euchloe aegyptiaca is a butterfly in the pieridae family .

it is found from libya to egypt and jordan , extending into saudi arabia .

the larvae feed on brassicaceae species , including diplotaxis harra .

euchloe aegyptiaca

euchloe aegyptiaca <EOT> euchloe aegyptiaca is a butterfly in the pieridae family . it is found from libya to egypt and jordan , extending into saudi arabia .

euchloe belemia palaestinensis röber , 1907 ; in seitz , grossschmett . erde 1 : 51

euchloe ausonia sovinskyi sheljuzhko , 1928 ; lep . rdsch . 2 ( 7 ) : 75

euchloe ausonides ausonides ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170

euchloe ausonides ogilvia ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170

euchloe ausonides insulanus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170

euchloe creusa creusa ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171

= euchloe olympia ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171

euchloe hyantis hyantis ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171

= euchloe ausonides ausonides ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170

= euchloe ausonides coloradensis ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170

= euchloe creusa creusa ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171

= euchloe hyantis hyantis ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171

euchloe ausonia melanochloros ; [ bmat ] : 11 , pl . 4 , f . 28 - 40

euchloe tagis ; [ bow ] : pl . 4 , f . 17 ; [ otakar kudrna ]

euchloe tagis pechi ; [ bmat ] : 12 , pl . 5 , f . 1 - 5

euchloe tagis atlasica ; [ bmat ] : 12 , pl . 5 , f . 6 - 10

euchloe tagis reisseri ; [ bmat ] : 13 , pl . 5 , f . 11 - 10

? euchloe charlonia elisabethae hemming , 1932 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 80 : 287

euchloe naina ; [ opler ] ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171

? euchloe belia melisande fruhstorfer , 1908 ; ent . zs . 22 ( 12 ) : 51 ; tl : palestine

euchloe lessei bernardi , 1957 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 62 : 38 ; tl : ; iran

euchloe belemia belemia ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 6 , pl . 5 , f . 18

euchloe belemia hesperidum rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 111 ; tl : canary is .

euchloe crameri crameri ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 6 , pl . 5 , f . 20

euchloe tagis tagis ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 6 , pl . 5 , f . 19

euchloe crameri mauretanica röber , 1907 ; in seitz , grossschmett . erde 1 : 53 , pl . 22 , f . d

euchloe ausonides coloradensis ; [ nacl ] , # 4200a ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170

euchloe ausonides palaeoreios ; [ nacl ] , # 4200b ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170

euchloe ausonides insulanus guppy & shepard , 2001 ; butts . b . c . : 160 ; tl : wellington , british columbia

euchloe hyantis andrewsi ; [ nacl ] , # 4203a ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 172

euchloe tagis bellezina ; back , 2001 , atalanta 32 ( 1 / 2 ) : pl . iii , f . 3e - f

euchloe ausonides r . andrewsi martin , 1958 ; bull . south . calif . acad . sci . 35 ( 2 ) : 94

euchloe lotta ; [ boc ] , 146 ; [ opler ] ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 172

euchloe belemia ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 4 , f . 11 ; [ afrl ] ; [ otakar kudrna ]

euchloe tagis calvensis ; back , 2001 , atalanta 32 ( 1 / 2 ) : pl . iii , f . 2 , 3c - d

euchloe penia ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 6 , pl . 5 , f . 22 ; [ otakar kudrna ]

euchloe belemia palaestinensis ; back , 2001 , atalanta 32 ( 1 / 2 ) : pl . via , f . 7 - 8 ( larva )

euchloe lucilla butler , 1886 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1886 ( 3 ) : 376 , pl . 35 , f . 4

euchloe belemia hesperidum ; back , 2001 , atalanta 32 ( 1 / 2 ) : 103 - 106 , pl . v , f . 1 - 2

euchloe belia naina kozhanchikov , 1923 ; jb . martjanov staatmus . minussinsk , 1 ( 1 ) : 3 ; tl : w . sayan , lake buiba

euchloe ausonides mayi f . & r . chermock , 1940 ; can . ent . 72 ( 4 ) : 81 ; tl : riding mtns , man .

euchloe ausonides mayi ; [ nacl ] , # 4200c ; [ boc ] , 142 ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170

euchloe tagis atlasica rungs , 1950 ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 28 : 144 ; tl : col de tambrata and ifrane ( morocco )

euchloe ausonia algirica gen . aest . pseudonymus rothschild , 1917 ; novit . zool . 24 ( 1 ) : 83 ; tl : c . and s . algeria

euchloe creusa ; [ ebw ] ; [ nacl ] , # 4201 ; [ opler ] ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171

euchloe crameri ; back , 1990 , atalanta 21 ( 3 / 4 ) : pl . iii , f . 13 - 15 ( larva ) ; [ otakar kudrna ]

euchloe simplonia ; back , 1990 , atalanta 21 ( 3 / 4 ) : pl . iii , f . 7 - 9 ( larva ) ; [ otakar kudrna ]

euchloe belia naina ♀ ab . koshantschikoffi bang - haas , 1927 ; horae macrolep . palaearct . 1 : 40 , pl . 5 , f . 15 ; tl : sajan

euchloe naina jakutia ; dubatolov & kosterin , 1994 , atalanta 25 ( 3 / 4 ) : 514 ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171

euchloe hyantis ; [ nacl ] , # 4203 ; [ boc ] , 144 ; [ opler ] ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171

euchloe simplonia jakutia back , 1991 ; atalanta 21 ( 3 / 4 ) : 193 , pl . ii , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : yakutia , suntar mts .

euchloe naina irina dubatolov & kosterin , 1994 ; atalanta 25 ( 3 / 4 ) : 513 ; tl : se . kazakhstan , dzhungarian alatau , 40 - 50km ene of tekeli

euchloe ausonides palaeoreios johnson , 1976 ; j . lep . soc . 30 ( 4 ) : 253 ; tl : spearfish canyon , near spearfish , lawrence co . , south dakota

euchloe ausonia ; [ bru ] , 156 ; [ ebw ] ; back , 1990 , atalanta 21 ( 3 / 4 ) : pl . iii , f . 10 - 12 ( larva ) ; [ otakar kudrna ]

euchloe olympia ; [ nacl ] , # 4202 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 17 , f . 21 ; [ opler ] ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171

euchloe guaymasensis opler , 1986 ; j . lep . soc . 40 ( 3 ) : 188 , f . 1 - 3 ; tl : mexico , estado de sonora , las avispas microwave relay , 2000 ' , 40 mi n guayamas

euchloe belemia eversi ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 6 , pl . 5 , f . 17 ; back , 2001 , atalanta 32 ( 1 / 2 ) : pl . via , f . 3 - 6 ( larva )

euchloe tagis piemonti back , 2001 ; atalanta 32 ( 1 / 2 ) : 100 , pl . iii , f . 1 , 3a - b , pl . iv , f . 5 - 17 ; tl : andonno , piemonte , italy , 800m

euchloe falloui ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 4 , f . 11 ( text only ) ; [ bmat ] : 13 , pl . 5 , f . 20 - 32 ; [ bafr ] , 56 ; [ afrl ]

euchloe guaymasensis ; holland , 1995 , j . lep . soc . 49 ( 2 ) : 122 , f . 2 ; [ opler ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 128 ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 172

euchloe tagis reisseri back & reissinger , 1989 ; nota lepid . 12 ( 2 ) : 86 - 102 , [ 93 ] ( f . a - d ) , 94 ( f . e , f ) , 95 ( f . 1 - 12 ) ] ; tl : xauen ( morocco )

euchloe ausonides ; [ nacl ] , # 4200 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 17 , f . 20 ; back , 1990 , atalanta 21 ( 3 / 4 ) : pl . iii , f . 4 - 6 ( larva ) ; [ boc ] , 142 ; [ opler ] ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170

size : 30 - 35 mm . distinguished by the irregular green markings of the underside of the hindwing .

eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .

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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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elphinstonia klots , 1930 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 25 ( 2 ) : 87 ; ts : anthocharis charlonia donzel

papilio belemia esper , 1800 ; die schmett . , suppl . th 1 ( 8 - 9 ) : 92 , pl . 110 , f . 2 ; tl : s . spain

larva on sisymbrium sp . , diplotaxis tennuisiliqua , biscutella didyma , sisymbrium bourgeanum [ bmat ]

pontia simplonia freyer , 1829 ; beitr . eur . schmett . 2 : pl . 75 , f . 2

naf , seu , asia minor , amurland , baluchistan - chitral . see [ maps ]

papilio marchandae geyer , 1832 ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 1 ] : pl . 188 , f . 926 - 928

larva on isatis tinctoria , moricandia arvensis , biscutella sp . , sinapis sp . , bunias sp . , iberis sp . [ bmat ]

ausonia graeca ( verity , [ 1908 ] ) ; rhopalocera palaearctica 1 : 175 , pl . 36 , f . 20

ausonia transiens ( verity , [ 1908 ] ) ; rhopalocera palaearctica 1 : 180 , 338 , pl . 37 , f . 12

w . pamirs , n . afghanistan , pakistan , india . see [ maps ]

anthocharis daphalis moore , 1865 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 2 ) : 491 , pl . 31 , f . 14 ; tl : kunawur

e . turkey , transcaucasia - iran , afghanistan - s . alai . see [ maps ]

= anthocharis belia var . daphalis ; grum - grshimailo , 1890 , in romanoff , mém . lép . 4 : 229

pulverata alaica ( verity , 1911 ) ; rhopalocera palaearctica 1 : 338 , pl . 67 , f . 33 - 36

altai , n . mongolia - chukot peninsula , altai , sayan , transbaikalia , amur . see [ maps ]

anthocharis ausonides lucas , 1852 ; revue mag . zool . ( 2 ) 4 ( 7 ) : 340 ; tl : san francisco , california

: canada , yukon , ogilve mts . , dempster hwy mile 45 , 500 - 1300m

= auchloe ausonides transmontana ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170

auchloe ausonides transmontana ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170

altai - chukot , ussuri , amur , transbaikalia , na ? . see [ maps ]

? ab . alexandri ( turati , 1921 ) ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 60 : 212 , f . 2

orientalis emiorientalis ( verity , 1911 ) ; rhopalocera palaearctica 1 : 338 , pl . 67 , f . 37 - 38

anthocharis pechi baker , 1885 ; ent . mon . mag . 21 : 241 ; tl : lambessa

larva on iberis odorata , iberis sp . , iberis ciliata ? , i . taurica ? [ bmat ]

anthocharis insularis staudinger , 1861 ; in staudinger & wocke , cat . lep . ( ed . 1 ) : 2 ; tl : corsica ?

canary islands , morocco , algeria , tunisia , tibesti , macedonia , egypt , sudan , iran , baluchistan , punjab . see [ maps ]

anthocharis charlonia f . atlantica stauder , 1914 ; z . wiss . insektbiol . 10 ( 3 ) : 84 , ( 4 ) : 125 ( f . 2 ) ; tl : el kantara ( algeria )

anthocharis charlonia var . mesopotamica staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 228

anthocharis charlonia var . transcaspica staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 228 ; tl : " krasnovodsk " , " achal - tekke " , " schahrud "

transcaspica doveri evans , 1932 ; indian butterflies ( edn . 2 ) : 65

transcaspica pila evans , 1932 ; indian butterflies ( edn . 2 ) : 65

penia ( freyer , 1852 ) ; neuere beitr . schmett . 6 : pl . 574 , f . 4

s . turkmenia , uzbekistan , tajikistan , n . iran . see [ maps ]

anthocharis tomyris christoph , 1884 ; in romanoff , mém . lépid . 1 : 99 , pl . 6 , f . 1a - b ; tl : askhabad , turkmenia

n . africa ( desert regions ) , sudan , somalia , arabia . see [ maps ]

larva on moricandia arvensis , m . sinaica , reseda muricata , diplotaxis acris , schouwia thebaica , zilla spinosa [ bmat ]

anthocaris [ sic ] olympia edwards , 1871 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 3 : 266 ; tl : [ kanawha co . , west virginia ]

larva on descurainia pinnata holland , 1995 , j . lep . soc . 49 ( 2 ) : 127

anthocaris [ sic ] hyantis edwards , 1871 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 3 ( 3 / 4 ) : 205 ; tl : ukiah , mendocino , co . , california

colorado , arizona , utah , california , montana , oregon , colorado . see [ maps ]

: klamath co . , oregon ; modoc co . , california ; lasse , colorado

larva on arabis furcata , a . sparsiflora , arabis bolboellii , halimolobos whitedi [ boc ]

checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;

the dates of e . j . c . esper ' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen . . . 1776 - [ 1830 ] ; archives of natural history ( 1981 ) 10 ( 2 ) : 251 - 254

butterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .

[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .

( fabiano , 1993 ) d ' aragón , dans le n . - e . de l ' espagne : '

lepidopteren ost - sibiriens , insbesondere der amur - landes , gesammelt von den herren g . radde , r . maack und p . wulffius

the genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson

die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . supplement theil 1 . abschnitt 1

neuere beiträge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 81 - 100 )

concerning the name anthocaris coloradensis hy . edwards with designation of a new subspecies ( pieridae )

list of diurnal lepidoptera collected by capt . a . m . lang in the n . w . himalayas

some undescribed rhopalocera from mesopotamia and n . w . persia ; and other notes

lepidotteri di cirenaica . ( raccolti dal prof . a . ghigi durante l ' escurisione organizzata dal touring club italiano nel mese di aprile 1920 )

rhopalocera palaearctica iconographie et description des papillons diurnes de la région paléarctique . papilionidae et pieridae

winhard , 2000 pieridae i butterflies of the world 10 : 1 - 40 , pl . title , 1 - 48 , back

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by " , + " and the number of omitted authors .

attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .

all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .

created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .


rhamphochromis macrophthalmus is a species of piscivorous cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it prefers open waters at depths of from 30 to 109 metres ( 98 to 358 ft ) .

this species can reach a length of 28.9 centimetres ( 11.4 in ) sl .

it can also be found in the aquarium trade .

rhamphochromis macrophthalmus

rhamphochromis macrophthalmus <EOT> there is currently no quality picture available to illustrate rhamphochromis macrophthalmus regan , 1922 , should you have one you would like to contribute , please contact the cichlid room companion editor .

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maréchal , c . , 1991 . rhamphochromis . p . 422 - 424 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5689 )

this species is most common on shelf zone at 50–100 m , but can also be found between 30–110 m . it can also be found off submerged reefs . juveniles are found in the same habitats as adults . it has a fecundity of 154–202 eggs . the length of maturity is 19 . 9 cm for males and 18 . 6 cm for females . it is commonly caught in bottom and semi pelagic trawl catches in the south as well as by hand line and gillnet catches in the north . sometimes exported by the aquarium trade and is known as " rhamphochromis " . max . size : 29 . 8 cm sl .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )

justification : endemic to lake malawi where it is widespread with no major widespread threats identified .

a potential threat is over - fishing by the commercial trawlers in the southern part of the lake .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .

the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .

a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .

greek , rhamphos = bill , peak + greek , chromis = a fish , perhaps a perch ( ref . 45335 )

freshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 7 . 5 - 8 . 2 ; depth range 30 - 109 m ( ref . 55949 ) , usually 50 - 100 m ( ref . 55949 ) . tropical ; 20°c - 25°c ( ref . 13614 ) ; 9°s - 15°s

maturity : l m ? , range 19 - ? cm max length : 29 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 55949 )

diagnosis : large , big - toothed brownish species ; eyes rather large ; premaxillary pedicel relatively short ( ref . 55949 ) .

common on the shelf zone ; occasionally found off reefs ; but not commonly recorded from the middle of the lake ( ref . 55949 ) . moves in the open water but stays 2 - 5 m above the substrate ; feeds on fish like the small utaka and usipa ( engraulicypris sardella ) ( ref . 5595 ) .

species probably forms breeding leks on or near the bottom ; juveniles are common in the adult habitat ( ref . 55949 ) .

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5156 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 ±0 . 73 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 36 of 100 ) .

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distinguished by its large eyes ( hence the name ) and its 1 - 2 horizontal line ( s ) . this fish is an important food source for the people living around the lake and is quite abundant in very deep water . their slender bodies are designed for the speedy pursuit of prey .

pronunciation : refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .

habitat : this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization . this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .

diet : many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food ; notwithstanding , some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .

temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors , including aquarium size , tankmates of similar appearance , stocking levels , and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .

conspecific temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size , stocking levels and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .

maximum size : this is in regards to total length ( including the tail ) of typical aquarium specimens . wild specimens may not attain this size , or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors . also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .

difficulty : this measure is a relative value , comparing a single species against all other cichlids . this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations . 1 = easy and forgiving , 5 = extremely challenging .

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designed for internet explorer 6 . 0 + , netscape 6 . 0 + , opera , mozilla , and safari use sitemap if you have any problems viewing the new drop - down menus .

species profiles presents in depth studies , articles , and information surrounding the numerous species of lake malawi cichlids .

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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

one of the three syntypes ( bmnh 1921 . 9 . 6 : 217 - 219 ) . drawing from regan ( 1922 : plate vi , fig . 1 ) .

last update : 18 november 1999 web author : m . k . oliver , ph . d . copyright © 1997 - 2018 by m . k . oliver - all rights reserved

pam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !

articles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .

books for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .

e - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .

trade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .

genner , martin & p . nichols , g . r . carvalho , r . l . robinson , p . w . shaw , a . smith & g . f . turner . 2007 . " evolution of a cichlid fish in a lake malawi satellite lake " . proceedings of the royal society of london b . v . 274 ( n . 1623 ) , pp 2249–2257 ( crc01924 ) ( abstract )

regan , charles tate . 1922 . " the cichlid fishes of lake nyassa " . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 1921 ( pt 4 ) n . 36 ; pp . 675 - 727 ( crc00066 )

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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


isthmohyla calypsa is a species of frog in the family hylidae .

it is known from the southern cordillera de talamanca in costa rica , cerro pando in costa rica and panama , and the pacific slope in southwestern panama .

it appears to have gone extinct in costa rica .

prior to its description in 1996 , this species was confused with isthmohyla lancasteri , a species now known from lower altitudes only .

isthmohyla calypsa

isthmohyla calypsa <EOT> isthmohyla calypsa in the wild , photo ( c ) marcos guerra , smithsonian tropical research institute .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - common tree frog ( isthmohyla calypsa ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - common tree frog ( isthmohyla calypsa ) " title = " arkive species - common tree frog ( isthmohyla calypsa ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

isthmohyla calypsa — faivovich , haddad , garcia , frost , campbell , and wheeler , 2005 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 294 : 103 .

isthmohyla calypsa was previously included in isthmohyla lancasteri , but it has been distinguished from that species based on adult and larval morphology , oviposition site ( leaves for i . calypsa vs . attached to submerged vegetation and debris in small pools of slow - flowing streams for i . lancasteri ) , egg and clutch characteristics ( 10 - 36 yellow eggs per clutch for i . calypsa , vs . 70 - 80 chocolate - brown eggs for i . lancasteri ) and vocalizations ( lips 1996 ) .

isthmohyla calypsa is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is found in costa rica and panama . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .

this species was previously included in the genus hyla but has recently been moved to the new genus isthmohyla ( faivovich et al . 2005 ) .

the specific epithet calypsa derives from the greek nymph calypso , who hid the hero ulysses . it refers both to the frog ' s camouflage and to the species having been hidden within h . lancasteri ( lips 1996 ) .

7 ) isthmohyla calypsa a treefrog frog covered with spiny tubercles found in a small mountainous area on the border of costa rica and panama where is used to be locally common . at las tablas in costa rica , the species experienced severe chytridiomycosis - related declines between 1993 and 1998 . despite extensive recent survey efforts in costa rica and panama , the species has not been seen recently and is possibly extinct . many other stream breeding species in this genus have also experienced dramatic declines and are now extremely rare frogs .

hyla calypsa lips , 1996 , copeia , 1996 : 617 . holotype : cre 5299 , by original designation , now in lacm . type locality : " finca jaguar ( 1900 m ) , approximately 18 km nne la lucha , coto brus , puntarenas province , costa rica , 8° 55′ n , 82° 44′ w " .

diagnosis : isthmohyla calypsa can be distinguished from all other congeners by the following character combination : highly tuberculate and spiny dorsal surfaces of head , body and limbs ; coloration in life bright metallic green with brown blotches ; dorsal thigh surfaces free of transverse bars ; lack of conspicuous markings on anterior and posterior thighs ; lack of tarsal fold ; chin and throat bright white with a few dark brown spots near the margins ; short , truncated snout ; male prepollex with numerous small black spines ; paired vocal slits in males ; call usually a single ascending note ( sometimes two notes ) ( lips 1996 ) ; male size 26 - 36 mm svl and female size 31 - 41 mm svl ( savage 2002 ) .

in life , the upper surfaces of isthmohyla calypsa are shining metallic green with a few large dark olive green to brown blotches in males . dark mottling is present in females . lips are striped with green and dark brown bars . groin is bright white with some black spots . irregular transverse dark bars are present on dorsal surfaces of limbs . anterior and posterior surfaces of the thigh are gray to white , with tiny black spots . the venter is dirty white with numerous black flecks and some large black blotches . iris is cream - colored with irregular brown line around the margin . palms and soles vary from gray - white to pale lemon yellow ; in some individuals , numerous black dots are present on the palms . no other costa rican frog is covered by spines on the upper surfaces of head , body , and limbs ( lips 1996 ; savage 2002 ) .

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frost , d . r . 2013 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 6 ( 9 january 2013 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .

justification : listed as critically endangered because of a drastic population decline , estimated to be more than 80 % over the last three generations , inferred from the apparent disappearance of most of the population , probably due to chytridiomycosis .

this species is known from the southern cordillera de talamanca , on cerro pando on the pacific slope in costa rica and atlantic versant in panama , and on the pacific slope in south - western panama , from 1 , 810 - 1 , 920m asl ( savage 2002 ) .

extensive monitoring has shown that this species has disappeared from its former range . it was formerly locally common in tablas , costa rica , but has disappeared from all known sites since the early 1990s . in 2006 , the costa rican portion of the species range was surveyed , however the species was not found ( joseph vargas pers . comm . 2007 ) . there is no information on the population size or abundance of this species in panama , though this population has probably also declined seriously .

it is found along torrential stream courses in primary humid lower montane forest throughout the year . males are strongly territorial , with small home ranges . eggs ( clutches of 10 - 36 ) are deposited on leaf surfaces of low vegetation above streams ; hatching tadpoles fall or are washed by rain into the stream below ( savage 2002 ) .

the observed population decline is likely to be due to chytridiomycosis , since it has taken place within pristine habitats . habitat loss as a result of smallholder livestock farming is also a threat .

this species has been recorded in parque internacional la amistad and might occur in parque nacional volcán barú . further survey work is required to determine the population status and trends of this species . in view of the threat of chytridiomycosis , ex - situ populations might need to be established .

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humid lower montane rainforest of the southern cordillera de talamanca , on cerro pando on the pacific slope in costa rica and atlantic versant in panama on the pacific slope in southwestern panama ( 1500–2100 m elevation ) .

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larvae are large , measuring 54 mm in total length at stage 37 . larval body is depressed . mouth ventral , nostrils dorsal , eyes dorsolateral . spiracle lateral and sinistral ; vent tube is dextral . tail is long , with low fins . tail tip is rounded . oral disc is small with tiny beaks and 2 / 3 rows of denticles ; a2 with narrow gap above mouth . beaks have medium - sized serrations . two or three rows of small papillae border the mouth , and many additional papillae are present in ventrolateral folds . series of large submarginal papillae present . larval body is olive brown suffused with orange . tail musculature is the same color as body , but with darker gray splotches at the midline and on anterior half of tail . posterior portion of tail has large black spots , especially in larger tadpoles . tail fin is translucent ( lips 1996 ; savage 2002 ; lips and savage 1996 ) .

) , and lack of transverse barring on dorsal and posterior thigh surfaces ( vs . dorsal and posterior thigh surfaces with transverse bars in

( more robust , rounded tadpole body ; rounded snout ; shorter tail ) . the call of

always has one and sometimes two harmonics , and males frequently overlap calls with neighbors ( lips 1996 ) .

occurs in costa rica and panama , at elevations from 1 , 810 - 1 , 920 m asl . this species is found in humid lower montane rainforests of the southern cordillera de talamanca in costa rica , on the pacific slope of cerro pando in costa rica , the atlantic versant of cerro pando in panama , and on the pacific slope in southwestern panama . it can be found in vegetation over torrential mountain streams ( savage 2002 ) .

is a nocturnal leaf - breeding treefrog that has a prolonged reproductive period from april to december . throughout the year , individuals are present along torrential stream courses . some males call during the dry season , between january to mid - april , though less frequently . males are very territorial and have great calling - site fidelity , often calling from the same spot over a span of years . home ranges are small , usually about 6 square meters . inter - male spacing averages about 1 . 9 m . calls are alternated with the nearest calling neighbor , and are usually made from vegetation 1 to 2 m directly above the stream . single - note calls are short , lasting from 110 to 330 ms , and consist of 11 - 12 pulses with a rise in frequency ( 997 hz on average ) towards the end of the note . dominant frequency for calls is about 2 . 9 khz , with no harmonics . sometimes two - note calls or three - note calls ( rare ) are produced ( lips 1996 ; savage 2002 ) .

most females return to the same general area to breed each year . like the males , females also show considerable site fidelity . females , juveniles , and many males all arrive at the breeding stream two weeks before the beginning of the rainy season . juveniles disappear after two days , and females mate only after the first rains . amplexus and oviposition take place near the male ' s calling sites but usually on lower vegetation ; females leave the area after oviposition ( lips 1998 ; lips 2001 ) .

females lay only one clutch per visit and up to three clutches during breeding season . earlier clutches have more eggs than clutches laid later in the season . clutches consist of 10 to 36 creamy yellow colored eggs . generally eggs are oviposited on the underside of leaf surfaces 130 - 170 cm above the water surface , with only a small percentage of clutches ( 6 % of clutches observed by lips 2001 ) deposited on the upper surfaces of leaves . lips ( 2001 ) also reported that about 22 % of clutches were deposited on vegetation over land rather than directly over water ; however , if the stream had flooded , most of these would have been over water . eggs are large , around 3 . 6 mm in diameter ( range 2 . 8 - 4 . 4 mm ) and are enclosed in jelly capsules of about 5 . 3 mm in diameter . early embryos are chocolate - gray in color and hatch 23 to 56 days after oviposition ( lips 1998 ; lips 2001 ) .

after hatching , tadpoles fall or are washed by rain into the stream below . tadpoles are classified as mountain brook ecomorphs ; they lack a specialized oral disc , and inhabit slow - moving portions of the stream and pools along the stream . tadpoles often hide among the rocks and leaves at the bottom of the stream . in the laboratory , tadpoles metamorphosed in around 270 days after oviposition . metamorphs are around 15 mm in standard length . based on recapture data , adults live at least four years ; sexual maturity is reached during the first year of life ( lips 1996 ; lips 1998 ; lips 2001 ) .

) , which lay eggs on new frog clutches ; the maggots generally consume the entire parasitized clutch . crickets or other orthopterans also prey on the eggs . of 618 clutches studied between 1991 and 1996 , 65 % did not hatch any tadpoles ; 35 % of those mortalities were due to fly parasitism . clutches laid later in the season suffered significantly higher mortality from fly parasitism ( 9 . 5 % for the earliest clutches , vs . 48 . 5 % for clutches laid in the middle of the season , and 52 . 25 % for those laid at the end of the season ) . desiccation was the most significant cause of mortality for earlier clutches ( lips 2001 ) .

this species appears to be extinct in costa rica but may still be present in panama ( stuart et al . 2008 ) . although relatively abundant in the early 1990s ,

underwent a drastic population decline from 1992 onwards ( lips 1998 ; lips et al . 2003b ) . in 1993 , a dead specimen was found during a survey of a 400 m transect along the headwaters of the río cotón in southwestern costa rica , along with six other species of amphibians ( lips 1998 ) ; chytrid was subsequently confirmed in some of the other dead amphibians from that survey ( lips et al . 2003a ) . over the past three generations , about 80 % of the total population has disappeared from pristine habitat , probably due to chytridiomycosis ( stuart et al . 2008 ) . species distribution modeling has predicted that 100 % of the range for

increased livestock farming may also present a threat to this species ( stuart et al . 2008 ) .

has been recorded from at least one protected area , parque internacional la amistad in costa rica , and it may also occur in parque nacional volcán barú , in panama ( stuart et al . 2008 ) .

derives from the greek nymph calypso , who hid the hero ulysses . it refers both to the frog ' s camouflage and to the species having been hidden within

lips , k . l . , and savage , j . m . ( 1996 ) . ' ' key to the known tadpoles ( amphibia : anura ) of costa rica . ' '

: - - a stream - breeding treefrog from lower central america . ph . d . dissertation .

lips , k . r . ( 1998 ) . ' ' decline of a tropical montane amphibian fauna . ' '

m . a . donnelly , b . i . crother , c . guyer , m . h . wake , and m . e . white , eds . , .

lips , k . r . , green , d . e . , and papendick , r . ( 2003 ) . ' ' chytridiomycosis in wild frogs from southern costa rica . ' '

lips , k . r . , reeve , j . d . , and witters , l . r . ( 2003 ) . ' ' ecological traits predicting amphibian population declines in central america . ' '

lötters , s . , kielgast , j . , bielby , j . , schmidtlein , s . , bosch , j . , veith , m . , walker , s . f . , fisher , m . c . , and rödder , d . ( 2010 ) . ' ' the link between rapid enigmatic amphibian decline and the globally emerging chytrid fungus . ' '

stuart , s . , hoffmann , m . , chanson , j . , cox , n . , berridge , r . , ramani , p . , and young , b . ( eds ) ( 2008 ) .

lynx edicions , iucn , and conservation international , barcelona , spain ; gland , switzerland ; and arlington , virginia , usa .

> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .

> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .

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amphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )

frost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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species description based on lips ( 1996 ) and savage ( 2002 ) . a small treefrog ( males to 36 mm , females to 41 mm ) . females generally appear spinier than males .

the dorsal surface is metallic green mottled with darker drab green or brown blotches . the dorsum is covered in large spinous bumps .

the groin and front and rear surfaces of the thighs are bright white with scattered black spots .

the eye is cream - colored , darkening to brown around the outer edges .

breeding occurs from april to november ( lips 1996 ) . females may breed more than once in a single one reproductive season ( up to three times , lips 1996 ) .

clutches of 10 - 36 eggs are laid on leaves overhanging streams ( lips 1996 ) . the eggs are yellow upon oviposition but turn darker as they age ( lips 1996 ) . embryos hatch in 23 - 56 days ( lips 1996 ) .

lips ( 2001 ) characterized temporal variation in reproductive activity and the causes of egg - stage mortality in this species . drosophilid fly infestation was a significant source of egg death , particularly late in the breeding season ( lips 2001 ) .

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attributes / relations provided by ♦ 1 oliveira , brunno freire ; são - pedro , vinícius avelar ; santos - barrera , georgina ; penone , caterina ; c . costa , gabriel . ( 2017 ) amphibio , a global database for amphibian ecological traits . sci . data .

ecoregions provided by world wide fund for nature ( wwf ) . wildfinder : online database of species distributions , ver . 01 . 06 wwf wildfinder

protected areas provided by le saout , s . , hoffmann , m . , shi , y . , hughes , a . , bernard , c . , brooks , t . m . , bertzky , b . , butchart , s . h . m . , stuart , s . n . , badman , t . & rodrigues , a . s . l . ( 2013 ) protected areas and effective biodiversity conservation . science , 342 , 803–805

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adult : species description based on lips ( 1996 ) and savage ( 2002 ) . a small treefrog ( males to 36 mm , females to 41 mm ) . females generally appear spinier than males . dorsal : the dorsal surface is metallic green mottled with darker drab green or brown blotches . the dorsum is covered in large spinous bumps . ventral : the ventral surface is white with some scattered black blotches or smaller spots . concealed surfaces : the groin and front and rear surfaces of the thighs are bright white with scattered black spots . eye : the eye is cream - colored , darkening to brown around the outer edges .

breeding season : breeding occurs from april to november ( lips 1996 ) . females may breed more than once in a single one reproductive season ( up to three times , lips 1996 ) . egg : clutches of 10 - 36 eggs are laid on leaves overhanging streams ( lips 1996 ) . the eggs are yellow upon oviposition but turn darker as they age ( lips 1996 ) . embryos hatch in 23 - 56 days ( lips 1996 ) . tadpole : the tadpole body is oval - shaped with a rather long tail and shallow tail fins ( lips 1996 , savage 2002 ) . the coloration is brownish - orange ( lips 1996 , savage 2002 ) . the tail has large grey patches that turn smaller and darker towards the tip ( lips 1996 , savage 2002 ) . tadpoles have a disc - shaped mouth that allows them to cling to rocks in streams ( lips 1996 ) .

habitat : lower montane forest from 1810 to 1920 m . ecology : lips ( 2001 ) characterized temporal variation in reproductive activity and the causes of egg - stage mortality in this species . drosophilid fly infestation was a significant source of egg death , particularly late in the breeding season ( lips 2001 ) . call : a short , single note ( lips 1996 ) . behavior and communication : males guard territories along stream margins ( lips 1996 ) . type locality : finca jaguar ( 1900 m ) , approximately 18 km nne la lucha , coto brus , puntarenas province , costa rica , 8° 55′ n , 82° 44′ w

batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is a non - hyphal parasitic chytrid fungus that has been associated with population declines in endemic amphibian species in upland montane rain forests in australia and panama . it causes cutaneous mycosis ( fungal infection of the skin ) , or more specifically chytridiomycosis , in wild and captive amphibians . first described in 1998 , the fungus is the only chytrid known to parasitise vertebrates . b . dendrobatidis can remain viable in the environment ( especially aquatic environments ) for weeks on its own , and may persist in latent infections .

is a zoosporic chytrid fungus that causes chytridiomycosis ( a fungal infection of the skin ) in amphibians and grows solely within keratinised cells . diagnosis is by identification of characteristic intracellular flask - shaped sporangia ( spore containing bodies ) and septate thalli . the fungus grows in the superficial keratinised layers of the epidermis ( known as the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum ) . the normal thickness of the stratum corneum is between 2µm to 5µm , but a heavy infection by the chytrid parasite may cause it to thicken to up to 60 µm . the fungus also infects the mouthparts of tadpoles ( which are keratinised ) but does not infect the epidermis of tadpoles ( which lacks keratin ) .

the fungus produces inoperculate , smooth - walled zoosporangia ( zoospore containing bodies ) , which are spherical to subspherical in shape . each zoosporangium ( 10µm to 40µm in diameter ) produces a single discharge tube , which penetrates ( and protrudes out of ) the skin . eventually the plug that blocks the release of immature zoospores is shed and the mature zoospores are released . the zoospores ( 0 . 7µm to 6µm in diameter ) are elongate to ovoid in shape . each possesses a single posterior flagellum , rendering it motile in water ( mazzoni

pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis : authors of a recent study , voyles et al . ( 2009 ) have found that b . dendrobatidis , causes such severe electrolyte imbalances that the frog’s heart stops . the skin of amphibians maintain proper osmotic balance inside the animal and regulate respiration . the authors found that the skin of infected frogs was less adept at transporting sodium and chloride ions . sodium and potassium concentrations in the blood of infected frogs dropped , more so as the infection intensified and the animals’hearts began to beat irregularly and ultimately stopped .

salamanders can act as host reservoirs of chytrid infection in frogs , and vice versa ( davidson et al . 2003 ) .

chytridiomycosis has now been reported from 38 amphibian species in 12 families , including ranid and hylid frogs , bufonid toads , and plethodontid salamanders . although chytridiomycosis is found in a range of species and habitats ( including african frogs in lowland regions in africa ) it has caused population declines of amphibians species confined to montane rain forests ( weldon et al . 2004 ; daszak et al . 1999 ) . the fungus prefers lower temperatures which may explain the high precedence of the fungus in high elevations in the tropics . in culture conditions optimum growth occurred at 23°c , with slower growth occuring at 28°c and ( reversible ) cessation of growth occuring at 29°c ( longcore , pessier , nichols , 1999 , in daszak et al . 1999 ) .

batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is diploid and primarily reproduces asexually ( and clonally ) by producing aquatic uniflagellated zoospores in a zoosporangium ( johnson and speare , 2003 ) .

its occurrence solely in keratinised tissues suggests that it uses amphibian keratin as a nutrient . batrachochytrium dendrobatidis will grow for at least one generation on cleaned epidermal keratin or on amphibians that have died of the infection . the fungus may also be cultured in vitro on tryptone agar without the addition of keratin or its derivatives ( daszak et al . 1999 ; longcore , pessier and nichols , 1999 , pessier et al . 1999 , in daszak et al . 1999 ) .

principal source : berger et al . 1999 . chytrid fungi and amphibian declines : overview , implications and future directions . berger et al . 1998 . chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of australia and central america . daszak et al . 1999 . emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines

review : matthew j . parris assistant professor , department of biology university of memphis usa

recommended citation : global invasive species database ( 2018 ) species profile : batrachochytrium dendrobatidis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 - 07 - 2018 .

has been found to affect at least 93 amphibian species from the orders anura ( frogs and toads ) and caudata ( salamanders ) in all the continents except asia . it is thought to be one of the main causes of the global decline in frog populations since the 1960s , and the dramatic population crashes from the 1970s onwards ( parris and beaudoin , 2004 ) . the chytrid fungus kills frogs within 10 to 18 days ( michigan frog survey , 2003 ) , although it is not known how . it may be physical , affecting respiration by altering the frog’s skin , or the fungus may give off a toxin ( michigan frog survey , 2003 ) . tadpoles are not affected , although the fungus may infect the keratinised mouthparts ( berger

key findings of the the global amphibian assessment has revealed that one - third ( 32 % ) of the world’s amphibian species are threatened , representing 1 , 896 species . threats include viral diseases , habitat loss , drought , pollution , and hunting for food . the biggest single threat appears to be b . dendrobatidis . a search on the database using \ " diseases \ " as a keyword in \ " all \ " habitat types , biogeographic realm and countries results in a list of 547 species impacted by diseases ( iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2006 ) .

is relevant to all control strategies , particularly in the development of preventative measures . the infective unit of the fungus is the zoospore . infection by the fungus ( and thus spread of the disease ) requires water because the zoospore does not tolerate dehydration .

remains viable for up to 3 weeks in tap water , up to 4 weeks in deionised water and even longer in lake water . infection by an extremely small inoculum ( 100 zoospores ) is sufficient to cause a fatal infection ( berger

for a summary under the following headings : improving diagnostics and knowledge of epidemiology , developing trade and quarantine regulations , raising awareness and control options .

the amphibian conservation action plan ( acap ) is designed to provide guidance for implementing amphibian conservation and research initiatives at all scales from global down to local . chapter 4 outlines action steps relating to the detection and control of chytridiomycosis .

informations on batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been recorded for the following locations . click on the name for additional informations .

australian department of the environment and heritage , 2004 . chytridiomycosis ( amphibian chytrid fungus disease ) . australia s natural heritage trust .

berger , lee , alex d . hyatt , veronica olsen , sandra g . hengstberger donna boyle , gerry marantelli , kaye humphreys , joyce e . longcore . , 2002 . production of polyclonal antibodies to batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and their use in an immunoperoxidase test for chytridiomycosis in amphibians . diseases of aquatic organisms vol 48 213 - 220 . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 14 september 2005 ]

berger , l . , hyatt , a . d . , olsen , v . , hengstberger , s . g . , boyle , d . , marantelli , g . , humphreys , k . , longcore , j . e . 2002 . production of polyclonal antibodies to batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and their use in an immunoperoxidase test for chytridiomycosis in amphibians , dis aquat organ . 48 ( 3 ) : 213 - 220 . ( abstract )

berger , l . , speare , r . , and hyatt . , a . d . 1999 . chytrid fungi and amphibian declines : overview , implications and future directions . declines and disappearances of australian frogs . 23 - 34 .

berger , l . , speare , r . , and kent , a . 1999 . diagnosis of chytridiomycosis in amphibians by histologic examination . summary : this paper outlines techniques for identifying the chytrid fungus . available from : urltoken [ accessed 17 december 2004 ]

daszak , p . , a . strieby , a . a . cunningham , j . e . longcore , c . c . brown and d . porter . , 2004 . experimental evidence that the bullfrog ( rana catesbeiana ) is a potential carrier of chytridiomycosis , an emerging fungal disease of amphibians . herpetological journal , vol . 14 , pp . 201 - 207 ( 2004 ) summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 14 september 2005 ]

deweerdt , sarah . 2001 . coordinating an international monitoring program the declining amphibian populations task force . conservation in practice winter 2001 vol 2 no . 1

garthwaite , r . department of conservation . batrachochytrium dendrobatidis , frog chytrid fungus . department of conservation : waikato .

gascon , c . , collins , j . p . , moore , r . d . , church , d . r . , mckay , j . e . and mendelson , j . r . iii ( eds ) . 2007 . amphibian conservation action plan . iucn / ssc amphibian specialist group . gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . 64pp . summary : the amphibian conservation action plan ( acap ) is designed to provide guidance for implementing amphibian conservation and research initiatives at all scales from global down to local . available from : urltoken [ accessed 9 june 2008 ]

johnson , megan l & richard speare , 2005 . possible modes of dissemination of the amphibian chytrid batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the environment . dis aquat org vol . 65 : 181�186 , 2005 summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 14 september 2005 ]

johnson , m . l . and speare , r . 2003 . survival of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in water : quarantine and disease control implications , emerging infectious diseases 9 ( 8 ) : 922 � 925 . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 7 dec 2004 ]

johnson , m . l . , berger , l . , philips , l . and speare , r . 2003 . fungicidal effects of chemical disinfectants , uv light , desiccation and heat on the amphibian chytrid batrachochytrium dendrobatidis , diseases of aquatic organisms 57 ( 3 ) : 255 - 260 .

mazzoni , r . , cunningham , a . a . , daszak , p . , apolo , a . perdomo , p . and speranza . , g . 2003 . emerging pathogen of wild amphibians in frogs ( rana catesbeiana ) farmed for international trade , emerging infectious diseases 9 ( 8 ) : 995 - 998 .

michigan frog survey . 2003 . michigan frog survey update . michigan department of natural resources wildlife division natural heritage program .

parker , j . m . , mikaelian , i . , hahn , n . and diggs , h . e . 2002 . clinical diagnosis and treatment of epidermal chytridiomycosis in african clawed frogs ( xenopus tropicalis ) , comp med . 52 ( 3 ) : 265 � 268 . ( abstract )

rollins - smith , l . , reinert , l . k . , miera , v . and conlon , j . m . 2002 . antimicrobial peptide defenses of the tarahumara frog , rana tarahumarae , biochemical and biophysical research communications 297 ( 2 ) : 361 - 367 .

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speare r , berger l . global distribution of chytridiomycosis in amphibians . summary : this document gives details on the global distribution of the chytrid fungus , and was last updated in april 2004 . available from : urltoken [ accessed 11 november 2000 ] .

usdi ( united states department of the interior ) u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2003 . re : buck springs range management allotment plan

van - ells , t . , stanton , j . , strieby , a . , daszak , p . , hyatt , a . d . and brown , c . 2003 . use of immunohistochemistry to diagnose chytridiomycosis in dyeing poison dart frogs ( dendrobates tinctorius ) , journal of wildlife diseases 39 ( 3 ) : 742 - 745 .

bell , ben d . , scott carver , nicola j . mitchell , shirley pledger . , 2004 . the recent decline of a new zealand endemic : how and why did populations of archey�s frog leiopelma archeyi crash over 1996�2001 ? biological conservation 120 ( 2004 ) 189�199 summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 14 september 2005 ]

berger , l , r speare , hb hines , g marantelli , ad hyatt , kr mcdonald , lf skerratt , v olsen , jm clarke , g gillespie , m mahony , n sheppard , c williams and mj tyler . , 2004 . effect of season and temperature on mortality in amphibians due to chytridiomycosis . australian veterinary journal volume 82 , no 7 , july 2004 summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 14 september 2005 ]

berger , l . , speare , r . , daszak , p . , green , d . e . , cunningham , a . a . , goggin , c . l . , slocombe , r . , ragan , m . a . , hyatt , a . d . , mcdonald , k . r . , hines , h . b . , lips , k . r . , marantelli , g . and parkes , h . 1998 . chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of australia and central america , population biology ( proc natl acad sci u s a . ) 95 ( 15 ) : 9031 � 9036 . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 7 dec 2004 ]

berger , l . , speare , r . , hines , h . b . , marantelli , g . , hyatt , a . d . , mcdonald . , k . r . , skerratt , l . f . , olsen , v . , clarke , j . m . , gillespie , g . , mahony , m . , sheppard , n . williams , c . and tyler . m . j . 2004 . effect of season and temperature on mortality in amphibians due to chytridiomycosis , australian veterinary journal 82 ( 7 ) : 434 - 439 .

bosch , j . , martinez - solano , i . , and garcia - paris , m . 2000 . chytridiomycosis in spain : first european report of declines of wild amphibians associated with chytridiomycosis . summary : this article gives details about the first caseof chytrid fungus in spain . available from : urltoken [ accessed 17 december 2004 ]

carey , c . , cohen , n . and rollins - smith , l . 1999 . amphibian declines : an immunological perspective . developmental and comparative immunology . 23 ( 6 ) : 459 - 472 . summary : this paper discusses the role of disease in amphibian decline , and the immunological response .

commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation ( csiro ) , 2003 . researching frog fungus .

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davidson , e . w . , parris , m . , collins , j . p . , longcore , j . e . , pessier , p . a . and brunner , j . 2003 . pathogenicity and transmission of chytridiomycosis in tiger salamanders ( ambystoma tigrinum ) ,

fellers , g . m . , green , d . e . and longcore , j . e . 2001 . oral chytridiomycosis in the mountain yellow - legged frog ( rana muscosa ) , copeia 4 : 945 - 953 .

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iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2006 . global amphibian assessment . downloaded on 4 may 2006 . summary : the global amphibian assessment ( gaa ) is the first - ever comprehensive assessment of the conservation status of the world s 5 , 918 known species of frogs , toads , salamanders , and caecilians . this website presents results of the assessments , including iucn red list threat category , range map , ecology information , and other data for every amphibian species . available from : urltoken [ accessed 5 november 2006 ] .

johnson , pieter . t . j . , 2006 . amphibian diversity : decimation by dusease . published online before print february 21 , 2006 , 10 . 1073 / pnas . 0600293103 summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 14 august 2006 ]

kingsley d . environment news , 23 april 2002 . summary : this article gives details about the first reports of chytrid fungus in archey s frog . available from : urltoken [ accessed 17 december 2004 ]

lips , karen . r , forrest brem , roberto brenes , john d . reeve , ross a . alford , jamie voyles , cynthia carey , lauren livo , allan p . pessier , and james p . collins . , 2006 . emerging infectious disease and the loss of biodiversity in a neotropical amphibian community . published online before print february 15 , 2006 , 10 . 1073 / pnas . 0506889103 summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 14 august 2006 ] available from : urltoken [ accessed 14 august 2006 ]

lips , k . r . , green , d . e . and papendick , r . 2003 . chytridiomycosis in wild frogs from southern costa rica , journal of herpetology 37 ( 1 ) : 215 - 218 .

lips , k . r . , mendelson , j . r . munoz - alonso , a . , canseco - marquez , l . and mulcahy , d . g . 2004 . amphibian population declines in montane southern mexico : resurveys of historical localities , biological - conservation 119 ( 4 ) : 555 - 564 .

morehouse , e . a . , james , t . y . , ganley , a . r . d . , vilgalys , r . , berger , l . , murphy , p . j . and longcore , j . e . 2003 . multilocus sequence typing suggests the chytrid pathogen of amphibians is a recently emerged clone , molecular ecology 12 ( 2 ) : 395 - 403 .

muths , e . , corn , p . s . , pessier , a . p . and green , d . e . 2003 . evidence for disease - related amphibian decline in colorado , biological conservation 110 ( 3 ) : 357 - 365 .

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norman , r . undated . chytrid fungus disease in new zealand . massey university institute of veterinary , animal and biomedical sciences . summary : article outlining the first case of chytrid fungus in new zealand . available from : urltoken [ accessed 17 december 2004 ]

parris , m . j . 2004 . hybrid response to pathogen infection in interspecific crosses between two amphibian species ( anura : ranidae ) . evolutionary ecology research 6 : 457 - 471 . summary : b . dendrobatidis differentially affects genotypes between two species of hybridizing leopard frogs ( rana ) . hybrid genotypes are more susceptible to infection , and suffer greater reductions in growth and development from the fungus .

parris , m . j . and beaudoin , j . g . 2004 . chytridiomycosis impacts predator - prey interactions in larval amphibian communities , oceologia ( berlin ) 140 ( 4 ) : 626 - 632 . summary : b . dendrobatidis alters the outcome of natural predator - prey dynamics in a larval amphibian - predator system .

parris , m . j . and d . r . baud . 2004 . interactive effects of a heavy metal and chytridiomycosis on gray treefrog larvae ( hyla chrysoscelis ) . copeia 2004 : 343 - 349 . summary : b . dendrobatidis impacts on hyla larvae may be somewhat ameliorated in a heavy metal ( cu ) aquatic environment . thus , pathogenic effects may be a result of interactions with other aquatic contaminants .

parris , m . j . and t . o . cornelius . 2004 . fungal pathogen causes competitive and developmental stress in larval amphibian communities . ecology 85 : 3385 - 3395 . summary : this paper documents that b . dendrobatidis induces competitive effects in the larval environment between a toad ( bufo ) and treefrog ( hyla ) species .

rollins - smith , l . a . , carey , c . , longcore , j . , doersam , j . k . , boutte , a . , bruzgal , j . e . , and conlon , j . m . 2002 . activity of antimicrobial skin peptides from ranid frogs against batrachochytrium dendrobatidis , the chytrid fungus associated with global amphibian declines . developmental and comparative immunology . 26 ( 5 ) : 471 - 479 . summary : this paper outlines the role of antimicrobial peptides in deterring chytrid infection .

speare r , berger l . chytridiomycosis in amphibians in australia . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 9 october 2000 ] .

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waldman , b . , van de wolfshaar , k . e . , klena , j . d . , andjic , v . , bishop , p . , and norman , r . j . de b . 2001 . chytridiomycosis in new zealand frogs . surveillance . 28 ( 3 ) : 9 - 11 . summary : this article gives details about the first case of chytrid fungus in new zealand , including possible means of introduction and spread . available from : urltoken [ accessed 17 december 2004 ]

weldon c , du preez lh , hyatt ad , muller r , speare r . , 2004 . origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus . emerg infect dis [ serial on the internet ] . 2004 dec . summary : available from urltoken [ accessed 14 december 2005 ]

woodhams , d . c . , alford , r . a . and marantelli , g . 2003 . emerging disease of amphibians cured by elevated body temperature , diseases of aquatic organisms 55 ( 1 ) : 65 - 67 .

young , b . e . , lips , k . r . , reaser , j . k . , ibanez , r . , salas , a . w . , rogelio cedeno , j . , coloma , l . a . , ron , s . , la marca , e . , meyer , j . r . , munoz , a . , bolanos , f . , chaves , g . and romo , d . 2001 . population declines and priorities for amphibian conservation in latin america . conservation biology . 15 ( 5 ) : 1213 - 1223 . summary : a discussion of the factors involved in the population declines of amphibians in latin america .

the global invasive species database was developed and is managed by the invasive species specialist group ( issg ) of the species survival commission ( ssc ) of the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) . it was developed as part of the global initiative on invasive species led by the erstwhile global invasive species programme ( gisp ) in 2000 . the gisd over the past two years and has been redesigned with support from the abu dhabi environment agency , the italian ministry of environment and ispra - the institute for environmental protection and research , italy . terms and conditions of use

next september , stri will join the international scientific community to celebrate a group of researchers who dedicated their careers to the study of the fungus and the preservation of panamanian amphibians , with hopes that soon we will also be able celebrate the successful reintroduction of these charismatic animals to their natural environment .

the panama - based smithsonian tropical research institute ( stri ) is the only dependency of the smithsonian institution located outside the united states and is dedicated to enriching knowledge about the biological diversity of the tropics ( www . stri . si . edu ) .

what began in 1923 as a small field station on isla barro colorado in the former panama canal zone , today represents one of the world’s leading research institutions . stri’s facilities provide a unique opportunity for long - term ecological studies in the tropics and are intensively used by more than 1400 scientists , including panamanians and visitors who come every year from academic and research institutions in the americas and around the world .

the global conservation movement has reached a turning point . we have documented the fast pace of habitat loss , the growing number of endangered and extinct species , and the increasing speed of global climate change . yet while the seriousness of these threats cannot be denied , there are a growing number of examples of improvements in the health of species and ecosystems , along with benefits to human well - being , thanks to our conservation actions . earth optimism is a global initiative that celebrates a change in focus from problem to solution , from a sense of loss to one of hope , in the dialogue about conservation and sustainability .

as human diseases become alarmingly antibiotic resistant , identification of new pharmaceuticals is critical . the cane toad and other members of the bufonidae family produce substances widely used in traditional folk medicine , but endangered family members , like panama’s golden frog , atelopus zeteki , may disappear before revealing their secrets . smithsonian scientists and colleagues catalog the known chemicals produced by this amphibian family in the journal of ethnopharmacology highlighting this largely - unexplored potential for discovery .


manoba major is a moth in the family nolidae .

it was described by hampson in 1891 .

it is found in india , taiwan , japan ( the ryukyu islands , burma , singapore , as well as on borneo , java , vanuatu and new caledonia . the habitat consists of coastal areas near mangroves . the wingspan is about 20 mm . the forewings are fawn with two darker smudges on the costa . the hindwings are fawn , fading to white at the base .

manoba major

manoba major <EOT> wileman & west , 1929 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) , 3 : 190 ,

, but with the punctate fasciae much more clearly defined , and with blackish medial and subbasal shallowly triangular patches on the costa . the hindwings grade distinctly greyer towards the margin , and there is a grey discal mark . the antennae are very strongly bipectinate . the male genitalia resemble somewhat those of

hampson ( see above ) in having a rather robust uncus , narrow , slightly curved valves and a relatively basal harpe . the aedeagus is slender , rather bulbous basally and with a long , narrow vesica that terminates in a single , large cornutus . the species has been placed erroneously as a synonym of the lithosiine arctiid

indian subregion , taiwan , ryukyu is . , burma , singapore , borneo , ? java ( see below ) , vanuatu , new caledonia ( holloway , 1979 ) .

unusual for the genus , this species has been taken uniquely on the coast near mangrove in brunei .

if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .

turner , a . j . 1944 , " a revision of the australian nolidae ( lepidoptera ) " , proceedings of the royal society of queensland , vol . 55 , pp . 13 - 50

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 04869551 - 6ed0 - 45d6 - 9fda - 7e2154bccc10

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2a3f06a8 - 0c2d - 4bb9 - ab3f - 7b3648610d0b

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4f876d59 - ec13 - 41dd - a4d2 - 6bcfffded472

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 92fcba19 - a305 - 46dd - 9646 - 6c452a99bd3f

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e08fb699 - 543f - 4aee - bd5e - 5db7a9d16a00

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : fe614cda - c675 - 44cf - b380 - e40698349a63

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 525667

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[ south africa , kwazulu - natal ] , port natal [ durban ] , leg m . becker .

walker f . 1854b . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part ii . – lepidoptera heterocera . - — 2 : i–iv , 279–581 .