the masked mountain tanager ( buthraupis wetmorei ) is a vulnerable species of bird in the tanager family .

this large and colourful tanager is endemic to elfin forest , woodland and shrub in the andean highlands of southern colombia , ecuador and northern peru .

it is generally rare or uncommon , and is threatened by habitat loss .

masked mountain tanager

masked mountain tanager <EOT> masked mountain - tanager , reserva ecológica cayambe - coca , ecuador . nov 9 , 2014 .

information on the masked mountain - tanager is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - masked mountain - tanager ( buthraupis wetmorei ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - masked mountain - tanager ( buthraupis wetmorei ) " title = " arkive species - masked mountain - tanager ( buthraupis wetmorei ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

black - backed bush - tanager and pale - naped brush - finch in the flock as well .

hilty , s . ( 2018 ) . masked mountain - tanager ( tephrophilus wetmorei ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

20 cm ; two birds 62 g and 63 g . large , stubby - billed tanager with rather odd plumage pattern . male has crown and nape yellowish - olive , becoming plain olive - green on back and . . .

20 . 5 cm . lethargic , yellowish tanager . yellow - olive crown and nape , yellow forehead and outline to black facial area , olive upperparts with yellow rump , underparts yellow , lightly mottled blackish on the flanks , blue fringing to coverts giving blue shoulder and wing - bar .

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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .

. in colombia , there are records from puracé national park and its environs , cauca , and recently from nariño ( strewe and kreft 1999 ) . it is restricted to the east andes in ecuador ( carchi , napo , morona - santiago , azuay , loja and zamora - chinchipe ) ( krabbe

, and occurs on cerro chinguela , eastern piura , peru . it is generally considered rare or uncommon , but is fairly common at cajanuma , podocarpus national park , which may protect a significant population . nevertheless , it is unlikely that the total population exceeds 5 , 000 birds , and it is inferred to be declining .

the population is placed in the band 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 individuals , equating to 1 , 667 - 6 , 666 mature individuals , rounded here to 1 , 500 - 7 , 000 mature individuals . trend justification : a slow and on - going population decline is suspected , based on rates of habitat loss within its range .

it inhabits very humid elfin forest , scattered bushes , bamboo , giant grasses and dense brush , on the páramo - forest ecotone from 2 , 900 to 3 , 600 m , and possibly higher before human alteration of the treeline .

. in south - west colombia , the proportion of timberline habitat remaining is estimated at less than 10 % , and human pressure is increasing ( p . g . w . salaman

. temperate forest has been replaced with exotic pine plantations near the known site in nariño ( strewe and kreft 1999 ) , and other threats include firewood - gathering and potato cultivation ( p . g . w . salaman

. the area where the species occurs in peru is being heavily deforested and burned for agriculture and cattle ranching ; fragmentation is severe around cerro chinguela ( f . angulo

conduct surveys to clarify its distribution . in particular , survey suitable habitat in tabaconas namballe national sanctuary , since it is not present in any protected area in peru ( f . angulo

, and prohibit the burning of páramo in national parks . educate and encourage local people to take a leading role in land - use management and restoration schemes ( fjeldså and kessler 1996 )

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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :

adult near fledgling . shrubbery above treeline . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken

in bushes in humid primary treeline forest . reference : lxxa 287 - 297 , - 302 , - 304 , - 310 , - 319 ( butwet6 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken

low páramo scrub . reference : jn1 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .

3 birds sunnying themselves in bush tops in humid primary treeline forest . reference : ( lxxa 369 , 402 - 406 , 413 - 415 , 461 - 480 , 484 - 490 , 521 - 527 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .

in bushes in humid primary treeline forest . reference : lxxa 263 - 267 ( butwet5 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .

in bushes in humid primary treeline forest . reference : lxxa 217 - 220 ( butwet4 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .

female . collected ( mecn 6614 ) . upper edge of humid forest . reference : lxiia 253 - 258 ( butwet3 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : tephrophilus wetmorei . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

c andes of sw colombia ( quindío , and s on both slopes in cauca and huila to nariño ) , s through ecuador ( mostly on e slope , from carchi , w napo and w morona - santiago s to e loja and s zamora - chinchipe ) and adjacent nw peru ( along piura–cajamarca border ) .

notably quiet . infrequently heard song a rather long series of high - pitched “tsee” notes , variable . . .

low mossy forest and very humid elfin woodland , bamboo , and giant grasses at or near tree - line , and . . .

fruit and apparently some insects . contents of one stomach a large number of seeds . found singly , in pairs and in little groups up to four . . .

vulnerable . restricted - range species : present in central andean páramo eba . generally rare to uncommon ; localized . estimated global population not exceeding 5000 . . .

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“core tanagers” , with over 100 species , including a clade most members of which ( lophospingus , diuca , gubernatrix , paroaria ) were previously treated in emberizidae and one species ( pseudosaltator rufiventris ) previously treated in cardinalidae # r .

resurrected for single species for long treated in buthraupis but found by molecular study to be notably isolated , with sporathraupis as its closest apparent relative # r # r .

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11 - 13 november 2015 . the antisana ecological reserve can easily be reached via a day trip from quito . given the frequent afternoon weather , it is best to arrive early in the morning to improve your chances of having an unobstructed view of the massive peak of antisana . antisana rises to a height of 18 , 891 ft ( 5 , 758 m ) and is absolutely [ . . . ]

16 – 21 september 2015 . we really ran short of time in southern colombia , unfortunately . we had hoped to visit pnn cueva de los guacharos , the mocoa area , the sibundoy area , and the junin area ( rna pangan and rio ñambi ) but we only had a few days left on our colombian visas so we decided to check out the mocoa and sibundoy areas as there [ . . . ]

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it was described by meyrick in 1916 .

it is found in french guiana .

the wingspan is about 17 mm .

the forewings are white , slightly sprinkled with pale greyish-ochreous except towards the costa anteriorly , the terminal edge pale greyish-ochreous .

the stigmata is small and black and there is a strongly curved series of minute scattered black specks from beneath the costa at three-fourth to above the dorsum at two-thirds .

the hindwings are grey-whitish .

inga refuga

inga refuga <EOT> inga refuga is a moth in the oecophoridae family . it was described by meyrick in 1916 . [ 1 ] it is found in french guiana . [ 2 ]

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the javan tiger ( panthera tigris sondaica ) is an extinct tiger population that inhabited the indonesian island of java until the mid-1970s .

it was one of the three recognized subspecies limited to the sunda islands .

the scientific name panthera tigris sondaica is now used for both extinct and living tiger populations in indonesia .

javan tiger

javan tiger <EOT> “its markings are like the javan tiger , but its posture less so . the posture of the javan tiger is bigger , more muscular , and shorter than the sumatran tiger . ”

below is a clear photo of a javan tiger at london zoo in 1942 .

i really hop the tigers will survive . but i think the javan tiger is extinct

too bad , i find that the javan tiger is the most handsome of tiger subspecie : little and dark coloured .

occasionally , unofficial reports of javan tigers surface from enthusiasts who believe the tiger still exists in java .

2 . the javan tiger was quite similar in appearance to the still existing sumatran tiger , but had darker and more numerous black stripes .

in 1995 , a group of villagers claimed to have seen an adult javan tiger with cubs in east java .

javan tigers’ tracks’ diameter used to be bigger than that of the bengal tiger found in india , nepal and bangladesh .

locating specimens of extinct tiger ( panthera tigris ) subspecies : javan tiger ( p . t . sondaica ) , bali tiger ( p . t . balica ) , and caspian tiger ( p . t . virgata ) , including previously unpublished specimens

the world bank’s tiger recovery program aims to double tiger populations in the wild by 2022 .

the javan tiger likely became extinct in the mid - 1970s ( seidensticker 1987 ) . on the basis of morphology mazak and groves ( 2006 ) classified the javan tiger as a distinct species , panthera sondaica . classically it is considered to be a subspecies of tiger panthera tigris ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) .

nonetheless , the world wildlife fund is now supporting an expedition to track down whether the javan tiger could still exist , emont reports .

b abbreviations for subspecies : alt , amur tiger p . t . altaica ; vir , caspian tiger p . t . virgata ; amo , south china tiger p . t . amoyensis ; cor , indochinese tiger p . t . corbetti ; jax , malayan tiger p . t . jacksoni ; sum , sumatran tiger p . t . sumatrae ; son , javan tiger p . t . sondaica ; bal , bali tiger p . t . balica ; tig , bengal tiger p . t . tigris .

the tiger panthera tigris consists of nine subspecies , including four that have gone extinct from their natural range . the sumatran tiger is the closest relative to the extinct javan and bali tigers .

in the following decades , the remaining javan tiger population was restricted to only three reserves on the island that lacked adequate protection for them and their prey species . confirmed sightings became increasingly infrequent and in 1984 the last confirmed javan tiger was killed outside halimun reserve in west java .

javan rhinos are the most threatened of the five rhino species , with only 58 - 68 individuals that live only in ujung kulon national park in java , indonesia . javan rhinos once lived throughout northeast india and southeast asia . vietnam’s last javan rhino was poached in 2010 .

compared to other panthera tigris sub - species , which still populates the asian mainland , javan tigers were slight smaller . however , male javan tigers could grow bigger than the sumatran tigers .

the javan tiger used to prey on wild boar , rusa deer and banteng . at times , they also fed upon water fowls and reptiles .

by 1940s , javan tigers were pushed into remote forest ranges . until the second world war , the javan tigers were kept in zoos in indonesia , but they were all shut down during the war . after the second world war , the natural forests were fragmented for the plantation of coffee , rubber and teak , threatening javan tiger’s natural habitat .

) existed in java or bali . no mtdna haplotype is shared among voucher sumatran , javan and bali tigers . all 9 voucher javan tigers carry haplotype son and both voucher bali tigers carry bal .

, the javan tiger was once a dominant predator on the tropical island of java . in the 18th century , they were so numerous on the island that

1972 and the javan tiger count was down to a maximum of seven in the then newly - formed meru betiri forest reserve , and perhaps five elsewhere .

still , “this used to be a javan tiger habitat” , the head of conservation at ujung kulon national park said . “we hope that they’re still there” .

the javan tiger was last recorded in the 1970s , the caspian tiger was lost in the 1950s , and the bali tiger became extinct in the 1930s , according to panthera , a wild cat conservation organization . [ gallery : iconic cats : all 9 subspecies of tigers ]

javan tiger is an extinct tiger subspecies that used to dwell in java islands in indonesia . hunting and deforestation are two of the primary reasons believed to have completely wiped it out by mid - 70s or early 80s .

1 . javan tigers were slightly smaller than their mainland cousins but were renowned for their especially long whiskers .

no one wants to be the first to say , “yeah , that’s definitely a javan tiger . ” mamat rahmat , head of ujung kulon park , was hopeful :

javan tigers were so abundant in the early 19th century that in some regions , they were considered as pests .

“my fellow ranger saw a large cat , but with stripes a bit different from the leopards usually found in ujung kulon . finally , he photographed it , and we suspect it is either a type of javan leopard or another one of the large cats , such as the javan tiger . ”

javan tigers were thought to have been hunted into extinction , with the last confirmed sighting in 1979 . the footage from the ujung kulon national park has spurred the world wildlife fund into supporting an expedition to search for traces that the javan tiger might still lurk in the indonesian jungles . jeva lange

from 1993 to march 1994 , believing that this subspecies is still alive , a survey was conducted in the meru betiri national park , with the help of wwf indonesia . however , it failed to discover any concrete evidence that could argue for the javan tiger’s existence . as the final report of the survey came out , the javan tiger was pronounced extinct .

with similar features but slightly bigger than the bali tiger , the javan tiger has dark skin and small stripes with an average weight of 110 - 140 kg . this small - sized tiger previously lived in java island , indonesia . the latest record was found in 1972 and they went extinct in 1976 .

“this used to be javan tiger habitat , ” mamat rahmat , the head of conservation at the park , told the local news media . “we hope that they’re still there . ”

still , " this used to be javan tiger habitat , " the head of conservation at ujung kulon national park said . " we hope that they ' re still there . "

) . j . h . mazák and groves also supported separation of the sumatran tiger from the javan and bali tigers based on craniometrical data collected by the late v . mazák (

a rare big cat was photographed in ujung kulon national park , indonesia , last month . park rangers believe the animal may be a javan tiger , which are thought to be extinct .

jakarta , indonesia — park rangers in indonesia may have spotted an animal thought to live only in folklore and history books : a javan tiger , declared extinct more than 40 years ago .

taken in 1938 , this image captures one of the once abundant javan tigers . hunting drove the big cats to extinction .

we can save wild tigers . in 2010 , the 13 tiger range countries committed to tx2—to double wild tiger numbers by 2022 , the next year of the tiger . wwf is driving tx2 forward .

world conversation society tiger expert wulan pusparini cautioned that " when the video is frozen , the effect is that it looks like a tiger " but when the cat moves , it looks far more like a javan leopard , which is endangered but not extinct .

wulan pusparini , wildlife conservation society tiger expert , suggested that “when the video is frozen , the effect is that it looks like a tiger” but when the cat moves , it looks far more like a javan leopard , which is endangered but not extinct .

the javan tiger ( panthera tigris sondaica ) was exclusively found in java indonesia and went extinct in the early 1980 ' s they had thin black stripes that were usually double - looped . the javan and bali tigers were very similar in their small size weighing only 90 to 90 kg ( 200 to 220 lb )

the javan tiger had been pushed into remote mountain ranges and forests . at this stage some small reserves were set up , but these were not large enough and prey species were too low .

the last known confirmed javan tiger spotting occurred around 40 years ago . since then , preservationists assumed the tiger was extinct – until a mysterious cat was filmed by rangers at the ujung kulon national park in west java last month , the new york times reports .

despite the rangers’ excitement , some conservationists were skeptical that the cat really was a javan tiger . “when the video is frozen the effect is that it looks like a tiger , ” said wulan pusparini , a tiger expert at the wildlife conservation society , who viewed video footage of the animal . however , when the animal was seen moving , she said , it more closely resembled a leopard . javan leopards are an endangered species , and are rarely seen .

tri prasetyo , who heads a national park near the crater , said many animals naturally would flee volcanic activity . but a javan tiger was unlikely , as it ' s believed to be extinct .

“this used to be javan tiger habitat , ” mamat rahmat , the head of conservation at the park , told the local news media , according to emont . “we hope that they’re still there . ”

javan tigers had thin and long stripes . their occipital plane was narrow , carnassials comparatively long and they also had long and narrow nose .

but until concrete evidence can be produced ( expert sightings , pug marks , photographic evidence , attacks on people and animals ) , the javan tiger must be considered yet another subspecies which is probably lost to mankind .

as habitat for javan tigers dwindled , the tigers and their prey were hunted and poisoned during intensified human - wildlife conflicts . tropical forests were converted to rice fields or teak and rubber plantations , further fragmenting tiger habitat .

more than 40 years ago , the last known javan tiger was seen by human eyes . in the intervening years , preservationists assumed the tiger was extinct — until a mysterious big cat was filmed by rangers at the ujung kulon national park in west java last month , the new york times reports .

in the rainforests of sumatra live the last of the sunda or “island tigers” – a distinct group of tiger subspecies once found across indonesia’s sunda island chain . until only a few decades ago , tigers roamed the islands of bali and java . today , the bali and javan tiger subspecies are extinct .

effective protection of the world’s only remaining javan rhino population is critical to ensuring the species’ survival . wwf will continue our support for rhino protection patrols in ujung kulon national park and work with communities who live in the park’s buffer zone to eliminate human encroachment into the javan rhino’s limited habitat and poaching .

points out that consumers say they want wild tiger parts , not farmed ones .

is this a live tasmanian tiger ? man claims to have captured . . .

in the early 19th century javan tigers ( panthera tigris sondaica ) were so common over java that in some areas the were considered nothing more than pests .

only a few national parks in west java contain what is left of the island’s large fauna , which include just 60 rhinos and a small population of leopards . of the three subspecies of indonesian tigers , two — the bali tiger and the javan tiger — have been declared extinct . the sumatran tiger still exists on sumatra , but it is considered critically endangered , the result of hunting and rapid deforestation .

clearance of java’s rainforests for agricultural expansion led to the extirpation of the javan tiger and intensified other factors that led to what biologists refer to as an “extinction vortex” : a series of mutually reinforcing feedbacks that drives a population downward to extinction .

we can’t bring back the bali and javan tigers , but we can save the sumatran tiger and pull it out from the vortex of extinction . learn how you can help rainforest trust and its partners to save sumatran tigers and their habitat .

despite the continuing claims of sightings it is far more likely that , even with full protection and in reserve areas , the javan tiger was unable to be saved . the ' tigers ' are quite likely to be leopards seen from a distance .

renowned tiger biologist k . ullas karanth , who works with the new york - based

should we be hopeful that the javan tiger has escaped extinction ? it may not be a great life … java is small , the parks are smaller and the population of deer , cattle , boars and other natural tiger foods are quite scarce , while the food these creatures turn to when desperately hungry are building more homes , barns and doghouses .

“that’s the javan leopard , ” she said of the mysterious cat . “that’s the last large carnivore on java . you would hope people would get excited about it . ”

till the mid - 60s , javan tigers survived in protected areas – such as ujung kulon , leuwen sancang and baluran which were set up in 1920s and 1930s . however , no confirmed tiger sightings were reported in those areas following the civil unrest in 1965 .

) , and differ from most similar sumatran tiger haplotypes by only 1 or 2 nucleotides .

the bengal tiger has reddish - orange colored fur with dark brown - black vertical stripes .

are one of the largest predators in the world . each tiger has their own large territory in which males have a larger home range size than females . according to tiger research (

occasional reports of tigers still surface from enthusiasts who believe the tiger still exists in java .

tiger is occasionally served in restaurants in hanoi and beijing , where rare dishes denote status .

the balinese tiger ( panthera tigris balica ) was exclusively found in bali in indonesia and went extinct in the early 1930 ' s . the javan and bali tigers were very similar in their small size weighing only 90 to 90 kg ( 200 to 220 lb ) .

javan tigers’ small body size was imputed to bergmann’s rule as well as the size of the available prey that are relatively smaller when compared to the ones found in mainland asia .

the small size of the javan rhino population is a cause for concern . low genetic diversity and inbreeding could make it difficult for the long - term survival of the species .

conservation biologist firoz ahmed caught a tiger resting in the water in kaziranga national park in india .

their study ' s first results appeared in 2004 that showed malayan tigers splitting from its indochinese counterpart as a distinct , new fifth - living tiger subspecies . the latest results show that extinct javan ( 1980s ) and bali ( 1940s ) tigers were nearly indistinguishable from a molecular standpoint from sumatran tigers just as the extinct caspian tigers are nearly identical to surviving amur tiger subspecies .

the sumatran tiger ( panthera tigris sumatrae ) is the smallest living tiger subspecies , weighing up to 120 kg ( 265 lb ) and is about 2 . 4 m ( 8 ft ) in length . they are found in sumatra , part of indonesia . the sumatran tiger ' s fur is darker in coloration than other tiger species with a deep orange to reddish coat and black stripes .

effective tiger survey methods ; population count on sighting , detecting signs , etc . , influence the effective result of tiger abundance . at the same time , the high abundance of tiger population can be an effective , reliable site study on the relation between tigers and their prey species as well .

however , some big cat experts point out that the stripes seem to look like spots as the cat walks and there aren’t many of the nearly - extinct javan leopard available for comparison .

settling this aspect of tiger evolution clearly requires genetic studies of museum and private specimens of bali and javan tigers . here , based on gathering and validation of museum samples ( yamaguchi et al . 2013 ) we analyzed the phylogeographic history of javan and bali tigers to determine historical genetic diversity and genetic relationships between extinct tigers and extant relatives . genetic patterns were analyzed jointly with published data from the 6 extant and 1 extinct ( caspian ) tiger subspecies ( luo et al . 2004 , 2008 ; driscoll et al . 2009 ; luo et al . 2010b ) . the results highlight a clearer picture of the evolutionary history and phylogeographic partitioning that have formed modern tiger population structures .

the smaller body size of javan tigers is attributed to bergmann’s rule and the size of the available prey species in java , which are smaller than the cervid and bovid species distributed on the asian mainland . however , the diameter of their tracks are larger than of bengal tiger in bangladesh , india and nepal .

fossil evidences suggest that around 12000 years ago , javan tigers also existed in borneo island and palawan in philippines . still , some experts say that the borneo specimens survived as recently as 200 years ago .

wwf works with governments across the 13 tiger range countries to maintain momentum around the conservation of tigers , which is a valuable asset that can enhance their development agendas . by linking tiger conservation with forest preservation and carbon sequestration efforts , tiger range nations and their partners can demonstrate their commitment to promoting a healthy environmental and economic future .

javan rhinos were killed by trophy hunters during colonial times . they were also killed as agricultural pests and for their horn , a highly prized commodity in traditional asian medicine . poaching remains an ever - present threat .

like the tasmanian tiger , there are many who believe a few javan tigers are hiding in the deep wilderness areas of the island . some tracks have been found that may been javans but were not confirmed and the body a female mountain hiker found in mount merbabu national park in central java in 2008 appears to have been the result of a tiger attack by a creature that locals claimed to have seen but , again , could not confirm .

) , may help further elucidate the issue . nevertheless , the similarity among the sunda tiger mtdna haplotypes ( 1–2 nucleotide difference among sumatran , javan and bali tigers ) suggests common origin and rapid divergence of island subspecies , and may reflect that the somewhat distinctive morphological features in each subspecies have evolved rapidly after each island was colonized .

trade in tiger parts and products is a major threat to wild tiger survival . together with traffic , the global wildlife trade monitoring network , we implement strategies to stop wildlife criminal networks , help governments shut down black markets , and change consumer behavior . we conduct investigations to document the tiger trade , catalyze action against it , and train enforcement agencies . we continue to champion transnational wildlife enforcement networks and build strategies to reduce demand for tiger parts and products .

) . no haplotype is shared among voucher sumatran , javan and bali tigers . the size of a circle corresponds to the number of specimens from the island and sectors of the pie chart are proportional to haplotype frequencies .

humankind played no role in most of these extinctions . however , we are responsible for many hundreds of the most recent ones . the passenger pigeon is gone because of us ; so is the wild dromedary camel , the dodo bird , the javan tiger , the dusky seaside sparrow . . . the list could go on and on .

to follow up on alleged sightings , a survey was conducted with the help of wwf between 1993 and 1994 using camera traps in east java’s meru betiri national park . no tiger tracks or other signs were found in the survey . the cameras revealed no tigers , few prey and many poachers . after the final report of this survey , the javan tiger was declared extinct . unofficial “ghost sightings” occasionally occur , but they are likely just that – ghosts .

, a system of dedicated national reserves supported by teams of rangers . tiger numbers doubled over the next 15 years .

a subsequent survey was planned in the meru betiri national park in autumn 1992 with the support of wwf indonesia , deploying camera traps for the first time . from march 1993 to march 1994 , cameras were positioned at 19 sites , which did not yield a single picture of a tiger . during this period , no tracks indicating the presence of tigers were discovered . after the final report of this survey had been published , the javan tiger was declared extinct .

put a bounty on the head of the animals to encourage their killing . though javan locals refrained from killing the creatures unless they did harm , as human populations swelled many big cat encounters resulted in human deaths , according to

in november 2008 , an unidentified body of a female mountain hiker was found in mount merbabu national park , central java , who allegedly died from tiger attack . villagers who discovered the body have also claimed some tiger sightings in the vicinity .

males of the largest subspecies , the amur ( siberian ) tiger , may weigh up to 660 pounds . for males of the smallest subspecies—the sumatran tiger—upper range is at around 310 pounds . within each subspecies , males are heavier than females .

this male sumatran tiger cub was born at the sacramento zoo on march 3 , 2013 . its species is critically endangered .

artist zio ziegler ' s exclusive tiger t - shirt helps raise awareness and support for wwf ' s global conservation efforts .

fossil evidence and genetic information has determined that the lion , leopard and jaguar have more in common with each other than with the tiger . thus it is estimated that the tiger diverged earlier from the common panthera ancestor than other members of its genus .

“javan tigers have been extinct for three generations , ” ms . wulan said . she said she wished the indonesian public would get as excited about saving endangered animals as they have been this week about the potential for discovering an extinct species .

online ) presents a plausible solution to longstanding uncertainty regarding the tiger radiation throughout mainland asia and the sunda islands . the position of

the photograph , which circulated across social media , prompted the world wildlife fund to support an expedition in search of the supposed tiger .

much of the hunting was carried out by natives , a surprising thing since they considered the tiger a reincarnation of their dead relatives .

in 1995 , a group of villagers from resapombo sighted a tiger with its cubs , high up the mountains of purworejo blitar in east java . cubs of these tiger were sold on the market in malang , where today is a market for all kinds of animals .

a few years ago i read an article that forest officials would set up camera traps in hopes of finding this cat . haven ' t read of any follow up since , so i ' m guessing the findings were bleak . java forests are diminishing fast , thus unfortunately there is a good chance the javan tiger is for sure gone and many other species may meet the same fate .

the caspian tiger ( panthera tigris virgata ) was native from turkey through central and west asia and went extinct around the 1950 ' s . they had a distinctive style for hunting in that they stalked migrating prey over long distances rather than holding territories like other tiger subspecies .

the tiger’s situation has grown desperate in a mere century . a hundred years ago , there were over 100 , 000 in the wild , with more than 40 , 000 in india alone . currently , the total number of tigers worldwide is calculated at fewer than 3 , 500 . three subspecies — javan , bali , and caspian tigers — vanished during the 20th century . a fourth , the south china tiger , has not been seen in the wild for more than 25 years and is assumed to have gone extinct during the 1990s .

nine subspecies of tiger are recognized ; however , three of them are extinct , according to the integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) .

tigers lucky enough to escape the poachers face being shot or poisoned by villagers angered by livestock losses . starvation in the wild presents another peril : prey depletion and habitat degradation are eroding the species’ future . a breeding female bengal tiger needs two deer a week , an amur tiger more than 20 pounds of meat a day to make it through the winter . because of these threats and the tiger’s rapid decline , the

there have been thousands of reported sightings of the tasmanian tiger , or scientifically known as thylacine , but many of them are quickly dismissed .

this sounds like the usual wishful thinking and remorseful hoping … until august 25 , 2017 . that’s when a ranger at the ujung kulon national park on the west end of the island of java spotted a big cat feeding on a dead banteng ( wild javan cattle ) . that would not be an unusual sight – the park has a population of javan leopards – except this cat had stripes , not spots . fortunately , the ranger was able to record the beast walking away from the banteng towards some peacocks … the next course ?

6 . rusa deer , the tiger ' s most important prey species , were lost to disease in several reserves and forests during the 1960s .

total tiger habitat in the world today ( 2013 ) is about staggering 11 lakh ( 1 . 1 million ) urltoken dispersed among asia’s 13 countries

carpal whiskers are located on the back of the tiger’s front legs . with their help cat can feel its prey and detect any escape attempts .

fans of the search for the tasmanian tiger / thylacine may want to pay attention to this one . media outlets on the island of java are reporting a sighting of what appears to be a javan tiger . if it’s true , this would move the beast off of the extinct animals list where it has resided since 1979 when the last confirmed sighting occurred . is the video legit ? if it is , is this good news or bad news for yet another species that was thought to have been hunted to extinction . will humans get let off hook again ?

the first people to embrace the tiger as an important symbol in their culture were the indus valley civilization of harappa and mohenjo daro ( area known today as pakistan ) around 5 , 000 years ago . tiger symbols were engraved on seals and worn as amulets as a representation of property ownership .

from the hunting behavior study found that tigers mostly grab and bite their prey on neck until it die . to bite on neck keeps them safe from the prey’s antlers and hooves ( karanth , 1995 ) . after the prey died , the tiger will drag to eat at a safe place . normally , tiger hunts large prey . the experienced adult tiger hunts carefully and in the case may cause the least injury ( schaller , 1976 ) .

experts are skeptical , however , noting that the video of the spotting appears to show a cat moving more like a leopard than a tiger . the

geographic distribution of mtdna haplotypes among tigers from the islands of sumatra , java , and bali . only tiger specimens with confirmed geographic origins from java (

amazing fresh footage has emerged of what ' s believed to be a tasmanian tiger walking through a field , despite having been declared extinct in 1936 .

in the past century , populations of wild tigers have plummeted from 100 , 000 to 3 , 500 . now the world bank and conservationists have launched an eleventh - hour effort to save this great predator , focusing on reining in the black market for tiger parts and ending the destruction of tiger habitat .

“tigress t - 26 with three cubs lives in the close vicinity of t - 20 , an aged tiger . t - 31 with two cubs is frequently visited by tiger t - 23 . t - 11 with three cubs is protected by t - 33 . t - 30 with a litter of three cubs is protected by t - 3 and t - 9 with two cubs is protected by t - 33 , a male tiger , ” he noted .

tigers need landscapes to thrive , and our work to protect and connect their fragile habitat is based on rigorous scientific analysis . wwf has chosen places to focus its resources based on the best available science . these areas are where densities of prey and tigers are at their highest . the locations encompass tiger corridors that link tiger sites within landscapes . our work includes building local capacity to manage protected areas and coordinating with partners to manage core tiger areas and corridors .

the first evidence for the past presence of the tiger panthera tigris ( l . ) on the island of palawan , philippines : extinction in an island population

monitoring tigers and their prey is essential to achieving our goal of doubling wild tiger populations . by employing camera traps , tracking technologies and dna collected from scat ( droppings ) , we scrutinize the progress of tiger populations in order to adapt our strategies and make conservation decisions based on strong science and field experience .

their numbers alarmingly decreased when one of its natural preys’ – the rusa deer’s number went down in many regions triggering food scarcity . by mid - 50s , just 20 – 25 tigers remained in the island . in 1965 , during civil unrest , armed groups backed away and took shelter in forests and reserves reducing the natural tiger habitat . in the midst of a human - dominated landscape , the deracination of javan tigers got intensified in the 1970s .

meru betiri was rugged and considered this tiger ' s last chance for survival . however , even as it was declared a reserve , the area was under attack by agricultural development . a 1979 census located the tracks of only three tigers . substantiated evidence that this tiger is still alive has not been forthcoming since then .

) is an extinct tiger subspecies that inhabited the indonesian island of java until the mid - 1970s . it was one of the three subspecies limited to islands .

“what is now happening in ranthambore will denote the sheer complexity of tiger behaviour . the trend of tigers preferring solitude is gradually changing at the park . in fact , we have witnessed a peculiar , astonishing and amazing breakthrough in the behaviour of male tigers , ” said rajesh kumar gupta , field director , ranthambhore tiger reserve .

from their pharmacopeia in 1993 , skins still sell for up to $ 35 , 000 , and organs and body parts — bones , whiskers , eyeballs , penises , paws , claws — are snapped up as souvenirs or ingredients of traditional asian medicine . tiger is occasionally served at restaurants in hanoi and beijing , where rare dishes denote high status . in russia , the uber - wealthy have acquired a taste for tiger pelts as home dã©cor ; in sumatra , magic spells require tiger parts .

the first people to embrace the tiger as an important symbol in their culture were the indus valley civilization of harappa and mohenjo daro around 5 , 000 years ago .

following the october 2010 eruption of mount merapi , two indonesian villagers have claimed sightings of a big cat paw print in the residual ash , which sparked rumours a tiger or leopard was roaming abandoned farms in search for food . personnel of the nearby national park did not think it likely this paw print was a tiger ' s .

waters , who runs the thylacine awareness group of australia , says there are a few reasons why he believes the creature in the video is definitely a tasmanian tiger .

the south china tiger ( panthera tigris amoyensis ) are native to south central china . they may weigh up to 150 kg ( 330 lb ) and are about 2 . 5 m ( 8 ft ) in length . south china tigers are the most critically endangered of all tiger subspecies with a population estimate between 30 to 80 individuals .

the javan tiger ( panthera tigris sundaica ) , which is more similar to the sumatran , held on longer into the 20th century . between 1900 and 1975 , the population on java almost tripled from 28 million to 85 million people . during this time , the annual production of rice was unable to keep up with population demands , resulting in the clearing of forests for rice cultivation . in 1938 , tropical forests covered 23 % of the island ; by 1975 , only 8 % remained .

sightings of giant cat pawprints in the thick grey ash blanketing mount merapi ' s slopes on tuesday sparked rumours a tiger or leopard was roaming abandoned farms searching for food .

) are extinct . the specific threats to tigers vary regionally , but human persecution , hunting , and human - induced habitat destruction are universal factors in threatening tiger populations .

show your love of the tiger with the wwf bankamericard cash rewards visa credit card . bank of america will contribute $ 100 to wwf for each account opened and activated .

justification : tigers were last positively recorded from java ' s meru betiri national park in 1976 , and likely disappeared from much of the rest of the island by the 1940s . the causes of extinction include hunting , and loss of forest habitat and prey base . there are no javan tigers in captivity ( seidensticker 1987 ) .

in 2009 . the bank possesses “convening power” among its 187 member countries and began organizing international workshops that culminated in an unprecedented plan to gather together world leaders of all tiger range countries . the tiger summit will be held on nov . 21 , during the waning days of this year of the tiger , in st . petersburg , russia . such political capital expended on a conservation issue is unprecedented . for the first time in history , one of the world’s top financiers has galvanized worldwide support in defense of an endangered species .

the bali tiger ( panthera tigris balica ) was the smallest of the tiger subspecies and was last positively recorded in the late 1930’s in bali barat national park . pushed to the edge by growing human populations , hunted for sport , and persecuted by villagers as a pest , it was declared extinct not long after the end of the second world war .

the tiger is the largest member of the felid ( cat ) family . they sport long , thick reddish coats with white bellies and white and black tails . their heads , bodies , tails and limbs have narrow black , brown or gray stripes . there were once nine subspecies of tigers : bengal , siberian , indochinese , south chinese , sumatran , malayan , caspian , javan and bali . of these , the last three are extinct , one is extinct in the wild , and the rest are endangered .

the indo - chinese tiger ( panthera tigris corbetti ) is one of the smallest tiger subspecies , weighing up to 182 kg ( 400 lb ) and is about 2 . 8 m ( 9ft ) in length . they have a large range encompassing continental southeast asia region ( southern china , laos , vietnam , cambodia , malaysia , thailand and eastern burma ) .

tigers are facing major threats - - including poaching and habitat destruction - - that have put them on the path to extinction . you can help save them . adopt a tiger .

in the west of java lies the halimun reserve , today integrated into the mount halimun salak national park . in 1984 , a tiger was killed there ; and in 1989 , pugmarks were found that were the size of a tiger’s . however , an expedition of six biologists conducted in 1990 did not yield any definite , direct evidence for the existence of tigers .

poaching continues to pose a seemingly insurmountable problem . losses of 2 percent a year threaten the tiger with immediate extinction , according to john scanlon , secretary - general of cites , the

this big cat is both admired and feared by people around the world . if forests are emptied of every last tiger , all that will remain are distant legends and zoo sightings .

from basic principles of animals energetic that tiger ' s prey must be over 20 kg . density of prey species influence tiger densities in several ways . as prey density declines , breeding female ranges become larger , dramatically reducing the number of such females that an area can support . high prey densities appear to permit the area to support higher number of transient animals ( karanth and nichols 1998 , 2000 ) . because cub and juvenile survival rates are higher when prey availability is higher , the numbers of tiger in these two demographic stages are also higher . while other habitat - related or managerial factors also influence tiger density at a given site , prey abundance appears to be the primary ecological determinant in most places ( karanth and nichols 2002 ) .

) indicates modest and recent population expansion throughout the last glacial period ( c . 110 000–12 000 years ago ) in the region . inference with the pair - wise sequentially markovian coalescent ( psmc ) model of tiger demographic history based on genome - wide data from an amur tiger also indicates a holocene population expansion as ice sheets retreated and suitable habitats containing ungulate prey returned (

in india ; the prey concentrations are high and male tigers have territories that range in size from 5 to 150 sq km . in siberia the prey concentrations are much lower and male tiger territories range in size from 800 to 1200 sq km . seasonality in terms of prey migrations , food availability and weather may also affect prey populations and therefore the size of tiger territories .

principal prey species indicates dynamic tiger abundance . in india , a study about feeding ecology of tigers reveals that , in one year , a tiger requires prey weighing an average of 3 , 000 kg which is approximately 50 adult spotted deer . this implies that to expect the reproduction of 50 chital , we have to reserve the existing amount of at least 500 spotted deer .

this species is a dusky grey color and has a single horn of up to about 10 inches . its skin has a number of loose folds , giving the appearance of armor plating . the javan rhino is very similar in appearance to the closely - related greater one - horned rhinoceros , but has a much smaller head and less apparent skin folds .

javan rhinos are found in only one protected area in the world . the biology of the species is poorly understood , but we are starting to learn more about the species ecology and behavior thanks to very intensive monitoring of the population . they are extremely vulnerable to extinction due to natural catastrophes , habitat loss , diseases , poaching , and potential inbreeding .

the sumatran tiger ( p . t . sumatrae ) is found only on sumatra island . the other two subspecies only found on indonesian islands have already gone completely extinct . this tiger was found to be a distinct subspecies in 1998 through genetic testing . there are between 400 and 500 left in the wild , mostly in national parks . the sumatran tiger is the smallest subspecies due to thick forests and small prey . it has dark fur , with closely spaced stripes and a longer mane . one male needs 100 square kilometers ( 39 square miles ) of space .

so countries and conservation organizations are urgently rallying to save the tiger , but their efforts are shadowed by the fact that the species has been “saved” before . early in the 1970s , the tiger population in india fell to a similarly alarming level , below 2 , 000 . president indira gandhi backed what may have been the most comprehensive single - species conservation plan of its time :

the siberian tiger ( p . t . altaica ) is also called the amur tiger . it lives in eastern siberia , with a small population in northeastern china and north korea . it calls the taiga and eastern russian birch forest its home . about 500 siberian tigers exist in the wild . they are adapted to live in the cold siberian landscape . they are the largest tigers and have thicker fur to survive the cold . the tigers are also paler and have fewer stripes , which are dark brown instead of black . one thing going for them is that they live in the largest unfragmented tiger habitat with the fewest humans . they need the most space of any of the other tiger subspecies , one male needs 1000 square km ( 386 square miles ) .

the tigris river is said to flow straight like an arrow . this river is thought to be the origin of the tiger ' s species name , tigris , which is greek for arrow .

the smallest tiger subspecies with a weight of around 90 - 120 kg . they have dark , reddish - brown coats with broad black stripes . and are only found in sumatra , indonesia .

at the beginning of the 20th century , 28 million people lived on the island of java . the annual production of rice was insufficient to adequately supply the growing human population , so within 15 years , 150 % more land was cleared for cultivating rice . in 1938 , natural forest covered 23 % of the island . by 1975 , only 8 % forest stand remained ; the human population had increased to 85 million people . in this human - dominated landscape , the extirpation of the javan tiger was intensified by the conjunction of several circumstances and events :

live tigers are of economic importance in zoos where they are displayed to the public and in wildlife areas where they may bring in tourism . tigers are illegally killed for their fur to make rugs and wall hangings . in addition , for more than 3000 years traditional chinese medicine has used tiger parts to treat sickness and injury . the humerus ( upper leg bone ) , for example , has been prescribed to treat rheumatism even though there is no evidence that it has any affect on the disease . some believe that tiger bones will help them become as strong and ferocious as the tiger .

) with missing data ( due to sequence omission in several samples ) coded as “n . ” these haplotypes were analyzed jointly with 25 voucher tiger haplotypes of 4078bp each from all 6 living subspecies (

- 13173 - a variant shared by bal and son distinguishes them from all sumatran tiger haplotypes ( sum1 - 8 and sumx ) . bal is common in our collection and shared by 6 individuals (

we are now able to construct , for the first time , the intraspecific phylogeny for the tiger based on all the 9 recognized subspecies . interpreting the layered cladogenic effects of variance and dispersal illustrated in

one of the world’s largest , and most uniquely - adapted , tiger populations is found in the sundarbans—a large mangrove forest area shared by india and bangladesh on the northern coast of the indian ocean . these mangrove forests harbor a variety of species , including tigers , and protect coastal regions from storm surges and wind damage . however , rising sea levels caused by climate change threaten to wipe out these forests and the last remaining habitat of this tiger population . according to a wwf study , without mitigation efforts , projected sea level rise—about a foot by 2070—could destroy nearly the entire sundarbans tiger habitat .

the population in ujung kulon national park represents the only hope for the survival of a species that is on the brink of extinction . until the late 19th century and early 20th century , javan rhinos existed from northeast india and the sunderbans , throughout mainland southeast asia , and on the island of sumatra . if we lose the population in java , the entire species will disappear .

javan tigers were very small compared to other subspecies of the asian mainland , but larger in size than bali tigers . males weighed between 100 and 140 kg ( 220 and 310 lb ) on average with a body length of 200 to 245 cm ( 79 to 96 in ) . females were smaller than males and weighed between 75 and 115 kg ( 170 and 250 lb ) on average . their nose was long and narrow , occipital plane remarkably narrow and carnassials relatively long . they usually had long and thin stripes , which were slightly more numerous than of the sumatran tiger .

educational campaigns ; and develop long - term financing schemes to pay for it all . the draft document outlining the program is a manifesto for a new paradigm of conservation , seeking to counter the notion that this might be another single - species conservation project . the program seeks to protect the tiger as the apex predator in its ecosystem and as an emblem of all biodiversity in that system . protection of the tiger , it states , entails protection of tiger landscapes , which also function as critically important watersheds serving 832 million people . conservation , the program’s author’s insist , “is no longer a fringe concern . ”

opportunities in india and china while “simultaneously green - washing its warty environmental visage . ” at the nagarahole tiger reserve , karanth said that consultants made away with much of the money as 12 , 000 timber trees were smuggled from the reserve and tiger and elephant poaching rose . “despite huge investments , ” he concluded , the bank’s project “damage [ d ] wildlife and habitats without increasing local community support . ”

the international union for the conservation of nature ' s ( iucn ' s ) red list of threatened species categorizes all remaining tiger species as endangered . most live on wildlife refuges to protect them from poachers .

historic tiger range ran from turkey through south and southeast asia to the far eastern shores of the continent . today , they are only found in south and southeast asia , china and the russian far east .


coenonympha dorus , the dusky heath , is a butterfly of the family nymphalidae .

it is found in south-western europe and north africa .

the length of the forewings is 16 – 17 mm .

the butterfly is on the wing from june to august .

the larvae feed on various grasses .

coenonympha dorus

coenonympha dorus <EOT> coenonympha dorus austauti ; [ bmat ] : 86 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 8

coenonympha dorus ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 5 , f . 17 ; [ otakar kudrna ]

coenonympha dorus fonti de sagarra , 1924 ; butll . inst . catal . hist . nat . ( 2 ) 4 ( 9 ) : 199 ; tl : albarracin ( aragó ) , 1100m

a particularly dark and sombre dorus . the unh post - discal band is very white and strongly contrasted to the adjacent bands . the colouring is rather cold and the unf ocellus is unusually large .

remarks : coenonympha dorus occurs from north africa across the iberian peninsula and southern france to italy . but in italy it is very local and scarce ( e . g . in central parts of the apennines ) . to the north it extends almost to lyon in the french rhone valley .

habitat : coenonympha dorus inhabits rocky or stony slopes , maquis and its degradation stages , pastures , road side verges and other grassy biotopes with open soil . it is quite demanding in southern france , but almost ubiquitous in dry habitats in parts of spain ( e . g . sierras of east spain ) .

coenonympha semenovi alphéraky , 1887 ; in romanoff , mem . lép . 3 : 405

coenonympha kodiak edwards , 1869 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 2 : 375

coenonympha elbana staudiger , 1901 ; cat . lep . palaearct . faunengeb . 1 : 66

? coenonympha decolorata wagner , 1913 ; ent . mitt . 2 ( 6 ) : 189

coenonympha haydeni ; [ bow ] : pl . 18 , f . 14 ; [ opler ]

coenonympha kodiak var . yukonensis holland , 1900 ; ent . news 11 ( 3 ) : 386

coenonympha tyderes ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 5 ( text only )

coenonympha pamphilus lyllus ; [ bmat ] : 84 , pl . 28 , f . 28 - 44

? coenonympha corinna corinnaeformis verity , 1914 ; boll . soc . ent . ital . 45 : 228

coenonympha corinna ; [ bow ] : pl . 5 , f . 16 ; [ otakar kudrna ]

coenonympha fettigii fettigii ; [ bmat ] : 84 , pl . 29 , f . 9 - 11

coenonympha fettigii nicholasi ; [ bmat ] : 85 , pl . 29 , f . 12 - 17

coenonympha fettigii inframaculata ; [ bmat ] : 86 , pl . 29 , f . 18 - 31

coenonympha vaucheri vaucheri ; [ bmat ] : 86 , pl . 29 , f . 32 - 40

coenonympha vaucheri annoceuri ; [ bmat ] : 87 , pl . 29 , f . 41 - 48

coenonympha vaucheri rifensis ; [ bmat ] : 87 , pl . 29 , f . 49 - 57

coenonympha vaucheri beraberensis ; [ bmat ] : 87 , pl . 29 , f . 58 - 66

coenonympha iphioides ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 2 ; [ otakar kudrna ]

coenonympha mongolica ; [ bru ] , 197 ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 10

coenonympha inornata ; [ nacl ] , # 4583 ; [ bow ] : pl . 18 , f . 7

= coenonympha pamphilus ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30

coenonympha pavonina alphéraky , 1888 ; stettin ent . ztg 49 : 66 ; tl : r . hei - ho

? coenonympha typhon laidon ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30

coenonympha california westwood , [ 1851 ] ; gen . diurn . lep . ( 2 ) : 398 ; tl : california

coenonympha glycerion beljaevi dubatolov , 1997 ; far eastern ent . 44 : 8 ; tl : s . primorye , spassk districk

coenonympha caeca heptopotamica sheljuzhko , 1929 ; mitt . münch . ent . ges . 19 : 352 ; tl : aulie - ata

coenonympha vaucheri rifensis weiss , 1979 ; entomops 48 : 271 , f . 1 ; tl : dj . lakraa ( morocco )

coenonympha inornata [ ? ] nipisquit mcdunnough , 1939 ; can . ent . 71 : 266 ; tl : near bathurst , new brunswick

coenonympha arcania ab . euthymia dannehl , 1927 ; mitt . münch . ent . ges . 17 ( 1 - 6 ) : 4

coenonympha leander ; [ bru ] , 195 ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 3 ; [ otakar kudrna ]

coenonympha iphis ab . oikeia dannehl , 1927 ; mitt . münch . ent . ges . 17 ( 1 - 6 ) : 5

coenonympha glycerion ; [ bow ] : pl . 5 , f . 18 ; [ mrs ] , 405 ; [ otakar kudrna ]

coenonympha oedippus ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 4 ; [ mrs ] , 403 ; [ otakar kudrna ]

coenonympha pamphilus atlantea verity , 1926 ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 199 ; tl : atlas mts . ( morocco )

coenonympha saadi kollar , [ 1849 ] ; denkschr . akad . wiss . wien . 1 : 52 ; tl : shiraz , s . iran

coenonympha kodiak ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 4582

coenonympha caeca staudinger , 1886 ; stett . ent . ztg . 47 ( 7 - 9 ) : 251 ; tl : chatkalsky mts , uzbekistan

coenonympha vaucheri blachier , 1905 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1905 : 213 ; tl : high atlas mts . ( morocco )

coenonympha sinica alphéraky , 1888 ; stettin ent . ztg 49 : 66 ; tl : nian - chian - kette , djin - ta - sy

coenonympha kodiak yukonensis ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 4582b

coenonympha tiphon italica verity , 1914 ; boll . soc . ent . ital . 45 : 222 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 27

coenonympha fettigii oberthür , 1874 ; petites nouv . ent . 1 ( 103 ) : 412 ; tl : province of oran [ telaghre ] ( algeria )

coenonympha fettigii fettigii ab . infra - simplex rothschild , 1917 ; novit . zool . 24 ( 1 ) : 118 ; tl : les pins ( algeria )

coenonympha arcanioides ; [ bow ] : pl . 5 , f . 12 ; [ bmat ] : 88 , pl . 28 , f . 45 - 49

coenonympha heros [ sic ] latifasciata matsumura , 1925 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 15 : 94 ; tl : ohtsu , hokkaido

coenonympha semenovi jiadengyuica huang & murayama , 1992 ; tyô to ga 43 ( 1 ) : 5 , f . 15 ; tl : jiadengyu , altai , 1380m

coenonympha leander trevincae wyatt , 1952 ; zs . wiender ent . ges . 37 : 207 ; tl : peña trevinca , orense , nw . spain , 1560m

coenonympha amaryllis ; [ bru ] , 194 ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 5 ; [ mrs ] , 403 ; [ otakar kudrna ]

coenonympha tullia bosniae davenport , 1941 ; bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . 87 ( 4 ) : 244 - 245 ; tl : lake jesero , bosnia

coenonympha arcanioides f . nigro - ocellata stetter - stättermayer , 1933 ; int . ent . z . 27 : 340 ; tl : bône [ annaba ] ( algeria )

coenonympha mahometana alphéraky , 1881 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 16 ( 3 - 4 ) : 428 ; tl : kuldzha , kunges valley , w . china

coenonympha tullia ; [ bru ] , 193 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 6 ; [ opler ] ; [ otakar kudrna ]

coenonympha xinjiangensis chou & huang , 1994 ; in chou , monographia rhopalocerum sinensium 1 - 2 : 759 , 403 , f . 32 - 33 ; tl : xinjiang , jiandengyu

coenonympha vaucheri annoceuri wyatt , 1952 ; zs . wiener ent . ges . 37 : 175 , pl . 21 , f . b1 - b4 ; tl : annoceur ( morocco )

coenonympha arcania ; [ bru ] , 195 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 5 , f . 15 ; [ mrs ] , 405 ; [ otakar kudrna ]

coenonympha hero ; [ bru ] , 196 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 1 ; [ mrs ] , 404 ; [ otakar kudrna ]

coenonympha tiphon var . rhodopensis elwes , 1900 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1900 ( 2 ) : 205 ; tl : bulgaria , rila mts . , levi iskar , 5000ft

coenonympha vaucheri f . mediocellis le cerf , 1923 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1923 ( 17 ) : 224 ; tl : grand atlas , djebel tachdirt , 3100 - 3250m

coenonympha fettigii holli oberthür , 1910 ; ètud . lépid . comp . 4 : 42 , pl . 48 , f . 396 - 397 ; tl : blida - les - glaciéres ( algeria )

coenonympha heros [ sic ] pilwonis matsumura , 1925 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 15 : 95 , pl . 8 , f . 2 ♂ ; tl : saghalin

coenonympha nolckeni ; grum - grshimailo , 1890 , in romanoff , mém . lép . 4 : 497 ; [ bru ] , 196 ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 9

coenonympha nolckeni erschoff , 1874 ; in fedschenko , travels in turkestan . 2 ( 5 ) : 23 , pl . 2 , f . 17 ; tl : mt . naubid , zeravshan valley , uzbekistan

coenonympha mongolica alphéraky , 1881 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 16 ( 3 - 4 ) : 426 , 17 ( 1 - 2 ) pl . 1 , f . 26 ; tl : near kuldzha , china

coenonympha vaucheri beraberensis lay & rose , 1979 ; ent . z . frankf . a . m . 89 ( 13 ) : 143 , f . 2 ; tl : [ tizi - n ' ouguerd - zegzaoune ] ( morocco )

coenonympha sunbecca ; grum - grshimailo , 1890 , in romanoff , mém . lép . 4 : 498 ; [ bru ] , 197 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 7 ; [ mrs ] , 404

coenonympha tullia yontocket porter & mattoon , 1989 ; j . lep . soc . 43 ( 3 ) : 231 , f . 1 - 3 ; tl : california , del norte co . ( dunes n of crescent city , between lake earl and smith river )

coenonympha pamphilus ; grum - grshimailo , 1890 , in romanoff , mém . lép . 4 : 497 ; [ bru ] , 192 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 5 ; [ mrs ] , 404 ; [ otakar kudrna ]

coenonimpha [ sic ] pamphilus altopirenaica de sagarra , 1930 ; butll . inst . catal . hist . nat . ( 2 ) 10 ( 7 ) : 113

1000x1076 ( ~ 169kb ) underside russia , tatarstan , varkljed - bodja ( 56°13 ' n 52°49 ' e ) , about 20km s of agriz , 8 . 8 . 2004 , photo © markku savela

700x572 ( ~ 77kb ) underside france , sophia antipolis , 5 . 10 . 2000 , photo © markku savela

700x603 ( ~ 74kb ) underside france , sophia antipolis , 5 . 10 . 2000 , photo © markku savela

470x384 ( ~ 99kb ) underside czech republic , blansko , 15 . 6 . 2004 , photo © michal koupý

900x723 ( ~ 54kb ) underside finland , ab : suomusjärvi , 669 : 31 , 28 . 6 . 1998 photo © markku savela

larva on poaceae , poa , nardus , stipa , cynosurus , dactilis , festuca , anthoxanthum , brachypodium , ( etc . ) [ bru ] anthoxanthum odoratum , deschampsia caespitosa , d . flexuosa [ sprk ]

pamphilus marginata ( heyne , [ 1894 ] ) ; in rühl , die pal . gross - schmett . 1 : 619

pamphilus fulvolactea ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 205

pamphilus centralasiae ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 205

pamphilus infrarasa ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 206

pamphilus juldusica ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 206

pamphilus ferghana ( stauder , 1924 ) ; int . ent . z . 17 : 152

pamphilus nitidissima ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 199

pamphilus asiaemontium ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 206

thyrsis ( freyer , 1845 ) ; neuere beitr . schmett . 5 : pl . 475 , f . 1

mesopotamica ( heyne , [ 1894 ] ) ; in rühl , die pal . gross - schmett . 1 : 617

mangeri ( o . bang - haas , 1927 ) ; horae macrolep . palaearct . 1 : 50

haydenii ( edwards , 1872 ) ; in hayden , geol . surv . montana : 467

444x358 ( ~ 40kb ) underside usa : alabama , 2 . 8 . 1999 , photo © vitaly charny

730x1025 ( ~ 173kb ) underside russian federation , adygea republic , caucasian nature reserve , lagonaki plateau , the blyam mt . environs , 12 july 2008 , photo © oleg kosterin

662x882 ( ~ 150kb ) underside russian federation , adygea republic , caucasian nature reserve , lagonaki plateau , the blyam mt . environs , 12 july 2008 , photo © oleg kosterin

959x1119 ( ~ 262kb ) underside russian federation , adygea republic , caucasian nature reserve , lagonaki plateau , the blyam mt . environs , 12 july 2008 , photo © oleg kosterin

649x956 ( ~ 145kb ) underside russian federation , adygea republic , caucasian nature reserve , lagonaki plateau , the blyam mt . environs , 12 july 2008 , photo © oleg kosterin

413x400 ( ~ 45kb ) underside male an alpine meadow , at 2200 m above sea level , on the eastern spurs of the katunskiy mt . range , the valley of the argem ( direntai ) stream , central altai mts . , west siberia , russia . 13th july , 1988 , photo © oleg kosterin

585x733 ( ~ 252kb ) underside male an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian } altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3rd july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin

alaska , yukon , nw . territories , n . siberia . see [ maps ]

larva on spartina patens , less festuca rubra webster , 1998 , j . lep . soc . 52 ( 4 ) : 350

700x510 ( ~ 33kb ) underside usa : lake sammamish park , issaquah ( 47°33 ' 36n 122°03 ' 25w ) , king co . , wa , 11 . 7 . 1999 , photo © markku savela

800x739 ( ~ 47kb ) underside usa : issaquah ( 47°32 ' 35n 122°04 ' 00w ) , king co . , wa , 7 . 7 . 1999 , photo © markku savela

500x439 ( ~ 34kb ) underside usa : fr9708 , table mtn , kittitas co . , wa , 19 . 7 . 1999 , photo © markku savela

900x1002 ( ~ 120kb ) underside usa : near tyler ( 47°27 ' 09 " n 117°48 ' 41 " w ) , spokane co . , washington , 18 . 8 . 2005 , photo © markku savela

pamirs - alai , ghissar , tian - shan - altai . see [ maps ]

ab . inocellata ( sheljuzhko , 1929 ) ; mitt . münch . ent . ges . 19 : 352

italy , romania , bulgaria , albania , n . greece , yugoslavia . see [ maps ]

algeria ( blida , chrea , etc . ) , tunisia ( aïn draham , tunis )

morocco ( tizi - n ' ouguerd - zegzaoune , dj . aourach , imlil , lake tislit , etc . )

eu , asia minor , s . russia , s . urals . see [ maps ]

652x452 ( ~ 27kb ) underside male poland , tresta near tomaszow mazowiecki , 07 . 1997 , photo © marek michalski leg .

309x300 ( ~ 24kb ) underside an opening in an oak forest , the town krymsk environs , krymsk district , krasnodarskii krai province , s russia . 26th may 1990 , photo © oleg kosterin

517x689 ( ~ 57kb ) underside sweden , ekebo , julita , 5 . 7 . 2003 , photo © leif wahlberg

479x639 ( ~ 66kb ) underside sweden , ekebo , julita , 20 . 6 . 2004 , photo © leif wahlberg

470x441 ( ~ 93kb ) underside czech republic , blansko , 15 . 6 . 2004 , photo © michal koupý

hungary , bulgaria , s . russia , asia minor , armenia , iran . see [ maps ]

papilio leander esper , 1784 ; die schmett . th . i , bd . 2 ( 9 ) : 176 , pl . 89 , f . 5 ; tl : volga region , russia

larva on poa , melica , anthoxanthum , lolium [ bru ] , koenig , 1959 , hesselbarth et al , 1995 , etc .

ceu , neu , temperate asia , amur , korea , japan . see [ maps ]

coenonymphahero neoperseis fruhstorfer , 1908 ; int . ent . zs . 2 ( 2 ) : 10 ; tl : japan , nr . sapporo

478x640 ( ~ 92kb ) upperside underside male russia , n tuva , piykhemskiy distr . , h = 800 . , 06 . 1997 vashchenko s . n . leg , photo © d . smirnov

500x430 ( ~ 28kb ) underside finland , ylöjärvi , teivaala , 6828 : 320 , 16 . 7 . 1996 , photo © tero piirainen

470x443 ( ~ 80kb ) underside czech republic , blansko , 15 . 6 . 2004 , photo © michal koupý

470x379 ( ~ 76kb ) underside czech republic , blansko , 22 . 7 . 2004 , photo © michal koupý

600x400 ( ~ 60kb ) underside estonia , hiiumaa , kootsaare nina . 24 . 07 . 2004 , photo © hannu tanner

724x724 ( ~ 116kb ) underside russia , moscow area , 10 . 06 . 2007 , photo © d . smirnov

710x522 ( ~ 96kb ) underside male russia : moscow area ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , 14 . 7 . 2008 , photo © d . smirnov

811x660 ( ~ 113kb ) underside female russia , moscow area , 18 . 8 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov

872x1120 ( ~ 262kb ) underside a long - fallow land on the akkem river right bank terrace at the oroktoi brook mouth , katunskii range southern foot , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 8th july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin

979x1081 ( ~ 180kb ) underside russia , west siberia , the altai mts . , altai republic , shebalino district , the ulus - cherga village environs , a herbaceous meadow on southern slope . 11th july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin

? sunbecca var . alexandra ( heyne , [ 1894 ] ) ; ; tl : kirghizsky mts .

300x400 ( ~ 28kb ) underside a steppefied meadow in the middle flow of the kora river , 30 km ne of the tekeli city ( 1900 m above sea level ) , the north dzhungarskiy alatau mountain chain ( ne part of tien shan ) , taldy - kurgan province , se kazakhstan . 15th june , 1993 ( on artemisia santolinifolia turcz . ex besser ) , photo © oleg kosterin

coenonimpha [ sic ] iphioides pseudoamyntas de sagarra , 1930 ; butll . inst . catal . hist . nat . ( 2 ) 10 ( 7 ) : 113

612x520 ( ~ 45kb ) underside barbatona ( prov . guadalajara ) , spain 1 - august - 1989 , photo © enrique garcia - barros

ceu , s . siberia - ussuri , china , korea , japan . see [ maps ]

600x800 ( ~ 97kb ) underside male female a meadow steppe on the hill malyi batur on the left bank of the onon river 7 km upstream of the village nizhnii tsasuchei , onon district , chita province , se transbaikalia ( dahuria ) , siberia , russia . 11th july 1996 , photo © oleg kosterin

857x1133 ( ~ 217kb ) underside russia , west siberia , the altai mts . , altai republic , shebalino district , the ulus - cherga village environs , a herbaceous meadow on southern slope . 11th july 2007 ( on phlomis tuberosa ) , photo © oleg kosterin

1177x1309 ( ~ 266kb ) underside russia , west siberia , the altai mts . , altai republic , shebalino district , the ulus - cherga village environs , a herbaceous meadow on southern slope . 11th july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin

ghissar , alai , tian - shan , n . pamirs , w . pamirs . see [ maps ]

s . urals , altai mts , w . siberia , e . siberia , transbaikalia , amur , ussuri , china , mongolia , korea . see [ maps ]

borisovi ( korshunov & ivonin , 1996 ) ; ( infrasubsp . ) - baikal region

400x398 ( ~ 41kb ) underside the valley of the shivilig - khem river just upstream its leaving the the southern foot of the east tannu - ola mounatin range for the ubsu - nur hollow , tes - khem district , tuva republic , siberia , russia . 11th july 1990 , photo © oleg kosterin

1000x1058 ( ~ 190kb ) underside female china , qinghai prov , 20 km s tianjun ( 3900m ) , photo © a . timchenko leg .

1000x915 ( ~ 154kb ) upperside male china , qinghai prov , 20 km s tianjun ( 3900m ) , photo © a . timchenko leg .

1000x1062 ( ~ 176kb ) underside male china , qinghai prov , 20 km s tianjun ( 3900m ) , photo © a . timchenko leg .

the dates of e . j . c . esper ' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen . . . 1776 - [ 1830 ] ; archives of natural history ( 1981 ) 10 ( 2 ) : 251 - 254

butterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .

[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .

lépidoptères du district de kouldjà et des montagnes environnantes . ( 1 - 3 )

the genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson

descriptions of certain species of diurnal lepidoptera found within the limits of the united states and of british america . - no . [ 1 ] - 3

list of species of butterflies collected by campbell carrington and wm . b . logan , of the expedition [ to montana ] , in 1871 . preliminary report [ 5th ann . rep . ] u . s . geological survey of montana , by f . v . hayden in hayden ,

die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . band 1

die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . fortsetzung . band 2

die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . supplement theil 1 . abschnitt 1

die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . supplement theil 2

genera insectorum eorumque characters naturales secundum numerum , figuram , situm et proportionem . . .

neuere beiträge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 65 - 80 )

systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition

critical list of the collection of algerian lepidoptera of the late captain n . j . e . holl .

anotacions a la lepidopterologia ibérica v ( 2 ) . formes noves de lepidòpters ibérics

beitrag zur lepidopterenfauna des iligebietes sowie des sary - dschas ( asia centr . )

wyatt , 1952 einige neue tagfalterrassen aus spanien zs . wiender ent . ges . 37 : 204 - 207

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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host plants : the larva feeds on grasses . in provence i observed a larva on festuca ovina agg . ( massif de la sainte baume ) . in spain i recorded oviposition on a brachypodium species .

life cycle : the larva hibernates and is mature between late may and june . i observed it still small in early may in southern france ( provence , 1000m asl ) . the adults are on the wing between june and august ( according to altitude ) . i recorded fresh individuals quite abundant in mid / late july 2013 in eastern spain ( 600 - 1000m asl ) . in late august 2013 i still observed only a few worn individuals in sierra de albarracin in 1700m asl . oviposition takes place near the ground . the hatched larvae undergo an aestivation ( some weeks ) and start growing in early autumn .

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2017 photographs highlighted in yellow . click on any photograph to go to an enlarged picture , or simply scroll down the page .

a heat - loving butterfly limited to the far south - east ( in france ) , sometimes quite common . it is quite intricately marked and can vary between quite richly coloured , as 11117 , to quite washy as in 2499 . the underside metallic submarginal band is usually visible as in the enlarged version of 11117 below .

other heaths have this , and i find it quite strange that otherwise quite dull butterflies ( compared to their more illustrious cousins ) are blessed with a metallic stripe .

in the cévennes region of southern france the form microphthalma occurs , probably to the exclusion of the nominate form , where the ocelli are greatly reduced . this form is not mentioned in t & l although it is mentioned in tlid ( where it is described , probably incorrectly , as microphtalma ) . 43761 and 43766 are typical examples of this form .

unusually pale , and it doesn ' t seem due to wear . the ocelli are also quite small .

a fresh male , lovely bold ocelli and a wide fresh silver submarginal stripe .

an example of the form microphthalma from the cévennes . it has a very pale and warm colouring which makes the silver stripe , especially on the unh , stand out quite clearly .

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i first saw dusky heaths in spain in 1983 , but because the border with gibraltar ( where i lived and worked ) was then closed by the spanish on their own terms my camera was confiscated when i crossed it ! i saw another individual in hungary in 1994 but was unable to film it . i only got poor photos in the south of france in 2004 so it was with great joy i photographed the above individuals in july 2011 in spain .

this is a very distinctive butterfly . although superficially similar to some other heaths it is instantly identifiable in the field , not least by the outwardly curving row of spots on the hindwing . it is a characteristic butterfly of hot , dusty locations in spain , italy and the south of france .


it was described by holland in 1893 .

the length of the forewings is 23-26.5 mm for males and 24.5-29.5 mm for females .

the forewings are buff or greyish buff .

the tornus is darker , with numerous dark brown or black striations parallel to the outer margin and there are numerous brown striations between the postmedial fascia and the base of the wing .

the discocellular spot is black and the postmedial fascia dull brownish red laterally , with a longitudinal central lustrous band .

the costal spots are faintly marked except at the apex .

the hindwings are buff or greyish buff , darkest between the medial fascia and the weakly marked sub-basal fascia .

it is speckled with brown distal to the medial fascia .

the discocellular spot is black .

negera bimaculata

negera bimaculata <EOT> negera bimaculata is a moth in the drepanidae family . it was described by holland in 1893 . [ 1 ] it is found in cameroon , gabon , ghana and liberia . [ 2 ]

type species : negera confusa walker , 1855 . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part v . – lepidoptera heterocera : 1172 . by monotypy .

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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .

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walker f . 1855c . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part v . – lepidoptera heterocera . - — 5 : i–iv , 977–1257 .

holland w . j . 1893e . new species of west african drepanulidae . - entomological news 4 : 171–181 , pl . 1 .

watson a . 1965a . a revision of the ethiopian drepanidae ( lepidoptera ) . - bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( entomology ) supplement 3 : 1–178 , pls . 1–18 .

gaede m . 1927 . bombycidae , drepanidae , eupterotidae , saturnidae . – in : seitz , a . ( ed . ) die gross - schmetterlinge der erde . eine systematische bearbeitung der bis jetzt bekannten gross - schmetterlinge . die afrikanischen spinner und schwärmer . - — 14 : 283–285 , 287–292 , 293–311 , 313–347 .

druce h . 1896 . descriptions of some new species of heterocera from tropical africa . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 6 ) 17 ( 101 ) : 350–356 .

felder c . , felder r . & rogenhofer a . f . 1865–1875 . reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . zweiter band . abtheilung 2 , heft 4 , lepidoptera . atlas der heterocera . - — 2 ( 4 ) : 1–20 , pls . 1–140 .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .

species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .