spondylus is a genus of bivalve molluscs , the only genus in the family spondylidae .

as well as being the systematic or scientific name , spondylus is the most often used common name for these animals , though they are also known as spondylids , thorny oysters , and spiny oysters ( though they are not , in fact , oysters ) .

the meat of these bivalves is edible .

spondylus

spondylus <EOT> variety spondylus gaederopus var . albinus monterosato , 1875 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758

variety spondylus gaederopus var . coralinus monterosato , 1875 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758

variety spondylus gaederopus var . foliosus monterosato , 1875 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758

variety spondylus gaederopus var . horrida dautzenberg , 1895 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758

variety spondylus gaederopus var . inermis monterosato , 1875 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758

variety spondylus gaederopus var . lamellosa pallary , 1904 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758

variety spondylus gaederopus var . spinosa pallary , 1904 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758

species spondylus albidus broderip , 1836 accepted as spondylus gussonii o . g . costa , 1830

species spondylus minimus chenu , 1844 accepted as spondylus gussonii o . g . costa , 1830

species spondylus calcifer carpenter , 1857 accepted as spondylus limbatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847

species spondylus ciliatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 accepted as spondylus nicobaricus schreibers , 1793

species spondylus coccineus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 accepted as spondylus nicobaricus schreibers , 1793

species spondylus cumingii g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 accepted as spondylus regius linnaeus , 1758

species spondylus delessertii chenu , 1844 accepted as spondylus varius g . b . sowerby i , 1827

species spondylus digitatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 accepted as spondylus tenuis schreibers , 1793

species spondylus jamarci okutani , 1983 accepted as spondylus occidens g . b . sowerby iii , 1903

species spondylus petroselinum g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 accepted as spondylus foliaceus schreibers , 1793

species spondylus iredalei fulton , 1915 accepted as spondylus raoulensis w . r . b . oliver , 1915

spondylus linnaeus , 1758 ( basis of record ) spondylus aculeatus broderip , 1833 accepted as spondylus nicobaricus schreibers , 1793 ( source of synonymy ) spondylus aurantius lamarck , 1819 accepted as spondylus versicolor schreibers , 1793 ( source of synonymy ) spondylus candidus lamarck , 1819 ( basis of record ) spondylus castus reeve , 1856 accepted as spondylus echinatus schreibers , 1793 ( basis of record ) spondylus coccineus lamarck , 1819 accepted as spondylus limbatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 ( source of synonymy ) spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758 ( additional source ) spondylus gloriandus melvill & standen , 1907 ( basis of record ) spondylus gravis fulton , 1915 ( basis of record ) spondylus groschi lamprell & kilburn , 1995 ( basis of record ) spondylus hystrix röding , 1798 accepted as spondylus nicobaricus schreibers , 1793 ( source of synonymy ) spondylus layardi reeve , 1856 ( basis of record ) spondylus limbatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 ( basis of record ) spondylus marisrubri röding , 1798 accepted as spondylus spinosus schreibers , 1793 ( source of synonymy ) spondylus nicobaricus schreibers , 1793 ( additional source ) spondylus pickeringae lamprell , 1998 accepted as spondylus darwini jousseaume , 1882 ( original description ) spondylus pratii parth , 1990 ( basis of record ) spondylus punicus bernard , cai & morton , 1993 accepted as spondylus limbatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 ( source of synonymy ) spondylus smytheae lamprell , 1998 accepted as spondylus fauroti jousseaume , 1888 ( original description ) spondylus somalicus parth & philippe , 1992 accepted as spondylus gravis fulton , 1915 ( source of synonymy ) spondylus spinosus schreibers , 1793 ( additional source ) spondylus versicolor schreibers , 1793 ( basis of record )

variety spondylus gaederopus var . mixta koch & pallary in pallary , 1900 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758

species spondylus mireilleae lamprell & healy , 2001 accepted as spondylus occidens g . b . sowerby iii , 1903

species spondylus darwini sensu lamprell & healy , 1998 accepted as spondylus asperrimus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847

species spondylus lamarckii sensu carpenter , 1857 accepted as spondylus limbatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 ( misidentification )

species spondylus longitudinalis sensu g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 accepted as spondylus tenuis schreibers , 1793 ( misidentification )

variety spondylus gaederopus var . albina bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758 ( synonym )

variety spondylus gaederopus var . contraria bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758 ( synonym )

variety spondylus gaederopus var . corallina bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758 ( synonym )

variety spondylus gaederopus var . foliosa bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758 ( synonym )

variety spondylus gaederopus var . inermis bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758 ( synonym )

species spondylus armatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 accepted as spondylus victoriae g . b . sowerby ii , 1860

one of the most - cited article on aegean spondylus , akira tsuneki’s “the manufacture of spondylus objects at neolithic dimini , greece “ , a pioneering study on spondylus shell technology , published in 1989 , is now available in pdf format .

the life expectancy of spondylus americanus has not been recorded as of march , 2011 .

no genetic data is currently available for spondylus americanus ( as of march 2011 ) .

worms - world register of marine species - spondylus gussonii o . g . costa , 1830

( of spondylus ( rimaespondylus ) damarco , 2015 ) damarco p . ( 2015 ) . a new species of spondylus from indonesia . malacologia mostra mondiale . 87 : 6 - 14 . [ details ]

species spondylus coccineus lamarck , 1819 accepted as spondylus limbatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 ( invalid : junior homonym of s . coccineus schreibers , 1793 ; s . punicus is a replacement name )

( of spondylus parocellatus iredale , 1939 ) lamprell , k . 2006 . spiny oysters : a revision of the living spondylus species of the world . jean lamprell : brisbane . 119 pp . [ details ]

to biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) ( from synonym spondylus cevikeri lamprell , stanisic & clarkson , 2001 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 194 publications ) to clemam ( from synonym spondylus cevikeri lamprell , stanisic & clarkson , 2001 ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . lamellosa pallary , 1904 ) to clemam ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . mixta koch & pallary in pallary , 1900 ) to clemam ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . contraria bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) to clemam ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . foliosa bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) to clemam ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . albina bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) to clemam ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . corallina bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) to clemam ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . inermis bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 8 nucleotides ; 1 proteins ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . contraria bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) to pesi ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . mixta koch & pallary in pallary , 1900 ) to pesi ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . lamellosa pallary , 1904 ) to pesi ( from synonym spondylus cevikeri lamprell , stanisic & clarkson , 2001 ) to pesi ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . inermis bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) to pesi ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . corallina bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) to pesi ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . albina bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) to pesi ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . foliosa bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection

spondylus is associated with water shrines in the wari and inca empires , at sites such as marcahuamachucot , viracochapampa , pachacamac , pikillacta , and cerro amaru . at marcahuamachucot was recovered an offering of about 10 kilograms ( 22 pounds ) of spondylus shells and shell fragments , and small turquoise figurines carved in the shape of spondylus .

( of spondylus rostratus chenu , 1844 ) lamprell , k . l . ( 1987 ) . spiny oysters of the world - spondylus . e . j . brill / dr w . backhuys , leiden . [ details ]

( of spondylus igneus fulton , 1915 ) lamprell , k . l . ( 1987 ) . spiny oysters of the world - spondylus . e . j . brill / dr w . backhuys , leiden . [ details ]

( of spondylus sparsispinosus dall , bartsch & rehder , 1938 ) lamprell , k . l . ( 1987 ) . spiny oysters of the world - spondylus . e . j . brill / dr w . backhuys , leiden . [ details ]

generally , members of the family spondylidae will look similar to each other because of the presence of spines ; spondylus princeps appears most alike , although its red coloration and shorter spines distinguish it from the more muted yellow shell of spondylus americanus ( weisbord , 1964 : 166 ) .

a chimu spondylus and mussel shell necklace with stone beads , 1100 - 1470 ce . ( american museum of natural history , new york )

spondylus was known as the " food of the gods " , according to a quechua myth recorded in the 17th century . some debate exists among scholars as to whether this meant that the gods consumed spondylus shells , or the flesh of the animal . american archaeologist mary glowacki ( 2005 ) makes an interesting argument that the effects of eating spondylus shell meat out of season may have made them an essential part of religious ceremonies .

what made you want to look up spondylus ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .

a detail of the celebrated aztec double - headed serpent . it is made from wood covered in turquoise mosaic , spondylus ( red . . .

delivering alien invasive species inventories for europe ( daisie ) to barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 20 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 37 publications ) ( from synonym spondylus coccineus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 50 publications ) ( from synonym spondylus aculeatus broderip , 1833 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 52 publications ) ( from synonym spondylus hystrix röding , 1798 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 5 nucleotides ; 2 proteins ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym spondylus sparsispinosus dall , bartsch & rehder , 1938 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym spondylus serratissimus dall , bartsch & rehder , 1938 )

the features of pectinids were adapted for swimming , but as a sessile species , spondylus americanus has experienced changes in the function of some organs : while the adductor muscle is similar , spondylus americanus ’ has more development in the area designed to close the shell ( dakin , 1928a : 342 ) .

spondylus americanus is threatened by predators , but not to the extent that conservational efforts will be required ( logan , 1974 : 583 - 584 ; feifarek , 1987 ) . human factors such as pollution or overfishing are probably not major threats to spondylus americanus either ( mikkelsen , 2003 : 454 ) .

one less - known to the western - language academia article on the diminian spondylus by akira tsuneki entitled “ spondylus shell objects of neolithic greece used on the materials from dimin i” and published in 1988 , is also available in pdf format . being written in japanese , it serves mostly as a “collector’s item”…

research focusing on spondylus varius reveals it to have hepatoprotective properties , preventing the human liver from damage ; whether the same holds for spondylus americanus remains to be seen ( koyama et al . , 2006 : 729 - 731 ) . because it is a filter feeder , spondylus americanus can also be of benefit to the oceanic ecosystems it is a part of , redistributing nutrients and clearing out particles suspended in water ( peterson and lubchenco , 1997 : 182 ) .

lamprell , k . l . ( 1998 ) . recent spondylus species from the middle east and adjacent regions , with the description of two new species .

spondylus americanus is a sessile bivalve , occurring in shallow water in the atlantic ocean from brazil to north carolina , where it is usually found as part of a coral reef . like all spondylidae , spondylus americanus is noted for its striking , spiny appearance , giving rise to its common name , the atlantic thorny oyster .

halstead p . 1993 . spondylus shell ornaments from late neolithic dimini , greece : specialized manufacture or unequal accumulation ? antiquity 67 ( 256 ) : 603 - 609 .

dimitrijevic v , and tripkovic b . 2006 . spondylus and glycymeris bracelets : trade reflections at neolithic vinca - belo brdo . documenta praehistoric a 33 : 237 - 252 .

( of spondylus aurantius lamarck , 1819 ) lamprell , k . l . ( 1998 ) . recent spondylus species from the middle east and adjacent regions , with the description of two new species . vita marina . 45 ( 1 - 2 ) : 41 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

( of spondylus aculeatus broderip , 1833 ) lamprell , k . l . ( 1998 ) . recent spondylus species from the middle east and adjacent regions , with the description of two new species . vita marina . 45 ( 1 - 2 ) : 41 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

( of spondylus hystrix röding , 1798 ) lamprell , k . l . ( 1998 ) . recent spondylus species from the middle east and adjacent regions , with the description of two new species . vita marina . 45 ( 1 - 2 ) : 41 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

( of spondylus castus reeve , 1856 ) lamprell , k . l . ( 1998 ) . recent spondylus species from the middle east and adjacent regions , with the description of two new species . vita marina . 45 ( 1 - 2 ) : 41 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

( of spondylus smytheae lamprell , 1998 ) lamprell , k . l . ( 1998 ) . recent spondylus species from the middle east and adjacent regions , with the description of two new species . vita marina . 45 ( 1 - 2 ) : 41 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

( of spondylus gaederopus var . contraria bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of spondylus gaederopus var . inermis bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of spondylus gaederopus var . corallina bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of spondylus gaederopus var . albina bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of spondylus gaederopus var . foliosa bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

because spondylus lives so far below sea level , retrieving them requires experienced divers . the earliest known illustration of spondylus diving in south america comes from drawings on pottery and murals during the early intermediate period [ ~ 200 bc - ad 600 ] : they likely represent s . calcifer and the images probably were of people diving off the coast of ecuador .

bauer de . 2007 . the reinvention of tradition : an ethnographic study of spondylus use in coastal ecuador . journal of anthropological research 63 ( 1 ) : 33 - 50 .

lamprell , k . l . ( 1987 ) . spiny oysters of the world - spondylus . e . j . brill / dr w . backhuys , leiden . [ details ]

glowacki m . 2005 . food of the gods or mere mortals ? hallucinogenic spondylus and its interpretive implications for early andean society . antiquity 79 ( 304 ) : 257 - 268 .

spondylus shell also was also part of the extensive north american pre - columbian trade network , finding its way into far - flung places in the form of beads , pendants , and unworked valves . ritually significant spondylus objects such as the so - called " charlie chaplin " figurines have been found in several maya sites dated between the pre - classic to late classic periods .

by the middle to late neolithic , the number and size of spondylus shell pieces sharply drop off , found in archaeological sites of this time period as tiny pieces of inlay in necklaces , belts , bracelets , and anklets . in addition , limestone beads appear as imitations , suggesting to scholars that the sources of spondylus dried up but the symbolic importance of the shell had not .

pillsbury j . 1996 . the thorny oyster and the origins of empire : implications of recently uncovered spondylus imagery from chan chan , peru . latin american antiquity 7 ( 4 ) : 313 - 340 .

spondylus americanus typically inhabits shallow water bodies that may be enclosed , such as lagoons , or unenclosed , at depths of 10m to 168m ( tunnell et al . , 2010 : 330 ; logan , 1974 : 576 ) . as part of the epifaunal community of its habitats , the adolescent spondylus americanus will traverse surfaces until it finds a suitable settling spot , where the adult will typically remain ( logan , 1974 : 573 ) .

spondylus gaederopus lives in the eastern mediterranean , at depths between 6 - 30 m ( 20 - 100 ft ) . spondylus shells were prestige goods showing up in burials within the carpathian basin by the early neolithic period ( 6000 - 5500 cal bc ) . they were used as whole shells or cut into pieces for ornaments , and they are found in graves and hoards associated with both sexes . at the serbian site of vinca in the middle danube valley , spondylus were found with other shell species such as glycymeris in contexts dated to 5500 - 4300 bc , and as such are thought to have been part of the trade network from the mediterranean region .

the main trade route for spondylus in south america was along the andean mountain routes which were precursors to the inca road system , with secondary pathways branching down the river valleys ; and perhaps partially by boat along the coasts .

mackensen ak , brey t , and sonnenholzner s . 2011 . the fate of spondylus stocks ( bivalvia : spondylidae ) in ecuador : is recovery likely ? journal of shellfish research 30 ( 1 ) : 115 - 121 .

archaeological research in the salango region indicates spondylus was first exploited beginning during the valdivia phase [ 3500 - 1500 bc ] , when beads and worked rectangular pendants were made and traded to the ecuadoran interior . between 1100 and 100 bc , the produced items increased in complexity , and small figurines and red and white beads were traded to the andean highlands for copper and cotton . beginning about 100 bc , trade in ecuadoran spondylus reached the lake titicaca region in bolivia .

spondylus shell first appears in andean archaeological sites dated to the preceramic period v [ 4200 - 2500 bc ] , and the shellfish was consistently used up until the spanish conquest in the 16th century . andean people used spondylus shell as complete shells in rituals , cut into pieces and used as inlay in jewelry , and ground into powder and used as architectural decoration . its form was carved into stone and made into pottery effigies ; it was worked into body adornments and placed in burials .

oxygen isotope analysis supports scholars & apos ; contentions that the sole source of the central european spondylus was the mediterranean , specifically the aegean and / or adriatic coasts . shell workshops were recently identified at the late neolithic site of dimini in thessaly , where over 250 worked spondylus shell fragments were recorded . finished objects were found in other locations throughout the settlement , but halstead ( 2003 ) argues that the distribution suggests that the amount of production waste indicates that the artifacts were being produced for trade into central europe .

distinguishing characteristics in the early stages of growth spondylus species are extremely difficult to identify and many exhibit a similar ornamentation , shape and color . differences from the very similar s . spinosus in rib number and shape , spine development and color are given under s . spinosus .

no documentation of the eggs and pre - juvenile stages of spondylus americanus exists , but that data is available for members of the family pectinidae , with which spondylus americanus shares some similarities ; possibly the larval stages are alike ( logan , 1974 : 573 ) . pecten irradians hatches from the egg as a free - swimming , ciliated trocophore , before developing into a veliger which may feed using the velum ( fay et al . , 1983 : 4 ) . the foot is the final development of this stage ( fay et al . , 1983 : 5 ) .

the aim of this blog - based community is to gather info , news and data on spondylus , a sea - shell whose importance is acknowledged both in new and old worlds prehistory . if you want to become a co - author , please e - mail at fotisif @ urltoken

spondylus americanus is found in mostly tropical regions in the atlantic , where there is an abundance of calcium carbonate from coral reefs in the area . the calcium carbonate molecule is instrumental in the development of the species ' spines and cementation , so spondylus americanus will seek to settle near coral formations ( logan , 1974 : 569 ) . they can then become members of the coral ecosystem , serving as roosts for epibiontic algae which camouflage the shell , as well as being subject to predators such as gastropods , and lobsters ( logan , 1974 : 581 ; feifarek , 1987 ) .

( of spondylus albibarbatus reeve , 1856 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

( of spondylus spectrum reeve , 1856 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

( of spondylus castus reeve , 1856 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

mienis h . k . , galili e . and rapoport j . , 1993a . the spiny oyster , spondylus spinosus , a well established indo - pacific bivalve in the eastern mediterranean off israel ( mollusca , bivalvia , spondylidae ) . zoology in the middle east , 9 : 83 - 91 .

lamprell , k . l . ( 1998 ) . recent spondylus species from the middle east and adjacent regions , with the description of two new species . vita marina . 45 ( 1 - 2 ) : 41 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

spondylus americanus is a heterotrophic organism , relying on omnivorous filter feeding to attain sustenance ( logan , 1974 : 569 ) . water is brought in past the marginal denticles at the edge of the shell where particles may be foraged from the water to serve as nutrients ( logan , 1974 : 579 ) .

a few other organisms prey on spondylus americanus , including octopi and fish such as wrasses , although specific species that act as predators towards the species have not been recorded ( logan , 1974 : 583 - 584 ) . it is likely that the sharp spines defend against predators , and successful cementation to a substrate has been shown to increase survivability against predators ( logan , 1974 : 583 ; harper , 1990 : 457 ) . although parrot fish are not natural predators of the species , as they consume the algae lining the shell as camouflage , they may decrease spondylus americanus ’s survivability ( logan , 1974 : 583 ) .

( of spondylus gaederopus var . mixta koch & pallary in pallary , 1900 ) pallary p . ( 1900 ) . coquilles marines du littoral du départment d ' oran . journal de conchyliologie . 48 ( 3 ) : 211 - 422 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 372 [ details ]

( of spondylus gaederopus var . lamellosa pallary , 1904 ) pallary p . ( 1912 ) . catalogue des mollusques du littoral méditerranéen de l ' egypte . mémoires de l ' institut d ' egypte , 7 ( 3 ) : 69 - 207 , pl . 15 - 18 , available online at urltoken [ details ]

these oysters ' spines serve as protection and provide growth areas for barnacles and algae , which in turn provide camouflage . although the spondylus imperialis resembles oysters , these creatures are more closely related to scallops . thorny oysters live attached to hard substrates or other shells , and interspecific variability makes them difficult to identify with certainty .

( of spondylus sparsispinosus dall , bartsch & rehder , 1938 ) spencer h . g . , willan r . c . , marshall b . a . & murray t . j . ( 2011 ) . checklist of the recent mollusca recorded from the new zealand exclusive economic zone . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

the larval stage of spondylus americanus has not been observed , but presumably the larvae are free - swimming until choosing a substrate to attach to and develop into the postlarval stage ( logan , 1974 : 573 ) . adults will remain attached to the substrate unless they have been forcibly detached ( logan , 1974 : 578 ) .

the symptoms of psp include sensory distortions , euphoria , loss of muscular control , and paralysis , and , in the most severe cases , death . glowacki suggests that purposefully eating spondylus during the wrong months may well have effected a hallucinogenic experience associated with shamanism , as an alternative to other forms of hallucinogens such as cocaine .

although evidence of shell - working is known in the andean highlands , workshops are also known to have been located much nearer their source beds along the pacific coast . in coastal ecuador , for example , several communities have been identified with prehispanic procurement and production of spondylus shell beads and other goods which were part of extensive trade networks .

( of spondylus contrarius anton , 1838 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus fulvus schreibers , 1793 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus mediterraneus hermann , 1781 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus aurantius lamarck , 1819 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus plurispinosus reeve , 1856 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus aculeatus broderip , 1833 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus rostratus chenu , 1844 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus gracilis chenu , 1844 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus lima chenu , 1844 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus lindea iredale , 1939 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus maculatus schreibers , 1793 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus parocellatus iredale , 1939 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus percea iredale , 1939 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus pseudochama schreibers , 1793 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus igneus fulton , 1915 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus radians lamarck , 1819 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus hystrix röding , 1798 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus albibarbatus reeve , 1856 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus albus anton , 1838 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus albus chenu , 1844 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus spectrum reeve , 1856 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus spinulosus kuster , 1858 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus castus reeve , 1856 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus albidus broderip , 1836 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus minimus chenu , 1844 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus smytheae lamprell , 1998 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

bajnóczi b , schöll - barna g , kalicz n , siklósi z , hourmouziadis gh , ifantidis f , kyparissi - apostolika a , pappa m , veropoulidou r , and ziota c . 2013 . tracing the source of late neolithic spondylus shell ornaments by stable isotope geochemistry and cathodoluminescence microscopy . journal of archaeological science 40 ( 2 ) : 874 - 882 .

calcium carbonate is necessary for spine development and cementation to a substrate , and spondylus americanus will attempt to dwell on or around coral in order to easily fulfill the requirements for that substance ( logan , 1974 : 569 ) . a variety of substrate shapes are suitable : the species’ shell will adapt to even narrow clefts ( logan , 1974 : 573 ) . the presence of coral is desirable , but by no means necessary for life once matured , as sand - dwelling , non - cemented adults have also been found ( logan , 1974 : 576 , 578 ) . however , life on the substrate is more sustainable , as spondylus americanus is protected from the turbulence of storms ( logan , 1974 : 578 ) .

foot : the foot serves the function of cleaning the interior of the shell , as cementation frees it from having to anchor spondylus americanus to the substrate ( yonge , 1973 : 180 - 181 ) . cilia are present to aid in transporting particles ; when large groups of particles are built up , they can then be expelled ( yonge , 1973 : 181 ) .

( of spondylus cevikeri lamprell , stanisic & clarkson , 2001 ) lamprell k . , stanisic j . & clarkson p . ( 2001 ) . spondylids from the mediterranean sea and atlantic ocean with the description of a new species ( mollusca , bivalvia , spondylidae ) . . memoirs of the queensland museum 46 : 611 - 622 page ( s ) : 612 [ details ]

( of spondylus gaederopus var . spinosa pallary , 1904 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus gaederopus var . albinus monterosato , 1875 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus gaederopus var . coralinus monterosato , 1875 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus gaederopus var . foliosus monterosato , 1875 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus gaederopus var . horrida dautzenberg , 1895 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus gaederopus var . inermis monterosato , 1875 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus gaederopus var . lamellosa pallary , 1904 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus cevikeri lamprell , stanisic & clarkson , 2001 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus serratissimus dall , bartsch & rehder , 1938 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus sparsispinosus dall , bartsch & rehder , 1938 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus ciliatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus coccineus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

eventual size of the shell and spines depends on the area the larva chooses to attach to : the valves have some plasticity to adapt for proper function in narrow places . spines grow at random angles before resolving to the large spines pointed away from the shell seen in adult spondylus americanus ; older spines are usually ground away by this point ( logan , 1974 : 573 - 574 ) .

( of spondylus gaederopus var . mixta koch & pallary in pallary , 1900 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of spondylus radians lamarck , 1819 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

the fossil record of spondylidae extends to the early jurassic , although spinous bivalves that existed during the late paleozoic may be ancestors ( logan , 1974 : 584 ) . spondylus americanus ' particular evolution does not appear to have been studied , but with respect to the family as a whole , one of these potential ancestors may be the pectinidae of the carboniferous ( dakin , 1928a : 354 ) .

mantle : the middle of three mantle folds houses a row of short tentacles and eyes , while the innermost fold is muscular and dappled with brown ( logan , 1974 : 570 ; yonge , 1973 : 177 ) . the eyes on spondylus americana are of a relatively small size , and there are 92 on the upper valve and 71 on the lower valve ( dakin , 1928b : 356 ) .

in 1525 , francisco pizarro & apos ; s pilot bartolomeo ruiz met an indigenous balsa wood craft sailing off the ecuadoran coast . its cargo included trade goods of silver , gold , textiles , and seashells , and they told ruiz they came from a place known as calangane . research conducted near the city of salango in that region indicated that it has been an important center of spondylus procurement for at least as long as 5 , 000 years .

between the months of april and september , the flesh of spondylus is toxic to humans , a seasonal toxicity recognized in most shellfish called paralytic shellfish poisoning ( psp ) . psp is caused by toxic algae or dinoflagellates consumed by shellfish during those months , and typically it is at its most toxic following the appearance of the algae bloom known as the " red tide " . red tides are associated with el niño oscillations , themselves associated with catastrophic storms .

( of spondylus sparsispinosus dall , bartsch & rehder , 1938 ) spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]

american anthropologist daniel bauer conducted ethnographic studies with modern shell - workers at salango in the early 21st century , before over - exploitation and climate change caused a crash in shellfish population and resulted in a fishing ban in 2009 . modern ecuadoran divers collect spondylus using oxygen tanks ; but some use a traditional method , holding their breaths for up to 2 . 5 minutes to dive to the shell beds 4 - 20 m ( 13 - 65 ft ) below the surface of the sea .

charlie chaplin figurines ( referred to in the literature as gingerbread cut - outs , anthropomorphic figurines , or anthropomorphic cut - outs ) are small , crudely - shaped human forms lacking much detail or gender identification . they are found primarily in ritual contexts such as burials , and dedicatory caches for stelae and buildings . they aren & apos ; t just made of spondylus : charlie chaplins are also made of jade , obsidian , slate , or sandstone , but they are almost always in ritual contexts .

the pectinidae have unique eyes among the bivalves that are homologous to those found in spondylus americanus ( dakin , 1928b : 356 ) . both families rest on the same valve ( dakin , 1928a : 337 , 338 ) . the mantle , adductor muscle , and radial muscle characteristics that have been specialized in pectinidae are mostly shared in spondylidae as well ( dakin , 1928a : 338 - 342 ) . the ctenidia of both families have a “respiratory expansion” that also appears unique ( dakin , 1928a : 344 ) .

the larvae are most likely motile , seeking suitable substrates to settle on ( logan , 1974 : 573 ) . adult spondylus americanus live a sessile existence , relying on filter feeding for sustenance and defense via sealing the valves ( logan , 1974 : 569 ) . if necessary , flapping of the valves allows the organism to swim , and may be useful in spreading sexual products during reproduction and possibly evading predators if s . americanus becomes detached from the substrate ( dakin , 1928a : 342 ; drew , 1906 : 34 ) .

atlantic thorny - oyster spondylus americanus hermann , 1781 description : this bivalve shell is attached to the substrate with one shell . the shells are roundish with numerous spines in rows . the spines can be up to 4 cm . long . the color is variable , from white via yellow and orange to purple . size : up to 10 cm . habitat : the shell lives on reefs , usually under overhangs or in recesses . well camouflaged by its color . depth : ranges from 12 m down to 40 m . distribution : common all over the caribbean . remarks : in most countries it is illegal to bring back these shells from holidays .

( of spondylus gaederopus var . contraria bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) bucquoy e . , dautzenberg p . & dollfus g . ( 1887 - 1898 ) . les mollusques marins du roussillon . tome ii . pélécypodes . paris , j . b . baillière & fils 884 p . , 99 pl . [ pp . 1 - 24 , pl . 1 - 6 , november 1887 ; pp . 25 - 60 , pl . 7 - 11 , august 1888 ; pp . 61 - 112 , pl . 12 - 21 , may 1889 ; pp . 113 - 172 , pl . 22 - 29 , april 1890 ; pp . 173 - 220 , pl . 30 - 37 , april 1891 ; pp . 221 - 272 , pl . 38 - 44 , april 1892 ; pp . 273 - 320 , pl . 45 - 51 , may 1892 ; pp . 321 - 388 , pl . 52 - 59 , november 1893 ; pp . 389 - 450 , pl . 60 - 67 , december 1893 ; pp . 453 - 540 , pl . 68 - 70 , march 1895 ; pp . 541 - 620 , pl . 79 - 88 , april 1896 ; p . 621 - 690 , pl . 89 - 95 , march 1898 ; p . 693 - 884 , pl . 96 - 99 , october 1898 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of spondylus gaederopus var . corallina bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) bucquoy e . , dautzenberg p . & dollfus g . ( 1887 - 1898 ) . les mollusques marins du roussillon . tome ii . pélécypodes . paris , j . b . baillière & fils 884 p . , 99 pl . [ pp . 1 - 24 , pl . 1 - 6 , november 1887 ; pp . 25 - 60 , pl . 7 - 11 , august 1888 ; pp . 61 - 112 , pl . 12 - 21 , may 1889 ; pp . 113 - 172 , pl . 22 - 29 , april 1890 ; pp . 173 - 220 , pl . 30 - 37 , april 1891 ; pp . 221 - 272 , pl . 38 - 44 , april 1892 ; pp . 273 - 320 , pl . 45 - 51 , may 1892 ; pp . 321 - 388 , pl . 52 - 59 , november 1893 ; pp . 389 - 450 , pl . 60 - 67 , december 1893 ; pp . 453 - 540 , pl . 68 - 70 , march 1895 ; pp . 541 - 620 , pl . 79 - 88 , april 1896 ; p . 621 - 690 , pl . 89 - 95 , march 1898 ; p . 693 - 884 , pl . 96 - 99 , october 1898 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

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parent taxon : spondylidae according to t . j . wild and j . d . stilwell 2016

see also coan and valentich - scott 2012 , dockery 1982 , islamoglu and taner 1995 , lamprell and healy 1998 , moore 1987 , olsson 1931 , perrilliat 1992 , sepkoski 2002 , spencer et al . 2004 , squires and demetrion 1990 , stilwell 1998 , todd 2001 , vokes 1980 , vokes and vokes 1992 , woodring 1982 and wozny 1977

this page was last edited on 2 june 2017 , at 13 : 08 .

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linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]


heteroteuthis dagamensis is a species of bobtail squid native to the southeastern atlantic ocean and southwestern indian ocean .

it occurs off western , southern , and southeastern africa .

the type specimen was collected off south africa and is deposited at the natural history museum in london .

heteroteuthis dagamensis

heteroteuthis dagamensis <EOT> heteroteuthis dispar ( triangle ) and heteroteuthis dagamensis ( circle ) . . . | download scientific diagram

figure 1 . heteroteuthis dispar ( triangle ) and heteroteuthis dagamensis ( circle ) distribution in the atlantic ocean based on the male specimens examined .

published records indicate that heteroteuthis dispar ( ruppell , 1844 ) is found in the north atlantic ocean and that heteroteuthis dagamensis robson , 1924 inhabits the south atlantic ocean . however , specimens recently collected in the northern gulf of mexico ( n = 123 ) show that h . dagamensis is the only species of the genus common in the gulf of mexico based on identification of male specimens . also , comparison of dna barcodes for three morphologically similar species of heteroteuthis , h . dispar , h . dagamensis , and heteroteuthis hawaiiensis ( berry , 1909 ) confirm that all are distinct species and indicate that h . dagamensis and h . hawaiiensis are closer genetically than either is to h . dispar .

judkins , h . , k . rosario , m . vecchione . 2016 . morphological and molecular evidence of heteroteuthis dagamensis in the gulf of mexico . bulletin of marine science . doi : urltoken

published records indicate that heteroteuthis dispar ( ruppell , 1844 ) is found in the north atlantic ocean and that heteroteuthis dagamensis robson , 1924 inhabits the south atlantic ocean . however , specimens recently collected in the northern gulf of mexico ( n = 123 ) show that h . dagamensis is the only species of the genus common in the gulf of mexico based on identification of male specimens . . . . [ show full abstract ]

reproduction in heteroteuthis dispar ( rüppell , 1844 ) ( mollusca : cephalopoda ) : a sepiolid reproductiv . . .

figure . left - brachial crown of a mature female h . dagamensis 16 mm ml , arms i are in center . right - left arms i - iii of a female . drawing by a . hart .

small cephalopods of the genus heteroteuthis are the most pelagic members in the family sepiolidae . this study examines the reproductive biology of heteroteuthis dispar ( rüppell , 1844 ) , the first such study on any member of the genus , based on 46 specimens ( 27 females and 19 males ) collected during the mar - eco cruise in the north atlantic in the region of the mid - atlantic ridge in 2004 , and . . . [ show full abstract ]

figure . oral view of the brachial crown of h . dagamensis 16 mm ml , mature male . note that the large suckers on arms iii are in the dorsal series and alternate with small suckers in the ventral series . drawing by a . hart .

at present the only character that distinguishes h . dagamensis from h . dispar / hawaiiensis is the arrangement of large suckers on arms iii of males . we have not made detailed comparisons of these species to search for additional characters . the description presented here is made from notes taken many years ago .

figure . oral view of the arms of h . dagamensis 19 mm ml , male left - full arm crown . note that right arms i and ii are folded dorsally . right - dorsal view of the head showing the distal region of right arms i and ii . photographs by r . young .

rotermund n . & guerrero - kommritz j . ( 2010 ) taxonomy and biogeography of the genus heteroteuthis ( mollusca : cephalopoda ) in the atlantic ocean . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 90 ( 2 ) : 367 - 390 . , available online at urltoken ; = 7399392 [ details ]

the stomachs of 427 giant red shrimps , aristaeomorpha foliacea , caught in the strait of sicily ( mediterranean sea ) during four seasonal surveys contained 73 cephalopods , or 8·6 % of prey . cephalopods ranked third as prey following crustaceans ( 49·2 % of prey ) and bony fish ( 20·5 % of prey ) . the following cephalopod taxa were identified : heteroteuthis dispar , sepietta oweniana , brachioteuthis sp . , . . . [ show full abstract ]

yes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .

cephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :

the list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .

introducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !

expedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .

this page was created by jim felley , mike vecchione , clyde roper , mike sweeney , and tyler christensen . if you have questions or comments , contact mike vecchione .

robson , g . c . ( 1924 ) . preliminary report on the cephalopoda ( decapoda ) procured by the s . s . " pickle " . report of the fisheries and marine biological survey of the union of south africa . 3 : 1 - 14 . page ( s ) : 11 [ details ]

intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]

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has been assessed as data deficient as major taxonomic issues exist which need clarifying and will likely alter the known range of this species .

. ( 2007 ) report specimens from south africa , off the atlantic coast of south america , off new zealand and off australia .

this species is of no current interest to fisheries ( reid and jereb 2005 ) .

further research is required to resolve taxonomic uncertainties and determine population trends and life history patterns of this species .

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michael vecchione , richard e . young , and clyde f . e . roper

right arms i and ii hectocotylized : arms longer than left counterparts , with deep joining membrand and swollen marginal membranes on proximal half of both arms with pores and internal white glandular masses . proximal ventral bilobed projection of right arm i overlaps base of right arm ii . large gland between these arms opens between lobes .

males with few greatly enlarged suckers in the dorsal sucker series on arms iii : sucker 10 about 4 - 5 times diameter of sucker 9 ; enlarged suckers of dorsl series much larger than counterparts in ventral series but latter still enlarged .

type locality - off the natal coast , south africa . the specimen we photographed came from the south atlantic off south africa at 36°s , 11°e and off south america at 37°s , 53°w . the specimen drawn came from off new zealand at 40 . 1°s , 168 . 1°e .

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vecchione , michael , richard e . young , and clyde f . e . roper . 2013 .

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typical mantle - length 15 mm . lives in offshore waters . native . endemic to southeastern australia ( nsw , tas and vic ) . in tasmanian waters , this species occurs well offshore , with available records all from off the south and east coasts .

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examination of specimens of euprymna steenstrup , 1887 from northern australia led to the discovery of a new species . it is described here as euprymna pardalota sp . nov . it is distinguished from all but one other nominal species of euprymna ( e . phenax voss , 1962 ) in having two rows of suckers on the arms , rather than four rows . it differs from e . phenax in a number of traits , including : the . . . [ show full abstract ]

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allcock , l . , h . judkins , y . sakuri . 2017 . editorial : recent advances in cephalopod science . ciac 2015 special issue . 2565 - 2567 . urltoken

shea , e . , h . judkins , m . d . staudinger , v . hartigan , a . lindgren , m . vecchione . 2017 . cephalopod biodiversity in the vicinity of bear seamount , western north atlantic . marine biodiversity ; 47 : 699 . urltoken 0633 - 3

judkins h . , m . vecchione , a . cook , t . sutton . 2016 . diversity of midwater cephalopods in the northern gulf of mexico : comparison of two collecting methods . marine biodiversity . doi 10 . 1007 / s12526 - 016 - 0597 - 8

roper , c . f . e . , h . judkins , n . voss , e . shea , e . dawes , d . ingrao , p . rothman , i . roper . 2015 . a compilation of recent records of the giant squid , architeuthis dux ( steenstrup , 1857 ) ( cephalopoda ) from the western north atlantic ocean , newfoundland to the gulf of mexico . american malacological bulletin , 33 ( 1 ) 1 - 11 .

hoving , hj , j . perez , k . bolstad , h . braid , a . evans , d . fuchs , h . judkins , j . kelly , j . marian , r . nakajima , u . piatkowski , a . reid , m . vecchione , j . xavier . 2014 . the study of deep - sea cephalopods ; e . vidal editor ; advances in marine biology , v . 67 ; 235 - 259 .

judkins , h , s . arbuckle , m . vecchione , l . garrison , a . martinez ( 2013 ) . cephalopods in the potential prey field of sperm whales ( physeter macrocephalus ) in the northern gulf of mexico . journal of natural history , doi : 10 . 1080 / 00222933 . 2013 . 802045

judkins , h and m . vecchione . 2013 . doryteuthis plei ( blainville , 1823 ) , the slender inshore squid . advances in squid biology , ecology and fisheries , part i : myopsid squid . ed . rui rosa , graham pierce , ron o’dor ; pp . 241 - 256 .

judkins , h , m . vecchione , j . torres , c . f . e . roper . 2010 . cephalopod species richness in the wider caribbean region . - ices journal of marine science , 67 : 1392 - 1400 .

judkins , h . m . vecchione , & c . f . e . roper . 2009 . cephalopods ( mollusca : cephalopoda ) of the gulf of mexico . gulf of mexico origin , waters , and biota biodiversity , volume 1 ( darryl felder , david a . camp , editors ) texas a & m university press , college station , texas , ch . 34 , pp . 701 - 710 .

judkins , heather . 2009 . cephalopods of the broad caribbean : distribution , abundance and ecological importance ; dissertation ; university of south florida ; 156 p .

judkins , h . debra ingrao , c . f . e . roper . august 2009 . first records of asperoteuthis acanthoderma ( lu , 1977 ) cephalopoda : oegopsidae : chiroteuthidae ) , from the north atlantic ocean , straits of florida . proceedings of the biological society of washington ; 122 ( 2 ) : 162–170 .

heather judkins , ph . d . assistant professor department of biological sciences , stg 222 university of south florida st . petersburg 140 7th ave south st . petersburg , fl 33701 ( 727 ) 873 - 4512 lab

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guerrero - kommritz , jürgen and rodriguez - bermudez , adriana 2017 . sepiolids ( mollusca : cephalopoda ) from the southern caribbean , colombian coast , and a redescription of nectoteuthis pourtalesii verrill , 1883 . marine biodiversity , vol . 47 , issue . 1 , p . 203 .

in the south atlantic ocean . in total 58 individuals were examined , 23 belonging to the species

. all specimens were captured during the walther herwig expeditions 1966 , 1968 , 1976 and 1982 . a full description of both sexes of

is provided . these two species can only be distinguished by means of the male ' s enlarged suckers on arm pair iii . females are not useful for taxonomic identifications and are morphologically identical in both species . the results do not support the definition of subgenera in this genus . this is the first report for

cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date . vol . 1 . chambered nautiluses and sepioids ( nautilidae , sepiidae , sepiadariidae , idiosepiidae and spirulidae )

[ fao species catalogue for fishery purposes , no . 4 , vol . 1 . ]

le pesche abissali eseguite da f . a . krupp col yacht puritan nelle adjacenze di capri ed altere località del mediterraneo

preliminary report on the cephalopoda ( decapoda ) procured by the s . s . “pickle”

intorno ad alcuni cefalopodi del mare di messina . lettera del d . eduardo rüppel di frankfort sul meno al prof . anastasio cocca

mollusques méditerranéens . prémiere partie : céphalopodes de la méditerranée . gênes , imprimerie des souds - muets , 132 pp . , 44 plates

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it is found in china ( sichuan ) .

the length of the forewings is 9-10 mm .

auzata semilucida

auzata semilucida <EOT> this is the place for semilucida definition . you find here semilucida meaning , synonyms of semilucida and images for semilucida copyright 2017 © urltoken

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auzata semilucida is a moth in the drepanidae family . it was described by chu and wang in 1988 . it is found in china ( sichuan ) .

here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word semilucida . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word semilucida and , of course , semilucida synonyms and on the right images related to the word semilucida .

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the length of the forewings is 9 - 10 mm . adults have a large translucent patch on the hindwings .

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bhou io xiang henordokcidenia kolegio de agrikulturo la shaanxi - a ir . stltuto de zoologio ; studo drepanedoj el shaanxi provinco ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) [ j ] ; entomotaxonomia ; 1982 - 04

chou io xiang he nordokcidenta kolegio de agrikulturo , wugong , shaanxi . la shaanxi - a instituto de zoologio , xi ' an , shaanxi . ; studo de drepanedoj el yunnan provinco ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) [ j ] ; entomotaxonomia ; 1984 - z1

guo zheng - fu ~ 1 , ding dong - sun ~ 2 ( 1 . jiangxi provincial academy of forestry , nanchang , jiangxi 330046 , china ; 2 . jiangxi provincial station of forest disease and pest control , nanchang , jiangxi 330077 , china ) ; butterfly fauna analysis of the natural reservation of guanshan , jiangxi province [ j ] ; entomological journal of east china ; 2005 - 02

xie xiao - jian1 , ren ze - jun1 , ding dong - sun1 , lin yu - jian2 ( 1 . forest pest control station of jiangxi province , nanchang , 330077 ; 2 . college of agronomy , jiangxi agriculture university , nanchang 330045 ) ; the species of lymantriidae insects from jiangxi province [ j ] ; jiangxi plant protection ; 2007 - 01

ding dongsun1 , zhu xianchao2 , huang xianlin3 , qiu ningfang1 ( 1 . jiangxi forest pest control station , nanchang jiangxi 330077 , china ; 2 . leqing city yandang town forest station , leqing zhejiang 325614 , china ; 3 . leqing city xiangyang town forest station , leqing zhejiang 325619 , china ) ; tettigonioidae and geographical distributions of insect from jiangxi lushan nature reserve [ j ] ; jiangxi forestry science and technology ; 2007 - 03

zhen benguang1 , chen chunquang1 , zhuo chuansen1 , cheng yong1 , jia fenghai2 ( 1 . jinggang mountain national reserve management bureau , ji ' an jiangxi 343600 , china ; 2 . nanchang university , nanchan jiangxi 330031 , china ) ; lepidoptera lycaenidae new records in jiangxi [ j ] ; jiangxi forestry science and technology ; 2007 - 04

song hong - min1 , 2 , zhang qing - fen1 , han xue - mei1 , xu yan1 , 3 , xu ru - mei 1 * * ( 1 ministry of education laboratory for biodiversity science and ecological engineering , beijing normal university , beijing 100875 , china ; 2 ministry of laboratory for biological - active substances and functional food , beijing union university , beijing 100083 , china ; 3 institute of animal and plant quarantine , administry of quality supervise and inspection and quarantine , beijing 100029 , china ) ; climex : professional biological software for predicting potential distribution of species . [ j ] ; entomological knowledge ; 2004 - 04

liu yuanfu , associate professor ( the research institute of tropical forestry , caf guangzhou 510520 ) . ; the insect fauna of the jianfengling forest area , hainan island - - thyrididae [ j ] ; forest research ; 1993 - 03

ding dong - sun1 , zeng zhi - jie1 , chen chun - fa1 , lin yu - jian2 , wu he - ping3 , xu xiang - rong3 , yu ze - ping3 ( 1 . forest pest control and quarantine bureau of jiangxi , nanchang 330077 , jiangxi , china ; 2 . jiangxi agricultural university , nanchang 330045 , jiangxi , china ; 3 . guanshan mountain natural reserve in jiangxi , yifeng 336300 , jiangxi , china ) ; insect fauna analysis of guanshan mountain natural reserve in jiangxi [ j ] ; forest research ; 2009 - 03

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by hong - fu chu and lin - yao wang in 1988 . it is


leucoblepsis neoma is a moth in the drepanidae family .

it was described by swinhoe in 1905 .

it is found in singapore and on peninsular malaysia , sumatra and borneo .

adults are white , suffused with pale chestnut-brown irrorations in parts .

there are two nearly straight brown lines from the abdominal margin of the hindwings .

the first from one-third , the other from the middle , running parallel across both wings and suddenly converge on the middle of vein 5 of the forewings , and run from there in a single line to the costa near the apex .

between these lines on the forewings is a large hyaline spot and the rest of the wing is lightly suffused .

there is a fairly broad pale pinkish band on the outer margin , composed of large pale pinkish spots joined together .

the marginal line is brown .

the hindwings have a nearly white inner area , the outer area from the outer line to the margin with dark suffusion and a dentated white line through the middle of the disc .

the marginal line is white .

leucoblepsis neoma

leucoblepsis neoma <EOT> leucoblepsis neoma ; [ mob8 ] : 33 , pl . 6 , f . 38

problepsidis neoma swinhoe , 1905 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 15 ( 86 ) : 150

leucoblepsis excisa ; [ mob8 ] : 33 , pl . 6 , f . 39

leucoblepsis renifera ; [ mob8 ] : 32 , pl . 6 , f . 35 , 36

leucoblepsis warren , 1922 ; gross - schmett . erde 6 : 462 ; ts : problepsidis carneotincta warren

leucoblepsis ostia swinhoe , 1903 ; in annandale & robinson , fasc . malay zool . 1 : 59

leucoblepsis fenestraria ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 94 ; [ mob8 ] : 33 , pl . 6 , f . 37

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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .

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the species is rare in lowland forest , though one specimen has been taken at 1618m on bukit retak , brunei .

problepsidis tristis swinhoe , 1905 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 15 ( 86 ) : 150

ne . himalaya , taiwan , peninsular malaysia , sumatra , borneo . see [ maps ]

problepsidis carneotincta warren , 1901 ; novit . zool . 8 : 191 ; tl : sarawak , bukan

ne . hiamalaya , taiwan , peninsular malaysia , borneo . see [ maps ]

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

warren , 1901 drepanulidae , uraniidae , and geometridae from the palaearctic and indo - australian regions novit . zool . 8 : 190 - 201

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this article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .

brehm , gunnar 2017 . a new led lamp for the collection of nocturnal lepidoptera and a spectral comparison of light - trapping lamps . nota lepidopterologica , vol . 40 , issue . 1 , p . 87 .

infusino , marco brehm , gunnar di marco , carlo and scalercio , stefano 2017 . assessing the efficiency of uv leds as light sources for sampling the diversity of macro - moths ( lepidoptera ) . european journal of entomology , vol . 114 , issue . , p . 25 .

tikoca , siteri hodge , simon tuiwawa , marika brodie , gilianne pene , sarah and clayton , john 2016 . an appraisal of sampling methods and effort for investigating moth assemblages in a fijian forest . austral entomology , vol . 55 , issue . 4 , p . 455 .

wolfling , mirko becker , mira c . uhl , britta traub , anja and fiedler , konrad 2016 . how differences in the settling behaviour of moths ( lepidoptera ) may contribute to sampling bias when using automated light traps . european journal of entomology , vol . 113 , issue . , p . 502 .

lawer , eric adjei and darkoh , esther love 2016 . effects of agroecosystems on insect and insectivorous bat activity : a preliminary finding based on light trap and mist net captures . turkish journal of zoology , vol . 40 , issue . , p . 423 .

zou , yi sang , weiguo hausmann , axel and axmacher , jan christoph 2016 . high phylogenetic diversity is preserved in species - poor high - elevation temperate moth assemblages . scientific reports , vol . 6 , issue . 1 ,

lamarre , g p a mendoza , i rougerie , r decaëns , t hérault , b and bénéluz , f 2015 . stay out ( almost ) all night : contrasting responses in flight activity among tropical moth assemblages . neotropical entomology , vol . 44 , issue . 2 , p . 109 .

akite , perpetra telford , richard j . waring , paul akol , anne m . and vandvik , vigdis 2015 . temporal patterns in saturnidae ( silk moth ) and sphingidae ( hawk moth ) assemblages in protected forests of central uganda . ecology and evolution , vol . 5 , issue . 8 , p . 1746 .

jonason , dennis franzén , markus ranius , thomas and brigham , r . mark 2014 . surveying moths using light traps : effects of weather and time of year . plos one , vol . 9 , issue . 3 , p . e92453 .

thompson , jessica l . zack , richard s . crabo , lars and landolt , peter j . 2014 . survey of macromoths ( insecta : lepidoptera ) of a palouse prairie remnant site in eastern washington state . pan - pacific entomologist , vol . 90 , issue . 4 , p . 191 .

teston , josé augusto novaes , jessé bucioli and almeida júnior , josé otávio barros 2012 . abundância , composição e diversidade de arctiinae ( lepidoptera , arctiidae ) em um fragmento de floresta na amazônia oriental em altamira , pa , brasil . acta amazonica , vol . 42 , issue . 1 , p . 105 .

beck , jan schwanghart , wolfgang khen , chey vun and holloway , jeremy d . 2011 . predicting geometrid moth diversity in the heart of borneo . insect conservation and diversity , vol . 4 , issue . 3 , p . 173 .

ozaki , kenichi sayama , katsuhiko ueda , akira ito , masato tabuchi , ken and hironaga , teruhiko 2011 . short - term , efficient sampling strategies for estimating forest moth diversity using light traps . annals of the entomological society of america , vol . 104 , issue . 4 , p . 739 .

garcía - lópez , alejandra micó , estefanía zumbado , manuel a . and galante , eduardo 2011 . sampling scarab beetles in tropical forests : the effect of light source and night sampling periods . journal of insect science , vol . 11 , issue . 95 , p . 1 .

teston , josé augusto and delfina , márcia cristina 2010 . diversidade de arctiinae ( lepidoptera , arctiidae ) em área alterada em altamira , amazônia oriental , pará , brasil . acta amazonica , vol . 40 , issue . 2 , p . 387 .

scalercio , stefano infusino , marco and woiwod , ian p . 2009 . optimising the sampling window for moth indicator communities . journal of insect conservation , vol . 13 , issue . 6 , p . 583 .

hawes , joseph da silva motta , catarina overal , william l . barlow , jos gardner , toby a . and peres , carlos a . 2009 . diversity and composition of amazonian moths in primary , secondary and plantation forests . journal of tropical ecology , vol . 25 , issue . 03 , p . 281 .

schooler , s . s . mcevoy , p . b . hammond , p . and coombs , e . m . 2009 . negative per capita effects of two invasive plants , lythrum salicaria and phalaris arundinacea , on the moth diversity of wetland communities . bulletin of entomological research , vol . 99 , issue . 03 , p . 229 .

scanlon , annette t . and petit , sophie 2008 . biomass and biodiversity of nocturnal aerial insects in an adelaide city park and implications for bats ( microchiroptera ) . urban ecosystems , vol . 11 , issue . 1 , p . 91 .

experimental comparisons were made between samples of moths obtained by rothamsted tungsten - filament and robinson mercury - vapour light - traps operating in a lowland dipterocarp forest in peninsular malaysia . the rothamsted trap gave more uniform and consistent samples and performed better in the tropical conditions than the robinson trap . there were no significant differences between the overall measurement of diversity for the group geometroidea between the two trap designs although the robinson trap was much more erratic from night to night . the total catch of non - geometroidea moths was remarkably similar in the two trap types . the choice of appropriate light - trap designs for biodiversity studies in tropical rainforest is discussed .

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