the yellow-winged pytilia ( pytilia hypogrammica ) , also known as the red-faced pytilia , is an african estrildid finch .

it has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 250,000 km ² .

it is commonly found in benin , burkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , chad , the democratic republic of the congo , côte d'ivoire , ghana , guinea , liberia , nigeria , sierra leone and togo .

yellow - winged pytilia

yellow - winged pytilia <EOT> scientific name : pytilia phoenicoptera = red winged . pytilia hypogrammica = yellow winged pytilia .

common name / s : aurora finch , aurora waxbill , crimson winged pytilia , red faced pytilia , red winged pytilia , yellow winged pytilia .

status in ( australian ) captivity : red winged = secure . red faced and yellow winged are harder to find .

a / a vol 59 no . 2 feb 2005 page 25 - 26 ( yellow winged pytilia - cover photo ) .

the yellow - winged pytilia ( pytilia hypogrammica ) , also known as the red - faced pytilia , is an african estrildid finch . it has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 250 , 000 km 2 .

strike three in formulating my tree of pytilia genetics was / is the continuing debate as to the notion of the ‘split’ red - winged pytilia . some say that if a red - winged pytilia has one yellow parent it must be a split – in other words even though it looks like a red - winged pytilia it carries the gene for yellow wing colour in its genetic make up and if two such splits are mated together then it is possible to obtain yellow winged offspring .

the basics : the yellow - winged pytilia is a dashing african waxbill that shares a very close relationship ( and sometimes the name aurora finch ) with the red - winged pytilia . the rather rare yellow - wing is found in mostly open country in western central africa .

i have had no experience in keeping the yellow - winged pytilia , a colour variation of the red - faced pytilia , which is difficult to obtain and is kept by a few breeders , predominantly in victoria and tasmania . the red - faced pytilia is the dominant species , so let us hope that the dedicated few who are lucky enough to own the yellow - winged pytilia will have much success in keeping them .

cost ( victoria ) per pair : - red faced ( approx . ) $ 250 . red winged approx . $ 100 . yellow winged approx . $ 500 .

green - winged pytilia - pytilia melba - this common species of finch belongs to the family estrididae . it is found throughout most of sub - saharan af… | pinteres…

appearance : the adult male yellow - winged pytilia is much like the red - winged pytilia , a bird with a gray background color that possesses barred underparts and a red rump . however , his primary feathers are yellow instead of red , and he has a bright red face and a black tail . the female lacks the red face and is overall somewhat duller .

in australia , the melba finch pytilia melba and the aurora finch pytilia phoenicoptera are extremely popular and have been kept with good breeding results , for decades . in recent years , there has been increased interest in the red - faced pytilia pytilia hypogrammica and its very close look - alike , the yellow - winged red - faced pytilia , which is a colour variation with the same scientific name . it is not a subspecies .

breeders can have a struggle setting up pairs . it ' s a tough call to distinguish the yellow - winged pytilia female from its cousin , the red - winged pytilia . the birds may agree about that , since the two species apparently hybridize where they overlap in the wild . in captivity , you might sometimes encounter a red - faced , red - winged pytilia which turns out to be a yellow - winged pytilia with a bit of red - wing in its background . the red wing color is dominant over the yellow . australian breeders in particular have noted that they may have trouble finding pure - bred examples of either of these two species . fortunately , the hybrid is beautiful and requires the same care .

behavior / temperament : the yellow - winged pytilia is held in high regard by serious aviculturists as a peaceful aviary bird but the pure form may have been somewhat forgotten in the rush to create the more colorful red - faced red - winged pytilia hybrid . the nickname red - faced aurora adds to the confusion as well . this species does not like humans disturbing or checking their nest .

housing : yellow - winged pytilias will show beautifully in a large planted aviary , but you must monitor the situation to make sure that there is enough cover and nest sites for all the birds to nest safely without conflict . you should not allow them to share quarters with melba finches or other pytilias , because they will hybridize . an additional issue is that the feisty male melba finch may attack other red - faced birds , including his cousin , the yellow - winged pytilia .

payne , r . ( 2018 ) . yellow - winged pytilia ( pytilia hypogrammica ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

the red - winged and yellow - winged pytilias are very similar in appearance with the males of both ‘types’ having the distinctive red head and , as the name suggests , with one having red wings and the other yellow . i once read somewhere that the husbandry for all three was very similar but it has been our experience that the aurora is the far easier species to propagate than either of the other ‘types’ .

basic seed mix should include canary seed , white french millet , japanese millet , and yellow and red panicum .

the family of finches called pytilia are a colourful and popular group of finches that are always in demand by australian and overseas aviculturists alike .

the red - faced pytilia ( pytilia hypogrammica ) is a beautiful species that has gained popularity in recent years . it is very similar in nature to the aurora finch , although the plumage is more colourful . as the cock becomes older , the colourful plumage intensifies . the hen is slightly darker in colour than the aurora finch hen .

maybe , just maybe , this all came about because of the infusion of aurora blood that went into both the red & yellow - winged forms throughout their journey in our aviaries . every honest pytilia keeper will cite an example of where they purchased a pair of red - wing pytilas only to find they had a red - wing cock and a " hen " normal aurora male ! ! i even know of one person who used to cull these " grey headed hybrids " until i assured him that they were normal auroras and not some new hybrid at all .

fast forward a few months and he rang me back and said he had just had a ‘hen’ yellow - wing dna sexed and it confirmed that the bird was a cock – yes , a yellow - wing cock with no red head at all ! ! following that a few people i knew started to report similar ‘occurrences’ within their flocks . turned out that these startling throwback hens were in fact startling throwback cocks ! !

some breeders have enjoyed success in large cages that give the birds room to fly , court , and exercise , without coming into contact with competitors . a good size for each pair would be 36” wide by 24” deep by 18” tall . have barriers between the cages so that the pairs can hear but not see each other . all pytilias are sensitive to cold and damp , so your aviary yellow - winged pytilias will need access to warm , dry winter quarters .

however , you cannot ultimately expect much success with yellow - winged pytilias unless you provide a good supply of live insects . variety may be important , and you may wish to construct a home trap for collecting small moths , beetles , and so on , as well as providing the standard small commercial insects like mealworms and waxworms . in the wild , they prefer termites , and some australian breeders have experimented with supplying termites , but most homeowners won ' t be willing to risk it .

now when we first reached the top of a breeder’s sale list and were able to obtain 2 pairs of both yellow & red - wings there were a few differences that appear to have disappeared from the present day birds available in australia .

some unscrupulous breeders may attempt to pass off an aurora finch hen for a red - faced pytilia hen , so be aware of this and buy only from reputable breeders . the husbandry of this species is identical to that of the aurora finch .

some say this is set in concrete other say it is not . unfortunately i cannot contribute to this debate suffice to say that when i once had a cock yellow - wing and a hen red - wing breed in a holding aviary all six youngsters had red wings .

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : pytilia hypogrammica . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

diet : the pytilias have thinner beaks and larger bodies than the other waxbills , reflecting the fact that they crack fewer seeds and devour more insects . true , the backbone of the diet is a high quality small seed mix , fresh enough to sprout – and you should test it by sprouting regularly . the yellow - winged pytilias love the milky seeding heads of grasses , in addition to the sprouts . . you should also supply a finely chopped salad that includes greens , apple , carrot , and broccoli , as well as eggfood and / or a high quality finch pellet that the birds will eat .

how do i know ? well , i also received one of these birds - supposedly a hen pytilia but in reality a cock aurora – and when paired to a normal hen aurora produced me a couple of nests of normal healthy auroras . not a red head feather on any of them i hasten to add ! !

health wise they have a reputation for suddenly ‘fluffing up’ with very few fully recovering . if you have them autopsied the usual cause of death comes back as liver damage but we have yet been able to pin - point the causes of this . droppings show the usual signs of malabsorption and tend to be a cheesy yellow colour and very large .

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the melba finch ( pytilia melba ) is considered the most colourful of this group and as such is the most popular . this particular species always catches the eye of beginners and experienced breeders alike . in recent years there has been a very high demand for these finches . however , as the numbers available to meet this demand are low , there has been a fairly sharp increase in this bird’s retail price .

the most obvious was the colour of the hens – these were vivid grey much akin to the cock aurora and nothing at all like the dour hen aurora . the hens also had fine stippling of black lines through the chest feathers and were striking in their own right . this is no longer the case with many hen red & yellow - wings resembling hen auroras and it is a rarity to see the dark coloured hens .

the pytilia species discussed have similar housing and feeding requirements . i feed a basic commercial finch mix during the non - breeding season . as the breeding season commences i add niger seed , maw , linseed and black and white lettuce seed . i also introduce a dry egg and biscuit mix along with plan madeira cake . the birds show more interest in grit , when they start nesting . during this period i substitute the basic small plain grit for a mix containing charcoal , canundra shell and baked crushed fowl eggshells .

due to their less colourful plumage the aurora finch ( pytilia phoenicoptera ) is not as popular as the melba finch . however , in my experience , this species is easier to breed and keep than the melba finch and is not as aggressive or as intimidating . their reliance on livefood is high but not as high as that of the melba finch . they tend not to be as tight sitters as melba finches so nest inspections or disturbance should be avoided . as these birds like thick , well - protected nest sites , plenty of tea - tree branches lining the aviary shelter is a definite asset .

of the pytilia family , the melba finch is the most heavily reliant on livefood . they will abandon chicks if a good supply of livefood is not continuously supplied . this reliance on livefood has seen a geographical trend , as to where this bird is more popularly kept . in the past , larger inner city areas have not been recognised as a stronghold for this bird . this species was bred in areas with large population of termites . in new south wales the species has been bred in numbers in the hunter valley and the southern highlands , where there are plenty of termites . in recent years , breeders from non - traditional areas are having success by offering the birds bush fly maggots instead of termites .

so if you are looking for the ultimate finch breeding challenge you could do worse than consider tackling the pytilia family . a large group of australian breeders worked tirelessly to ensure that we would have all three species remaining in our aviaries for years to come so the rest of us mere mortals owe it to them to preserve their " legacy " ! before purchasing these species try and gain as much information from breeders as possible and be prepared for some heartbreak along the way , but stick to it as these are one of the most stunning finches available to us . if after several attempts you have not managed to ‘crack’ this species you can always join us at finch keepers anonymous where you can announce yourself with " hi , my name is…… . . and i’ve been keeping pytilis for too long ! ! ! " we’ll all understand ! ! !

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departamento de inmunologia , facultad de medicina , universidad complutense de madrid , avenida complutense s / n , 28040 madrid , spain .

estrildid finches are distributed throughout africa , south asia , australia and neighbouring islands in the indian and pacific oceans . some specific phylogenetic and systematic debated questions have been clarified in the present study by mitochondrial cytochrome b dna sequencing of 61 species of estrildids and subsequent analyses of results by both bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methodologies . our results support that estrildids are a monophyletic group with polytomies that may have started evolving by middle miocene epoch ( about 16 , 5 million years ago ) . this proposed timing is coincidental with the fringillinae finches’ radiation starting time and also with the biggest hymalayan and tibetan plateau uplift , triggered by the indian tectonic plate strongest collision ; this established present day southern asia monsoon regime and other drastic climatic changes , like a dryer weather in tibetan plateau and china deserts . the estrildid finches form a monophyletic group which includes several polytomies and comprises african , asian and australian birds . the most ancient evolutive group comprises african ( african silverbill ) , asian ( indian silverbill ) and australian ( diamond firetail ) ; this suggests that the whole estrildids radiation might have originated around india . more estrildid species will be studied in order to further establish this group phylogeography . in addition , monophyletic radiations include species from different continents . finally , ploceinae genus quelea finches is a group separate and basal from estrildini and viduini species in our dendrograms .

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male having red wings , as well as red face , described as p . lopezi ( type from near bunda , in central african republic ) , but considered a morph or , possibly , a race of present species ; further study required . monotypic .

w guinea e to s chad and w central african republic ( on r shari ) , s to coastal ghana and togo .

12·5 cm ; 14·3 - 15 g . male has face from forehead to ear - coverts and down to cheek and throat red , lores grey ; crown to back grey , rump and uppertail - coverts red . . .

alarm call notes rise from 1 khz to 2·4 khz ( most energy at 2·6 khz and an overtone at 3·4 khz ) , . . .

mature s guinean woodland and derived bushland , edges of riverine forest , coastal thickets , woods . . .

small grass seeds ; also insects , mainly termites ( isoptera ) and ants ( formicidae ) . in examination of contents of 19 stomachs , seeds found . . .

season oct–jan in nigeria . courting male bows to female , tail angled toward her , and calls ; in another display , male holds feather in . . .

not globally threatened . uncommon to locally fairly common ; uncommon to rare in several parts of range . rare in liberia , and uncommon to rare in burkina faso and benin ; . . .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .

justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as scarce and little known ( clement 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .

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sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

average size : 11 - 13 centimeters ( 4 . 5 - 5 in . )

these birds are beautiful and sweet , and while very friendly , unlike most finches they are not easily handled , but make for great viewing and companionship . their chirps are lovely . these birds prefer the company of many of their peers , so dont keep just one ! i love finches for their sweet quality . these birds will build their own nest in the brush or will use a finch nest box but do like a small plant pot with an open end attached to the wall , so make sure you give them a space to cuddle ! .

to those with a scientific bent is a denizen of sierra leone , north - east guinea through to cameroon in africa .

the aurora or p . phoenicoptera is a common exotic finch species which is a free breeder and has a charming quiet disposition in the aviary .

similar to the blue - cap i believe the frequency of live food delivery is a key factor with this species . they eat both smaller & mini mealworms and maggots with relish but , naturally , favour termites ( white ants ) when feeding young . in case you do not feed termites relax as we have bred them here in tasmania without them as have a number of english aviculturists that ian spoke to .

they seem ambivalent to green food and soaked / sprouted seed in my aviaries but a mate tells me his birds love the lowe - type blended vegetable mix he feeds – yet our initial stock came from the same source ! ! they also love the african waxbill mix we feed as outlined in an earlier edition of australian birdkeeper – in fact blue - caps . orange cheeks and pytilias seem to be drawn to this mix .

a general finch mix is fed – we use elenbee seeds clifton finch mix – supplemented with a little extra red panicum .

i have also seen them build behind seed hoppers , bowls and small cages in their aviary – unfortunately eggs can be and regularly are lost if the nest is not supportive enough ! i favour the medium sized cane wicker baskets feely available in good pet outlets . white medium sized emu feathers are favoured to line the nest while swamp / november / blown grass is a firm favourite for the nest proper . if made solely from this grass the nest has a propensity to be brittle and non - supportive so watch that eggs do not fall through !

pairs are variable as to nest inspection so know your birds well before checking nests . young pairs seem to be infertile for their first few nests so it is not such a bad idea to inspect nests to avoid them spending days sitting on clear eggs or even laying fresh eggs amid old , rotten ones !

in keeping with the aurora they are a placid species and we do not recommend keeping them in with the more boisterous finches as they tend to be dominated by such species . in my specialist flights i keep them with a pair of blue - capped waxbills in a 3x1m flight .

chicks are black and easily identified if found jettisoned on the floor . i have had some success rearing difficult finches under the " new " javan munias but they have baulked at rearing pytilias so far !

as a general rule of " finchkeepers thumb " we recommend a 3 monthly worming regime supplemented with coccidian control medication at least 3 times a year or even concurrently with your worming program – depending upon your climatic conditions .

* small bird with generally green - grey plumage * the male has a prominent res ' mask ' . red upperside of the tail . * size : about 12 cm

as an aviary species , the melba finch can be aggressive in mixed collections . one of my hens killed three cocks in succession until i caught her in the act . this species can be overzealous when protecting their nests .

these birds require an enclosed aviary where they can seek shelter from bad weather . long periods of wet weather are not good for this species and they will succumb if adequate shelter is not provided .

in australia , the melba finch and the aurora finch are extremely popular and have been kept with good breeding results , for decades .

during the breeding season , livefood is increased and is essential . termites are excellent and have been the most widely used . as termites are becoming harder to obtain , i now supply bush fly maggots with great success . all my birds take these without hesitation . to provide dietary variety i also feed mealworms . some breeders have had success using fruit fly and crickets .

greenfoods in the form of summer grass , winter grass , chickweed and seeding millets are also consumed . these species are not as reliant on greenfood as our native finch species , however they will consume a reasonable amount .

these species will breed in very dense cover and show no preference for live shrubs over tea - tree branches . my birds have bred in both nest boxes , tins and gourds and sometimes build their own nests . nests are lined with feathers , coconut fibre and finer grasses such as november grass .

nest disturbances or inspections must not be undertaken as the finches will toss young out easily . once they breed they can produce nests in quick succession . it is wise to house only compatible pairs in the breeding aviary , and previous young should be removed , as unmated adults or previous young are inquisitive and can cause disturbances to nesting pairs .

the clutch size is usually 4 - 6 eggs with a reasonably high fertility rate of 70 - 75 % . incubation lasts for approximately 13 days with fledglings leaving the nest three weeks later .

as with many species , chicks will often leave the nest early and are difficult to return to the nest . in warm weather i place a good quantity of soft grass on the shelter floor , which in my set - up is separate from the flights and the chicks snuggle up in this for a few days until they fly . in cold weather i put them in a carry box overnight and return them to the aviary the next morning .

if these birds are provided with good quality food and well - sheltered aviaries they will thrive and produce many healthy chicks . they are a long - lived and hardy species that deserve a place in your aviary .

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the hawkesbury finch club is a branch of the finch society of australia inc . and has been established since 1986 . we are located at the castlereagh community hall , on the corner of

at the foot of the blue mountains . it will only take you approximately 13 minutes from the mulgoa road exit on the m4 . the club meets at 7 . 30pm on the fourth wednesday of each month , except december .

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temperament : do well in a mixed finch collection with one pair of these birds per aviary . generally less aggressive than the melba finch .

length : approx . 115 - 120 mm ( or about 4 . 5 - 5 inches )

colour ( " normal " colour ) : refer photo / s above if available .

read notes on " finches - non australian " web page and use in conjunction with details outlined on this page .

level of knowledge required : beginner / intermediate / advanced / specialist breeders only .

government regulations & by - laws : refer to " government laws " web page .

housing requirements : click on " housing birds " web page for general details on the housing of non australian finches or read on for specific details for this finch .

the aurora finch likes a planted aviary . the aurora finch likes to forage on the ground so care must be taken to ensure the floor of the aviary or cage is kept clean . mating and courtship may take place at ground level so it is preferable to have an open area on the floor of the aviary . the open area on the floor is often covered with a layer of dry sand .

they can be bred in a canary style breeder cage of about 900mm long x 400mm high x 400mm deep ( 36 x 16 x 16 inches ) . only one breeding pair per cage .

do not mix the different types of aurora finch as the birds will hybridize . the aurora is closely related to the melba finch and should not be housed with melba ' s so as to avoid hybridization .

diet / feeding : click on " feeding birds " web page for general details on the nutrition of non australian finches or read on for specific details for this finch .

the aurora finch requires a good quality finch seed mix , seeding grasses and some fruits ( e . g . apple ) and vegetables . leafy green vegetables can be offered , e . g . silverbeet , cos lettuce & endive . sprouted or soaked seed if available . live food is not essential during the non - breeding season but is beneficial . live food is essential during the breeding season . mealworms are commonly used . small crickets can be used .

nesting months : spring to early autumn , but may breed year round if conditions are suitable .

nesting receptacles : the aurora finch will build a dome shaped nest in a shrub or dry brush such as tea tree . equally it will build a nest in a wide variety of artificial nests .

nest : the cock bird will make a dome shaped nest from grasses , coconut fibre , moss and soft materials . nest is lined by the hen with feathers and soft fine grasses .

who incubates the eggs : hen at night / cock / both share during the day .

the nest is usually built at mid height in the aviary . nest inspections are not recommended . young should be removed from the parent birds as soon as they are fully independent so as to avoid possible aggression from a parent . more details on finch nests and a selection of finch nest photos can be located on the " nests " , " finch nests " and " finch nest photos " web pages . click on " up " then " nests " then " finch nests " and " finch nests photos " in the navigation bars .

breeding : egg colour white . clutch / s per year 3 . eggs per nest 3 - 5 . incubation approx . 12 - 13 days . fledge approx . 21 days . independent approx . another 3 - 4 weeks .

do not mix the different types of aurora finch as the birds will hybridize . live food is essential during the breeding season . nest inspections are generally not tolerated . adequate new nest material must be available for the hen to rebuild the old nest or build a new nest for the next clutch . the aurora finch is closely related to the melba finch and should not be housed with melba ' s so as to avoid hybridization . it is best to restrict the adult breeding pair to 3 clutches per breeding season .

young birds ( when they become fully independent ) must be removed when bred in a cage . generally safe to remove the young from the parent birds about 4 weeks after they have left the nest .

artificial incubation , hand rearing or fostering will not be covered on this web site . it is too complex and diverse in nature to be attempted here . refer " specific references " as listed below and " general references " listings .

health issues : refer " avian health issues " web page for information and references .

worming and parasite control and quarantine requirements of new birds or sick birds are considered to require veterinary advice and therefore not covered on this web site . refer above option " avian health issues " web page .

avian medicine is advancing at a rapid pace . keep updating your knowledge and skills .

general references : refer to references listed on " book references " web page .

a / a vol 59 no . 11 nov 2005 page 255 - 259 ( background notes on some african waxbills ) .

abk vol 18 issue 11 . oct - nov 2005 page 676 - 681 ( what ' s genetically pure and what ' s not )

abk vol 15 issue 3 . jun - jul 2002 page 157 - 158 .

urltoken is one of the world ' s largest and most informative avian or bird web sites . copyright urltoken 2002 - 2008 inc . all rights reserved . disclaimer : this web site has been compiled from material provided from a large number of sources . personal experience and personal contacts have been used . results vary according to factors such as environmental factors , aviary design and the physical and genetic backgrounds of all living birds / animals . every endeavour has been made to ensure the accuracy of the material but no responsibility is accepted by urltoken for the accuracy of the material on this web site . the intent of this web site is to provide a " care sheet " format and provide general material only . readers should rely upon their own enquiries in making any decisions relating to their own interests .

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it is commonly found in benin , burkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , chad , the democratic republic of the congo , côte d ' ivoire , ghana , guinea , liberia , nigeria , sierra leone and togo .

origin and phylogeny has been obtained by antonio arnaiz - villena et al . [ 2 ] estrildinae may have originated in india and dispersed thereafter ( towards africa and pacific ocean habitats ) .

- - module : hatnote - - - - - - - - this module produces hatnote links and links to related articles . it - - - - implements the and meta - templates and includes - - - - helper functions for other lua hatnote modules . - -

local libraryutil = require ( ' libraryutil ' ) local checktype = libraryutil . checktype local marguments - - lazily initialise module : arguments local yesno - - lazily initialise module : yesno

local function getargs ( frame ) - - fetches the arguments from the parent frame . whitespace is trimmed and - - blanks are removed . marguments = require ( ' module : arguments ' ) return marguments . getargs ( frame , { parentonly = true } ) end

local function removeinitialcolon ( s ) - - removes the initial colon from a string , if present . return s : match ( ' ^ : ? ( . * ) ' ) end

function p . findnamespaceid ( link , removecolon ) - - finds the namespace id ( namespace number ) of a link or a pagename . this - - function will not work if the link is enclosed in double brackets . colons - - are trimmed from the start of the link by default . to skip colon - - trimming , set the removecolon parameter to true . checktype ( ' findnamespaceid ' , 1 , link , ' string ' ) checktype ( ' findnamespaceid ' , 2 , removecolon , ' boolean ' , true ) if removecolon ~ = false then link = removeinitialcolon ( link ) end local namespace = link : match ( ' ^ ( . - ) : ' ) if namespace then local nstable = mw . site . namespaces [ namespace ] if nstable then return urltoken end end return 0 end

function p . formatpages ( . . . ) - - formats a list of pages using formatlink and returns it as an array . nil - - values are not allowed . local pages = { . . . } local ret = { } for i , page in ipairs ( pages ) do ret [ i ] = p . _ formatlink ( page ) end return ret end

function p . formatpagetables ( . . . ) - - takes a list of page / display tables and returns it as a list of - - formatted links . nil values are not allowed . local pages = { . . . } local links = { } for i , t in ipairs ( pages ) do checktype ( ' formatpagetables ' , i , t , ' table ' ) local link = t [ 1 ] local display = t [ 2 ] links [ i ] = p . _ formatlink ( link , display ) end return links end

function p . makewikitexterror ( msg , helplink , addtrackingcategory ) - - formats an error message to be returned to wikitext . if - - addtrackingcategory is not false after being returned from - - module : yesno , and if we are not on a talk page , a tracking category - - is added . checktype ( ' makewikitexterror ' , 1 , msg , ' string ' ) checktype ( ' makewikitexterror ' , 2 , helplink , ' string ' , true ) yesno = require ( ' module : yesno ' ) local title = mw . title . getcurrenttitle ( ) - - make the help link text . local helptext if helplink then helptext = ' ( help ) ' else helptext = end - - make the category text . local category if not title . istalkpage and yesno ( addtrackingcategory ) ~ = false then category = ' hatnote templates with errors ' category = string . format ( ' % s : % s ' , mw . site . namespaces [ 14 ] . name , category ) else category = end return string . format ( ' % s ' , msg , helptext , category ) end

- - format link - - - - makes a wikilink from the given link and display values . links are escaped - - with colons if necessary , and links to sections are detected and displayed - - with " § " as a separator rather than the standard mediawiki " # " . used in - - the template .

function p . formatlink ( frame ) local args = getargs ( frame ) local link = args [ 1 ] local display = args [ 2 ] if not link then return p . makewikitexterror ( ' no link specified ' , ' template : format hatnote link # errors ' , args . category ) end return p . _ formatlink ( link , display ) end

function p . _ formatlink ( link , display ) - - find whether we need to use the colon trick or not . we need to use the - - colon trick for categories and files , as otherwise category links - - categorise the page and file links display the file . checktype ( ' _ formatlink ' , 1 , link , ' string ' ) checktype ( ' _ formatlink ' , 2 , display , ' string ' , true ) link = removeinitialcolon ( link ) local namespace = p . findnamespaceid ( link , false ) local colon if namespace = = 6 or namespace = = 14 then colon = ' : ' else colon = end - - find whether a faux display value has been added with the | magic - - word . if not display then local prepipe , postpipe = link : match ( ' ^ ( . - ) | ( . * ) $ ' ) link = prepipe or link display = postpipe end - - find the display value . if not display then local page , section = link : match ( ' ^ ( . - ) # ( . * ) $ ' ) if page then display = page . . ' § ' . . section end end - - assemble the link . if display then return string . format ( ' % s ' , colon , link , display ) else return string . format ( ' % s % s ' , colon , link ) end end

- - hatnote - - - - produces standard hatnote text . implements the template .

function p . hatnote ( frame ) local args = getargs ( frame ) local s = args [ 1 ] local options = { } if not s then return p . makewikitexterror ( ' no text specified ' , ' template : hatnote # errors ' , args . category ) end options . extraclasses = args . extraclasses options . selfref = args . selfref return p . _ hatnote ( s , options ) end

function p . _ hatnote ( s , options ) checktype ( ' _ hatnote ' , 1 , s , ' string ' ) checktype ( ' _ hatnote ' , 2 , options , ' table ' , true ) local classes = { ' hatnote ' } local extraclasses = options . extraclasses local selfref = options . selfref if type ( extraclasses ) = = ' string ' then classes [ # classes + 1 ] = extraclasses end if selfref then classes [ # classes + 1 ] = ' selfref ' end return string . format ( '


the snow-capped manakin ( lepidothrix nattereri ) is a species of bird in the pipridae family .

it is found in the amazon basin of brazil and far north-eastern bolivia .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

snow - capped manakin

snow - capped manakin <EOT> snow , d . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . snow - capped manakin ( lepidothrix nattereri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .

justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 24 . 5 - 28 . 3 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 12 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . however , given the species ' s tolerance of fragmentation / degradation / edge - effects and / or the extent of overall losses , it is suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

probably a close relative of l . vilasboasi and l . iris . two subspecies recognized .

( p . l . sclater , 1865 ) – c brazil s of middle amazon ( from r madeira s to calama , e to r tapajós and its affluents ) .

( hellmayr , 1903 ) – sc brazil from upper r madeira ( s of calama ) e to c mato grosso ( e to upper r xingu drainage ) , s to extreme ne bolivia ( ne santa cruz ) .

male 8·5 cm , 8 g ; female 9·2 cm , 8·8 g . male is green above , with contrasting white cap and white lower back to uppertail - coverts ; flight - feathers and tail blackish with . . .

small insects and a spider recorded in stomach contents ; probably also takes small fruits .

a nest found in dec 2008 contained two eggs ; the nest was in a small sapling 50 cm above the ground , and was a neatly woven cup slung . . .

not globally threatened ( least concern ) . locally common to uncommon . poorly known species ; known to occur in amazônia ( tapajós ) national park , in brazil , and . . .

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often merged with pipra , but genetic data support its separation # r # r . genus name was claimed to be preoccupied by an insect genus ( of thysanura : silverfish , firebrats and relatives ) named by menge , also in 1854 , so replacement name neolepidothrix was proposed # r ; however , menge’s original spelling was lepidotrix , and in genus - group names these two are not homonyms , while in any case bonaparte’s name appears to have priority # r .

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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .

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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :

id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 372 side b track 1 seq . a )

previously published on avocet as av10127 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : seen . gps : google earth . could be song

distance to mike : 10 m . series of calls , male . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , gallery forest . ref : nkm08a220

distance to mike : 20 m . series of calls , male . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , gallery forest . ref : nkm06a215

perch height 7 m . distance to mike : 13 m . series of calls , male . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , terra firme forest . ref : nkm01a215

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .

there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .

there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .

howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :

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avibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 187 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy

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jennifer hammock split the classifications by clements checklist resource and clements checklist resource from lepidothrix nattereri ( p . l . sclater , 1865 ) to their own page .

kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name " lumilakkitanssija " from " lepidothrix nattereri ( p . l . sclater , 1865 ) " as trusted .

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alosa kessleri , also referred to as the caspian anadromous shad , the blackback , or the black-spined herring , is a species of clupeid fish .

it is one of the several species of shad endemic to the caspian sea basin .

this is an anadromous species which ascends from the caspian to the volga river up to the volgograd to spawn .

before the construction of th volgograd dam it migrated up to the kama and oka tributaries .

few fish enter the terek and ural rivers .

while the migration upstream is broken , it seems the fish have found new breeding grounds south of the dam , and the population is now abundant .

the species may be threatened by commercial and illegal fishing in the caspian sea and at the mouth of the volga during the migration , though .

alosa kessleri

alosa kessleri <EOT> some basic population parameters of the black sea shad ( alosa kessleri pontica eichw . )

" some basic population parameters of the black sea shad ( alosa kessleri pontica eichw . ) "

some basic population parameters of the black sea shad ( alosa kessleri pontica eichw . ) [ 1983 ]

freyhof j , kottelat m ( 2008 ) alosa kessleri the iucn red list of threatened species v 2014 . 3

froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2015 ) . " alosa kessleri " in fishbase . feb 2015 version .

( of alosa pontica kessleri ( grimm , 1887 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

euryhaline , anadromous , northward migration in spring ( march / april ) , but sometimes as early as february or even january ) , a little distance from the shore . no feeding by a . kessleri kessleri during migration up rivers whereas a . kessleri volgensis feed en route .

( of caspialosa kessleri kessleri ( grimm , 1887 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of clupea kessleri grimm , 1887 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of caspialosa kessleri bergi tanassiychuk , 1940 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of clupeonella kessleri ( grimm , 1887 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of caspialosa kessleri ( grimm , 1887 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of caspialosa caspia kessleri ( grimm , 1887 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of caspialosa kessleri volgensis natio imitans berg , 1948 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

spawns in rivers . some enter with ripe gonads and spawn in the lower reaches or even delta ( a . kessleri volgensis ) , others enter unripe and reach as much as 500 km upstream . the young descend in late summer and autumn .

dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 . body fairly elongate , more ` herring - like ' than ` shad - like ' . total gill rakers 59 to 155 ( as in a . caspia ) , thick , coarse and shorter than gill filaments in some , long , thin and equal to or longer than gill filaments in others ( i . e . a . kessleri volgensis ) . teeth well developed in both jaws . other caspian shads have less than 50 gill rakers , except a . caspia which is deep - bodied .

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caspian sea from where adults ascend volga ( only few fish enter ural and terek ) to spawn . earlier reached upriver up to kama and oka systems . migrations now blocked by volgograd dam . there are indications it has formed landlocked populations in volga reservoirs .

still relatively abundant and stable below the volgograd dam where it appears to have found new spawning grounds . juveniles are regularly found in the delta of the volga . in 2000 the estimated number of mature individuals in the caspian was 12 , 000 , 000 ( n . bogutskaya , pers comm . )

habitat : at sea , pelagic , in a wide variety of habitats . migrates to middle reaches of large rivers , spawning close to shores in main channel and in almost - still water bodies such as river bays , river eddies and flood plains . biology : anadromous . migrates upriver to spawn at 4 - 5 years . enters rivers with unripe gonads . some spawn 2 - 4 seasons , but most females die after spawning . spawners appear along the coast in march - april , entering rivers april - may when temperatures reach about 9°c , peaking at 12 - 15°c . spawning run originally lasted 30 - 50 days . spawning starts in may - august when temperature rises above 15°c , and lasts as long as temperatures remain at 15 - 23°c . spawning is most intensive between 4 and 10 p . m . eggs are bathypelagic . spent fish migrate back to the sea to feed . in autumn , they move to the southern part of the sea to overwinter . juveniles migrate to the sea or to estuaries during their first summer , remaining there until maturity . at sea , feeds on a wide variety of zooplankton , crustaceans and small fish .

the damming for the volga river ( main spawning river ) in the 1950 ' s and 1960 ' s , blocked most of the spawning grounds . currently the major threat to the species is commercial and illegal fishing in the caspian sea and at the mouth of the volga during the migration . the flow regulation from the volgograd dam ( which is dependant on energy demand ) is also a threat to the species as the species needs a large flow in april to the beginning june for optimal spawning conditions .

there is a canal which has been constructed to allow fish to pass the volgograd dam , so some fish occasionally get past .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

latin , alausa = a fish cited by ausonius and latin , halec = pickle , dealing with the greek word hals = salt ; it is also the old saxon name for shad = " alli " ; 1591 ( ref . 45335 )

marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; pelagic - oceanic ; anadromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 0 - 85 m ( ref . 188 ) . temperate ; 55°n - 35°n , 42°e - 58°e ( ref . 188 )

europe : caspian sea from where adults ascend volga ( only few fish enter ural and terek ) to spawn . earlier reached upriver up to kama and oka system . migration now blocked by volgograd dam . may have formed land - lock populations in volga reservoirs .

maturity : l m ? , range 32 - 44 cm max length : 52 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 188 ) ; common length : 40 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 188 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 2 kg ( ref . 56523 ) ; max . reported age : 8 years ( ref . 56523 )

whitehead , p . j . p . , 1985 . fao species catalogue . vol . 7 . clupeoid fishes of the world ( suborder clupeoidei ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings , sardines , pilchards , sprats , shads , anchovies and wolf - herrings . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 7 / 1 ) : 1 - 303 . rome : fao . ( ref . 188 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00871 ( 0 . 00556 - 0 . 01363 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 18 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 ±0 . 7 se ; based on diet studies .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 3 - 5 ; fec = 135 , 000 ) .

prior r = 0 . 64 , 2 sd range = 0 . 42 - 0 . 98 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 45 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 21 , based on : 1 k , 2 tgen , 1 tmax , 2 fec records

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .

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the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license

( of caspialosa volgensis bergi tanassiychuk , 1940 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of caspialosa volgensis imitans berg , 1948 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

52 . 0 cm sl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 188 ) ) ; max . published weight : 1 , 200 g ( ref . 56523 ) ; max . reported age : 8 years ( ref . 56523 )

habitat : at sea , pelagic , in a wide variety of habitats . migrates to middle reaches of large rivers , spawning close to shores in main channel and in almost - still water bodies such as river bays , river eddies and flood plains . biology : anadromous . migrates upriver to spawn at 4 - 5 years . enters rivers with unripe gonads . some spawn 2 - 4 seasons , but most females die after spawning . spawners appear along the coast in march - april , entering rivers april - may when temperatures reach about 9c , peaking at 12 - 15c . spawning run originally lasted 30 - 50 days . spawning starts in may - august when temperature rises above 15c , and lasts as long as temperatures remain at 15 - 23c . spawning is most intensive between 4 and 10 p . m . eggs are bathypelagic . spent fish migrate back to the sea to feed . in autumn , they move to the southern part of the sea to overwinter . juveniles migrate to the sea or to estuaries during their first summer , remaining there until maturity . at sea , feeds on a wide variety of zooplankton , crustaceans and small fish .

pelagic - oceanic ; anadromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; freshwater ; brackish ; marine ; depth range 0 - 85 m ( ref . 188 )

depth : 0 - 85m . recorded at 85 meters . habitat : pelagic .

anadromous . fish that ascend rivers to spawn , as salmon and hilsa do . sub - division of diadromous . migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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the richtersveld katydid ( africariola longicauda ) is a species of katydid that is endemic to the richtersveld national park in south africa .

it occurs in semi-arid habitats of the karoo biotope .

it is threatened by livestock grazing and climate change .

richtersveld katydid

richtersveld katydid <EOT> have a fact about richtersveld katydid ? write it here to share it with the entire community .

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the richtersveld katydid ( africariola longicauda ) is endemic to the richtersveld national park , northern cape province , south africa , and areas immediately adjacent to it .

the park boasts excellent bird watching opportunities , as well as a diverse range of animals including grey rhebok , duiker , steenbok , klipspringer , kudu , hartmann ' s mountain zebra , baboon , vervet monkey , caracal and leopard . the threatened richtersveld katydid is endemic to the area .

this species is known to occur only within the semi - arid habitats of nama and succulent karoo within richtersveld national park .

no specific conservation measures are in place for this species , but it is only known to occur within a protected area , richtersveld national park .

in june 2007 , the " richtersveld cultural and botanical landscape " , just to the south of the national park and an area of equivalent size and beauty , was named a unesco world heritage site . unlike the national park , the richtersveld community conservancy , which forms the core zone of the world heritage site , is not subject to diamond mining and is as a result the more pristine of the two areas .

with water so scarce , life in the richtersveld depends on moisture from the early morning fog . locals call it ' ihuries ' or ' malmokkies ' and it makes survival possible for a range of small reptiles , birds and mammals .

located in south africa ' s northern namaqualand , this arid area represents a harsh landscape where water is a great scarcity and only the hardiest of lifeforms survive . despite this , the richtersveld is regarded as the only arid biodiversity hotspot on earth , with an astonishing variety of plant , bird and animal life ( much of which is endemic ) .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

the greatest threat to this species is habitat destruction caused by livestock over - grazing and climate change .

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part of the area is inscribed on unesco ' s world heritage list due to its cultural values , but remains a favourite amongst nature travellers to south africa , the landscape is sometimes described as " martian " . though barren and desolate at first glance , closer examination reveals the area to be rich in desert lifeforms , with an array of unique species specially adapted for survival .

the northern part of the area was proclaimed as a national park in 1991 after 18 years of negotiation with the local community , who continue to live and graze their livestock in the area . it has an area of

having been recorded in mid - summer . nights are cool and bring with them heavy dew . this unique climate is what has fostered such a unique ecosystem .

home to c . 650 plant species , this park boasts the world’s largest diversity of succulents and represents an example of one of the most interesting mega - ecosystems in the world , the karoo .

the area is home to a number of rather unusual plants , many of which are found nowhere else on earth . chief among these is the " halfmensboom " ( pachypodium namaquanum welw . ) . literally translated , this means " half - person tree " and the name comes from the tree ' s resemblance to the human form ; its top consists of a grouping of thick , crinkled leaves , generally leaning northwards , which can make it look almost like a human head .

these trees are revered by the indigenous nama people as the embodiment of their ancestors , half human , half plant , mourning for their ancient namibian home .

also found here are gnarled kokerbooms , other tall aloes , and a variety of other unusual succulents , such as aloe pearsonii .

and is entirely responsible for management of the world heritage site . both areas are used by traditional nomadic / transhumance herders to practice their ancient lifestyle and culture . it is the last place where the traditional way of life of the

( of whom the nama are the largest surviving clan ) who once occupied the entire south - western part of africa , survives to any great extent . the

is declared under the cultural criteria of the world heritage convention although it is recognised that the cultural values of the community and their continued existence are intrinsically connected to the environment .

for official site names , see each article or the list of world heritage sites in south africa .

this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 3 / 3 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .

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skania is a middle cambrian fossil arthropod that is closely related to the early cambrian primicaris larvaformis from the chengjiang biota , china .

it bears a superficial resemblance to the ediacaran organism parvancorina .

a single specimens of skania are known from the greater phyllopod bed , where they comprise < 0.01 % of the community .

skania

skania <EOT> other deposits : skania sundbergi lin et al . 2006 from the kaili formation , china .

skania – from skana , the name of a glacier near mount robson , british columbia , canada .

skania fragilis was first described by walcott ( 1931 ) in a posthumous monograph published by his assistant charles resser . resser compared skania to the trilobites and naraoia . however in a redescription by delle cave and simonetta ( 1975 ) , it was suggested instead that skania was closely related to the ediacaran taxon parvancorina minchami glaessner 1958 . this affinity has been much discussed ( gehling , 1991 ; conway morris , 1993 ; simonetta and insom , 1993 ; lin et al . 2006 ) , and skania has also been compared extensively with primicaris zhang et al . 2003 . skania and primicaris have also been interpreted as juveniles ( protaspides ) of naraoiids ( hou and bergström , 1997 ) .

the ecology of skania is poorly known because the details of its morphology remain enigmatic . the form of the appendages is assumed to be biramous based on the overall similarity with primicaris , which possesses biramous appendages , meaning that both animals may have walked on the seafloor , using their filamentous appendages for oxygen exchange and occasional swimming . skania lacks eyes , so it likely used its antennae to sense the environment . the feeding strategy is unknown .

the m / f skania is a modern passenger and freight unit , of a service standard comparable to the polonia ferry . it has been in the unity line colours since 2008 . it can take on board up to :

skania fragilis ( rom 60752 ) – part and counterpart ( first and second rows ) . complete specimen showing antennae . specimen length = 11 mm . specimen dry – polarized light ( left column ) and wet ( right column ) . raymond quarry .

delle cave , l . and a . m . simonetta . 1975 . notes on the morphology and taxonomic position of aysheaia ( onycophora ? ) and of skania ( undetermined phylum ) . monitore zoologico italiano new series , 9 : 67 - 81 .

the skania ferry guarantees a high comfort of travelling . on the unit there are 194 cabins : for 2 , 3 or 4 persons , de - luxe class included . every cabin is air conditioned , it has its own bathroom and extra facilities for passengers . the guests travelling on the ferry may also use comfortable airplane style armchairs .

time for a meal ? on the skania ferry everyone will find something suitable for their needs and tastes . at the travellers disposal there are , amongst others , an ą la carte restaurant , a self - service restaurant and snacks and drinks bars . over 400 people can be served there at the same time . dishes for gourmets are exquisite and sophisticated , and for people looking for a fast meal - tasty and cheap . bon appetite !

on the skania ferry there is no place for boredom . 85 members of the crew take care to make the journey as pleasant as possible . during the cruise one may dance in a disco , play in a casino with a roulette and slot - machines or admire sea views on the open deck . it is also worth doing shopping in a well - stocked shop . the highest quality cosmetics , sweets , alcohol one can buy at very reasonable prices . and the kids will be thrilled by a playground room and the holiday club of the little viking . what a cruise it is going to be !

the skania ferry is a perfect place for organising a conference or a company trip . on the ferry there are two conference rooms - for 60 and 48 persons . the rooms are separated with a sliding door so if there is such a need , there could even be a meeting organised for 110 people ! at your request we can prepare individual decoration of the rooms and extra attractions . and if there is such a need , there is also a possibility of prolonging the conference in one of the hotels in ystad , trelleborg , malmö , ängelholm or copenhagen . so let ' s get to work !

skania has a single , undifferentiated , soft dorsal shield that is roughly kite - shaped . the dorsal shield is rounded at the front of the head , and tapers towards the posterior of the body , ending in a pair of short margin spines at the posterior end . at the point of maximum width there are sharp genal spines directed posteriorly . the posterior margin of the head is delineated by a narrow rim that is strongly arched forward , with the cephalic region occupying one - quarter of the exoskeletal length . a midgut is preserved in the axial region of the body trunk . appendages are poorly preserved but consist of a pair of anterior antennae and ten or more paired body limbs .

the affinity of skania is controversial , but most agree it is related to the arthropods . it is similar to primicaris ( lin et al . , 2006 ; zhang et al . , 2007 ) , and both taxa have been compared to soft - bodied trilobites like naraoia ( walcott , 1931 ; zhang et al . , 2007 ; hou and bergström , 1997 ) . other researchers suggest these taxa are related to the enigmatic ediacaran taxon parvancorina ( delle cave and simonetta , 1975 ; gehling , 1991 ; conway morris , 1993 ; simonetta and insom , 1993 ) , with all three taxa forming a clade in sister group position relative to the trilobites ( lin et al . , 2006 ) .

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current links for doi : 10 . 2110 / palo . 2003 . p05 - 070r

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the society for sedimentary geology is an international not - for - profit society based in tulsa , oklahoma . through its network of international members , the society is dedicated to the dissemination of scientific information on sedimentology , stratigraphy , paleontology , environmental sciences , marine geology , hydrogeology , and many additional related specialties .

mega rc model truck collection vol . 1 ! rc mb arocs , rc scania , rc man , rc trucks , rc us truck

scania r620 v8 longline p . van den blucke ( sth ) france interior - black amber replica ( hd )

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fragilis – from the latin fragilis , “brittle , ” referring to the delicate nature and small size of the animal .

holotype – usnm 83950 in the national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , dc , usa .

middle cambrian , bathyuriscus - elrathina zone ( approximately 505 million years ago ) .

conway morris , s . 1993 . ediacaran - like fossil in cambrian burgess shale - type faunas of north america . palaeontology , 36 : 593 - 635 .

gehling , j . g . 1991 . the case for ediacaran fossil roots to the metazoan tree , p . 181 - 223 . in b . p . radhakrishna ( ed . ) , the world of martin f . glaessner . geological society of india , bangalore .

hou , x . and j . bergström . 1997 . arthropods of the lower cambrian chengjiang fauna , southwest china . fossils and strata , 45 : 1 - 116 .

lin , j . , s . m . gon iii , j . g . gehling , l . e . babcock , y . zhao , x . zhang , s . hu , j . yuan m . yu and j . peng . 2006 . a parvancorina - like arthropod from the cambrian of south china . historical biology , 18 : 33 - 45 .

simonetta , a . m . and e . insom . 1993 . new animals from the burgess shale ( middle cambrian ) and their possible significance for the understanding of the bilateria . bolletino di zoologia , 60 : 97 - 107 .

walcott , c . d . 1931 . addenda to descriptions of burgess shale fossils . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 85 : 1 - 46 .

zhang , x . , d . shu and d . h . erwin . 2007 . cambrian naraoiids ( arthropoda ) : morphology , ontogeny , systematics , and evolutionary relationships . palaeontological society memoir , 68 : 1 - 52 .

thanks to numerous facilities and entertainment spots the journey passes fast and in a very pleasant way . in the gastronomy and entertainment areas travellers may have a meal in a bar or a restaurant , dance in a disco , do some shopping and play in a casino .

a great advantage of the ferry is a night departure from the ports and the alternating journey times with the polonia ferry . it offers the opportunity for convenient , even one - day long trips to sweden . on the way to scandinavia , travellers may have a nap - and then they wake up relaxed and ready for the rest of the journey or sightseeing .

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yooo ! i ' m kanae and this is my multi - fandom blog . it ' s heavy on my otps and favorite characters , so please do check them out before following . buy me a coffee ? | |

holy crap , the cg fandom is every bit as delusional if not worse then i remembered it to be . can’t believe that in year of the lord 2k18 there’s still people that deny how dear shirley was to lelouch’s heart and even people that try to defend rolo’s character and make him out to be something he was not at all or cling to lelouch being the cart driver . like ? ? it’s been a decade since the series ended ? ? ?

“that’s right , harry… come on , think of something happy…” “something happy ? ” he said , his voice cracked . “we’re all still here , ” she whispered , “we’re still fighting . come on , now…” there was a silver spark , then a wavering light , and then , with the greatest effort it had ever cost him , the stag burst from the end of harry’s wand .

and there you’d be wrong about the rebuilds but right about the manga . though i wouldn’t say i’m a bigger fan of it ; i take each of them as their own canon , so while i have my preferences the original nge comes before everything else .

rc to sebastian : “a servant shall not open their mouth without the master’s permission . you are an earsore . ”

1 second later , rc to oc : “aww , i’m so glad that i was able to meet you , my only family in this world , again . * smile * ”

if lizzy shows up to draw a sword on the shinigami again when / if they threaten r ! ciel , all these months without her will have been worth it .

honestly , i’ve been expecting r ! ciel to call her and for her to reveal she’s been there all along , just like tanaka and undertaker were . and for her arrival to be the cliffhanger of the chapter , since o ! ciel seeing her and knowing that she knows and lizzy seeing him with r ! ciel in the room is going to be everything .

but badass lizzy ? lizzy vs the otherwordly again ? ohhh man . even if it’s just a couple of panels before undertaker gets the situation under control , i’m so here for it .

hereditary was pretty good . really heavy on eerie atmosphere and not ridiculous jump scares with bad sound design . my only grievance is that it really goes out of it’s way to be subtle and focus on visual story telling until the very end betrays that . it just randomly turns into a big exposition dump right before credits roll . not sure if that was the producers wanting to spell it out to dummies or what . would recommend it though , especially if you’re all about slow burns and atmosphere .

as always , i haven’t watched the movie myself , these are what i got from various fan accounts online . the plot development generally remained the same , but there are several brief ( relative to overall plot ) but major changes . ( source : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 with the twitter ones can only be viewed from pc if you don’t have the fusetter account )

now that’s out of my chest , i seriously hope to be more active this summer ! ! not only for free ! 3rd season but also because lizzy should hopefully already be back in the manga by then . maybe even some darlifra depending on how that ends lol

harurinharu , mc x aigis , cielizzy , eruri & kiznaiver . with a dash of eren / annie and stony .

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legg , d . a . 2015 , the morphology and affinities of . . . bulletin of geosciences , 90 , 509 - 518 .

bulletin of geosciences published by © czech geological survey , w . bohemia museum pilsen individual sponsors issn : 1802 - 8225 ( online ) , 1214 - 1119 ( print )

, from the middle cambrian ( series 3 , stage 5 ) burgess shale formation ( yoho national park , british columbia , canada ) , is redescribed based on 14 new specimens reposited at the royal ontario museum . these specimens provide a clearer picture of the morphology of this taxon and help to resolve conflicting opinions regarding potential homology of particular features . specifically , the anchor - shaped anterior , which has been compared to a similar structure in the putative precambrian arthropod

, weakening claims that crown - group arthropods were present in the neoproterozoic . the removal of these taxa from arthropoda is in keeping with recent molecular clock analyses , which demonstrate a cambrian diversification of euarthropoda . a phylogenetic analysis resolved

, united by the presence of a cordiform dorsal shield . similarities between these taxa and marrellids may indicate that the elongate posterior spines of

and related taxa , and the dorsal shield of acercostracans have a common origin akin to the carapace anlagen of extant crustaceans .

bengtson , s . 2000 . teasing fossils out of shale with cameras and computers .

beurlen , k . 1930 . vergleichende stammesgeschichte grundlagen , methoden , probleme unter besonderer berücksichtigung der höheren krebse .

conway morris , s . 1993 . ediacaran - like fossils in cambrian burgess shale - type faunas of north america .

crabb , p . 2001 . the use of polarised light in photography of macrofossils .

delle cave , l . & simonetta , a . m . 1975 . notes on the morphology and taxonomic positon of

( arthropoda , marrellomorpha ) from the middle cambrian burgess shale , british columbia , canada .

gehling , j . g . 1991 . the case for ediacaran fossil roots to the metazoan tree , 181 - 223 .

goloboff , p . a . 1999 . analysing large data sets in reasonable times : solutions for composite optima .

goloboff , p . a . , farris , j . s . & nixon , k . c . 2008 . tnt , a free program for phylogenetic analysis .

harrington , h . j . 1968 . general description of trilobita , o38 - o117 .

gen . et sp . nov . and heterochronic events in early crustacean evolution .

hou , x . g . & bergström , j . 1997 . arthropods from the lower cambrian chengjiang fauna , southwest china .

hou , x . g . , ramsköld , l . & bergström , j . 1991 . composition and preservation of the chengjiang fauna - a lower cambrian soft - bodied biota .

lee , m . s . y . , soubrier , j . & edgecombe , g . d . 2013 . rates of phenotypic and genomic evolution during the cambrian explosion .

legg , d . a . , sutton , m . d . & edgecombe , g . d . 2013 . arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies .

legg , d . a . , sutton , m . d . , edgecombe , g . d . & caron , j . - b . 2012 . cambrian bivalved arthropod reveals origin of arthrodization .

lin , j . p . , gon iii , s . m . , gehling , j . g . , babcock , l . e . , zhao , y . l . , zhang , x . l . , hu , s . x . , yuan , j . l . , yu , m . y . & peng , j . 2006 . a

nixon , k . c . 1999 . the parsimony ratchet , a new method for rapid parsimony analysis .

olesen , j . 2013 . the crustacean carapace : morphology , function , development , and phylogenetic history , 103 - 139 .

ortega - hernández , j . & brena , c . 2012 . ancestral patterning of tergite formation in a centipede suggests derived mode of trunk segmentation in trilobites .

rota - stabelli , o . , daley , a . c . & pisani , d . 2013 . molecular timetrees reveal a cambrian colonization of land and a new scenario for ecdysozoan evolution .

schram , f . r . & koenemmann , s . 2004 . are the crustaceans monophyletic ? , 319 - 329 .

simonetta , a . m . & delle cave , l . 1981 . an essay in the comparative and evolutionary morphology of palaeozoic arthropods . origine dei grandi phyla dei metazoi . accademia

simonetta , a . m . & insom , e . 1993 . new animals from the burgess shale ( middle cambrian ) and their possible significance for the understanding of the bilateria .

siveter , d . j . , briggs , d . e . g . , siveter , d . j . , sutton , m . d . , legg , d . & joomun , s . 2014 . a silurian short - great - appendage arthropod .

siveter , d . j . , fortey , r . a . , sutton , m . d . , briggs , d . e . g . & siveter , d . j . 2007 . a silurian ‘marrellomorph’ arthropod .

stormer , l . 1944 . on the relationships and phylogeny of fossil and recent arachnomorpha .

treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part r . arthropoda vol 4 ( 1 ) .

van roy , p . , orr , p . j . , botting , j . p . , muir , l . a . , vinther , j . , lefebvre , b . , el hariri , k . & briggs , d . e . g . 2010 . ordovician faunas of burgess shale - type .

vannier , j . & chen , j . y . 2002 . digestive system and feeding mode in cambrian naraoiid arthropods .

waggoner , b . m . 1996 . phylogenetic hypotheses of the relationships of arthropods to precambrian and cambrian problematic fossil taxa .

walcott , c . d . 1931 . addenda to descriptions of burgess shale fossils .

wills , m . a . , briggs , d . e . g . , fortey , r . a . , wilkinson , m . & sneath , p . h . a . 1998 . an arthropod phylogeny based on fossil and recent taxa , 33 - 105 .

zhang , x . l . , han , j . , zhang , z . f . , liu , h . q . & shu , d . g . 2003 . reconsideration of the supposed naraoiid larva from the early cambrian chengjiang lagerstätte , south china .