conilithidae is a proposed taxonomic family of small to medium-sized sea snails , specifically cone snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily conoidea , the cone snails and their allies .

in 2009 , john k. tucker and manuel j. tenorio proposed elevating the subfamily conilithinae ( previously placed in the family conidae ) to the rank of family .

this was based on a cladistic analysis of anatomical characters , including the radular tooth , the morphology ( i.e. shell characters ) , as well as an analysis of prior molecular phylogeny studies , all of which were used to construct phylogenetic trees .

in their phylogeny , tucker and tenorio noted the close relationship of the various species within the genera in the conilithidae ; this also corresponded to the results of prior molecular studies by puillandre et al. .

tucker and tenorio ’s proposed classification system for the cone shells and their allies ( and the other clades of conoidean gastropods ) is set forth at tucker & tenorio cone snail taxonomy 2009 .

like other species in the superfamily conoidea , these snails are predatory and venomous , able to inject neurotoxins into their prey with their radula .

the species in this family are capable of " stinging " humans , therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all .

conilithidae

conilithidae <EOT> conilithidae tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 thumbnails

the families conilithidae and conidae - the conus of the eastern pacific . - a conchological iconography # 18

five new species of jaspidiconus petuch , 2004 ( conilithidae : conilithinae ) from the caribbean mollus . . .

biodiversity and habitats of reef molluscs of families conidae and conilithidae ( neogastropoda ) off northern roatan island ( honduras ) .

ebscohost | 99118461 | biodiversity and habitats of reef molluscs of families conidae and conilithidae ( neogastropoda ) off northern roatan island ( honduras ) .

kohniconus is a subgenus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the genus conasprella , family conilithidae , the cone snails and their allies .

home > journals & occasional publications > conchological iconography > the families conilithidae and conidae - the conus of the eastern pacific . - a conchological iconography # 18

kohniconus is a subgenus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the genus conasprella , family conilithidae , the cone snails and their allies . [ 1 ]

molluscabase ( 2018 ) . conilithidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 578794 on 2018 - 07 - 09

[ synonyms : conilithidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . taranteconidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . puncticuliinae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . ]

six new gastropods , belonging to the families fasciolariidae , conidae , and conilithidae , recently have been discovered within the biogeographical boundaries of the brazilian molluscan province . these include : poremskiconus fonsecai n . sp . and poremskiconus smoesi n . sp . ( both conidae ) from the cearaian subprovince of northern brazil ; jaspidiconus josei n . sp . ( conilithidae ) from the bahian . . . [ show full abstract ]

a conchological iconography the families conilithidae and conidae - the cones of the eastern pacific : urltoken manuel jimenez tenorio , john k . tucker , henry w . chaney , guido t . poppe , klaus groh : 9783939767428 : books

tucker , j . k . & tenorio , m . j . ( 2011 ) new species of gradiconus and kohniconus from the western atlantic ( gastropoda : conoidea : conidae , conilithidae ) . miscellanea malacologica 5 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 .

( of conilithidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) tucker j . k . & tenorio m . j . ( 2009 ) systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods . hackenheim : conchbooks . 296 pp . page ( s ) : 136 [ details ]

petuch , e . j . & sargent , d . m . ( 2011 ) new species of conidae and conilithidae ( gastropoda ) from the tropical americas and philippines . with notes on some poorly - known floridian species . visaya 3 ( 3 ) : 116 - 137 .

six new gastropods , belonging to the families fasciolariidae , conidae , and conilithidae , recently have been discovered within the biogeographical boundaries of the brazilian molluscan province . these include : poremskiconus fonsecai n . sp . and poremskiconus smoesi n . sp . ( both conidae ) from the cearaian subprovince of northern brazil ; jaspidiconus josei n . sp . ( conilithidae ) from the bahian subprovince of central brazil ; and fusinus damasoi n . sp . , fusinus mariaodeteae n . sp . ( both fasciolariidae ) , and lamniconus petestimpsoni n . sp . ( conidae ) from the paulinian subprovince of southern brazil .

prior to 2009 , all cone species were placed within the family conidae and were placed in one genus , conus . in 2009 however , j . k . tucker and m . j . tenorio proposed a classification system for the over 600 recognized species that were in the family . their classification proposed 3 distinct families and 82 genera for the living species of cone snails , including the family conilithidae . this classification was based upon shell morphology , radular differences , anatomy , physiology , cladistics , with comparisons to molecular ( dna ) studies . published accounts of genera within the conidae ( or conilithidae ) that include the genus kohniconus include j . k . tucker & m . j . tenorio ( 2009 ) , and bouchet et al . ( 2011 ) .

prior to 2009 , all cone species were placed within the family conidae and were placed in one genus , conus . in 2009 however , j . k . tucker and m . j . tenorio proposed a classification system for the over 600 recognized species that were in the family . their classification proposed 3 distinct families and 82 genera for the living species of cone snails , including the family conilithidae . this classification was based upon shell morphology , radular differences , anatomy , physiology , cladistics , with comparisons to molecular ( dna ) studies . [ 2 ] published accounts of genera within the conidae ( or conilithidae ) that include the genus kohniconus include j . k . tucker & m . j . tenorio ( 2009 ) , and bouchet et al . ( 2011 ) . [ 4 ]

( of conilithidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) puillandre n . , duda t . f . , meyer c . , olivera b . m . & bouchet p . ( 2015 ) . one , four or 100 genera ? a new classification of the cone snails . journal of molluscan studies . 81 : 1 - 23 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

abstract : five genera and eight species of gastropods of families conidae and conilithidae were observed in their natural habitats on the southernmost portion of the mesoamerican barrier reef , off the northern coast of roatan island , honduras . fifty per cent of species are widespread caribbean–western atlantic species , whereas 50 % are endemic to the nicaraguan biogeographical subprovince and roatan island . multiple sightings during night scuba diving operations revealed that the reef off northern roatan supports a healthy and diverse population of conoidean gastropods . distribution of all recorded species by depth and habitat type revealed a distinct reef partitioning between the 4 most commonly occurring species .

this book present a new classification of the cone shells . it is based on radular morphology to define most of the suprageneric taxa . however , other features such as shell morphology , morphology of the periostracum and operculum and dietary habits are also factored in . the authors consider fossil taxa as well as recent taxa . the classification consists of five families , namely conorbiidae , hemiconidae n . fam . , taranteconidae n . fam . , conilithidae n . fam . and conidae . the family conidae is by far the most numerous in terms of genera both extinct and living , and comprises at least two subfamilies ( coninae and puncticuliinae ) and 64 genera , one of them fossil . the next family in number of genera is conilithidae , with two new subfamilies ( conilithinae and californiconinae ) and 19 genera , two of them extinct . the remaining three families are basal to the other two , and much less diverse : hemiconidae has only one fossil genus assigned , whereas taranteconidae has two extant genera , and conorbiidae consists of three genera , one fossil and two extant . thus , the resulting classification comprises 89 genera in total , from which 27 are introduced as new taxa . 296 pp . , 17 figs , 15 b / w & 11 col . pls , hc 4 . bookseller inventory # w12444

species sometimes referred to as ‘cone snails’ but allocated to artemidiconus ( conorbidae ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; bouchet et al . , 2011 ) , benthofascis ( conorbidae ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; bouchet et al . , 2011 ) , genota ( cryptoconidae in tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; or borsoniidae in bouchet et al . , 2011 ) and genotina ( cryptoconidae in tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; or mangeliidae in bouchet et al . , 2011 ) were excluded . within conorbidae , only benthofascis lozoueti has been sequenced and molecular analysis indicates that the family is separate from conidae ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) . however , b . lozoueti is the only conorbid species that does not resorb the inner shell walls ( tucker , tenorio & stahlschmidt , 2011 ) . it thus cannot be excluded that the other conorbidae species—which resorb them—may in fact not be confamilial . likewise , as indicated above , molecular data place genota in the borsoniidae ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) and this clade is not further discussed here . fossil taxa ( hemiconus cossmann , 1889 ; cryptoconus koenen , 1867 ; conorbis swainson , 1840 ; conilithes swainson , 1840 ; eoconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 and plagioconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) are not discussed either . consequently , only the conidae , conilithidae and taranteconidae ( sensu tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) are discussed below , i . e . the cone snails as defined by bouchet et al . ( 2011 ) .

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appendix 2 : list of all the family and subfamily names available for the conoidea .

a new genus - level classification of the conoidea is presented , based on the molecular phylogeny of puillandre et al . in the accompanying paper . fifteen lineages are recognized and ranked as families to facilitate continuity in the treatment of the names conidae ( for ‘cones’ ) and terebridae in their traditional usage . the hitherto polyphyletic ‘turridae’ is now resolved as 13 monophyletic families , in which the 358 currently recognized genera and subgenera are placed , or tentatively allocated : conorbidae ( 2 ( sub ) genera ) , borsoniidae ( 34 ) , clathurellidae ( 21 ) , mitromorphidae ( 8 ) , mangeliidae ( 60 ) , raphitomidae ( 71 ) , cochlespiridae ( 9 ) , drilliidae ( 34 ) , pseudomelatomidae ( = crassispiridae ) ( 59 ) , clavatulidae ( 14 ) , horaiclavidae new family ( 28 ) , turridae s . s . ( 16 ) and strictispiridae ( 2 ) . a diagnosis with description of the shell and radulae is provided for each of these families .

comparison of the last two conoidean classifications with the new classification proposed in this article . a . taylor et al . ( 1993 ) and bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) . 1 elevated to familial rank by bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) . 2 absent in taylor et al . ( 1993 ) . b . proposed classification . c . tucker & tenorio ( 2009 ) . † fossil taxa .

based on a dataset of 57 genera and molecular sequences of fragments of one mitochondrial ( coi ) and three nuclear ( 28s , 18s and h3 ) genes , puillandre et al . ( 2008 ) published the first molecular phylogeny of conoidea . even though ranks differed , most of the lineages defined by taylor et al . ( 1993 ) were also retrieved in this molecular approach . the new molecular phylogeny of puillandre et al . ( 2011 ) is based on a dataset of 102 conoidean genera ( 87 ‘turrids’ , 5 cones and 10 terebrids ) and sequences of three gene fragments ( coi , 12s rrna and 16s rrna ) . because of the high congruency between the classification based on anatomical characters and the molecular tree obtained , we are inclined to think that our understanding of the phylogeny of the conoidea has now reached a stable position , and that a new classification is warranted . the classification presented below ( fig . 1 b ) aims to transform the molecular phylogeny into an operational classification by : ( 1 ) presenting revised morphological diagnoses for the now redefined families of conoidea ; ( 2 ) allocating ( sometimes tentatively ) all recent genera recognized or used in current literature to the corresponding family .

genus - group names have been allocated to the newly defined families based on the following critera : our aim was to provide an exhaustive list of conoidean genus - group names based on recent type species or reasonably recognized as recent in the literature . genera present exclusively in the fossil record are not included . in very few cases , obviously erroneous attribution of recent species to entirely fossil genera also excluded these genera from our listing . junior homonyms and nomina nuda are also not included because they are unavailable for nomenclatural purposes . when the status of a nominal genus is uncertain , we adopted a ‘valid until synonymized’ approach ; that is , a name is regarded valid ( irrespective of our opinion ) if it has not been synonymized in literature . the names of synonyms are placed after corresponding valid names ( the synonyms applied to the valid subgenus name are positioned after the subgenus name ) . all the genus and subgenus names are also listed in alphabetic order in appendix 1 .

( 1 ) 224 genera were assigned to a family based on shell characters , and phenetic resemblance to those genera with radula and / or molecular characters available ; those are marked 1 .

( 2 ) 103 genera were classified on the basis of radula morphology ( both our own and published data ) , and congruence between radula and molecular characters for those genera that were sequenced ; these are marked 2 .

( 3 ) 98 genera were classified in a family on the basis of the molecular data ; these are marked 3 .

( 4 ) 63 genera and subgenera do not fall easily into the morphological groups resulting from the preceding steps , but they have tentatively been assigned to a family as a working hypothesis ; these genera are preceded by a question mark .

( 5 ) 173 subgenera and / or synonyms are also listed ; subgenera are in parentheses , synonyms in square brackets .

to illustrate the range of radular types in the molecularly defined clades , the radulae were extracted as far as possible from the specimens used for the molecular analyses or from conspecific specimens ( after rehydration when soft parts had been dried ) , cleaned with diluted bleach , rinsed in distilled water , mounted on stubs , air dried , coated with gold - palladium , and investigated with a jeol jsm 840a scanning electron microscope . some of the previously photographed radulae ( examined by yuik and / or j . d . taylor ) were additionally illustrated .

for radular descriptions we mostly followed the terminology accepted and discussed by kantor & taylor ( 2000 ) . in radular formulae , the parentheses indicate partial or complete fusion of lateral and rachidian teeth ( for more details , see kantor , 2006 ) .

although the names conoidea and toxoglossa are used interchangeably in the taxonomic literature , we have avoided the name toxoglossa because ( i ) it is not typified and cannot be used for a family–group name , and ( ii ) many of the included taxa do not have a toxoglossate radula . within the conoidea , ranking of the clades was determined by a conservative approach , thus retaining the names terebridae and conidae s . s . ( the latter including the cone snails profundiconus , californiconus , conasprella , conus and taranteconus ) in their accustomed usage at family rank . an alternative would have been to recognize only two families , conidae sensu taylor et al . ( 1993 ) and turridae ( including the turridae , terebridae , drilliidae and pseudomelatomidae ) , with the resulting inconvenience that conidae s . s . and terebridae , although monophyletic , would lose their traditional usage and the vast associated literature dealing with these names that largely ignores the taylor et al . ( 1993 ) and bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) classifications .

fourteen clades of rank equivalent to conidae s . s . and terebridae are recognizable from the molecular phylogenetic tree ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) . forty - three family–group names within conoidea are nomenclaturally available ( appendix 2 ) , of which five are based on a genus with a fossiltype species ( andoniinae vera - pelaez , 2002 ; cryptoconinae cossmann , 1896 ; hemiconidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; johnwyattidae serna , 1979 ; siphopsinae le renard , 1995 ) . these five cannot be applied to a molecular clade and will not be used in our classification . names were applied to clades based on the position of their type genus in the tree . if more than one family–group name was applicable , the valid name was determined by priority . if the type genus of a nominal family name was not sequenced , application of the name was determined by reference to the morphologically most similar genus used in the analysis .

because the molecular taxon sampling is still too patchy for such levels , we have abstained from extending the classification below family level ( i . e . subfamilies , tribes ) , even when some molecular clades obviously match previously recognized ‘subfamilies’ ( e . g . californiconinae , oenopotinae , zemaciinae , zonulispirinae ) . they are all included in a family ( appendix 2 ) , without precluding their usefulness and potential taxonomic validity .

each family ( except the conidae and terebridae , already extensively covered and illustrated in other recent works , e . g . röckel , korn & kohn , 1995 ; terryn , 2007 ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) is illustrated by one or several shells , radulae and protoconchs , covering the morphological variability of the group . as far as possible , specimens used for the molecular analyses were used for illustration . however , since a substantial part of the morphological variability was not covered by our dataset , shells and radulae of other specimens are also illustrated .

diagnosis : shell medium - sized to large or very large , normally 20–50 mm , up to 170 mm high , conical or biconical , with narrow aperture and short siphonal canal . shell with considerable internal remodelling due to inner wall resorption . spiral sculpture usually developed , axial sculpture absent or in form of shoulder tuberculation . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , shallow to moderately deep . operculum present , small , with terminal nucleus . radula of marginal hypodermic teeth , generally harpoon - shaped , barbed at tip , often with complex inner structure of folds and serration , base small and swollen , tooth canal opening ( sub ) terminally , rarely laterally . subradular membrane vestigial . teeth can be attached to the membrane by long or very long flexible ligament . tooth wall forms several overlapping layers .

remarks : in conidae and the other families that are included in this major clade ( family conidae sensu taylor et al . , 1993 ) , the radula consists only of marginal teeth that are usually enrolled with completely overlapping edges ( hypodermic ) . teeth at their formation in the radular sac are already enrolled and they are attached to the radular membrane only by their bases , sometimes through a long flexible ligament . in the ‘turrids’ with enrolled teeth , these are attached to the membrane along most of its length ( kantor & taylor , 2000 ) . a molecular phylogeny of the conidae is currently in preparation ( c . meyer , personal communication ) .

diagnosis ( from tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) : “radular tooth : anterior fold is usually present ; basal spur is directed toward the apex of the tooth or parallel with the tooth base ; the waist , base and c - fold are absent ; terminating cusps , serratins and accessory process are also absent . shell characters : the interior of the shell is extensively remodelled including the columellar region ; nodules are absent but cords may be present . shells can be squatly conical to elongated or biconical . ”

radulae . borsoniidae . a . genota mitriformis ( wood , 1828 ) * * , mnhn im200742293 ( shell : fig . 2 m ) . b . borsonia sp . * * , mnhn im200717932 ( shell : fig . 2 d ) . c . bathytoma neocaledonica puillandre et al . , 2010 * * , mnhn im200717857 ( shell : fig . 2 e ) . d . borsoniidae gen . 1 * * , mnhn im200717911 ( shell : fig . 2 b ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen .

diagnosis : shell small to large ( 5–80 mm ) , fusiform to biconic , sometimes with strong to obsolete columellar pleats . sculpture usually well developed , axial ribs sometimes obsolete to absent . siphonal canal short to moderately long . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , deep . protoconch when multispiral with up to five whorls , initially smooth and then with arcuate axial riblets , when paucispiral up to two smooth whorls . operculum with terminal nucleus , fully developed to missing . radula of hypodermic marginal teeth that usually have a weakly developed solid basal part , often attached to the ligament ( marked by an arrow on fig . 3 c ) . tooth canal opening ( sub ) terminally or , sometimes , laterally . at their tip teeth can have weak to rather strong barb ( s ) ( genota , fig . 3 a ) . overlapping of the tooth edges is weak ( fig . 3 c ) . in zemacies , the radula is completely absent .

remarks : this is a rather heterogeneous group . obviously , it is not fully resolved as it is based on molecular data and comprises rather conchologically different clades . this could be explained by the fact that many taxa of this group are among most ancient of conoideans , known since the palaeocene ( zemacies , borsonia , tomopleura ) or eocene ( bathytoma , genota , microdrillia ) . the loss of apomorphies by mutation could be more important for old taxa ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) .

the names borsoniinae bellardi , 1875 , and pseudotominae bellardi , 1875 , were established simultaneously . as first revisers , under art . 24 of the iczn code , we here give precedence to the former over the latter .

shells . a–f . clathurellidae . a . nannodiella ravella ( hedley , 1922 ) * , mnhn im200742350 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . t9 , 09°33 . 5′n , 123°49 . 5′e , 97–120 m , sl 5 . 8 mm ( radula : fig . 5 a ) . b . comarmondia gracilis ( montagu , 1803 ) , mnhn , le brusc , cap sicié , provence , france , 40–100 m , sl 23 mm . c . etrema cf . tenera ( hedley , 1899 ) * * , mnhn im200717869 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . s21 , 09°41 . 7′n , 123°50 . 9′e , 4–12 m , sl unknown ( broken ) . d . glyphostoma rostrata sysoev & bouchet , 2001 , mnhn , new caledonia , bathus 4 , st . dw896 , 20°16′s , 163°52′e , 315–350 m , sl 21 . 5 mm . e . lienardia nigrotincta ( montrouzier , 1872 ) * , mnhn , touho , new caledonia , 20°45 . 2′s , 165°16 . 3′e , intertidal , sl 6 . 9 mm ( radula : fig . 5 b ) . f . strombinoturris crockeri hertlein & strong , 1951 , lacm 747–37 , off isabel island , mexico , 18–33 m , sl 47 . 5 mm . g–i : mitromorphidae . g . lovellona atramentosa ( reeve , 1849 ) * , mnhn , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . m2 , 09°32 . 8′n , 123°45 . 9′e , 0–2 m , sl 9 . 0 mm ( radula : fig . 6 a ) . h . mitromorpha metula ( hinds , 1843 ) * , mnhn im200742339 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . b8 , 09°37 . 1′n , 123°46 . 1′e , 3 m , sl 3 . 1 mm ( radula : fig . 6 b ) . i . anarithma sp . * , mnhn , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . s5 , 09°37 . 1′n , 123°46 . 1′e , 2–4 m , sl 6 . 9 mm ( radula : fig . 6 c ) . abbreviation and symbols : sl , shell length ; * , sequenced species ; * * , sequenced specimen . photo credits : b . buge ( c ) , m . g . harasewych and d . tippett ( f ) , p . maestrati ( d , e ) .

radulae . clathurellidae . a . nannodiella ravella ( hedley , 1922 ) * , mnhn im200742350 ( shell : fig . 4 a ) . b . lienardia nigrotincta ( montrouzier , 1872 ) * , mnhn ( shell : fig . 4 e ) . c . lienardia jousseaumei ( hervier , 1896 ) , mnhn , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . b7 , 9°35 . 9′n , 123°51 . 8′e , 4–30 m . symbol : * , sequenced species .

diagnosis : shell small - to medium - sized ( 5–40 , usually 10–20 mm ) , fusiform to broadly fusiform , subsutural ramp usually unclearly separated . sculpture mostly strong , usually cancellate , subsutural fold lacking . shell surface often microgranular . apertural armature often well developed , in the form of pleats and denticles on both inner and outer lips ; no true columellar pleats . siphonal canal well expressed , moderately long . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , deep , often ( sub ) tubular . protoconch typically multispiral , up to six whorls , generally smooth with keeled last whorls ; when paucispiral , protoconch usually smooth or spirally striated , sometimes with remaining carination in last portion . operculum always absent . radula of hypodermic marginal teeth that usually have relatively small solid basal part ( fig . 5 ) . distinct ligaments not found . at their tip , teeth can have a weak barb .

radulae . mitromorphidae . a . lovellona atramentosa ( reeve , 1849 ) * , mnhn ( shell : fig . 4 g ) . b . mitromorpha metula ( hinds , 1843 ) , mnhn im200742339 ( shell : fig . 4 h ) . c . anarithma sp . * , mnhn ( shell : fig . 4 i ) . symbol : * , sequenced species .

diagnosis : shell small - to medium - sized , 3–30 mm , usually 5–10 mm high , biconic , of mitriform shape . sculpture rather smooth , with dominant spiral elements . aperture narrow , with or without 1–3 columellar pleats , sometimes with denticles within . siphonal canal short or indistinct . anal sinus from indistinct to rather shallow indentation on weakly pronounced subsutural ramp . protoconch multispiral or paucispiral , up to 4 . 5 smooth whorls . no operculum . radula of hypodermic , marginal , relatively short , awl - shaped teeth with large swollen solid basal part ( fig . 6 ) . distinct ligaments present , short . tooth canal opening subterminally or laterally . at their tip , teeth can have a weak barb ( fig . 6 c ) .

remarks : mitrolumninae was established as a substitute name for diptychomitrinae . mitromorphidae and mitrolumninae were published the same year but mitromorphidae ( 19 may 1904 ) has priority over mitrolumninae ( 31 august 1904 ) .

radulae . mangeliidae . a . benthomangelia trophonoidea ( schepman , 1913 ) , mnhn im200717835 ( shell : fig . 7 c ) . b . toxicochlespira pagoda sysoev & kantor , 1990 * * , mnhn im200717925 ( shell : fig . 7 o ) . c . mangeliinae gen . 2 . mnhn im200910331 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . s26 , 9°41 . 50′n , 123°51 . 00′e , 21 m , sl unknown ( broken ) . d . eucithara cf . coronata ( hinds , 1843 ) * * , mnhn im200717900 ( shell : fig . 7 f ) . e . anticlinura sp . * * , mnhn im200742513 ( shell : fig . 7 e ) . f . mangeliidae gen . sp . , mnhn , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . t26 , 9°43 . 3′n , 123°48 . 8′e , 123–135 m . g . mangelia powisiana ( dautzenberg , 1887 ) . plymouth , england , after taylor et al . ( 1993 ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen .

diagnosis : shell small to medium size , 3–30 mm , usually 6–12 mm , oval to low - or high - fusiform , usually with comparatively low spire , often with a shoulder angulation . spiral and axial sculpture both well developed . shell surface often bearing microsculpture of spirally aligned granules . subsutural ramp usually not separated sculpturally . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , shallow to rather deep , rarely tubular . aperture normally not constrained with strong outgrowths or callus pads , rarely denticulate . siphon rather short to moderately long . protoconch typically multispiral , of up to five whorls , with axially ribbed protoconch ii ; spiral cords on protoconch ii present or absent . when paucispiral , protoconch usually spirally lirate . operculum present , with terminal nucleus ( oenopotinae ) , or normally absent . radula of marginal teeth of very variable morphology . teeth can be from semi - enrolled ( fig . 8 f , g ) to true hypodermic . frequently side projections around the base are present and there is large irregularly shaped ‘root’ projecting from the base . barbs may be present , from small to very large ( fig . 8 c ) or absent ( fig . 8 b ) . tooth canal opening laterally .

radulae . raphitomidae . a . buccinaria pendula bouchet & sysoev , 1997 , mnhn , new caledonia , bathus 4 , st . cp948 , 20°33′s , 164°57′e , 533–610 m . b . daphnella pulvisculus chino , 2006 , mnhn , new caledonia , bathus 4 , st . dw927 , 18°56′s , 163°22′e , 444–452 m . c . gymnobela yoshidai kuroda & habe in habe , 1962 , mnhn , norfolk ridge , norfolk 2 , st . dw2058 , 24°40′s , 168°40′e , 591–1032 m . d . kermia irretita ( hedley , 1899 ) , mnhn , new caledonia , lifou 2000 , st . 1419 , 20°55 . 6′s , 167°04 . 5′e , 0–5 m . e . daphnella cladara sysoev & bouchet , 2001 , mnhn , norfolk ridge , lithist , st . cp09 , 24°53′s , 168°22′e , 518–540 m . f . daphnella mitrellaformis ( nomura , 1940 ) , mnhn , new caledonia , lifou 2000 , st . dw1649 , 20°54′s , 167°01′e , 150–200 m . g . miowateria sp . , mnhn , fidji , musorstom 10 , st . cp1354 , 17°43′s , 178°55′e , 959–963 m . h . spergo fusiformis ( kuroda & habe in habe , 1962 ) , mnhn , tongatapu , tonga , bordau 2 , st . cp1566 , 21°02′s , 175°18′w , 530–531 m .

remarks : this is the largest and most variable taxon in the conoidea , as concerns the number of species , with the largest vertical range ( intertidal to hadal depths ) .

radulae . cochlespiridae . a . cochlespira radiata ( dall , 1889 ) , mnhn , se brazil , after kantor & taylor , 2000 . b–c . sibogasyrinx sp . * * , mnhn im200717701 ( shell : fig . 11 b ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen .

diagnosis : shell of moderate size , about 20–30 mm , up to 100 mm high , high - pagodiform to fusiform , with a tall spire and usually a long siphonal canal . axial sculpture poorly developed or absent , subsutural ramp usually smooth . anal sinus deep , on subsutural ramp . protoconch paucispiral , smooth . operculum with terminal nucleus . radula 1–0 - r - 0–1 . rachidian broad , subrectangular or arched , with a single rather large cusp ( fig . 12 ) , rarely absent ( some aforia ) . marginal teeth duplex , with well developed accessory limb .

remarks : this is a clade with poor congruence between molecular and shell characters . the contents of most genera need revision and the family limits remain uncertain .

sibogasyrinx was proposed as a subgenus of leucosyrinx for two species characterized by a low position of the peripheral angle . during our examination of radulae of species provisionally attributed to leucosyrinx , two distinct radulae types were found , differing in the presence of the rachidian , without apparent congruence with shell morphology . in sibogasyrinx pyramidalis , the type species of sibogasyrinx , as well as in the sequenced specimen ( fig . 11 b ) , the radula is characterized by the presence of a well - developed rachidian . although the sequenced specimen is conchologically closer to typical leucosyrinx , the molecular sequence suggests affinities to cochlespira .

radulae . drilliidae . a–b . splendrillia sp . * * , mnhn im200717847 ( shell : fig . 11 l ) . c . clavus exasperatus ( reeve , 1843 ) , mnhn , new caledonia , lifou 2000 , st . 1420 , 20°47 . 7′s , 167°09 . 35′e , 4–5 m . d . imaclava pilsbryi ( bartsch , 1950 ) , after kantor & taylor , 2000 . e . cruziturricula arcuata ( reeve , 1843 ) * * , nhmuk moea 20100541 , gulf of panama , jtd - 00–34 , 08°26 . 24′n , 79°09 . 14′w , 66–68 m ( shell : fig . 11 i ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen .

diagnosis : shell small - to medium - sized , usually 15–25 mm , up to 50 mm high , with a rather high spire and usually truncated base . spiral sculpture often obsolete . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , deep , ( sub ) symmetrical , sometimes tubular . protoconch usually paucispiral ( up to two whorls ) , smooth or abapically carinate . operculum with terminal nucleus . radular formula 1 - 1 - r - 1 - 1 , rarely 1 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 1 , central tooth small , from narrow unicuspid ( fig . 13 b ) to subrectangular with additional cusps ( fig . 13 c ) , rarely reduced to completely absent . lateral teeth broad , pectinate , and arched , marginal teeth from simple flat and sharply pointed ( fig . 13 a ) to duplex with slightly thickened edges and to loosely enrolled with the small barb near the tip ( imaclava , fig . 13 d ) .

remarks : the genera cruziturricula and fusiturricula form an unsupported group that is sister to drilliidae . in the studied cruziturricula arcuata ( reeve , 1843 ) , the very characteristic radula differs from the drilliidae : 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 . marginal teeth are loosely enrolled with little overlap of the edges , with two barbs on the tip and a tongue - shape extension at the base ( fig . 13 e ) . the type species of fusiturricula , turris fusinella dall , 1908 , is different from what is currently conceived as belonging to that genus ( e . g . williams , 2006 ) , but those species are similar to cruziturricula sensu auctt . the only data on the radula was provided by powell ( 1966 : 31 ) , who stated ( without mentioning the species ) : “radula of marginals only , wishbone - type , but long and narrow” . although cruziturricula and fusiturricula definitely do not belong in drilliidae and may represent a new family , they are here provisionally placed in drilliidae for lack of a better alternative .

radulae . pseudomelatomidae . a . tiariturris spectabilis berry , 1958 * * , nhmuk moea 20100540 , gulf of panama , jtd - 00 - 34 , 08°26 . 24′n , 79 09 . 14′w , 66–68 m ( shell : fig . 14 q ) . b . comitas onokeana vivens dell , 1956 , mnhn , new caledonia , montrouzier , st . 1269 , after kantor & taylor ( 2000 ) . c , d . comitas sp . * * , mnhn im200717918 ( shell : fig . 14 a ) . e , f . crassiclava turricula ( sowerby , 1834 ) , off nacascola , west side of bahia culebra , costa rica , after kantor et al . ( 1997 ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen .

radulae . pseudomelatomidae . a . leucosyrinx sp . * * , mnhn im200717846 ( shell : fig . 14 g ) . b . zonulispira sp . * * , nhmuk moea 20100536 , gulf of panama , jtd - 00 - 18 , 08°19 . 50′n , 78°47 . 71′w , 25–32 m ( shell : fig . 14 v ) . c . carinodrillia dichroa pilsbry & lowe , 1932 * * , nhmuk moea 20100530 , gulf of panama , jtd - 00 - 18 , 08°19 . 50′n , 78°47 . 71′w , 25–32 m ( shell : fig . 1 j ) . d . ptychobela suturalis ( gray , 1838 ) * * , det . j . a . todd , yk , nhmuk moea 20100560 , off southern hong kong , sta . 71 . e . cheungbeia robusta ( hinds , 1839 ) * , nhmuk moea 20100557 , coll . b . morton , off southern hong kong , sta . 70 ( shell : fig . 14 k ) . f . inquisitor sp . * * , mnhn im200717851 ( shell : fig . 14 e ) . symbols : * , sequenced species ; * * , sequenced specimen .

diagnosis : shell small to rather large , 15–100 mm high , claviform to fusiform . spiral and axial sculpture generally well developed , often strong . subsutural fold often present . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , usually moderately deep to very deep , often constrained by callus rendering anal sinus subtubular . protoconch usually paucispiral , sometimes multispiral , with up to three whorls , smooth or sometimes axially or spirally sculptured on later whorls . operculum with terminal nucleus .

1 - ( 1 - r - 1 ) - 1 – comitas type ( includes also knefastia and antiplanes ) . the central formation is rather variable in degree of development of the rachidian tooth and fusion of three teeth . in some comitas ( fig . 15 c , d ) , the central formation looks like single well - defined tooth [ as in comitas murrawolga ( garrard , 1961 ) ] , while in comitas onokeana vivens dell , 1956 , knefastia and antiplanes , the rachidian is totally reduced and the formation appears as two poorly developed paired plates ( reduced laterals ) ( fig . 15 b ) . marginal teeth in comitas and knefastia flat , broadly oval , with thickened edges and teeth tips and without pronounced accessory limb . in antiplanes marginal teeth narrowly elongate , with well - developed accessory limb .

1 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 1 – crassiclava type . differs from the comitas type by the better defined laterals ( fig . 15 e , f ) that are low , arcuate and sharply curved towards the midline of the ribbon .

1 - 0 - r - 0 - 1 – pseudomelatoma type ( also includes hormospira and tiariturris , fig . 15 a ) . rachidian with strong cusp and subrectangular base ( contrary to the other types with a central formation formed by fused lateral and rachidian ) . despite neither ontogeny nor folding of the radula have been examined , we tentatively treat this structure as a true rachidian . marginal teeth simple , solid and strongly curved , attached to the membrane by rather a narrow base and free along most of their length .

1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 – most genera of the family . marginal teeth elongated , narrow , flat , with thickened edge ( e . g . funa , carinodrillia , fig . 16 c ) , or trough - shaped in transverse section , sometimes with small barb near the tip ( cheungbeia , fig . 16 e ) , which may become semi - enrolled ( e . g . pyrgospira , pilsbryspira , zonulispira , fig . 16 b ) , to nearly hollow , where limbs overlap at significant length of the teeth ( ptychobela , fig . 16 d ) .

remarks : anatomically , pseudomelatomidae is the most variable family of conoidea . most genera were formerly included in the subfamily crassispirinae , but the nomenclaturally valid name for this clade is pseudomelatomidae . its constituents includes several taxa that were previously recognized as separate ( sub ) families : zonulispirinae , characterized by semi - enrolled marginal radular teeth ( a character found in several branches of the clade ) , and pseudomelatominae , defined on the basis of the very characteristic solid marginal teeth and strongly developed rachidian .

the genus leucosyrinx has long been a convenient genus for placement of turreted - fusiform species , mostly from deep water of the atlantic and indo - pacific . currently , it is a mixture of species of probably different taxonomic position , and the membership of the genus needs revision . the type species from the northern atlantic , leucosyrinx verrilli ( dall , 1881 ) , has a radula consisting of only duplex , rather robust marginal teeth ( powell , 1966 : text fig . b12 ) , a radula type also found by us in indo - pacific species ( fig . 16 a ) . a second type of radula is found in sibogasyrinx , originally described as a subgenus of leucosyrinx , and which clusters in the molecular tree with the cochlespiridae ( see under that family ) . in our study , true leucosyrinx appears to be sister to the pseudomelatomidae , but this relationship has poor support . as a working hypothesis , we tentatively include leucosyrinx in the pseudomelatomidae . clavatulidae gray , 1853

radulae . clavatulidae . a , b . turricula nelliae ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) * * , nhmuk moea 20100551 , danang , vietnam . c . pusionella compacta strebel , 1914 * * , mnhn im200717830 ( shell : fig . 17 b ) . d . toxiclionella tumida ( sowerby , 1870 ) , south africa , after kantor & taylor ( 2000 ) . e . clavatula xanteni nolf & verstraeten , 2006 * * , mnhn im200717829 ( shell : fig . 17 c ) . f . gemmuloborsonia colorata ( sysoev & bouchet , 2001 ) * * , mnhn im200717849 ( shell : fig . 17 a ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen . arrow , see text .

diagnosis : shell medium - sized to rather large ( usually 15–30 mm , up to 85 mm high ) , broad - fusiform to turreted - fusiform , with high spire and usually moderately long siphonal canal . subsutural ramp usually well developed , with very shallow to rather deep anal sinus situated on its lower part or shifted abapically , with apex at almost a peripheral position . sculpture variously developed , from almost smooth shell surface to well - developed axial ribs and spiral cords . protoconch only known as paucispiral , up to c . 2 . 5 smooth whorls . operculum with medio - lateral nucleus . radular formula 1 - ( 1 - r - 1 ) - 1 . the central formation is composed of very thin , broad , plate - like lateral teeth and a small , but sometimes strong , narrow rachidian . the central formation is variously developed , sometimes appearing as a pronounced tooth ( fig . 18 b ) , sometimes clearly consisting of three elements ( clionella sinuata , see taylor et al . , 1993 ; fig . 18 a , b ) , to its nearly complete reduction ( fig . 18 c ) . marginal teeth usually duplex , with sharp - edged major limb and a deep socket where an accessory limb is inserted , often with angulation distal to the socket ( arrow in fig . 18 e ) . in toxiclionella the marginal teeth are hypodermic , loosely enrolled , attached along their length to radular membrane , having two barbs at the tip and a tooth canal opening subterminally ( fig . 18 d ) .

remarks : the genus gemmuloborsonia represents a sister group to the ( clavatulidae + horaiclavidae ) clade , but this node is not well supported . because it resembles much more the clavatulidae than the horaiclavidae in terms of shell and radular characters ( fig . 18 f ) , gemmuloborsonia is provisionally included in the former family . if further studies support that hypothesis , then the diagnosis of the clavatulidae should be amended to account for the presence of weak columellar pleats and multispiral turridae - type protoconch present in gemmuloborsonia . horaiclavidae new family

radulae . horaiclavidae . a . paradrillia sp . * * , mnhn im200742475 ( shell : fig . 17 n ) . b . inkinga sp . , mnhn ( shell : fig . 17 j ) . c . ceritoturris pupiformis ( e . a . smith , 1884 ) * * , mnhn im200717888 ( shell : fig . 17 i ) . d . horaiclavus splendidus ( a . adams , 1867 ) * * , mnhn im200717840 ( shell : fig . 17 h ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen . arrows , see text .

diagnosis : shell generally small , 5–25 mm , usually 7–15 mm high , shortly claviform , with relatively low spire and a short , truncated , poorly differentiated siphonal canal . subsutural ramp usually poorly differentiated . axial sculpture almost always present , usually as strong sinuate ribs . spiral sculpture normally weak or obsolete , often with glossy shell surface . anal sinus on subsutural slope , weak to moderately deep , often constrained by callus . protoconch of up to 3 . 5 medially carinate but otherwise smooth whorls when multispiral , but usually paucispiral and smooth . operculum with terminal nucleus . radular formula : 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 . marginal teeth duplex , with lanceolate major limb and usually narrow accessory limb , which is inserted in a shallow socket . major limb often with angulation lateral to the place of accessory limb insertion . rarely ( some paradrillia , cf . kilburn , 1988 , fig . 17 ; inkinga , fig . 19 b ) the additional limb is of similar size to the major limb and the teeth become trough - shaped in transverse section , with a collar near the base ( arrows in fig . 19 b ) . in several species of horaiclavus the radular apparatus is absent .

remarks : this family shares many characters with pseudomelatomidae , conchologically differing by a small stout shell with short siphonal canal and usually poorly developed spiral sculpture .

radulae also are rather similar to many representatives of pseudomelatomidae and no clear cut distinctions were found . genera currently included in horaiclavidae have been usually included in the crassispiridae ( = pseudomelatomidae ) , and the clear molecular - based division between the two clades seems to be not so clearly reflected in shell - based distinction . therefore , the generic composition of the family is somewhat provisional and needs confirmation by further molecular data and / or a detailed analysis of conchological and radular characters .

shells . turridae . a . xenuroturris legitima iredale , 1929 * * , mnhn im200717684 , vanuatu , santo 2006 , st . dr087 , 15°38 . 5′s , 167°15 . 1′e , 13 m , sl 57 . 0 mm ( radula : fig . 21 c ) . b . iotyrris cingulifera ( lamarck , 1822 ) * * , mnhn im200717685 , vanuatu , santo 2006 , st . fs84 , 15°33 . 6′s , 167°16 . 6′e , 8–9 m , sl 15 . 5 mm ( radula : fig . 21 d ) . c . decollidrillia nigra habe & ito , 1965 , zmmu uncatalogued , southern kurile islands , sl 12 . 8 mm . d . lophiotoma acuta ( perry , 1811 ) * * , mnhn im200717860 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . r44 , 09°33 . 3′n , 123°43 . 9′e , 2 m , sl 44 . 0 mm . e . turridrupa acutigemmata ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) , new caledonia , 46 m , sl 26 . 5 mm . f . turris babylonia ( linnaeus , 1758 ) * * , mnhn im200717754 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . r42 , 09°37 . 1′n , 123°52 . 6′e , 8–22 m , sl 79 . 4 mm . g . gemmula rarimaculata ( kuroda & oyama , 1971 ) * * , mnhn im200717838 , coral sea , ebisco , st . dw2533 , 22°18′s , 159°28′e , 360–370 m , sl 13 . 7 mm . h . ptychosyrinx chilensis berry , 1968 , usnm 870005 , s of coquimbo , chile , 31 . 1° s , 71 . 8° w , 179–187 m , sl 21 . 1 mm . i . lucerapex cf . casearia ( hedley & petterd , 1906 ) * * , mnhn im200742448 , philippines , panglao 2005 , st . cp2363 , 09°06 . 0′n , 123°25 . 0′e , 437–439 m , sl 21 . 0 mm ( radula : fig . 21 e ) . j . cryptogemma corneus ( okutani , 1966 ) , zin 58809 / 1 , off shikotan i . , kurile islands , 1450–1530 m , 12 . 3 mm . abbreviation and symbol : sl , shell length ; * * , sequenced specimen .

radulae . turridae . a . turridrupa cf . armillata ( reeve , 1845 ) , mnhn im200740773 , coral sea , ebisco , st . dw2607 , 19°33′s , 158°40′e , 400–413 m . b . gemmula kieneri ( doumet , 1840 ) , mnhn , vanuatu , musorstom 8 , st . cp1123 , 15°07′s , 166°55′e , 262–352 m . c . xenuroturris legitima iredale , 1929 , mnhn im200717684 ( shell : fig . 20 a ) . d . iotyrris cingulifera ( lamarck , 1822 ) * * , mnhn im200717685 ( shell : fig . 20 b ) . e . lucerapex cf . casearia ( hedley & petterd , 1906 ) * * , mnhn im200742448 ( shell : fig . 20 i ) . f . turris crispa ( lamarck , 1816 ) , mnhn , ile ouen - baie du prony , st . 80 , 22°31s , 166°28e , 33 m , ss 39 mm . symbols : * * , sequenced specimen .

diagnosis : shell of medium to large size ( usually 20–30 mm , up to 110 mm high ) , short - to high - fusiform , usually with a high spire and a long ( rarely short and truncated ) siphonal canal . axial sculpture weak or absent . anal sinus on whorl periphery . protoconch typically multispiral , up to six whorls , protoconch i smooth , protoconch ii with arcuate axial riblets ; reduced paucispiral protoconch usually smooth , may have arcuate axial riblets . operculum fully developed , with terminal nucleus . radular formula typically 1 - ( 1 : r : 1 ) - 1 . small and narrow rachidian and plate - like laterals are fused together , together constituting a central formation of different development ( kantor , 2006 ) , varying from a well - defined broad central tooth ( fig . 21 b ) to a tooth clearly formed of three elements ( fig . 21 a ) through a gradual reduction of rachidian and / or laterals to complete absence ( fig . 21 d ) . marginals duplex , of variable morphology , from broadly oval and flattened ( fig . 21 e , f ) with nearly equally developed limbs to awl - shaped and divided only in basal part ( fig . 21 a ) . in most cases , the major limb is large and knife - shaped , while the accessory limb is dorsal and more weakly developed ( fig . 21 ) . in iotyrris , marginal teeth have equally developed limbs that form a shallow broad trough ( fig . 21 d ) .

remarks : this group is well defined by its usually narrowly fusiform shell with obsolete axial sculpture and peripheral anal sinus . however , the genus lucerapex , although fully conforming conchologically , occupies a position on the tree ( sister group to turridae + terebridae ) that excludes it from the turridae . it is nevertheless tentatively included here in turridae .

radulae . a , b . strictispiridae . strictispira paxillus ( reeve , 1845 ) , british virgina islands , ansp . a . teeth detached from the membrane and showing the large median flange . b . two teeth , showing the large median flange attached to the membrane . photo submit : j . d . taylor ( a . b ) . c . conorbidae . benthofascis lozoueti sysoev & bouchet , 2001 , mnhn im200742331 ( shell : fig . 2 o ) .

diagnosis : shell medium - sized , to 20 mm , claviform . spiral and axial sculpture well developed , shoulder with a marked subsutural fold . anal sinus deep , laterally directed . parietal callus well developed . protoconch paucispiral in all species examined , smooth . operculum leaf - shaped , with terminal nucleus . radula consisting of a pair of solid awl - shaped marginal teeth that have a prominent flange , located above the base of the tooth and firmly attached to the radular membrane .

remarks : we did not obtain any material of strictispiridae for molecular analysis and the position of the family group remains unclear . the shell resembles that of pseudomelatomidae and the shape of the radular marginal teeth is also somewhat similar to pseudomelatoma , hormospira and tiariturris , but it differs in the absence of the rachidian . among the examined species of strictispira , s . paxillus is characterised by rather unusual characters , such as the absence of the venom gland together with very large and powerful odontophore ( kantor & taylor , 1994 ) . until molecular data are available , we conservatively treat this family as valid , following taylor et al . ( 1993 ) .

diagnosis : shell medium - sized to large , 8–270 mm , usually 30–100 mm high , auger - shaped , with high to very high multiwhorled spire and flattened shell profile , aperture relatively small . siphonal canal short , anal sinus not pronounced . protoconch with up to 5 smooth whorls when multispiral . radular formula 1–0 - 0 - 0 - 1 but radular apparatus absent in many species . marginal teeth range from solid and curved to hypodermic , with or without small barb at the tip . hypodermic teeth without solid bases . in some species ( e . g . impages hectica ) the walls of the teeth are penetrated by numerous holes .

the authors thank b . a . marshall , m . g . harasewych , r . n . kilburn , m . j . tenorio , j . k . tucker and d . tippett for constructive comments and help in completing the lists of genera and subgenera . a . e . fedosov , j . d . taylor , j . mclean , m . g . harasewych and d . l . tippett supplied shell and radula pictures . j . a . todd provided specimens for dissection and photography . barbara buge curated and photographed the voucher specimens in mnhn .

turridae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . subfamily turrinae

turridae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of southern africa and mozambique . part 2 . subfamily clavatulinae


alston 's mouse opossum ( marmosa alstoni ) , also known as alston 's opossum , is a medium-sized pouchless marsupial of the family didelphidae .

it is arboreal and nocturnal , inhabiting forests from belize to northern colombia .

the main components of its diet are insects and fruits , but it may also eat small rodents , lizards , and bird eggs .

it was formerly assigned to the genus micoureus , which was made a subgenus of marmosa in 2009 .

alston ' s mouse opossum

alston ' s mouse opossum <EOT> alston ' s woolly mouse opossum - micoureus alstoni ( j . a . allen , 1900 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life

alston ' s woolly mouse opossum - micoureus alstoni ( j . a . allen , 1900 ) - details - encyclopedia of life

a young / baby of a alston is called a ' joey ' . the females are called ' jill ' and males ' jack ' .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all

voss , r . s . ; jansa , s . a . ( 2009 ) . " phylogenetic relationships and classification of didelphid marsupials , an extant radiation of new world metatherian mammals " . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 322 : 1–177 . doi : 10 . 1206 / 322 . 1 . hdl : 2246 / 5975 .

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" wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals . " - - publisher ' s website .

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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352

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mammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *

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justification : this species is confirmed as least concern because of its presence in large protected areas , tolerates disturbed habitat , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .

this species is found in central america from belize to panama , adjacent caribbean islands ( gardner 2005 ) , and northwestern colombia ( chocó ) ( astúa 2015 ) . it occurs from lowlands to 1 , 600 m ( reid 1997 ) . only one specimen from guatemala was recorded in 1930s , and very few records from belize . tate ( 1933 ) described a hiatus between records from belize to northern panama , and those from southern panama and northwestern colombia ( cuartas and muñoz 2003 , gardner 2008 ) .

this species can be found in evergreen forest , secondary growth , and gardens . it is mainly arboreal and is active in subcanopy or understory levels ( reid 1997 ) . it can also be found on the ground , when moving from tree to tree or feeding . it feeds on insects , small vertebrates , and fruits ( reid 1997 ) . this species may invade houses near forested areas and is sometimes found in groups ( timm et al . 1989 in reid 1997 ) , although most records are of solitary individuals . unstructured leaf nests are found in palms and vine tangles ( astúa 2015 ) . a female suckling 11 young was recorded ( tate 1933 in reid 1997 ) .

the species occurs throughout a variety of environments including disturbed habitat . it also occurs in several protected areas . research is needed on the distribution of this species , its activity patterns and social organization .

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this species is found from eastern central america from belize to panam and adjacent caribbean islands ( gardner , 2005 ) . it occurs from lowlands to 1 , 600 m ( reid , 1997 ) . there has been 1 specimen from guatemala in 1930s , and very few records from belize .

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name " väliamerikanopossumi " to " micoureus alstoni ( j . a . allen , 1900 ) " .

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this marsupial can be found in evergreen forest , second growth , and gardens . it is mainly arboreal and is active in subcanopy or understory levels ( reid , 1997 ) . it sometimes descends to the ground to feed or travel from tree to tree . it feeds on insects , small vertebrates , and fruit ( reid , 1997 ) . this species may invade houses near forested areas and is sometimes found in groups ( timm et al . , 1989 in reid , 1997 ) , although most records are of solitary individuals . leaf nests are built in vine tangles . a female suckling 11 young was noted ( tate , 1933 in reid , 1997 ) .

this species is listed as least concern because of its presence in large protected areas , tolerates disturbed habitat , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .

gardner , a . l . ( 2005 ) . " order didelphimorphia " . in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 3–18 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .

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picture has been licensed under a creative commons attribution sharealike license original source : base map derived from file : blankmap - world . png . distribution data from iucn red list author : chermundy