junius ( 15 march 1976 – 1997 ) was an american-bred , irish-trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire .

after fetching a price of $ 300,000 as a yearling he was sent to race in europe where he had his greatest success as a two-year-old in 1978 .

following a narrow defeat on his debut he won twice in ireland before traveling to england and winning the group one middle park stakes in record time .

he failed on his only appearance in the following year and was retired from racing .

he stood as a breeding stallion in ireland and japan but had little impact as a sire of winners .

junius ( horse )

junius ( horse ) <EOT> the junius cup was the third race on day one , and creeper won it “in fine style” , according to the monitor of october 8 .

the junius cup comes from the estate of the late richard kelynack evans of rylstone , a direct descendant of the original winning owner , robert fitzgerald .

his millionaire father , junius , made his fortune by investing other people’s money and helped found modern investment banking . when john pierpont , or jp , is a child , junius has him handle a million dollars in cash so he knows what it feels like . jp morgan is taught early to avoid risk .

1 lithograph : color . | george washington on horse , soldiers fighting during the battle of the monongahela .

the junius cup has been documented in literature including “australian silver 1800 to 1900” by john hawkins , the catalogue for a 1973 exhibition held by the national trust of australia . further background has been researched by rkt’s jonathan alford .

the decision to hold the races on october 3 and 5 in 1827 , to fit in with the parramatta fair , was taken at a meeting at parramatta’s woolpack inn – which still trades today . the woolpack’s licensee , andrew nash , owned the original junius , which was renowned in the colony , and even issued his own pound notes featuring an image of the horse .

after a grim few years of economic gloom , ireland’s thoroughbred horse breeders are looking forward to bright year of the horse . my friends back home tell me forget france and red wine - lots of rich chinese are coming to visit studs and other bloodstock breeding grounds in ireland .

relatively humble yet functional and elegant , it is 21cm high with out - turned lip and gadrooned lower section , raised on a knopped stem , the interior being gilded . it is inscribed “the junius cup , presented to robt fitzgerald , as the winner by his horse creeper . . . ” while the reverse bears the wording “nsw , parramatta racing fund , october meeting 1827” .

the 3 . 3 million square metre site in panzhuang , ninghe county , tianjin is designed to meet the needs of china’s new horse industry .

as rocking horse entered the 1990s , the signs of financial distress w ere alarmingly abundant . saddled with an extremely large bank loan it could not pay , rocking horse had difficulty convincing its bank to a pprove a lease on a company vehicle . the company had a negative net w orth of $ 3 . 8 million and was reeling from the effects of successi ve annual losses . after rocking horse defaulted on its loans , the acc ounting firm of coopers lybrand issued a statement based on the child - care provider ' s 1991 results , stating that it was unsure if rocking horse had the capacity to survive .

booth next jumped off the stage , breaking his leg in the process , but managed to make it to his getaway horse before anyone in the shocked crowd could stop him .

tianjin has already hosted china’s richest - ever race day last autumn , which included the inaugural rmb1 million tianjin national cup . tianjin has a 150 year tradition of horse racing .

junius ( usa ) b . h , 1976 { 3 - n } dp = 14 - 6 - 6 - 2 - 0 ( 28 ) di = 4 . 60 cd = 1 . 14 - 5 starts , 3 wins , 1 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 64 , 664

ayr gold cup and portland handicap winner 1977 grey horse foaled : 1974 by comedy star out of romany rose jon george was another superb sprinter we trained here at sheriff hutton . foaled in 1974 he went on to complete the ayr gold cup and portland handicap at the age of three . he was a grey horse by comedy star and went on to stand as a stallion . click here for more !

a year after petrarch had won the middle park , chamant became the first horse to win both the middle park stakes and the dewhurst stakes and the following year he also added the 2 , 000 guineas .

a bay horse , raja baba stood 15 . 3 hands . he was compact , short - legged and correct with strong forearms and extremely powerful quarters . he was said to have had a kindly temperament .

rocking horse began modestly , with a single child - care center that re corded $ 48 , 000 in revenue during its first year of operation . roc king horse did not expand until april 1986 , but once it began develop ing into a chain of day - care centers , the company did so with fervor . by the end of 1986 , the company ' s revenue total had increased mighti ly , swelling to nearly $ 3 million as it began an aggressive acqui sition campaign . between april 1986 and october 1987 , rocking horse a cquired 31 child - care centers and constructed two new facilities , ext ending its operating territory to an eight - state area . the company ' s energetic growth , however , did not translate into profitability . rock ing horse posted a net loss of $ 3 . 2 million in 1986 , $ 300 , 000 more than it collected in revenue .

on may 10 , 1838 , john wilkes booth was born near bel air , maryland . booth was the second youngest of 10 children . his father , junius brutus booth , was a well - known actor and was eccentric , with a reputation for heavy drinking . john and his siblings were raised on a farm , which was worked by the family & apos ; s slaves .

three years later the great bahram gave notice of his immense talent as he won the gimcrack stakes and middle park stakes . in 1935 he was a fantastic winner of the triple crown and became the last horse to accomplish this feat before nijinsky in 1970 .

when clegg joined rocking horse in may 1992 , he inherited a company t hat had lost $ 10 . 2 million during the previous two years . the los ses were out of control , delivering staggering blows to a company tha t only generated roughly $ 30 million in annual sales . clegg worke d quickly to trim the company ' s liability , reducing rocking horse ' s d ebt by nearly $ 7 million within a year . he raised money for much - needed restructuring through private placements , initially raising & #

though his father junius believes it a fad , electric light becomes a must have modern utility for the city’s elite . against his father’s advice , morgan invests everything in edison to form the edison electricity company . they create the world’s first power station and soon half of manhattan’s connected . but every home and business lit electrically is a lost customer to rockefeller who supplies kerosene to the oil powered lamps . so he starts planting scare stories in the press .

in 2012 reckless abandon became the latest horse to complete the prix morny - middle park stakes double , having already won the norfolk stakes and prix robert papin . he ended the year unbeaten in 5 races but ran well without winning as a 3 year old sprinter .

the first winner of the race was a horse called the rake in 1866 and just five years later , the 1871 winner was called prince charlie and the following years he went on to become the first colt to land the middle park - 2 , 000 guineas double .

" jingle bells " was written by james l . pierpont , the uncle of famed financier j . p . morgan . the song , originally titled " the one horse open sleigh , " was actually written about thanksgiving , and was considered a failure when first published in 1857 .

desert star holdings chairman teo ah khing’s tak design has an impressive pedigree , being responsible for the design , development and delivery of the meydan grandstand and racecourse in dubai . he is also behind the china horse club , the exclusive membership group connected to the tianjin equine culture city .

coolmore is helping to set up the stud farm , with broodmares from ireland . the breeding programme has already started . more than a hundred mares will be sent to china over three years . stallions will follow . coolmore is hosting china’s top agriculture graduates from the inner mongolia agricultural university , so they can learn how to run the equine operation . coolmore’s tom magnier said : " this major new chinese project is great news for the world horse racing and breeding industry , " adding he was very excited by the continued growth in this relationship with the china horse club .

bold lad and petingo were smart winners of the race in the 1960s but both failed to add classic glory the following season . right tack however , won the 1968 middle park stakes and the following season became the first horse to win both the english and irish 2 , 000 guineas .

this is the first of its kind on the mainland and is the first international joint venture into horse racing and breeding and is designed to help china to get started at the highest level . tianjin , population 12 million and close to beijing , is opening the equine centre in phases .

indeed , ireland’s famous coolmore stud has joined forces with the china horse club and last year spent almost us $ 4 million ( hk $ 31 million ) on two blue - blooded colts , sired by fastnet rock , at the inglis australian easter yearling sale . the horses are being trained by coolmore in australia . it was the start of their joint venture , destined to set the tone for china’s new racehorse and breeding industry . this partnership between the globally renowned coolmore and the chinese government backed tianjin state farms agribusiness group and desert star holdings , affiliated to the china horse club , sees the establishment of a huge breeding operation . this is part of china’s new world class tianjin equine culture city project .

robert fitzgerald , to whom the cup is dedicated , was the son of richard fitzgerald , a convict turned rich pastoralist who became a close friend of governor macquarie and his wife . aged only 20 when his horse creeper won the cup , the son went on to become one of the colony’s biggest landowners , an mlc and a director of the bank of nsw .

despite the loss , the company continued to expand into the late 1980s . rocking horse raised $ 5 million in a public offering of stock i n october 1987 , the capital from which was used , as its president , jo hn w . quaintance , told the philadelphia business journal in th e october 12 , 1987 , issue , " to continue our acquisition strategy . " by the end of 1988 , the company operated 41 of what it called " preschoo l learning centers . " there were ten each in georgia and florida , eigh t in south carolina , four each in illinois and pennsylvania , three in new jersey , and one each in maine and massachusetts . rocking horse h eld licenses to accommodate 5 , 538 children , allowing an average of 13 5 children per center . the company charged between $ 43 to $ 14 0 per week for its child - care services , the nature of which represent ed the hidden and unexploited strength of the chain . to distinguish i tself from the scores of other child - care companies in existence , roc king horse used professionally developed educational and recreational programs administered by trained supervisors and teachers . by tailor ing itself as more than a traditional day - care provider , the company ' s management hoped to attract parents and their children away from th e competition , but the strategy never worked , at least not financiall y . by the end of the decade , rocking horse was a company suffering fr om profound financial problems .

, beaten just over two lengths . he was exactly the same distance behind cockney rebel when they were again first and fourth in the irish 2 , 000 guineas three weeks later , but he had his revenge on that horse ( and on dutch art ) when finishing second in an aidan o’brien - trained trifecta in the st . james’s palace stakes at royal ascot , splitting

the 1980 middle park went to mattaboy , a colt who was narrowly defeated by to agori mou in the 1981 2 , 000 guineas . then after cajun had won the race for sir henry cecil in 1981 , the champion trainer added a second consecutive middle park stakes in 1982 , through diesis . the son of sharpen up , racing in the apricot silks of lord howard de walden , was a fully brother to kris and then won a sensational dewhurst stakes in which the long odds - on favourite and so - called “wonder horse” gorytus was virtually pulled up amid allegations of doping . the headlines rather robbed diesis of his achievement in winning the double and he became the last horse to win both the middle park stakes and the dewhurst stakes , although he sadly failed to reproduce his form in 1983 .

john pierpont morgan was born into a distinguished new england family on april 17 , 1837 , in hartford , connecticut . one of his maternal relatives , james pierpont ( 1659 - 1714 ) , was a founder of yale university ; his paternal grandfather was a founder of the aetna insurance company ; and his father , junius spencer morgan ( 1813 - 90 ) , ran a successful hartford dry - goods company before becoming a partner in a london - based merchant banking firm . after graduating from high school in boston in 1854 , pierpont , as he was known , studied in europe , where he learned french and german , then returned to new york in 1857 to begin his finance career .

multiple winning sprinter and successful stallion brown horse foaled : 1969 by firestreak out of silver sand wins : 6 workboy was a magnificent looking brown horse he was bred by mrs k e cooke , by the stallion firestreak out of singing sand . a very fast horse over sprint distances , workboy was a six times winner earning black type by being placed in four group races . his list of wins included the cherkley sprint at epsom , and the zetland handicap at doncaster . he was also placed seven times including the group 3 king george stakes at goodwood , the palace house stakes , the national stakes and the group 1 kings stand stakes . his career earnings were £13 , 387 when he was retired . workboy went on to stand as a stallion at easthorpe hall stud , malton and also ham house stud and norton grove stud , siring many winners both on the flat , over jumps and also point to pointers . his stud book entry described him as a " racehorse of phenomenal speed and courage " . workboy had a successful stud career , and offspring included spriteband , beckingham ben , peacework , contact kelvin and grange hill girl . the photo shows him winning the north cave auction plate at beverley westwood on 7th may 1971 . thank you brian bivens for the photos and information .

cesarewitch winner , newmarket 1967 bay horse foaled : 1965 by mossborough out of branches park boismoss became one of our earliest big winners when he won the cesarewitch in 1967 ridden by ernie johnson . sent off at 13 - 1 , he saw out the marathon 2m 2f trip to win the race at the age of three . he is pictured here leading the string , ridden by jock skilling . thank you to brian bivens for the photo .

it took roughly a decade before nobel arrived at the strategy , the co rporate structure , and the leader capable of achieving consistent suc cess . the years in between were difficult , a period when nobel operat ed under a different name and pursued a different corporate mission . nobel began operating in 1984 as rocking horse child care centers of america inc . , a cherry hill , new jersey - based operator of private chi ld - care centers .

bahamian bounty won the 1996 middle park stakes but disappointed in the dewhurst stakes and the following year david morley was back in the winners’ enclosure thanks to hayil . tragically morley passed away early the next year and the horse moved to the french yard of freddie head but never made an impression . the middle park stakes really underlined the training prowess of david morley who had successfully trained national hunt horses since the early 1970s and was a hugely popular figure .

the next two years proved that duke of marmalade’s injury had healed very well , because through the ’07 and ’08 seasons he proved himself a very tough horse , as well as a very good one . he was thrown straight in at the deep end first up at three : having his first run for nearly 10 months , he was one of aidan o’brien’s three runners in the 2 , 000 guineas . he fared the best of this trio , finishing fourth behind

the third and most famous woodcut from dürer ' s series of illustrations for the apocalypse , the four horsemen presents a dramatically distilled version of the passage from the book of revelation ( 6 : 1–8 ) : " and i saw , and behold , a white horse , and its rider had a bow ; and a crown was given to him , and he went out conquering and to conquer . when he opened the second seal , i heard the second living creature say , ' come ! ' and out came another horse , bright red ; its rider was permitted to take peace from the earth , so that men should slay one another ; and he was given a great sword . when he opened the third seal , i heard the third living creature say , ' come ! ' and i saw , and behold , a black horse , and its rider had a balance in his hand ; . . . when he opened the fourth seal , i heard the voice of the fourth living creature say , ' come ! ' and i saw , and behold , a pale horse , and its rider ' s name was death , and hades followed him ; and they were given great power over a fourth of the earth ; to kill with sword and with famine and with pestilence and by wild beasts of the earth . " transforming what was a relatively staid and unthreatening image in earlier illustrated bibles , dürer injects motion and danger into this climactic moment through his subtle manipulation of the woodcut . the parallel lines across the image establish a basic middle tone against which the artist silhouettes and overlaps the powerful forms of the four horses and riders—from left to right , death , famine , war , and plague ( or pestilence ) . their volume and strong diagonal motion enhance the impact of the image , offering an eloquent demonstration of the masterful visual effects dürer was able to create in this medium .

chestnut mare foaled : 1983 by junius ( usa ) out of restless lady wins : 14 catherine ' s well was bred foaled in 1983 , a bright chestnut filly by junius . she made her racecourse debut as a two year old and proved she had bags of speed . she won her first race at doncaster in september 1985 and the same season also won at newmarket and again at doncaster later in the year . her biggest win came at ripon in her three year old season when she won the great st wilfrid handicap , a season which also saw her win at beverley , newcastle and newmarket . catherine ' s well had won seven races when she was then retired to the paddocks but she failed to produce a winner from her first three foals . she returned to training in 1991 , but her second career didn ' t start well as she was left at the start in her first race at ripon in april 1991 . however , she soon got back into the racing game and that season she won at catterick and ripon . catherine ' s well raced for another two seasons winning again at doncaster ( twice ) , catterick , thirsk and york . in all she managed to win seven races between her first and her second retirements . returning to the paddocks , her second spell as a broodmare was a huge success and she will be remembered as a brilliant broodmare in her later career as well as a 14 times winner . she was to be the dam of many winning sprinters including williams well who also went on to win the great st wilfrid handicap in 2000 and other multiple winners including emperor ' s well and elvington boy .

’s st leger . this is clearly “a stallions’ family” – but that , of course , is no guarantee that duke of marmalade will prove a good stallion . however , the most obvious clues are often the best ones – and in this case the most obvious clues are that duke of marmalade is a beautiful horse who proved himself to be close to the perfect racehorse in three testing seasons of racing . it would be a foolish man who wrote off his prospects at this very early stage .

certainly the middle park stakes does not hold the same sway it did 50 years ago , when it was a major pointer to the following year’s classics . often the speedier early season type of horse competes in the race nowadays and it has perhaps more bearing on the following year’s major sprints . however every so often a rodrigo de triano might come along and the race remains one of the big prizes of the year as one of only three group 1 races exclusively run for two year old colts in britain .

duke of marmalade retired to coolmore stud in 2009 at a fee of 40 , 000 euros . the relatively quiet season enjoyed by his first juveniles last year proved a major factor in his foals selling badly last autumn ( averaging 8 , 856 gns , having been conceived in 2011 at a fee of 25 , 000 euros ) and in his fee being reduced to 12 , 500 euros for the current season . however , it would be extremely premature to write the horse off . he himself improved notably as he matured and , with

another brilliant colt appeared in the 1888 middle park stakes , which was won in terrific style by donovan . the colt had started off winning the brocklesby stakes at lincoln and later won at the royal meeting . after landing the middle park stakes donovan stepped up to 7 furlongs and became the latest horse to add the dewhurst stakes and by the season’s end , had won 11 of his 13 races . as a 3 year old , donovan won the derby and st leger and was denied a triple crown by just a head in the 2 , 000 guineas .

the task of rescuing rocking horse fell to a new management team head ed by a . j . " jack " clegg , whose arrival marked the beginning of a new and decidedly more successful era . clegg ' s professional background in cluded the 1979 founding of empery corporation , an operator of cable television and printing business . at empery , clegg served as chairman , president , and chief executive officer from 1979 to 1992 , but his d uties at empery represented only a fraction of his business backgroun d in the decade preceding his arrival at rocking horse . between 1983 and 1993 , clegg served as chairman and chief executive officer of tvc , inc . , a distributor of cable television components . during the same period he also held identical titles at design mark industries , a ma nufacturer of electronic senswitches . clegg served as chairman and ch ief executive officer of globe ticket and label company from 1984 to 1991 and was on the board of directors of ferguson international hold ings plc . in the academic world , he was a member of the advisory boar d of drexel university , an honor bestowed on the then - 50 - year - old cle gg in 1989 .

bay gelding foaled : 1999 by bluebird out of suedoise races : 92 wins : 9 blue spinnaker arrived in 2002 after i bought him from john hammond in france . he had had problems with his legs but i knew i could fix him up and i knew he would be good once i had ! he showed lots of promise on his debut at pontefract where he was narrowly beaten by a head in a maiden race for older horses at odds of 100 / 1 . at that point i knew i had a serious horse on my hands . spinnaker went on to win the thirsk hunt cup and the zetland gold cup along with seven other races in 92 outings . he earned a total of £160 , 000 in prizemoney . blue spinnaker liked doncaster , winning there three times and he also won twice just up the road at york and twice at thirsk as well as at redcar and haydock . it was his fifth win , at york in 2006 , that got me into trouble . i was interviewed about how i bought him and i got pulled up for what i said on the telly . i had no idea it was a forbidden word that i ' d used , but i got a letter for me troubles and a slap on the hand . blue spinnaker was retired in 2011 . he is still with us here at the yard and now in his 18th year he provides a valuable role , babysitting the yearlings when they are out in the fields . it suits him y ' see , ' cos he ' s a bossy sort and he likes to put the youngsters in their place . a bargain horse that goes on to win some big races and wins twice on our home track at york , that ' s the sort of horse that gives me so much satisfaction . click here for more !

in 1890 , morgan’s father dies after a horse carriage accident . it instantly quadruples morgan’s wealth . the 1893 world fair is to be held in chicago and organisers want the entire event lit with electricity . westinghouse underbids at a quarter of the cost offered by morgan . over 27 million people flock to see the 200 , 000 light bulbs that illuminate the event , powered by westinghouse generators . and in 1895 , it’s the westinghouse ac electric generating plant that is built at niagara . it seems it will be him , not morgan who will light america . in 1897 , tesla tears up his patent claim on his ac design , reducing his rights to profits which immediately attracts investment into the westinghouse / tesla company .

gimcrack stakes winner , york 1986 chestnut horse foaled : 1984 by thatching out of lustrine races : 13 wins : 5 wiganthorpe was foaled in ireland on 12th april 1984 . we purchased him for just 2 , 000gns as a yearling after he failed the veterinary checks at the sales with a wind infirmity . wiganthorpe was a striking bright chestnut with three white socks , making him very easy to spot in his races . he was a precocious individual and at the age of two he won the prestigious gimcrack stakes at york , ridden by the legendary willie carson . after several seasons at stud in the uk , wiganthorpe was exported to australia on 22nd september 1993 and went on to stand as a successful stallion in the southern hemisphere . he died at the age of 23 in november 2007 .

while facts and figures of a stallion’s first crop of two - year - olds make one tool which many people use to help themselves rush to judgement about whether or not a stallion is going to make the grade , another factor which people seem to consider important is whether or not the horse comes from “a stallions’ family” . this , of course , is also nonsense , because it is not uncommon to find excellent stallions who have no other notable sires in their immediate family ; while there are likewise plenty of indifferent sires who are closely related to extremely successful stallions . duke of marmalade’s pedigree provides a perfect example of the fact that hailing from “a stallions’ family” means nothing : he is related seemingly to dozens of horses who have retired to stud over the past few decades , some of whom have done very well and some of whom proved bitterly disappointing .

bay gelding foaled : 2004 by machiavellian out of magna graecia races : 94 wins : 7 ancient cross joined us in march 2008 after running just once for mark johnston . he was placed five times in his first season here , but did not win his first race until the age of five . ancient cross was a horse who got better with age . after many placed runs he won his first race at musselburgh in 2009 and won again a few weeks later at catterick . after winning at york in may 2011 he scored his biggest career win in the 2011 gosforth park cup at newcastle . ancient cross was again a winner at york ' s dante festival in 2013 and the following month he won the ayr silver cup under top weight . as time was catching up with him , it was decided to retire him in june 2016 . however , he went out with a bang and he became a popular winner at hamilton park when he came home in front for joanna mason , which was to be ancient cross ' s last race . click here for more !

thirteen wins , including flat , hurdles and fences bay gelding foaled : 2006 by dansili out of bay shade races : 65 wins : 13 shadows lengthen came to the yard as a yearling having being bought at tattersalls for a mere 5 , 500 gns . and what a bargain for a horse that went on to become a 13 times winner ! running in the red and white colours of thomas frost , his two year old career started unspectacularly , finishing second last on his debut , and signing off his juvenile year at redcar where he finished 20th of 20 . gelded in the autumn of 2008 , his first win came at southwell in november , the first leg of an amazing six - timer as he won five times at southwell and once at wolverhampton in the space of just over two months . he became a certainly throughout the autumn on the all weather , twice sent off odds on in what should have been competitive handicaps . however , as always happens the handicapper was to put an end to the winning streak as shadows was put up 32 pounds in the ratings . the remainder of 2010 proved more difficult , and the beginning of 2011 saw shadows began his hurdling career , winning at catterick and doncaster . rated 120 , in december 2012 he was switched to jumping fences , and won at the second time of asking at sedgefield . further victories came at bangor , doncaster and haydock . shadows saved the best ' til last , and his final win proved to be his biggest when he came home in front at wetherby , winning the listed bet365 handicap chase in october 2014 . shadows lengthen was retired in october 2017 , a thirteen times winner and one of the toughest most genuine horses we have ever trained .

clamart is recorded as a foal in volume 9 of the french stud book where his sire is given as saumur or soukaras , in that order . in all later editions his sire is given only as saumur .

owner : s . fraser breeder : warner l . jones jr . state bred : ky winnings : 5 starts : 3 - 1 - 0 , $ 64 , 664 at 2 : won william hill middle park s . ( eng - g1 ) 1977 sent from us to ireland . 1984 sent from ireland to japan . ( close )

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

winx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .

t . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .

please check the help pages if you encounter trouble with search methods or data .

keith hamer previews the evening cards at windsor , ripon and roscommon and has a tip for every race .

david ord makes a rebecca bastiman - trained sprinter his best bet at pontefract on tuesday after he caught the eye last time .

ashley iveson fancies shenanigans to land the feature race at pontefract - and he has a tip for every race in the uk and ireland .

on april 14 , 1865 , actor john wilkes booth assassinated president abraham lincoln while he was watching our american cousin at ford theater in washington , d . c .

john wilkes booth was born may 10 , 1838 , near bel air , maryland . at age 17 , he made his acting debut . in the 1850s , he joined the know - nothing party . during the civil war , he was a confederate secret agent . in march of 1865 , his attempt to kidnap president abraham lincoln failed . on april 14 , 1865 , he assassinated lincoln at ford theater . booth was killed on april 26 , 1865 , in port royal , virginia .

as a youngster , booth attended the milton boarding school for boys—and later st . timothy & apos ; s hall—sporadically . from a very young age , he was described as disarmingly handsome . to those who knew him , it seemed only natural that he would follow in his father & apos ; s footsteps , by gracing the stage with his charismatic presence .

when he turned 17 , booth made his acting debut in baltimore , with a role in a production of shakespeare & apos ; s richard iii . his early performances were such a hit that booth was soon invited to tour all over the country with a shakespearean acting company based in richmond , virginia .

in 1862 , booth made his new york debut , this time as the lead in richard iii . the new york herald described him as a " veritable sensation . " when describing his natural inclination for the role , booth tellingly expressed his credo with the declaration , " i am determined to be a villain . " while on tour , he achieved national praise as an up - and - comer , but a respiratory illness in 1863 meant booth had no choice but to take temporary leave from the stage . just days prior to delivering his famed gettysburg address that same year , president abraham lincoln watched a performance by booth in a play called the marble heart at ford’s theater .

in the 1850s , booth joined the know - nothing party , which aimed to limit immigration into the united states . in 1859 , he showed his support for slavery by joining a virginia militia that aided in the capture and execution of john brown , following his raid on harpers ferry . during the civil war , booth served as a secret agent for the confederacy .

faced with idle time during his break from the theater , booth became involved in a conspiracy to kidnap president lincoln . the plan involved bringing lincoln to richmond and demanding either peace or the release of confederate soldiers as a ransom . booth enlisted six southern sympathizers , but their march 1865 attempt in washington , d . c . , failed when the president failed to appear where they had anticipated .

frustrated at seeing his plot foiled , booth resolved to go to a far greater extreme . on april 14 , 1865 , just after 10 p . m . , booth shot and killed lincoln while he was watching a performance of the play our american cousin at washington , d . c . & apos ; s ford theater . directly after the shooting , booth leaped onto the stage and yelled , " sic semper tyrannis ! ( thusever to tyrants ! ) the south is avenged ! "

after crossing the potomac river with some difficulty , booth and his co - conspirators arrived at richard h . garrett & apos ; s farm in port royal , virginia . investigators were in hot pursuit and on april 26 , 1865 , caught up to the criminals , who had been hiding in garrett & apos ; s barn . booth refused to surrender , which spurred his pursuers to set the barn on fire . as the blaze engulfed the barn , booth was shot by one of the investigators , thomas p . " boston " corbett , a union army soldier . corbett had intended to shoot booth in the arm , but his bullet struck booth & apos ; s neck instead . the shot paralyzed him . booth was then carried from the burning barn and lay three hours on garrett & apos ; s porch before he died .

we strive for accuracy and fairness . if you see something that doesn ' t look right , contact us !

edwin booth was a 19th century shakespearean actor best known for his portrayal of hamlet and as the brother of assassin john wilkes booth .

john dillinger was an infamous gangster and bank robber during the great depression . he was known as " jackrabbit " and " public enemy no . 1 . "

john brown was a 19th - century militant abolitionist known for his raid on harpers ferry in 1859 .

john forsythe was a theater , film and tv actor . he won golden globes for playing blake carrington in aaron spelling’s long - running prime - time drama dynasty .

u . s . secretary of state john hay began his career as abraham lincoln’s private secretary , and was later known for promoting an " open door " policy in china .

john mills was an award - winning actor , dancer and producer whose career spanned eight decades with works like great expectations and ryan’s daughter .

british serial killer john christie murdered at least six women , including his wife , before being arrested and hanged in 1953 .

© 2018 bio and the bio logo are registered trademarks of a & e ; television networks , llc .

full name : lusopakak @ urltoken user title : watcher registered since : may 20th , 2007 07 : 58 current mood : accomplished artist profile : requests : keep an eye out for such journals . however , read the journal before posting your request , alright ? trades : note me about them ! or look for trade journals commissions : 7 usd for one character , 10 for two . price may vary due to subject matter and complexity . look out for discount journals ! i have a lot of stuff in scraps as well . check that out .

7 usd - one character , no background ( read , transparent png background ) , full color 8 usd - background added 10 usd - two characters , no background , full color 11 - background added more characters , elaborate ideas , comics are more expensive . if you want a comic / sequence , keep in mind you ' ll be paying way more . note if interested , paypal is the method of payment . ( what if you want to do art trades instead ? well here ' s the post for that !

page generated in 0 . 025 seconds [ 31 . 6 % php , 68 . 4 % sql ] ( 23 queries )

big enough to bail out the us , buy in a president & build the first billion dollar company . meet jp morgan .

morgan escapes military service during the civil war by paying $ 300 to a substitute to fight for him . during the war he buys five thousand rifles at $ 3 . 50 each and sells them on at $ 22 apiece . the rifles are defective and some shoot off the thumbs of the soldiers firing them . later , a congressional committee notes this but a federal judge upholds the deal and morgan is exonerated .

dominated by his father , jp is 40 before he ignores his father’s business lessons . he wants to be synonymous with an industry , like rockefeller is with oil , and carnegie is with steel .

like the discovery of fire and the invention of the wheel , electric light will revolutionise mankind and morgan believes , make him rich , and crucially , richer than his rivals . morgan hires thomas edison , a telegraph boy turned inventor , to install electricity in his 5th avenue manhattan mansion . morgan’s home becomes a lab for edison’s experiments and a small generator is installed to power the home’s 400 light bulbs .

an apprentice of edison , tesla , creates alternating current , or ac , but edison believes its higher voltage unsafe , so sticks to direct current , or dc . but electrical pioneer george westinghouse invests in tesla . and to disprove suggestions that ac is dangerous , tesla stages magical light shows where electricity harmlessly crackles around him . orders for westinghouse power stations pour in . edison tries to discredit ac by using it in his new creation , the electric chair . the first execution goes horribly wrong and instead of killing the man quickly , it slowly roasts him alive . the resultant publicity damages edison , not tesla .

the niagara falls contract opens for bids . it could light the entire north east and the only real choice is between morgan and westinghouse . and morgan desperately wanted to replace rockefeller as the man who lit america .

so morgan threatens westinghouse with patent infringement . few could afford to fight a lengthy lawsuit with morgan . westinghouse , stretched to breaking point is forced to sign over tesla’s patents . morgan’s consolidated electric company ( minus edison and operating on ac ) general electric , will become one of america’s biggest corporations .

morgan now heads the biggest investment bank in america , and has consolidated both the electricity and rail - road industries . by 1900 , morgan controls 100 , 000 miles of railroad , half the country’s mileage .

when , after a two year depression , the us treasury becomes desperate , morgan , a private individual guarantees them a $ 100m ( $ 3bn today ) and bails out the federal government , effectively bailing out the country from collapse . morgan virtually single handily saves the us economy in both 1895 and 1907 .

the process of creating a monopoly through the elimination of competition and the maximisation of profits by slashing the workforce and reducing their wages is named after jp morgan .

but as profits soar , working conditions sink . pay reduces so that the average worker earns barely a dollar a day , over 90 % of americans survive on less than $ 100 per month . working hours and workplace fatalities increase .

in a single year , more men die inside a steel mill than died at the battle of gettysburg .

monopolies , cartels and trusts dominate everyday life . popular disgust at such unregulated capitalism leads to the rise of politicians such as democrat williams jennings bryan . he promises an end to the excesses of big business characterising the bosses as ‘robber barons’ .

sensing a common threat , morgan , carnegie , and rockefeller , put aside their bitter rivalry to ensure their man , william mckinley sits in the white house . bryan criss - crosses the country in the nation’s first press tour giving over 500 speeches . but he can’t compete against the robber barons contributions . mckinley outspends bryan by a factor of five to one .

in the 1896 election , 90 % of the electorate vote , double today’s turnouts . but back then voting was a public affair and workers know they may be fired if seen to be voting for bryan . mckinley wins . he rolls back regulations .

carnegie agrees to sell out to morgan for the equivalent of four hundred billion dollars nowadays ( or $ 480 back then ) . this is more than the entire budget of the us federal government . it gives carnegie the largest private fortune the world has ever seen .

it allows morgan , in 1901 , to create us steel , the first billion dollar company in history . it will dominate the steel business for almost a hundred years . at his peak morgan will sit on the board of 48 corporations .

but morgan’s power drew the attention of new york city police commissioner turned politician , theodore roosevelt . born into a wealthy family , roosevelt entered public life after an image makeover from new york aristocrat to man of the people . he joins the army and serves during spanish - american war . back in new york as governor , he clamps down on the abuses of big business . the robber barons hope making roosevelt into the vice president will silence him .

" the vice presidency in those days was a place where people went to disappear . they became vice president , were never heard from again . it was almost like a modern witness protection program . "

but in 1901 , president mckinley is shot by leon czolgosz , a factory worker who lost his job in a jp morgan takeover . czolgosz had joined the growing anarchist movement and mckinley’s big business ties made him a target .

roosevelt , impotent as mckinley’s number two , now becomes president . just five months into office he targets the morgan owned railroad consortium . morgan is furious . he sees the president of the united states as just another business rival to be bested , or bought off . the government sues the rail consortium in the first antitrust case filed against a major consortium . the case goes to the supreme court . roosevelt wins and jp morgan’s rail monopoly is broken .

undaunted , morgan invests in the new canal project in panama that hopes to link the atlantic and pacific oceans . morgan acts as the middle man for the government and raises $ 40m ( $ 70billion today ) to get the project started . over 75 , 000 workers labour in brutal heat , under the threat of deadly diseases , digging a 51 mile long canal . but in 1913 , a year before it’s completed , morgan dies in his sleep aged 75 . the new york stock exchange shuts down for 2 hours in remembrance ; an honour normally reserved for the passing of a president .

set in a pawn shop in johannesburg , south africa , they receive the most unexpected items to sell .

rick talks about keeping his promise to get to the bottom of 10 - x in this season 4 web exclusive .

read about the tings you didn ' t know about the annual boat race .

©2018 aetn uk all rights reserved . use of this site constitutes acceptance of terms

one of the most powerful bankers of his era , j . p . ( john pierpont ) morgan ( 1837 - 1913 ) financed railroads and helped organize u . s . steel , general electric and other major corporations . the connecticut native followed his wealthy father into the banking business in the late 1850s , and in 1871 formed a partnership with philadelphia banker anthony drexel . in 1895 , their firm was reorganized as j . p . morgan & company , a predecessor of the modern - day financial giant jpmorgan chase . morgan used his influence to help stabilize american financial markets during several economic crises , including the panic of 1907 . however , he faced criticism that he had too much power and was accused of manipulating the nation’s financial system for his own gain . the gilded age titan spent a significant portion of his wealth amassing a vast art collection .

in 1861 , morgan married amelia sturges , the daughter of a wealthy new york businessman . amelia morgan died of tuberculosis four months after the couple’s wedding . in 1865 , morgan married frances louisa tracy ( 1842 - 1924 ) , the daughter of a new york lawyer , and the pair eventually had four children .


trithemis annulata , known commonly as the violet dropwing , violet-marked darter , purple-blushed darter or plum-coloured dropwing , is a species of dragonfly in the family libellulidae .

it is found in most of africa , in the middle east , in the arabian peninsula and southern europe .

these insects are called dropwings because of their habit of immediately lowering their wings after landing on a perch .

males of this species are violet-red with red veins in the wings while females are yellow and brown .

both sexes have red eyes .

trithemis annulata

trithemis annulata <EOT> katja schulz marked " violet dropwing trithemis annulata quinta do lago " as trusted on the " trithemis annulata " page .

valter jacinto marked " libelinha / / violet dropwing ( trithemis annulata ) , female " as trusted on the " trithemis annulata " page .

justification : trithemis annulata is assessed as least concern in northern africa due to its widespread presence across the region .

hans - martin braun added the german common name " rotviolette segellibelle " to " trithemis annulata palisot de beauvois , 1807 " .

hans - martin braun added the german common name " violetter sonnendeuter " to " trithemis annulata palisot de beauvois , 1807 " .

hans - martin braun added the german common name " violetter sonnenzeiger " to " trithemis annulata palisot de beauvois , 1807 " .

trithemis annulata is not under threat at the global scale , although local declines and extinctions may occur due to habitat destruction and water pollution .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - violet dropwing ( trithemis annulata ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - violet dropwing ( trithemis annulata ) " title = " arkive species - violet dropwing ( trithemis annulata ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - trithemis ( trithemis nigra ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - trithemis ( trithemis nigra ) " title = " arkive species - trithemis ( trithemis nigra ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

information on trithemis nigra is being researched and written and will appear here shortly .

trithemis nigra is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

trithemis annulata is one of the most widespread and common species in africa , arabia and in the mediterranean countries . its eastern limit is in iran , where it begins to be replaced by its asian close relative t . aurora .

justification : european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) eu 27 assessment : least concern ( lc ) trithemis annulata is common in a large part of the mediterranean and showed a strong expansion northwards . its habitats are not under any specific threats and the species is therefore assessed as least concern .

two recently recorded dragonfly species , orthetrum trinacria and trithemis annulata , were observed over several bodies of water in gozo . the distribution of these species is documented . moreover , it is suggested that the introduction of these species could have been favoured by changes in the climate , in the light of similar observations made throughout southern europe .

trithemis annulata is an opportunist and ubiquitous species which is found in any type of freshwater whether standing or running . in tunisia , imagoes have been found at brackish running waters with a salinity reaching almost 0 . 9 % but it is not known whether they reproduce there . the larval period is short so that this species is able to reproduce successfully in temporary water bodies .

pinhey , e . 1970 . monographic study of the genus trithemis brauer ( odonata : libellulidae ) . memoirs of the entomological society of southern africa 11 : 1 - 159 .

author : pristurus license : attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported ( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) urltoken description : english : unidentified dragonfly ( odonata ) ( violet dropwing ? ( trithemis annulata ? ) ) at a pool in a wadi , emirate of ra’s al - chaima , united arab emirates deutsch : unidentifizierte libelle ( trithemis annulata ? ) in einem wadi an restwassertümpel , emirat ra’s al - chaima , vereinigte arabische emirate . link : urltoken title : libelle4 - 2016 - 01 - 26 . webm details of the licenses can be found on this channel ' s " about " page . in this video , no changes or modifications have been made to the original material . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

the violet dropwing ( trithemis annulata ) is a distinctive dragonfly that is well known for its striking violet colouration , from which it gets its common name . the male of this species appears purple , but this is due to a bright red base colour on the abdomen and thorax , which is overlaid with a blue , powdery bloom ( ‘pruinescence’ ) on the surface , creating the vibrant violet colouration ( 2 ) .

trithemis annulata is one of the most abundant dragonflies of tropical africa . it extends into europe along the mediterranean , where it is expanding its range . the first records of the species in spain date from late 1970s , corsica in the late 1980s , and the french and italian mainland in the early 1990s ( dijkstra and lewington 2006 ) . in northern africa , the species is fairly widespread , but is lacking some parts of egypt and libyan arab jamahiriya .

pinhey , e . c . g . ( 1970 ) . monographic study of the genus trithemis brauer ( odonata : libellulidae ) . memoirs entomological society southern africa , 11 , 1 - 159 . [ pdf file ]

trithemis annulata is a wide ranging afrotropical species that has expanded its range in southwestern europe rapidly in recent decades . it expanded over the whole of the iberian peninsula from 1978 onwards and was found in southwestern france for the first time in 1994 ( ferreras romero 1981 , grand 1994 ) . it is now regularly recorded from the garonne estuary to the rhône delta ( grand and boudot 2006 ) . the same expansion has been noted in italy and to a lesser extent in the balkan peninsula . recently the species was found at fuerteventura , canary islands ( boudot et al . 2009 ) . climate change seems to be the main driver of this expansion .

damm , s . , and hadrys , h . ( 2009 ) . trithemis morrisoni sp . nov . and t . palustris sp . nov . from the okavango and upper zambezi floodplains previously hidden under t . stictica ( odonata : libellulidae ) international journal of odonatology , 12 , 131–145 . [ pdf file ]

of the 16 total odonate species noted for the maltese islands , only nine taxa were recorded within the surveyed water - bodies . two species , o . trinacria and trithemis annulata ( palisot de beauvois 1807 ) , that have only been recently recorded ( ebejer et al . 2008 ) probably have established populations ( balzan 2008b ) . these two species were found associated with different types of aquatic habitats . conversely , the lack of records of species , such as orthetrum cancellatum ( l . 1758 ) and sympetrum striolatum ( charpentier 1840 ) , previously considered as common within the maltese islands , and other less abundant species such as orthetrum brunneum ( fonscolombe 1837 ) , may suggest that populations of odonata on the islands are on the decline . similar observations have been reported for several european ( sahlén et al . 2004 ) and mediterranean ( riservato et al . 2009 ) species .

in contrast , the female violet dropwing is not quite as vivid as the male . instead , the female has a yellow - brown body , a large yellow patch at the base of the hindwing , and no red in the wing veins ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the female violet dropwing can be distinguished from other female trithemis species by its stouter abdomen and by the black marks on top of the eighth and ninth abdomen segments . juvenile male violet dropwings first adopt a yellowish colour similar to the female , then later turn orange and red and finally the vibrant violet colour on reaching maturity ( 2 ) .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en " " urltoken "

thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

libellula haematina rambur , 1842 , described from senegal and madagascar , and claimed to be occurring in la réunion , mauritius and sicily , represents the infraspecific variability and cannot be accepted as a valid taxon despite the treatment published by ris ( 1912 ) .

justification : this is a widespread species with no known major widespread threats and it is therefore unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category . it is therefore assessed as least concern .

albania ; algeria ; angola ( angola ) ; bahrain ; benin ; botswana ; burkina faso ; cameroon ; cape verde ; chad ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; côte d ' ivoire ; cyprus ; egypt ( egypt ( african part ) , sinai ) ; eritrea ; ethiopia ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; greece ( east aegean is . , greece ( mainland ) , kriti ) ; guinea - bissau ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; israel ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; jordan ; kenya ; kuwait ; lebanon ; liberia ; libya ; madagascar ; malawi ; mali ; malta ; mauritania ; mauritius ( mauritius ( main island ) ) ; morocco ; mozambique ; namibia ( caprivi strip , namibia ( main part ) ) ; niger ; nigeria ; oman ; palestinian territory , occupied ; portugal ( portugal ( mainland ) ) ; qatar ; réunion ; rwanda ; saudi arabia ; senegal ; sierra leone ; somalia ; south africa ( free state , gauteng , kwazulu - natal , limpopo province , mpumalanga , northern cape province , north - west province , western cape ) ; south sudan ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; sudan ; swaziland ; syrian arab republic ; tanzania , united republic of ; togo ; tunisia ; turkey ; uganda ; united arab emirates ; yemen ; zambia ; zimbabwe

this species is widespread and very abundant throughout its range . it is expanding its range to the north due to the present global warming .

this species does not need conservation actions but new information on its genetic variability and its relation to closely related taxa would be welcome .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

the violet colouration of the male violet dropwing is actually caused by a bluish , powdery bloom overlaying a bright red background colour .

like other dropwings , the violet dropwing is named for its habit of lowering its wings when it lands .

the violet dropwing is one of the most abundant dragonfly species in tropical africa , and is extending its range into europe .

the violet dropwing is a small - to medium - sized dragonfly , and has a distinctly broad abdomen ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . like many other dropwing species , the violet dropwing immediately lowers its wings on landing , a behaviour which gives this group of dragonflies their common name ( 5 ) .

the male violet dropwing has a distinctive bright red face , red eyes , and red wing veins , and there is an amber patch at the base of each hindwing ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the abdomen has fine purple dashes along the top , with small black stripes on the top of the eighth and ninth abdomen segments ( 4 ) .

like other dragonflies , the violet dropwing begins its life as an egg laid in a water body by the female . after hatching , it spends the first stages of life as an aquatic larva , or nymph , which breathes through internal gills ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . the larva remains in the water as it passes through a number of developmental stages , undergoing a series of moults as it grows larger . eventually , the larva emerges from the water and moults into the adult form ( 6 ) . the adult violet dropwing then spends some time maturing until it is fully mature and capable of reproduction ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .

in most dragonfly species , the adult male perches near the waterside waiting for a female , and may defend a territory . during mating , the male holds the female by the head using specialised appendages , known as ‘claspers’ , at the end of the abdomen . male dragonflies have secondary reproductive organs towards the front of the abdomen , from which the female receives the sperm . while being held by the male , the female dragonfly bends the tip of her abdomen forwards to receive the sperm packet , creating a shape known as a mating ‘wheel’ ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .

many male dragonflies keep hold of or guard the female until the eggs are laid , to ensure no other males can mate with her ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . as in other members of the libellulidae family , the female violet dropwing is likely to scatter the eggs over the surface of the water by dipping her abdomen into the water while flying over it ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .

the violet dropwing larva is an opportunistic predator , catching prey by shooting out its enlarged and modified mouthparts ( 3 ) ( 6 ) , which are armed with hooks on the end ( 6 ) . the adult violet dropwing is also an opportunistic and effective predator , using its acute vision to detect prey , and its outstretched , bristly legs as a ‘basket’ to capture insects in flight ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .

in the violet dropwing , adults are usually seen between november and may in south africa ( 4 ) , between may and october in parts of northern africa , and from april to october in turkey ( 2 ) . in the sahara , adults of this species may be seen year - round , and in europe they are thought to be active in all summer months ( 2 ) .

originally of african origin , the violet dropwing also occurs in the mediterranean region , and is expanding its range in southern europe ( 2 ) . the violet dropwing inhabits tropical africa , where it is one of the most abundant dragonfly species ( 2 ) , and is also found in the middle east , parts of southern asia , and on islands in the indian ocean ( 1 ) , including madagascar ( 1 ) ( 4 ) .

the violet dropwing can inhabit a range of vegetation types , as long as a suitable area of freshwater is available ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . it is typically found near still or slow - moving water , including pools , marshes and slow - moving stretches of rivers , where there are bushes or trees nearby ( 4 ) . at the edges of its range , the violet dropwing prefers warm spots such as shallow gravel pits , open lakes or lagoons ( 2 ) .

male violet dropwings tend to perch prominently on twigs , reeds or rocks in the sun , close to water ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) , and then move to the trees in the evening or when the sun is hidden behind clouds ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .

the violet dropwing is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

there are not currently believed to be any significant threats to the violet dropwing , due to its widespread distribution and increasing population ( 1 ) ( 7 ) . however , this species may potentially be affected by some of the general threats faced by dragonflies , including intensive agriculture and large - scale land conversion , the destruction and modification of water bodies , over - extraction of water for irrigation , and water pollution ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . other potential threats include global warming , which may cause water bodies to dry up during increasingly hot and dry periods ( 7 ) .

there are no specific conservation measures currently known to be in place for the violet dropwing . however , other conservation efforts , not directly aimed at this species , may potentially benefit its populations . for example , conservation efforts for dragonflies in europe include research , population monitoring , appropriate legislation and the protection of key habitat sites ( 7 ) .

environment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive . ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .

moore , n . w . ( 1997 ) dragonflies : status survey and conservation action plan . iucn / ssc odonata specialist group , iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . available at : urltoken

kalkman , v . j . , boudot , j - p . , bernard , r . , conze , k . j . , de knijf , g . , dyatlova , e . , ferreira , s . , jović , m . , ott , j . , riservato , e . and sahlén , g . ( 2010 ) european red list of dragonflies . publications office of the european union , luxembourg . available at : urltoken

this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken

abdomen in arthropods ( crustaceans , insects and arachnids ) the abdomen is the hind region of the body , which is usually segmented to a degree ( but not visibly in most spiders ) . in crustacea ( such as crabs ) , some of the limbs attach to the abdomen ; in insects the limbs are attached to the thorax ( the part of the body nearest to the head ) and not the abdomen . larva stage in an animal’s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . moult in insects , a stage of growth whereby the hard outer layer of the body ( the exoskeleton ) is shed and the body becomes larger . nymph stage of insect development , similar in appearance to the adult but sexually immature and without wings . the adult form is reached via a series of moults and the wings develop externally as the nymph grows . territory an area occupied and defended by an animal , a pair of animals or a colony . thorax part of the body located between the head and the abdomen in animals . in insects , the three segments between the head and the abdomen , each of which has a pair of legs .

dijkstra k - d . b . ( 2006 ) field guide to the dragonflies of britain and europe . british wildlife publishing , dorset , uk .

picker , m . , griffiths , c . and weaving , a . ( 2004 ) field guide to insects of south africa . struik publishers , cape town .

samways , m . j . ( 2008 ) dragonflies and damselflies of south africa . pensoft publishers , bulgaria .

silsby , j . ( 2001 ) dragonflies of the world . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .

o ' toole , c . ( 2002 ) the new encyclopedia of insects and their allies . oxford university press , oxford .

terms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .

myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .

team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .

this species is featured in jewels of the uae , which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency – abu dhabi .

wildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en " " urltoken "

javascrip is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .

privacy policy | disclaimer | accessibility policy | © university of malta , all rights reserved .

is one of the most widespread and common species in africa , arabia and in the mediterranean countries . its eastern limit is in iran , where it begins to be replaced by its asian close relative

eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .

to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

the iucn red list of threatened species™ map viewer will open in its own new tab / window . this may be further explored or the tab / window closed .

an african species that has crossed into spain and has made its way up into southern france . the male is a spectacularly coloured dragonfly , similar in shape to a crocothemis erythaea ( broad scarlet ) but vividly pink - bodied and smaller , noticeable particularly when seen together as they often are . the male’s pink coloration is unmistakable in the european theater but there are similarly coloured confusion species elsewhere .

carol spotted our first at a distance beside our favourite lake near fanjeaux in spring , 2011 , but i missed it . we did , however , see them at close quarters at lac de lenclas later that same year . we now frequently find them in spain , too . i never tire of seeing these beauties .

this site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .

privacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : privacy policy

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair

all records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .

have you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .

© 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15

no diagnosis of this species endemic to príncipe and close to t . aconita is presently available . please refer to that species and the references provided .

map citation : clausnitzer , v . , k . - d . b . dijkstra , r . koch , j . - p . boudot , w . r . t . darwall , j . kipping , b . samraoui , m . j . samways , j . p . simaika & f . suhling , 2012 . focus on african freshwaters : hotspots of dragonfly diversity and conservation concern . frontiers in ecology and the environment 10 : 129 - 134 .

longfield , c . ( 1936 ) . studies on african odonata , with synonymy and descriptions of new species and subspecies . transactions royal entomological society london , 85 , 467 - 498 . [ pdf file ]

citation : dijkstra , k . - d . b ( editor ) . african dragonflies and damselflies online . urltoken [ 2018 - 07 - 09 ] .

african dragonflies and damselflies online is a collaboration between consent ( stellenbosch ) and adu ( cape town ) funded by the jrs biodiversity foundation . addo brings all available knowledge together of africa ' s 770 known species of odonata . read more . . .

by combining conservation ecology and entomology , our department at stellenbosch university brings together a considerable body of teaching and research expertise in the rapidly growing important field of conservation in agricultural and development landscapes . read more . . .

the adu aims to contribute to the understanding of biodiversity and its conservation . we achieve this through programmes that involve citizen scientists , long - term monitoring , research and innovative statistical modelling . read more . . .

our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .

de palisot de beauvois , a . - m . - f . - j . ( 1805 ) insectes receuillis en afrique et en amérique dans les royaumes d ' oware et de benin , à saint - domingue et dans les états - unis , pendant les années 1786 - 1797 . [ 1805 - 1821 ] : fain et compagnies , paris : 1 - 276 , excl . pl . c 100 .

animal demography unit ( 2018 ) . odonatamap virtual museum . accessed at urltoken on 2018 - 07 - 09

[ page served : july 9 , 2018 , 11 : 14 + 0200 ] animal demography unit department of biological sciences - university of cape town this work , except photographs , is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . copyright of images uploaded into the virtual museum remains with the photographers , these images are licenced under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 international license .

[ page served : july 9 , 2018 , 09 : 34 + 0200 ] animal demography unit department of biological sciences - university of cape town this work , except photographs , is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . copyright of images uploaded into the virtual museum remains with the photographers , these images are licenced under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 international license .

schneider , w . , ferreira , s . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment workshop , oct . 2007 ) & allen , d . ( iucn freshwater biodiversity unit )

any sunny water in africa , favouring warm spots in the periphery of its range , such as shallow gravel pits , open lakes or lagoons ( dijkstra and lewington 2006 ) .

de knijf , g . , ferreira , s . & riservato , e .

cyprus ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; greece ( east aegean is . , greece ( mainland ) , kriti ) ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; malta ; portugal ( portugal ( mainland ) ) ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) )

the species is common within its range and is often abundant . its populations are increasing all over its european range .

the species inhabits a wide range of mostly standing and unshaded waters . it favours warm conditions and is often found in ditches , gravel pits and small lakes .

bulletin of the entomological society of malta . 2008 , vol . 1 , p . 91 - 96

the copyright of this work belongs to the author ( s ) / publisher . the rights of this work are as defined by the appropriate copyright legislation or as modified by any successive legislation . users may access this work and can make use of the information contained in accordance with the copyright legislation provided that the author must be properly acknowledged . further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the prior permission of the copyright holder .

dijkstra , k . d . & suhling , f . ( odonata red list authority ) .

justification : regional assessment : the species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .

eastern africa distribution : the species is common and widespread in kenya , tanzania , uganda , malawi , and assumed from burundi . global distribution : the species is widespread in africa , southern europe , middle east , southern asia , indian ocean islands .

various habitats in bush and woodland , usually with at least a little water current .

kipping , j . , simaika , j . p . , samways , m . , suhling , f . ( odonata red list authority ) & pollock , c . m . ( iucn red list office )

justification : within the southern africa region , this species has a wide distribution and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened or near threatened category . assessed as least concern in the region . its global status is also least concern .

this species is widespread in the southern africa region . globally , it is widespread in africa , southern europe , the middle east , southern asia , and the indian ocean islands .

this is a widespread species and is among the most common species found at larger perennial rivers .

occupies a variety of habitats in bush and woodland , usually with at least a little water current . this is among the most common species at larger perennial rivers .

no specific conservation measures are known to be in place at present or are recommended at present .

for full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .

join researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications – all in one place .

in continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .

thank you for your contribution to the improvement of the inpn . the information submitted has been sent to an expert for verification and correction .

warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .

national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .

warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .

this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .

the aim of this study was to investigate how odonate assemblage structure and diversity are influenced by changes in habitat variables associated with the aquatic environment and the surrounding agricultural landscapes . all study sites were located in predominantly agricultural landscapes of the two main islands of the maltese archipelago , malta and gozo . this paper presents a multi - scale approach , which considers habitat variables ranging from the type of water body , to vegetation characteristics and landscape composition , in order to investigate the odonate - habitat relations within the maltese islands . dragonfly communities are increasingly threatened with habitat loss and degradation within the mediterranean region from factors such as water pollution from agricultural practices ( riservato et al . 2009 ) . within the semi - arid climate of the mediterranean , water resources may also be a key issue .

in the long cultural history of the maltese archipelago , natural woodlands were transformed into mosaic - landscapes of agricultural and semi - natural habitats , making agriculture today the predominant land use , occupying around 46 . 8 % of the 316km

the types of water bodies and their distribution at the sites investigated during this study .

the pervasive role played by vegetation in the odonate life cycle makes it , a priori , likely that macrophytes are prominent among cues used for habitat selection ( corbet 1999 ) . literature suggests that odonata assemblages are influenced by the presence of aquatic plants ( clark & samways 1996 ; stewart & samways 1998 ; schindler et al . 2003 ; samways & taylor 2004 ; hofmann & mason 2005 ) , with the structure and the ‘architecture’ of the plants , or the communities they form , likely to be important for adult habitat selection ( corbet 1999 ) .

vegetation assessment of the sites consisted of two 10 m belt transects of 1 m width over riparian vegetation at the land - water interface of the survey sites for odonate diversity , lotic water bodies , or the long side of lentic water bodies . meanwhile , four 5 m by 1 m transects were laid perpendicular to these , with the aim to provide an indication of how vegetation changed with increasing distance from the water bodies . within these transects , plant abundance , distribution data , and physiognomic characteristics , in terms of vertical stratification and characteristic life form , were obtained from a series of contiguous quadrats laid down along a transect . a square ( 1 m × 1 m ) quadrat was used for this study . the quadrat was subdivided into a number of sectors of equal area in order to increase accuracy of recording when measuring abundance ( kent & coker 1995 ) . the abundance of each species within each quadrat was assessed by counting the number of sectors within which the species was represented , either in whole or in part . this figure was expressed as a proportion of the total number of sectors in the quadrat .

for each quadrat , vertical stratification ( the arrangement of phytomass into vertical layers ) was measured by counting the number of interceptions per species at each height class at the centre of the quadrat . a 20vmm diameter , 4 m height wooden pole was divided into 7 height classes ( 0–0 . 20 , 0 . 21– 0 . 50 , 0 . 51–10 , 1 . 01–1 . 50 , 1 . 51–2 . 00 , 2 . 01–2 . 50 , 2 . 51–3 . 25 , 3 . 25–4 . 00 , > 4m ) . the height of vegetation was measured from the ground to the height of the highest vegetation shoot , with vegetation > 4m considered as canopy cover . in addition to vertical stratification , the physiognomy of the vegetation may also be profoundly affected by the life form of dominant vegetation ( kuchler 1988 ) , that is the presence of common morphological features that are usually assumed to be an adjustment to important environmetnal factors ( mueller - dombois and ellenberg 1974 ; zonneveld 1988 ) . the percentage cover of the various life forms present within the site ( graminoids , forbs , subshrubs , shrubs and trees ) , as well as details relating to species composition , were collected for each quadrat .

) . the landscape surrounding semi - natural and freshwater bodies ( n = 6 ) was surveyed through the use of orthophotos , taken in 2004 , and having a resolution of 1 pixel : 15 cm . fiddien and qlejgħa form part of the same valley system and given their physical proximity only the former site was considered . different land use and land cover categories (

) were identified and mapped as polygons . digitized data had the same level of resolution as the ortophotos . landscape metrics were derived from patch analyst 4 , an arcgis extension which enables spatial analysis of landscape patches (

) at the landscape level , the shannon diversity index ( sdi ) was used to quantify the diversity of the agricultural landscapes . in addition , the mean perimeterarea ratio ( mpar ) , and the number of patches for the various landscapes under study , were also obtained . at the class level , the number of patches ( np ) , the proportion of the landscape ( p

) , the mean patch size ( mps ) , and the mpar were calculated .

general patterns for odonata . because the number of sampling occasions for the sites varied , as a result of the differential availability of water at the different study sites , the data was standardized by averaging the total number of recorded individuals for each species on ten visits for each water body . renyi diversity profiles ( tóthmérész 1995 ) , which provide information on richness and evenness of study sites , were used to compare the diversity of odonates between semi - natural sites and habitat types ( kindt and coe 2005 ; oksanen et al . 2010 ) . the major advantage of rényi diversity profiles is that sites can easily be ordered from high to low diversity . subsequently , the shannon diversity index ( h ) was used to provide a measure of relative diversity for odonata and larvae , as well as vegetation diversity . the diversity values for odonate larvae were not normally distributed ( shapiro - wilk test , w = 0 . 7551 , p = 0 . 006 ) , and subsequent analysis with these values was non - parametric .

multiscale habitat variation and odonata . in order to analyze the association of different species to the environmental variables at the scales studied , a principal component analysis was carried out using the vegan package in r ( oksanen et al . 2010 ) . pca is a multivariate technique based on linear assumptions , which is preferable to use when the species has low beta diversity ( lepš and smilauer 2003 ) , as was the case with the data in this study . to aid interpretation , the environmental variables were fitted onto the pca ordination plot using the vegan ‘envfit’ function ( oksanen et al . 2010 ) . on an ordination plot , this function fits a centroid of levels of a class variable , and calculates an r 2 value as a measure of separation among the different levels of that variable . additionally , a significance value for the r 2 was calculated using 1000 random permutations of the category levels . explanatory variables identified to have a p - value < were subsequently correlated with pc1 and pc2 site scores through a pearson ' s correlation ( r foundation for statistical computing 2010 ) .

temporal availability of water within the selected aquatic habitats varied . in one of the water bodies ( wied hesri ) , water presence was limited to the wetter months , and thus the habitat was unable to host any adult odonates . consequently , it was omitted from adult odonata monitoring . in total , 643 adult odonate individuals belonging to nine species were recorded . since water persistence varied with site , species abundance data was standardized for each water - body (

) . these standardized data were used in subsequent data analyses , unless otherwise stated . the two sites characterised by higher salinity levels , ballut ( marsaxlokk ) marshland and ramla 1 - hamra ( gozo ) , showed the lowest level of species diversity . a comparison of the renyi profiles (

) produced for all four types of habitats revealed that lentic and lotic semi - natural waterbodies were normally more diverse than agricultural reservoirs and semi - natural habitats with higher salinity levels . for agricultural reservoirs , two species ,

( brullé 1832 ) , were the most abundant , with the other species only recorded on single occasions . a comparison of renyi profiles for lotic water - bodies with a perennial and ephemeral water availability did not show any difference in odonata diversity (

) . a paired t - test , to compare the abundances of recorded odonates in both types of watercourses , suggested that they were not significantly different ( t = - 0 . 560 , p = 0 . 591 ) .

renyi profiles comparing adult odonata diversity of ( a ) different types of habitats , and ( b ) for the semi - natural sites of the study area . high quality figures are available online .

a comparison of the number of species and their abundance in the four different types of habitats .

larval sampling methodology only yielded odonates from four sites : għajn rihana , ilfiddien , il - qattara , and ta ' sarraflu . no larval odonata were recorded along the baħrija , qlejgha , hesri , and lunzjata watercourses . similarly , larval odonata sampling in brackish waters of ballut marshland ( marsaxlokk ) and ramla 1 - ħamra watercourse yielded no results . higher larval diversity was not significantly associated either with higher diversity , as measured with the shannon ' s diversity index ( h ) , of the same species ( spearman ' s rho = 0 . 55 , p = 0 . 12 ) , or with higher odonata assemblage species diversity for study sites ( spearman ' s rho = 0 . 58 , p = 0 . 10 ) .

a total of 49 species were recorded during the vegetation survey performed within the nine semi - natural waterbodies investigated . the most abundant species was the giant reed (

l . ) , an archaeophyte that has become highly invasive , with its dense monospecific stands having colonized various waterbodies within the archipelago . the graminoid life form and canopy cover classes of 3 . 25–4 m and > 4 m categories were globally the most abundant groups within study sites . odonata and vegetation diversity (

) , measured through the shannon diversity index , were found to be significantly correlated ( r = 0 . 795 , p = 0 . 01 ) .

the pca results identified clear patterns in species composition , with the first two components explaining 78 . 9 % and 13 . 2 % of the variation respectively . pc1 was negatively weighed on the population data of

) . lentic sites were on one end of the pc1 , while brackish and lotic sites were at the other . most of the species were more strongly correlated with the lentic sites , indicating the importance of the latter for the conservation of dragonfly species of the maltese islands . variation was in turn correlated with several environmental variables . nonetheless , some of the variables show some collinearity , as may be clearly observed from

accounted for 55 . 8 % , and individuals in height class i ( > 4m ) show some correlation with lotic sites . similarly , tree life form abundance and the height class h ( 3 . 25–4m ) were associated with the ta ' sarraflu freshwater pond .

ordination graph illustrating the outcome of an indirect gradient analysis ( pca ) , followed by environmental fitting of explanatory variables ( only vectors with p - value ≤ 0 . 1 are included ) for ( a ) vegetation and ( b ) landscape variables . high quality figures are available online .

) . a high r value for a given explanatory variable may be because the variable exerts an important control on odonata assemblages , or the variable may be correlated with another variable that influences odonates . at the water - body scale ,

, as well as canopy cover > 4m . in contrast , they showed a positive correlation with shrub and tree life - form abundances . at the landscape level , these species were positively correlated with mps ( 200 m ) and class area ( r = 500m ) , and negatively correlated to the mpar ( r500m ) , of ecologically disturbed class cover . they were also related positively to mpar of coastal areas , and the class area of marine habitat , both of which are probably the result of the main habitats for these species within the studied sites being located in the vicinity of the coast .

, was found to be correlated to low landscape diversity , and a lack of semi - natural freshwater habitats class area , a category which mainly consists of valleys and watercourses within the surrounding landscapes at both scales ( r = 200 , 500 m ) .

correlation of pc1 and pc2 from a principal component analysis of odonata abundance data with explanatory variables .

the permanova results suggest that odonate assemblage similarity is significantly influenced by habitat type ( p = 0 . 0004 ) and sampling period ( p = 0 . 02 ) , thus rejecting the null hypothesis . the interaction between habitat type and sampling occasion was found to be not significant (

) . a comparison of odonata counts with sampling period suggests that different species adopt different life - history strategies .

the influence of time ( date of sampling occasion ) and type of habitat ( lotic and lentic ) on odonata assemblage similarity .

was sporadically recorded in low abundance , abundance data for this species were not considered for this part of the data analysis . given the relative importance of habitat type on dragonfly distributions , the total odonata counts from il - qattara and ta’ sarraflu were used in order to investigate assemblage structure through time (

) . a paired t - test suggested that dragonfly counts , taken on the same days , from both sites were not significantly different ( t = 0 . 10 , p = 0 . 92 ) . this result indicates the importance of including repeated measures in similar studies , including ones aimed at assessing conservation value of habitats , and the use of odonata as biological indicators .

odonata — time relationships according to type of functional response . high quality figures are available online .

the outcome of a generalised linear model ( quasi - poisson , log - link function ) of species abundance data with sampling period .

nevertheless , the reservoirs surveyed here differ from man - made habitats described in the latter studies , and typically have a small surface - area , lack macrophytes , and are likely to host predatory fish populations ( balzan 2008a ) .

) , most of the species recorded during adult counts within the study area were found in both lotic and lentic water - bodies . only two species ,

, were entirely confined to lentic habitats . this may suggest that the odonata fauna of malta is mainly composed of euryoecious species that are able to utilize different aquatic habitats along a flowing - standing water continuum of habitat types . this contrasts with other studies investigating the influence of habitat characteristics on odonata assemblages that have identified particular dragonfly associations to specific habitat types (

) . habitat associations of the recorded species obtained by pca suggest that even though most of the odonate species recorded were recorded in lotic water - bodies , nearly all species were more strongly associated with the lentic habitats . records of larval odonata were mainly confined to lentic water - bodies , confirming observations made in other studies that adult sightings may not always predict larval distribution (

) , and indicating that standing water - bodies within the study area may be particularly important for dragonfly conservation . similar observations have been made elsewhere , where it has be suggested that in rapidly changing lotic environments , which tend to dry up during the dry season and are often fast - flowing and scouring during the wet season , larval survival following oviposition is relatively lower (

in light of the rapid changes characterizing agricultural landscapes , an important issue is the scale at which the habitat is measured . the habitat has been defined as the collection of resources and conditions required by , and accessible to , individuals of a species at a location ( dennis et al . 2003 , 2007 ) . because the habitat is necessarily the location where an organism lives out its life - cycle , a suitable habitat must meet the ecological needs of all life - stages . the terrestrial landscape is probably as important as the aquatic habitat ( corbet 1999 ) , as it provides several conditions and resources that are required by the adult phase . previous studies have indicated that responses in abundance and / or occurrence to local waterbody and landscape characteristics differ among species ( conrad et al . 1999 ) and life - history groups ( samways 1996 ; krawchuk and taylor 2003 ; kadoya et al . 2008 ) . pca results suggest that the presence of c . erythraea and i . genei were related to disturbed areas , coastal land cover , and marine habitats , all of which characterize the landscapes of il - qattara and ta ' sarraflu water - bodies in which these two species were the most abundant . o . trinacria , which has been recently recorded in the maltese islands ( ebejer et al . 2008 ) , was recorded in all lentic water - bodies , but with a relatively higher abundance at one site that is characterized by a low landscape diversity and a lack of valley systems within the landscape . conversely , o . coerulescens anceps appeared to be related to relatively heterogeneous landscapes , and the presence of associated lotic water bodies .

these contrasting associations for the two orthetrum spp . may be a result of the different habitat preferences of these species , with o . coerulescens anceps normally associated with small ponds and streams with a gentle current , while o . trinacria is associated with large bodies of standing water ( askew 2004 ) . the availability of suitable habitat that is likely to maintain source populations ( sensu pulliam 1988 ) , such as gently flowing streams , is likely to determine the distribution of o . coerulescens anceps within these lanscapes . the multiscale approach adopted within this study permits the identification of unique habitat characteristics for different sites , and the influence these could potentially have on odonate community structure .

) , a factor which is clearly related to the reproductive ecology of the surveyed species .

( selys 1840 ) was recorded only in the spring period , with their population subsequently declining to nil . populations of