machimia dolopis is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by walsingham in 1912 .

it is found in mexico ( guerrero ) .

the wingspan is 15 – 17 mm .

the forewings are smoky white , with minute fuscous dusting on a white ground colour .

there is a narrow fuscous costal line at the base of the wing and a smoky fuscous discal spot at one-third , with a spot in the fold below and beyond it , which is followed by a larger ill-defined spot at the end of the cell .

straight below this is another plical spot , diffused downward to the dorsum and forming the lower extremity of a series of smoky fuscous spots , which , running parallel with the termen , form an angle pointing to the apex and revert to the costa at about two-thirds .

the hindwings are shining whitish cinereous .

machimia dolopis

machimia dolopis <EOT> cryptolechia dolopis walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 122 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft

machimia clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 211 ; ts : machimia tentoriferella clemens

76 . hemiscopis 77 . hopis 78 . inopis 79 . isotropis 80 . jacopis 81 . jorge llopis 82 . kashlopis 83 . kopis 84 . laeosopis 85 . lamna ditropis 86 . lecithocera haemylopis 87 . lembotropis 88 . leptophis diplotropis 89 . letecky dopis 90 . llopis 91 . loopis 92 . lophioturris leucotropis 93 . machimia dolopis 94 . macropis 95 . manolis siopis 96 . manuel goded llopis 97 . mastigoteuthis glaukopis 98 . meropis 99 . metasia orphnopis 100 . miltochrista eccentropis

machimia guerneella joannis , 1914 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 83 : 210 ; tl : yokohama

machimia serva meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 375 ; tl : victoria , birchip

machimia pyrocalyx meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 545 ; tl : brazil , santa catharina

machimia rogifera meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 184 ; tl : british guiana , mallali

machimia sejunctella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 621 ; tl : ega

machimia ochrophanes turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 371

machimia intaminata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 544 ; tl : brazil , ouro reto , minas geraes

machimia morata meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 697 ; tl : argentina , parana

machimia cruda meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 311 ; tl : colombia , alto de las ances , 7250ft

machimia eothina meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 376 ; tl : french guiana , nouveau chantier , r . maroni

machimia perianthes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 545 ; tl : french guiana , st . laurient , r . maroni

machimia neuroscia meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 231 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil

machimia trunca meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 232 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil

machimia conspersa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 106 ; tl : victoria , macedon

machimia rhaphiducha turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 117 ; tl : queensland , tweed hds

machimia cyphopleura turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 112 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda

machimia homopolia turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 116 ; tl : new south wales , adaminaby

machimia metagypsa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 118 ; tl : w . australia , albany

machimia albula turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 117 ; tl : queensland , injune ; carnarvon rge

machimia dystheata turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , cape york

machimia trigama ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 , pl . a , f . 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 952 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

machimia tentoriferella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 , pl . 5 , f . 26 - 28 ; [ nacl ] , # 951 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .

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cryptolechia caduca walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 123 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft

cryptolechia chorrera busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 29 ; tl : la chorrera , panama

depressaria desertorum berg , 1875 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 49 ( 4 ) : 239 ; tl : rio negro

cryptolechia ignicolor busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 27 ; tl : cabima , panama

cryptolechia illuminella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 28 ; tl : panama , trinidad river

cryptolechia notella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 30 ; tl : trinidad river , panama

cryptolechia peperita walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 122 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : guatemala , baja vera paz , san gerónimo

pyrograpta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 8 - 9 ) : 278

nova scotia , wisconsin - virginia , iowa , ontario . see [ maps ]

= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 ; [ nacl ] , # 951 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

larva on betula , fraxinus , ulmus , acer , quercus , tilia americana , juglans cinerea , prunus , fagus , sorbus , carya , populus balsamifera , castanea dentata , corylys , pyrus , syringa vulgaris , cornus canadensis hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86

cryptolechia trigama meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 476 ; tl : fort davis , 5000 ' , texas

hoplitica miltosparsa turner , 1914 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 39 ( 3 ) : 560 ; tl : new south wales , ebor scrub

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , oecophoridae

lépidoptères recueillis par m . j . de guerne au cours de son voyage en extrême - orient

ergebnisse einer zoologischen sammelreise nach brasilien , insbesonderer in das amazonasgebiet , ausgeführt von dr . h . zerny . v . theil . micro - lepidoptera

walsingham , 1912 lepidoptera , heterocera . tineina , pterophorina , orenodina and pyralidina and hepialidina ( part ) biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 1 - 482 , pl . 1 - 10

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by " , + " and the number of omitted authors .

attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .

all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .

created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .

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1 . acanthopis 2 . acarolella stereopis 3 . acrobasis mniaropis 4 . adoni maropis 5 . aethiopis 6 . aidis kruopis 7 . aithiopis 8 . allobates chalcopis 9 . apleurotropis 10 . apodotropis 11 . apopis 12 . archips machlopis 13 . ardozyga elassopis 14 . asopis 15 . astragalus platytropis 16 . asymphorodes astathopis 17 . battle of opis 18 . bopis 19 . brachiolia amblopis 20 . brachmia syntonopis 21 . bulbophyllum didymotropis 22 . calliotropis 23 . caloptilia cirrhopis 24 . calotopis 25 . calotropis


the cuban solenodon or almiqui ( solenodon cubanus ) , is a species of soricomorph endemic to cuba .

it belongs to the family solenodontidae along with a similar species , the hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus ) .

the solenodon is unusual among mammals in that its saliva is venomous .

cuban solenodon

cuban solenodon <EOT> the two living solenodon species are the cuban solenodon ( solenodon cubansus ) and the larger hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus ) .

the cuban solenodon weighs 700 - 1000 g ( 25 - 35 oz ) .

the cuban solenodon was discovered in 1861 by the german naturalist wilhelm peters . only 36 cuban solenodons had ever been caught . by 1970 , it was thought that the cuban solenodon had become extinct , since no specimens had been found since 1890 . on june 2 , 1970 , the cuban solenodon was classified as endangered .

norvis hernandez , a cuban biologist , is one of the few people on planet earth who has seen a living , wild cuban solenodon . smaller than its hispaniola cousin , the cuban solenodon is easily distinguished by its black - and - white hair .

molecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear genes suggests a cenozoic over - water dispersal origin for the cuban solenodon .

the cuban solenodon is found in dense , humid forests and brush country , as well as around plantations .

in a new paper , researchers argue that oddball animals like the cuban solenodon should be more aggressively protected .

hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus ) , arkive . accessed february 09 , 2015 at urltoken

molecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear genes suggests a cenozoic over - water dispersal origin for the cuban solenodon . - pubmed - ncbi

the cuban solenodon measures 16 – 22 inches ( 40 – 55 centimetres ) long from nose to tail with an extremely elongated snout and a long , naked , scaly tail . the cuban solenodon weighs around 1 kilogram ( 2 . 2 pounds ) .

kifaru bwana also says that havana zoo has kept cuban solenodons and i have read this elsewhere . urltoken - wikipedia , the free encyclopedia [ / ame ] shows a cuban solenodon at new york zoo .

the cuban solenodon is an insectivore and emerges from rocks and hollow logs at night to prey on insects , spiders and lizards .

* * * by 1970 , some presumed the cuban solenodon to be extinct , since no specimens had been collected since 1890 .

solenodon are relatively long lived animals . a cuban solenodon lived more than 5 years in captivity . they may be able to live longer as a hispaniolan solenodon lived to 11 years in captivity ( vaughn et al . , 2000 ) .

it took hernandez and her colleagues 12 days of searching in the field to finally catch a cuban solenodon , known locally as the almiqui .

the hispaniolan solenodon belongs to an ancient group of mammals and is one of only two solenodon species alive today .

massicot , p . 2001 . " animal info - cuban solenodon " ( on - line ) . accessed november 20 , 2001 at urltoken .

both species of solenodons are considered endangered according the the iucn redlist . the hispaniolan solenodon faces extinction primarily because of habitat destruction , while the cuban solenodon is endangered mostly as a result of introduced predators including feral cats and dogs . read more about the cuban solenodon . read more about the hispaniolan solenodon . if you are interested in the conservation status of the hispaniolan solenodon check out this website where researchers raise awareness and update the research progress . via nature afield : notes on biophilia

young cuban solenodons remain with their mother for several months , which is exceptionally long for insectivores .

there are two species of solenodon : the cuban solenodon and the hispaniolan solenodon . solenodons are similar in appearance to large shrews and like some shrews , both species have venomous bites . neither species is immune to its own venom and competing solenodons have been observed to die from bite wounds after fighting .

the cuban solenodon is mainly nocturnal , hiding during the day in rock clefts , hollow trees , or burrows which it excavates itself . the cuban solenodons obtain food by rooting in the ground with their snouts and by tearing into rotten logs and trees with their fore claws .

one of the most mysterious mammals is called the solenodon — one of just a handful of mammals with venom glands that are capable of delivering a powerful toxin . there are two species of solenodon : the cuban ( solenodon cubanus ) and hispaniolan ( solenodon paradoxus ) , and they were thought to have gone extinct in the 1970s due to deforestation and the introduction of invasive species .

* * * the cuban and haitian solenodons secrete poison from a gland above their teeth to subdue prey .

introduction of the burmese mongoose into cuba is believed to have accounted for the near - extermination of the solenodon . currently , feral cats are probably the greatest threat , since the areas the solenodon inhabits now is not good mongoose habitat . in addition to predation by introduced predators , habitat loss is also a factor contributing to the solenodon ' s rarity . the cuban solenodon is not hunted for food .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus ) " title = " arkive species - hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

there is no negative effect of cuban solenodons on humans , unless one is provoked and bites in self - defense .

cuban solenodons have venomous bites . the venom is delivered from modified salivary glands via grooves in their second lower incisors .

a primitive , venomous mammal endemic to cuba and once listed as extinct has been rediscovered after a decadelong quest . the shrewlike cuban solenodon ( solenodon cubanus ) —a “living fossil” that has not changed much in millions of years—was all but wiped out in the 19th century by deforestation and introduced species .

three cuban solenodons were captured in 1974 and 1975 and research revealed that it still existed in many places at the eastern end of cuba . however , the cuban solenodon is still very rare . prior to 2003 , the most recent sighting was in 1999 mainly because it is a nocturnal burrower , living underground and it is very rarely seen .

yes , fortunately i was lucky enough to see the solenodon - but only once .

the hispaniolan solenodon is relatively long - lived , potentially reaching 11 years of age .

although the cuban solenodon is not yet extinct , it is still an endangered species because it only breeds a single litter of one to three in a year and because of predation by species that were introduced by humans .

the cuban solenodon has small eyes and dark brown to black hair . it is sometimes compared to a shrew , although it most closely resembles members of the family tenrecidae including hedgehogs , shrews , opossums , mice and even otters .

the cuban solenodon is one of the species that live in both the caribbean biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . ) and the greater antillean moist forests global 200 ecoregion . ( olson & dinerstein 1998 , olson & dinerstein 1999 )

that ' s why i placed " rediscovered " in ' ' marks the black and white colouration is very unusual , although i ' d never seen a photograph of a cuban solenodon before i saw the news article i linked to .

the hispaniolan solenodon is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

the cuban solenodon is mainly nocturnal , hiding during the day in rock clefts , hollow trees , or burrows which it excavates itself . solenodons obtain food by rooting in the ground with their snouts and by tearing into rotten logs and trees with their foreclaws .

even as scientists try and find out basic data on the cuban solenodon , researchers are discovering surprises regarding the better - known hispaniolan species . surveying the species’ various populations , samuel turvey and his team recently discovered that the hispaniolan species is actually three distinct subspecies .

cuban solenodon or almiqui ( solenodon cubanus ) * family : solenodontidae , * genus : solenodon , * species : s . cubanus , * phylum : chordata , * class : mammalia , * order : soricomorpha , * type : mammal , * diet : omnivore , * size : 16 - - 22 inches ( 41 - - 56 cm ) , * weight : about 1 kg ( 2 . 2 lb ) , * * the solenodon adults approach one another with their mouths open , probably giving out high - frequency sounds . more info : urltoken or urltoken or urltoken

the cuban solenodons have a long life span and low reproductive rate , as a result of having been among the dominant predators before europeans colonized the new world .

she said that the cuban solenodon’s keen senses of smell and hearing make it almost impossible to capture with conventional methods . the species not only avoids human contact but , according to hernandez , is never tricked by the mechanical traps scientists commonly use to catch small mammals .

a female hispaniola solenodon with a radio collar attached so researchers could track its movements . photograph : tiffany roufs

a female hispaniolan solenodon caught for research near the sierra de bahoruco and re - released . photograph : tiffany roufs

how to cite this article : sato , j . j . et al . molecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear genes suggests a cenozoic over - water dispersal origin for the cuban solenodon . sci . rep . 6 , 31173 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / srep31173 ( 2016 ) .

cuban solenodons are important small , generalized predators in the ecosystems they inhabit . they help to control populations of invertebrates and may disperse the seeds of the fruits they eat .

cuban solenodons are nocturnal ( vaughn et al . , 2000 ) . during the day , they stay in rock clefts , hollow trees , or burrows ( massicot , 2001 ) . only the toes of solenodon come into contact with the ground . however , they can run surprisingly fast and can also climb ( nowak , 1999 ) . although cuban solenodons are often found near vertical surfaces , they spend much of their time on the ground ( massicot , 2001 ) .

a hispaniolan solenodon is caught on camera trap leaving its burrow at night in the dominican republic . photograph : grupo jaragua

the plight of the solenodon in haiti may be the most dire of all . haiti’s forests have been decimated over centuries and the solenodon survives only in the massif de la hotte region , the impoverished nation’s last significant stand of cloud forest .

currently the hispaniola solenodon is considered endangered by the iucn red list – though two of its subspecies may be close to extinction . the cuban solenodon is in an even more precarious position . also considered endangered , the species has been feared extinct more than once . the zsl’s edge programme , which categorizes animals based on their threatened status and evolutionary distinctness , lists the pair of solenodons as number seven in the top 100 mammals .

that the protection of outlier species like the solenodon could have disproportionate—and , to a large extent , untapped—benefits for global biodiversity .

first described in 1861 , scientist lost track of the cuban solenodon near the end of the 19th century . no one had saw it for almost a hundred years – and many assumed it was extinct – until researchers spotted a few in the mid - 1970s . and then no one saw it again until 2003 .

the international wildlife encyclopedia , 1974 . " solenodon " ( on - line ) . accessed november 20 , 2001 at urltoken .

“the solenodon lineage diverged from other placental mammals circa 78 million years ago . that means [ it ] has existed since the cretaceous period , ” said adam brandt , lead author of a recent study that took the first look at the solenodon’s mitochondrial dna .

justification : cuban solenodon ( atopogale cubana ) is assessed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is estimated at 3 , 280 km² , all individuals are in a single location , where there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat because of predation by introduced predators and habitat loss because of deforestation and mining .

solenodon lives in family groups in caves , natural hollows , and burrows in dense , wet mountain forests ( nowak , 1999 ) .

eatroff , a . ( 2002 ) . “ solenodon paradoxus , ” animal diversity web . accessed february 09 , 2015 at urltoken .

theusch , m . ( 2002 ) . “ solenodon cubanus , ” animal diversity web . accessed february 09 , 2015 at urltoken .

it turns out , the solenodon has been around for 76 million years — before the dinosaurs were wiped out by an asteroid , and many believe that other mammals actually evolved out of their venomous bite while the solenodon kept it — researchers are just not sure why .

by 1970 , some thought that the cuban solenodon had become extinct , since no specimens had been found since 1890 . however , three were captured in 1974 and 1975 , and subsequent surveys showed that it still occurred in many places in central and western oriente province , at the eastern end of cuba . however , it is rare everywhere .

the hispaniolan solenodon is one of only a few mammal species capable of producing toxic saliva , which it uses to immobilise its invertebrate prey .

ottenwalder , j . a . ( 1991 ) the systematics , biology , and conservation of solenodon . phd thesis , university of florida .

turvey , s . t . , meredith , h . m . r . , and scofield , r . p . ( 2008 ) . continued survival of hispaniolan solenodon solenodon paradoxus in haiti . oryx 42 ( 4 ) : 611–614 . doi : 10 . 1017 / s0030605308001324 .

cuban solenodons may be preyed on by snakes and birds of prey . their secretive , burrowing habits probably protect them from many predators . they may also be able to use their toxic salivary secretions as a defense mechanism .

the cuban solenodon , a shrew - like mammal with venomous saliva , has been performing its houdini act for centuries . it ' s been spotted only 37 times since discovered in cuba in 1861 - - and in 1970 , it was believed to be extinct . but zoologists successfully captured and released a solenodon named " alejandrito " in 2003 . " all we can hope is that there are more and that they could have babies , " douglas long , a biologist at the california academy of sciences , told the ap .

if there was any justice in the animal kingdom – any at all – the solenodon would be as famous as the tiger . the solenodon is a rabbit - sized , shrew - like mammal that is only found on two caribbean islands : cuba and hispaniola ( the dominican republic and haiti ) .

an asteroid strikes earth as flying reptiles look on . somehow the solenodon survived this . illustration : mark garlick / getty images / science photo library rm

the distinctive long snout of the hispaniolan solenodon is attached to the skull with a unique ball - and - socket joint , giving it great flexibility .

woods , c . a . ( 1976 ) solenodon paradoxus in southern haiti . journal of mammalogy , 57 ( 3 ) : 591 - 592 .

a number of specimens and signs of the species were observed during the 20th century , but by 1970 some believed that the cuban solenodon had become extinct . however , individuals have been captured at a number of different sites , including recently in 2012 and 2013 when seven individuals were captured in the toldo plateau area of alejandro de humboldt national park ( l . echenique - diaz pers . comm . 2017 ) .

to cite this page : theusch , m . 2002 . " solenodon cubanus " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

solenodon sightings since then have been few and far between , but one of them was spotted in 2003 in the mountainous alejandro de humboldt national park , a unesco world heritage site on the northeastern end of cuba . a team of cuban and japanese researchers has been searching for the animals , known by locals as almiquí , ever since . they finally had success this march and april when they captured and studied seven of the rare creatures .

turvey said the fact that the solenodon survived so many upheavals “makes it even more tragic that these ‘living fossil’ survivors are now in danger of extinction due to human activities . ”

8 . solenodon nipples are located near their rumps . the female solenodon gives birth to one to three young at a time , but only two will survive . she only has two nipples , and they’re located toward her back , almost on her buttocks . young solenodons stay with their mothers for several months , which is long compared with other insectivores .

borroto - páez , r . 2013 . nidos y refugios de ratas negras ( rattus rattus ) en cuba ( mammalia , rodentia ) . solenodon 11 : 109 - 119 .

thanks tim did you ever see the solenodon at london zoo ? i once had a talk with h . a . moore , who was a zoo volunteer about 10 years ago . he saw the thylacines that lived in an enclosure near where the snowdon aviary is . perhaps he also saw the solenodon , as well as many other rare and extinct anmals .

cuban solenodons are generalized omnivores that prefer animal material . they prey primarily on invertebrates , but also scavenge on vertebrate remains ( vaughn et al . , 2000 ) . they also eat insects , worms , small reptiles , roots , fruits , and leaves . unfortunately , even though they have a large array of dietary items to choose from , their population is decling due to the slow rate of breeding ( the international wildlife encyclopedia , 1974 ) . cuban solenodons find food by rooting with their snouts or digging and uncovering animals with their large claws .

only a few humans have ever been bitten by a solenodon , but the symptoms are similar to a snake bite , including localized swelling and severe pain which can last for days .

the hispaniolan solenodon is one of the most unusual mammals on the planet . notice the small eyes , hairless tail , rusty - orange coloured fur and crazy claws . photograph : miguel landestoy

a solenodons venom is found underneath its lower incisors where the salivary glands send venom along grooves in their teeth . once the solenodon breaks a prey’s skin , the venom gets into the bloodstream .

3 . they’re venomous . solendons are one of only a few venomous mammals . other venomous mammals , like the duck - billed platypus , are only capable of passively conveying venom ; the solenodon actually injects its venom like a snake through specially modified teeth . the second lower incisors have special grooves through which venom flows . in fact , the name “solenodon” is derived from the greek for “grooved tooth . ”

fortunately , the solenodon has recently become the focus of conservation efforts . it would be sad if such a unique , mysterious mammal were gone for good—although i imagine the invertebrates of the caribbean wouldn’t mind .

i ' ve liked solenodon since i first found out about them when i was a young boy . i think it may have something to do with them tripping over their feet , which i can sympathise with .

there are a whole slew of reasons why the solenodon’s star should rise , including the facts that it’s one of the only venomous mammals and david attenborough really likes it . but , most of all , the solenodon should be famous because it somehow survived the asteroid collision that killed off the dinosaurs , not to mention the next 66 million years of other catastrophes , from ice ages to the rise of bipedal destroyers named homo sapiens .

“ [ the programme ] drew a lot of international attention to the hispaniolan solenodon , ” rupp said . “some of this attention actually spilled over into the dominican press which published a few articles on the species . ”

research shows the solenodon evolved more than 70 million years ago – in time to hang out with dinosaurs . but today these unique mammals face a barrage of threats including stray dogs , feral cats , invasive mongoose and deforestation .

natural history museum geneticist , selina brace , who recently co - authored a paper on the hispaniolan solenodon with turvey , called solenodons a “fabulously quirky creature” and said she was “instantly hooked” after seeing a picture of this oddity .

solenodons are some of the most unique and rare mammals in the world . solenodon - like animals lived all over north america 30 million years ago , but today they are only found on the islands of cuba and hispaniola .

it readily defends itself against one of its own kind , and probably attacks other animals savagely judging from the way a captive solenodon attacked a young chicken and tore it to pieces with its strong claws , before eating it .

is blackish brown with white or buff . head and body length of cuban solenodons ranges from 280 to 390 mm , tail length from 175 to 255 mm , and they weigh about 1 kilogram . solenodons have glands in their inguinal and groin areas that secrete a musky , goat - like odor . females have two mammae . the submaxillary glands of

cuban solenodons have relatively large heads , tiny eyes , and large , projecting and partially naked ears . they have a long proboscus with a supporting bone . their forelegs are longer than their hindlegs . on their feet they have five fingers with powerful claws at the end . the tail is thick , scaly , and almost hairless ( grzimek , 1990 ) .

" a primitive , venomous mammal endemic to cuba and once listed as extinct has been rediscovered after a decadelong quest . . . a team of cuban and japanese researchers has been searching for the animals , known by locals as almiquí , [ since 2003 ] . they finally had success this march and april when they captured and studied seven of the rare creatures . "

this is the only solenodon that has lived at london zoo , but it seems as if it only lasted a few months . i can check with the relevant edition of the international zoo yearbook to check if it was still alive in 1968 .

) is abundant in the areas around solenodon borrows ( borroto - páez 2009 , borroto - páez and beque quiala 2011 , borroto - páez and woods 2012 , borroto - páez 2013 ) . mongoose have been invading buffer zones of the pn alejandro de humboldt in recent years ( borroto - páez and beque quiala 2011 ) . in addition to predation by introduced species , habitat loss by deforestation and mining is also a factor contributing to the solenodon’s rarity ( borroto - paez and beque quiala 2012 , borroto - páez

in 2009 , a number of conservation groups – dwct , zsl’s the edge programme , la sociedad ornitológica de la hispaniola ( soh ) and the dominican republic’s ministry for environment and natural resources – kick - started a three - year research and conservation programme on the hispaniola solenodon called the last survivors ( the program also included the hispaniola hutia , a tree - dwelling rodent ) . while it resulted in researchers learning more about the solenodon than ever before , the conservation impacts have been negligible , according to rupp .

please note that the hispaniolan solenodon was kept at london zoo . zootierliste also lists this species having lived at frankfurt ( 1966 - 1973 ) , halle ( 1935 - 1937 ) , leipzig ( @ 1930 ) , antwerp and wroclaw ( 1936 - 1940 ) .

‘what is a solenodon ? ’ is a question that i have been asked by absolutely no one , ever . this is a shame because solenodons are really cool animals that i think more people should be curious about ! so here is some information about them .

very little is known about reproduction in solenodons . cuban solenodons have low reproductive rates of 1 to 2 offspring per litter . the young are born in a burrow . they have two litters per year and the young stay with their mother for several months ( the international wildlife encyclopedia , 1974 ; massicot , 2001 ) . young from multiple litters may stay with their mother , with as many as 8 solenodons being found in a single nest .

i once had a talk with h . a . moore , who was a zoo volunteer about 10 years ago . he saw the thylacines that lived in an enclosure near where the snowdon aviary is . perhaps he also saw the solenodon , as well as many other rare and extinct anmals .

as i have said in other threads , i saw the hispaniolan solenodon at frankfurt in ' 73 . i wish i had been able to take a photo , but i do remember the way it waddled around with it back legs far apart , like a baby crawling with a wet nappy .

however , the venom is much more lethal in smaller animals . for example , lizards and mice often suffer from breathing problems , convulsions and paralysis . surprisingly , neither species of solenodon are immune to their own venom , and competing solenodons have been known to die from bite wounds after fighting .

researchers aren’t entirely sure where the various solenodon populations were located when the asteroid hit – whether they were already on the landmasses that would become modern - day cuba and hispaniola or on the mainland – but they think the populations were close to ground zero of the asteroid’s impact in chicxulub , mexico .

however , solenodons are also omnivores , meaning they eat everything and do not limit their prey to small animals . “there’s one report of a solenodon kept in captivity in london that ate an entire chicken , ” said molecular biologist rodrigo ligabue braun of brazil’s federal university of rio grande do sul to wired .

sure , fame isn’t everything . in fact , for human beings fame may well be detrimental for well - being . but for species , unfortunately , fame can mean the difference between extinction and survival . famous species rake in far more funding and attention than the millions that live out of the limelight . while hopefully one day we’ll focus more on other attributes for species conservation – extinction risk , evolutionary distinctness , or ecological roles – solenodons may not have much time , especially the haitian subspecies and the cuban species .

for “predator week , ” i wanted to highlight some unlikely fearsome creatures : venomous mammals . these mammals are a bizarre bunch . the male platypus has spurs on its ankles that release venom , likely to fight off male competitors during mating season . and various species of shrew and the shrew - like solenodon use venomous saliva to disable prey .

millions of years ago , venomous mammals may have been more common . but soon the world may lose a couple more : like many other predators , both species of solenodon are highly endangered . deforestation and the introduction of dogs , cats and mongooses that eat solenodons threaten to drive the critters to extinction . and in haiti , people hunt solenodons for food .

“this experience of watching this ancient species [ was ] wonderful , it was for a short time because i do not like to feel that this species [ was ] stressed , ” said hernandez who caught a female solenodon in alejandro humboldt national park for brief study before releasing it again . “i cannot explain what i felt the first time i touched it . ”

borroto - páez , r . and begue quiala , g . 2012 . solenodon cubanus . in : gonzález alonso , h . , rodriguez - schettino , l . , rodríguez , a . , mancina , c . a . , ramos garcía , i . ( ed . ) , libro rojo de los vertebrados de cuba , pp . 275 - 276 . editorial academia , la habana , cuba .

is another post about solenodons . tim may said that " the solenodon arrived at london zoo in 1967 , the year that the clore pavilion opened . it is listed in the zsl annual report for 1967 as not only a species but also a family new to the collection " . this is the only solenodon that has lived at london zoo , but it seems as if it only lasted a few months . i can check with the relevant edition of the international zoo yearbook to check if it was still alive in 1968 . the yearbook used to list rare animals around the world and it ' s a shame that this section has ben dropped . supposedly , it ' s easy to find the information on the internet , but since isis became a subscription site , the information isn ' t that easy to uncover .

manójina , n . and abreu , r . m . 2012 . the solenodon cubans ( mammalia : insectivora ) in sierra cristal , holguin . in : borroto - paez , r . , woods , c . a . and sergile , f . e . ( eds ) , terrestrial mammals of the west indies : contributions , pp . 209 - 219 . florida museum of natural history and wacahoota press , florida .

solenodons are generally solitary animals except when they meet to breed . breeding occurs at any time of year , but a given solenodon will only have a maximum of two litters per year with each litter including one or two young . this low reproductive rate is one reason that both species are now endangered . other reasons are habitat destruction and fragmentation , and asian mongoose that were introduced to the islands to eat rats and other pests but that now eat solenodons as well .

the hispaniolan solenodon is nocturnal , secretive and rare , and so , unsurprisingly , is rarely seen and has not been widely studied ( 2 ) . it is capable of climbing near - vertical surfaces but spends most of its time searching for food on the ground . it uses its flexible snout to explore cracks and crevices , and its massive claws to dig under rocks , bark and soil , for invertebrates such as beetles , crickets , insect larvae , earthworms and termites ( 2 ) .

there is really nothing on the planet like the solenodon . there are just two surviving species today , one found on cuba and the other , more well known , on hispaniola . but these two species alone are so distinct from any other mammal that they represent an entire biological family : solenodontidae . to put that in perspective every single species of mice and rat – from the african pygmy mouse to the northern luzon giant cloud rat – also represent a single family of 700 - plus species .

s . d . o . planed the research project . j . j . s . and m . k . financially supported the project . s . d . o . , l . m . e . - d . , r . b . - p . , g . b . - q . , j . l . d . - l . , j . g . - d . , j . a . - l . , s . t . n . , n . y . and m . k . did the sampling of seven cuban solenodons . j . j . s . did the laboratory works , conducted the molecular phylogenetic analyses , and drafted the manuscript . all authors reviewed the manuscript and joined the discussion .

unfortunately , the researchers also found evidence of the invasive species that caused the decline of the solenodon in the first place . " i collected cat excrement and found evidence of depredation , " borroto - páez says . black rats are also abundant in the area . he is currently applying for research grants to study more about cat predation in the park and plans to return to the park in december to trap feral cats . the japanese researchers are also seeking funds to continue their work . " we continue trying to do something with our reduced resources , " borroto - páez says .

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roca , a . l . , bar - gal , g . k . , eizirik , e . , helgen , k . m . , maria , r . , springer , m . s . , o’brien , s . j . and murphy , w . j . 2004 . mesozoic origin for west indian insectivores . nature 429 : 649 - 651 .

mancina , c . , soy , j . , borotto - páez , r . & echenique - diaz , l .

this species is only known from eastern cuba . however , remains have been found from late quaternary and amerindian sites all over the island ( varona 1980 , hutterer 2005 , silva taboada et al . 2007 , borroto - páez and begue quiala 2011 ) . today only two populations are known : in the pn pico cristal and pn alejandro de humboldt , at elevations of 400 - 800 m asl in the pn alejandro de humboldt ( borroto - páez and beque quiala 2011 ) .

feral dogs have been known to predate the species . it is also thought that cats may be a threat because they are able to enter their den sites , and the black rat (

this species has been recorded from pico cristal and alexander humboldt national parks , and cuchillas del toa biosphere reserve ( borroto - páez et al . 2012 ) .

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a primitive , venomous mammal endemic to cuba and once listed as extinct has been rediscovered after a decadelong quest .

" our finding was great and very important , " says rafael borroto - páez of cuba ' s ecology and ecosystems institute in havana . " we were all very happy and excited . " other researchers working on the quest came from japan ' s university of tsukuba , hokkaido university , national museum of nature and science , and miyagi university of education .

the seven solenodons captured this year included four males and three females . borroto - páez says the team used modified traditional snares , similar to those used to local hunters , to catch the animals without harming them . " all of the animals were very healthy and active and only two almiquí showed ectoparasites . " the solenodons were observed for two days and then released back into the wild .

in addition to the captured animals , the team observed signs that more existed nearby . " we found excrement , tracks and feeding holes in other places in the zone of research , " borroto - páez says . he suggests these as indications that the species ' s population may be recovering .

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species lived on the north american mainland 30 million years ago ( grzimek , 1990 ) .

has an incomplete zygomatic arch and no auditory bulla . their dental formula is 3 / 3 , 1 / 1 , 3 / 3 , 3 / 3 = 40 ( vaughn et al . , 2000 ) .

young are cared for in their mothers nest until they reach independence . presumably males do not care for young .

are listed as endangered by the iucn ( nowak , 1999 ) . populations of

) , domestic dogs , and domesticc cats into the west indies . the clearing of land for agriculture has also led to their decline ( vaughn et al . , 2000 ) .

comes from the words solen ( meaning “channel” ) and dent ( meaning “tooth” ) . the distribution of

on islands is probably the key to their survival . this is partially due to their low competitive ability ( vaughn et al . , 2000 ) .

was thought to be extinct , but it was recently found in many parts of eastern cuba , though it is rare ( nowak , 1999 ) .

melissa theusch ( author ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point , chris yahnke ( editor ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point .

living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .

young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .

having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .

animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .

forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .

offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .

the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .

rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .

the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .

reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .

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1 . profile ( picture ) 2 . tidbits 3 . status and trends ( iucn status , countries where currently found , population estimates , history of distribution , threats and reasons for decline ) 4 . data on biology and ecology ( weight , habitat , birth rate , early development , dispersal , diet , behavior , social organization ) 5 . references

* * * as in most nocturnal terrestrial insectivores , its sense of touch is highly developed , while smell and hearing are also important .

* * * solenodons can climb near - vertical surfaces , but they spend most of the time foraging on the ground .

* * * solenodons have a long life span and low reproductive rate , as a result of having been among the dominant predators before europeans colonized the new world .

insects and spiders found in soil and leaf litter form most of its diet .

burton & pearson 1987 , cons . intl . , curry - lindahl 1972 , infonatura , iucn 1969 , iucn 1994 , iucn 1996 , iucn 2000 , iucn 2003a , iucn 2004 , macdonald 1984 , nowak & paradiso 1983 , olson & dinerstein 1998 , olson & dinerstein 1999 , oryx 1972 , oryx 1977b , phillip & fisher 1970 , varona 1980

© 1999 - 2014 animal info . endangered animals of the world . sj contact us .

it’s truly remarkable that the solenodons survived this direct hit , whilst global ecosystems collapsed around them .

but brandt’s research was actually the third study to find that solendons very likely scuttled under the feet of dinosaurs .

“we can be fairly confident because each of these studies have utilized different genes and phylogenetic analysis methods , ” brandt said , noting that with each study the “result becomes increasingly reliable . ”

“it’s truly remarkable that the solenodons survived this direct hit , whilst global ecosystems collapsed around them – we have no idea how they did it , ” samuel turvey , an expert on modern day extinctions and a senior research fellow with the zoological society of london ( zsl ) , said .

solenodons sport a number of weird attributes . they can squeeze venomous saliva out of their incisors . they have evolved a ball and socket joint in their snout to give it extra - special maneuverability . they likely use echolocation to locate prey . their eyes are tiny , their claws are in need of a trim , and they waddle when they walk as if they’d spent too much time at the pub .

nocturnal mammals , solenodons live in burrows and come out at night to eat grubs and insects , probably just as they did 78 million years ago , only now they don’t have to worry about being stepped on by a sauropod or waking a sleep - deprived tyrannosaur . instead , these species must worry about having their forests chopped down by people or being eaten by a dog or a mongoose .

today , scientists have confirmed there is a small population hanging on in alejandro humboldt national park . but no one knows how many or if its range extends beyond the park’s borders .

hernandez , whose current work is funded through the mohamed bin zayed species conservation foundation , said research of this endangered species has suffered due to a lack of money , including for non - invasive observation tools like camera traps .

“i think a lot remains to be done to preserve the species , ” she said , adding that many local people don’t even know it exists or erroneously believe it is extinct .

“ [ these ] evolved as a result of local isolation in the island’s geologically complex landscapes , ” turvey said , who noted the subspecies can be told apart both through dna and physical attributes .

one subspecies is found in a single forest in haiti and may be perilously close to extinction . another is found throughout the bulk of the northern dominican republic , but is lesser known . the third is located across the southern dominican mountain range – sierra de bahoruco – that includes several parks and is the best protected of the subspecies .

however , the discovery complicates conservation of the species as the southern subspecies show very little genetic diversity , while the northern subspecies survives in a highly fragmented landscape . according to global forest watch , the dominican republic lost more than 200 , 000 hectares of forest between 2001 and 2014 .

despite having the largest range , ernst rupp , a dominican republic biologist with the local ngo grupo jaragua , said the northern subspecies “has never really been investigated . ” however , recent surveys have proved the northern subspecies does still occurs in at least four protected areas , as well as in several areas outside protection .

“the massif de la hotte is a spectacular mountainous area in the far south - west of haiti , where one of the few remnants of good quality forest in the country can be found , ” said rosalind kennerley with durrell wildlife conservation trust ( dwct ) .

but , the region remains under intense pressure for the charcoal trade , which has resulted in almost total deforestation in haiti . even the national park – macaya national park – is commonly infiltrated by charcoal producers .

kennerley is leading a team attempting to get baseline information on the how the haitian subspecies if faring , a project also supported by the mohamed bin zayed species conservation fund , which often gives grants to lesser - known species . not only do solenodons face environment deterioration in haiti , but locals will also kill them and eat them when they are found .


eupanacra variolosa is a moth of the family sphingidae .

it is known from north-eastern india , bangladesh , south-western china , thailand , malaysia ( peninsular , sarawak ) and indonesia ( sumatra , java , kalimantan ) .

the wingspan is 56 – 80 mm .

it is similar to eupanacra busiris atima except for differences in the forewing outer margin and the trajectory of the antemedian lines on the forewing upperside .

there is a short , narrow and pale median band on the hindwing upperside .

the larvae feed on scindapsus pictus and scindapsus aureus in thailand .

eupanacra variolosa

eupanacra variolosa <EOT> eupanacra variolosa , female . indonesia , sumatra , lebong tandai , benkoelen dist .

have a fact about eupanacra variolosa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .

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uncus similar to eupanacra regularis regularis . gnathos similar eupanacra regularis regularis but more pointed . valve with more than 8 stridulatory scales . harpe similar to eupanacra automedon but more spatulate . aedeagus most similar to eupanacra sinuata , apical process with left lobe broader than in eupanacra regularis regularis , obliquely rounded proximally ; right lobe intermediate between eupanacra regularis regularis and eupanacra automedon .

eupanacra variolosa , aedeagus . thailand , chiang mai , doi inthanon n . p . , km 38 , upper checkpoint

eupanacra variolosa , aedeagus detail . thailand , chiang mai , doi inthanon n . p . , km 38 , upper checkpoint

panacra variolosa walker , 1856 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 156 . type locality : [ bangladesh , ] silhet [ sylhet ] .

wingspan : 56 - - 80mm . similar in general appearance to eupanacra busiris atima but forewing outer margin evenly curved , not angulate on m2 . forewing upperside very similar to eupanacra busiris atima but most distal of antemedian lines almost reaching the discal spot before recurving strongly basad towards the costa . hindwing upperside with pale median band short and narrow .

erroneously synonymized with panacra orpheus by distant , 1899 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 3 : 180 . reinstated as a species by rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 534 ( key ) , 539 . transferred to eupanacra by cadiou & holloway , 1989 , lambillionea 89 : 139 . erroneously returned to panacra by bridges , 1993 , cat . fam . gen . spec . sphingidae of the world : viii . 19 . returned to eupanacra by kitching & spitzer , 1995 , tinea 14 : 186 . implicitly transferred to panacra by zhu & wang , 1997 , fauna sinica insecta 11 : 335 ( key ) , 340 . implicitly transferred back to eupanacra by kitching & cadiou , 2000 , hawkmoths of the world : 46 .

larval hostplants . unknown in china , but in thailand , recorded from scindapsus pictus and scindapsus aureus ( eitschberger & ihle , 2010 ) .

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distribution : bhutan , northeastern india , bangladesh , southwestern china , thailand , malaysia ( peninsular , sarawak ) , indonesia ( sumatra , java , kalimantan ) .

no part of this website or any of its contents may be reproduced , copied , modified or adapted , without the prior written consent of the author .

ne . himalayas - borneo , sumatra , sulawesi , hong kong . see [ maps ]

panacra busiris walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 158

panacra busiris atima rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 292 ; tl : karwar , south india

panacra busiris marina rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 287 ; tl : andaman is .

panacra mydon elegantulus f . brunnea closs , 1916 ; lepidoptera niepeltiana ( 2 ) : 3 , pl . 16 , f . 8 ; tl : java

oriental tropics - philippines , sundaland , sulawesi , sumba , hong kong . see [ maps ]

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

walker , 1856 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 1 - 271 ( 1856 )

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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