the cumberland snubnose darter ( etheostoma atripinne ) is a small , perciform fish found it the middle cumberland river drainage in tennessee , kentucky , virginia , north carolina , georgia , and alabama .

it is absent in reaches above the big south fork , rare in north carolina , and absent in western tributaries of the tennessee river .

while research on the ecology of e. atripinne is not extensive , what is known is they are usually found in small to medium freshwater streams in gravel riffle areas where their eggs can attach to the substrate and be left unguarded .

e. atripinne can be found within a wide range of depths in its environment , leading its being classified as benthopelagic .

while its global status is secure , the american fisheries society labels it with a status of “ special concern ” .

cumberland snubnose darter

cumberland snubnose darter <EOT> etheostoma atripinne ( d . s . jordan , 1877 ) ( cumberland snubnose darter )

the snubnose darter ( etheostoma simoterum ) is a species of darter endemic to the southeastern united states .

cumberland snubnose darters spawning in small creek in wilson county tennessee . april 24 , 2014 . canon powershot 710is version .

etheostoma susanae ( d . s . jordan & swain , 1883 ) ( cumberland darter )

, and the other greenside darter species were nested in a clade containing most of the snubnose darter species . in addition ,

locus was the most congruent with regard to the subgeneric taxonomy of greenside and snubnose darters . greenside darters , snubnose darters , and

were nested as successive sister lineages at the base of the snubnose–greenside darter clade . the sister lineage of

the snubnose darter has two recognized subspecies , including the cumberland snubnose darter . e . s . atripinne , and the tennessee snubnose darter , e . s . simoterum . intergradation between the two subspecies occurs in the lower tennessee river unit . the mean length of snubnose darters is 45 millimetres ( 1 . 8 in ) , the reported average clutch size is 152 , and the maximum age is less than two years . the snubnose darter inhabits riffles and rock - bottomed pools in streams with low turbidity . as of 2000 , the snubnose darter was listed as currently stable , meaning it is widespread and not in need of any immediate conservation action .

etnier , d . a . 1980 . etheostoma acuticeps bailey , sharphead darter ; e . atripinne ( jordan ) , cumberland snubnose darter ; e . duryi henshall , blackside snubnose darter ; e . luteovinctum gilbert and swain , redband darter ; e . maculatum kirtland , spotted darter ; e . rufilineatum ( cope ) , redline darter ; e . simoterum ( cope ) , tennessee snubnose darter ; and percina tanasi etnier , snail darter ; pp . 622 , 625 , 642 , 663 , 664 , 687 , 693 , 743 , in : d . s . lee et al . , atlas of north american freshwater fishes . nc state mus . nat . hist . , raleigh , 864 p .

the snubnose darter is native to the tennessee and cumberland river drainages of tennessee , virginia , kentucky , north carolina , georgia and alabama . warren et al . described the distribution of the freshwater fish native to the southern united states by drainage basin . the historical range of the tennessee snubnose darter ( e . s . simoterum ) includes the upper and lower tennessee river drainage units , and it has been introduced into both the licking big sandy creek river and the kanawha - new - guyandotte - little kanawha river . the historical range of the cumberland snubnose darter ( e . s . atripinne ) includes the lower tennessee river and cumberland river drainages . intergradation between the two subspecies occurs in the lower tennessee river unit .

the snubnose darter is listed as " currently stable " , which is defined as " a species or subspecies whose distribution is widespread and stable or a species or subspecies that may have declined in portions of its range but is not in need of immediate conservation management actions " . based on certain lifecycle parameters , the american fisheries society lists the snubnose darter as highly resilient with low vulnerability .

north america : found only in cumberland and tennessee river drainages in virginia , north carolina , kentucky , tennessee , georgia and alabama , usa .

heins , d . c . 2001 . variation in clutch size and ovum size of the snubnose darter , etheostoma simoterum ( cope ) , from two populations in tennessee . american midland naturalist . 145 : 74 - 79 .

large darters are susceptible to internal parasitism by flukes and nematodes . external parasites such as black spot disease caused by metacercariae flukes and piscicolid leeches also affect snubnose darters .

blanton , r . e . , and r . e . jenkins . 2008 . three new darter species of the etheostoma percnurum species complex ( percidae , subgenus catonotus ) from the tennessee and cumberland river drainages . zootaxa . 1963 : 1 - 24 .

etheostoma artesiae ( o . p . hay , 1881 ) ( redspot darter )

etheostoma asprigene ( s . a . forbes , 1878 ) ( mud darter )

etheostoma bellator suttkus & r . m . bailey , 1993 ( warrior darter )

etheostoma boschungi wall & j . d . williams , 1974 ( slackwater darter )

etheostoma chlorosoma ( o . p . hay , 1881 ) ( bluntnose darter )

etheostoma chuckwachatte mayden & r . m . wood , 1993 ( lipstick darter )

etheostoma collettei birdsong & l . w . knapp , 1969 ( creole darter )

etheostoma colorosum suttkus & r . m . bailey , 1993 ( coastal darter )

etheostoma flavum etnier & r . m . bailey , 1989 ( saffron darter )

etheostoma lachneri suttkus & r . m . bailey , 1994 ( tombigbee darter )

etheostoma marmorpinnum blanton & r . e . jenkins , 2008 ( marbled darter )

etheostoma phytophilum bart & m . s . taylor , 1999 ( rush darter )

etheostoma proeliare ( o . p . hay , 1881 ) ( cypress darter )

etheostoma ramseyi suttkus & r . m . bailey , 1994 ( alabama darter )

etheostoma stigmaeum ( d . s . jordan , 1877 ) ( speckled darter )

etheostoma swaini ( d . s . jordan , 1884 ) ( gulf darter )

etheostoma virgatum ( d . s . jordan , 1880 ) ( striped darter )

etheostoma wapiti etnier & j . d . williams , 1989 ( boulder darter )

( watercress darter ) to be an endangered species . fed regist 35 : 16047

harrington r . c . , near t . j . forthcoming . phylogenetic and coalescent strategies of species delimitation in snubnose darters ( percidae : etheostoma ) . syst . biol .

etnier , d . a . , and r . m . bailey . 1989 . etheostoma ( ulocentra ) flavum , a new darter from the tennessee and cumberland river drainages . occ . pap . mus . zool . univ . mich . 717 : 1 - 24 .

although the term " darter " is shared by several other genera . many can produce

etheostoma erythrozonum switzer & r . m . wood , 2009 ( meramec saddled darter )

range includes tributaries of the cumberland river system in the nashville basin , from near the mouth of the roaring river to mansker creek ( northeastern nashville ) , tennessee ( page and burr 2011 ) .

snubnose darters inhabit flowing bedrock or gravel - bottomed pools with moderate current in small to medium streams . they have been observed spawning in streams with water temperature ranging from 11 to 18 °c . etheostoma simoterum prefers a habitat with no vegetation or light algae . snubnose darters are rarely found in water with high turbidity or where the substrate has been silted , and human activities such as dam building or destruction of riparian buffers may lead to increased siltation , thereby threatening darter populations .

etheostoma collis ( c . l . hubbs & cannon , 1935 ) ( carolina darter )

etheostoma edwini ( c . l . hubbs & cannon , 1935 ) ( brown darter )

etheostoma inscriptum ( d . s . jordan & brayton , 1878 ) ( turquoise darter )

etheostoma lepidum ( s . f . baird & girard , 1853 ) ( greenthroat darter )

etheostoma osburni ( c . l . hubbs & trautman , 1932 ) ( candy darter )

etheostoma perlongum ( c . l . hubbs & raney , 1946 ) ( waccamaw darter )

etheostoma sagitta ( d . s . jordan & swain , 1883 ) ( arrow darter )

etheostoma saludae ( c . l . hubbs & cannon , 1935 ) ( saluda darter )

etheostoma sellare ( radcliffe & w . w . welsh , 1913 ) ( maryland darter )

etheostoma serrifer ( c . l . hubbs & cannon , 1935 ) ( sawcheek darter )

etheostoma thalassinum ( d . s . jordan & brayton , 1878 ) ( seagreen darter )

etheostoma zonifer ( c . l . hubbs & cannon , 1935 ) ( backwater darter )

, a new darter from a limestone spring in alabama . tulane stud zool 12 : 101–108

comiskey , c . e . and d . a . etnier . 1972 . fishes of the big south fork of the cumberland river . j . tenn . acad . sci . 47 : 140 - 145 .

powers , s . l . , r . l . mayden , and d . a . etnier . 2004 . conservation genetics of the ashy darter , etheostoma cinereum ( percidae : subgenus allohistium ) , in the cumberland and tennessee rivers of the southeastern united states . copeia . 3 : 632 - 637 .

near , t . j . , e . d . france , r . c . harrington , b . p . keck ( 2016 ) . systematics and taxonomy of the snubnose darter , etheostoma simoterum ( cope ) . bulletin of the peabody museum of natural history 57 ( 2 ) : 127 - 145 .

( percidae ) , and their potential utility for other darter species . mol ecol notes 6 : 230–232

harrington , r . c . , t . j . near ( 2012 ) . phylogenetic and coalescent strategies of species delimitation in snubnose darters ( percidae : etheostoma ) . systematic biology . 61 ( 1 ) : 63 - 69 .

eisenhour , d . j . 1995 . systematics of etheostoma camurum and e . chlorobranchium ( osteichthyes , percidae ) in the tennessee and cumberland river drainages with analysis of hybridization in the nolichucky river system . copeia . 2 : 368 - 379 .

keck , b . p . and t . j . near . 2010 . a young clade repeating an old pattern : diversity in nothonotus darters ( teleostei : percidae ) endemic to the cumberland river . molecular ecology . 19 : 5030 - 5042 .

the combined mtdna and nuclear gene phylogeny was similar to the mtdna cytb gene , particularly with respect to the paraphyly of catonotus and the snubnose darters ( fig . 3a ) . removal of mtdna sequences with a heterospecific origin from the alignment resulted in the monophyly of both oligocephalus and psychromaster ( fig . 3b , c ) . etheostoma baileyi and e . histrio formed a significantly supported clade that was sister to a clade containing e . cinereum , all other greenside darters , and all other snubnose darter species ( fig . 3c ) . etheostoma zonale and e . lynceum were resolved with significant bayesian posterior support as the sister lineage of a clade that contained all greenside darter species ( sans e . histrio ) .

etheostoma fonticola ( d . s . jordan & c . h . gilbert , 1886 ) ( fountain darter )

etheostoma radiosum ( c . l . hubbs & j . d . black , 1941 ) ( orangebelly darter )

howell wm , black a ( 1976 ) status of the watercress darter . southeast fishes counc proc 1 : 1–4

e . baileyi is restricted to the cumberland plateau , including only the upper cumberland river drainages in eastern kentucky and northeastern tennessee . rivers where emerald darters can be found include the red river , jacks creek , indian creek in kentucky , and clear creek , elk creek , poor creek , and other small water systems . though populations have fluctuated through the years , the emerald darter’s geographic range has stayed the same , and in some areas they can even be found in abundance . [ 4 ] populations may have experienced declines in the past due to strip - mining and siltation in the gravel substrates in which it spawns . [ 5 ]

etheostoma euzonum ( c . l . hubbs & j . d . black , 1940 ) ( arkansas saddled darter )

etheostoma tetrazonum ( c . l . hubbs & j . d . black , 1940 ) ( missouri saddled darter )

porter , b . a . , t . m . cavender , and p . a . fuerst . 2002a . molecular phylogeny of the snubnose darters , subgenus ulocentra ( genus etheostoma , family percidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 22 : 364 - 374 .

a new darter from the southern bend of the tennessee river system in alabama and tennessee . proc . biol . soc . wash

etheostoma lawrencei , a new species of darter in the e . spectabile species complex ( percidae : subgenus oligocephalus ) , from kentucky and tennessee

etheostoma ditrema , a new darter of the subgenus oligocephalus ( percidae ) from springs of the alabama river basin in alabama and georgia . tulane stud

cumberland and tennessee drainages in virginia , north carolina , kentucky , tennessee , georgia , and alabama ( page and burr 1991 ) . however , menhinick ( 1991 ) did not list in north carolina . the inclusion of north carolina is probably based on cope ( 1870 ) who listed the species in the state without comment .

the crown clade etheostoma dates to the earliest oligocene , whereas the crown ages of other major darter clades ( percina , carnipellucida , and nothonotus ) originated in the late oligocene and miocene ( table 3 ) . these age estimates demonstrate that the majority of reconstructed speciation events in the darter phylogeny date to the miocene and pliocene , indicating that most extant darter species and ecological communities of darter species have an origin within the last 15 myr . the dense species sampling in the darter chronograms will provide an informative basis for the investigation of long - standing hypotheses regarding the role of paleoclimate and paleogeography on the evolution and diversification of the species - rich north american freshwater fish fauna ( e . g . , wiley and mayden 1985 ; mayden 1988 ; near and keck 2005 ) .

the posterior molecular evolutionary rates estimated for each of the three genes using the centrarchid - only alignments were used as priors for the molecular evolutionary rates in the analyses of the darter and non - darter percid alignments . the mean and standard deviation of the molecular evolutionary rate for each of the three genes were determined from the posterior distribution resulting from the fossil - calibrated ucln analyses of the centrarchid gene alignments . the mean and standard deviation of the centrarchid molecular evolutionary rates were subsequently used to construct a normal prior on the molecular evolutionary rate in the ucln analyses of divergence times using the darter and non - darter percid alignments .

simons , a . m . 1991 . phylogenetic relationships of the crystal darter , crystallaria asprella ( teleostei : percidae ) . copeia 1991 : 927 - 936 .

starnes , w . c . , and d . a . etnier . 1986 . drainage evolution and fish biogeography of the tennessee and cumberland river drainages , chapter 10 , p . 325 - 361 , in : zoogeography of north american freshwater fishes , c . h . hocutt and e . o . wiley , eds . wiley interscience , new york , 866 p .

etnier , d . a . , and w . c . starnes . 1978 . wildlife profile , snail darter ( percina tanasi ) . tennessee wildlife . 1 : 24 - 25 .

clayton , j . 1984 . population differences and life history of emerald darter , etheostoma baileyi ( pisces , percidae ) . university of kentucky , lexington : m . s . thesis .

snubnose darters reach sexual maturity at one year of age and only survive for one breeding season , which occurs in april to early may . the darter breeds in bedrock pools and crevices with low siltation . the testes of breeding males gradually begin to increase in size in january and reach their peak in april . males also begin to develop bright breeding colors in january , and by april , all males are deep green to blue - green with red dorsal fins and red spots along their bodies . breeding females do not change color , but they may be slightly brighter in tone . mature eggs are transparent , contain oil droplets , and are an average of 1 . 2 mm in diameter . one study showed the number of mature eggs per female ranges from 110 to 240 by april . males court females by displaying erect fins and bright breeding colors . a female responds to this display by leading the male to an appropriate site for egg deposition , such as a large stone or , more rarely , a gravel bed . the pair vibrates together , and after one or two eggs are released and fertilized by the male , the pair may move to another acceptable site to repeat the spawning act . however , snubnose darters are often promiscuous and may move on to find other mates , instead . no parental care , such as egg guarding , occurs after spawning . snubnose darters survive to a maximum age of 18 months .

divergence times in darters were estimated using two calibration strategies that were derived from the centrarchid fossil calibrations . the first method used gene alignments that included all sampled darter species , 2 non - darter percid species , and 33 of the sampled species of centrarchidae . the centrarchid fossil calibrations were used to estimate divergence times in relaxed - clock analyses of these large data matrices . the second approach used rates of molecular evolution estimated from the relaxed - clock analyses of centrarchidae for each of the three genes . the bayesian posterior distribution of estimated nucleotide substitution rates from the centrarchid relaxed - clock analyses was then used as a prior in relaxed - clock analyses of gene alignments that contained only the sampled darter and non - darter percid species ( e . g . , saarma et al . 2007 ) .

kozal , l . c . , j . w . simmons , j . m . mollish , d . j . macguigan , e benavides , b . p . keck , t . j . near ( 2017 ) . phylogenetic and morphological diversity of the etheostoma zonistium species complex with the description of a new species endemic to the cumberland plateau of alabama . bulletin of the peabody museum of natural history 58 ( 2 ) : 263 - 286 .

blanton , r . e . , and g . a . schuster . 2008 . taxonomic status of etheostoma brevispinum , the carolina fantail darter ( percidae : catonotus ) . copeia . 4 : 844 - 857 .

fluker bl , kuhajda br , duncan rs , salter el , schulman m ( 2009 ) impacts of a small dam removal on the endangered watercress darter . proc annu conf southeast assoc fish wildl agencies 63 : 188–195

baker , j . a . , and d . c . heins . 1994 . effects of drying temperature on weight estimates for oocytes and eggs in the darter etheostoma lynceum . copeia . 3 : 821 - 823 .

howell , w . m . , and h . t . boschung . 1966 . a natural hybrid darter etheostoma whipplii artesiae x etheostoma stigmaeum ( pisces : percidae ) . american midland naturalist . 76 : 510 - 514 .

page , l . m . , and t . j . near . 2007 . a new darter from the upper tennessee river drainage related to percina macrocephala ( percidae : etheostomatinae ) . copeia . 3 : 605 - 613 .

heins , d . c . , and j . a . baker . 1993 . clutch production in the darter etheostoma lynceum and its implications for life - history study . journal of fish biology . 42 : 819 - 829 .

carlson , r . l . , p . c . wainwright . 2010 . the ecological morphology of darter fishes ( percidae : etheostomatinae ) . the linnean society of london , biological journal of the linnean society . 100 : 30–45 .

grandmaison , d , j . mayasich , and d . etnier . 2004 . eastern sand darter status assessment . nrri tech . rept . nrri / tr - 2003 / 40 , us fish & wildlife srvice , 39 p + appendices .

grandmaison , d , j . mayasich , and d . etnier . 2003 . crystal darter status assessment report . nrri tech . rept . nrri / tr - 2003 / 19 , us fish & wildlife srvice , 37 p + appendices .

layman , s . r . , and r . l . mayden . 2009 . a new species of the darter subgenus doration ( percidae : etheostoma ) from the caney fork river system , tennessee . copeia . 1 : 157 - 170 .

mayasich , j . m . , d . grandmaison , and d . etnier . 2004 . spotted darter status assessment . nrri tech . rept . nrri / tr - 2003 / 02 , us fish & wildlife service , 25 p + appendices .

the emerald darter is not currently listed as a state or federal threatened species , though they are experiencing population declines in tennessee . though emerald darters have experienced population fragmentation , their range has not undergone declines . threats to populations include limited range , as well as strip - mining , which results in heavy siltation of the gravel substrates on which they depend for reproduction . [ 8 ] damming of tennessee’s main waterways has fragmented the emerald darter’s habitat . kentucky’s populations are not considered threatened . [ 9 ]

the phylogenetic classification presented in figure 4 and the appendix communicates our best understanding of darter relationships and includes major alterations to the previous non - phylogenetic taxonomies for the clade . for example , there were 19 or 21 polytypic subgenera present in the most recently proposed darter classifications ( bailey and etnier 1988 ; page 2000 ) . our phylogenetic analyses indicate that 10 of these subgenera are not monophyletic ( table 1 ) . substantial nonmonophyly of darter subgenera was also intimated in the previously published morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses ( e . g . , near 2002 ; mayden et al . 2006 ; ayache and near 2009 ) , but the extent of the failure of these taxonomies to reflect monophyletic lineages was not apparent until comparison with the comprehensive phylogenetic analyses presented in this investigation .

suttkus , r . d . , h . d . bart , and d . a . etnier . 2009 ( accepted ) . etheostoma thompsoni , a new darter , subgenus oligocephalus , from southeastern texas and southwestern louisiana . tulane stud . zool . bot .

layman s . r . , r . l . mayden ( 2012 ) . morphological diversity and phylogenetics of the darter subgenus doration ( percidae : etheostoma ) , with descriptions of five new species . bull . alabma mus . nat . hist . 30 : 1 - 83 .

shepard , t . e . , and b . m . burr . 1984 . systematics , status , and life - history aspects of the ashy darter , etheostoma cinereum ( pisces , percidae ) . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 97 : 693 - 715 .

keck , b . p . , t . j . near ( 2013 ) . a new species of nothonotus darter ( teleostei : percidae ) from the caney fork in tennessee , usa . bulletin of the peabody museum of natural history 54 ( 1 ) : 3 - 21 .

near , t . j . , b . p . keck ( 2013 ) . free from motochondrial dna : nuclear genes and the inference of species trees among closely related darter lineages ( teleostei : percidae : etheostomatinae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 66 ( 3 ) : 868 - 876 .

suttkus , r . d . , h . l . , bart jr . and d . a . etnier , 2012 . a new darter of the subgenus oligocephalus , genus etheostoma , from southeastern texas and southwestern louisiana . tulane stud . zool . bot . 32 : 6 - 30 .

piller , k . r . , h . l . bart , and d . l . hurley . 2008 . phylogeography of the greenside darter complex , etheostoma blennioides ( teleostomi : percidae ) : a wide - ranging polytypic taxon . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 46 : 974 - 985 .

bauer , b . h . , d . a . etnier , and n . m . burkhead . 1995 . etheostoma ( ulocentra ) scotti ( osteichthyes : percidae ) , a new darter from the etowah river system in georgia . bulletin alabama museum of natural history . 17 : 1 - 16 .

porter , b . a . , a . c . fiumera , and j . c . avise . 2002b . egg mimicry and allopaternal care : two mate - attracting tactics by which nesting striped darter ( etheostoma virgatum ) males enhance reproductive success . behavioral ecology and sociobiology . 51 : 350 - 359 .

etnier , d . a . , and j . d . williams . 1989 . etheostoma ( nothonotus ) wapiti ( osteichthyes , percidae ) , a new darter from the southern bend of the tennessee river system in alabama and tennessee . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 102 : 987 - 1000 .

an excellent group in which to investigate the history of mtdna introgression and divergence time estimation in species - rich lineages is the darter clade , which contains approximately 250 species endemic to eastern north america that comprises more than 20 % of the entire hyperdiverse north american freshwater fish fauna ( table 1 ; lundberg et al . 2000 ) . darters are classified as etheostomatinae , which is a subclade of percidae . in addition to etheostomatinae , two other major freshwater clades with holarctic distributions , percinae and luciopercinae , comprise percidae . however , neither percinae nor luciopercinae contains more than 10 species ( collette and banarescu 1977 ; song et al . 1998 ) . darter species differ substantially from those in the two other lineages of percidae by having a smaller body size , males of many darter species develop elaborate nuptial colors , and the majority of species lack a functional swim bladder ( page 1983 ; page and swofford 1984 ; etnier and starnes 1993 ) .

a composite phylogeny based primarily on the analyses of the concatenated data sets was used to phylogenetically define 45 clade names for darters ( fig . 4 and appendix ) . the proposed phylogenetic classification in figure 4 represents the most current knowledge of the evolutionary relationships among darter species while also preserving previously used names when appropriate . most of the names in the phylogenetic classification are converted clade names from ranked genus and subgenus names , and four of these converted clade names— austroperca , astatichthys , pileoma , and richiella —were treated as invalid synonyms in the most recent darter classifications . a total of 16 new clade names are proposed in the phylogenetic definitions ( fig . 4 and appendix ) . some of the well - supported nodes in the darter phylogeny are not named primarily as a result of incongruence between the mtdna and nuclear gene trees ( e . g . , relationships within hadropterus ) or our desire to avoid the possibility of having to redefine clade names subsequent to future phylogenetic analyses .

, approximately 10 % of the specimens included in this study were obtained from several other natural history museums including university of alabama ichthyology collection ( uaic ) , the north carolina state museum ( ncsm ) , tulane university ( tu ) , and the university of kansas natural history museum ( ku ) . the non - darter percid species

the phylogenetic resolution given by the three genes sampled in this study provided an excellent opportunity to revise the classification of darters in a phylogenetic context . the classification presented in figure 4 and the appendix represents the first attempt to provide a comprehensive taxonomy for darters that is based on the results of explicit phylogenetic analysis of comparative data . all previous delimitations of ranked taxonomic groups were based on morphological diagnoses that did not attempt to assess monophyly of the proposed groups ( e . g . , bailey and gosline 1955 ; page 1974 ; 1981 ) . the rich history of darter taxonomy is reflected in the scores of group names that have been introduced over the past two centuries ( collette and knapp 1966 ; collette 1967 ) . previous attempts to codify darter taxonomy have delimited groups of darter species using the available group names as ranked genera and subgenera ( e . g . , jordan and evermann 1896 , p . 1015–1105 ; bailey et al . 1954 ; page 1974 , page 1981 , page 2000 ; bailey and etnier 1988 ) .

a previous phylogenetic analysis of darters using cytb gene sequences was reluctant to recognize the darter clade nothonotus as distinct from etheostoma ( mayden et al . 2006 ) , as was proposed in a previous study ( near and keck 2005 ) , on the grounds that all darter lineages exclusive of percina could form a clade named etheostoma . our phylogenetic analyses resolve percina as the sister lineage of all other darters but consistently result in trees that place nothonotus outside of a monophyletic etheostoma and distinct from carnipellucida ( figs . 2 and 3 ) . although our phylogenies are consistent with the clade - naming scenario presented in mayden et al . ( 2006 ) , we believe that the scenario has limited utility because it fails to communicate the wealth of knowledge now available about the phylogenetic relationships among carnipellucida , nothonotus , and etheostoma ( fig . 4 ) .

phylogenetic classification of darters communicated using a composite phylogeny of darters based on the phylogenies inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene dna sequences . the 45 darter clade names that are defined phylogenetically ( see appendix ) are listed and marked with an unfilled circle . filled circles mark clades that were well supported in the phylogenetic analyses but not named in this study . clade names commonly associated with the rank of genus are marked with an asterisk . 4

phylogenies inferred using bayesian inference from each gene resulted in a large number of significantly supported interspecific nodes , but not all genes contributed equally to our understanding of the darter phylogeny ( fig . 2 ) . despite resolving a large fraction of the nodes in the phylogeny , the s 7 intron 1 gene tree contained relationships that were not congruent with those in the gene trees estimated from cytb and rag1 . the incongruence of the s 7 gene tree is illustrated by the incongruence among phylogenetic relationships of etheostoma and nothonotus that subtend some of the oldest nodes in the darter phylogeny ( fig . 2 ) . relative to rag1 , the s 7 gene tree had fewer nodes with significant posterior support in the 10 - to 20ma age and the 20ma root node age intervals ( fig . 5 ) . the proportion of 10–20 ma age nodes supported with significant posteriors in the s 7 gene tree was similar to that observed in the mitochondrial cytb gene tree . in contrast , 10 % more nodes in this age interval were supported in the rag1 gene tree . in addition , we had difficulty aligning the darter s 7 intron dna sequences with those of non - percid teleosts ( e . g . , centrarchidae ) , limiting our ability to include the external age information necessary to time - calibrate the s 7 gene tree .

using external calibrations to estimate divergence times for clades lacking a fossil record can be complicated by the presence of substantial differences in molecular evolutionary rates ; however , our analyses did not appear to be confounded by appreciable rate heterogeneity between darters and centrarchidae . the posterior mean rate estimate for cytb and rag1 did not change substantially between beast runs that contained only centrarchid species ( table 2 ) and the runs that included all sampled centrarchid and darter species .

gene alignments , two sets of beast ucln analyses were run , each with a different calibration strategy . analyses for both genes under both calibration strategies produced similar posterior age estimates for all the major darter clades ( table 3 ) . the mean posterior age estimates for the mrca of all darters , the etheostomatinae , ranged between 30 . 7 and 38 . 4 ma ; however , the 95 % hpd for each of the five estimates exhibited broad overlap (

ulocentra jordan ( p . 223 1878 ) [ t . j . near & b . p . keck ] , converted clade name . comments on name . —applied as a monotypic genus containing e . atripinne ( jordan and brayton 1878 , p . 223 ) and subsequently expanded to include all “snubnose darters” that are classified here as ulocentra and adonia ( bailey and gosline 1955 ; bailey and etnier 1988 ) . definition ( node - based ) . —the least inclusive clade containing e . atripinne ( jordan ) and etheostoma barrenense burr & page . reference phylogeny . — figure 3c . composition . —includes the species designated in the definition and etheostoma planasaxatile powers & mayden , etheostoma rafinesquei burr & page , and e . simoterum ( cope ) . synapomorphies . —species of ulocentra are diagnosed from other species of simoperca by the presence of a very narrow frenum and a lack of teeth on the vomer ( bailey and etnier 1988 ) . type species . — e . atripinne ( jordan ) .

reliance on a ranked classification of darters that emphasizes subgenera without assessing the monophyly of these groups has long been an impediment to comparative studies of darters . for example , bart and page ( 1992 ) analyzed a rich database of information on the size at maturity , fecundity , and egg size in 64 darter species to examine the effects of body size and phylogeny on variation in life history traits ( e . g . , stearns 1984 ; dunham and miles 1985 ) . species data were pooled into clustered groups of genera , groups of subgenera , and subgenera for the analysis of covariance . however , 8 of the 15 polytypic subgenera sampled in the study of bart and page ( 1992 ) are not monophyletic in our phylogenetic analyses . thus , the variance in life history variables explained by the taxonomic nesting in bart and page ( 1992 ) was calculated incorrectly , and as a result , the data need reevaluation in the context of our revised understanding of darter phylogeny .

we recommend that ammocrypta , crystallaria , etheostoma , nothonotus , and percina continue to be used as the primary clade names with species epithets . the other clade names highlight phylogenetically related groups of species and will find validity in discussions of character diversity , biogeography , and ecological differences . in addition , the phylogenetic classification and the clade names will provide a comparative basis with which to investigate the ecology and evolutionary biology of darters in a way that was not possible with the previous darter classifications because the classifications did not consistently delimit monophyletic groups of species .

we were able to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of nearly all extant darter species , while avoiding inference pathologies stemming from incomplete taxon sampling ( e . g . , heath et al . 2008 ) . complete taxon sampling , however , does not resolve issues relating to character sampling ; more characters are generally required to resolve phylogenies that contain a moderate to high number of terminal taxa ( e . g . , bremer et al . 1999 ) . because the darter radiation was expected to contain a mixture of lineages with a fairly recent time since common ancestry and lineages with a much older common ancestor , we aimed to assess if a modest data set of mitochondrial and nuclearencoded gene sequences could result in well - resolved and congruent phylogenetic hypotheses for the clade . the analyses of the two sampled nuclear genes result in an appreciable degree of phylogenetic resolution among closely related species . however , our analyses do substantiate commonly held conceptions in molecular systematics that faster evolving genes provide phylogenetic resolution and clade support for younger nodes in the tree , whereas slower evolving genes are able to provide support for deeper nodes in the phylogeny ( fig . 5 ) .

recent phylogenetic analyses of darter subclades have revealed instances of mtdna introgression that range from a few sampled individuals exhibiting heterospecific mtdna genomes to species with complete mtdna genome replacement by heterospecific haplotypes ( bossu and near 2009 ; heckman et al . 2009 ; keck and near 2010 ) . in comparing the phylogenies inferred from mtdna with those inferred from the nuclear genes , we noted a number of topological differences that are likely the result of mtdna introgression . the frequency of mtdna introgression was noted , and mtdna haplotypes that were identified as resulting from introgression were scored as missing data in the bayesian phylogenetic analyses of combined mtdna and nuclear gene data sets .

as the architecture of the deepest parts of the tree of life become articulated through analyses of ever larger genomic - scale data sets , the challenges of resolving relationships among the most closely related branches and twigs remain . the history of investigating phylogenetic relationships among closely related animal species using molecular data is dominated by the use of mtdna . zoological systematists had been reluctant to explore the use of single - copy nuclear proteincoding genes for closely related lineages because mtdna sequences consistently provided substantial phylogenetic resolution . our investigation of darter phylogenetics based on the near - complete species sampling of a species - rich clade results in several important conclusions : 1 ) the sampling of a modest data set of nuclear genes results in appreciable phylogenetic resolution among closely related species ; 2 ) mtdna introgression in darters is extensive and complicated by the presence of at least three distinct phylogenetic patterns ; 3 ) resolved phylogenetic hypotheses for darters allow the construction of an informative phylogeny - based classification ; and 4 ) strategies of external calibration result in consistent relaxed - clock age estimates for clades across different genes and calibration methods . the results of our analyses provide critical insights in the pattern and timing of darter diversification , but perhaps more importantly , these analyses offer a prospectus for the use of nuclear gene sequence data to resolve the most closely related portions of the animal tree of life .

in order to determine whether genes that exhibited differing rates of nucleotide substitution provided resolved and significantly supported nodes at different time depths in the phylogeny , the posterior probability clade support values were plotted against the estimated age of the node . only interspecific nodes in the gene trees were scored . the posterior probabilities of clade support were extracted from the mrbayes posterior tree files by adding all compatible groups to the standard 50 % majorityrule consensus trees using the “allcompat” option in the mrbayes “sumt” command . only nodes that were present in both the beast and the mrbayes sets of posterior trees were recorded . there was substantial congruence among the tree topologies inferred from the mrbayes and beast analyses ; however , there were a few differences that involved the youngest clades in the darter phylogeny .

there has been a dramatic increase in the number of recognized darter species since the listing of 129 species in page ' s monographic treatment of the clade ; the increase to 248 species represents nearly a doubling of the number of recognized species over the past 25 years ( table 1 ) . this increase in the recognized species diversity of darters is the result of the discovery of previously unknown or unrecognized species ( e . g . , page et al . 2003 ; page and near 2007 ; layman and mayden 2009 ; switzer and wood 2009 ) , resurrecting species from synonymy ( e . g . , etnier and starnes 1986 ; near 2008 ) , and recognition of species formerly ranked as subspecies ( e . g . , etnier and williams 1989 ; piller et al . 2001 ; robins and page 2007 ) .

phylogeny of darters inferred from a partitioned bayesian analysis of a combined data set consisting of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene ( cytb ) , the nuclear s 7 ribosomal protein intron 1 gene ( s 7 ) , and the nuclear recombination activating gene 1 exon 3 ( rag1 ) . the sequences for cytochrome b for species with heterospecific mitochondrial genomes were removed prior to the analysis . filled black circles identify clades supported with a bayesian posterior of 1 . 00 , and unfilled circles identify clades with bayesian posterior support that ranges between 0 . 95 and 0 . 99 . the shaded portion of the phylogeny at the top of the figure indicates placement of clades in the darter phylogeny . asterisks connect disconnected branches in the phylogeny . the phylogeny is presented in three parts , labeled ( a ) , ( b ) , and ( c ) .

there were three instances of deep introgression observed in the darter phylogeny , two of which involved the clades oligocephalus and psychromaster ( fig . 1 and table 4 ) . when comparing the phylogeny of these lineages inferred from the two nuclear genes with the cytb gene tree , two separate introgression events were detected . there was an mtdna transfer event from a lineage related to the extant species of psychromaster into the common ancestral lineage of vexillapinna , boleichthys , austroperca , and astatichthys . a second deep introgression event involved the transfer of mtdna originating from an oligocephalus lineage into the common ancestor of e . punctulatum , e . autumnale , and e . mihileze . in both cases , there has been species diversification in these lineages subsequent to the transfer and fixation of the heterospecific mtdna ; however , the phylogenetic affinities of these lineages in the mtdna gene tree are dramatically obscured by the deep introgression .

the other two species with heterospecific mtdna labeled as examples of indeterminate mtdna introgression may also be considered to harbor mitochondrial fossils ( table 4 ) . for example , the phylogenetic relationships of e . cinereum have long intrigued darter systematists ( bailey and gosline 1955 ; page and whitt 1973b ; page 1977 ; bailey and etnier 1988 ; dimmick and page 1992 ) , and the phylogenetic analyses of mtdna sequences have resulted in the placement of this species distantly related to other etheostoma lineages and more closely related to carnipellucida , percina , or nothonotus ( song et al . 1998 ; sloss et al . 2004 ; mayden et al . 2006 ; lang and mayden 2007 ) . our analyses of the two sampled nuclear genes place e . cinereum in the etheostoma subclade simoperca , a result consistent with the previous analyses of nuclear gene dna sequences and allozymes ( wood and mayden 1997 ; lang and mayden 2007 ; bossu and near 2009 ) .

our phylogenetic analyses of cytb and the two sampled nuclear genes indicate that 31 species , comprising more than 12 % of all darter species ( tables 1 and 4 ) , exhibit some degree of mitochondrial introgression , which ranges from complete replacement to an appreciable frequency of sampled individuals with heterospecific mtdna genomes . as in the previous investigations of boleosoma and nothonotus , we found no introgression of the two examined autosomal ( nuclear ) loci in any of the species exhibiting mtdna introgression ( heckman et al . 2009 ; keck and near 2010 ) . three different patterns of mtdna transfer were observed in our phylogenetic trees . among the 13 detected mtdna introgression events in darters , 8 involved proximal mtdna transfer ( table 4 ) . this pattern is detected by reference to a phylogeny that shows the phylogenetic nesting of haplotypes sampled from the recipient lineage in the donor lineage clade . these introgressed haplotypes may be fixed in the recipient lineage or show variation in the degree of introgression among geographic populations , and the introgressed haplotypes in the recipient lineage may be identical or very similar to those observed in the donor lineage ( fig . 1 ) .

divergence times were estimated using an uncorrelated lognormal ( ucln ) model of molecular evolutionary rate heterogeneity implemented in the computer program beast v . 1 . 53 ( drummond et al . 2006 ; drummond and rambaut 2007 ) . data sets used in the mrbayes analyses were pruned to contain only one specimen per sampled species in the ucln analyses . the optimal molecular evolutionary models were identified using aic , partitioning schemes were assessed using bayes factor comparisons , and the ucln model was implemented in beast to estimate the posterior density of divergence times . a birthdeath speciation prior was used for the branching rates in the phylogeny . five sets of relaxed - clock analyses were performed . divergence times were estimated using the centrarchid fossil calibrations and alignments of darters and centrarchids for each of the proteincoding cytb and rag1 genes . the centrarchid fossil calibrations were not used to estimate divergence times in darters for the s 7 intron 1 locus because substantial divergence between darters and centrarchids makes alignment of this locus problematic . the posterior densities of centrarchid molecular evolutionary rates estimated from alignments that contained only centrarchid species were used as priors in the analyses of darter alignments from each of the three genes ( cytb , s 7 , and rag1 ) .

scores of colleagues either directly contributed specimens for this study or facilitated our fieldwork . in particular , we thank h . l . bart , b . h . bauer , a . c . bentley , g . r dinkins , b . j . freeman , m . c . freeman , g . hogue , r . e . johansen , r . l . mayden , l . m . page , k . r . piller , b . a . porter , s . l . powers , m . e . raley , r . h . robins , a . m . simons , w . c starnes , e . o . wiley , and r . m . wood . our views on darter phylogeny were shaped through discussions with h . l . bart , b . h . bauer , m . j . donoghue , a . dornburg , b . r moore , t . c . mendelson , l . m . page , k . r . piller , and r . m . strange . b . j . kendrick provided assistance in the laboratory . g . watkins - cowell and j . p . joice provided assistance with museum collections . we thank k . de queiroz and r . e . glor for valuable comments on earlier versions of our manuscript .

there are considerable challenges to estimating divergence times using molecular data because of the near - ubiquitous presence of among - lineage molecular evolutionary rate heterogeneity and the need for external age calibration information ( sanderson 1998 ) . unfortunately , the fossil record for darters is poor and offers no information to provide minimal age constraints for nodes in molecular phylogenies ( ossian 1973 ; smith 1981 ; cavender 1986 , cavender 1998 ) . although the fossil record for non - darter percids ( e . g . , perca and sander ) extends to the early miocene , the morphological features preserved in these fossils do not permit the phylogenetic placement of the taxa relative to extant percid species ( svetovidov and dorofeeva 1963 ; cziczer et al . 2009 ; murray et al . 2009 ) . previous analyses of molecular divergence times in darters have used external fossil calibrations from the percoid clade centrarchidae ( near and benard 2004 ; near and keck 2005 ; carlson et al . 2009 ; hollingsworth and near 2009 ) . centrarchid fishes are classified in the same taxonomic order as darters ( nelson 2006 ) and have a rich fossil record that has been used to calibrate molecular phylogenies . there is also a substantial set of comparative molecular data sets available for this clade ( near et al . 2003 , near et al . 2004 , near , bolnick , et al . 2005 ) .

emerald darters spawn in late april and early may . though actual spawning has not been observed , attempts by males to mate include swimming from side to side over the female’s back . further , males have been observed in the wild trying to mount unresponsive females from behind or from the side . emerald darter larvae usually measure 4 . 5 to 6 . 0 mm in length and emerge from the egg with yolk sacs still attached . water temperature has a direct correlation with juvenile development , with warmer water temperatures resulting in a faster development and smaller sizes . warmer temperatures can have even more detrimental effects on populations . warmer temperatures in the later weeks of the breeding season can cause females to reabsorb their eggs and become unreceptive . spawning occurs in the center of riffles . larger males place themselves in pools near the middle of these turbulent areas so they will have a higher probability of encountering more females , which tend to use these areas . emerald darters prefer gravel substrates that lack silt . eggs and sperm are released simultaneously through mutual vibration and are attached by the female directly onto the gravel substrate . [ 7 ] emerald darters generally average 36 offspring per year . most captured emerald darters have been aged at up to three years old . in the red river drainage , 53 % of the population survived its second year , while only 7 . 7 % survived the third . third - year individuals were predominantly male .

the classification of darters has historically been characterized by the recognition of genera and subgenera that were assumed to represent monophyletic groups of species ( page 1981 , page 1983 ; bailey and etnier 1988 ; etnier and starnes 1993 ; boschung and mayden 2004 ) . because we are able to present well - resolved and strongly supported phylogenies based on mtdna and nuclear genes that are , with a few exceptions , generally in agreement with one another , we developed a phylogeny - based classification of darters that follows the principles of phylogenetic nomenclature described in the phylocode ( de queiroz and gauthier 1990 , de queiroz and gauthier 1992 , de queiroz and gauthier 1994 ; cantino and de queiroz 2009 ) . we attempted to preserve the nomenclatural history of group names by retaining preexisting names for clades when they exist ( e . g . , collette and knapp 1966 ) and by providing new names for clades that have never had formal names applied . we based our decision to name a clade on both its diagnosability and the need to communicate the clade in comparative and taxonomic studies ( e . g . , cantino et al . 2007 ) . thus , not all well - supported clades in the darter phylogenies were named . in addition , the clade names were given phylogenetic definitions that can only be applied in the context of a given phylogeny , and clades were identified by reference to a branch or a node in the phylogeny ( de queiroz and gauthier 1990 , de queiroz and gauthier 1992 ) .

comparison of posterior node ages estimated using external centrarchid fossil calibrations and those estimated using external rate calibrations reveals slight differences in the posterior age estimates between the two strategies . although there were no significant differences in the posterior node heights estimated by the two calibration strategies , fossil - calibrated ages were on average younger for the cytb chronogram and older for the rag1 chronogram relative to those estimated using external rate calibrations ( table 3 ) . this slight difference in node ages between the fossil and rate calibration analyses may be due to a difference in the width of the prior distribution of the rate calibrations , which are modeled on the posterior distributions of rate estimates from the centrarchid - only beast analyses ( table 2 ) . the prior distribution of the mean rate of the cytb gene was much wider than that of the rag1 gene . in the rate calibration analysis , the sampling of rates within this prior distribution may be limited relative to the sampling of rates in the fossil - calibrated analysis for rag1 . for the cytb rate calibration analysis , the converse may be true : a wide posterior on rates implies a wider sampling of rate variation relative to the rates sampled in the fossil calibration analysis . the assessment of posterior ages resulting from fossil - based versus rate calibration should therefore ideally consider the density of fossil calibration and the disparity in the credible intervals of the individual genes in the analysis . however , our analyses of darter divergence times using external centrarchid calibrations demonstrate promising consistency in posterior ages estimated using fossil and rate calibrations .


la fleche ( 1889 – 1916 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .

after being sold for a world record price as a yearling in 1890 , she was undefeated as a two-year-old in 1891 , winning races against her own sex and defeating some of the year 's leading colts .

she went on to become the dominant british three-year-old of 1892 , claiming the fillies ’ triple crown by winning the 1000 guineas at newmarket , the oaks at epsom and the st leger at doncaster .

her only defeat of the year came when she was beaten when starting favourite for the epsom derby .

la fleche remained in training for a further two seasons , winning important races such as the 1893 liverpool autumn cup , the 1894 ascot gold cup , and the champion stakes on her final appearance .

in all , she won sixteen times in twenty-four racecourse appearances .

after her retirement from racing she became a successful and influential broodmare .

la fleche ( horse )

la fleche ( horse ) <EOT> la fleche ' s pedigree . auckland star , volume xxiii , issue 219 , 14 september 1892

la fleche ' s pedigree . , auckland star , volume xxiii , issue 219 , 14 september 1892

papers past | la fleche & # 39 ; s pedigree . ( auckland star , 1892 - 09 - 14 )

the photograph shows la fleche in training with her lad . she looks a real little racing machine . sold for a then . . .

the first photograph shows la fleche in training with her lad . she looks a real little racing machine . sold for a then record 5 , 500

bay colt , 1901 . by isinglass - la fleche by st . simon . darley arabian sire line : birdcatcher branch . family # 3 - e

from bona vista . la fleche led the race in the early stages , with bona vista second . in the closing stages bona vista was overtaken by lady hermit , but neither could catch leader la fleche , who won by two lengths from lady hermit . bona vista was three quarters of a length behind the runner - up in third place .

betting : evens on la fleche , 2 to 1 agst orme , 9 to 1 may duke , 20 to 1 medicis , 66 to 1 el diablo , 200 to 1 silene .

atty persse said of his sprinter portlaw , ' he ' s a curious horse to train as he requires less work than any horse . . .

color : br ( gb ) bred and owned by queen victoria , gb . died 1916 at sledmere stud , gb . winner of epsom oaks , 1000 guineas and st leger . 24 - 16 - 3 - 2 , pds 34 , 703 / ~ $ 178 , 765 la fleche bred 6 foals , 5 winners including the influential sire john o gaunt and his full sister sagitta , both sired by isinglass , in addition to baroness la fleche . ( close )

la fleche ( gb ) br . f , 1889 { 3 - e } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf - 24 starts , 16 wins , places , shows

may duke jumped off in advance of orme , el diablo , and la fleche , with medicis the whipper - in . a slow beginning was soon altered , as in the first furlong el diablo rushed to the head of affairs from may duke , orme and la fleche going oa third and fourth , with silene and medicis folio ving them at clear intervals . in passing the public entrance gate , la fleche ran up to the girths of the already " labouring " el diablo , but fche fej \ back again to orme a little further on , may duke having assumed the command . at the bottom turn el diablo dropped out , and may duke came on a length in advanca of 0 - me , who held a similar advantage over la fleche , with the two three - year - olds gradually closing up . fairly in the line for home barrett was uneasy upon la fleche , and had commenced to ride hard when orme drew level with may duke at the entrance to the rails . in another hundred yards oi mo took up the running , whereupon ho began to hang to the left , and required nice handling in consequence . below the distance medicis passed la pleche aud may duke andsimparted fresh excitement to the race by challenging orme , whose girths he reached opposite the lower ring , but could get no further , and suffered a clever defeat by half a length . after changing sides la fleche struggled gamely on to lose second money by three lengths , with silene fourth , may duke fifth , and el diablo tailed off . time , 2min 11 4 - ssec . value of the stakes , £9285 to the winner .

the second photo shows la fleche in the sales ring at newmarket at the end of her racing days . sir tatton sykes had instructed lord marcus beresford to bid for her , but had not said for how much - when he discovered he had paid 12 , 600

the third son of the reverend john de la poer , the 4th marquess of waterford , lord william beresford won the victoria . . .

captain morel bred that durable horse golden myth on his tally ho stud in county limerick . . . .

sea the stars’ exploits no doubt encouraged anthony oppenheimer to breed his mare fleche d’or to cape cross , which created the third pivotal horse in the stallion’s career – golden horn , who also won the derby , eclipse , irish champion stakes and arc last year .

the name was conceived by whit yost , former directeur sportif of the mercury pro team , contributor to bicycling magazine , and founder of the pave blog , as a play on the fleche wallonne and the fools classic . fleche is the french word for arrow . wallonne refers to the french speaking portion of southern belgium . our rooster logo comes from the official flag of the wallonia region , where the fleche wallonne and liege - bastogne - liege are held .

) . the last - named mare is the dam of stakes winners baroness la fleche ( by ladas ) , dam of one thousand guineas winner and influential producer cinna ( by polymelus ) , and john o ' gaunt ( by isinglass ) , sire of 1910 st . leger stakes winner and 1923 english leading sire

* # * english news to hand this week embraces the reports of the liverpool and derby meetings . the liverpool cop of looosovb , a mile and three furlong ? , was run on november 10 , and resulted , as the cable informed us , in a win for la fleche , who in capturing this stake under 9 . 6 has eclipsed the performances of sterling and thebais , who each scored with 9 . 4 in 1873 and 1884 respectively . there were a dozen startup , prisoner 7 . 7 being favourite at 5 to 1 , while 11 to 2 was obtainable about either la fleche or quiesilum 6 . 13 . the start

" when some shares became available in the horse after he trialled they snapped them back up , " thornton said .

catherine de buyl horse insurance sa is the worldwide leader for sport horses insurance , approved coverholder at lloyd’s of london .

this evening marked the announcement of the 2015 cartier horse racing awards , the european equivalent of the american eclipse awards .

. la fleche was the strong pre - race favourite , priced at 11 / 10 . rueil was second favourite at 100 / 9 , then bona vista at 100 / 8 and st . damien at 100 / 7 . in the early stages of the race sir hugo led the race , with llanthony , persistive and galeopsis also prominent . by the time the field reached the mile post thessalian led the race from st . damien , with bona vista near the middle of the pack . bona vista never got to the leaders and finished back in eleventh place . the race was won by 40 / 1 outsider sir hugo , who held of la fleche by three quarters of a length .

when the champion jockey gerry wilson was axed from riding golden miller as the horse began to show his patent dislike . . .

in 1948 , bull dog became the first horse to surpass us $ 4 million in progeny earnings with only north american runners .

reference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]

orby was the first horse trained in ireland to win the epsom derby . he was a rangy colt , but did . . .

picaroon was a very high class horse , winner of 8 races and rated one of the best by his trainer who . . .

mr taylor sharpe owned properties in newmarket and the baumber park stud near horncastle in lincolnshire . the best horse he bred . . .

hours after his horse gainslaw had won the ascot gold vase , mr leader and his wife were killed on their way . . .

son of a suffolk clothier and close friend of the race horse owner and breeder sir abe bailey , donald fraser owned . . .

reiff looked like an angel and was kissed by society ladies , but he was fully capable of pulling a horse to . . .

papillon rouge’s story is inextricably linked with that of fernand and xavier leredde of the legendary horse breeding family in the heart of france’s horse country , normandy . for more than half a century haras des rouges has produced top quality horses on their thousand hectares of pasture .

the second sir tatton also bred john o ' gaunt ( 2nd in both the 1904 2000 guineas and derby and sire of st . leger winner and important sire swynford ) , hapsburg ( eclipse s ) and lemonora ( grand prix de paris - which in those days held comparable prestige to the arc today ) . john o ' gaunt was by triple crown winner isinglass out of 1000 guineas , oaks and st . leger winner la fleche . la fleche was bought on sir tatton ' s behalf ( ie . by his wife ! ) for a record 12 , 600 guineas in 1896 . however he initially refused to accept her , thinking the price too much , and this great racemare endured two weeks at sledmere train station before finally arriving at the stud !

this photograph shows the statue of persimmon which stands at sandringham stud . a very impressive horse , persimmon turned out to be . . .

swynford was the best horse to race for the 17th lord derby and , according to george lambton , was far and away . . .

while this is not a brilliant photograph of ormonde , it does show his trainer and jockey . this great horse was unbeaten . . .

a black horse , foaled in ireland from a mare reputed to have pulled a cart . he was well bought as a . . .

gentle shepherd may seem an obscure horse to chronicle , for he was unraced and made no impact as a sire , but . . .

harry mccalmont , who was not yet a colonel when his horse isinglass won the triple crown , inherited a great fortune from . . .

charles morton was apprenticed to thomas parr , the trainer of a wonderful horse called fisherman , who won 70 races including 2 . . .

lord clonmell , who succceeded to the title in 1898 , was educated at eton and was a captain in the royal horse . . .

attaclioi . l is tho tabulated pedigree of la flocho , winner of tho doncnstor sb . leper , from which it will bo observed that her darn quiver ia a threoquartcr sistor to musket : —

" what happened to . . . trempolino ? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results , racecards , live betting shows "

the winner of 4 races at 2 and 3 years , humorist ' s connections could not understand why the horse was up one . . .

a genuine , speedy horse , tommy atkins won ten races including the ayr gold cup for owner william sears , who would go . . .

thomas pilkington was a member of the well - known firm of glass manufacturers of the same name . his most famous horse was . . .

gerry wilson , the son of a whaddon chase horse dealer , was champion national hunt jockey seven times between 1933 and 1941 . . . .

a long - time patron and friend of the trainer basil briscoe , philip carr paid £100 to buy a rather unpromising horse in . . .

jenkinstown was a difficult horse to get fit . his trainer , thomas coulthwaite , said he really needed the work of four animals . . . .

a handsome horse , standing 16 hands high , maiden erlegh ( named after the place and title of his owner ' s stud ) . . .

a little chesbnut horse , all quality , cicero was trained at exning , near newmarket . he won 8 races from two to four . . .

alfred newey , a native of worcestershire , did not sit on a horse until he was 18 . originally a miner , he took . . .

aristedes welch was a millionaire stock raiser of pennsylvania who bought leamington , a sire imported from england . the horse sired welch ' s . . .

prince palatine was the champion three - year - old of his generation and horse of the year at 4 and 5 . winner of 11 . . .

the first foal of his [ ? dam ? ] , hampton was a small horse who started his career in selling plates and ran over . . .

winner of 17 races , springfield ( who looks very old in this photograph ) was , in his prime , the most beautiful horse and . . .

a massive horse with a bad mouth , which made him very hard to hold , troytown ' s days were shortlived . he had to . . .

known as ' the rocking horse ' or ' the spotted wonder ' , this colt was a phenomonen . when a propsective buyer looked him over . . .

if only this horse had never been sold abroad ! dark ronald never ran in a [ ? classic ? ] , but this handsome individual won . . .

the trainer john porter said , ' there are rogues , savages , jades , fools and other eccentrics in the horse tribe . throstle was simply . . .

" he ' s a really good horse , " said trainer craig thornton , whose partner samantha logan had won the previous race on the programme with iwannadancelikehim .

, bull dog ' s trainer george newtown died in the spring of 1930 and the horse was never more than half - fit for any of his engagements .

such an unlucky horse . after a fine two year old career , craganour looked to have won the 2000 [ ? guineas ? ] , only the . . .

julius solomon , a dublin moneylender , was breeder of golden miller , but somewhat by default . he took his horse ' s dam , probably as . . .

felix leach ' s association with racing began on the day he first saw st simon , joining that horse ' s trainer , mathew dawson , forthwith . . .

all hard to hazard a guess in this hit and miss family so i guess like with black caviar i ' ll just sit back and enjoy a good horse .

jc has no resemblance at all to thorn park in colour or conformation . the former is a very scopy horse with a lot of presence . jimmy is the opposite

iroquois , who stood only 15 . 2 1 / 2 hands high , was the first american - bred horse to win the derby . he was amongst a . . .

considering he will likely make a top miler over here it doesn ' t hurt his credentials as a stallion to win the derby , i believe it only enhances his value being such a versatile horse .

born in munich , the son of a jewish banker , baron de hirsch made a fortune financing railways in the balkans and laying others in russia and all over europe . he acquired a passion for horseracing and for royal horseracing circles and put a large portion of his money at the disposal of the prince of wales , joining him in 1890 as a patron of john porter ' s stable . later the pair transferred all their animals to the care of richard marsh at newmarket . la fleche was the baron ' s only classic winner , but she nearly won 4 of them .

reference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]

the post ride festivities were subdued not only due to the rain , but due to school policies forbidding alcohol consumption . nonetheless , river horse provided us with beer to go ; pizza was supplied by villa vito .

based upon the success of our other spring classic event , the fools classi c and the hell of hunterdon , it was determined we needed a ride that offered all of their challenges , but without the unpaved roads . hence , the fleche buffoon was born , as a tribute to the hilly ardennes classics .

golden horn ( cape cross – fleche d ' or by dubai destination ) was named both horse of the year and 3 - year - old colt . owned by anthony oppenheimer and trained by john gosden , golden horn most recently finished second in the breeders ' cup turf in the united states . this capped off a season that saw him win six of eight starts , including four grade / group ones . golden horn was bred by hascombe and valiant studs . he has been retired to stand at sheikh mohammed dalham hall stud in newmarket .

" i ' m really happy with him and he ' s by far the best i ' ve had , " thornton said . " i think he ' s a pretty special horse and i ' m privileged to have him . "

john o ' gaunt , a bred - in - the - purple son of english triple crown winner isinglass and the triple - classic winning mare la fleche , won just one race , due in part to his poor conformation , in part to ill - luck and the dubious distinction of having an amateur jockey , and in part , maybe , to a thunderstorm on his derby day . he got one surviving son , swynford , who could be called a good race horse , and who later became the successful stallion his own sire was not . americans owe john o ' gaunt a nod , not only for swynford ' s sons challenger ii and st . germans and his great - grandson , blenheim , but also for tom fool , a descendant of john o ' gaunt ' s daughter , mandy hamilton , and for war admiral , a descendant of john o ' gaunt ' s son , harry of hereford .

“he ' s owned by an australian syndicate , which tony noonan is part of . tony is a good friend of mine and he suggested they leave the horse in new zealand with me because he ' s paid up for the karaka million . "

" writes our london correspondent : — " six runners only cared to faco la flecb ' e for the oaks , and everybody told everybody that unless baron hirsch ' s filly fell down she musb win , nevertheless , the . betting was not reassuring . at first the ring asked for 5 to 2 on , but in a very shorb time tbey were glad to take 7 to 4 , and finally the price came down to as little as 11 to 8 . on bhe other hand , large sums went on lord gerard ' s palisandre at 5 to 1 , and mr milner ' s broad corrie at 10 to 1 . lady hermit found friends ab 100 to s , but against arise and the sinew 20 to 1 was fruitlessly tendered . broad corrie made the running to tattenham corner , where palisandre was beaten , and lafleche became second , wibh the sinew and lady hermit in close attendance . crossing the road , broad corrie compounded , and la fleche came oub full of running , and apparently aboub to win easily . the sinew , however , was by no means done wibh , and in response to watt ' s call , began to decrease the distance bebween herself and the crack . inch by inch , she crepb up , and afc the bell absolutely reached la fleche ' s neck . up the incline the pair came , locked together , and apparently with nobhing bebween them . a few yards from home , the outsider had won , bub geo . barrett , gathering himself a v archer , at tho supreme moment , gave his mount a sharp rib - binder . we could just see the game mare shoot forward , bub the general impression was fchab she had only made a dead heat of ib . judge johnson , however , said she won by a shorb head , and he alone could know . ib was certainly one of the closest finishes i ever witnessed .

la fleche ' s 1901 colt by isinglass , john o ' gaunt , was purchased by sir john thursby for 3 , 000 guineas . he placed second in both the two thousand guineas stakes and derby stakes , despite suffering from ringbone . at stud he got swynford ( 1907 ) , who won the st . leger , the eclipse stakes , the hardwicke stakes twice , and was leading sire in england in 1923 and later a leading sire of broodmares . john o ' gaunt ' s other offspring included kennymore , who won the 2 , 000 guineas , and burne jones , a winner of classic races in italy . a daughter , mandy hamilton , became the dam of the american sire supremus , after her export to that country . - - patricia erigero

champion older horse went to solow ( singspiel – high maintenance by highest honor ) . the 5 - year - old is owned and bred by alain and gerard wertheimer and trained by freddy head . his season was highlighted by a win on world cup day in dubai .

a dark bay horse , bull dog stood 16 hands and ½ inch when measured at the time of his importation . he was robust with good substance and powerful hindquarters but was a bit long in the back . he reportedly had an excellent disposition and was a good doer .

friday , july 14 . eclipse stakes , a plato of 10 , 00030vs ; the second received 500sovs , and the third loosovs . eclipse stakes course ( about one mile and a - quarter ) . duke of westminster ' s b c orme , by ormonde —angelica , 4yrs , 10 . 2 ( m . cannon ) 1 baron rothschild ' s b c medicis , by robert the devil or florentine — skotzka , 3yrs , 8 . 12 ( t . loates ) 2 baron de hirsch ' s b f la fleche , by st . simon —quiver , 4yrs , 9 . 13 ( g . barrett ) 3 colonel noith ' s b c el diablo , 4yrs , 9 . 13 ( r . chaloner ) 0 mr j . charlton ' s b c may duke , 4yrs , 9 10

the nearest office and laid the wager by telegram . the horse ran second , and soon after the race he got a second wire from the horse ' s owner saying he had had bad luck , and asking field to wire to tattersall requesting him to deduct l6oo from his cheque by way of recompense for st . albans running such a good race . bigger men , however , than st . albans ips owner practice the bleeding business freely , and as the catechism teaches us to order ourselves reverently to all our betters there can ' t be very much harm after all in doing as they do .

the removal of tho horses of baron hirsch and the prince of wales from kingsclere to newmarket is the result of a difference between lord marcus beresford ( who manages the racing studs of h . r . h . and the baron ) , and the duke of westminster . the tiff began at goodwood when hia grace was much put out at watercress being run against in 3 favourite orme in the sussex stakes . the " crack " only got home , you remember , by tho skin o ? his teeth , and the duke " said things " which made a breach necessary . porter had the choice at either moving to newmarket with the wales - cum - hirsch team or staying at kingsclere as tho duke ' s trainer . of course he wisely decided to stick to his beautiful hampshire home wherewith all his triumphs from blue gown to la fleche are associated .

breeder wrote : i have been wondering why the connections of jc would be planning to have a go at the ajc derby when they think he is really a 1600 - 2000m horse . from a stallion potential , view point , is winning another derby going to add to his value ? i don ' t think so .

" what a perfect type of horse to provide jimmy with his first stakes win . he ' s a spitting image of his sire . when i saw him come back off the track , i thought it could have been jimmy himself . he ' s a dead ringer , and he ' s obviously got a lot of ability .

“without question papillon rouge . obviously ! take me , who has never , until now , covered more than a quarter of my mares by the same stallion , even at the time of jalisco , i have , this year , covered 50 % of my mares by papillon rouge . papillon is going to transmit the qualities of his father . he is a solid horse , with a power that he uses well and , in addition , he has the temperament of a winner , he is cheeky… and mischievous . indeed , he is not a horse for amateurs , nor are his sons , but what interests me is that he produces for the highest level of competition . ”

on the fei / wbfsh world rankings for 2007 , papillon rouge was in 3 rd place with 29 representatives , including six with 200 + . they are : mozart des hayettes ( nimmerdor ) , fleche rouge ( kissovo ) , iasco mouche ( matador du bois ) , tresor ( laudanum ) , icare du manet ( kouglof ii ) and issis du marais ( uriel ) . however he had dropped to 10 th place on the 2008 standings , and then disappeared forever from the rankings…

orme ia quoted at 9 to 4 for the epsom derby . yet a friend ot mine ( says an english correspondent ) who annually speculates largely on early favourites , and hedges and ditches with candidates who later look formidable , is always ready to take £9 , 000 to £4 , 000 in a line . he is willing too , in faco of knowledge that la fleche is very much fancied indeed by some of the kingsclere party . lord marcus beresford , who manages baron hirscn s horse * is very confident indeed thab she will beat the duke of westminsters crack colt . most of the money pub on the filly is for the stable ' s account nnd she looks like seeing quite a short nrice if she keeps well . 1 hear that one reason why george barrett ' s license is withheld is because the dukoot westminster is very much dissatisfied with the riding of orme in the bigmanches er weight for - age race . i saw every inch o that affair and found no fault with g . b . b perlmance . the fault i did find was with he duke for running a two - year - old in such a race ab all . it orme had turned out good " or nothing after his defeat , plenty of true sportsmen would have felt extremely sorry or the colt , and not a little bit so for , is owner a little man who set a two - year - old teh a task would have beer , denounced wholesale by the press - and serve him ri & ht .

the suffix ‘rouge’ is also attached to front line competitors like un espoir ( fort national xx ) , team gold medal with michel roche , montreal ’76 ; faon rouge ( nankin sf ) sold as a three - year old to alwin schockemöhle , then ridden internationally by nelson pessoa ; eole xxi ( tigre rouge ) , who had a very good career in italy ; nuage rouge ( turner xx ) puissance winner with patrice delaveau ; océan rouge ( furiel de baugy ) ; quita la rouge ( jouventur ) ; qualoubet rouge ( galoubet a ) and quissor rouge ( kougloff ii ) .

3rd dam imposing choice had 4 unplaced runs . she is a daughter of imposing ( a son of todman who had wins from 1200 to 1750m and who like his sire was a very good horse ) imposing choice had 9 live foals 6 raced for 3 winners including danamite ( by danasinga ) who had 3 wins inc a g2 , g3 and a 2nd in the rosehill guineas and 3rd ajc derby and the lr winner gale .

* # * the melbourne mail is not in time for this week ' s issue , consequently we are withoub our melbourne correspondent ' s latest advice as to the v . 11 . c . meeting to commence on saturday . his latest letter gave wild rose as a good thing for the newmarket handicap , and i shall not attempt to improve on that as a tip , but i have a strong belief that tirailleur will run a good horse in the australian cup .

we are professional associated with gloria de campeão , cara rafaela , bernadini , einstein , neo universe , cajun prince , real quiet , hard buck , much better , belo acteon and other champions . we design pedigrees that can make you be in the big races . if you want a representative at the international thoroughbred sales , or if you want to buy a horse in south america , please contact us . offices in kentucky , florida and brazil renato gameiro albatrozusa @ urltoken

the stud was founded in 1801 by the first sir tatton sykes ( 1772 - 1863 ) who at one time owned over 100 mares . known as the most popular man in yorkshire he even had a horse named after him . sir tatton sykes ( the horse ) won the 1864 2000 guineas and st . leger and finished second in the derby , indeed he may well have won this too , had the jockey not been ' under the influence ' ! sir tatton ( the person ) also tasted classic success with grey momus , bred by him , who won the 1838 2000 guineas . he was somewhat eccentric , refusing to put any fillies in training , which led to many homebreds being useless , due to their poor dams . following the baronet ' s death there was a huge dispersal sale at doncaster with 313 lots ( of which 111 were broodmares ) fetching a total of 24 , 171 guineas . included in this sale was lecturer who was later to win the ascot gold cup . it was described as ' the most remarkable dispersal of bloodstock which has ever taken place in this or any other country ' .

reference point was a dark - coated bay horse bred by his owner , louis freedman , at his cliveden stud in berkshire , england . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] he was sired by mill reef the 1971 epsom derby winner who went on to be leading sire in great britain and ireland in 1978 and 1987 . reference point ' s dam , home on the range , was a high class racemare who won the sun chariot stakes in 1981 . apart from reference point , the best of her progeny was known ranger , who won nineteen races in europe and north america . [ 4 ]

' one of the very great sprinters in the history of racing in south africa was the imported champion , black cap ( denturius / justitia ) , which ran in the colours of mr p . p . hill of cape town . he raced all over the country from 1949 to 1952 eventually carrying welter weights of over 11 st . he won a steward ' s cup handicap with 10 st . 6 lbs , and at kenilworth carrying 11 st . 5 lbs he won the suburban sprint conceding 21 lbs to the second horse , the brilliant mowgli . in seven starts he won six races and was third once - in the merchant ' s handicap at clairwood when he gave the winner , puccini , 54 lbs and the second horse , the speedy hey presto , 34 lbs . his last race was the w . f . a . newbury stakes ( 1952 ) over 6 furlongs , when he again beat mowgli by a head . he and mowgli captured the imagination of the public during the 1952 racing season . after the newbury stakes black cap was retired to mr a . a . lyons ' s highland stud at mooi river in natal , having won 16 races during his south african career and stakes of more than £15 000 . '

now i ' m only guessing as looking at the pedigree the most obvious thing is the acumulation of star kingdom through todman and biscay / bletchingly but maybe the fact that jimmy choux belongs to the 16g family and thorn park belongs to the 16c family saw some tie in with the pedigree . afterall plucky liege is 16a and danasinga the other sire with a very good horse in danamite has 16h ( through petition in danzig ) , 16a ( the phoenix ) , 16a ( bahram ) and 16h ( tiberius ) . thorn park also has showdown ( 16h ) and star kingdom has 16 through his sire stardust and bletchingly brings in the 16f of papyrus .

spermogram : some studbooks require a spermogram for each new approval . we offer this service all year long . please arrange to have the service completed 1 to 2 weeks before your horse’s assessment . frozen semen testing : after a collection , at least two samples are frozen and thawed in order to determine if your stallion’s sperm meets quality standards . feuillard stud is equipped with a high - quality , precise sperm analyzer that allows for more objective measurements than the naked eye can discern . semen freezing : our freezing process is extremely rigorous and conforms to the sanitary standards of the various countries where the semen will be used . we have the standard equipment for this process and we update our techniques with the latest scientific advances .

it was announced in september 2002 however that a large part of the stud would be closed down . basically the boarding side , which has served the stud so well in recent years , is ceasing , with some of the 40 boxes being used to improve facilities for the tourists who visit the stately home . the stud will instead concentrate on the breeding side , albeit only in a small way as they currently only have 2 broodmares . on a more positive note sir tatton sykes is a part owner in stanley leisure sprint cup g1 , prix de la foret g1 , hackwood stakes l , st . leger yearling stakes and redcar trophy winner somnus ( champion older sprinter in 2004 ) , who spent his formative years at the stud , and whose dam was originally based there . the intention is to re - invest some of his share of the ever - increasing prize money this money spinner is generating into improving the quality of the sykes broodmares . meanwhile since late 2006 trainer declan carroll has utilised around 50 of the boxes at sledmere together with 2 grass gallops and an all - weather gallop .

the stud flourished with it ' s boarders as well . owners who have used the stud in the past include charles engelhard ( of nijinsky fame ) , jack swift ( mount rosa stud ) , daniel wildenstein , who boarded the brilliant pawneese here ( see copgrove page for more information on the wildenstein operation in yorkshire ) and the marquesa de moratella , who now owns jim joel ' s former property , the historic childwick bury stud . another long term patron was mrs . margaret butler who owned and bred that good middle distance horse k - battery , later to stand at theakston stud . indeed not only was k - battery reared at sledmere , but his dam was actually bought from the stud . sir tatton sykes had the occasional filly in training with jimmy fitzgerald .

reference point ( 26 february 1984– december 1991 ) was a british thoroughbred race horse and sire . in a career which lasted from august 1986 to october 1987 he ran ten times and won seven races . as a three - year - old he overcame sinus problems before winning york ' s dante stakes , the derby , ascot ' s king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes , the great voltigeur and st . leger in 1987 . it was not until 2012 that another derby winner contested the st . leger ; when camelot attempted , and failed , to win the english triple crown . his final race of the season resulted in failure in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp , paris when an abscess was later found to have been responsible for his below - par performance .

beau pere was an imposing individual . he stood well over 17 hands and was broad as a bull , a physique with unusual consequences . when he arrived in kentucky by train , he would not fit in the horse van and had to be walked the few miles out to combs ' spendthrift farm outside of lexington . ( one hopes this had nothing to do with his later demise . ) beau pere was an unrefined individual with a thick neck , rather low withers ( like his sire ) and a long body . photos also indicate that his pasterns were extremely upright . several of beau pere ' s sons proved to be top stallions including beau son , beau repaire , beau vite , beau cheval , and beaulivre . in north america , only a few of his sons succeeded as sires , the very best of which was the non - winner destino ( 1947 ) , owned by king ranch and later sent to argentina .

“during the 1970’s my son xavier started to show an interest in riding . he began with pony competitions , then juniors with his close friend eric navet . it seemed natural to me to support the beginning of xavier’s career by finding him some good horses . the 1970’s were , economically , flourishing . riding was a fast developing sport . the demand was growing . the breeding of cows , which constituted a major part of my resources didn’t excite me . so , every month i filled a horse box , bearing showjumping qualities in mind , and went to the midi ( a region of central southern france ) to sell them . it took me away from home for one week . occasionally i went just into italy . everything helped me to understand the market , the expectations . then , with a proportion of the profit from my transactions , i began to buy mares for breeding purposes , for myself and my own ideas . ”

the decision was made to aim reference point for both the st leger and the prix de l ' arc de triomphe . in his prep race he ran in the great voltigeur stakes at york in august . he won comfortably at odds of 1 / 10 , but sustained a minor injury when slipping on the heavily - watered ground . [ 12 ] only six horses opposed him in the st leger at doncaster in september . he started the 4 / 11 favourite and won by one and a half lengths from mountain kingdom . the win took his earnings to £774 , 275 , a record for a horse racing exclusively in britain . [ 13 ] on his final start , reference point started odds - on favourite for the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp in october . as usual , he led from the start , but in the straight he weakened abruptly and finished eighth behind trempolino . [ 14 ] he returned from the race lame , and was found to be suffering from an abscess in his foot . [ 15 ] reference did not race again and was retired to stud .

beau pere ' s record caught the eye of american movie magnate louis b . mayer , who purchased the son of son - in - law , along with several australian - bred mares , to stand in california beginning with the 1941 season . the price was said to be $ 100 , 000 . arriving by ship in san francisco on january 28 , 1941 , the stallion ' s success continued in america , beginning with the champion racemare honeymoon ( 1943 ) , and including top runners like great circle ( 1947 ) , bellesoeur ( 1945 ) , stepfather ( 1944 ) , and grandpere ( 1945 ) . his forte in america seemed to be the precocious juvenile . this success caught the attention of kentuckian leslie combs ii , who purchased the old horse from mayer , syndicated , him , and had him shipped cross country to his new kentucky home . unfortunately , shortly after his arrival at spendthrift farm , beau pere colicked and died in august of 1947 . beau pere ' s final record showed him as the sire of 49 stakes winners , 28 of which in australia and new zealand , and the remaining 21 sired in california .

* * * the hon . g . m ' lean ' s yearlings above referred to were brought into town on tuesday and temporarily lodged at power ' s stables , where many sporting men were afforded the opportunity of inspecting them . the filly out qf lady emma is a real beauty . she has size and very high quality to recommend her , and already looks like a racer . the dione colt has the brand of st . clair indelibly fixed on him— being a youngster of great substance and as nice a colt as one could wish to see ; and the other st . clair , the colt out of lady gertrude , is one that it is hard to find a fault with . some folk profess to see in him a resemblance to bpulanger as that horse was at the same age . the other two to be submitted are also worthy of their pedigree . i regret that lack of time prevents mo describing them at length . they are worthy of the closest inspection , and those who attend the sale will agree with me that a better lob of yearlings has not been seen in dunedin . at the same time there will be offered a yearling filly by rubezahl out of hippona . this youngster , the property of mr j . dobbin , is also well worth attention . * t * at saturday ' s meeting of the d . j . c . ' s

does not break down his determination . among the other prominent performers another one was geraint . this son of lochiel and enid , now the property of the partnership that did so well with liberator prior to the sale to mr butler , secured the cup after a splendid race , the news of which must have been gratifying to mr dowse , the handicapper , and likewise captured the boatmans handicap , besides finishing second in the midsummer handicap . this is a good record , even if the opposition was not very strong . the same owners also managed to annex the two hurdle races , the winner in each case being the north canterbury - bred regalia , who was not doing over well on this side of the island . daisy clipper , one of the few representatives sou ' wester has trying for him , ran a dead heat with yon tempsky under circumstances which show this pair to be about a match at 1 - avel weights , and the mare landed the chief event on the second day . i think that england ' s pride , one of the competitors in the produce stakes , is a son of exchange , but of this i am not quite certain . if so he is the first of this horse ' s stock to shape in public . the handicapping throughout the meeting seems to have given satisfaction , and the affair , as a whole , passed off so well as to encourage hopes that racing is about to boom in this quarter .

everybody . the watchers told us that pegasus was in no sort of condition , that he had done nothing like a preparation , and that the workman must beat him ; and the owner did not think much of the colt ' s chance , for he put only £3 on him in the machine , and wired to a friend afterwards that his pick on the day was rosefeldt . the trainer , * l have also heard , fancied ida or rosefeldt , and these were the two that his colt beat for places . with such experts unable to detect pegasus ' s ability , it is no disgrace to us newspaper folk to have missed it . i would not have pegasus at any price . but my fancy , ' till he went amiss , was his stable companion the workman , and now that the race is over i think that that judgment was sound . that is the horse that would have won if he had come all right to the post . our dunedin pair , skirmisher and dilemma , were altogether out of the cup and everything else . i hear that skirmisher was a good colt for a mile and three - quarters , and then tired badly . he cannot be himself . i never expected him to win the cup , but in 6uch a slowrun race as it was he ought to have got home if within half a stone of the form he displayed at canterbury . with this son of ouida decidedly below his best , and loyalty very well , the derby was a poor race , mr o ' brien ' s colt having matters entirely his own way . pegasus , though able to win the cup , had no bhow at level weights with loyalty . he beat skirmisher , however , and thus showed what a soft thing he really had in the cup so far as the dunedin colt was concerned . i am quite satisfied that this running was not true form . all the , same pegasus is a smarter one than he was generally supposed to be , and be will probably improve with age . let us hope so , for the major is a good sport , and the win of his home - bred colt was , we may be sure , particularly acceptable .

* * * the cup of 1884 - also furnished a sensation . sou - wester had openly run a trial for it which seemed to place the race at his mercy . i never liked the horse very much , bub at 6 . 10 he was starting with apparently a stone to spare , and there is not the least doubt that he would have won but for his misf ox - tune . his starting price was 2 to 1 , while nonsense 8 . 6 , with whom the hon . w . robinson had elected to win in prefcrencexto vanguard 8 . 8 , was next in the quotations at 5 to 2 , and 6 to 1 avas obtainable about lady emma 8 . 5 , who proved to be the winner , and tasman 9 . 5 , then a five - year - old , and ridden by derrett . lady emma was smartest away , but being steadied as they passed the stand the lead was taken by digby grand 6 . 7 , hazard 6 . 2 , and july 7 . 4 . the last - named was ridden by white , while maurice o ' connor , who might have turned out a good horseman , was on hazard . at the back of the course sou - wester slipped into the ditch , and lost a lot o£ ground , oue chronicler estimating this as 150 yds . it was hardly so much as that , but still there was a big lot of ground lost . but he went after his field with such determination that on reaching the stand , a mile from home , he was among his horses , of whom the leaders were nonsense and vanguard , this pair seemingly going well within themselves . at the old leger post lady emma went past hazard , who had been lying third , and also got nonsense in difficulties , and , then the mare tackled vanguard , and this pair raced along the back stretch three lengths clear of everything else till they came to the half - mile post . here vanguard compounded , and a quarter of a mile further on there was nothing in it but lady emma , with july making an unexpected effort to collar her . he and sou - wester made further rushes in the straight , but they could not catch the mare , who ran hoftfe an easy winner by a length and a - half from july , with sou - wester six lengths away third , and hazard , hippodamia , poet , and nonsense following in order . the time was two seconds slower than adamant ' s the year before .