poritidae is a family of stony corals .

members of the family are colonial hermatypic ( reef-building ) corals .

they are variable in size and form but most are massive , laminar or ramose as well as branching and encrusting .

the corallites are compact with very little coenosteum covering the skeleton .

the walls of the corallites and the septa are porous .

j.e.n. veron considers the family is not a natural grouping but is a miscellaneous collection of genera that do not fit well elsewhere .

poritidae

poritidae <EOT> family poritidae ( enter poritidae or species in search bar ) on the iucn red list of threatened species website : technical fact sheet .

diagnostic morphological characters among genera in the family poritidae are summarized in table 2 .

molecular phylogenetic relationships of the family poritidae and related families based on mitochondrial coi sequences .

molecular phylogenetic relationships of genera of the poritidae except of alveopora based on its sequences .

species delimitation in the coral genus goniopora ( scleractinia , poritidae ) from the saudi arabian red sea .

comparison of the diagnostic morphological characters between the previous classifications and the classification used in this study in the family poritidae .

and related species ( scleractinia : poritidae ) in japan based on molecular and morphological data . zool stud 52 : 25

species delimitation in the coral genus goniopora ( scleractinia , poritidae ) from the saudi arabian red sea . - pubmed - ncbi

molecular phylogenetic relationships of genera of the poritidae except of < i > alveopora < / i > based on its sequences .

family poritidae and alveropora species on reef corals of the indo - malayan seas , the marine species identification portal : technical fact sheet .

, a new genus and new species of scleractinian coral ( scleractinia , poritidae ) from the gulf of oman . zootaxa 532 : 1–8 .

family poritidae ( select species from list ) on corals of the world online on the australian institute of marine science website : technical fact sheet .

bernard hn ( 1903 ) the family poritidae , i : the genus goniopora . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 4 : 1–206 , pl 1–14 .

as the only representative here , is a taxonomic and ecological isolate that , superficially , has as much in common with the primarily mesozoic actinacididae as the extant poritidae . like

, a new species of hard coral ( scleractinia , poritidae ) from the southern red sea , the gulf of tadjoura , and the gulf of aden . zootaxa 3447 : 56–68 .

bernard hn ( 1906 ) the family poritidae , ii : the genus goniopora , a supplement to vol . iv . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 6 : 145–173 , pl 7–8 , 17 .

bernard hn ( 1905 ) the family poritidae , ii : the genus porites part i : porites of the indo - pacific region . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 5 : 1–303 , pl 1–35 .

hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia . poritidae gray , 1842 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 196105 on 2018 - 07 - 09

we obtained a total of 84 sequences of its from all 5 genera in the poritidae ( table 1 ) . in this study , we excluded alveopora from its analysis because its regions were highly variable between alveopora and other genera and they were hardly aligned .

citation : kitano yf , benzoni f , arrigoni r , shirayama y , wallace cc , fukami h ( 2014 ) a phylogeny of the family poritidae ( cnidaria , scleractinia ) based on molecular and morphological analyses . plos one 9 ( 5 ) : e98406 . urltoken

remarks : there are four extant genera in family poritidae , porites , goniopora , stylaraea and bernardpora gen . nov . all are zooxanthellate corals . porites is the only genus distributed throughout the tropics . others are indo - pacific . based on our results we confirm that the genus alveopora does not belong to the same lineage as the family poritidae . although a full evaluation of the position of alveopora is not completed yet , it is certain that alveopora is closely related to other genera in the family acroporidae ( [ 20 ] , this study ) .

bernard hn ( 1906 ) the family poritidae , ii : the genus porites part ii : porites of the atlantic and west indies , with the european forms . the genus goniopora , a supplement to vol . iv . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 6 : 1–167 , pl 1–17 .

description colonial , hermatypic , mostly extant . colonies usually massive , laminar or ramose . corallites have a wide size range but are usually compacted with little or no coenosteum . walls and septa are porous . poritidae is an isolated family . it is essentially a heterogeneous assembly of distantly related genera . ( veron , 1986 < 57 > ) . [ details ]

kitano , y . f . ; benzoni , f . ; arrigoni , r . ; shirayama , y . ; wallace , c . c . ; fukami , h . ( 2014 ) . a phylogeny of the family poritidae ( cnidaria , scleractinia ) based on molecular and morphological analyses . plos one . 9 ( 5 ) : e98406 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

bernard [ 26 ] proposed that the septal formula of porites derives from that of goniopora by reduction of the third septal cycle , referring to the typical septal pattern of goniopora as the gonioporoid pattern . veron and pichon [ 15 ] showed that g . stutchburyi typically has this septal pattern ( fig . 2g ) . in this study , we proved that g . stutchburyi is a basal species of porites , and our results strongly support bernard ' s hypothesis that porites is derived from goniopora - like morphologies . this conclusion is also supported by the fossil record : goniopora extends back to the cretaceous , but porites only to the eocene [ 16 ] . thus , the presence of 24 septa would seem to be an ancestral feature in the poritidae . the fact that taxa in the family dendrophylliidae , the closest related outgroup of the poritidae , have more than 24 septa would appear to support this .

we obtained 69 coi sequences from all 5 genera in the poritidae with alveopora , 3 sequences from turbinaria peltata and astreopora spp . , and one from montipora venosa ( table 1 ) . a total of 473 positions were used ( 120 polymorphic sites with 109 informative sites ) and no indels were observed . a phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using these data , including sequences from genbank / ddbj ( see methods ) . siderastrea siderea was used as an outgroup , based on the phylogenetic position of the scleractinia shown by fukami et al . [ 19 ] .

in this study , we assess the relationship of all 5 genera in the poritidae with alveopora to revise the taxonomy , and infer the morphological changes in the evolutional lineage in this family , using both molecular and morphological analysis . also to assess phylogenetic variation in the regional and species differences , the present study examines a large number of specimens collected with broad geographic ranges from mainly japan water to the indian ocean , covering most of common species and some uncommon and rare species , together with the genetic data of porites spp . from forsman et al . [ 9 ] .

molecular phylogenetic relationships of genera of the poritidae except of alveopora based on combined coi + its sequences . numbers on / below main branches show bootstrap values ( > 50 % ) in ml and nj analyses , and bayesian posterior probability ( > 0 . 8 ) . stars show specimens collected from western indian ocean , and triangles show ones collected from malacca strait . sample codes or accession numbers are shown after species names ( see table 1 , table s3 ) . grey in color for alveopora , green for porites , purple for stylaraea , blue for ‘ poritipora ’ , and orange for ‘ machadoporites ’ . goniopora is shown by bars in black . bernardpora is shown by bar in red .

description colonial , hermatypic , mostly extant . colonies usually massive , laminar or ramose . corallites have a wide size range but are . . .

veron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson publishers , london . [ details ]

veron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1–3 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]

discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .

copyright : © 2014 kitano et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .

funding : financial support was provided by a grant to h . f . from grant - in - aid for scientific research ( b ) ( no . 223070033 ) and by sasagawa science research grant from the japan science society ( 23–515 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .

a : indian and pacific ocean , b : southern red sea , gulf of tadjoura and gulf of aden ; c–e : main island of japan and ryukyu archipelago . ad : aden , yemen , ak : akajima island , japan , am : amakusa , japan , ao : amami - oshima , japan , ba : bir ali , yemen , bu : al mukallah , yemen , dj : djibouti , ik : iki island , japan , ir : iriomote island or hatoma island , japan , is : ishigaki island or taketomi island , japan , ka : kamaran islands , yemen , kk : kikai island , japan ks : kushimoto , japan , mi : miyako island , japan , my : mayotte island , france , ot : ootuki , japan , ou : oura bay , japan , pen : song song island , malaysia , so : suou - oshima , japan , sr : shirahama , japan , ss : sesoko island , japan , tn : tanegashima island , japan , tr : nakanoshima island , japan

list of samples examined in this study and the accession numbers of dna sequences .

a small sample ( less than 1 cm 3 ) of each specimen was put in chaos solution to dissolve the tissues or fixed in 99 % ethanol . total dna was extracted from chaos solution using the phenol / chloroform extraction method [ 61 ] , and from the coral tissues preserved in ethanol using the dneasy blood & tissue kit ( qiagen ) . the barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit i ( coi ) was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) using the primers zco1 and zco1r [ 9 ] . the nuclear ribosomal its region ( its ) including the 3′ end of the 18s rrna , its - 1 , 5 . 8s , its - 2 , and the 5′ end of the 28s rrna was also amplified by pcr using the primers 1s and 2ss [ 62 ] . the pcr condition for these two markers was 94°c for 30 seconds followed by 30 or 35 cycles at 94°c for 30 seconds , 55°c or 60°c for 45 seconds , and 72°c for 90 seconds , with a final phase of 72°c for 5 minutes . for the mitochondrial region , pcr products were treated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase ( sap ) and exonuclease i ( exoi ) at 37°c for 40 minutes followed by 80°c for 20 minutes . the dna sequences were then determined via a direct sequence method , using abi3730 or abi310 sequencer . pcr products of the nuclear marker were also directly sequenced , but when obtained sequences had more than double peaks in the chromatogram , they were sub - cloned into ta - vector ( promega ) or topo10 ( invitrogen ) and sequenced using abi3730 or abi310 . all dna sequences obtained in this study were submitted to ddbj ( accession no . ab906942–ab907101 , listed in table 1 ) .

in addition , we combined coi and its data and analyzed them with same methods as each marker using the gtr + i + g model for the nucleotide substitution ( the average standard deviation of split frequencies after 1 . 0×10 6 generations was 0 . 009909 ) .

the electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix “ urltoken ” . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 6975d790 - 3a4f - 466a - abfa - d922e6675b4b . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central , lockss .

twenty samples of alveopora and 58 samples of goniopora were analyzed in this study ( table 1 ) . although a few species have species - specific polyps , such as goniopora albiconus , polyp characters vary greatly in the field . for example , terete tentacles , a typical polyp character of g . tenuidens , are also seen in g . burgosi .

all 7 specimens of stylaraea punctata were found in very shallow water ( 1 m ) on a sandy beach in aakajima island , okinawa , japan ( fig . 1 ) . notably , all of them were attached to dead coral skeletons of the genus acropora . their size is very small ( less 1 cm ) and they have only 5 or 6 corallites . tentacle and septal numbers were both 12 in all of them ( fig . 2a–d ) .

a–b . stylaraea punctata ak93 , mufs yfk1244 , akajima island , japan . c–d . s . punctata ak92 , mufs yfk1243 , akajima island , japan . e–h . bernardpora stutchburyi ss21g mufs yfk220 , sesoko , japan . living specimen for whole colonies ( a , e ) and polyps ( b , f ) , corallite structures ( c , g ) , and star - shaped columella ( d , h ) . arrows show columella . bars show 1 mm for ( c ) and ( g ) , and 0 . 5 mm for ( d ) and ( h ) .

poritipora paliformis veron , 2000 has 24 septa with typically 2 septal cycles ( long and short ) , 6 pali and no columella reported in the literature [ 24 ] . two samples we collected in taketomi island , japan ( first record in the pacific ocean ) had no elongating polyps in the field and had a cellular appearance ( fig . 3a ) , which is a feature of p . paliformis , as shown in veron [ 1 ] , [ 24 ] . the skeletal morphologies are also consistent in the literature , although the second cycle is not well developed in some corallites ; however , many had 24 septa with 2 cycles ( fig . 3b ) . therefore , we identified these 2 samples as p . paliformis . this species was described in veron [ 1 ] without designating type material , and then it was redescribed [ 24 ] designating the holotype . however , the hototype of this species is not valid following iczn [ 74 ] , and the specimens listed in veron [ 1 ] are regarded as part of the syntype series . therefore , the holotype of this species listed in veron [ 24 ] is to be considered a lectotype .

living specimens and corallite structures for p . paliformis is48 , mufs yfk959 , taketomi , japan ( a , b ) and m . tantillus ad068 , unimbi ad068 , aden , yemen ( e , f ) , respectively . corallite structures of holotypes of p . paliformis mtq g55857 ( c ) and goniopora minor nhmuk 1934 . 5 . 14 . 436 no . 56 ( d ) . corallites structures of g . burgosi ot6 , mufs yfk286 , otsuki , japan ( g ) and g . pendulus tn11 , mufs yfk243 , tanegashima , japan ( h ) from japan water , as examples of corallites with less 24 septa . bars show 1 mm .

four specimens collected in the gulf of aden ( fig . 3ef ) , which is near the type locality of machadoporites tantillus ( claereboudt & al - amri , 2004 ) , were identified as m . tantillus because they are consistent with the original description of this species [ 23 ] .

all samples of alveopora are genetically distant from all other poritids ( p - distance 0 . 08–0 . 10 ) , but closely related to the family acroporidae ( 0 . 06 ) . the phylogenetic position of alveopora is unclear due to low bootstrap values , but it forms a sister group with astreopora spp . in addition , sequences from t . peltata ( family dendrophylliidae ) form a sister clade of all poritids except alveopora and are positioned between alveopora and the other poritids .

the phylogenetic relationships among porites , goniopora , stylaraea , poritipora , and machadoporites were inferred using its ( fig . 5 ) . the 68 porites sequences from forsman et al . [ 9 ] and 26 goniopora sequences from kitano et al . [ 13 ] were also added for this analysis ( see table s3 ) . a total of 347 positions were used ( 108 polymorphic sites with 89 informative sites ) . this its tree also showed similar topology to the coi tree as described above . in particular , stylaraea punctata and g . stutchburyi are sister taxa . poritipora paliformis formed a clade with g . minor and g . columna . one specimen of g . minor in the poritipora clade is from the western indian ocean and others are from japan . machadoporites tantillus formed a clade with g . somaliensis and another 3 species ( g . cf . somaliensis , g . sp . 1 , and g . sp . 2 ) , all of which were collected from the western indian ocean . other western indian ocean specimens ( g . albiconus , g . ciliatus ) and malacca strait specimens ( g . albiconus , g . pendulus ) were included in a major clade of goniopora spp . meanwhile , species relationships of goniopora were less resolved because porites and goniopora have many indels in their rdna sequences and phylogenetic information sites were largely excluded .

letter ( a , b , c , d ) after sample code indicates that different alleles were obtained from a single coral sample by cloning . numbers on / below main branches show bootstrap values ( > 50 % ) in ml and nj analyses , and bayesian posterior probability ( > 0 . 8 ) . stars show specimens collected from western indian ocean , and triangles show ones collected from malacca strait . sample codes or accession numbers are shown after species names ( see table 1 ) . green in color for porites , purple for stylaraea , blue for ‘ poritipora ’ , orange for ‘ machadoporites ’ , red for bernardpora , and black for goniopora .

the tree using combined data of coi and its showed a similar topology to the one for its ( fig . s1 ) .

poritipora and machadoporites are found within the goniopora lineage in all molecular phylogenetic trees . this is supported by morphology . machadoporites differs from goniopora by having fewer septa ( fewer than 24 ) and smaller calices ( < 1 . 7 mm ) . however , some goniopora species can have superficially similar characters . for example , g . burgosi has typically 12–15 septa , as shown in the original description ( [ 51 ] , fig . 3g ) . a similar pattern is also observed in g . pendulus ( fig . 3h ) . moreover , the g . minor calices were described as 1 . 5–2 mm in size in the original description [ 50 ] . thus , characters such as “fewer than 24 septa , ” and “small size calices” are not enough to separate machadoporites from goniopora . in addition , m . tantillus forms a clade with g . somaliensis and other goniopora species from the western indian ocean .

similar to goniopora , poritipora has 24 septa , but the 2 genera can be distinguished by the difference in the number of septal cycles : 2 in p . paliformis and 3 in goniopora . however , for several goniopora species , primary and secondary cycles of septa are equal or subequal , such as in the case of g . minor ( fig . 3d ) . therefore , the character “two cycles of septa” is not enough to separate poritipora from goniopora . in addition , p . paliformis forms a clade with g . minor and g . columna .

on the one hand , machadoporites and poritipora are considered junior synonyms of goniopora and their taxonomy is hence revised hereafter .

on the other hand , the type material of p . paliformis ( fig . 3c ) and our samples ( fig . 3b ) look similar to the type material of g . minor ( fig . 3d ) shown in crossland [ 50 ] . goniopora minor has a similar size of corallites , 12 equally sized septa for the primary and secondary cycles , small or absent septa in tertiaries , and 4–6 pali . the development of the columella was described as “large , ” but it is composed only of joined septa , which is the same pattern as that of poritipora . considering that most g . minor examined in this study ( one colony of g . minor was genetically separated ; figs . 4 and 5 ) formed a clade with p . paliformis with little genetic difference , p . paliformis may be a morphological variant of g . minor .

below we propose the description of the new genus bernardpora gen . nov . and the revised diagnosis of goniopora , based on the original descriptions and subsequent information resulting from this study . see table 1 for the museum abbreviations .

diagnosis [ 1 ] , [ 16 ] , [ 60 ] : massive , laminar or ramose colonies ; corallites vary in size but usually small and mostly compacted closely without coenosteum , with one or two synapticular rings . walls and septa are porous . septa usually 12 to 24 . septa formed by 3 to 8 nearly vertical trabeculae , and innermost trabeculae of certain septa differentiated as pali .

type species : porites polymorphus link , 1807 : 163 ( = madrepora porites pallas , 1766 : 324–326 , neotype : mhnnp lamarck collection no . 150 ( figured in jameson & cairns , 2012 , figs 4d , 5 ) . this specimen is also the holotype of porites clavaria lamarck , 1816 [ 78 ] , [ 80 ] )

- neoporites duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 : 97 . type species is not fixed .

- cosmoporites duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 : 99 . type species : cosmoporites laevigata duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 : 99 . holotype : unknown ( figured in duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 : 99 , pl . x , figs . 12 , 16 . bernard [ 79 ] described ‘the type specimen was not found by count peracca in the turin museum’ . )

- synaraea verrill , 1864 : 42 . type species : porites erosa dana 1846 : 565–566 , pl . 55 , fig . 8 . holotype : usnm 668

- napopora quelch , 1884 : 296 . type species : napopora irregularis quelch , 1884 : 296–297 . holotype : nhmuk 86 . 12 . 9 . 302 .

diagnosis [ 1 ] , [ 16 ] , [ 78 ] : colonies massive , ramose , laminar , or encrusting . corallites are small , immersed , circular or polygonal . calice diameter 0 . 5–2 . 2 mm . septa are 12 in number , composed of 1 to 4 trabeculae . the typical formula of septal arrangement in this genus , with some of its variations , is seen . pali are present , variable development in different species , usually 4–8 in number . mural trabeculae always present . columella trabeculae usually present with star - shaped granules . the wall is really simple , but the incipient synapticulae , seen starting from the sides of septal granules , may become complete and form an inner synapticular wall .

remarks : distribution : indo - pacific and atlantic [ 1 ] . species number : 73 [ 1 ] , [ 15 ]

type species : goniopora pedunculata quoy & gaimard , 1833 : 218–220 , pl . 16 , figs . 9–11 . the type specimen appears to be lost [ 15 ] .

- rhodaraea mile edwards & haime , 1849 : 259 . type species : astraea calicularis , lamarck 1816 : 266 . holotype : unknown .

- tichopora quelch , 1886 : 188 . type species : tichopora tenella quelch , 1886 : 189 , pl . 11 , figs . 1 , 1a . type specimens : nhmuk 86 . 12 . 9 . 342 .

- poritipora veron , 2000 : 347 . type species : poritipora paliformis veron , 2000 : 347 . lectotype : mtq g55857

- calathiscus claereboudt & al - amri , 2004 . type species : calathiscus tantillus claereboudt & al - amri , 2004 ( this species is also type species of the genus machadoporites ) . holotype : squ040001 .

- machadoporites nemésio , 2005 . type speices : calathiscus tantillus claereboudt & al - amri , 2004 .

revised diagnosis [ 1 , 16 , 26 , this study ] : massive , columnar or ramose , rarely encrusting colonies . corallites are circular or polygonal . calice diameter 1–10 mm . septa 24 in two or three cycles , or between 24 and 12 in two or three cycles , composed of 4 to 8 trabeculae . pali and columella may develop . columellae are composed of anastomosed septal dentations or arranged synapticula and fused inner ends of septa . wall structure is synapticulothecal . polyps usually elongate during the day ( note that g . paliformis does not elongate polyps during the day ) .

remarks : poritipora and machadoporites are considered as junior synonyms of goniopora . distribution : indo - pacific [ 1 ] . species number : 33 [ 1 , 15 , this study ] .

type species : madrepora punctata linnaeus , 1758 : 795 . the specimen zmb # 956 may be syntype [ 78 ] ( examined ) .

diagnosis : stylaraea is a monospecific genus with only known species , s . punctata . therefore , the characters of this genus are those of s . punctata . colonies are tiny ( usually less 10 mm in size ) and from “cushion - shaped crusts” [ 46 ] . calices are concavate and around 1 mm diameters . septal number is 12 ( “2 cycles of 6 each” [ 15 ] ) without specific septal pattern . septa are composed of rows of star - shaped granules . primary septa may reach to collumellae . columella is composed of a star - shaped central rod such as porites or bernaldopora . wall structure is synapticulothecal .

remarks : distribution : indo - pacific [ 1 ] . species number : 1

urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 9c2fe523 - a491 - 45ae - bc22 - b528ca68c040

type species : goniopora stutchburyi wells , 1955 : 11 , pl . 1 , figs 1–2 ; holotype : mtq g2931 ( examined )

etymology : the generic name is in honor of the coral scientist henry m . bernard .

summary of the diagnostic morphological characters for species identification of the genus goniopora . original descriptions are shown in bold .

summary of the diagnostic morphological characters for species identification of the genus alveopora . original descriptions are shown in bold .

list of poritid samples and accession numbers for coi and its , referred from previous study .

conceived and designed the experiments : yk hf . performed the experiments : yk . analyzed the data : yk . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : yk hf fb ra cw ys . wrote the paper : yk hf fb .

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do these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !

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sorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .

from danwei huang , karenne p . p . tun , l . m chou and peter a . todd . 30 dec 2009 .

goniopora sp . with list of species recorded for singapore porites sp . ( pore corals ) with list of species recorded for singapore alveopora sp . ( daisy corals ) alveopora allingi ( vulnerable ) alveopora catalai ( near threatened ) alveopora excelsa ( endangered ) alveopora fenestrata ( vulnerable ) alveopora marionensis ( vulnerable ) alveopora spongiosa * * ( near threatened ) alveropora tizardi * *

danwei huang , karenne p . p . tun , l . m chou and peter a . todd . 30 dec 2009 . an inventory of zooxanthellate sclerectinian corals in singapore including 33 new records ( pdf ) . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 22 : 69 - 80 .

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wee y . c . and peter k . l . ng . 1994 . a first look at biodiversity in singapore . national council on the environment . 163pp .

ng , p . k . l . & y . c . wee , 1994 . the singapore red data book : threatened plants and animals of singapore . the nature society ( singapore ) , singapore . 343 pp .

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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

massive or branching species easily recognized by their small hexagonal calices with a snowflake pattern . many are difficult to identify in the field since id ' s are based upon minute skeletal structures hidden by the live polyp . lobe and finger coral are dominant reef - forming species in hawaii while the others are occasional in clear waters .

large fleshy polyp species of tropical seas include alveopora and goniopora with 12 and 24 tentacles . these do not occur in hawaii or the atlantic .

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terraneo ti 1 , benzoni f 2 , arrigoni r 3 , berumen ml 3 .

red sea research center , division of biological and environmental sciences and engineering , king abdullah university of science and technology , thuwal 23955 - 6900 , saudi arabia . electronic address : tulliaisotta . terraneo @ kaust . edu . sa .

department of biotechnology and biosciences , university of milano - bicocca , piazza della scienza 2 , milano 20126 , italy ; institut de recherche pour le développement , umr227 coreus2 , 101 promenade roger laroque , bp a5 , 98848 noumea cedex , new caledonia .

red sea research center , division of biological and environmental sciences and engineering , king abdullah university of science and technology , thuwal 23955 - 6900 , saudi arabia .

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we sequenced igr , its region , atpsβ , calm for the genus goniopora from the red sea .

we used haploweb , abgd , ptp and , gmyc to evaluate species delimitation in goniopora .

copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .

, it is confined to shallow rocky - subtidal environments where other corals are seldomly found . this species resembles

except that septa are short , are in two cycles and do not fuse . colonies are circular or encrusting , less than 15mm across with uniformly spaced corallites . septa are in 2 cycles of 6 each . columella is an irregular pinnule . color is pale brown , with white septa and columella .

as the only member , forms dull brown , massive colonies , usually hemispherical , several meters across an occurs in shallow reef environments and lagoons . it resembles

, which has lightly smaller corallites , but this species is easily recognised under water . the undulating surface houses deeply excavated corallites that are 2 - 3mm in diameter ( cellular appearance ) . the surface is smooth to undulating . corallites are deeply excavated . septa are arranged in 2 alternating cycles of 6 each , with the primary cycle forming decent paliform styli . columella is absent . corallite walls are very thin ( coral skeleton is very light ) .

this genus has been a major reef - builder throughout much of the duration of the cenozoic tethys . the derivation of the poritid pattern of septal fusion from

is one of the few instances in scleractinian taxonomy where one taxon or taxonomic character can be said to be ' primitive ' compared with another .

frequently forms very extensive monospecific or multi - specific stands in inshore environments dominated by terrigenous sediments as well as offshore areas that are influenced by river runoff . thus

can be found in turbid water and in areas generally protected from wave action ; e . g .

can form extensive stands that are tens of meters long and wide . local dominance in certain habitats may be related to their sediments - rejecting ability , which may be facilitated by the fact t hat the large fleshy polyps of most

is also one of the most aggressive coral species , excluding other corals within its periphery . it has been observed that

uses specialized elongated " sweeper polyps " to attack neighboring coral colonies . the sweeper polyps of

species are easily recognized in situ by characters of soft tissues , but these may become unreliable over wide geographic ranges . colonies are massive or rounded , few even encrusting to fine - branched colonies and far less massive than

. the peristome , polyp , and the tentacles are of different color . calices are rounded or hexagonal that extend 1 - 5mm in diameter . septal margins are pitted or spiny and seem to come up from the floor of the corallite ( contrary to

) . septa are usually 24 septa in 3 cycles . the larger first 2 cycles are very distinct ( dorsal and ventral septa are isolated , while lateral septa merge ) , while the 3rd merges with the former at close proximity of the corallite wall .

, although these genera are probably not closely related . morphological differences between the two are demonstrated by all

species together in the same biotope , as habitats of individual species are very different , more so than for any other genus . these habitats include protected turbid biotopes ( the majority of species ) , exposed upper reef slopes ( e . g .

) and high - latitude , non - reef biotopes ( e . g .

. corallum and tentacles are brownish or bluish . calices are rounded or polygonal and about 1 - 2mm in diameter . they are crowded or closely united by their very brittle walls ( entire

) ; the shared wall is pierced by pores giving it a lace - like appearance .

yuko f . kitano , 1 , 2 francesca benzoni , 3 roberto arrigoni , 3 yoshihisa shirayama , 1 , 4 carden c . wallace , 5 and hironobu fukami 2 , *

this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .

) was performed in the frame of research projects by japanese society for coral taxonomy or by associate prof . h . fukami at university of miyazaki with sampling permission from each local government in japan . malaysia ( pen ; see

) sampling has taken place by local staffs in non - marine protected area , songsong island , under the permission of the research project by prof . zulfigar yasin and prof . aileen tan at universiti sains malaysia . all western indian ocean sampling was also performed in the frame of research projects for which a sampling permission was delivered by local authorities and samples were shipped with cites permits . ad , ba , bu , dj , and mu are all sites in yemen (

) . there , sampling has taken place in several missions and regular sampling permits were issued by yemen environmental protection agency ( epa ) in sana ' a . moreover , epa staff supervised the activities in the field at all times . my is mayotte island (

) . sampling permits there were issued by the direction de l ' agriculture et de la foret de mayotte , service environnement et foret and by the maritime affairs office . dj are samples from djibouti (

) taken during the tara oceans expedition and the sampling permits were delivered by the aménagement du territoire et de l ' environnement de djibouti . photos of each specimen were taken in the field ( particularly for living polyps ) and the depth and habitat were recorded . after collection , a small piece of each specimen was removed for use in dna extraction ( see below ) , and the remaining sample was bleached to investigate the skeletal morphology for species identification .

asterisk shows accession number referred from kitano et al . [ 13 ] . note that more than one its sequences were obtained by sub - cloning from a single specimen in several samples while its from other samples were determined by direct sequencing of pcr products . museum abbreviations are as follows : msl / usm : universiti sains malaysia , mufs : university of miyazaki , department of fisheries science ( = department of marine biology and environmental science ) , japan , smbl : seto marine biological laboratory , kyoto university , japan , and unimib : university of milano - bicocca , department of biotechnology and biosciences , italy .

) of each specimen was put in chaos solution to dissolve the tissues or fixed in 99 % ethanol . total dna was extracted from chaos solution using the phenol / chloroform extraction method

. the nuclear ribosomal its region ( its ) including the 3′ end of the 18s rrna , its - 1 , 5 . 8s , its - 2 , and the 5′ end of the 28s rrna was also amplified by pcr using the primers 1s and 2ss


the conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) is a species of boa described in may 2016 .

it is only known from the conception island bank in the bahamas .

it is the first known discovery of a west indian boa species in 73 years .

it is named for its unique silver color .

conception bank silver boa

conception bank silver boa <EOT> the silver boa was discovered on conception island bank , which comprises uninhabited conception island and its satellite islets .

the conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentums ) . image credit : graham reynolds .

the conception bank silver boa . image credit : alberto r . puente - rolon .

a close up of the new conception bank silver boa . photo credit : graham reynolds

the bahamian silver boa or conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) . photo by graham reynolds / unc - ashville . | lizards and snakes | pinterest

the conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) is named for its color and the fact it was first found on a silver palm tree .

dr . reynolds and his colleagues named this new species chilabothrus argentums and gave it the common name conception bank silver boa .

fortunately for the silver boa , all islands on the conception island bank are national parkland , and visitors to the area are relatively rare .

it was discovered on conception island bank . photograph : graham reynolds / university of north carolina asheville

the scientists named the conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) , based on both its color and the fact it was first found on an aptly named silver palm tree . a study on the species appeared in the journal breviora .

the silver boa , chilabothrus argentum , is so named because of its distinctive metallic colour and the fact that the first specimen found was climbing a silver palm tree .

the conception bank silver boa averages about 37 to 43 inches ( 0 . 95 – 1 . 1 m ) in length from the tip of its snout to the urogenital vent . the tail is about 8 inches ( 20 cm ) long .

the snake is threatened by natural disasters , the illegal pet trade and feral cats , of which many can be found on conception island bank . the good news for this species is all islands on the conception island bank are national parkland , and visitors to the islands is rare .

its latin name is chilabothrus argentum , argentum being latin for ' silver . ' graham reynolds says it ' s a beautiful new species of silver boa and he told voa that " finding a new boa is extremely rare , especially in a well - studied region like the caribbean . "

r . graham reynolds et al . 2016 . discovery of a remarkable new boa from the conception island bank , bahamas . breviora 549 : 1 - 19 ; doi : 10 . 3099 / brvo - 549 - 00 - 1 - 19 . 1

a team of researchers led by dr . graham reynolds from the university of north carolina asheville has discovered a new species of non - venomous boid snake on the conception island bank , bahamas .

the three other bahamian boa species look different from the newfound species , with dark splotches and stripes . the silver boa is not only paler , it also—unlike the others—lives in trees , where it feeds mostly on birds .

thus , the entire silver boa population , which the team estimates to be fewer than a thousand animals , is found only in one small patch of earth .

captured silver boas were electronically tagged by the scientists before being freed back into their forest home .

this makes the species vulnerable to extinction , and reynolds and his colleagues believe the silver boa should be designated as critically endangered by the international union for conservation of nature .

“this new species occurs on a group of islands that have never been connected to any of the other islands in the bahamas , ” says reynolds . “as far as we know , they only occur on conception island bank and nowhere else . ” ( see " why we were totally wrong about how boa constrictors kill . " )

this snake is considered critically endangered and is one of the most endangered boa species globally .

a new species of boa constrictor has been discovered on a remote island in the bahamas .

r . graham reynolds , alberto r . puente - rolón , anthony j . geneva , kevin j . aviles - rodriguez and nicholas c . herrmann . 2016 . discovery of a remarkable new boa from the conception island bank , bahamas . breviora . 549 ; 1 - 19 . doi : 10 . 3099 / brvo - 549 - 00 - 1 - 19 . 1

another silver boa had come down from the forest and crawled right over him as he slept . they ' d located their sixth specimen , and dna analyses back at the lab confirmed the snake was a new species .

“graham reynolds and his co - authors have not only discovered and described a new species of snake , but even more remarkable , a new species of boa . that’s rare , exciting , and newsworthy , ” said robert henderson , a boa expert with the milwaukee museum of natural history . “the beautiful bahamian silver boa , already possibly critically endangered , reminds us that important discoveries are still waiting to be made . ”

“the beautiful silver boa , already possibly critically endangered , reminds us that important discoveries are still waiting to be made , and it provides the people of the bahamas another reason to be proud of the natural wonders of their island nation . ”

the proof came when genetic tests came back from a harvard lab , confirming that the silver boa was in fact a different species that - just like darwin ' s finches on the galápagos islands - had been evolving in isolation for several million years .

this new boa is just one of the hundreds , perhaps thousands of new species that are discovered every year .

ray agrees that despite living in a refuge , the boa is still in danger—in particular from feral cats and dogs .

according to the scientists , the description of this new snake brings the total number of west indian boa species to 12 .

the slithery addition to the boidae ( boa ) family is described in this week ' s edition of the journal breviora .

“this study represents the first new in situ discovery of a west indian boa species in 73 years , ” the scientists said .

expedition member alberto puente - rolón , an expert on caribbean boas , agreed that the animal appeared unlike any species of known boa .

it has unique color among bahamian boa species . the upper ( or dorsal ) surface of the body is silver gray to very light tan , occasionally with a very faint gray dorsal stripe extending the length of the spine with jagged edges and occasional interruption . the lower ( ventral ) surface is pure cream white with no markings or other coloration .

“as dr reynolds slept , a boa crawled down from the forest , across the beach , and directly onto his head , ” the report revealed .

like other constricting snakes , the boa wraps its body around prey and causes death by suffocation . the staple diet of boas in the bahamas consists of frogs , birds and rats .

so the team went searching for more boas , finding four more snakes before settling down to sleep on the beach at conception island . but it turns out the boas weren ' t ready to call it a night . ( see " extremely rare fishing snakes discovered . " )

“graham reynolds and his co - authors have not only discovered and described a new species of snake , but even more remarkable , a new species of boa . that’s rare , exciting , and newsworthy .

“reynolds et al . have not only discovered and described a new species of snake , but even more remarkable , a new species of boa . that’s rare , exciting , and newsworthy , ” he said .

the reptile faces threats such as natural disasters ( which could wipe out the entire population ) ; poaching for the pet trade ; and feral cats , which exist on conception island and are known to prey on boas elsewhere in the bahamas . ( also see " island ' s feral cats kill surprisingly few birds , video shows . " )

commenting on the find , boa constrictor expert robert henderson , from the milwaukee museum of natural history , said : “worldwide , new species of frogs and lizards are being discovered and described with some regularity . new species of snakes , however , are much rarer .

research describing the new snake is published in the may 2016 issue of the journal breviora .

“it has been at least 58 years since the in situ discovery of new populations of taxonomically distinct boas in the region , the last being the report in 1957 of boas on margaret cay , ragged islands , bahamas . ”

“worldwide , new species of frogs and lizards are being discovered and described with some regularity . new species of snakes , however , are much rarer , ” said dr . robert henderson from the milwaukee museum of natural history , one of the world’s experts on boas .

“we found this species on its way to extinction , and now we have the opportunity to intervene on their behalf so that doesn’t happen , ” dr . reynolds added .

juvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows

© 2011 - 2018 . sci - news . com . all rights reserved . | back to top

the shiny reptile likely numbers only a thousand individuals in its remote bahamas habitat , experts say .

on an uninhabited island in the southern bahamas , a scientist noticed a snake that shined like metal as it climbed a tree .

“we all came to take a look at it , and it was instantly clear that this was something different , ” says biologist r . graham reynolds , part of the scientific team exploring the remote islands .

“sometime around 3 : 30 in the morning , i woke up to something crawling across my face , ” says reynolds , now a biologist at the university of north carolina , asheville .

“this discovery is significant because of how well - studied many parts of the bahamas are , especially in terms of herpetology , ” says julie ray , director of the conservation group team snake panama .

every year , thousands of snakes gather at the narcisse snake dens in manitoba , canada .

reynolds and his colleagues are working with the bahamas national trust , which administers the national parks , on strategies to protect the species .

“all efforts should be made to restrict the number of dogs on the island and how freely they are allowed to roam , ” says ray .

“more importantly , an attempt should be made to remove the feral cats from this protected natural area because they are not native predators . ”

scientists identified 20 of the snakes during two expeditions to the caribbean . photograph : graham reynolds / pa

scientists identified 20 of the metre - long snakes during two expeditions to the caribbean islands , the second made in october last year .

one of the creatures made a dramatic appearance by slithering on to the head of the expedition leader as he slept .

the us team led by dr graham reynolds , from harvard university , confirmed the snake was a previously unknown species after conducting a genetic analysis of tissue samples .

the snake is said to be critically endangered . photograph : graham reynolds / university of north carolina asheville

a report from harvard university described how , during the first expedition , one of the snakes introduced itself to dr reynolds while he and his colleagues were sleeping on a beach .

“this caused him to awake with a start , and upon realising what had happened , he awoke the others . ”

the creature is said to be critically endangered according to the international union for conservation of nature’s “red list” criteria , and threatened by feral cats that roam the island .

© 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .

a group of university biologists surveying a remote island in the bahamas have stumbled upon a new and possibly extremely rare new snake species .

the university of north carolina biologist also told voa the snake is likely to be highly endangered and efforts are already being made to ensure its survival in the wild .

" as soon as we saw the first specimen , " reynolds says , " we knew it was something different - we just didn ' t know how different . "

his team , which included biologists from harvard , massachusetts , and puerto rico , was instantly struck by " the coloration , body shape , head shape , and body size [ which ] were all different - looking than the hundreds of other boas of the other species we have seen . "

but the snakes aren ' t alone on the island . it ' s also full of non - native feral cats , and reynolds told voa he ' s " confident " they ' re eating his new species .

right now his team is doing more research , " trying to document the presence of cats using camera traps and identify ways to remove them from the island . "

reynolds and his team are also providing data to the bahamas national trust in the hopes that they can quickly establish a conservation program .

reynolds confirmed that the snake is indeed a new species based on a genetic analysis of tissue samples from the reptile .

chilabothrus argentum lives in trees and feeds primarily on birds . reynolds believes the snake should be considered critically endangered and should appear on the international union for conservation of nature’s “red list . ”

usfws will render a decision on the narrow headed garter snake and the northern mexican garter snake in fiscal year 2014 .

opheodrys vernalis were hatched as part of breeding program in conjunction with lake county forest preserve district .

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on an uninhabited island in the southern bahamas , a scientist noticed a snake that shined like metal as it climbed a tree .

r . graham reynolds , alberto r . puente - rolón , anthony j . geneva , kevin j . aviles - rodriguez and nicholas c . herrmann . 2016 .

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reynolds , r . graham , alberto r . puente - rolón , anthony j . geneva , kevin j . aviles - rodriguez , et al .

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

new & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region

reynolds , puente - rolón , geneva , aviles - rodriguez & herrmann . 2016

reynolds , r . g . , m . l . niemiller , s . b . hedges , a . dornburg , a . r . puente - rolón , and l . j . revell . 2013 . molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of west indian boid snakes ( chilabothrus ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 68 : 461–470 .

wuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .

[ botany • 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | ดาดดารารัศมี • a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand

begonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai ดาดดารารัศมี | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .

chamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .

great - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .

endocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .

aristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .

bagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .

the hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .

nipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 ニッポノサウルス | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .

begonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .

[ botany • 2013 ] vanda perplexa • a new species ( or . . .

[ botany • 2016 ] thismia tectipora • a new , unusual . . .

[ botany • 2014 ] four new species of nepenthes l . ( . . .

[ crustacea • 2016 ] thalassina pratas • a new mud l . . .

[ botany • 2014 ] aerides phongii • a new species of . . .

[ botany • 2016 ] nepenthes aenigma & n . justinae • . . .

[ entomology • 2016 ] six , not two , species of aciso . . .

anomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .

the benefits and costs of academic travel . or " there and back again ; again and again "

canon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4

plants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .

i ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .

necps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden

this is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .


syncopacma taeniolella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it is found in most of europe .

the wingspan is 10 – 13 mm .

adults are on wing in july .

the larvae feed on lotus corniculatus , lotus uliginosus , medicago and trifolium species .

they initially mine the leaves of their host plant .

the mine consists of an irregular blotchy rather small mine .

soon the larvae leave the mine , and start mining from between few spun leaves .

larvae can be found in may and june .

syncopacma taeniolella

syncopacma taeniolella <EOT> syncopacma taeniolella ( silver - barred sober ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .

animalia eumetozoa arthropoda hexapoda insecta lepidoptera gelechioidea gelechiidae anacampsinae syncopacma meyrick 1925 syncopacma taeniolella ( zeller , 1839 ) - telphusa acrophylla meyrick , 1911 - gelechia taeniolella ( zeller , 1839 ) - isis von oken by oken , lorenz , 1779 - 1851 volume 32 , 1839 : title page : p . 201 - n . 56 - germany

the pale fascia on s . taeniolella can be straight or , more often , slightly inwardly curved .

confused with syncopacma larseniella and s . cinctella . care required . very subtle differences .

rarely the white fascia on the upperside of the forewing can be broken or reduced to a few dots in s . taeniolella . if checking of the underside of the forewing fails to show any obvious and strong white fascia then dissection is recommended to exclude other syncopacma species .

larva : spins leaves together and feeds within the spinning . syncopacma cinctella also utilises common bird ' s - foot - trefoil and s . larseniella has been known to use it on rare occasions .

readily separated from other syncopacma species with a white fascia by the presence of a similar , usually slightly thinner fascia on the underside of the forewing and a white spot or a broken line on the underside of the hindwing . see photograph of upperside and underside of the forewings in the images section and the comparable markings of s . larseniella under that species .

the moth can be separated from other " syncopacma " species showing white fascia , by checking the underside of the forewing where a thinner white fascia is positioned and a further broken white line or spot on the underside of the hindwing . occasionally the white fascia on the on the upperside of the forewing can be broken or reduced to a few spots and can be straight or slightly curved inwards .

reasonably common in the southern half on england , this species becomes scarcer further north into england and wales , and has occurred in small numbers in scotland and ireland .

) , the larvae feeding between spun shoots or leaves during may and june .

, but can be distinguished by the whitish fascia on the underside of the forewing , absent in those species .

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the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .

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procache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 02 09 : 41 : 15 page render time : 0 . 5663s total w / procache : 0 . 6041s

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recorded in 13 ( 19 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2018 .

underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018

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notes : local on rough ground in england , south of a line from shropshire to the wash , becoming less common northwards ; rarely in wales , scotland and ireland . in hampshire recorded in both vice - counties , sometimes commonly ; on the isle of wight , although it almost certainly still occurs there , no recent record has been received . wingspan 11 - 14 mm . the most likely confusion species are s . larseniella and s . cinctella , neither of which has a fascia on the underside of the forewing nor a costal spot on the underside of the hindwing ( mbgbi vol 4 part 2 ) . larva feeds on bird ' s - foot trefoil , clover , black medick and spotted medick , living between leaves spun together with silk .

widespread but rather local , occasionally locally common , across much of england , lowland wales and eire . very local in northern england , only a few scattered sites in scotland * and unrecorded from northern ireland and isle of man . it appears to be restricted to coastal localities in the more northerly parts of britain .

* details of two scottish records ( in vc83 and vc101 ) shown on the national vc maps are unknown to this scheme , the only location with details being the outer hebrides . additionally the national vice county map has a dot for vc113 ( the channel islands ) , but no supporting data was received with the complete channel islands dataset when updated in 2012 .

the diagnostic white marks on the underside of the forewing and hindwing can be a little variable in extent but are clearly visible in the photograph above .

lotus corniculatus ( common bird ' s - foot - trefoil ) , see plant distribution map . very occasionally on lotus pedunculatus ( greater bird ' s - foot - trefoil ) , trifolium spp . ( clover ) or medicago spp . ( medick ) . it was once reported from helianthemum nummularium ( common rock - rose ) by p sokoloff in the benhs journal of 1980 : 8 .

in europe alsp found on chrysapsis micrantha , dorycnium , medicago minima ( bur medick ) , tetragonolobus maritimus , trifolium medium ( zigzag clover ) and trifolium pratense ( red clover ) .

rough ground , quarries , vegetated coastal dunes , chalk grassland and limestone pavement .

adult : easily disturbed on warm days and swept from amongst the larval foodplant . comes to light .

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- azores , balearic is . , canary is . , channel is . , corsica , crete , croatia , cyprus , greece , latvia ,

note - plants hyperlinked in red below take the visitor to the relevant plant page on " plants for a future " website where further information like photos , physical characteristics , habitats , edible uses , medicinal uses , cultivation , propagation , range , height etc . are clearly listed . plant families - in bold red below takes the visitor to the relevant " lepi - plants " page where other butterflies & moths using the plants below are listed .

if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .

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common birds ' - foot trefoil , sometimes clover spp . or medick spp . .

for the county , we have a total of 10 records from 9 sites . first recorded in 1859 .

vc64 . ellington banks mod , 13 . 7 . 2005 conf . heb ( chf , jcw , spw ) . new vice - county record .

vc63 . brockadale nr , 6 . 7 . 2013 , gen . det . heb ( dwi ) . new vice - county record .

resident . a local species in southern england , becoming very local north of the midlands .

discovered at llanymynech rocks in the north - east of the county in 2012 .

spinning . eggs laid on foodplant ? larva feeds between spun leaves . pupa is reddish brown in a slight cocoon in the detritus .


argodrepana verticata is a moth in the drepanidae family .

it was described by warren in 1907 .

it is found in new guinea .

the wingspan is 30-35 mm .

the forewings are white and semi-transparent , crossed by five grey bands , all nearly parallel to the outer margin , and marked on the veins with darker grey dashes .

there are two antemedian lines , of which the basal is very obscure , and one postmedian line , as well as two submarginal lines , the outer of which is a lunulate-dentate line , with the teeth touching the grey marginal line .

all bands are present on the hindwings , the last three meeting at the anal angle .

argodrepana verticata

argodrepana verticata <EOT> this is the place for argodrepana definition . you find here argodrepana meaning , synonyms of argodrepana and images for argodrepana copyright 2017 © urltoken

here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word argodrepana . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word argodrepana and , of course , argodrepana synonyms and on the right images related to the word argodrepana .

wilkinson , c . 1970 . a new species argodrepana and records of other white drepanidae ( lepidoptera ) from new guinea . pacif . ins . 12 ( 2 ) : 241 - 249 . argodrepana marilo new species from mt . kaindi , papua new guinea , and records of argodrepana verticata ( warren ) and 6 teldenia spp . from papua new guinea ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) .

have a fact about argodrepana galbana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .

have a definition for argodrepana galbana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .

wilkinson , c . 1971 . notes on a numerical analysis of argodrepana marilo wilkinson and related species ( drepanidae : lepidoptera ) . pacif . ins . 15 ( 2 ) : 329 - 332 . numerical taxonomic relationships of argodrepana marilo wilkinson and related species from new guinea ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) .

wilkinson , c . 1967 . a taxonomic study of a new genus of drepanidae ( lepidoptera ) from new guinea . proc . r . ent . soc . lond . 36 ( 1 - 2 ) : 17 - 29 , 1 pl . lepidoptera , drepanidae : argodrepana * galbana * se new guinea , denticulata * , tenebra * , umbrosa * nw new guinea .

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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .

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for now some of the most importend publications for drepanidae are listed below . shortly i will upgrade this list with most of the literature availiable .

gaede , m . 1932 . résultats scientifiques du voyage aux indes orientales néerlandaises de ll . aa . rr . le prince et la princesse léopold de belgique . lepidoptera i . uraniidae , drepanidae , notodontidae . mém . mus . r . hist . nat . belg . hors ser 4 ( 6 ) : 57 - 61 . lepidoptera ; urani . , drepan . : alcidis agathyrsus , aruus , cyphura maxima , oreta subvinosa aru , w new guinea .

holloway , j . d . 1998 . the moths of borneo : families castniidae , callidulidae , drepanidae and uraniidae . malayan nature journal 51 : 1 - 155 , plates 1 - 10 .

records and new species of new guinea and solomon islands ( lepidoptera : callidulidae , drepanidae , and uraniidae including epipleminae ) . also gymnoscelis fragilis warren ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) from new guinea .

turner , a . j . 1911 . studies in australian lepidoptera . ann . qld . mus . 10 : 59 - 135 . lepidoptera ; noctuidae , uraniidae , drepanidae , thyrididae , pyralidae , eupterotidae : several spp . kei , new guinea , louisiades , new britain , solomon is .

turner , a . j . 1926 . revision of australian lepidoptera : drepanidae , limacodidae , zygaenidae . proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 51 : 411 - 45 . lepidoptera , drepan . : oreta jaspidea ; limacod . : scopelodes nitens , susica kenricki , birthama modesta new guinea .

warren , w . 1922 - 24 . family : drepanidae , pp . 443 - 90in a . seitz ( ed . ) macrolepidoptera of the world . vol . 10 . lepidoptera , drepan . : many n . spp . , sev . n . sspp . , procampsis * goodenough , louisiades , mysol , solomon is . , new guinea .

watson , a . 1957 . a revision of the genus tridrepana swinhoe ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) . bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 4 : 407 - 500 . lepidoptera , drepanidae : t . lunulata prolata * , olivacea crocata * , sigma * rook ( umboi ) , buru , bismarcks , bougainville , solomon is .

watson , a . 1961 . a taxonomic study of some indo - australian drepanidae ( lepidoptera ) . bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 8 ) : 317 - 347 . lepidoptera , drepanidae : oreta singapura continua , campylopteryx fleximargo fergusson , new guinea .

watson , a . 1967 . a survey of the extra - ethiopian oretinae ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) . bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 19 ( 3 ) : 149 - 221 , pl . 1 - 9 . lepidoptera , drepanidae : new guinea and solomon islands records : oreta perfida warren , 1923 ; oreta singapura continua ( warren ) , 1899 ; oreta sublustris warren , 1923 ; oreta subvinosa warren , 1903 ; oreta unilinea ( warren ) , 1899 ; oreta undescribed species ( extensa species - group ) ; oreta jaspidea ( warren ) , 1896 ; oreta rubrifumata warren , 1923 ; urogonodes patiens ( warren ) , 1906 ; u . macrura warren , 1923 ; u . scintillans ( warren ) , 1896 ; astatochroa suphurata ( warren ) , 1907 ; cyclura trogoptera ( rothschild ) , 1915 .

wilkinson , c . 1967 . a taxonomic revision of the genus teldenia moore ( lepidoptera : drepanidae , drepaninae ) . trans . roy . ent . soc . london 119 : 303 - 362 , 4 pls . revision of teldenia spp . in new guinea , bismarck archipelago , and solomon islands ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) .

wilkinson , c . 1969 . some aspects of zoogeography and speciation in the genus teldenia moore ( drepanidae : lepidoptera ) . j . nat . hist . 3 : 367 - 380 . biogeography of teldenia spp . in new guinea and bismarck archipelago ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) .

wilkinson , c . 1970 . numerical taxonomic methods applied to some indo - australian drepanidae : lepidoptera . j . nat . hist . 4 : 269 - 288 . numerical taxonomy of teldenia spp . and relatives , including many species from new guinea ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) .

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by " , + " and the number of omitted authors .

attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .

all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .

created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .

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the little wife underwing ( catocala muliercula ) is a moth of the erebidae family .

it is found from massachusetts and connecticut south to florida and west to texas and new mexico .

the wingspan is 54-70 mm .

adults are on wing from may to july depending on the location .

there is probably one generation per year .

the larvae feed on myrica cerifera .

catocala muliercula

catocala muliercula <EOT> larva . the foodplant , location , date and general appearance all seem to indicate muliercula .

gall , l . f . 1984 . the evolutionary ecology of a species - rich sympatic array of catocala moths . ph . d . dissertation , yale university .

schweitzer , d . f . 1982 . field observations of foodplant overlap among sympatric catocala feeding on juglandaceae . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 36 ( 4 ) : 256 - 263 .

schweitzer , dale f . 1991 . the hickory feeding catocala ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) fauna in the absence of carya ovata in southern new jersey . ent . news 102 ( 4 ) : 165 - 172 .

gall , lawrence , f . database containing county level data for the north american species of catocala moths . entomology division , peabody museum , yale university , new haven , connecticut 06511 . accessed 1994 , july 1 .

gall , l . f . 1991a . evolutionary ecology of sympatric catocala moths ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . i . experiments on larval foodplant specificity . journal of research on the lepidoptera . 29 ( 3 ) : 173 - 194 .

gall , l . f . 1991b . evolutionary ecology of sympatric catocala moths ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . ii . sampling for wild larvae on their foodplants . journal of research on the lepidoptera . 29 ( 3 ) : 195 - 216 .

gall , l . f . and d . c . hawks . 2002 . systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( noctuidae ) . iii . the types of william h . edwards , augustus r . grote , and achille guenée . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 56 ( 4 ) : 234 - 264 .

gall , l . f . and d . c . hawks . 2010 . systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( lepidoptera , erebidae ) iv . nomenclatorial stabilization of the nearctic fauna , with a revised synonymic check list . in : schmidt b . c , lafontaine j . d ( eds ) . contributions to the systematics of new world macro - moths ii . zookeys 39 : 37 - 83 .

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by " , + " and the number of omitted authors .

attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .

all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .

created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .

photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .

the black bands of the hindwings tend to be very wide and there is considerable dark scaling along the inner margins . the hindwing fringe is very dark as is the general ground colour of the forewings .

courtesy of steve walter , floyd bennet field ( jamaica bay area of new york ) july 6 .

steve writes , " the little wife is one of the signature species of jamaica bay - - but this one was 11 days ( seems to be a magic number , or times 2 ) earlier than the previous early date here . the little underwing was new for jamaica bay - - and i had 6 of them . funny how that happens . "

females emit an airbourne pheromone and males use their antennae to track the scent plume .

eggs are deposited on tree bark in the fall and hatch the following spring .

april 18 , 2009 , courtesy of steve daniel , tentative id by steve and bill oehlke .

listed below are primary food plant ( s ) and alternate food plants . it is hoped that this alphabetical listing followed by the common name of the foodplant will prove useful . the list is not exhaustive , although some species seem very host specific . experimenting with closely related foodplants is worthwhile .

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please send sightings / images to bill . i will do my best to respond to requests for identification help .

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due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to

a forest or other appropriate habitat or cluster of such habitats where the species occurs , or recently has occurred , with sufficient foodplant and other resources for persistence or regular recurrence . minimally a habitat ( usually a forest ) where presence has been verified by specimens or adult photographs or by larval collections if these can be positively identified or were reared to adults . exceptionally for some taxa sight records can be accepted . note if foodplants are growing in residential neighborhoods proximate to primary habitat , these will usually be part of the occurrence .

there are almost certainly no really effective barriers . these moths will enter cities and even breed in them . they reach offshore islands where there is no habitat and at least two species have been taken on incoming ships several hundred kilometers at sea .

for forest species the suitable habitat distance generally applies in wooded or semiwooded ( includes wooded residential ) terrain if the larval foodplant is present at all . in large contiguous or nearly contiguous forests the unsuitable habitat distance would seldom apply since adults seem to be quite mobile and live several weeks at least and most larval foodplants are not highly localized ( although they are often sparse ) . however , use half the suitable habitat distance for separating occurrences if the larval foodplant is truly absent within continuous forest .

where the habitat is truly extensive and contiguous use this figure , although these moths can persist in smaller areas . it is known that many individuals move much farther and given populations of mobile long - lived adults , unbroken or moderately fragmented habitat within and beyond this distance is almost certain to support at least continued recurrence . if habitat ( usually forest ) patches are smaller than 1000 hectares , infer presence throughout .

use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .

zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .

lafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .

peacock , j . w . , d . f . schweitzer , j . l . carter , and n . r . dubois . 1998 . laboratory assessment of the effects of bacillus thuringiensis on native lepidoptera . environmental entomology 27 ( 2 ) : 450 - 457 .

sargent , t . d . 1976 . legion of night : the underwing moths . university of massachusetts press , amherst , ma . 222 pp . and 8 plates .

schweitzer , dale f . 2004 . gypsy moth ( lymantria dispar ) : impacts and options for biodiversity - oriented land managers . natureserve , arlington , virginia . natureserve explorer . online . available : urltoken

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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

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larvae feed exclusively on plants in the genus morella , such as wax myrtle and northern bayberry .

a little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 04 / 13 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )

a little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 19 / 2014 ) . verified by roger downer / bamona . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )

a little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 8 / 5 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )

a little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 9 / 3 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list ) ( more of this species )

a little wife underwing moth in somerset co . , maryland ( 8 / 1 / 2004 ) . photo by lance biechele . ( mbp list )

a little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 24 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )

a little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 23 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )

a little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 9 / 5 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )

little wife underwing moth in dorchester co . , maryland ( 8 / 6 / 2014 ) . photo by jonathan willey . ( mbp list )

a little wife underwing moth collected on the eastern shore in maryland . photo by john glaser . ( mbp list )

a little wife underwing moth caterpillar in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 16 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )

use of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .

data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .