preuss 's red colobus ( procolobus preussi ) is a red colobus primate species endemic to the cross-sanaga rivers ecoregion .

an important population occurs in korup national park , southwest province , cameroon , but the species ' distribution is localized ( groups are frequently encountered near the main tourist camps ) .

the species is considered present in adjacent cross river national park - oban division in nigeria and hunter reports suggest that few groups remain in nkwende hills and nta ali forest reserve in the broader korup region .

a population is also present in ebo forest , littoral province of cameroon .

preuss ' s red colobus

preuss ' s red colobus <EOT> photo : “ tourist view : preuss ' s red colobus monkeys in flight . ”

information on preuss ' s red colobus is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .

tourist view : preuss ' s red colobus monkeys in flight . - picture of korup national park , korup national park

tourist view : preuss ' s red colobus monkeys in flight . - picture of korup national park , korup national park - tripadvisor

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attempted predation by nigeria - cameroon chimpanzees ( pan troglodytes ellioti ) on preuss ' s red colobus ( procolobus preussi ) in the ebo forest , cameroon .

female preuss ' s red colobus with infant , in korup national park , cameroon . critically endangered . | endangered species board | pinterest | endangered species , …

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attempted predation by nigeria - cameroon chimpanzees ( pan troglodytes ellioti ) on preuss ' s red colobus ( procolobus preussi ) in the ebo forest , camer . . . - pubmed - ncbi

preuss ' s red colobus monkey consumes immature leaves , shoots , fruits of the leguminosae , fungi , and sometimes termite clay . this species likes to forage for leaves in the upper strata of the forest ( estes , 1991 ) . pennant ' s colobus monkey is a

mcgraw , w . s . and j . f . oates . 2002 . evidence for a surviving population of miss waldron’s red colobus . oryx 36 : 223–226 .

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update on habitat loss and conservation status of the endangered zanzibar red colobus on uzi and vun . . .

mcgraw , w . s . 2005 . update on the search for miss waldron’s red colobus monkey ( procolobus badius waldroni ) . int . j . primatol . 26 ( 3 ) : 605–619 .

preuss ' s red colobus monkey has two kinds of groups , one multimale - multifemale , and the other all - male . for this species both males and females leave their natal group ( estes , 1991 ) . the red colobus is a nonterritorial species , but larger groups will supplant smaller ones in feeding areas ( estes , 1991 ) .

in ghana , very recent surveys ( oates 2006 ) support earlier suspicions that this monkey is almost certainly extinct in that country ( oates et al . 1996 / 1997 ; struhsaker and oates 1995 ) . if any animals have managed to survive , the numbers must be very small and it will take heroic efforts to preserve them . many forms of red colobus are endangered , including three other forms in west africa : pennant’s red colobus ( procolobus pennantii pennantii ) of bioko island ( see profile in this report ) , preuss’s red colobus ( p . p . preussi ) of cameroon , and the niger river delta red colobus ( p . p . epieni ) . in addition , bouvier’s red colobus ( p . p . bouvieri ) from the congo republic has not been seen by scientists for at least 30 years .

oates , j . f . , t . t . struhsaker and g . h . whitesides . 1996 / 1997 . extinction faces ghana’s red colobus and other locally endemic subspecies . primate conserv . ( 17 ) : 138–144 .

we describe the first observation of a predation attempt by nigerian - cameroon chimpanzees ( pan troglodytes ellioti ) on preuss ' s red colobus ( procolobus preussi ) in the ebo forest , cameroon . the activity , which was observed for 15 min , primarily involved 1 chimpanzee and 1 red colobus individual , with a further 2 chimpanzees observing the event . although the behaviour was interrupted when we were detected by the chimpanzees , we believe that this is the first recorded observation of hunting behaviour in nigeria - cameroon chimpanzees .

over the following months , patrols began intercepting a variety of illegal activities and making their presence known , all while conducting surveys in search of preuss’s red colobus . delivering results on both fronts so quickly is an encouraging sign for the project . “conservation thrives well where there is effective collaboration” , summarizes andrew “and this project is demonstrating that almost on a daily basis” .

the plight of these monkeys highlights threats faced by red colobus generally ; they have patchy distributions , have suffered extensive habitat degradation and are particularly vulnerable to hunters ( wolfheim 1983 ; oates 1996 ; grubb and powell 1999 ; oates et al . 2000 ; struhsaker 2005 ) . implementation of a red colobus action plan should be a high conservation priority in africa .

classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

the conservation status of each species is based on assessment summaries provided by the iucn red list . the red list website offers more information on the threat categories listed here .

struhsaker , t . t . 2005 . the conservation of red colobus monkeys ( procolobus ) and their habitats . int . j . primatol . 26 ( 3 ) : 525–538 .

however , there has been no proper knowledge or documentation about the presence , distribution and population status of preuss ' s red colobus in the area before . being an internationally - recognized biodiversity hotspot and an important site for rare and threatened primates , oban is now receiving attention after years of neglect , with an effective law enforcement programme implemented by the project team in coordination with the nigerian government .

oates , j . f . , m . abedi - lartey , w . s . mcgraw , t . t . struhsaker and g . h . whitesides . 2000 . extinction of a west african red colobus monkey . conserv . biol . 14 : 1526–1532 .

modern taxonomic arrangements of the colobus monkeys either divide the red colobus and the olive colobus into two genera , piliocolobus and procolobus , respectively ( e . g . , kingdon 1997 , groves 2005 ) , or consider them to belong to one genus , procolobus , with two subgenera ( procolobus for the olive colobus and piliocolubus for the red colobus ) ( grubb et al . 2003 [ followed in the 2008 iucn red list ] , grubb et al . 2013 ) . the arrangement of using two separate genera in groves ( 2001 , 2005 , 2007 ) is followed here . here treated as a distinct species from p . pennantii following kingdon and butynski ( 2013 ) ; this species has , in the past , also been considered a subspecies of p . badius . this is an updated assessment to reflect the change in genus name .

mcgraw , w . s . and oates , j . f . 2007 . miss waldron ' s red colobus , procolobus badius waldroni ( hayman , 1936 ) . in : primates in peril : the world’s 25 most endangered primates 2006–2008 , r . a . mittermeier et al . ( compilers ) , p . 10 . unpublished report , iucn / ssc primate specialist group ( psg ) , international primatological society ( ips ) , and conservation international ( ci ) , arlington , va .

n1 : the iucn red list has evaluated the nominate form of the silver galago under the classification otolemur crassicaudatus monteiri .

grubb , p . and c . b . powell . 1999 . discovery of red colobus monkeys ( procolobus badius ) in the niger delta with the description of a new and geographically isolated subspecies . j . zool . , lond . 248 : 67–73 .

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hrdy , s . b . and whitten p . l . 1987 . patterning of sexual activity . in

gartlan , s . 1989 . la conservation des ecosystémes forestiers du cameroun . iucn , gland and cambridge .

“persistence in anti - poaching patrolling pays off” according to inaoyom imong , director of the cross river landscape for iucn member and sos grantee , the wildlife conservation society ( wcs ) . in 1 year , patrols through the oban division of the cross river national park ( crnp ) nigeria , have cleared almost 1 , 000 snares and hundreds of empty shotgun cartridges , discovered 45 hunting camps and arrested half a dozen poachers . but perhaps the cherry on the cake has been the visual confirmation of critically endangered preuss’s red colobus ( procolobus preussi ) living in the oban .

the forest adjacent to the ehy lagoon has not been surveyed since 2002 , when no red colobus were found . however , the ehy forest seems to be the only place in côte d’ivoire where a small population of miss waldron’s red colobus might hang on . the forest is under heavy poaching pressure from ivorian and ghanaian hunters , and it is being logged , but kone et al . ( 2007 ) have begun an awareness and education campaign in the villages there . their plans are to build a community - based conservation system centered on the eight villages surrounding the lagoon . a thorough survey of the forest is needed as a matter of urgency .

kone , i . , d . coulibaly , k . bene , a . bitty , a . koffi , a . boko and r . kouadio . 2007 . initiation of a community based conservation system in southeastern cote d ' ivoire for the probable last refuge for the miss waldron ' s red colobus . report , west african primates conservation action , abidjan , côte d’ivoire .

" persistence in anti - poaching patrolling pays off” according to inaoyom imong , director of the cross river landscape for iucn member and sos grantee , the wildlife conservation society ( wcs ) . in 1 year , patrols through the oban division of the cross river national park ( crnp ) nigeria , have cleared almost 1 , 000 snares and hundreds of empty shotgun cartridges , discovered 45 hunting camps and arrested half a dozen poachers . but perhaps the cherry on the cake has been the visual confirmation of critically endangered preuss’s red colobus ( procolobus preussi ) living in the oban .

thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

through a partnership of conservation des espèces et des populations animales ( cepa ) and the centre suisse de recherches scientifiques en côte d’ivoire ( csrs ) , kone et al . ( 2007 ) surveyed 14 forest reserves in côte d’ivoire between 2004 and 2006 , including isles ehotiles national park . these surveys failed to provide any sightings of miss waldron’s red colobus , only a claim of a single vocalization in ehotiles in 2006 .

hilton - taylor , c . 2000 . 2000 iucn red list of threatened species . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , united kingdom .

miss waldron’s red colobus , p . badius waldroni , of western ghana and eastern côte d’ivoire is teetering on the very brink of extinction ( struhsaker 1999 ; oates et al . 2000 ; groves 2001 ; grubb et al . 2003 ) . primatologists have searched its known range since 1993 , but have failed to see a living animal ( oates et al . 1996 / 1997 ; mcgraw 1998 , 2005 ; mcgraw and oates 2002 ) . a single skin found in the possession of a hunter near the ehy lagoon in southeastern côte d’ivoire in early 2002 raised hopes that at least one population of miss waldron’s red colobus still hangs on , but subsequent fieldwork in this region , including several forest reserves and nearby isles ehotiles national park , has yielded no evidence of living individuals ( kone 2004 ; kone and akpatou 2005 ; mcgraw 2005 ; kone et al . 2007 ) .

furthermore , an office with storage space and limited visitor accommodations is available in mundemba , 10 km driving from the park’s border .

mcgraw , w . s . 1998 . three monkeys nearing extinction in the forest reserves of eastern cote d’ivoire . oryx 32 : 233–236 .

team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .

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a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all

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sayer , j . a . , c . s . harcourt , and n . m . collins . 1992 . the conservation atlas of tropical forests : africa . iucn and simon & schuster , cambridge .

terms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .

bowen - jones , e . , and s . pendry . 1999 . the threat to primates and other mammals from the bushmeat trade in africa , and how this threat could be diminished . oryx 33 : 233 - 246 .

although more then 10 percent of the ecoregion is officially protected in national parks , in reality , these parks do not adequately protecte fauna and flora because of low staffing , inadequate budgets and lack of political will . some species of larger mammals in the korup and cross river national parks are severely threatened and populations of elephant , drill and red colobus have been seriously reduced . the national and international conservation community has not been effective in protecting fauna in this ecoregion , especially the primates and other large forest mammals ( e . g . oates 1995 , oates 1999b ) .

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the herpetofauna is highly diverse and contains a some endemic species ; korup alone contains 174 species of reptiles and amphibians . among the reptiles , the forest chameleon ( chamaeleo camurunensis ) and two worm lizards ( cynisca schaeferi and c . gansi ) are strictly endemic . the amphibian fauna is exceptionally diverse , but contains few endemics . strict endemic species include schneider ' s banana frog ( afrixalus schneideri ) , dizangue reed frog ( hyperolius bopeleti ) and werner ' s river frog ( phrynobatrachus werneri ) .

" wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals . " - - publisher ' s website .

grubb , p . , t . m . butynski , j . f . oates , s . k . bearder , t . r . disotell , c . p . groves and t . t . struhsaker . 2003 . an assessment of the diversity of african primates . int . j . primatol . 24 : 1301–1357 .

korup has experienced intense poaching in the past , which has caused drastic declines of mammal populations . forest elephants were hunted almost to extinction in the 1960s and 1970s . poaching has been reduced to moderate levels with the creation of the park and anti - poaching programs . animal abundance also remains naturally low because of the forest’s low productivity .

the hair around the pubic area is white colored . juveniles of both sexes have perineal organs that mimics the adult female ' s sexual swelling ( estes , 1991 ) . it is thought that this functions for the males to keep adult males from evicting them because the adult would think that this may be a female ( estes , 1991 ) .

n2 : see jones , t . , ehardt , c . l . , butynski , t . m . , davenport , t . r . b . , mpunga , n . e . , machaga , s . j . and de luca , d . w . 2005 . the highland mangabey lophocebus kipunji : a new species of african monkey . science 308 : 1161–1164 . due to the lack of a type specimen , the validity of the description was contested , arguing that the name is a nomen nudum . timm , r . m . , ramy ii , r . r . and the nomenclature committee of the american society of mammalogists . 2005 . what constitutes a proper description ? science 309 : 2163 - 2164 . landry , s . o . 2005 . untitled letter . science 309 : 2164 . polaszek , a . , grubb , p . , groves , c . , ehardt , c . l . and butynski , t . m . 2005 . response . science 309 : 2164 - 2165 . davenport et al . ( 2006 ) placed the highland mangabey in its own genus , rungwecebus davenport , t . r . b . , stanley , w . t . , sargis , e . , de luca , d . w . , mpunga , n e . , machaga , s . j . and olson , l . 2006 . a new genus of african monkey , rungwecebus : morphology , ecology and molecular phylogenetics . science 312 : 1378–1381 .

cheek , m . , s . cable , f . n . hepper , n . ndam , and j . watts . 1994 . mapping plant biodiversity on mount cameroon . pp . 110 - 210 . in . van der masen , l . j . g . , van der burgt , x . m . and van medenbach de rooy , j . m . ( eds . ) . the biodiversity of african plants . proceedings xivth aetfat congress , wageningen , the netherlands . kluwer academic press , dordrecht .

geologically , the majority of the ecoregion is found on the precambrian african shield . these basement rocks have been weathered for millions of years and are now overlain by thick layers of heavily leached , red earth soils . seawards of the shield rocks , silt and sand deposition has led to formation of beaches and mud banks that can be quite extensive . mt . cameroon and bioko are volcanoes , and in consequence adjacent parts of the ecoregion have soils , rocks and black sand beaches derived from pyroclastic lava and ash . bioko was most recently separated from the mainland some 12 , 000 years ago when rising sea levels following the end of the last ice age isolated it .

wwf . 2003 . biological priorities for conservation in the guinean - congolian forest and freshwater region . proceedings of workshop held on march 30 - april 2 , 2000 in libreville , gabon . kamdem toham , a . , d . olson , r . abell , j . d ' amico , n . burgess , m . thieme , a . blom , r . w . carroll , s . gartlan , o . langrand , r . mikala mussavu , d . o ' hara , h . strand , and l . trowbridge ( editors ) . available from urltoken

in cameroon ' s korup national park 1 , 700 species of vascular plants have been recorded , as many as 5 percent of which are narrow endemics . it is estimated that the park may eventually be found to include as many as 3 , 500 vascular plants . although floral inventories are incomplete for the cross river national park , the lowland forests are similar to korup , and likely to share the same level of diversity . on bioko , over 1 , 000 vascular plant species and 49 site endemics have been recorded in the lowland forests ( wwf and iucn 1994 ) .

justification of ecoregion delineation this forest ecoregion is a part of the guineo - congolian regional centre of endemism ( white 1983 ) . the biogeographical barriers of the sanaga river in cameroon and the cross river in nigeria define the mainland boundaries of this ecoregion . these rivers are particularly important barriers for primates ( e . g . drill ( mandrillus leucophaeus ) and red - eared guenon ( cercopithicus eurythrotis ) ) and amphibians ( e . g . dizangue reed frog ( hyperolius bopeleti ) . the bioko lowland forest shares close biological affinities with the adjacent mainland forests because it was connected to the mainland during lower sea levels towards the end of the last ice age , and thus is included in this ecoregion .

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mittermeier , r . a . , rylands , a . b . and wilson d . e . 2013 . handbook of the mammals of the world : volume 3 primates . lynx edicions , barcelona .

justification : listed as critically endangered as this species is estimated to have undergone a decline of more than 80 % over the past three generations ( ca . 30 years ) , due to high levels of hunting and habitat loss . it is now confined mainly to korup national park .

p . preussi is present in southeastern nigeria in the cross river national park ( oban division ) extending into the adjacent korup national park and surrounds in southwestern cameroon ; they also occur in ebo forest just north of the sanaga river ( grubb et al . 2000 , dowsett - lemaire and dowsett 2001 ) , and at least until fairly recently still persisted in makombe forest to the north of ebo where the were heard in 2003 ( b . morgan pers . comm . ) .

between 10 , 000 and 15 , 000 p . preussi may be present in korup national park , the stronghold for the taxon ( oates 1996 ) . edwards ( 1992 ) estimated group densities in northeastern korup at 0 . 52 - 0 . 56 groups / km² , which is not too dissimilar from more recent estimates by j . linder ( pers . comm . ) in the same area ( 0 . 46 grps / sq . km ) . no absolute density is available for southern korup , but j . linder ( pers . comm . ) encountered 12 groups in 243 km walked .

an inhabitant of lowland and mid - altitude moist forest up to 1 , 400 m ( butynski and kingdon 2013 ) . edwards ( 1992 ) recorded group sizes of 20 - 64 animals for p . preussi , similar to those recorded by j . linder ( pers . comm . ) .

the major threat to this species is hunting ( e . g . , dowsett - lemaire and dowsett 2001 ) and habitat degradation . p . preussi made up a relatively large proportion of the total primate offtake in korup national park , especially in the northeast ( 22 % of carcasses ) ( j . linder pers . comm . ) .

this taxon is listed on appendix ii of cites and on class b of the african convention on the conservation of nature and natural resources . p . preussi is present in korup national park ( 1 , 260 km² ) and its perimeter in cameroon , with a small number residing in the adjacent oban division of cross river national park ( nigeria ) . it is also recorded from ebo wildlife reserve , just north of the sanaga river , which has been proposed as a new national park .

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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]

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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352

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“this is a huge discovery , and highlights the critical need for effective conservation in the area” explains andrew dunn , wcs country director for nigeria . geographical distribution of this rare primate is limited to western cameroon and a small patch of the southeastern sector of the oban division of crnp . cross river national park consists of two separate divisions : oban and okwangwo . the oban division covers an area of roughly 3000 km² and is contiguous with korup national park in cameroon .

this attention took the shape of multi - day patrols starting one year ago . it began with a group of six crnp rangers being trained by wcs on new techniques including the use of cybertracker and smart technologies to support data collection , monitoring and patrol effectiveness . following the success of the subsequent nine - day pilot patrol the project ramped up activities implementing daily patrols in the oban starting in january 2015 .

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i just returned from a trip to korup ( jan 2013 ) . spent three days in the park , camping at iriba , chimpanzee and renge . being a biologist , i had a strong interest in animals in the park and expected to see several mammal , bird and reptile species . i arrived at mundemba at 12h00 on a sunday with only a telephone number on . . .

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groves , c . p . 2001 . primate taxonomy . smithsonian institution press , washington , dc .

kone , i . 2004 . report on recent primate surveys in the southeast of ivory coast . report , conservation des espèces et des populations animales ( cepa ) , schlierbach , france .

kone , i . and k . b . akpatou . 2005 . identification des sites abritant encore les singes cercopithecus diana roloway , cercocebus atys lunulatus et piliocolobus badius waldroni en cote d ' ivoire . report , conservation des espèces et populations animales ( cepa ) , schlierbach , france .

oates , j . f . 1996 . african primates : status survey and conservation action plan . revised edition . iucn / ssc primate specialist group , gland , switzerland . 80pp .

oates , j . f . 2006 . primate conservation in the forests of western ghana : field survey results , 2005–2006 . report to the wildlife division , forestry commission , ghana .

struhsaker , t . t . 1999 . primate communities in africa : the consequence of long - term evolution or the artifact of recent hunting ? in : primate communities , j . g . fleagle , c . janson and k . e . reed ( eds . ) , pp . 289–294 . cambridge university press , cambridge , uk .

struhsaker , t . t . and j . f . oates . 1995 . the biodiversity crisis in southwestern ghana . african primates 1 : 5–6 .

wolfheim , j . h . 1983 . primates of the world . university of washington press , seattle .

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( fleagle , 1988 ) . this species also is capable of leaping where it uses this in communication and to avoid predators ( estes , 1991 ) .

the performer of this stands and resembles a sexual mount and is done by all except small infants ( estes , 1991 ) . this often occurs before

this is when one individual grooms another and is used to reinforce the bonds between individuals . in this species it occurs more frequently in the presence of another troop ( estes , 1991 ) . parasites and dead skin is removed with lips and / or tongue ( estes , 1991 ) .

this behavior is performed by the female to elicit copulation from the male ; this pattern tells the male that she is ready for copulation ( estes , 1991 ) .

. eds . b . b . smuts , d . l . cheney , r . m . seyfarth , r . w . wrangham , and t . t . struhsaker . university of chicago press .

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impact of livelihood improvement on the conservation of large mammals in the bakossi landscape , sout . . .

rehabilitation and reintroduction of wild born orphan chimpanzee ( pan troglodytes ) within the pongo . . .

korup national park ( knp ) , located in southwest cameroon , covers 126 , 900 ha of forest , most of which is evergreen forest . the forest has never been logged . the park was created in 1986 and includes the former korup forest reserve , established under british mandate in the 1930s . it is now under the administration of the department of wildlife and protected areas in the ministry of environment and forests ( minef ) . korup became part of the team network in 2011 .

the korup national park has a number of camps , two of which harbour scientists . the camps are in the phase of rebuilding , as all buildings were destroyed by villagers in 2008 in a conflict over poaching . the team project operates from the chimpanzee camp . the current facilities are very basic , with partial housing in tents . there is no electricity and all materials have to be carried to the camps by porters .

korup was part of a pleistocene refugium . the forests are very ancient , rich in endemics , and highly diverse . the forest canopy is generally 15 - 25 m tall , with emergents up to 50 m tall . a typical large tree , second - most common in terms of basal area , is lecomtedoxa klaineana with huge boles and impressive buttresses . one unusual characteristic is the abundance of small , unbranched trees with large leaves placed in terminal rosettes that trap litter .

access to korup is from the isolated village of mundemba , which is located 5 hours driving from buea , and about 6 hours from douala international airport . the road to mundemba is in poor shape , and access can be very problematic in the wet season , especially in july - november . access to korup national park is via 10 km of dirt roads through extensive oil - palm plantations , and passage of a large suspension foot bridge across the mana river . it takes 10 km of hiking to get to chimpanzee camp from the mana bridge .

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mt . kilimanjaro guereza dodinga hills guereza djaffa mountains guereza omo river guereza mt . kenya guereza mau forest guereza western guereza mt . uaraguess guereza

the cross - sanaga - bioko coastal forests ecoregion comprises the lowland and coastal forests of southeastern nigeria , southwestern cameroon , and the lowlands of the island of bioko . the flora includes high numbers of endemic genera , indicating a long history of forest cover . these forests contain some of the highest rates of animal species richness of any african forest , especially in terms of forest - restricted mammals , birds and butterflies . many of these animals are endemic to this ecoregion or to the continguous atlantic coastal forests ecoregion , but others are found more widely across the congo basin . the ecoregion is heavily impacted by human use , including logging and plantation agriculture .

description location and general description geographically this ecoregion extends from the left bank of the cross river in southeastern nigeria , follows the coast as far south as the sanaga river in cameroon , and extends inland up to 300 km . it also includes the lowland forests of the island of bioko . the forests above 800 m on mount cameroon and bioko , and above 900 m on other inland cameroon mountains are placed in the mount cameroon and bioko montane forests [ 9 ] and the cameroon highlands forests [ 10 ] ecoregions , respectively .

the area is one of low topographic relief at the eastern and western margins , but of increasingly rugged topography in the foothills of the nigerian - cameroonian mountains . mangroves occur in two large and distinct patches on the coasts at the two extremities of the ecoregion , and are included in the central african mangroves ecoregion [ 116 ] .

this entire ecoregion falls within the humid tropics . in the southwestern foothills of mt . cameroon and on southwest bioko , rainfall can exceed 10 , 000 mm per annum with little seasonal variation . away from the montane influence however , rainfall averages 3 , 000 mm per annum along the coast falling to around 2 , 000 mm inland and there can be a short but sometimes severe dry season of two to three months . humidity is always high , rarely dropping below 90 percent . temperatures range from a maximum of 27 to 33 oc , to a minimum of 15 to 21o c , with very minor seasonal differences . as in the atlantic equatorial coastal ecoregion , diurnal temperature ranges often exceed annual variations .

a number of river systems drain from this ecoregion into the atlantic ocean . notable among these are the cross river , the northern boundary of the ecoregion , and the sanaga river , its southern boundary . other important rivers include the meme , wouri , kwa , ndian and nyong rivers .

according to the phytogeographic vegetation classification by white ( 1983 ) , this lowland forest ecoregion falls within the lower guinea block of the guineo - congolian regional center of endemism . the principal vegetation is hygrophilous coastal evergreen rain forest , with mixed moist semi - evergreen rain forest further inland in the drier regions ( white 1983 ) . forest trees reach up to 50 m in height , and there are several distinct vegetation layers . the flora here shares affinities with other forest types in the lower and upper guinea blocks of the guineo - congolian lowland forest ( white 1979 ) . the most important families ( in terms of number of species ) are annonaceae , leguminosae , euphorbiaceae , rubiaceae and sterculiaceae . in general the forests are mixed , but tend to be dominated by caesalpinoid legumes .

biodiversity features there is exceptional species richness in the rain forests of this ecoregion . combined with the atlantic equatorial coastal forests to the south , these two ecoregions support about 50 percent of the 7 , 000 to 8 , 000 plants endemic to tropical west africa ( cheek et al . 1994 ) , mainly in the coastal portion of cameroon . this ecoregion is a center of diversity for the genera cola ( sterculiaceae ) , diospyros ( ebenaceae ) , dorstenia ( moraceae ) , and garcinia ( guttiferae ) . there are also many endemic trees in these lowland forests , including : camplyospermum dusenii , deinbollia angustifolia , d . saligna , hymenostegia bakeri , medusandra richardsiana , and soyauxia talbotii . among large trees , the endemic microberlinia bisulcata is regarded as critically endangered . these biological features , especially the presence of endemic families and genera ( cheek et al . 1994 ) indicates a long evolutionary past .

the forests of the cameroon - nigerian border are also known for harboring the highest forest butterfly species richness in africa ( larsen in prep ) , a finding that may be reflected in other invertebrate groups as well . this area also has very high vertebrate species richness , and contains the highest figures for forest restricted birds and mammals in africa ( burgess et al . 2000 ) .

no bird species are endemic in this lowland ecoregion , but eighteen bird species are shared only with adjacent ecoregions . six of these were used to define an endemic bird area in the coastal portion of the congo basin forests ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) .

the biodiversity and management issues on bioko are summarized in fa ( 1991 ) . information on the lowland forests of cameroon is summarized by gartlan ( 1989 ) and iucn ( 1989 ) , and the area at the base of mount cameroon is summarized by cheek et al . ( 1994 ) . there is also a great deal of information on the biological values of korup and cross river national parks ( e . g . wwf and iucn 1994 , urltoken ) .

current status despite much deforestation , there are still extensive areas of rain forest remaining in this ecoregion , particularly in the border region between cameroon and nigeria . sayer et al . ( 1992 ) present a map of the remaining forest cover from the late 1980s . at that time the main habitat blocks were between oban and obubra in southeastern nigeria , and northeast along the border between cameroon and nigeria . an update of this work ( wwf 2003 ) confirms that the same areas still have the largest remaining patches of forest .

there are also a number of forest blocks around korup national park , which is itself one of the largest protected areas in this ecoregion at 1 , 259 km2 . the cross river national park in nigeria ( 4 , 000 km2 ) is made up of the oban and okwango divisions , with the afi river forest reserve nearby . part of the gashaka gumti national park in nigeria also contains lowland forest ( estimated at 200 km2 ) . additionally , there are a number of important forest reserves in the ecoregion . the most significant is the takamanda forest reserve in cameroon , which is contiguous with the okwangwo division of the cross river national park ( wwf and iucn 1994 ) .

a number of spectacular primate species in this ecoregion could make suitable flagships for conservation investment , most notably the isolated population of lowland gorilla ( oates 1996a , b , oates 1998 , oates 1999a , sarmiento and oates 2000 ) and the drill .

types and severity of threats over the past 100 - 200 years , commercial logging and plantation agriculture have been the main causes of deforestation on the mainland , followed by subsistence agriculture , which often occurs after the logging has opened up an area . lowland forest habitats on bioko have also been lost through conversion to plantations , and farming activities – except in the southern sector where they are inaccessible due to rugged topography . despite these losses there is still much more forest remaining than in the adjacent cross - niger transition forest ecoregion [ 6 ] , and other forest ecoregions further west . while the original forest is now highly fragmented in many areas , some large habitat blocks remain , and in the border region between nigeria and cameroon these blocks are still well connected .

a major threat to the fauna of the area is the overhunting of larger mammal species for bushmeat ( bowen - jones and pendry 1999 ) . in some areas , this trade is fully commercialized , and supplies protein to major towns . in other areas , certain species such as lowland gorillas are hunted for their religious , magical , and supposed medicinal properties . the wildlife trade is also a cause of species depletion of reptiles . another threat is the pressure to establish rubber , wood pulp , oil and palm plantations in the forest zone of nigeria .

references aeccg 1991 . the african elephant conservation review . african elephant conservation coordinating group , unep , iucn , wwf , oxford , uk .

blom , a . , a . kamdem toham , j . d ' amico , d . o ' hara , r . abell , and d . olson in prep . assessment of biological priorirties for conservation in the guinean - congolian forest region . washington , dc : world wildlife fund

burgess , n . d . , h . de klerk , j . fjeldså , t . crowe , and c . rahbek . 2000 . a preliminary assessment of congruence between biodiversity patterns in afrotropical forest birds and forest mammals . ostrich 71 : 286–290 .

fa , j . e . 1991 . conservación de los ecosistemas forestales de guinea ecuatorial . iucn , gland and cambridge .

happold , d . c . d . 1994 . mammals of the guinea - congo rain forest . pp . 243 - 284 . in . alexander , i . j . , swaine , m . d . , and watling , r . ( eds . ) . essays on the ecology of the guinea - congo rain forest . proceedings of the royal society of edinburgh series b 104 .

iucn 1986 . review of the protected areas system in the afrotropical realm . iucn , gland and cambridge .

iucn 1989 . la conservation des ecosystems forestiers d ' afrique centrale . iucn , gland and cambridge .

larsen , t . b . in prep . the butterflies of west africa .

oates , j . 1995 . the dangers of conservation by rural development - a case - study from the forests of nigeria . oryx 29 : 115 - 122 .

oates , j . f . 1996a . habitat alteration , hunting and the conservation of folivorous primates in african forests . african journal of ecology 21 : 1 - 9 .

oates , j . f . 1996b . african primates : status survey and conservation action plan : revised edition : iucn / ssc primate specialist group .

oates , j . 1998 . the gorilla population in the nigeria - cameroon border region . gorilla conservation news ( 12 ) :

oates , j . 1999a . update on nigeria , 1998 . gorilla conservation news ( 13 ) :

oates , j . 1999b . myth and reality in the rainforest . university of california press , berkeley .

sarmiento , e . e . , and j . f . oates . 2000 . the cross river gorillas : a distinct subspecies , gorilla gorilla diehli matchie 1904 . american museum novitates 3304 : 55

stattersfield , a . j . , m . j . crosby , a . j . long , and d . c . wege . 1998 . endemic bird areas of the world : priorities for biodiveristy conservation . birdlife conservation series no . 7 . , birdlife international , cambridge , uk .

white , f . 1979 . the guineo - congolian region and its relationships to other phytochoria . bull . jard . bot . nat . belg . / bull . nat . plantentuin belg . 49 : 11 - 55 .

white , f . 1983 . the vegetation of africa , a descriptive memoir to accompany the unesco / aetfat / unso vegetation map of africa ( 3 plates , northwestern africa , northeastern africa , and southern africa , 1 : 5 , 000 , 000 ) . unesco , paris .

wwf and iucn . 1994 . centers of plant diversity , a guide and strategy for their conservation . wwf and iucn , oxford , uk .

world wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037

< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences " > more . . . < / a > < / p >


the wingspan is 26 – 35 mm .

dysstroma latefasciata

dysstroma latefasciata <EOT> dysstroma latefasciata , the siberian carpet , is a moth of the geometridae family . it is found from fennoscandia to eastern siberia and mongolia .

e . siberia , nature reserve «baikalo - lenskyi» , lake baikal , cape pokoiniki envir . , at light ( kerosene lamp ) , 28 - vii - 2005 , leg . o . berlov the forewing length is 16 mm . det . e . beljaev

e . siberia , nature reserve «baikalo - lenskyi» , lake baikal , cape pokoiniki envir . , at light ( kerosene lamp ) , 28 - vii - 2005 , leg . o . berlov the forewing length is 16 mm . det . j . viidalepp

e . siberia , nature reserve «baikalo - lenskyi» , lake baikal , cape pokoiniki envir . , at light ( kerosene lamp ) , 25 - vii - 2005 , leg . o . berlov the forewing length is 17 mm . det . e . berlov

blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .

i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .

söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .

söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .

defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .

denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .

du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .

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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .

species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .

the wingspan is 26–35 mm . adults are on wing from the end of june to september .

the larvae feed on vaccinium myrtillus , vaccinium uliginosum , rubus chamaemorus , rhododendron tomentosum and fragaria vesca . larvae can be found from august to june . the species overwinters in the larval stage .

sources disagree on the authority for this species . while some sources claim the species was described by staudinger in 1889 , others state it was described by staudinger in 1882 , dahl in 1900 or blocker in 1908 .

popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

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created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .

introduction this is the second and concluding part of the taxo - nomic revision of the tribe cidariini , a member of the subfamily larentiinae ( choi , 2002 ) . the purpose of…

die puppen der spanner mitteleuropas . unterfamilie larentiinae , tribus lythriini , xanthorhoini , larentiini und cidariini ( lepidoptera , geometridae )