the bocaccio , sebastes paucispinis , is a northeast pacific species in the sebastidae ( rockfish ) family .

other names for this species include salmon grouper , grouper , tom cod ( juveniles ) , and slimy .

in greek , sebastes means “ magnificent , ” and paucispinis is latin for “ few spines ” .

bocaccio rockfish

bocaccio rockfish <EOT> information on the bocaccio rockfish is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .

the reported catch of bocaccio rockfish in the bc bottom trawl fishery by trawl management area is shown below .

the seasonal depth distribution of bocaccio rockfish catch in the bc bottom trawl fishery from 1996 to 2003 is shown below .

diet juvenile bocaccio feed on larvae , euphausiids , young rockfish , surf perch , mackerel and numerous small inshore fishes . adults feed on other rockfish , sablefish , anchovies , lanternfish and squid .

this is an adult bocaccio off photographed off southern california by remotely operated vehicle .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - bocaccio rockfish ( sebastes paucispinus ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - bocaccio rockfish ( sebastes paucispinus ) " title = " arkive species - bocaccio rockfish ( sebastes paucispinus ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

- body dark gray dorsally , light ventrally ; gill rakers 33 - 36 ( 28 - 31 in bocaccio ) ; dorsal rays typically 15 - 17 ( 13 - 15 in bocaccio ) ; scales below lateral line 58 - 70 ( 72 - 90 in bocaccio ) .

bocaccio also benefitted from several good year classes , when survival rates for young fish improved .

stocks of bocaccio and the darkblotched rockfish have been rebuilt after years of conservation restrictions to protect populations knocked down by a combination of poor ocean conditions and overfishing .

bocaccio is one of at least 35 species of rockfish ( sebastes spp . ) found in british columbia . adults can be olive - orange to brown in colour . when less than 25 centimetres in length , young bocaccio are light bronze with small brown spots on their sides . their colour darkens and their spots disappear as they grow . these fish can be distinguished from other rockfish by their long lower jaw . bocaccio is one of the largest rockfish species and can reach almost one metre in length . other common names for bocaccio include : rock salmon , salmon rockfish , pacific red snapper , pacific snapper , oregon red snapper , oregon snapper , and longjaw .

commercial groundfish fisheries are the largest known threat to bocaccio . like other rockfish species , bocaccio have swim bladders which cannot adjust to the sudden changes in pressure that occur when fishing gear brings them to the surface . bocaccio accidentally caught in fisheries die when they are brought up from depths greater than about 25 to 30 metres . other research suggests that bocaccio are also potentially threatened with habitat destruction caused by the long - term use of fishing gear on the ocean floor .

noaa fisheries and the council also developed rebuilding plans for lingcod , canary rockfish , cowcod , pacific ocean perch , widow rockfish , and yelloweye rockfish . the plans required sharp reductions in commercial and recreational groundfish fisheries , which included widespread fishing closures through the establishment of rockfish conservation areas off the west coast .

seven of the 10 west coast groundfish species found to be overfished since about 2000 are now rebuilt , with noaa fisheries declaring bocaccio and darkblotched rockfish rebuilt ahead of schedule earlier this month .

interannual variation in pelagic juvenile rockfish ( sebastes spp . ) abundance—going with the flow

for fishermen and seafood lovers , there is good news about two species of rockfish .

a management plan based on individual vessel quotas ( ivqs ) was introduced for the bc trawl fishery in 1997 . bocaccio catches are not limited by ivqs but are constrained by a 15 , 000 lb trip limit for all non - quota rockfish combined . the 2004 / 05 landed value of the bocaccio fishery is $ 230 , 000 .

the bocaccio , a rockfish that can grow up to 3 feet in length and live for a half century , was declared to be overfished in the 200 - mile federally managed zone back in 1999 . the smaller darkblotched rockfish , which can live for more than a century , got the designation in 2000 .

bocaccio have a long lifespan , with a maximum age of at least 57 years and an average generation time is 20 years .

range bocaccio is found throughout the coastal waters of the eastern pacific ocean from the gulf of alaska south to baja california mexico .

tiger rockfish ( sebastes nigrocinctus ) . photo by chad king of the sanctuary integrated monitoring program .

status of bocaccio , sebastes paucispinis , in the conception , monterey and eureka inpfc areas for 2015 . portland , or : pacific fishery management council

in 2004 , fisheries and oceans canada worked with the commercial fishing industry to develop a conservation program for bocaccio . this program required that all the profits earned from catching bocaccio be directed to programs that support recovery of the species , and began trawl surveys to improve knowledge of bocaccio and other pacific groundfish . it also implemented measures to manage fishery impacts such as setting a total allowable catch and specific fishery limits for bocaccio caught and through restricting the number of groundfish trawl licences . recovery of the species is also assisted through monitoring of groundfish fisheries which maintains accountability and monitoring for bycatch species .

an evaluation of the effectiveness of rockfish conservation areas in british columbia , canada . the university of british columbia

mitigation of impacts caused by bottom - contact fishing through management tools may also provide some support for bocaccio recovery . for example , fisheries act closures to protect sensitive benthic areas , marine protected areas , and rockfish conservation areas enable management of bottom - contact fishing to protect groundfish and marine habitat . it is unclear if these areas will benefit bocaccio recovery , but they may provide some protection for the species and its habitat .

2001 . california department of fish and wildlife marine region gis lab . this polygon shapefile contains the entire distribution for adult bocaccio rockfish ( sebastes paucispinis ) . the process of creating this shapefile . . . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region .

“by working together , we’ve brought bocaccio and darkblotched rockfish back to where they will again be part of a sustainable west coast groundfish fishery” said barry thom , regional administrator of the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) fisheries west coast region , in a statement .

wdfw . 2009 . draft puget sound rockfish conservation plan . washington department of fish and wildlife , olympia , wa .

after years of conservation efforts , populations of two long - lived species of west coast rockfish have rebounded from overharvesting .

predators the main predators of juvenile bocaccio are seabirds including the least tern . the main predators of adults are marine mammals such as harbour seals and northern elephant seals .

stanley , r . d . , starr , p . and n . olsen 2004 bocaccio update . dfo science advisory secretariat research document 2004 / 027 . 64 pp .

a severe decline in the commercial passenger fishing vessel rockfish ( sebastes spp . ) catch in the southern california bight , 1980–1996

of the more than 70 species of rockfish living off the united states ' west coast , the bocaccio rockfish is one of the most endangered . while this 3 - foot fish reaches reproductive age sooner than many overfished species - - as early as four to five years - - its larvae have a very low survival rate . changes in ocean currents and temperature since the 1970s mean that large numbers of bocaccio larvae live to become juveniles only once every 20 years . in response to their dwindling numbers , the united states closed several fisheries along the west coast in 2002 . but even without trawling in these areas , scientists believe it could take 100 years for bocaccio populations to recover . with such significant challenges to recovery , the iucn has listed the species as critically endangered .

there are dozens of species of rockfish and other fish harvested in the west coast groundfish harvests managed through the pacific fishery management council and noaa fisheries . ten species were declared overharvested under federal definitions . with the latest two darkblotched and bocaccio , seven of these fish populations are now considered to be rebuilt .

table 1 . summary of the status of rockfish stocks in puget sound ( wdfw ) ( palsson et al . 2009 ) .

cosewic . 2013 . cosewic assessment and status report on the bocaccio sebastes paucispinis in canada . committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada . ottawa . xi + 49 pp .

the rebuilding successes continued . in 2012 a new stock assessment found that widow rockfish was rebuilt , which allowed for additional harvest and helped increase the fleet’s access to other healthy groundfish species . further assessments led to a declaration in 2015 that petrale sole and canary rockfish were rebuilt . that was particularly significant because limitations on canary rockfish also restricted access to other more abundant and healthy groundfish stocks .

bocaccio are found in the northeastern pacific ocean , occurring from the gulf of alaska to central baja california in mexico . in canada , bocaccio are found mainly offshore although they have occasionally been found closer to inshore waters such as the strait of georgia , juan de fuca strait , and queen charlotte strait . bocaccio in canada have experienced a sharp decline over the last 60 years , and has declined by 28 % in the 10 - year period since it was first assessed by cosewic . the current population is estimated to be over 400 , 000 individuals .

stout , h . a . , b . b . mccain , r . d . vetter , t . l . builder , w . h . lenarz , l . l . johnson , and r . d . methot . 2001 . status review of copper rockfish , quillback rockfish and brown rockfish in puget sound , washington . noaa technical memo , u . s . department of commerce .

harvey , c . j . , k . gross , v . h . simon , and j . hastie . 2008 . trophic and fishery interactions between pacific hake and rockfish : effect on rockfish population rebuilding times . marine ecology progress series 365 : 165 - 176 .

rockfish form a diverse assemblage of fish in puget sound and throughout their range . in puget sound , rockfish have abundances decreased substantially since quantitative monitoring began in the 1970s . these declines have resulted in the federal listing of three species under the endangered species act . because of their diversity in habitat use , ecology and life history , single - species approaches to rockfish management in puget sound are currently being considered .

table 2 . proposed species of interest , habitats and reason for their selections in the draft puget sound rockfish management plant ( wdfw ) .

life history aspects of 19 rockfish species ( scorpaenidae : sebastes ) from the southern california bight . noaa technical report national marine fisheries service 87

rebuilding plans remain in place for the three remaining overfished species : cowcod , pacific ocean perch , and yelloweye rockfish . all three are on track with their plans , with cowcod estimated to be rebuilt by 2020 , pacific ocean perch by 2051 , and yelloweye rockfish by 2074 .

a new management plan has recently been proposed by wdfw which outlines several possible management options for rockfish in puget sound and is currently under review ( wdfw 2009 ) . one of the key components of this plan is the recommendation that quillback , copper , black , yelloweye , bocaccio , canary and puget sound rockfish be managed as individual species due to their importance to recreational fisheries , conservation concerns , or ecological importance ( wdfw 2009 ) ( table 2 ) . in addition to these proposed changes in management , there are currently 16 marine reserves throughout puget sound that include the rocky habitat thought to be beneficial for rockfish .

although rockfish larvae are pelagic , there is genetic evidence for limited dispersal within puget sound for the quillback ( s . maliger ) and copper ( s . caurinus ) rockfish ( seeb 1998 ) as well as for differentiation from coastal populations of brown rockfish ( s . auriculatus ) ( buonaccorsi et al . 2002 ) . this degree of population structure is consistent with other genetic and otolith studies from coastal pacific rockfish populations ( cope 2004 , miller et al . 2005 , burford 2009 ) . because of these findings , populations of each species of rockfish in the northern and southern portions of puget sound are recognized by wdfw to be separate stocks ( palsson et al . 2009 ) ( figure 1 ) .

bocaccio are more susceptible to overfishing because of the species’ life history characteristics , such as late maturity and variable recruitment . as with most other rockfish , offspring survival is variable from year to year . it is dependent on density of adults and ideal environmental conditions . life history characteristics such as these reduce the species’ ability to recover from decline .

krieger kj ( 1993 ) distribution and abundance of rockfish determined from a submersible and by bottom trawling . fish bull 91 ( 1 ) : 87–96 .

the study used calcofi data to examine larval numbers of 15 rockfish species inside and outside two large protected areas southwest of los angeles called cowcod conservation areas ( ccas ) , designated by noaa fisheries in 2001 at the recommendation of the pacific fishery management council . the ccas prohibit fishing deeper than 110 feet , since many adult rockfish species live at such depths . therefore , the 4 , 300 - square - mile areas protect numerous species of rockfish in addition to cowcod .

scientists found that larvae of most of the rockfish species historically targeted by fishing increased throughout southern california waters , but especially within the protected conservation areas . species that were not historically fished increased at about the same rate both inside and outside the protected areas , indicating that rockfish spawning was high within the protected areas .

green km , starr rm ( 2011 ) movements of small adult black rockfish : implications for the design of mpas . mar ecol prog ser 436 : 219–230 .

description : bocaccio have an elongate body type and are laterally compressed . they have a head that is pointed , a large mouth , and a lower jaw with a knob on the end ( symphyseal knob ) that greatly protrudes beyond the upper jaw . underwater , adult color varies from shades of pink to pink - brown , grey or red that extends down over the belly . after capture the colors are brighter , usually reddish brown . young fish are generally light bronze with speckling over the sides and back . as bocaccio age , their color generally becomes darker and the speckling fades . this is a large rockfish species .

figure 1 . map of puget sound showing north sound and south sound designations relevant to rockfish management ( reprinted from palsson et al . 2009 with permission from . )

williams gd , levin ps , palsson wa ( 2010 ) rockfish in puget sound : an ecological history of exploitation . mar policy 34 ( 5 ) : 1010–1020 .

the research published in royal society open science shows that protecting important ocean habitat promotes the long - term recovery of rockfish such as cowcod and bocaccio that have long been a staple of west coast fishermen . favorable ocean conditions also played a role , according to the study by scientists from noaa fisheries ' southwest fisheries science center ( swfsc ) , university of san diego , and the university of massachusetts amherst .

berkeley , s . a . 2006 . pacific rockfish management : are we circling the wagons around the wrong paradigm ? bulletin of marine science 78 : 655 - 667 .

boccaccio larvae and young - of - the - year ( age 0 fish ) live in the upper layers of the ocean for several months . they then settle to bottom habitats in nearshore areas where they form schools . as juveniles mature into adults ( around 7 years ) , they move offshore to greater depths . adult bocaccio are usually found above rocky bottoms between 60 to 340 metres deep . recent science has found that adult bocaccio may also prefer coral and sponge reefs as habitat .

using the abundances and trends from all available fishery - independent data , palsson et al . ( 2009 ) classified each rockfish species as healthy , precautionary , vulnerable or depleted . these status categories are based on those used by the american fisheries society ( musick 1999 ) . for the two rockfish species for which demographic data were most available ( quillback and copper rockfish ) , designations were made based on current spawners per recruit ( spr ) relative to 1970s spr ( proxy for an unfished population ) and 1999 spr ( palsson et al . 2009 ) .

researchers examined trends from 1998 to 2013 in eight species that were historically fished and seven that were not . the same period brought largely cool ocean conditions , which support increased rockfish reproduction .

longevity and mortality bocaccio are difficult to age and thus the maximum age of bocaccio is unknown but radiometric dating of the ear bones has suggested a maximum of 50 years . little is known about the mortality of younger ages . estimates of the natural mortality rate vary between 14 - 22 % per year . this implies that it would take between 12 – 20 years for 95 % of fish of the same age to die of natural causes . age - at - maturity and maximum age imply a generation time of about 10 years .

both cowcod and bocaccio are overfished stocks that are being rebuilt under the federal west coast groundfish fishery management plan that is administered by the pacific fishery management council . in fact , the cowcod conservation areas where no fishing can occur deeper than 20 fathoms ( ~ 37 meters ) , was created to help recover cowcod populations , which are found from about 70 - 350 meters in depth , primarily in the southern california bight . bocaccio are found coast - wide , from british columbia into mexico , from 20 - 250 meters in depth .

parker sj , berkeley sa , golden jt , gunderson dr , heifetz j , hixon ma , et al . ( 2000 ) management of pacific rockfish . fisheries 25 ( 3 ) : 22–30 .

although this was the first study to examine rockfish dynamics in association with the ccas , short - term studies also suggest that the ccas benefit rockfish populations . a larval survey in 2005 using the same techniques as the current work but with finer - scale sampling showed that species richness and the abundance of targeted rockfishes was higher within than outside of the ccas [ 26 ] . similarly , submersible surveys in 2012 encountered cowcod with greater frequency within than outside of the ccas [ 25 ] . in addition , abundances of recently hatched , but not older , larval bocaccio were concentrated around the relatively shallow banks within the eastern cca [ 24 ] . although we did not detect an interaction between year and cca for bocaccio , abundances were higher within than outside of paired cca stations in all but two years . these studies and ours indicate that the ccas were positioned in locations that are well suited to protect and facilitate the recovery of many rockfishes in southern california .

cope , j . m . 2004 . population genetics and phylogeography of the blue rockfish ( sebastes mystinus ) from washington to california . canadian journal of fisheries & aquatic sciences 61 : 332 - 342 .

mitamura h , uchida k , miyamoto y , arai n , kakihara t , yokota t , et al . ( 2009 ) preliminary study on homing , site fidelity , and diel movement of black rockfish

this video shows a large school of cowcod and bocaccio rockfish found at 89 meters . the footage was taken using a remotely operated vehicle ( rov ) at forty - three fathom bank in the cowcod conservation area off of san diego , ca , by scientists at the southwest fisheries science center . the red dots in the video are produced by two parallel lasers attached to the rov . the lasers are exactly 10 cm apart , and the scientists use them to help estimate the size of fish underwater .

both bocaccio and darkblotched give live birth to their young , rather than lay eggs . year to year , there are huge swings in the number of young that survive to become part of the fishery . and , researchers initially underestimated the extent to which populations could rebound from low levels , according to hastie .

lucero , y . 2009 . a multivariate stock - recruitment function for cohorts with sympatric subclasses : application to maternal effects in rockfish ( genus sebastes ) . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 66 : 557 - 564 .

hannah rw , rankin ps ( 2011 ) site fidelity and movement of eight species of pacific rockfish at a high - relief rocky reef on the oregon coast . n am j fish manage 31 ( 3 ) : 483–494 .

west coast rockfish species in deep collapse only 20 years ago have multiplied rapidly in large marine protected areas off southern california , likely seeding surrounding waters with enough offspring to offer promise of renewed fishing , a new study has found .

gary greene h , o’connell vm and brylinsky ck ( 2011 ) tectonic and glacial related seafloor geomorphology as possible demersal shelf rockfish habitat surrogates—examples along the alaskan convergent transform plate boundary . cont shelf res 31 ( 2 ) : s39–s53 .

three years ago , for example , was a great year for survival rates of young darkblotched rockfish . “the current model says 2013 was twice as big as anything we have seen in the past 30 years , ” hastie said .

caught commercially off the outer washington coast with otter - trawls , longline , and jig handline gear . rarely caught by recreational harvesters off the outer washington coast . the puget sound and georgia basin populations of bocaccio are listed as endangered under the endangered species act and recreational retention in all puget sound waters is prohibited . see : urltoken

population trends the abundance of bocaccio in bc waters is unknown . there is little directed research because of its lack of commercial importance . the population as a whole is present in all coastal waters along the edge of the continental shelf . the abundance in the outer north coast is unknown but it appears to be stable in the central coast .

burford , m . o . 2009 . demographic history , geographical distribution and reproductive isolation of distinct lineages of blue rockfish ( sebastes mystinus ) , a marine fish with a high dispersal potential . journal of evolutionary biology 22 : 1471 - 1486 .

reynolds bf , powers sp , bishop ma ( 2010 ) application of acoustic telemetry to assess residency and movements of rockfish and lingcod at created and natural habitats in prince william sound . plos one 5 ( 8 ) : e12130 . pmid : 20730090

habitat and distribution in bc , bocaccio are mainly caught along the outer pacific coast near the edge of the continental shelf , with largest catches from the northwest end of vancouver island and queen charlotte sound . they are sometimes reported from mainland inlets as well as the strait of georgia . the depth of catch is slightly shallower during summer than winter , with median depth of catch in the trawl fishery of 110 m in summer to 180 m in winter . two tagging studies conducted off the coast of california suggest that bocaccio move more during the first few years of life , and become more sedentary as they age . the amount of movement appears to drop off after they reach a length of 47 cm .

the us national marine fisheries service ( nmfs ) conducts triennial surveys and operated 7 times in canadian waters between 1980 - 2001 . these surveys led to conclusions that bocaccio biomass has declined in the vancouver inpfc region although there have been some problems using this biomass index to determine trends in abundance . another index is derived from the wcvi shrimp trawl survey that has been carried out every year since 1973 and has recorded rockfish catches since 1975 . this survey represents the longest series of biomass estimates for bocaccio in canadian waters and has shown that there was relatively low biomass in the 1970s , increasing in the mid 1980s and declining by the late 1980s , a trend that has continued to the present . again , like the nmfs survey estimates , these estimates have low precision . however , there does appear overall to be some evidence of a decline over the last two decades in southern offshore waters , and there is strong evidence for a similar decline in us waters further south .

2001 . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region . this polygon shapefile contains the entire distribution for adult black rockfish ( sebastes melanops ) . the process of creating this shapefile includ . . . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region .

2001 . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region . this polygon shapefile contains the most common distribution for adult brown rockfish ( sebastes auriculatus ) . the process of creating this shapefil . . . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region .

2001 . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region . this polygon shapefile contains the entire distribution for adult calico rockfish ( sebastes dalli ) . the process of creating this shapefile included . . . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region .

fishery in bc , bocaccio are commonly caught along with several other groundfish species including pacific ocean perch , yellowtail rockfish and canary rockfish . in recent years , their occurrence appeared to be relatively predictable in both time and space . current commercial catches are low , as are the sport and first nations catches . they currently make up less than 1 % of the commercial trawl landings , but there is a small amount of targeting for boccacio . commercial trawl catch is almost zero in the strait of georgia . there is a small hook - and - line catch as well as discarding in the commercial hook - and - line fisheries for halibut , zn and schedule ii . the population s in bc are contiguous with those in washington state ; therefore it is possible that catches in the us may impact the bc population s . at this time however , this is unlikely to be an issue as us landings are very low due to restrictive trip limits .

the results on the water column use indicate that s . schlegelii are mainly found at an average depth of 20 . 90 m ( ranging from 16 m to 31 m ) . s . schlegelii is a demersal rockfish and remained closer to the bottom for a large portion of the tracking period in our study ( table 4 ) . in another study , the black rockfish sebastes melanops also remained close to the bottom ; the proposed explanation for this behavior was that it enabled fish to avoid the water turbulence from wave action and storm activity [ 41 ] .

both commercial and recreational catches of rockfishes have substantially declined since the mid 1980s and 1990s in both the north and south puget sound ( palsson et al . 2009 ) ( figure 2 ) . bottom trawl survey data also show declines in the harvested species of rockfishes ; the two species that have increased over time ( redstripe rockfish , s . proriger and puget sound rockfish , s . emphaeus ) are smaller - bodied fish that are not harvested ( palsson et al . 2009 ) ( figure 3 ) . the estimated spr ratios for copper and quillback rockfish in the north and south sound have also declined dramatically from 1970s to 1999 in both the north and south sounds ( palsson et al . 2009 ) ( figure 4 ) . this metric is important because it reflects the effect of fishing pressure on the reproductive capacity of a harvested population .

boccacio are caught at depths between 60 - 340 m during bottom trawling while midwater trawl catches tend to occur over bottom depths of 60 - 200 m . incidental catches in midwater trawling occur when yellowtail ( sebastes flavidus ) and widow rockfish ( s . entomelas ) are targeted in the fishery .

citation : zhang y , xu q , alós j , liu h , xu q , yang h ( 2015 ) short - term fidelity , habitat use and vertical movement behavior of the black rockfish sebastes schlegelii as determined by acoustic telemetry . plos one 10 ( 8 ) : e0134381 . urltoken

buonaccorsi , v . p . , c . a . kimbrell , e . a . lynn , and r . d . vetter . 2002 . population structure of copper rockfish ( sebastes caurinus ) reflects postglacial colonization and contemporary patterns of larval dispersal . canadian journal of fisheries & aquatic sciences 59 : 1375 .

range / habitat : bocaccio are found from stepovak bay , alaska peninsula , to punta blanca , baja california . this species was once common on steep walls in portions of puget sound , now they are very rare . they have been found at water depths ranging from 12 to 478 m ( 40 - 1 , 578 ft ) , but tend to be most abundant from 50 to 250 m ( 165 - 825 ft ) in depth .

miller , j . a . , m . a . banks , d . gomez - uchida , and a . l . shanks . 2005 . a comparison of population structure in black rockfish ( sebastes melanops ) as determined with otolith microchemistry and microsatellite dna . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 62 : 2189 - 2198 .

our work strongly indicates that the ccas have been effective in facilitating the recovery of multiple targeted rockfish species and supports the effectiveness of establishing and regularly monitoring long - term mpas . given that augmenting larval output is the primary mechanism by which mpas can benefit fisheries , this study provides an example of how larval monitoring can be used to assess mpa efficacy .

habitat enhancement via the deployment of ars has been a widely used management and conservation tool worldwide [ 86 , 87 ] . there is strong evidence that the implementation of ars increases the local abundance of fishes by various mechanisms , creating a mating / spawning area , increasing fish growth and survival of juveniles , and attracting fish from outside the area [ 88 – 90 ] . ar restoration has been shown to mitigate rockfish population loss in many studies [ 91 – 93 ] and , in general , rockfish habitat utilization is closely linked to habitat complexity [ 81 ] . in fact , rockfish exhibit a strong affinity for rugged geomorphological features [ 38 , 94 , 95 ] and the heterogeneous and structured habitat of rocky substrates [ 39 , 96 , 97 ] . reynolds et al . [ 81 ] demonstrated the potential of ars to provide quality habitat for s . caurinus along the alaskan convergent transform plate boundary . the results of our study agree with these previous findings for other species , and we suggest that ars create quality habitat and serve as attractants for s . schlegelii .

" this is the first research we know of to demonstrate that marine protected areas are producing high abundances of fish larvae that can seed surrounding areas , " thompson said . " that was an important part of the vision for these areas when they were established , and it ' s rewarding that management actions are contributing to the recovery of rockfish in southern california . "

from 1999 to 2002 , scientific stock surveys documented declining numbers of west coast groundfish , and the council and noaa fisheries took action by declaring them overfished and reducing commercial harvests . while the reductions represented sharp blows to coastal economies , fishing communities and the fishing industry recognized the importance of maintaining sustainable groundfish stocks for the long term . bocaccio , for example , was declared overfished in 1999 , but strong reproduction and recruitment combined with the fishing cutbacks helped rebuild the species five years ahead of the original target of 2022 .

many aspects of the ecology and biology of rockfish germane to their management in puget sound are not well understood . for example , ecological interactions such as predation may play important roles in determining the success of management strategies ( e . g . , beaudreau and essington 2007 , harvey et al . 2008 ) , while demographic parameters such as age structure of populations ( berkeley et al . 2004 , berkeley 2006 , lucero 2009 ) or variability in the factors that drive recruitment rates are also likely to be quite important in driving the potential for rockfish recovery . furthermore , while targeted exploitation of rockfishes in puget sound has diminished in recent years , the influence of continued threats such as pollution , altered food webs , incidental catch in recreational fisheries are not known .

" the larvae of several species of rockfish that were once heavily fished increased in number within protected areas over the past decade , " said andrew thompson , a research scientist at the swfsc in la jolla , calif . " the larvae have the potential to drift outside the protected region . that ' s good for fisheries because it can build populations beyond the protected waters too . "

we processed 6717 larvae and identified 39 rockfish species throughout the time - series ( electronic supplementary material , table s1 ) . two non - targeted species , squarespot and shortbelly , were especially common , comprising over 50 % of the combined larvae ( table 1 ) . the next most abundant non - targeted species were pygmy , halfbanded , stripetail , swordspine and whitespeckled ( table 1 ) . the most abundant targeted species were bocaccio , blue , bank , speckled , olive , widow , chilipepper and copper ( table 1 ) . conversely , some species were extremely rare . for example , we detected only one individual ( not adjusting for shf ) for greenspotted ( s . chlorostictus ) , greenblotched ( s . rosenblatti ) and flag ( s . rubrivinctus ) , two individuals for calico ( s . dalli ) and yelloweye ( s . ruberrimus ) , and three for mexican ( s . macdonaldi ) ( electronic supplementary material , table s1 ) .

" we would have never known this if not for the trove of data we get from those ships out on the water regularly looking at everything from temperature to , in this case , numbers of larval rockfish , " said kristen koch , acting director of the swfsc . " we ' ve discovered this conservation success story thanks to long - term monitoring that gives us new insight into how the ocean works and changes . "

we found that larval abundances of the majority of targeted rockfishes increased throughout southern california between 1998 and 2013 . the rates of increase , however , were much higher within than outside of the ccas for most of the targeted but none of the untargeted species ( figure 5 ; electronic supplementary material , table s4 ) . this indicates that the presence of the ccas is facilitating the recovery of rockfish species that were historically targeted by fishers .

six of the eight ( excluding cowcod which were quite rare ) most abundant targeted species ( copper , widow , blue , speckled , bocaccio and olive ) showed significant increases in their mean abundances across the entire region over time ( figure 2 ; electronic supplementary material , table s2 ) . interestingly , although cowcod abundances were below the threshold for formal analysis , this species did significantly increase during the study ( figure 2 ) . four of the seven ( squarespot , whitespeckled and pygmy ) most abundant non - targeted species significantly or nearly significantly ( stripetail ) increased during the study ( figure 3 ; electronic supplementary material , table s2 ) .

in addition to management actions that allowed more individuals to reach maturity , environmental conditions probably contributed to the proliferation of rockfish larvae . rockfish spawning output is affected by the environment as female reproduction is reduced when food is scarce and adult energy reserves are low [ 19 ] . low spawning years typically occur during el niños when water temperature is high and primary productivity is low [ 51 , 52 ] . our logistic regression models support the idea that reproduction is higher when the water is cool as the presence of most species correlated negatively with temperature . further , we found that the water was cooler than the 30 - year average in most years between 1998 and 2013 , and it has been speculated that 1999 marked the beginning of an oceanographic shift from warm conditions that characterized the region between 1977 and 1998 [ 53 ] . therefore , environmental conditions appeared to have been generally conducive for high larval production and recruitment throughout much of the study .

parker , s . j . , s . a . berkeley , j . t . golden , d . r . gunderson , j . heifetz , m . a . hixon , r . larson , b . m . leaman , m . s . love , j . a . musick , v . m . o ' connell , s . ralston , h . j . weeks , and m . m . yoklavich . 2000 . management of pacific rockfish . fisheries 25 : 22 - 30 .

a common feature of the spatial and temporal behavior of rockfishes of the genus sebastes is that their behaviors differ between day and night [ 83 , 84 ] . this divergent behavioral pattern suggests that rockfish activity is closely related to ambient light intensity and that sunset and sunrise determine changes in behavioral state [ 38 ] . however , this pattern is not consistent among sebastes species ; some species are more active during the day , others during the night , and some exhibit no diel behavioral patterns . for example , the rosethorn rockfish sebastes helvomaculatus exhibits a clear diurnal activity pattern ( active during the day and inactive at night ) [ 85 ] . similarly , s . mystinus is more active during the day than at night , as indicated by a steep decrease in detection rates at dusk and resuming to the high level at dawn [ 38 ] . by contrast , s . inermis remains buried in rock crevices during the day but ranges between the surface and very deep depths at night [ 42 ] . in the present study , s . schlegelii was more frequently detected during the day than night , which is interpreted as a day active behavior [ 70 ] .

the probability of presence of six of the eight most abundant targeted species ( copper , widow , blue , speckled , bocaccio and olive ) correlated negatively with temperature ( table 2 ; electronic supplementary material , table s3 a ) . two of the seven most abundant non - targeted species ( whitespeckled and pygmy ) also had negative relationships with temperature ( table 2 ; electronic supplementary material , table s3 b ) . there were also significant positive relationships with chlorophyll a for copper , squarespot , shortbelly , whitespeckled and halfbanded ( table 2 ; electronic supplementary material , table s3 ) . trend direction with salinity and oxygen were inconsistent as the presence of chilipepper decreased but swordspine increased with salinity ( table 2 ; electronic supplementary material , table s3 ) . similarly , trends were positive with oxygen for blue but negative for shortbelly and halfbanded ( table 2 ; electronic supplementary material , table s3 ) .

reproduction bocaccio bear live young and produce between 20 , 000 and 230 , 000 eggs . fecundity tends to increase with increasing size of a female . copulation occurs early in the fall and larval release occurs over the winter . the larvae are 4 - 5 mm in length at parturition and metamorphose into pelagic juvenile s at 19 - 40 mm over a period of several months . the growth of juvenile s is rapid at around 0 . 56 - 0 . 97 mm per day . they can reach 24 cm in length by the end of the first year . the juvenile s settle into littoral and demersal habitat from late spring throughout the summer . young - of - the - year live near the surface for a few months and then settle in nearshore areas where they form schools over bottom depths of 30 - 120 m . adults may be semi - pelagic and are found over a variety of bottom types between bottom depths of 60 - 300 m .

adults found over rocky reefs , but also common on open bottoms to about 320 m ( ref . 2850 ) . juveniles are pelagic and settle in near shore nursery areas , then move to deeper habitats ( ref . 36715 ) . young form schools ( ref . 2850 ) . feed mainly on fishes , including other rockfishes ( ref . 2850 ) . ovoviviparous , with planktonic larvae ( ref . 36715 , 6885 , 34817 ) . validated age by radiometry is 37 yrs ( ref . 75794 ) . a famous sport fish throughout its range ( ref . 2850 ) . flesh is of excellent quality when kept chilled ( ref . 27436 ) . sold with other rockfish species ( ref . 27436 ) .

dorsal spines ( total ) : 13 - 15 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 13 - 16 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 10 ; vertebrae : 26 . a large rockfish with weak head spines - nasal and parietal spines usually absent , preocular , supraocular , postocular , tympanic , coronal and nuchal spines absent ( ref . 27437 ) . lower jaw long , thickened , with no real symphyseal knob and projects past upper jaw ; maxillary extends to behind the eye ; parietal ridges parallel ( ref . 27437 ) . caudal slightly indented ( ref . 6885 ) . olive orange to burnt orange or brown in color ( ref . 27437 ) . branchiostegal rays : 7 ( ref . 36715 ) .

in response to the decline in populations of rockfishes in southern california , ( particularly cowcod , which was formally declared overfished in 1999 [ 22 ] ) , the pacific fishery management council established two cowcod conservation areas ( ccas ) in 2001 . the ccas comprise a western and eastern area in the scb ( encompassing 10 878 km 2 and 260 km 2 , respectively ; figure 1 ) where cowcod were historically caught at high rates [ 22 ] . bottom - fishing deeper than 36 m is prohibited within the ccas as larger , targeted rockfishes typically reside below this depth . these areas are several times larger than most marine mpas that have been comprehensively studied thus far ( but see [ 23 ] ) and are the largest rockfish conservation areas in the world .

one difficulty in evaluating mpa effects has been a lack of robust sampling designs [ 15 , 16 ] . mpa impacts may be masked or misinterpreted if , for example , samples are collected only within mpa bounds without outside control locations . furthermore , inside and outside locations should be paired such that habitat conditions are similar inside and outside of mpas [ 5 ] . an ideal set - up will monitor both before and after mpa establishment to determine if sample ( e . g . fish abundances ) trajectories diverge inside and outside following placement of mpas [ 15 ] . finally , data should be collected on species that are and are not targeted by fishing to assess if mpas are affecting population dynamics of protected species [ 17 ] . we use a before - - after , control - impact paired series design [ 18 ] to quantify mpa effects on larval abundances of 15 rockfish species that were and were not historically targeted by fishing .

relatively large rockfish conservation areas ( rcas ) have also been established along the western us coast , as well as further north in canadian waters with the goal of facilitating recovery of overfished stocks . us rcas north of southern california appear to be benefitting rockfishes in addition to other demersal species as both bottom trawl [ 58 ] and hook and line surveys [ 59 ] detected significant increases in abundances since the beginning of the millennium . however , studies in canada obtained mixed results . whereas surveys in the strait of georgia indicated that these rcas positively impacted rockfishes [ 60 ] , a more comprehensive study suggested that canadian rcas have not facilitated recovery of demersal fish populations [ 61 ] . lack of compliance was a potential explanation for the canadian mpa ineffectiveness as there was no difference in fishing activity before and after establishment in most of these rcas [ 62 ] . indeed , a recent global survey found that many mpas were inadequately managed and these performed almost three times worse than equitably governed mpas [ 63 ] . it is likely that differences in management efficacy explain performance variation between the us and canadian rcas .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en " " urltoken "

thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

baja california ( mx ) to kodiak , alaska ( us ) 20 - 500m .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

dig into habitat month and learn how healthy habitat depends on the power of partnerships .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

species of concern are those species about which we have some concerns regarding status and threats , but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the endangered species act ( esa ) . we wish to draw proactive attention and conservation action to these species . " species of concern " status does not carry any procedural or substantive protections under the esa .

fact sheets for each species are provided on the links below . note : species of concern can also be " candidate species " .

atlantic - cape breton , nova scotia , to st . john ' s river , fl ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , aug 2013 , 78 fr 48943 )

indo - pacific - red sea and east africa to the line islands and samoa ; north to yaeyama , south to the great barrier reef and new caledonia ; paulau , caroline , mariana in micronesia ; in u . s . it occurs in guam , american samoa , cnmi and the pacific remote island areas ( wake islands ) . ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , nov 2012 , 77 fr 66799 ) .

indo - pacific - red sea to the tuamotus , north to the ryukyus , east to wake islands , south to new caledonia , throughout micronesia ; includes u . s . territories of guam and american samoa ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , sept 2014 , 79 fr 57875 )

pacific - sitka island , alaska to baja california , mexico . ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , dec 2014 , 79 fr 77998 ) .

* nmfs reviewed the status of this species as a result of a petition to list it under the endangered species act . while esa listing was determined to not be warranted , nmfs retained this species on the species of concern list .

the following species were removed from species of concern list because they were either listed under the endangered species act ( esa ) or concerned about their status were removed because of new information and completion of a species of concern status report .

the proactive species conservation grant program supports voluntary conservation efforts designed to conserve marine and anadromous species before listing under the endangered species act ( esa ) becomes necessary . through this grant program , nmfs will provide federal assistance , in the form of grants or cooperative agreements , to support conservation efforts for species it has identified as species of concern ( soc ) .

a list of previously funded projects can be found in the proactive species conservation grants archive .

information on other grant opportunities offered by office of protected resources is also available .

body color : olive - brown dorsally becoming pink to red ventrally ; specimens less than 10 inches ( 25 cm ) w / small brown spots on sides .

- anus midway between pelvic - fin base and anal - fin origin ; maxilla extends to midorbit ; head spine count differs ; maximum length 32 cm .

- maxilla extends to midorbit , symphyseal knob present ; body red w / whitish belly ; head spine count differs .

this species is under consideration for listing as endangered under the federal species at risk act ( sara ) . more information about sara , including how it protects individual species , is available on the species at risk public registry . additionally , fisheries protection and pollution prevention provisions of the fisheries act provide protection to this species .


nessaea batesii , the bates olivewing , is a species of butterfly of the family nymphalidae .

the length of the wings is 29 – 36 mm for males and 32 – 40 mm for females .

the upperside of adult males is dark brown , with bright sky-blue diagonal bands on the forewings and orange patches on the hindwings .

the females have plain brown hindwings , blue diagonal bands across the forewings , and elongated reddish spots within the discal cell of the forewings .

nessaea batesii

nessaea batesii <EOT> nessaea obrinus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) = papilio obrinus linnaeus , 1758 = nessaea ancaeus = nessaea obrina = nessaea lesoudieri le moult 1933 .

nessaea batesii ( c . felder & r . felder , 1860 ) - bates ' olivewing

nessaea , namely aglaura , batesii , hewitsonii and obrinus , all of which are confined to the neotropical region .

the bates olivewing ( nessaea batesii ) is a species of butterfly of the nymphalidae family . it is found in eastern venezuela , the guianas and the lower amazon in brazil .

nessaea hewitsoni is found throughout eastern andes from colombia and venezuela to bolivia , and across the western amazonas of brazil .

all of the species have similar undersides . the uppersides of nessaea males are very dark brown , with bright sky blue diagonal bands on the forewings . the male of hewitsonii also has blue markings on the hindwings , but the remaining species including batesii have orange patches on the hindwings instead . the females of all species have plain brown hindwings , blue diagonal bands across the forewings , and elongated reddish spots within the discal cell of the forewings .

are usually seen singly , and breed in wet primary rainforest at altitudes between 0 - 800m . they are not usually encountered in secondary forest , and it is very unusual for them to be seen in open sunny areas , although i have observed males of nessaea aglaura in forest edge habitats and degraded forest in ecuador .

id : 11901 original name : nessaea ancaeus 01 ( c ) v . motyčka . jpg size 750x566 - 73759 bytes image manager : vladimír motyčka directory : 2135 created : 2005 - 12 - 16 18 : 45 : 10 - user ondřej zicha last change : 2015 - 07 - 18 11 : 01 : 20 - user francesco vitali url : urltoken text function : [ [ i : 11901 ; image ] ] , [ [ it : 11901 ] ] ( thumbnail )

all nessaea species are fast flyers . when at rest they are very alert to movement . if alarmed they fly off very rapidly and with great agility . they usually resettle a short distance away but invariably return to the original spot within a few minutes . normally they settle on foliage about 1 - 3m above the ground , and close their wings immediately upon landing . they then wait motionless for a few minutes , and if undisturbed they will slowly open their wings to bask .

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

{ { t ( ' get _ image _ for ' , { price : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . priceperimage ) } ) } }

{ { t ( ' buy _ card . add _ to _ cart ' ) } }

{ { t ( ' buy _ card . update _ cart ' ) } }

{ { t ( ' buy _ card . view _ cart ' ) } }

{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . add _ notes ' ) } } { { : : t ( ' errors . messages . enter _ required _ info ' ) } }

{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . project _ codes ' ) } } { { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . select _ project _ code ' ) } } { { projectcode } } { { : : t ( ' errors . messages . enter _ required _ info ' ) } }

{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . download _ will _ be _ saved _ to _ dropbox ' ) } }

{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . calculate _ price _ cta ' ) } }

{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . save _ to _ cart _ cta ' ) } }

{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . view _ cart ' ) } }

{ { : : t ( ' site _ specific . getty . request _ preview ' ) } }

{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . usage _ rights _ restrictions ' ) } }

{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ restrictions _ info ' ) } }

{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ agreement _ title ' ) } }

{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ agreement _ check _ info ' ) } }

{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . download _ button ' ) } }

mix and match royalty - free images , videos , and editorial with packs that never expire . *

{ { t ( ' save _ amount ' , { amount _ saved : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . fivepackpricing . amountyousave ) } ) } }

{ { t ( ' save _ amount ' , { amount _ saved : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . tenpackpricing . amountyousave ) } ) } }

{ { t ( ' compared _ with _ single _ price ' , { price : formatprice ( selectedsize . price ) } ) } }

you are welcome to use content from the getty images site on a complimentary basis for test or sample ( composite or comp ) use only , for up to 30 days following download . however , unless a license is purchased , content cannot be used in any final materials or any publicly available materials . no other rights or warranties are granted for comp use .

the ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken . this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection .

encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook

you are welcome to use content from the getty images site on a complimentary basis for test or sample ( composite or comp ) use only , for up to 30 days following download . however , unless a licence is purchased , content cannot be used in any final materials or any publicly available materials . no other rights or warranties are granted for comp use .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

determination author : r . i . vane - wright [ determination history and verification ]

note : if not otherwise indicated image is property of its author and cannot be used without his permission .

for every image in gallery , either accepted or unconfirmed , you can add , change or verify determination ( identification ) , or write comments .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

a small neotropical forest genus . the green ventral color of the wings is quite unusual among nymphalidae .

lamas , g . ( ed . ) 2004 atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 4a hesperioidea - papiionoidea . gainesville : scientific publishers / association of tropical lepidoptera .

correspondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at

. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the

each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .

for a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .

tree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .

the larva when fully grown is jade green . each body segment adorned with enormous whorled spikes which are amber in colour . the head is bluish and armed with a pair of long head horns . the larva adopts the usual biblidini resting posture with it ' s body arched and it ' s face appressed to the substrate so that the spines are directed upward . if it is molested the larva twitches violently , swinging it ' s head from side to side . the pupa is dark green , and is attached by the cremaster from the upperside of a leaf , projecting horizontally .

the butterflies are usually found as singletons , but it is not unusual to see several males and one or two females during an hour long walk along a narrow forest track in suitable habitat .

feed at fallen fruit , and can be baited with plantain . they are also attracted to mammal dung and urine on forest tracks , but unlike many other members of the biblidini they are not attracted to sunny river beaches or other open areas .

all photographs , artwork , text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins ( unless otherwise stated ) and are protected by copyright . photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken

our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .

popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more

copyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved

enter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user

note : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments

* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .

curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .

species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .

species catonephele salambria ( c . felder & r . felder , 1861 ) - salambria banner


the dotted tanager ( tangara varia ) is a species of bird in the family thraupidae .

it is found in brazil , french guiana , suriname , and venezuela .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest .

dotted tanager

dotted tanager <EOT> the dotted tanager is uncommon in a very restricted range in san martin and the cordillera azul at elevations ranging between 500 - 1100 m . it also occurs

. the dotted tanager has green head and underparts . the breast and shows faint specks . the upper mantle , wings , and tail are opalescent blue . it generally forages in stunted forest and scrub - like vegetation in pairs and in the company on mixed species flocks . it is similar to the

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en " " urltoken "

thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' uncommon and patchily distributed ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 10 . 1 - 11 . 6 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 15 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

there are many ways to contribute—we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !

) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : tangara varia . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .

an adult male bring some fruits ( ? ) to chiks in the nest . in the canopy at 35 m high .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .

there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .

there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .

howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :

you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .

avibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 170 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en "

take a look at what you can get upgrading to our premium dictionary for a very low fee . click here for premium dictionary preview

this word is part of our premium dictionary version contents . these contents include thousands of difficult , technical , and special - use words and word phrases , including their translations , synonyms and definitions .

for a very low fee , gain access to these contents and to the vast lexicon of word magic software , completely ad - free .

word usage ( idiomatic , slang , colloquial , figurative , formal , etc . . )

thank you for subscribing to the free trial . please check your email and click on the confirmation link to start your trial .

there was an error when trying to login . please be sure to have an active account with us .

the email entered is not valid . please enter a valid format email like [ email protected ]

welcome to the trial version of our premium online dictionary . you have now limited access to our vast dictionary - engine . enjoy it and make the best use of it ! for full dictionary feature use , register to our premium online dictionary .

we must explain that this free online bilingual dictionary includes all : word magic dictionary & tools professional ( general reference english - spanish bilingual dictionary ) , our unabridged medical dictionary , the law dictionary , the business & finance dictionary and the computer & it dictionary . you can purchase these separately to install in your pc and also as add - ons for your microsoft word and excel . click here to purchase our general dictionary pack , which includes images , definitions and usage examples .

the online bilingual dictionary application here provided is a free service of word magic software inc . you will find that it is the most complete online bilingual and bidirectional english - spanish dictionary on the web , showing not only direct translations but synonyms , complete definitions , set phrases , idioms , proverbs , usage examples , famous quotes and compound entries as well , all related to your entry word . on top of that , it offers english and spanish pronunciation , separation into syllables and grammar attributes . it also accepts conjugated verbs and spanish feminine and plural forms as valid entries .

the advantage of acquiring them as your personal software is that you will enjoy a better , even friendlier interface with many , many more features including word tagging , bilingual verb conjugation , double - window synonyms , idiom search facilities plus a unique collection of 40 , 000 color pictures associated with noun entries .

enter conjugated entries , even spanish enclitic verb conjugations ( i . e . hazlo ; cómetelo , etc . )

we offer you several types of english - spanish translators , the best of which combine automatic , context - sensitive translation plus interactive , user - guided translation . our top version , the translator professional plus 5 , comprises the following features : images for easier meaning selection , a translation options module using a multiple - choice wizard that lets you choose among all possible variations for your translation , voice recognition for dictation capabilities and voice commands that allow you to call out the tasks you need without using mouse or keyboard . download a test trial version below !

* english definitions from : wordnet 2 . 0 copyright 2003 by princeton university . all rights reserved .

if you need english to spanish or spanish to english translation software , dictionaries or professional translation services , you ' ve come to the right place .

but is distinguished by being a mostly green without large dusky specks . there is no known overlap with the also similar

: tupí name , tangara = dancer , one who turns and skips , originally used for the manakins , but subsequently ( marcgrave 1648 ) transferred to other bright finch - like birds .

schulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .

material published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )

contribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :

corbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization , whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation .


aristotelia monilella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by barnes and busck in 1920 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from illinois , kentucky , north carolina and florida .

the wingspan is 12-13 mm .

the forewings are light golden brown , at the basal fourth with an outwardly oblique white transverse streak , attenuated towards the dorsum and not quite reaching the dorsal edge .

there is an equilateral triangular white spot on the middle of the costa and at apical fourth an inwardly directed triangular white spot .

all of these white spots are marginal and continued across the wing by black and metallic blue scales and terminate on the dorsal edge in small white spots .

the apical and terminal edges are broadly velvety black with conspicuous tufts of metallic blue scales around the margin .

aristotelia monilella

aristotelia monilella <EOT> the pink - washed aristotelia , clover aristotelia moth or garden webworm ( aristotelia roseosuffusella ) is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

doctype html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en " " urltoken "

the bookreader requires javascript to be enabled . please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings . you can also try one of the other formats of the book .

photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

this article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?

as part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .

copyright © world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by " , + " and the number of omitted authors .

attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .

all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .

created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "


retusa obtusa , common name the " arctic barrel-bubble " , is a species of very small head-shield sea snail or bubble shell , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family retusidae .

this species occurs widely in the northern parts of the atlantic ocean , occurring in both the eastern atlantic and western atlantic .

it has also been reported from north carolina , and from alaska in the pacific ocean .

the shell reaches a maximum size of 3 mm .

retusa obtusa

retusa obtusa <EOT> variety retusa obtusa var . turrita ( møller , 1842 ) accepted as retusa obtusa ( montagu , 1803 )

variety retusa obtusa var . lajonkaireana ( basterot , 1825 ) , sensu jeffreys , 1867 accepted as retusa obtusa ( montagu , 1803 ) ( misidentification )

retusa obtusata [ sic ] ( misspelling of obtusa ( montagu . 1803 ) )

( of retusa obtusa var . turrita ( møller , 1842 ) ) bodc . ( 2009 ) . species list from the british oceanographic data centre . [ details ]

( of retusa obtusa var . lajonkaireana ( basterot , 1825 ) , sensu jeffreys , 1867 ) bodc . ( 2009 ) . species list from the british oceanographic data centre . [ details ]

berry a . j . ( 1994 ) . foraminiferan prey in the annual life cycle of the predatory opisthobranch gastropod retusa obtusa ( montagu ) . estuarine coastal and shelf science 38 ( 6 ) : 603 - 612 [ details ]

( of bulla obtusa montagu , 1803 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

to barcode of life ( 4 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym retusa turrita møller , 1842 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 28 publications ) ( from synonym retusa pertenuis ( mighels , 1843 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 43 publications ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym bulla pertenuis mighels , 1843 ) to clemam ( from synonym bulla obtusa montagu , 1803 ) to clemam ( from synonym bulla turrita møller , 1842 ) to clemam ( from synonym utriculus obtusus ( montagu , 1803 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym utriculus obtusus var . semistriata jeffreys , 1869 ) to encyclopedia of life to global biotic interactions ( globi ) to marine species identification portal to pesi to pesi ( from synonym bulla obtusa montagu , 1803 ) to pesi ( from synonym bulla pertenuis mighels , 1843 ) to pesi ( from synonym retusa pertenuis ( mighels , 1843 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym retusa obtusa var . lajonkaireana ( basterot , 1825 ) , sensu jeffreys , 1867 ) to pesi ( from synonym retusa obtusa var . turrita ( møller , 1842 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym utriculus obtusus var . semistriata jeffreys , 1869 ) to pesi ( from synonym utriculus obtusus ( montagu , 1803 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym bulla turrita møller , 1842 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to itis

( of retusa pertenuis ( mighels , 1843 ) ) kantor , y . i . & sysoev , a . v . ( eds ) , 2005 . catalogue of molluscs of russia and adjacent countries . moscow [ details ]

( of retusa obtusa var . lajonkaireana ( basterot , 1825 ) , sensu jeffreys , 1867 ) jeffreys , j . g . ( 1862 - 1869 ) . british conchology . vol . 1 : pp . cxiv + 341 [ 1862 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 479 [ 1864 ] il frontrespizio reca la data 1863 ma in effetti pubblicato nel 1864 . vol . 3 : pp . 394 [ 1865 ] . vol . 4 : pp . 487 [ 1867 ] . vol . 5 : pp . 259 [ 1869 ] . london , van voorst . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 4 p . 424 [ details ]

( of bulla obtusa montagu , 1803 ) montagu , george . ( 1803 ) . testacea britannica or natural history of british shells , marine , land , and fresh - water , including the most minute : systematically arranged and embellished with figures . j . white , london , vol . 1 , xxxvii + 291 pp . and vol . 2 , 293–606 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 223 [ details ]

montagu , george . ( 1803 ) . testacea britannica or natural history of british shells , marine , land , and fresh - water , including the most minute : systematically arranged and embellished with figures . j . white , london , vol . 1 , xxxvii + 291 pp . and vol . 2 , 293–606 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of bulla turrita møller , 1842 ) möller h . p . c . ( 1842 ) . index molluscorum groenlandiae . naturhistorisk tidsskrift [ copenhagen ] 4 : 76 - 97 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of utriculus obtusus var . semistriata jeffreys , 1869 ) jeffreys , j . g . ( 1862 - 1869 ) . british conchology . vol . 1 : pp . cxiv + 341 [ 1862 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 479 [ 1864 ] il frontrespizio reca la data 1863 ma in effetti pubblicato nel 1864 . vol . 3 : pp . 394 [ 1865 ] . vol . 4 : pp . 487 [ 1867 ] . vol . 5 : pp . 259 [ 1869 ] . london , van voorst . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 223 [ details ]

gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of utriculus obtusus ( montagu , 1803 ) ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of utriculus obtusus var . semistriata jeffreys , 1869 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of bulla turrita møller , 1842 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of bulla plicata brown , 1827 ) backeljau , t . ( 1986 ) . lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van belgië [ list of the recent marine molluscs of belgium ] . koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen : brussels , belgium . 106 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of bulla pertenuis mighels , 1843 ) backeljau , t . ( 1986 ) . lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van belgië [ list of the recent marine molluscs of belgium ] . koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen : brussels , belgium . 106 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of bulla pertenuis mighels , 1843 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]

maris , t . ; beauchard , o . ; van damme , s . ; van den bergh , e . ; wijnhoven , s . ; meire , p . ( 2013 ) . referentiematrices en ecotoopoppervlaktes annex bij de evaluatiemethodiek schelde - estuarium studie naar “ecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index” . monitor taskforce publication series , 2013 - 01 . nioz : yerseke . 35 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

m . j . de kluijver , s . s . ingalsuo & r . h . de bruyne

up to 10 mm . total length ( including animal ) up to 15 mm .

hayward , p . j . , wigham , g . d . & n . yonow , 1990 . mollusca i : polyplacophora , scaphopoda , and gastropoda . in : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe . ( ed . p . j . hayward & j . s . ryland ) . clarendon press , oxford : 628 - 730 .

poppe , g . t . & y . goto , 1991 . european seashells . vol . i . 352 pp . wiesbaden / verlag christa hemmen .

seaward , d . r . , 1990 . distribution of the marine molluscs of north west europe . nature conservancy council .

thompson , t . e . , 1988 . molluscs : benthic opisthobranchs ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . synopses of the british fauna ( ns ) , 8 : 1 - 356 .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .

turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .

turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .

common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

dana campbell marked " file : illustrated index of british shells plate 20 . jpg " as trusted on the " spirula spirula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) " page .

eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .

to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

this site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .

there are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :

you have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .

your browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .

your browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .

the date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .

you have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .

this site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .

this site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .

in general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .

this web site was created within distributed biological observatory ( dbo ) project and was financially supported by polish national science centre ( project number : dec - 2013 / 08 / m / nz8 / 00592 ) .

size shell up to 10 mm . color translucent white . habitat on mud or muddy sand , living below the surface in the first few centimeters . depth occurs from lower shore to 300 m . feeding carnivore . distribution arctic .

we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website . if you click ' continue ' we ' ll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies and you won ' t see this message again . click ' find out more ' for information on how to change your cookie settings .

© 2018 nuffield dept . of women ' s & reproductive health , university of oxford ,  level 3 , women ' s centre , john radcliffe hospital , oxford , ox3 9du .


rectiostoma thiobasis is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by w. donald duckworth in 1971 .

it is found in brazil .

the wingspan is about 13 mm .

the forewings are yellow suffused with pale green basally , concolorous , and continuous with the thorax and tegulae .

there are a few brown scales in the anal area and the distal margin of the yellow area is bordered by a dark brown line immediately paralleled by a broad , transverse band of iridescent blue violet .

the apical portion of the forewing is dark brown , irregularly patterned with iridescent blue violet .

the hindwings are dark brown with a white patch on the anterior margin .

rectiostoma thiobasis

rectiostoma thiobasis <EOT> this is the place for thiobasis definition . you find here thiobasis meaning , synonyms of thiobasis and images for thiobasis copyright 2017 © urltoken

here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word thiobasis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word thiobasis and , of course , thiobasis synonyms and on the right images related to the word thiobasis .

" rectiostoma becker in heppner , [ 1982 ] " at markku savela ' s lepidoptera and some other life forms .

setiostoma thiobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 20 ; tl : santa catharina , brazil

setiostoma argyrobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 25 ; tl : rancho grande , araua , venezuela

setiostoma callidora meyrick , 1909 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1909 ( 1 ) : 36 ; tl : bolivia , songo

setiostoma chrysabasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 20 ; tl : nova teutonia , santa catherina , brazil , 500m

setiostoma cirrhobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 24 ; tl : 13 km n of san salvador , el salvador

setiostoma cnecobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 17 ; tl : bolivia

setiostoma earobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 18 ; tl : yungas de la paz , bolivia

setiostoma eusema walsingham , 1914 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 303 , pl . 9 , f . 12 ; tl : guatemala , sacatepequez , capetillo

setiostoma fernaldella riley , 1889 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 1 ( 3 ) : 155 ; tl : los angeles co . , california

larva on quercus agrifolia , quercus wislizenii , q . dumosa , q . dumosax engelmanni , q . lobata , q . suber , w . chrysolepis , q . dunii , lithocarpus densiflorus , chrysolepis chrysophylla , c . semipervirens duckworth , 1971 , smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 14

setiostoma flaviceps felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 138 , f . 1 ; tl : amazonas

setiostoma flinti duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 23 ; tl : 4 mi s of tamazunchale , san luis potosi , mexico

colombia , w . venezuela , costa rica , brazil ( amazonas ) . see [ maps ]

setiostoma leuconympha meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 15 ) : 477 ; tl : brazil , teffé

setiostoma ochrobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 17 ; tl : bolivia

setiostoma silvibasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 19 ; tl : ranch grande , aragua , venezuela , 1100m

s . massachusetss , new jersey , maryland , north carolina , na . georgia , illinois , missouri , arkansas , texas . see [ maps ]

setiostoma xanthobasis zeller , 1875 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 25 : 325 , pl . 9 , f . 42 ; tl : texas

larva on quercus nigra , q . stellata duckworth , 1971 , smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 13

setiostoma xuthobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 21 ; tl : colombia

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera

zeller , 1875 beiträge zur kenntniss der nordamericanischen nachtfalter , besonders der microlepidopteren ( 3 ) verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 25 : 207 - 360 , pl . 8 - 10

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en " " urltoken "

javascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by " , + " and the number of omitted authors .

attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .

all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .

created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

the source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .

would you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .

it will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .

i use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .

of perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .

this page was last edited on 17 february 2018 , at 14 : 09 .

basis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .

this page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .

popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more