agathiopsis maculata is a moth of the family geometridae .

it is found in new guinea and australia ( queensland ) .

adults are green , the forewings with a ragged broad brown margin , and a similar stripe across the hindwings , which have a scalloped margin .

males have darker brown stripes than females .

agathiopsis maculata

agathiopsis maculata <EOT> a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

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attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .

all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .

created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .

the adult moths of this species are green , with a ragged broad brown margin to the forewings , and a similar stripe across each hindwing . the hindwings have a scalloped margin . the males have darker brown stripes than the females . the wingspan is about 4 cms . the males are about 10 % smaller than the females .

new species of drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epilemidae , and geometridae from papuan region , collected by mr . albert s . meek

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pagenstecher , a . f . 1900 , " die lepidopteren fauna des bismarck - archipels . mit berückstichtigung der thiergeographischen und biologischen verhältnisse systematisch dargestellt . erster theil : die tagfalter " , zoologica ( new york ) , vol . 29 , pp . 1 - 160 pp . 2 pls

turner , a . j . 1910 , " revision of australian lepidoptera . v " , proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 35 , pp . 555 - 653

prout , l . b . 1933 , " geometridae " , seitz , die gross - schmetterling der erde , vol . 12 , pp . 77 - 116

warren , w . 1912 , " new geometridae in the tring museum from new guinea " , novitates zoologicae , vol . 19 , pp . 68 - 85

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 88959ed7 - db75 - 4d97 - af42 - 6bbdcd0251c5

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ab525af1 - 0173 - 4203 - bc4f - 41dfc8fb198f

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c86d9880 - c624 - 44ee - ad91 - 2b5c67621aca

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4fb4a47d - f76f - 4b58 - 8474 - b50d22f7975f

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 372800

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bermuda land snails , scientific name poecilozonites , are an endemic genus of pulmonate land snail in the family gastrodontidae ( according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) .

scientists believe that poecilozonites colonised the mid-atlantic island of bermuda at least 300,000 years ago .

poecilozonites makes up 95 % of bermuda 's terrestrial fossils .

only one other large pulmonate , succinea , has been found as a fossil .

bermuda land snail

bermuda land snail <EOT> for decades conservationists believed bermudas endemic land snail , poecilozonites bermudensis , was extinct .

quensen jf , iii , woodruff ds . associations between shell morphology and land crab predation in the land snail

wada s , chiba s . the dual protection of a micro land snail against a micro predatory snail .

an evolutionary microcosm : pleistocene and recent history of the land snail p . ( poecilozonites ) in bermuda

more information about the bermuda land snail project is available from london zoo’s website at www . zsl . org .

and an extraordinary sequence of events helped conservationists find what could be the last colony of bermudas endemic land snail , poecilozonites bermudensis .

goodfriend ga . variation in land - snail shell form and size and its causes : a review .

moreno - rueda g . disruptive selection by predation offsets stabilizing selection on shell morphology in the land snail

the last recorded sighting of this endemic land snail was made in the early 1970s by stephen j gould .

hoso m . cost of autotomy drives ontogenetic switching of anti - predator mechanisms under developmental constraints in a land snail .

liew t - s , vermeulen jj , marzuki me , schilthuizen m . a cybertaxonomic revision of the micro land snail genus

ratios ) of land snail shells has been used for estimation of paleotemperatures . some potential uses of land snail shells for paleoenvironmental reconstruction include the study of stable isotopes of h and n , periodic growth lines , and deposits of pedogenic carbonates on the shells .

* “s” , snail survived after experiment ; “p” , snail was preyed by atopos slug in the experiment .

the poecilozonites family contains at least four species of snail , all of which are endemic to bermuda .

wednesday , april 25 : the bermuda land snail was teetering on the brink of extinction when a colony of 56 of the tiny creatures was sent to the zoological society of london in february 2004 .

hoso m , hori m . divergent shell shape as an antipredator adaptation in tropical land snails .

fringing reefs . where platforms are continuous with the shore , separated from land by shallow water .

a snail which conservationists thought was extinct has been found living in an alley in bermuda , it ' s been reported .

poecilozonites bermudensis is a slightly larger snail than the species above , reaching about the size of a bermuda 5 cent coin .

drew pettit , director of conservation services said : “a survey completed in 2012 could not find any wild population of this endemic snail in bermuda .

fossil land snail shells constitute a valuable source of paleoenvironmental information for the quaternary . they can be dated by a variety of methods , including radiocarbon , amino acid racemization and epimerization , and perhaps also

) . here , we argue that this iterative gigantism was the result of selection pressure from vertebrate predators that colonized and evolved during glacial periods when the land area of bermuda was at its maximum .

barrier reefs . further offshore , separated from land by wide , deep ( more than 10 meters or 30 feet ) water .

mr lines is one of just a handful of residents who knows what this species of snail looks like because he has been involved in conservation studies in the past looking for the snail .

this critically endangered endemic species of bermudian land snail was almost eradicated from its mainland range due to several accidentally introduced predatory flat worm species and the predatory rosy wolf snail . zsl was asked by bermuda’s department of conservation services ( bdcs ) to establish a secure breeding population of this species and to clarify that species life history and associated care requirements as part of the government’s recovery programme for this species .

poecilozonites circumfirmatus . an indigenous snail long thought extinct until re - discovered living in july 2002 by local college student alex lines , a bermuda aquarium museum and zoo intern . in the 1970s , harvard paleontology professor stephen jay gould found one and wrote " an evolutionary microcosm : pleistocene and recent history of the land snail poecilozonites in bermuda . at one time years ago , they could be picked up by the bucketful to be ground up and burnt for lime and mortar . nowadays ,

in 2014 the smithsonian institution declared this species of fish was endemic to bermuda .

london zoo began a bermudian land snail programme in 2004 , to help protect what was thought to be the last remaining species , poecilozonites circumfirmatus , from extinction . the poecilozonites family was once so common in bermuda that they were burned for limestone , according to the bermuda sun . in 1951 , another of the island ' s native species , the bermuda petrel , was rediscovered . until then it was thought the seabird , also known as the cahow , had become extinct in the 1600s .

the adaptive significance of shell anti - predation traits is better known for marine snails than for land snails ( goodfriend , 1986 ; vermeij , 1993 ) . this does not mean that land snails are less likely to be preyed upon in terrestrial ecosystems as compared to the marine ecosystems . in fact , the terrestrial ecosystem is a hostile environment to land snails , who face a taxonomically wide range of predators ( barker , 2004 and reference therein ) . the fact that molluscs have diversified to become the second largest phylum on land after the arthropods ( bieler , 1992 ; brusca & brusca , 2003 ) , suggests that land snails have evolved successful adaptations to deal with predation , and the evolution of shell morphology is likely to have played an important part .

dr outerbridge said : we have a canadian snail expert who is coming to bermuda in the new year to help us look at the potential sites where the poecilozonites bermudensis could be translocated .

zsl london zoo maintains the only ex situ population of this species outside of bermuda .

, domestic and wild ( once domesticated but let free by persons leaving bermuda ) .

dr . lane said bermuda waters offer types of seaweed not found in the caribbean .

in late 2013 the smithsonian in washington dc declared this species was endemic to bermuda .

the land snail shell is a single piece of coiled exoskeleton that consists of several layers of calcium carbonate . its basic ontogeny follows a straightforward accretionary growth . shell material is secreted by the mantle , which is located around the shell aperture , and is added to the existing aperture margin . despite this general shell ontogeny that produces the basic coiled shell of all land snails , there is a great diversity of shell forms .

furthermore , it was discovered that the population of another smaller endemic snail , poecilozonites circumfirmatus , was rapidly declining .

a first line of defence of the plectostoma snail against the atopos slug predation is the snail’s resting behaviour . when the snail is resting or disturbed , it withdraws its soft body into the shell and adheres its shell aperture firmly to the substrate . we found that the attachment of the plectostoma shell aperture to the substrate may not be strong enough to resist manipulation by atopos . the slug could remove the snail from the resting position and then approach the shell aperture . hence , the resting behaviour of the snail is not an effective anti - predation trait against shell - apertural entry .

) , predators may evolve new adaptations for processing shells to circumvent the responses of their prey , but on bermuda the cycle of escalation was broken by habitat loss and extinction of predators during interglacials owing to loss of land area and prime habitat . the major interglacial inundations of mis 11 , 9 , 5 and 1 are all associated with extinction events on bermuda (

and esr . the vast majority of paleoenvironmental studies based on land snail shells have examined the faunal composition of fossil assemblages , from which a variety of paleoenvironmental characteristics such as biome , temperature , and moisture conditions have been reconstructed . still , there are a number of problems involved in using this approach and these are discussed . shell morphology has occasionally been used to reconstruct such factors as rainfall and temperature . stable isotope studies on quaternary land snails include : analysis of

platform margin reefs . found in really deep water surrounding the outer edge of the bermuda platform .

dr . lane is a professor of biology at the university of rhode island and has been to bermuda many times . dr . schneider has been coming to bermuda since the 1970 ' s .

golden coral . stenopus scutellatus . rare in bermuda waters but seen by chris flook in 2003 .

and steps are now being taken to protect the habitat and re - establish the uniquely bermudian small snail on the island .

in the early 1600s , uninhabited bermuda once had its own turtles but they were eaten after 1609 by colonists . today , the shallow reefs and seagrass meadows of the bermuda platform provide foraging grounds for immature hawksbill ( eretmochelys imbricata ) and green turtles ( chelonia mydas ) . the bermuda turtle project ( btp ) continues today as a joint effort between the bermuda zoological society , the bermuda aquarium museum and zoo and the caribbean conservation corporation . the project’s mission is to further the understanding of the biology of highly migratory , endangered marine turtles in order to promote their conservation both in bermuda and worldwide .

plans are now afoot to begin bringing poecilozonites circumfirmatus back to bermuda to start the population up again .

asian gecko ( hemidactylus frenatus ) . accidentally introduced to bermuda in 2011 or thereabouts in cargo imports .

last updated : july 9 , 2018 multi - national © 2018 by bermuda online . all rights reserved

liew t - s , kok acm , schilthuizen m , urdy s . on growth and form of a heteromorphic terrestrial snail :

dewitt tj , sih a , hucko ja . trait compensation and cospecialization in a freshwater snail : size , shape and antipredator behaviour .

a survey conducted in 1988 by two us scientists in bermuda could find no living trace of poecilozonites bermudensis .

afforded a certain amount of protection under bermuda ' s protection of birds act 1975 . overall , only 23 birds breed in bermuda , but there are over 200 different types of migrant birds that visit every year .

news article on the re - discovery of p . bermudensis : ' extinct ' snail is found in city alleyway . royal gazette oct 2014

' tales from the snail trail . . . slip sliding away ' by robbie smith in envirotalk volume 78 ( 3 ) fall 2010 .

mr lines told the royal gazette : i was in the alleyway poking around and moving some flower pots when i noticed these snail shells .

this is a unique genus of snail , found nowhere else in the world , and for years we have thought it has been extinct .

as a result a lifeboat project was arranged and the much smaller snail was sent to london zoo where it has been saved from extinction .

it is the surviving member of bermuda’s only endemic animal genus . two related endemic species , p . bermudensis and p . reinianus are considered to have become extinct in the 20th century . a landmark survey of the island’s snails , by drs . rudiger bieler and john slapcinsky in 1998 , revealed very sparse numbers of bermuda ' s endemic snail island - wide .

mediterranean or turkish gecko ( hemidactylus turcicus ) . accidentally introduced to bermuda in 2011 or thereabouts in cargo imports .

to sum up , plectostoma anti - predation traits might mainly act to delay the predator , which increases the time and energy requirement for atopos to complete predation . the resistance exhibited by the snail in response to shell - drilling by the slug cannot ensure the survival of the preyed snail . our results are in accordance with the general view that snail shells usually cannot resist drilling by their predators ( vermeij , 1982 ) .

) than in those morphs . no representative fauna from mis 10 is yet known so we do not know if larger land birds colonized and evolved during that period , but a very different predator , the tortoise

yellow crowned night herons ( nyctanassa violacea ) , once brought in to keep down the land crab population , were re - established from 46 birds imported from florida in the 1970s . they are now native .

but because my son had been so heavily involved with efforts to find this snail i had a good idea of what i was looking at .

considered a highly prized food in the caribbean , in stew pots , but not eaten in bermuda . it is fortunate that one of its foods in the caribbean , the poisonous fruit of the manchineel tree , does not grow in bermuda .

once a lot more numerous than now . until the 1950s , bermuda had bermuda cedar trees galore , which cicadas loved . the sound of the cicada love song , amorous adult males to females , was for many years in bermuda the loudest and most wonderful insect song at night . bermudians referred to cicadas fondly as " hummers . " some species of cicadas then known in bermuda registered over 100 decibels when singing . sadly , when most of the bermuda cedar trees were killed of by a blight in the 1950s , the cicadas that made the nights so uniquely magical and romantic in sound also largely disappeared .

newly discovered ( 2008 ) botryocladia flookii seaweed , a type of seaweed that had never before been studied or catalogued , was named after chris flook , the collector of specimens and the bermuda lionfish project coordinator for the bermuda aquarium museum and zoo .

well , it turned out that the government felt these snails were too common and may affect crops , so several predatory species of snails were introduced to the island , as well as an edible species . within just 2 decades , the bermuda land snail was nearly wiped out , and the new species dominated . currently , it is believed that three species of snails have gone completely extinct , and only one remains , poecilozontes circumfirmatus , which is now an endangered species , and may also be extinct soon .

the genus poecilozonites contains at least 4 species of snails , all of which are endemic to bermuda . two of them , poecilozonites nelsoni and poecilozonites reinianus are extinct . the two surviving species are poecilozonites circumfirmatus and poecilozonites bermudensis , which are rare in bermuda .

partners : government of bermuda’s department of conservation services ( bdcs ) and the bermudian aquarium , museum and zoo ( bamz ) .

snakes . absolutely illegal . conservationists have warned of the disastrous consequences snakes could have on bermuda’s wildlife after a species of kingsnake was captured in july 2016 in sandys . the latest snake capture is believed to be the third in four years and comes after a black racer was picked up on the tucker’s point golf club in 2013 was likely brought in accidentally in a visitor’s golf bag . bermuda’s wildlife has been innocent of snake predation . the consequences would be like having a lionfish on land .

there are many types of sea fish , all similar to what are found off florida and in the caribbean , but none are indigenous to bermuda . there are also blackish pond fish , killifish ( see below ) , several of which are unique to bermuda .

zsl has successfully bred , clarified the life history and developed husbandry guidelines for this species and following liaison with the bermuda’s department of conservation services ( bdcs ) , 200 snails were returned to bermuda , to establish an ex situ population at the bermuda aquarium zoo and aquarium as a prelude to field releases . we are collaborating with bdcs on the revision of the species recovery programme for this species .

temperature , humidity and rainfall patterns would have fluctuated to some degree between glacial and interglacial periods , but the effects of most of those variables on shell evolution in land snails are often ambiguous ( goodfriend 1986 ) . we rejected gould ' s ( 1969 ) hypothesis that reduced availability of calcium carbonate during glacial periods was a limiting factor in snail evolution on bermuda based on several different lines of evidence ( olson & hearty 2007 ) . therefore , we consider that predation was the factor most likely to have been selecting for gigantism in poecilozonites .

march 9 . for decades , bermuda has been the site of a fierce — if tiny — war between rival species of ant .

only in all the islands of bermuda , the islands of the bahamas including harbour island and at least five places in scotland is the sand pink , but not because of the warm water corals . it is untrue to say that bermuda ' s beaches have coarser sand . in fact , the sand in bermuda is exceptionally fine . bermuda ' s coral reefs , from where the forams come , are in better condition than many bahamas reefs . many caribbean reefs have the disease known as ybd . by comparison , there has been only one recorded case of ybd in bermuda recently . local coral diseases are mostly bbd , less infected , the majority of them brain corals .

like in marine predator - snail interactions , where predators tend to drill a hole at less - ornamented positions of the prey shell ( kelley & hansen , 2003 ) we may expect atopos to drill its holes preferentially between shell ribs , rather than through them . conversely , if snail shell ribs are adaptive traits in the context of the slug’s shell - drilling behaviour , we would expect the snail shell to have evolved more densely - placed , thicker , and more protruded ribs to defend themselves against shell drilling predators .

he added : its certainly lucky because im probably one of only five people in bermuda that would have known what they were looking at .

he came down here as a deckhand on a ship originally and was fascinated by the evolution that had happened to these snails in bermuda .

one particularly interesting live shell is the atlantic trumpet triton found in local waters . a bermuda 40c stamp was issued to note it in philately

dr gould put it down to the introduction of predatorial snails that were deliberately brought to bermuda to control the edible garden snail  another introduction that was proving a pest . one of the sad sides to this story is that dr gould is not alive now to hear that this animal still remains in the wild .

manipulation of carcasses of modern birds with analogues in the fossil record of bermuda to show potential swallowing ability of shells of poecilozonites . ( a ) clapper rail rallus longirostris with shell of poecilozonites zonatus ( zona ) nearly at the point of ingestion . ( b ) black duck anas rubripes ditto . ( c ) whooping crane grus americana , a species larger than the extinct endemic crane of bermuda , with shell of poecilozonites nelsoni ( nel4 ) . the very large size of the snail would not have permitted intact ingestion by any bird known from the quaternary of bermuda . scale bar , 2 cm .

interestingly enough , i have recently discovered that land snails were also a favorite topic of my great great grandfather , olof p . nylander . olof was swedish immigrant , who became a well known naturalist in northern maine , and later founded the nylander museum in caribou , maine , which is still in existence today . in fact , he also studied and had a group of land snails named after him — the vertigo nylanderis . new species are still discovered all the time , and old species once thought extinct can sometimes pop up where you least expect it . it is thought that one extinct group of bermuda land snails may have been recently found , though it’s not verified yet . so , be sure to get out there and look on the ground , in the plants , and keep exploring – there is a possibility you can make another big find , or have a species named after you too .

they fly over the sea but return to bermuda to begin courtship activities in late october . they mate for life and produce only one egg each year . the female lays a single white egg in january and in early march a chick covered in dense grey down emerges . young chicks leave bermuda in late may or early june and spend their first eight years of life on the open ocean before returning as adults to breed . like most petrels , cahows are nocturnal and land only to breed . they nest in a soil burrow the bird excavates .

and his son , alex , was heavily involved in helping to save a very similar but smaller snail , poecilozonites circumfirmatus , from extinction through a lifeboat project with the london zoo .

schilthuizen m , van til a , salverda m , liew t - s , james ss , elahan bb , vermeulen jj . microgeographic evolution of snail shell shape and predator behavior .

argopecten gibbus . the atlantic calico scallop is a species of medium - sized edible saltwater clam , specifically a scallop , a marine bivalve mollusk in the family pectinidae . sometimes known as zigzag scallops , featured on a recent 45 cent bermuda stamp , once reared in harrington sound , in a bermuda government project . they have been a protected species since 1978 in bermuda but are eaten readily in other places such as florida where they are common .

introduced in the 1950s . an invasive which feeds on the fruits of the hugely invasive indian laurel tree and spreads even more invasive seeds throughout bermuda .

) . in this situation , the slug uses shell - drilling to make a new opening directly on the part of the shell whorls where the snail is hiding ( e . g . ,

species recovery plans have been developed for several of bermuda ' s protected species . these plans outline the actions necessary to recovery and protect a specific listed species .

bulletin of marine science . bermuda natural history museum . the issue prior to july 14 , 2000 had an inventory by dr . wolfgang sterrer on the number of species ( at least 8 , 299 ) of flora and fauna then in bermuda , of which 4 , 597 are marine and 3 , 702 are terrestrial .

this species was almost eradicated from its mainland range due to several accidentally introduced predatory flat worm species and the predatory rosy wolf snail . zsl was asked by bermuda’s department of conservation services ( bdcs ) to establish a secure breeding population of this species and to clarify that species life history and associated care requirements as part of the government’s recovery programme for this species .

anagenetic procession of snails ( subgenus poecilozonites ) and their predators on bermuda during the mid to late quaternary stratigraphic order . green on the left shows relative percentage of exposed land area of the bermuda platform , with known vertebrate predators being associated with glacial lowstand periods . the central column shows the morphotypes of poecilozonites associated with glacial and interglacial cycles ( after hearty & olson in press ) . the right column identifies mis events and various sea - level cycles during the quaternary . gigantism is expressed in glacial - age snails when vertebrate predators are present . the predators became extinct through reduction in habitat with interglacial flooding of the platform .

but when he returned to bermuda in the early 1990s their numbers appeared to have taken a dramatic plunge , to the point that he could no longer find one .

cardisoma guanhumi . an illusive and rare species in bermuda . the female can be nearly a foot long in width . one this size was caught in october 2001 .

odontomachus insularis . an indigenous ant long thought extinct until re - discovered living in july 2002 by local college student alex lines , a bermuda aquarium museum and zoo intern .

its habitat in bermuda ( where it has been seen in the mangrove swamp area of hungry bay , paget , is somewhat different to that of say , northern florida .

) , is known from the same basal mis 9 sediments as call . the only period when such a tortoise could have colonized and evolved on bermuda was during mis 10 (

not to be confused with scallops , these were once reared in harrington sound , in a bermuda government project . a protected species since 1978 . they are under the sand .

once , particularly when bermuda cedar trees were common ( until the 1950s ) , there were other spiders including very small black and white ones with a hard shell . the silk spider

present in bermuda . ( aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus - including those potentially liable to catch west nile virus ) and which caused outbreaks of dengue fever in bermuda in the 1940s . but roofs are not sprayed for fear of what the spray or fogging could do to harm drinking water and roof catchments . instead , other parts of the home and gardens are .

copyright © 2005 - 2018 bermuda sun ltd . all rights reserved . for more information see our terms of service . software copyright © 1998 - 2018 1up ! software , all rights reserved

bermuda is a sanctuary for whales - humpback , blue , northern - and dolphins in its 200 mile exclusive economic zone under the fisheries ( protected species ) order of the fisheries act .

the largest and most complete collection of bermuda shells to be found anywhere in the world was donated in october 2001 to the natural history museum at the bermuda aquarium , museum and zoo . they were collected by retired banker jack lightbourn and his late colleague and friend arthur guest since 1965 . there are about 7 , 700 species in all in the collection , with several endemic .

three species have been recorded in bermuda , hippocampus reidi ; hippocampus erectus ; and hippocampus zosterae . not endemic , now endangered or vulnerable , on the world conservation red list of threatened animals .

without knowing it beforehand , with the kiskadees bermuda allowed in a veritable bird gang of terrorists . those 200 original yellow - breasted kiskadees have become the prolific and noisy mafioso of bermuda ' s bird lands , trees , shrubs and telephone wires - and a major threat to the lives , feeding and nesting habits of bermuda ' s beautiful bluebirds and other birds as well as to soft - skinned local fruit , crabs , fish and other choice edibles . also , they were the major reason for the extinction of the endemic cicada ( known locally as singers ) by the late 1990s .

punctuated equilibrium is a theory that says animals evolve rapidly in new environments . it’s similar to the work of charles darwin ( and of course 1800′s british paleontologist mary anning , who did not receive much credit for her work , described in thl’s the furious case of the fraudulent fossil - link below ) , which states that animals will adapt to new conditions , based on random mutations . however , stephen jay gould believed that it could occur in much faster spurts , in geologically speaking , very short periods of time . there were periods in time , when there were large numbers of species evolving , and they were generally times after something catastrophic or significant happened . that’s why you can find 15 species of bermuda land snail fossils in a relatively short geological timeframe of only a few hundred thousand years .

he noted that no original research had been done on the subject in more than 50 years which is why he and dr . schneider are working on cataloguing bermuda ' s various types of seaweed .

the bermuda cicada ( tibicen bermudiana ) , a big , black , noisy , buzzing beetle called a singer because of its distinctive buzzing - almost completely disappeared , first after the blight of cedar trees in the 1940s and 1950s and also because the kiskadee flycatcher ( see below ) fancied cicadas as food . the cicada is featured on a 1990 bermuda collector ' s coin . there are cicadas elsewhere .

arca zebra . bermuda ' s turkey - wing shaped mussels . these attractive brown and white striped shells get their name because they are shaped somewhat like a turkey wing . they are the most abundant bivalve in bermuda’s waters , and are most commonly sourced in harrington sound . these animals are found along the east coast of the united states from north carolina to florida , through the caribbean and as far south as venezuela . turkey - wing mussels grow slowly to a maximum size of approximately 80 mm , and are thought to reach 10 years old ! they are the principal ingredients in a traditional bermuda mussel pie .

the lifeboat project was a last - ditch effort to save the species that was being driven to extinction by the introduction of the predatory snail , euglandina rosea , and argentine ants . the conservation effort to save the snails has proved to be a success .

back when dr . gould was a young student in the late 1950′s , he was a deckhand for the woods hole oceanographic institute , based in massachusetts , which ended up taking him on a research trip to bermuda . he had already done some studies on gastropods ( snails and related creatures ) , and noticed various living and fossilized snails while he was there . it turned out at that time there was a single very abundant species of snail , poecilozontes bermudensis , which could be found all over the island ( there were also other species too , including p . nelsoni and p . renianus ) . this snail was so ubiquitous , that the they were sometimes collected and burned just for their lime ( cac03 ) .

two species , eleutherodactylus johnstonei and eleutherodactylus gossei ( first is shown in 1979 bermuda postage stamp graphic here ) sing loudly at night . they are one of the most characteristic night sounds of bermuda between april and november . they are not indigenous - both were introduced accidentally sometime prior to 1880 , most likely on orchids imported from the lesser antilles . they can be found elsewhere in temperate and sub - tropical regions .

when a plectostoma snail withdraws into its shell , part of the lower shell whorls are left vacant . we named this vacant part the ‘predatory path’ , located between shell aperture and soft - body withdrawal terminal point ( i . e . , between the endpoint of the shell whorls and the withdrawn snail’s operculum ) . in shell - apertural entry predation events , the predator’s feeding apparatus would need to pass through the predatory path to reach the snail that is withdrawn deeply into the shell . hence , success of a predation event would depend on the interplay between the morphometrics of both the prey’s predatory path and the predator’s feeding apparatus . in this section , we quantified these morphometrics . because both prey and predator traits vary throughout their growth , we assessed variability of these morphometrics at several different growth stages .

many of the shell traits of land snails ( e . g . , whorl number and size , shell periphery form , umbilicus , shell coiling direction , aperture shape and size , and shell shape , thickness and size ) are adaptive responses to abiotic ecological factors ; by contrast , very few traits , viz . aperture shape and size , shell size , and shell wall thickness , are known to offer a selective advantage when faced with predation ( goodfriend , 1986 ) . since goodfriend ’s ( 1986 ) review , few additional studies have shown the adaptive significance of land snail shell traits under predation pressure , namely , aperture form ( gittenberger , 1996 ; quensen & woodruff , 1997 ; konumu & chiba , 2007 ; hoso & hori , 2008 ; hoso , 2012 ; wada & chiba , 2013 ) ; shell form ( quensen & woodruff , 1997 ; schilthuizen et al . , 2006 ; moreno - rueda , 2009 ; olson & hearty , 2010 ) ; shell ribs ( quensen & woodruff , 1997 ) ; and shell coiling direction ( hoso et al . , 2010 ) .

beautiful but potentially deadly poisonous fish . it found its way to bermuda from the pacific in 2001 and was reported in a local newspaper on december 28 , 2001 when one was caught off a local beach . it is about 12 inches long and was introduced to the atlantic . there have since been many sightings on bermuda beaches . there are lots of different species . if you get one in your swim suit , you will be stung badly .

) . although we did not experimentally test the anti - predation role of shell thickness , we suggest that a thicker shell may not fully protect the snail from shell - drilling by the slug , because we find drill holes on the shells regardless of their shell thickness . nevertheless ,

we thank wolfgang sterrer and lisa green , bermuda aquarium , museum and zoo ( bamz ) for supporting our research and david b . wingate and frederick v . grady for assistance in the field . rüdiger bieler , joachim gerber , gustav paulay , gary rosenberg and geraat vermeij commented on various drafts . brian k . schmidt assisted with graphics preparation . louise roth suggested useful references . this is contribution no . 141 of the bermuda biodiversity project of the bamz .

, scientists have recorded conflict between two invasive ant species — the african big - headed ant and the argentine ant — for more than 60 years as they battle for dominance in bermuda . while the african big - headed ant (

bermuda ' s new protected species act 2003 became law on 1st march 2004 . endemic animals are shown below by name and description . except for birds , no prior legislation existed . the new act called for a proactive approach to the protection of local species threatened with extinction , and their habitats . protected species include 27 plants , birds , animals and marine organisms , plus 21 cave organisms , as threatened and ' listed ' according to international criteria . recovery plans for the other species include the bermuda cedar , palmetto and yellowwood , plus fern and flowering plant species . wildlife includes the cahow , longtail , white - eyed vireo , skink , turtles , whales , a species of snail , the tiny cave shrimp and other crustaceans . the bermuda protected species act 2003 allows for the listing of threatened species and recovery plans for active intervention , in order to enhance population levels . the protected species recovery plan project is funded by the uk overseas territory environmental programme ( otep ) .

in sea fish , wahoo and yellowfin tuna are two of the most important species . they are also an important component of the offshore recreational fishery . traditionally caught during their spring and fall " runs " , these species pass by bermuda during annual migrations that take them throughout the central atlantic , although small individuals may remain in the area through the summer . it is thought that the bermuda seamount is an important feeding stop for these species during their long migratory journeys .

, specimens deposited in bor 5656 ) . then , in the field , we disturbed each snail with forceps so that the animal withdrew into the shell . immediately after that , the snail was killed with and preserved in 70 % ethanol . after arriving in the laboratory , we photographed each specimen to record the withdrawal position of the animal in its translucent shell . then , we obtained 3d models ( ply format ) of these shells , based on the x - ray microtomography ( µct ) technique as described in test 1 ( b ) , using ct analyser 1 . 12 ( ©skyscan ) .

attack by shell - apertural entry ( i . e . , predatory path distance > proboscis length & whorl radius of curvature < proboscis diameter ) . the insets show the simulation of interaction between slug proboscis and snail predatory path at three growth stages , namely , a , f and l ( see

the species of bermudian land snail , known as poecilozonites bermudensis , hadn ' t been seen on the island for more than 40 years . but now a colony of the creatures has been found flourishing in a " damp and overgrown alleyway " in the capital city , hamilton , by a local resident , the royal gazette website reports . " for it to be found in hamilton is unbelievable . it ' s the last place you would imagine that a small colony of rare snails would be discovered , " says dr mark outerbridge of the government ' s conservation service . it ' s thought that by choosing a concrete home , the snails were protected from the predators that wiped out the rest of their population , dr outerbridge says .

after the snail has been captured , the slug would attempt to reach the soft body by inserting its proboscis into the prey shell via the shell aperture ( e . g . , heude , 1882–1890 ; kurozumi , 1985 ; wu et al . , 2006 ; tan & chan , 2009 ) . the slug is more likely to succeed by shell - apertural entry when the prey is not yet fully - grown ( test 2c ) . all other things being equal , when using the shell - apertural entry strategy , the slug would prefer to attack immature prey over prey with a fully - grown shell ( test 2a ) . if the slug can reach the deeply - withdrawn body of the snail ( lying immediately behind the operculum ) it would be able to consume it entirely ( test 2a ) . the slug may take more than three hours to attack and consume a juvenile snail by shell - apertural entry ( test 2a ) .

are correlated with drastic changes in island area and environmental conditions caused by eustatic sea - level changes during the pleistocene . during glacial periods , sea levels fall below the level of the bermuda platform creating a large island with an area of > 650 km

it is worth noting that lampyridae beetle larvae also use shell - apertural entry to attack plectostoma snails . hence , the anti - predation properties of the snail tuba against atopos attack might similarly defend against the lampyrid larvae . in addition to the increased predatory path as anti - predation property , it is possible that the twisted vacant tuba whorls also help obstruct the insertion of the feeding apparatus of the slug and beetle larva if these are not flexible enough to pass through the twists of the tuba . in short , this second line of defence posed by the snail tuba could force predators to use an alternative , more costly , predatory strategy .

very important to the marine ecosystem . they link mangrove communities to coral reefs . the four species in bermuda are thalassia testudinum ( turtle grass ) ; syringodium ( manatee grass ) ; halodule wrightii ( shoal grass , common ) and halophila decipiens ( rare ) .

they usually stay beyond - not inside - the reefs but bermuda ' s history records several deaths by swimmers in the 1900s . unlike in britain , they are not protected . when caught locally , their liver often becomes shark oil in home - made barometers .

megachile spp . extremely rare in bermuda , known to inhabit nonsuch island . a native of the western usa . in bermuda , most are approximately the size of the common honeybee , although they are somewhat darker with light bands on the abdomen . they also have different habits . leafcutter bees are not aggressive and sting only when handled . their sting is very mild , much less painful than that of honeybees or yellow jacket wasps . leafcutter bees are solitary bees , meaning that they don ' t produce colonies as do social insects .

vireo griseus bermudianus . known to bermudians as chick of the village in imitation of its cheery song which is sung throughout the year . an endemic sub - species characterized by shorter wings and duller plumage compared to its american first cousin . an insect - eating bird of the forest canopy , it was originally associated with bermuda’s once - large , long - gone cedar and palmetto forest . the almost total destruction of the bermuda cedar tree in the 1940s and 1950s by accidentally introduced insect pests nearly caused its extinction , but it has recovered .

predator–prey interactions are among the main ecological interactions that shape the diversity of biological form . in many cases , the evolution of the mollusc shell form is presumably driven by predation . however , the adaptive significance of several uncommon , yet striking , shell traits of land snails are still poorly known . these include the distorted coiled “tuba” and the protruded radial ribs that can be found in micro - landsnails of the genus plectostoma . here , we experimentally tested whether these shell traits may act as defensive adaptations against predators . we characterised and quantified the possible anti - predation behaviour and shell traits of plectostoma snails both in terms of their properties and efficiencies in defending against the atopos slug predatory strategies , namely , shell - apertural entry and shell - drilling . the results showed that atopos slugs would first attack the snail by shell - apertural entry , and , should this fail , shift to the energetically more costly shell - drilling strategy . we found that the shell tuba of plectostoma snails is an effective defensive trait against shell - apertural entry attack . none of the snail traits , such as resting behaviour , shell thickness , shell tuba shape , shell rib density and intensity can fully protect the snail from the slug’s shell - drilling attack . however , these traits could increase the predation costs to the slug . further analysis on the shell traits revealed that the lack of effectiveness in these anti - predation shell traits may be caused by a functional trade - off between shell traits under selection of two different predatory strategies .

a recently discovered fossil land tortoise ( testudines : testudinidae ) is described from the pleistocene of bermuda . its morphology is sufficiently well preserved to allow assignment to the extinct north american genus hesperotestudo . however , several features of this tortoise are unique and it is named hesperotestudo bermudae sp . nov . a review of the phylogenetic relationships of the better known genera of the testudinidae suggests that the affinities of hesperotestudo lie with other north american tortoises ( gopherus ) and not with geochelone or other testudinines ; thus , hesperotestudo is reassigned to the xerobatinae . this is at least the fifth documentation of a testudinid dispersing over open ocean to an oceanic island ( the first for hesperotestudo ) and it corroborates the hypothesis that members of this family are well suited to over - water dispersal .

there , it usually includes glass worts ( salicornia sp . ) , salt meadow hay ( spartina alterniflora ) , sweet bay , ( magnolia virginiana ) , youpon ( ilex vomitoria ) , fiddler crabs ( uca sp ) , and an occasional raccoon ( not present in bermuda ) .

when a plectostoma snail is resting or is disturbed , it withdraws its soft body into the shell and adheres its shell aperture to the substrate . thus , when the snail is in this position , its aperture is not accessible to the slug , and for the slug to access the shell aperture , it would need to remove the shell from the substrate . in this test , the ability of the slug to manipulate the adherent prey shell was inferred by examining the drill hole location of the specimens used in test 1 ( b ) . we predict that the sector of the shell facing the substrate is less susceptible to drilling by the slug if it is unable remove the adherent prey shell from the substrate .

bermuda rock lizard ( skink ) . eumeces longirostris . it is bermuda ' s only endemic , non - flying , non - swimming terrestrial vertebrate . it was described as unique to bermuda in 1860 by p . h . pope , the smithsonian herpetologist . its fossil bones , dating back 300 , 000 years or more , have been found in local limestone caves . now quite rare in most parishes , largely restricted to pockets of coast and isolated islands . an adult can grow up to seven inches long . sometimes referred to as the somerset or warwick lizard . it is a protected endangered species . it is quite different to those imported from the caribbean . people from scotland who are familiar with the national dish called cullen skink can rest assured that they are not eating a rock lizard or any other kind of skink of the type mentioned above or below .

sialia sialis . native . once very common , it nested in hollows of cedar trees , on coastal cliffs and even under eaves of houses . as a cavity nester , it became especially vulnerable to nest site competition from the english house sparrow . with the bermuda cedar spoilage in the 1950s and its repercussions , the population declined by more than 80 % . an artificial wooden nest book program was introduced which has had limited success , but still a firm favorite among many bermudians and other residents . loves concrete bird baths with lots of water and can splash around in them for ages . this bermuda postage stamp honors them .

bermuda does not have alligators , badgers , buffalo , chipmunks , crocodiles , deer , ferrets , giraffes , hedgehogs , lions , moles , mongooses , moose , raccoons , skunks , snakes , squirrels , stoats , tigers , weasels or zebras . a recent attempt to bring in skunks for domestic purposes was defeated .

) . however , the operculum that had withdrawn together with the soft body into the shell remains intact and has been moved to the outside of the shell ( test 2a ) . we did not observe how the slug extracts the soft body from the shell , but we suppose the slug may secrete digestive fluid to dissolve the snail’s tissues and then ingesting this with its proboscis , like other rathouisiidae (

here , we attempt to reconstruct the predatory strategies of one of the predators , the atopos slug , against the plectostoma snail and try to empirically unravel any anti - predation function of the unusual plectostoma shell traits through a series of experiments , and direct and indirect observations ( hereafter known as “tests” ) . we examined the effectiveness of several plectostoma shell traits , namely , ( 1 ) ribs on shell surface ; ( 2 ) shell whorl thickness ; ( 3 ) shell tuba ; and ( 4 ) snail resting behaviour . these three shell traits and one behavioural trait were selected because these are known in other snail taxa for having antipredation properties against shell - apertural entry and shell - drilling behaviour by other predators ( see overview in goodfriend , 1986 ; vermeij , 1993 ) . we examined the effectiveness of the first three shell traits of plectostoma against atopos slug shell - drilling ( test 1 ) ; and the effectiveness of the last two traits of plectostoma against atopos slug shell - apertural entry ( test 2 ) . additionally , we investigate possible constraints in the development of anti - predation shell traits . finally , we discuss the results of this study in the context of predator–prey interactions and shell - trait evolution in general .

pterodroma cahow . a native , it was once prolific but consumed with gusto by early colonists . it was considered extinct until quite recently . it is rare and protected . it is believed to have been in bermuda for 300 , 000 years . heard only during the winter months , the cahow earned its christmas bird name from mariners who became involuntary early temporary colonists after their ships going elsewhere were damaged on the reefs . it is said that they were so frightened by the nocturnal cries of this once abundant bird that they referred to bermuda as the isles of devils . when the first settlers arrived in 1609 and 1612 , it is believed there were half a million cahows .


aroga rigidae is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from washington .

the larvae feed on artemisia rigida .

aroga rigidae

aroga rigidae <EOT> clarke ( 1942 ) stated " the genitalia of this species most closely resemble those of aroga rigidae .

gelechia rigidae clarke , 1935 ; can . ent . 67 : 249 ; tl : washington , whitman co . , rock lake

aroga temporariella sattler , 1960 ; rev . fr . ent . 27 : 236

aroga mesostrota ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 120

aroga argutiola hodges , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 ( 9 ) : 987 ; tl : michigan , alcona co .

aroga atraphaxi bidzilya , 2009 ; shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 301 ; tl : tadzhikistan , kondara , 1100m

aroga panchuli bidzilya , 2009 ; shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 302 ; tl : tadzhikistan , kondara , 1400m

aroga balcanicola huemer & karsholt , 1999 ; microlep . europe 3 : 160 , 32 ; tl : maced . occ . drenovo bei kavadar

aroga mesostrepta ; [ nhm card ] ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )

aroga alleriella busck , 1940 ; bull . s . calif . acad . sci . 39 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : alabama , mobile

aroga controvalva li & zheng , 1998 ; acta ent . sinica 41 ( 1 ) : 87 , 89 ; tl : chengcheng , shaanxi , 1000m

aroga danfengensis li & zheng , 1998 ; acta ent . sinica 41 ( 1 ) : 85 , 89 ; tl : danfeng , shaanxi , 680m

aroga gozmanyi park , 1991 ; ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 117 ; tl : mt kumgang , kangweon prov . , korea

aroga epigaeella ; [ nacl ] , # 2189 ( rev . stat . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 21

aroga flavicomella ; [ nhm card ] ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 280 ; [ me3 ] , 157 , 32 ; [ fe ]

aroga websteri clarke , 1942 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 92 ( 3149 ) : 273 , pl . 29 , f . 5 - 5c , pl . 32 , f . 15 ; tl : pullman , washington

photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .

gelechia acharnaea meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 11 ) : 348 ; tl : texas , alpine , 7000ft

seu , turkey , urals , iran , turkmenia , . . . . see [ maps ]

larva on atraphaxis pyrifolia bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 302

gelechia camptogramma meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 58

gelechia chlorocrana meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 11 ) : 348 ; tl : texas , forestburg

gelechia eldorada keifer , 1936 ; calif . dept . agric . , bull . 25 : 240

= gelechia trialbamaculella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 858

gelechia eriogonella clarke , 1935 ; can . ent . 67 : 247 ; tl : washington , whitman co . , pullman

korea , seu , s . russia , irkutsk , buryatia , kazakhstan . see [ maps ]

larva on prunus spp . , p . spinosa , p . domestica , p . cerasus [ me3 ] , 158

gelechia leucanieella busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 4 ) : 180 ; tl : san diego , california

gelechia morenella busck , 1908 ; ent . news 19 ( 7 ) : 317 ; tl : morena and pine valley , san diego , california

larva on atraphaxis pyrifolia bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 303

gelechia paraplutella busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 4 ) : 181 ; tl : san diego , california

gelechia paulella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 865 ; tl : arizona ; colorado

gelechia trialbamaculella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 250

gelechia unifasciella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 865 ; tl : arizona , williams

gelechia xyloglypta meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 22 ; tl : california , venice

[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

expedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths

studien über die lepidopterenfauna der balkanländer . iii . teil . sammelergebnisse aus montenegro , albanien , mazedonien und thrazien

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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clarke ( 1942 ) stated " this species is named in honor of my friend and former professor . dr . r . l . webster , head of the department of zoology , washington state college . :

clarke , j . f . g . , 1942 . notes and new species of microlepidoptera from washington state . proceedings of the united states national museum 92 : 273 ; pl . 29 , figs 5 - 5c ; pl . 32 , fig . 15 .

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