . however , when burrows collapse , the resulting gullies alter water flow , contributing to erosion ( grab and deschamps 2004 ) .

" wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals . " - - publisher ' s website .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

although otomys sloggetti is considered to be defined by primitive dental characters , its position on the phylogeny of otomyinae remains unresolved ( taylor et al . 2004 ) .

this high - altitude endemic is listed as least concern because it has a relatively wide distribution within the assessment region , occurs in several protected areas , including the maloti - drakensberg transfrontier conservation area , and because it generally occurs in inaccessible habitats unlikely to be transformed . there are no known threats that could cause rapid population decline . climate change is not suspected to be an emerging threat . conversely , density has been estimated to have increased threefold in the lesotho drakensberg between 1994 and 2006 possibly due to warmer temperatures . thus , we list as least concern . however , continuing habitat degradation from overgrazing , as well as any other identified minor threats , must be monitored .

occurs in montane grasslands on xeric or mesic soils , either dry or wet typically amidst piles of loose stones or boulders , both natural and man - made ( for example , stone walls ) . it does not occur in modified habitats , but will sometimes nest in crevices in rock foundations of roads ( willan 1990 ) . they are diurnal and feed on stems , leaves and floral parts of green plants . in the sani valley , o . sloggetti feeds on wetland grasses , sedges and herbaceous vegetation but avoid helichrysum spp . ( schwaibold and pillay 2010 ) .

it lives in colonies consisting of at least 4 - 16 individuals and the breeding season occurs between october and march ( hinze 2005 ) . for example , in the sani valley , o . sloggettii lives in mixed - sex colonies of up to 17 individuals ( hinze et al . 2013 ) , which construct an intricate underground burrow system in organic and mineral soils ( hinze et al . 2006 ) . plants taken below ground are used for nesting and there is no evidence of food hoarding ( hinze et al . 2006 ) . suitable wetland sites in the sani valley are home to several colonies and competition for preferred food plants leads to solitary feeding and avoidance between individuals of the same and different colonies ( hinze et al . 2013 ) . rocky surfaces and boggy soil limits dispersal ( mokotjomela et al . 2010 ) .

there is anecdotal information of herdsman in lesotho hunting o . sloggetti . however , this threat remains to be quantified .

it occurs in many protected areas across its range such as the maloti - drakensberg transfrontier conservation area ( monadjem et al . 2015 ) and mountain zebra national park ( kok et al . 2012 ) . although no specific interventions are necessary at present , wetland conservation and restoration is likely to benefit this species . recommendations for land managers and practitioners :

land managers should maintain a vegetation buffer around wetlands to reduce impacts of land - use practices .

land managers should practice holistic management of ranchlands , including de - stocking and rotational grazing .

further long - term , systematic monitoring is needed to establish subpopulation trends and threat levels .

report sightings on virtual museum platforms ( for example , ispot and mammalmap ) , especially outside protected areas .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352

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4 . grassland - > 4 . 7 . grassland - subtropical / tropical high altitude suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 4 . wetlands ( inland ) - bogs , marshes , swamps , fens , peatlands suitability : suitable 0 . root - > 6 . rocky areas ( eg . inland cliffs , mountain peaks ) suitability : suitable

2 . land / water management - > 2 . 3 . habitat & natural process restoration

1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 1 . housing & urban areas ♦ timing : ongoing 2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 1 . annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2 . 1 . 2 . small - holder farming ♦ timing : ongoing 5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 1 . hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - > 5 . 1 . 1 . intentional use ( species is the target ) ♦ timing : ongoing

1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology

iucn . 2017 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2017 - 2 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 14 september 2017 ) .

kok , a . d . , parker , d . m . and barker , n . p . 2012 . life on high : the diversity of small mammals at high altitude in south africa . biodiversity and conservation 21 : 2823–2843 .

lynch , c . d . 1994 . the mammals of lesotho . navorsinge van die nasionale museum bloemfontein 10 ( 4 ) : 177 - 241 .

monadjem , a . , taylor , p . j . , denys , c . and cotterill , f . p . d . 2015 . rodents of sub - saharan africa - a biogeographic and taxonomic synthesis . de gruyter , berlin / munich / boston .

pacifici , m . , santini , l . , di marco , m . , baisero , d . , francucci , l . , grottolo marasini , g . , visconti , p . and rondinini , c . 2013 . generation length for mammals . nature conservation 5 : 87–94 .

taylor , p . j . , denys , c . and mukerjee , m . 2004 . phylogeny of the african murid tribe otomyini ( rodentia ) , based on morphological and allozyme evidence . zoologica scripta 33 : 389–402 .

taylor , p . j . , nengovhela , a . , linden , j . and baxter , r . m . 2016 . past , present , and future distribution of afromontane rodents ( muridae : otomys ) reflect climate - change predicted biome changes . mammalia 80 : 359–375 .

this species is known from central and eastern south africa and from across lesotho . it occurs above 2 , 000 m asl , but is usually found higher than 2 , 600 m asl . there are historical records from inselbergs in the karoo at 1 , 500 m asl .

katja schulz set " file : otomys sloggetti . png " as an exemplar on " otomys " .

yan wong changed the thumbnail image of " file : otomys sloggetti . png " .

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name " natalinkorvarotta " to " otomys sloggetti thomas , 1902 " .

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picture has been licensed under a creative commons attribution . original source : chown sl , sinclair bj , leinaas hp , gaston kj : hemispheric asymmetries in biodiversity—a serious matter for ecology . plos biol 2 / 11 / 2004 : e406 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pbio . 0020406 author : brent j . sinclair

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it is a diurnal inhabitant of montane and alpine grassland on both dry or wet bog soils with or without rocky outcrops . the species does not occur in modified habitats .

amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & cox , n . ( global mammal assessment team )

listed as least concern because it has a relatively wide distribution including several protected areas , a presumed large population , and its population is not believed to be in decline at present .

there have been estimates of the population at over 100 individuals / ha in suitable rocky habitats ( willan 1990 ) .

musser , g . g . ; carleton , m . d . ( 2005 ) . " superfamily muroidea " . in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 894–1531 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .

taylor , p . j . & monadjem , a . 2008 . otomys sloggetti . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 1 . otomys sloggetti . downloaded on 18 july 2011 .

smithers , reay h . n . the mammals of the southern african subregion - university of pretoria ( 1983 )


protorthodes mexicana is a moth in the noctuidae family .

it is found in mexico ( jalapa ) .

the length of the forewings is about 12 mm .

the forewings are pale whitish buff brown with a dusting of pale-brown scales .

the subbasal , antemedial and postmedial lines are very faint and indicated by paler lines bordered on each side by scattered pale-brown scales .

the subterminal line is more distinct because of darker shading in the terminal area and the outer part of the subterminal area adjacent to it .

the reniform and orbicular spots are slightly darker than the ground color and are outlined in white .

the terminal area is darker than the remainder of the forewing because of more numerous grey-brown scales .

the hindwings are white with a trace of darker scaling on the veins and the wing margin .

adults have been recorded on wing in late april .

protorthodes mexicana

protorthodes mexicana <EOT> protorthodes ustulata looks like a dark burnt - orange form of protorthodes perforata . . .

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all papers in zookeys are published under a creative commons license and can be freely copied , downloaded , printed and distributed at no charge for the reader , provided that the original source is credited .

papers are published both online and in the traditional printed format , in full compliance with the current requirements of the international code for zoological nomenclature .

zookeys is published by pensoft publishers ( 13a geo milev str . , 1111 sofia , bulgaria ) .

zookeys is the first journal to routinely provide its contents to the eol on the day of publication .

( figs 33 , 60 ) . habitus : ( fig . 33 ) . size : [ see also table 5 ] . . .

a euchroina genus of beetles that are medium - sized ( 8 . 2 - 10 mm ) , black . . .

israel : - northern district : 1 ♂ , “palestine . …galilee xii . 1924 o . theodor . ” . . .

israel : northern district : 2 ♂♂ , 2 ♀♀ , upper galilee , nahal kziv , . . .

holotype ♂ , tibet : linzhi sejila mountain kouxi , alt . 3780m , 2012 . viii . . . .

antenna brown ; first flagellomere subtriangular , about as long as wide ; acr . . .

holotype ♂ , tibet : motuo county , alt . 1100m , 2012 . vii . 26 , leg . . . .

antenna blackish ; first flagellomere rather short , about 0 . 4 times as long . . .

holotype ♂ , tibet : linzhi , 2012 . ix . 2–12 ( m ) . paratypes , 32♂♂ 14♀♀ , same . . .

antenna whole brown ; acr 5–6 irregular pairs ; abdomen whole brilliant metallic . . .

holotype ♂ , tibet : motuo county , alt . 1100m , 2012 . viii . 26 , leg . xuankun li . . . .

type holotype , ♂ , tibet : linzhi , alt . 3050m , 1978 . vi . 1 - 3 , leg . fasheng li . . . .

type holotype , ♂ , tibet : bomi , alt . 3050m , 1978 . vii . 16 , leg . fasheng li . . . .

type holotype , ♂ , tibet : bomi , alt . 3700m , 1978 . viii . 12 , leg . fasheng li . . . .

ht ♂ . length 9 . 6 mm ; width 4 . 6 mm . body black ; elytra . . .

nudorthodes molino can be recognized by the diffuse dark - brown band across . . .

the genus nudorthodes differs from other genera in the hadenini : eriopygina . . .

adult male . ( female unknown ) . forewing length : 12 mm . head – male . . .

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leucogoniella distincta is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by keifer in 1935 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california .

the wingspan is 7.5-9 mm .

the forewings are rather shining grey , tending to blackish apically , especially beyond the fascia .

the plical stigma are faintly darker at one-third .

there is a short white outward dash on the costa at halfway , preceded and followed by blackish .

there is an antapical white fascia from the costa to the tornus , more or less bent outwardly in the center but not angulate .

some white spots are found around the apical margins , including one on the apex .

the hindwings are lighter grey than the forewings .

leucogoniella distincta

leucogoniella distincta <EOT> californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6075 genus : leucogoniella species : distincta sex : location : woodfords county : alpine collector : coll _ date : in jul specimen _ loc : cdfa url : . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34917 genus : leucogoniella species : distincta sex : location : red bluff county : tehama collector : coll _ date : in may specimen _ loc : cdfa url . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34916 genus : leucogoniella species : californica sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ da . . . more

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

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compiled from kelly richers ' california moth specimen database . kelly has been compiling the database since 1996 from literature sources , museum collections , and ( i believe ) novel collections . these lists are probably not comprehensive ( if such a thing is possible for such a diverse group of organisms ) , but given kelly ' s dedication and the degree of sampling in the state , it ' s probably pretty close at the state and regional level , and approaching that degree at the county level , and thus i have marked them as comprehensive on inat . all errors are my own , and if you find any , please let me know .

many of the names in the cmsd have not bee included in the inat lists i ' ve created . i have tried to import every name from the catalogue of life , bugguide , and ubio , so any names that are still missing are not present in those sources . i have also tried to manually check the remainder against urltoken , i ' ve tried to manually add any taxa that have a species page on mpg , and i ' ve checked for simple misspellings of the kind the google can catch . for the remainder , here are some of the reasons the names are missing :

taxonomic ambiguity : sometimes a name was clearly in use in the past but i can ' t tell how it maps to a current name .

many names in the cmsd have specific epithets that exist in other , unrelatd genera , e . g . " acrolophus inquinatus , " which may be mistaken entry for hellinsia inquinatus . i have not included these names in an effort to minimize assumptions about the collectors ' intents .

a full listing of all the names i was not able to import can be found here .

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6079 genus : keiferia species : altisolani sex : location : ebbetts pass county : alpine collector : h . h . keifer coll _ date : aug 20 36 specimen _ l . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6080 genus : aroga species : paulella sex : location : markleeville county : alpine collector : not given coll _ date : jun 17 58 specimen _ loc : ucb . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6081 genus : aroga species : unifasciella sex : location : woods lake county : alpine collector : r . m . brown coll _ date : jul 8 - 10 2004 specimen _ l . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 35 genus : chionodes species : trichostola sex : f location : utica reserve county : alpine collector : d . viers coll _ date : jun 30 - jul 7 71 speci . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 1909 genus : chionodes species : popa sex : m location : ebbetts pass county : alpine collector : j . powell coll _ date : jul 18 67 specimen _ loc : uc . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6078 genus : gelechia species : dyariella sex : location : 3 mi w monitor pass county : alpine collector : j . powell coll _ date : jun 22 62 specim . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6077 genus : prolita species : jubata sex : location : markleeville county : alpine collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : cdfa url : https : / / ess . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6076 genus : telphusa species : sedulitella sex : location : woods lake cg county : alpine collector : f . sperling coll _ date : aug 21 98 specimen . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6082 genus : anacampsis species : niveopulvella sex : location : 15 mi sw woodford county : alpine collector : d . rubinoff coll _ date : jul 28 90 s . . . more

source : richers , k . ( 2015 ) . california moth specimen database . essig museum of entomology , berkeley , ca . accessed 24 45 2015 . ( link )

check lists for individual taxa that live here , e . g . " birds of alpine " .

file should be in the following format : taxon name , description , occurrence status , establishment means . csv should not contain a header row . allowed occurrence status values : present , common , uncommon , irregular , doubtful , absent allowed establish means values : native , endemic , introduced

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34921 genus : euscrobipalpa species : obsoletella sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ da . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34920 genus : gnorimoschema species : saphirinella sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ d . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34925 genus : chionodes species : trichostola sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ date : . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34922 genus : chionodes species : braunella sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ date : in . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34924 genus : chionodes species : ochreostrigella sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ da . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34923 genus : chionodes species : chrysopyla ? sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ date : . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5042 genus : chionodes species : retiniella sex : m location : mill creek county : tehama collector : opler , powell coll _ date : jul 6 70 specimen _ . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34926 genus : filatima species : demissae sex : location : deer cr , hwy 32 county : tehama collector : l . crabtree coll _ date : em jun 26 99 speci . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34927 genus : filatima species : saliciphaga ? sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ date : . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34919 genus : rifseria species : fuscotaeniaella sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ dat . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34915 genus : coleotechnites species : coniferella complex sex : location : hill cr county : tehama collector : dietz , rude coll _ date : jul 6 70 . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34918 genus : telphusa species : sedulitella sex : location : 21 mi e redding county : tehama collector : p . a . opler coll _ date : apr 20 68 specim . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34928 genus : anarsia species : lineatella sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ date : in . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34913 genus : aristotelia species : argentifera sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ date . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34912 genus : aristotelia species : adenostomae sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ date . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34914 genus : aristotelia species : eldorada sex : location : child ' s mdw county : tehama collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : jul 12 66 specim . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34929 genus : platyedra species : subcinerea sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ date : i . . . more

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34911 genus : walshia species : miscecolorella sex : location : mill cr county : tehama collector : dietz , rude coll _ date : jul 6 70 specimen _ loc . . . more

source : richers , k . ( 2015 ) . california moth specimen database . essig museum of entomology , berkeley , ca . accessed 27 40 2015 . ( link )

check lists for individual taxa that live here , e . g . " birds of tehama " .