lepidochrysops skotios is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

it is found in the democratic republic of the congo ( shaba , lualaba and possibly kwango ) and zambia .

adults have been recorded on wing in october and november .

lepidochrysops skotios

lepidochrysops skotios <EOT> the patrician blue ( lepidochrysops patricia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

the potchefstroom blue ( lepidochrysops procera ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

lepidochrysops chloauges , the jade blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

lepidochrysops solwezii , the roseate blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

lepidochrysops longifalces , the msasa blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

the highveld blue ( lepidochrysops praeterita ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

lepidochrysops inyangae , the nyanga blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

lepidochrysops violetta , the violet blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

the southern blue ( lepidochrysops australis ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

the zulu blue ( lepidochrysops ignota ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

the ketsi blue ( lepidochrysops ketsi ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

the monkey blue ( lepidochrysops methymna ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

the peninsula blue ( lepidochrysops oreas ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

the koppie blue ( lepidochrysops ortygia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

the mouse blue ( lepidochrysops puncticilia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

the silvery blue ( lepidochrysops glauca ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

lepidochrysops kocak , the giant blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

lepidochrysops lukenia , the lukenia blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

lepidochrysops peculiaris , the peculiar blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

van son’s blue ( lepidochrysops vansoni ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

lepidochrysops elgonae , the elgon blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

the swartberg blue ( lepidochrysops swartbergensis ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

loewenstein’s blue ( lepidochrysops loewensteini ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

lepidochrysops polydialecta , the lilac giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

lepidochrysops arabicus , the arabian giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

lepidochrysops kitale , the kitale giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

the free state blue ( lepidochrysops letsea ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

lepidochrysops labeensis , the labe giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

lepidochrysops parsimon , the western giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

the estcourt blue ( lepidochrysops pephredo ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

the outeniqua blue ( lepidochrysops outeniqua ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

the coastal blue ( lepidochrysops littoralis ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

the wineland blue ( lepidochrysops bacchus ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

the twin - spot blue ( lepidochrysops plebeja ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

lepidochrysops quassi , the tailed blue giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

wykeham ' s blue ( lepidochrysops wykehami ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

pennington ' s blue ( lepidochrysops penningtoni ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

pringle ' s blue ( lepidochrysops pringlei ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

swanepoel ' s blue ( lepidochrysops swanepoeli ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

quickelberge ' s blue ( lepidochrysops quickelbergei ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

badham ' s blue ( lepidochrysops badhami ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

the ball ' s blue ( lepidochrysops balli ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

lepidochrysops is a genus of butterfly in the family lycaenidae . the members ( species ) are found in the afrotropical ecozone .

lepidochrysops hypopolia , known as morant ' s blue ( afrikaans : morant - bloutjie ) , was a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

libert , m . 2001 euchrysops butler et lepidochrysops hedicke : deux genres distincts ? description de quatre nouvelles especes et de deux nouvelles sous - especes ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 101 , 351 - 371 .

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an extremely diverse african genus . most of the species are endemic to the cape region of south africa . larvae feed on lamiaceae and verbenaceae in early instars , and then are taken into ant nests , where they are tended by the ants , consuming ant larvae and pupae , until they pupate ( larsen 2005 ) .

ackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .

larsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .

correspondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at

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each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .

for a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

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seitz , a . die gross - schmetterlinge der erde 13 : die afrikanischen tagfalter . plate xiii 72

seitz , a . die gross - schmetterlinge der erde 13 : die afrikanischen tagfalter . plate xiii 73

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bathynellacea is an order of crustaceans which live interstitially in groundwater .

some species can tolerate low salt concentrations , and at least one african species is a thermophile , living in hot springs and tolerating temperatures up to 55 °c ( 131 °f ) .

bathynellaceans are minute , blind , worm-like animals with short , weak legs , reaching a maximum size of 3.4 millimetres ( 0.13 in ) .

they are found on every continent except antarctica , although they are missing from some islands , including fiji , new caledonia and the caribbean islands .

there are two families , bathynellidae and parabathynellidae ; a third family , " leptobathynellidae " , is considered a synonym of parabathynellidae .

bathynellacea

bathynellacea <EOT> the order bathynellacea comprises two families , 60 genera , and about 200 species . the two families are bathynellidae and parabathynellidae .

" bathynellacea ( bathynellaceans ) . " grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken

" bathynellacea ( bathynellaceans ) . " grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken

schminke , horst kurt . " adaptation of bathynellacea ( crustacea , syncarida ) to life in the interstitial ( " zoea theory " ) . " internationale revue der gesamten hydrobiologie 66 ( 1981 ) : 575–637 .

morimoto and miura , 1957 from south korea : with a redescription of a . coreana morimoto , 1970 ( crustacea , bathynellacea , parabathynellidae ) . journal of species research . 2016 ; 5 ( 1 ) : 49–156 .

camacho , ana i . " historical biogeography of iberobathynella ( crustacea , syncarida , bathynellacea ) , an aquatic subterranean genus of parabathynellids , endemic to the iberian peninsula . " global ecology & biogeography 10 ( 2001 ) : 487–501 .

bathynellacea are found in the groundwater nearly all around the globe . they are absent in the antarctic and in the northern hemisphere in those areas that had been covered by ice during the last glaciation . recolonization has been observed at a few places but has not progressed very far beyond the old ice frontier . bathynellacea are not known from central america and are also absent from volcanic islands and several islands of continental origin ( e . g . , new caledonia , fiji , caribbean islands ) .

not much is known about the feeding and food of bathynellacea . plant debris ( detritus ) , nematodes , and turbellarian worms have been observed from the guts of various specimens . among parabathynellidae , in particular , there is great variation in types of mouthparts , indicating specialization on different types of food . most bathynellacea may be omnivorous , but many are certainly specialized , feeding on detritus , protozoans , and / or bacteria . one species has mouthparts with setae suited for scraping off material from sand grains .

bathynellcea have no fossil record . their closest relatives are the anaspidacea in the southern hemisphere . both groups are confined to fresh water , but have had marine ancestors . this is evidenced by their fossil relatives , the palaeocaridacea , which , during the carboniferous and permian , inhabited the littoral of the then tropical seas in the northern hemisphere . transition into fresh water was achieved independently , first by the bathynellacea and later also by the anaspidacea . unlike the anaspidacea , the bathynellacea have disappeared almost completely from surface waters today .

there are two hypotheses to explain the distribution of bathynellacea . both agree on marine ancestors as the starting point of the adaptational process and on plate tectonics as a major factor . the first hypothesis maintains that the ancestors of bathynellacea invaded fresh surface waters and that from their larvae the bathynellacea arose to become inhabitants exclusively of the groundwater . subsequent spread in the groundwater itself led to today ' s worldwide occurrence . according to the second hypothesis , as a first step a marine ancestor became adapted to an interstitial life in littoral sands and in a second step had to switch to freshwater conditions as a result of marine shoreline regression . multiple such invasions of the groundwater caused by repeated sea - level changes at different geological times together with plate tectonics led to the currently observed worldwide distribution .

to establish the transcriptomic database of bathynellacea , we performed rna - seq using the subterranean crustacean allobathynella bangokensis . after trimming and assembly , a total of 63 mb including 74 , 866 contigs of a . bangokensis was obtained by illumina sequencing ( table 1 ) . the lengths of the a . bangokensis contigs ranged from 200 to 26 , 238 bp , with an average length of 843 bp , and the n50 values of those contigs were 1 , 302 bp . to our knowledge , this is the first whole transcriptome study conducted in bathynellacea .

bathynellacea are part of a complex groundwater biocoenosis made up of bacteria , protozoans , fungi , and metazoans ( animals ) . all of these organisms act together to decompose particles washed into the groundwater from outside . these particles would otherwise clog the spaces between the sand grains , preventing groundwater from circulating freely . bigger particles are broken up by bathynellacea , and after they are passed through the gut , they are further degraded by protozoans and bacteria . thus the interstitial spaces are kept open . humans benefit from this ecological service because it helps to keep drinking water clean .

when compared with adults of related crustacea taxa , bathynellacea appear very different , but they share a remarkable similarity with the larvae of these other crustacea . in fact , bathynellacea have the appearance of larvae , indicating that they have had larval - like ancestors . there is good evidence that the postembryonic development of their surface - living ancestors passed through a series of several larval stages . in the course of adaptation to life in the groundwater , abbreviation of this development caused by precocious sexual maturity at an early stage of larval development marked the beginning of the evolution of subterranean bathynellacea . today they reach adulthood at a stage that corresponds to the last larval stage of their ancestor . a morphological consequence of this adaptational process was that their body became continually smaller and its structure increasingly simpler . as a result , they finally fitted into the small spaces between sand particles of the groundwater - bearing strata . ecologically they progressed from a benthic life through a colonization of coarse substrates with large interstitial spaces to an existence in ever smaller sediments with ever narrower spaces between the particles . the ancestral form of the bathynellacea had conquered a completely new habitat and marked the beginning of an impressive radiation leading to a worldwide colonization of the groundwater .

bathynellacea are typical inhabitants of groundwater and can be collected in wells , in sandy banks of rivers and sandy shores of lakes , in caves , and in springs . one species is known from a hot spring in africa at a temperature of 131°f ( 55°c ) . bathynellacea are absent from surface waters . only two species are known from lake baikal , where they occur on sandy patches down to 4 , 725 - ft depth ( 1 , 440 - m ) , but not in the open water . a few species have been recorded from near the seashore and tolerate brackish water conditions . only one species is polyhaline .

in bathynellacea the sexes are separate . mating behavior has never been observed . the eggs are shed freely and singly . the egg passes through a nauplius stage . after hatching , postembryonic development passes through two phases , a larval ( parazoëal ) phase with three stages , and a juvenile ( bathynellid ) phase with a variable number of stages .

citation : kim b - m , kang s , ahn d - h , kim j - h , ahn i , lee c - w , et al . ( 2017 ) first insights into the subterranean crustacean bathynellacea transcriptome : transcriptionally reduced opsin repertoire and evidence of conserved homeostasis regulatory mechanisms . plos one 12 ( 1 ) : e0170424 . urltoken

bathynellacea are elegant , persistent crawlers and ungainly , short - winded swimmers . their crawling movements are a combination of swimming and walking . as an escape reaction or when caught in blind alleys of the interstitial labyrinth , they engage in a specialized turning maneuver that consists of placing the abdomen beneath the rest of the body , sliding it along the ventral side towards the head , and turning at the same time about the longitudinal axis to return to a ventral position .

bathynellacea are small , aquatic crustaceans that occur in ground water and among sediments and sand . they have a worm - like ( vermiform ) body and , as an adaptation to their subterranean habitats , no eyes or pigmentation . the first pair of antennae ( antennules ) are uniramous ( unbranched ) and the head of some species may have a beak - like projection ( rostrum ) . the thorax and abdomen are differentiated with the eight - segmented thorax having 7 or 8 pairs of simple biramous ( branched ) legs . the six - segmented abdomen may or may not have one or two pairs of small limbs on the end of the body called uropods that are on either side of a central projection ( telson ) . they range in size from 0 . 5 to 3 . 5 mm .

bathynellacea ( crustacea , syncarida , parabathynellidae ) are subterranean aquatic crustaceans that typically inhabit freshwater interstitial spaces ( e . g . , groundwater ) and are occasionally found in caves and even hot springs . in this study , we sequenced the whole transcriptome of allobathynella bangokensis using rna - seq . de novo sequence assembly produced 74 , 866 contigs including 28 , 934 blast hits . overall , the gene sequences were most similar to those of the waterflea daphnia pulex . in the a . bangokensis transcriptome , no opsin or related sequences were identified , and no contig aligned to the crustacean visual opsins and non - visual opsins ( i . e . arthropsins , peropsins , and melaopsins ) , suggesting potential regressive adaptation to the dark environment . however , a . bangokensis expressed conserved gene family sets , such as heat shock proteins and those related to key innate immunity pathways and antioxidant defense systems , at the transcriptional level , suggesting that this species has evolved adaptations involving molecular mechanisms of homeostasis . the transcriptomic information of a . bangokensis will be useful for investigating molecular adaptations and response mechanisms to subterranean environmental conditions .

bathynellacea range in length between 0 . 02 in ( 0 . 5 mm ) and 0 . 14 in ( 3 . 5 mm ) . as an adaptation to their subterranean existence , they do not have eyes and lack body pigment . the body is divided into head , thorax , and abdomen . the head carries the antennae with chemo - and mechanosensory structures as well as the mouthparts . the mandibles , used for biting , are symmetrical in structure . the thorax has seven pairs of biramous walking legs . the eighth pair is reduced in both sexes and in the male is transformed into a characteristic copulatory organ . the abdomen carries one pair of appendages on the first and last somite ( pleotelson ) . there can also be a pair of appendages on the second abdominal somite . the pair on the last somite ( uropods ) does not form a tailfan together with the pleotelson , as is the case in several related groups of crustacea . the basal segment ( sympodite ) of the uropods carries a characteristic row of spines . bathynellidae can be identified by the second antennae being directed anteriorly , by the last abdominal somite ( pleotelson ) carrying two dorsal setae , by the rim of the upper lip ( labrum ) being smooth and not serrate , by the outer branches ( exopodites ) of all seven walking legs being one - segmented , by the first abdominal appendages ( pleopods ) being two - segmented , and by the sympodite of the uropods being relatively short .

since stygofauna have reduced or absent eyes and have enhanced non - optic sense organs without pigmentation [ 44 , 45 ] , the absence of pigments and eyes is observed in a . bangokensis . a total of 25 and 26 eye pigmentation genes that were retrieved from drosophila melanogaster and tribolium castaneum respectively [ 46 ] , were also aligned to the entire transcripts of a . bangokensis , but there was no matched transcripts in a . bangokensis transcriptome . although mrna expression of putative opsin genes was not observed in the a . bangokensis transcriptome , it will be interesting to investigate the presence or absence of the opsin repertoire in the genome and the evolutionary development of alternative sensory organs in future studies . several previous examples showed the potential correlation between reduced or absent eyes and transcriptional expression of the opsin repertoire . no loss of gene function in opsin gene paralogs with a reduced level of gene expression was reported in the cave - adapted amphipod gammarus minus [ 36 ] . the authors suggested that loss of expression of opsin genes without loss of gene function is explained by the pleiotropic roles of opsin genes [ 36 ] . extensive transcriptomic analysis revealed that three independently evolved subterranean diving beetles lack transcripts of nearly all opsin photoreceptor genes , whereas the two surface beetles showed evidence of transcriptional expression of a full suite of insect visual and non - visual opsin genes [ 47 ] . thus , research on the absence or presence of putative opsin genes from the a . bangokensis genome will be useful to understand the regressive evolution of eye reduction in the bathynellacea lineage .

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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

malacostracans are the most numerous and most successful of the four major classes of crustacea . their members constitute more than two - thirds of all living crustacean species . they exhibit the greatest range of size ( less than one millimetre , or 0 . 04 inch , to a limb spread of more than three metres , or 10 feet ) and the greatest diversity of body form . malacostracans are abundant in all permanent waters of the world : in the seas from the tropics to the poles and from the tidal zone to the abyss ; in surface and subterranean fresh waters of all continents except antarctica ( where they once existed ) ; and terrestrially on all continental landmasses and all tropical and temperate islands .

the success of malacostracans can be attributed primarily to their increased body size and to the evolution of more functional body regions and more sophisticated food - gathering appendages than possessed by their paleozoic ancestors ( 542 million to 251 million years ago ) . this evolutionary thrust has been marked by the development of ambulatory legs and specializations for benthic life and by the brooding of eggs and suppression of free - living larval development . especially significant has been a shift of food - gathering limbs from head to thorax and of swimming appendages and respiratory organs from head to thorax and finally to the abdomen . this rearward shift freed the antennae for the development of specialized organelles sensitive to odours , sounds , vibrations , and physical contact and added more appendages ( maxillipeds ) to the mouthpart field . such changes have enabled terrestrial malacostracans to utilize efficiently the new food resources that have accompanied the evolution and proliferation of vascular plants from the late paleozoic to the present .

some decapod crabs have leg spans of more than three metres , and others weigh more than 10 kilograms ( 22 pounds ) . some free - living members of the orders

are lobster - sized ( 25–30 centimetres [ 0 . 8 to 1 inch ] ) ; most , however , are medium ( one to three centimetres ) in size . paleozoic and primitive

taxa seldom exceed 10 centimetres in body length , and the adult stages of some parasitic and subterranean groups are very small ( less than one millimetre ) .

, thorax , and abdomen . in the adult the head consists of five segments , the thorax of eight , and the abdomen typically of six ( or rarely seven ) unfused segments . the head supports paired

eyes , two pairs of antennae , and three pairs of short , chewing mouthparts , each consisting of two branches . the eyes are usually pigmented and borne on movable stalks , but they are sessile on the sides of the head in isopods , amphipods , and members of some smaller groups . the first antennae (

antennules ) usually have two branches ( three in the subclass hoplocarida ) . the outer branch of the

second antennae ( antennal squame ) , which is usually flat and bladelike for elevation and swimming balance , has two segments in stomatopods and some mysids and one segment in syncarids and eucarids ; it may be small or lost entirely in amphipods , isopods , and other bottom - dwelling or subterranean taxa . the

second maxillae are short , with variable numbers of inner biting plates ( endites ) and often with outer lobes ( epipodites ) , but the palps are short or lacking .

, which in primitive forms is large and covers the thorax , leg bases , and gill chamber . it may be fused to the dorsum of the thorax , as in the euphausiids , decapods , and other members of the superorder eucarida , but it is variously reduced and fused only to the anterior thoracic segments in mysids or lost altogether in the isopods , amphipods , and syncarids .

thoracic legs are typically biramous ( two - branched ) . one or more pairs are modified for feeding in some groups . in free - swimming species all legs are similar in shape , and both branches are slender . in bottom - dwelling species , however , the inner branch has become a stiff walking limb , and the slender multisegmented outer branch is variously reduced ( in hemicarideans ) or lost altogether ( in amphipods and isopods ) . in advanced , especially bottom - dwelling , malacostracans ( such as lobsters ) , one or more legs are pincerlike .

pereopods , or pleopods , which are primarily used in swimming . in the males of all eucaridans , hoplocarids , isopods , some hemicarids and syncarids , and rarely some amphipods , the anterior one or two pairs may be specially modified for sperm transfer . in males of most mysidaceans , the fourth and fifth pleopods ( and the first and second

of some amphipods ) may be modified as claspers for holding the female during mating . the last abdominal segment ( of all but the leptostracans ) bears a pair of biramous uropods and a median plate , or telson . the uropods are usually setose and paddle - shaped in swimming taxa and form a broad tail fan with the telson for rapid propulsion . in benthic and subterranean species the uropods are often slender , elongate , and

in function . the telson is bilobed in juvenile syncarids , larval eucaridans , some mysids , and most amphipods but platelike in all other malacostracans .

the class malacostraca contains more than 29 , 000 living species and represents about half of all known crustacean species . it is the single largest group not only of marine arthropods but also of all fully aquatic arthropod taxa . within the malacostraca ,

is the largest order , with more than 10 , 000 described species , followed by the orders isopoda ( 10 , 000 species ) and amphipoda ( 6 , 200 species ) . the other major orders have fewer than 1 , 000 species each .

most malacostracans are marine . among the decapods , the ancient palinurans , their modern brachyuran ( 10 - legged crab ) derivatives , and the dendrobrachiate and stenopodid shrimps dominate in tropical and temperate marine shallows . the decapod caridean shrimps , astacidean lobsters and crayfish , and anomurans ( hermits and eight - legged crabs ) , however , dominate in cold - water and polar regions , in the deep sea , and in continental fresh waters . the amphipods and isopods are also abundant along cold - water marine shores and in the abyss and have widely penetrated fresh waters . they are also widespread in underground waters and terrestrial environments . stomatopods are largely confined to tropical marine shallows ; tanaids and cumaceans are found mainly in the colder deeps ; and mysids , though mainly marine , are also abundant in relicts of northern glacial lakes .

malacostracans are often predators and scavengers . they are important ecologically in ridding the sea bottom and seashores of decaying animal and plant matter and in serving as middle - level converters of organic food energy to animal protein in a form suitable for fish , sea birds , marine mammals , and ultimately humans . the decapods and euphausiids ( krill , order euphausiacea ) are the only malacostracan groups that have a major direct economic value to humans .

the malacostracan life cycle typically involves an egg stage ; a series of free - swimming , plankton - feeding larval stages ; a series of immature ( subadult ) growth stages ; and finally a sexually mature ( reproductive ) adult stage . hermaphroditic adults are present in a few isopods . in the primitive swarming type of reproduction the male seeks out the female in the open water , usually in synchrony with lunar periodicity , cycles of temperature , or food availability .

( copulation ) is very brief , often completed in a few seconds and usually following the reproductive molt of the female , when her exoskeleton is still soft . the eggs are fertilized as they are extruded from the oviductal opening on the sternum of the sixth thoracic segment . in many species males do not feed , do not reproduce again , and do not live long after mating . fertilized eggs may be shed freely in the sea , where they hatch , usually into nauplius larvae . in marine groups that

the eggs by attaching them to the pleopods , the eggs hatch as late - stage larvae , which are often carnivorous ( e . g . , zoeae and phyllosoma larvae of decapods , antizoeae and pseudozoeae of stomatopods ) . these larvae eventually sink or swim to the bottom and pass through one or more stages prior to attaining the juvenile stage . where embryos develop within a thoracic

, the larval stages are suppressed . the embryos typically hatch as immature forms of the adult ( e . g . , isopoda , juveniles of the orders

and amphipoda ) , but parental brooding may be continued for a further few molts . in the deep sea and in fresh waters , whether embryos are laid freely ( superorder syncarida ) or brooded on pleopods ( decapods ) or in a thoracic pouch ( isopods and amphipods ) , they hatch as juveniles or immature adult forms .

in the more advanced , especially bottom - dwelling , malacostracans or in those with specialized habits , mating usually takes place on or in the bottom . males may attend , guard , or carry the female for some time ( preamplexus ) prior to copulation ( amplexus ) , and mating may be prolonged for several hours ; the male usually continues to feed , molt , and mate further ( in isopods , creeping decapods , and benthic amphipods ) . where the female exoskeleton variously hardens prior to mating , the oviductal opening is often complex , and sperm transfer is assisted by correspondingly modified first and second pleopods of the male ( “internal” fertilization of stomatopods , isopods , and the superorder eucarida ) . newly hatched late larvae or juveniles may be initially guarded or carried by the female ( in stomatopods and some amphipods and isopods ) .

malacostracans are primarily swimmers and secondarily walkers , clingers , and burrowers . swimming is accomplished primitively by coordinated , synchronous beating of the biramous head appendages in early larval stages and thoracic appendages in later larval stages and the adult stages of leptostracan shrimp , mysids , and syncardids and in

, decapods , and other eucarid malacostracans . the swimming action characteristic of adult malacostracans is provided by abdominal pleopods . typically , each of the first five abdominal segments bears , on the ventral ( lower ) surface , a pair of pedunculate , biramous pleopods . in order to beat in unison , each pair is usually hooked together by spines on the inner margin of the peduncle ( retinacula ) or the inner ramus ( “clothespin spines” ) . the amphipods are unique in having only three pairs of pleopods , the last two pairs being modified as stiff , thrusting uropods . in primitive forms the pleopod rami are slender and segmented ( annulate ) , as in amphipods and procarididean decapods , all of which are primarily swimmers as adults ; however , in all the other malacostracan groups , most of which are crawlers and burrowers , the rami are broad , flaplike , and unsegmented . the pleopods are typically reduced , or even lost , in many burrowers . the swimming crabs use paddlelike fifth thoracic legs for propulsion . abrupt swimming propulsion is provided by the

tail fan . in amphipods the tail fan ( consisting of three pairs of uropods and telson ) provides a sudden forward thrust . in eucaridans ( especially decapods ) the tail fan ( paired uropods and telson ) provides a characteristic “tail - flip” or sudden backward escape reaction .

in most benthic malacostracans the hind five to seven pairs of thoracic legs have become essentially uniramous ( single - branched ) —the inner branch is thickened and stiffened and adapted for walking or crawling . in amphipods the first four pairs are pointed forward and the last three backward , an adaptation for perching , clinging , climbing in “inchworm” fashion , or jumping .

in burrowing malacostracans , especially decapods and stomatopods , the distal segments of some legs attain a pincerlike form that facilitates both digging and removal of the soft substratum . in many species of burrowing amphipods , the claws are reduced , but the adjacent segments are much broadened , strongly spined , and powerfully muscled . rapid leg movements , often aided by the fanning action of setose antennae and the hydraulic tunneling motion of powerful pleopods , enable these torpedo - shaped crustaceans to swim through loose sandy substrata , feeding as they go .

malacostracans consume virtually every available kind of organic matter , plant or animal , living or dead . the small - to medium - sized animals primarily consume detritus and plankton , and some parasitize other aquatic organisms . the larger - sized malacostracans are mainly carnivores and scavengers , preying on a wide range of small invertebrates and fishes or devouring the carcasses of whales , seals , fishes , and large invertebrates . burrowing and small groundwater malacostracans are filter feeders , consuming microorganisms and bacteria from the sediments . terrestrial isopods and amphipods consume forest leaf litter and algae at the tide lines .

malacostracans capture or obtain their food primarily by using their thoracic legs . in early free - swimming larvae and the adults of some filter - feeding or deposit - feeding amphipods , isopods , and hemicarideans and in large carnivorous palinuran decapods , food may be gathered ( occasionally killed ) by means of the antennae and other head appendages . in carnivorous , or raptorial , species one or more of the thoracic legs are enlarged , and the tips are pincerlike , allowing the animal to capture , kill , and initially shred its prey . in lobsters and crayfish the first walking leg ( fourth thoracic ) is fully cheliform ( pincerlike ) , and either the left or right claw is massive , with pavementlike teeth for crushing hard - shelled prey such as snails and clams . in “spearer” - type stomatopods the raptorial claw is toothed and spiny for stabbing soft - bodied prey . “smashers” have a swollen , hammerlike claw for crushing hard - bodied prey .

malacostracans ( except for leptostracans ) typically have one to three pairs of thoracic limbs modified as accessory mouthparts . these

( or “jaw legs” ) pass food to the masticatory , or chewing , mouthparts of the head proper . the thoracic segment of the first pair of maxillipeds is usually fused to the head , forming a cephalon . in stomatopods the first five pairs are called maxillipeds , but only the first pair is functionally so and its body segment is not fused to the head . in amphipods the first two pairs of thoracic legs may also function as food - pushing limbs , but their segments are typically free . in decapods the first two or three pairs serve as maxillipeds , and their segments are fused within the cephalothorax .

the mouthparts generally reflect feeding habits . in flesh eaters and scavengers the mandibular incisors are typically large and the plates and palps of the maxillae and maxillipeds are armed with strong spines and cutting edges , whereas the molar is small or lacking . in those species that consume all organic material and in those that consume only plants , the molar is usually strong , with an inner grinding surface . in filter feeders the plates of the maxillules , the maxillae , or both may be enlarged and equipped with a large number of fine - filtering ( plumose ) setae . accessory ( baler ) plates , for directing feeding currents , are often well developed ( e . g . , in cumaceans and haustoriid amphipods ) .

relationships with other invertebrates , fishes , marine mammals , and reptiles . many decapods , especially porcellanid and xanthid crabs , live permanently in cavities among sponges , corals , and bryozoans . some amphipods live within the respiratory and feeding cavities of sponges , tunicates , and anemones . lafystiid and some lysianassid amphipods , as well as aegid , cymathoid , and immature gnathiid isopods , are external parasites of fish . cyamid amphipods occur on whales and some hyalid amphipods in the buccal cavities of marine turtles . epicaridean isopods are fully parasitic on other crustaceans , especially decapods . the body of the host may be much deformed and the body of the parasitic female very much transformed , quite unlike the small , symmetrically segmented , and otherwise normal male .

, covering the body and limbs of malacostracans is divided into segments interconnected by strong , flexible membranes , allowing for articulation at the joints . the cuticle is usually soft and thin in small , wormlike , generally subterranean species , in parasitic species , or in the respiratory surfaces of free - living species . in large , heavy , mostly carnivorous species , the cuticle is highly mineralized or impregnated with calcium salts . such an exoskeleton provides considerable mechanical leverage and protection to the owner .

. they shed the old cuticle , expand in size , and secrete a new cuticle that subsequently hardens . this process may require several days for completion ( in some hard - shelled bottom dwellers ) . the animals remain in sheltered locations until the new exoskeleton is hardened .

the malacostracan central nervous system consists , in primitive forms , of a ventral nerve cord and ganglia within each body segment . the supraesophageal ganglion innervates the eyes , antennules , and antennae , and the subesophageal ganglion innervates the mouthparts of the head region . in amphipods and anomuran decapods the ganglia of abdominal segments are variously fused . in brachyuran decapods the abdominal and thoracic ganglia are fused into a single central thoracic ganglionic centre .

nearly all surface - dwelling members have pigmented eyes , but these are usually reduced or totally lost in underground and deep - sea species . crustacean eyes are

( as in insects ) and may be composed of thousands of individual facets , or ommatidia . the compound eyes of most malacostracans and their advanced larval stages are located on a movable stalk . the overall image is formed by combining the images from many individual ommatidia . the compound eye is especially sensitive to movement and has a wide field of vision , often more than 180° . this is an enormous advantage to large , predatory malacostracans .

the eyes of smaller , mainly benthic , nonpredatory malacostracans , such as amphipods , hemicarideans , and isopods , are located on small lobes or flat on the sides of the head . except in predatory or nocturnal amphipods , the eyes are small and consist of only a few facets . light that may strike a large patch of facets is concentrated on one ommatidium . such eyes provide poor visual acuity . compound eyes can discriminate colour , initiating changes within skin cells to match the colour of the substratum .

olfactory hairs , or esthetascs , are used to locate food and recognize other crustaceans and their sexual states .

occur generally over the external surfaces and appendages , especially of the antennae , food - gathering limbs , and mouthparts . tactile hairs are present in the statocysts ( organelles of balance ) located , for example , in the first peduncular segment of the antennules in amphipods and the superorder eucarida .

some decapods and amphipods are sensitive to pressure change . minute pit sensory organs of the general body surface are suspected receptors . many decapods and amphipods produce sound by striking ( percussion ) or rasping ( stridulating ) or by internal mechanisms . organs of

include , in brachyurans , the chordotonal organs on the hinges of walking legs . highly specialized sound and vibration receptors include the antennal

calceoli of amphipods , the individual microstructure of which consists of receiving elements arranged serially and attached to the antennal segment by a slender stalk . in more - advanced groups the basal elements are expanded into a cuplike receptacle , and the stalk is distally expanded into a bulla , or resonator . in highly advanced predatory amphipods two types of calceoli are found : one type is used to detect mates ( found in males only ) , and the other is used to detect prey ( found in both sexes ) .

consists of a mouth ; an esophagus ; a two - chambered foregut ; a midgut with outpocketings called digestive glands , or hepatopancreas ; and a hindgut , or rectum . the large anterior foregut , or

cardiac stomach , occupies much of the posterior aspect of the head and the anterior thoracic body cavity . a constriction separates it from the smaller , more ventral ,

pyloric stomach that lies in the posterior part of the thorax . lining the inside of the greatly folded and muscular stomach walls , especially the pyloric portion , are groups or rows of stiff bristles , teeth , and filtering setae known as the

. the mill is strongly and complexly developed in large decapods , which ingest food quickly and in coarse chunks . the filtering setae are prominent in malacostracans that ingest fine materials or masticate their food thoroughly with the mouthparts . the macerated and partly digested food slowly works its way through the filtering system of the pyloric stomach into the ceca , or pouches , of the hepatopancreas . there enzyme production and the storage and absorption of food takes place . the digestive secretions depend on the species and diet and include cellulase and chitinase . in stomatopods the cardiac stomach is large enough to hold the remains of large prey ; it opens directly from the mouth without an intervening esophagus . the midgut , or main intestine , may either extend throughout the abdomen , as in lobsters , or be very short , as in crabs . fecal material is voided through the anus from the short rectum .

nephridial glands , which are present in the body segments of the second antennae and the maxillae . the ducts open on the basal segments of those head appendages . antennal nephridial glands are present in the adult stages of eucaridans , mysidaceans , and amphipods and in the larval stages of stomatopods and hemicarideans . the antennal glands of amphipods are enlarged in freshwater forms but are small in terrestrial species . maxillary nephridial glands are typical of adult stomatopods , syncaridans , hemicaridans , and isopods . adult leptostracans have both types of glands . nephrocytes are present at the bases of thoracic legs and elsewhere in the body of mainly primitive groups . bathynellaceans have a unique uropodal gland . the sternal

most large malacostracans respire through gills , which develop as vascularized outgrowths of the first segment of the thoracic legs ( epipodal gills ) . the gills of decapods are in a branchial chamber beneath the carapace , and oxygenated water is funneled through them . the lining of the chamber itself may be soft and vascularized for respiration , as in mysids , thermosbaenaceans , hemicarideans , and peneid shrimps . land crabs have larger and more vascularized branchial chambers than do aquatic crabs . land crabs also possess specialized chambers for keeping the gills moist .

the epipodal gills in syncarids and euphausiids are unprotected , since a carapace is either lacking or does not cover the leg bases . in amphipods the gills are usually simple sacs or plates , which in the course of evolution have migrated to the inner side of the legs . the gills are fanned and oxygenated by the pleopods in the ventral tunnel formed by the coxal plates . in stomatopods and isopods gill - like outgrowths of the pleopods or invaginated pseudotracheae ( in terrestrial isopods ) are the main organs of respiration .

gases diffuse across the respiratory surface . since the chitinous material of the body wall is relatively impermeable , special mechanisms have evolved to boost oxygen uptake . these include increased surface area ( dendritic , foliate , pleated , or “double” gills ) , rich vascularization of respiratory surfaces , ventilating mechanisms ( current - directing exopods and baler plates of the maxillae and maxillipeds ) , and presence in the blood of special respiratory pigments such as hemocyanin ( which contains copper ) .

is enclosed in a pericardial sinus and is located dorsally , above the gut . it is elongate and tubular with several holes ( ostia ) for return flow in primitive forms ( orders leptostraca and stomatopoda and the superorder syncarida ) , but it is short and boxlike with one to two ostia and located in the thorax in advanced forms ( decapods ) . the blood , or hemolymph , is pumped to the head through an aorta and to the gills and locomotor appendages through lateral and ventral arteries . veins are lacking , and the blood returns to the heart via a series of sinuses .

, which lies in the eyestalk or in an equivalent part of the head in which the eyes are sessile . this complex regulates maturation , dispersal of pigments in the eye and for

change , and some metabolic processes , including molting . the female’s ovaries , the male’s reproductive glands , the pericardial organs , and the maxillary y - organs of decapods also produce hormones that function in the molt and reproductive cycles .

malacostracans must compete for food , shelter , space , and mates . hermit crabs fight over shells to occupy , stomatopods and alpheid shrimps fight over shelters , and terrestrial crabs and tube - building amphipods contest burrows and domiciles . males of many species grow enlarged and embellished appendages at maturity for use in fighting and winning mates . fights to determine status range from highly ritualized displays to death struggles . in decapods the most aggressive fighters are aquatic species , which are well armed , meet infrequently , and compete only occasionally over patchy , ephemeral resources , including females . terrestrial species , which are more prone to injury , more social , and less limited by availability of resources , exhibit more complex , formalized interactions . male fiddler crabs attract females by waving the enlarged claw and sending sound signals . the signals establish the identity and intent of the sender . male ghost crabs build sand pyramids to attract females . numerous shrimps and some amphipods snap the movable finger of the enlarged claw against the hand as part of threat displays and courtship signals . many stomatopods have a colour - coded , species - specific eyespot on the claws , which is displayed during posturing . more aggressive species have brighter eyespots . stomatopods that fight with the same or closely related species reduce the force of their blows or engage in ritualized combat . relatively docile species are more aggressive when facing more bellicose neighbours . an elaborate set of courtship signals is needed by the male stomatopod to prevent the female from attacking him .

male fiddler crab ( uca perplexa ) waving an enlarged claw to attract females .

class malacostraca cambrian to present ; typically with compound eyes , stalked or sessile ; 8 thoracic and 6 abdominal segments , each potentially capable of bearing a pair of appendages ; about 22 , 000 species . subclass phyllocarida early cambrian to present . †order archaeostraca…

arthropod , any member of the phylum arthropoda , the largest phylum in the animal kingdom , which includes such familiar forms as lobsters , crabs , spiders , mites , insects , centipedes , and millipedes . about 84 percent of all known species of animals are members of this phylum . arthropods are represented in every habitat on earth…

invertebrate , any animal that lacks a vertebral column , or backbone , in contrast to the cartilaginous or bony vertebrates . more than 90 percent of all living animal species are invertebrates . worldwide in distribution , they include animals as diverse as sea stars , sea urchins , earthworms , sponges , jellyfish , lobsters , crabs , insects , spiders , snails , …

lobster , any of numerous marine crustaceans ( phylum arthropoda , order decapoda ) constituting the families homaridae ( or nephropsidae ) , true lobsters ; palinuridae , spiny lobsters , or sea crayfish ; scyllaridae , slipper , spanish , or shovel lobsters ; and polychelidae , deep - sea lobsters . all are marine and benthic ( bottom - dwelling ) , and most are nocturnal . lobsters scavenge for dead animals but…

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dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…

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. rostrum present or absent ; eyes absent ; eyes ocular scale absent ; eyes naupliar eyes absent .

; exopod well developed , whip - like . antennae ( antenna 2 ) biramous , or uniramous ; exopod multiarticulate . mandible uniramous ; palp present . maxillipeds , absent .

. epimera absent . pleopods present or absent , 2 pairs or 1 pair ; reduced . uropods well developed , 1 pair , positioned ventrolaterally ; rami present , exopod without diaresis ; endopod without statocyst .

. africa , madagascar , southwestern asia , japan , australia , new zealand , south america , united states , europe .

cite this publication as : lowry , j . k . ( 1999 onwards ) . ' crustacea , the higher taxa : description , identification , and information retrieval . ' version : 2 october 1999 . urltoken .

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bathynellaceans are found on all continents except antarctica . they are not known to be from central america , from islands that are volcanic in origin , and from some other islands , such as new caledonia , fiji , and the caribbean islands .

bathynellaceans are found mostly underground near freshwater habitats or in caves . they are sometimes collected on the surface in waters that are fed by underground water sources , such as wells , in sands along the shores of rivers and lakes , or in springs . at least one african species lives in hot springs and can tolerate temperatures up to 130°f ( 55°c ) . a few species can tolerate slightly salty water and are found near the seashore or in other brackish waters .

bathynellaceans eat plant materials , worms , microscopic animals , and bacteria . some species may be specialists and feed on just one or two of these groups of organisms .

physical characteristics : males and females have a row of four spines at the base of the uropods . the spine closest to the front of the body is larger and distinctly separated from the others . the base of the seventh leg of the male has a clear , cone - shaped bump on the inside . geographic range : antrobathynella stammeri are widely distributed in europe , from ireland to romania . habitat : antrobathyn…

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it can be a bit painful but you have to take it none the less . it builds a strong foundation for level 2 and level 3 where it becomes greatly evolved over level one . so a lot of basics and a lot of technical jargons that the students would have to remember but valuations concepts may not be very difficult .

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brusca , r . c . ; brusca , g . j . ( 1990 ) . invertebrates . sinauer associates : sunderland , ma ( usa ) . isbn 0 - 87893 - 098 - 1 . 922 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

martin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

bathynellaceans occur worldwide with around 150 described species . however , they are not known from antarctica , central america , from islands that are volcanic in origin , and from some other islands , such as new caledonia , fiji , and the caribbean islands . there are two families , bathynellidae and parabathynellidae , both recorded from australia , with around 10 described species and many more undescribed . many species are known to have very limited distributions .

although both male and female bathynellaceans are known , their mating behavior has never been observed . unlike most crustaceans that carry their eggs or young for at least some period of time , female bathynellaceans lay 1 or 2 large eggs in the surrounding sand or sediment . larval development is anamorphic , where the napulis ( larvae ) hatches with only working antennae and mouthparts and additional appendages are added with each molt to reach adulthood . the number of molts varies among species .


faristenia geminisignella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it is found in the russian far east , korea and japan ( honshu ) .

the larvae feed on acer mono .

faristenia geminisignella

faristenia geminisignella <EOT> faristenia geminisignella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 614 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai

faristenia geminisignella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44 ; ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 121 ( note )

faristenia ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 601 ; ts : faristenia omelkoi ponomarenko

faristenia furtumella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44

faristenia jumbongae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44

faristenia maritimella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44

faristenia omelkoi ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44

faristenia praemaculata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45

faristenia quercivora ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45

faristenia ussuriella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45

faristenia angustivalvata li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )

faristenia circulicaudata li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )

faristenia cornutivalvaris li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )

faristenia impenicilla li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )

faristenia kangxianensis li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )

faristenia medimaculata li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )

faristenia pallida li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )

faristenia triangula li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )

faristenia wuyiensis li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )

faristenia furtumella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 603 ; tl : gornotaezhnoe , primorskii krai

faristenia maritimella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 613 ; tl : andreevka , primorskii krai

faristenia ussuriella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 615 ; tl : gornotaezhnoe , primorskii krai

faristenia acerella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 606 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai

faristenia cornutivalvaris ; ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 121 ( note )

faristenia medimaculata ; ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 125 ( note )

faristenia omelkoi ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 603 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai

faristenia quercivora ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 615 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai

faristenia triangula ; ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 121 ( note )

faristenia mukurossivora ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 122 ; tl : honshu , nara

faristenia polemica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 336

faristenia nemoriella ponomarenko , 1998 ; far east . ent . 67 : 14 ; tl : russia , primorskii krai , khasanskii distr . , 14km sw slavyanka , ryazanovka

faristenia hirowatarii ueda , 2012 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 63 ( 2 ) : 65 ; tl : [ honshu ] , mt . wasamata , nara pref .

faristenia kanazawai ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 121 ; tl : daisenji , mt daisen , tottori pref , japan

faristenia acerella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )

faristenia atrimaculata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )

faristenia nakatanii ueda , 2012 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 63 ( 2 ) : 68 ; tl : japan , ryukyus , okinawa pref . , kunigami vill . , yona

ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 two new species of the genus faristenia ponomarenko , 1991 ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) from japan trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 119 - 126

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larva on acer ginnala ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44

larva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44

larva on acer mono ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44

larva on sapindus mukurossi ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 125

chelaria polemica meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 589 ; tl : kalimpong , bengal

larva on michelia campaca ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45

chelaria praemaculata meyrick , 1931 ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 67 ; tl : kwanhsien , china

larva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .

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apoctena persecta is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .

it is found in new zealand , where it is found only on the south island .

the wingspan is about 18 – 19 mm for both males and females .

the forewings are ochreous whitish , sprinkled with light brownish .

in males the forewings are posteriorly tinged with light brownish between the veins .

the hindwings are whitish .

there is a distinct variety , named semicocta , which has whitish-ochreous forewings , on the costal half suffused with brownish ochreous .

the hindwings of this variety are also whitish .

the larvae feed on coprosma species .

apoctena persecta

apoctena persecta <EOT> apoctena taipana is a species of moth of the family tortricidae , endemic to new zealand .

the following form i had at first regarded as a new species , but now consider it probably only a variety of persecta , though so different in appearance as to deserve a varietal name ; the structure appears identical .

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♂ . 17 mm . head pale grey . palpi 2 , fulvous - ochreous , towards apex grey . antennal ciliations 1 . thorax grey , a small spot on shoulders and posterior crest fulvous - orange . abdomen light grey . forewings elongate , posteriorly dilated , costa gently arched , with moderate fold from base to ⅖ , apex obtuse - pointed , termen slightly sinuate , rather oblique ; deep fulvous - orange :

cilia concolorous , tips grey - whitish . hindwings grey ; cilia pale grey .

kaeo ( near whangaroa ) , in january ( hudson ) ; one specimen . singularly distinct .

mr . philpott has sent me connecting varietal forms of this extraordinarily variable species , which have convinced me that tornota meyr . cannot be maintained as specifically distinct from it .

♀ . 19 mm . forewings whitish - ochreous , on costal half suffused with brownish - ochreous ; outer edge of basal patch acutely angulated above middle , angle marked with blackish , with black dots above , before , and below it ; central fascia oblique , blackish and rather narrow on upper half , on lower half broader , brownish - ochreous , with several undefined black dots on its edges ; costal patch elongate , narrow , ochreous - brown mixed with dark grey ; a transverse mark of reddish - ochreous suffusion before termen towards middle , marked in middle with a small black spot , and above and beneath this with two or three minute black dots : cilia ochreous . hind - wings and cilia whitish .

near before termen : cilia dark purple - leaden , on termen mixed with brownish - ochreous and towards tips ochreous - whitish . hindwings dark fuscous , becoming blackish posteriorly ; cilia dark purplish - grey with blackish subbasal line , towards tips whitish on upper part of termen , and on a patch above apex .

kaeo , in january ( hudson ) ; one specimen . an obscure species , probably allied to zatrophana .

wellington , in november ( hudson ) ; one specimen . intermediate between amplexana and scoliastis .

♂ . 14–15 mm . , ♀ 16–17 mm . head and thorax dark purple - fuscous . palpi in ♂ under 2 , dark fuscous ; in ♀ 2 , whitish mixed with fuscous . antennal ciliations in ♂ 1½ . abdomen dark fuscous . forewings in ♂ elongate , rather dilated posteriorly , costa gently arched , with moderate fold from base to ⅔ , apex obtuse , termen somewhat sinuate , little oblique , in ♀ more oblong , costa anteriorly moderately arched , then nearly straight ; dark fuscous , more or less wholly suffused with deep purple ; a patch of ochreous - whitish irroration extending along dorsum from ¼ to ¾ , upper edge indented in middle ; in ♂ a patch of deep - ferruginous suffusion sprinkled with yellowish on costa towards apex ; in ♀ a semioval yellowwhitish blotch extending along costa from ⅖ to near apex ; termen slenderly suffused with deep ferruginous : cilia dark purplish - leaden , with blackish subbasal line , in ♀ slightly mixed with whitish beneath apex . hindwings dark fuscous ; cilia in ♂ grey with black subbasal line , in ♀ lighter grey , tinged with whitish beneath apex , with dark - fuscous subbasal line becoming deep ferruginous round apex .

karori , in garden , in december ( hudson ) ; four specimens ( 2 ♂ 2 ♀ ) . nearest achrosta ; the difference in the sexes is very remarkable .

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

asthenoptycha is a little - studied genus of moths belonging to the large family tortricidae .

epitymbia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .

meritastis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .

mimeoclysia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .

capnoptycha is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .

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rhyacionia insulariana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in china ( sichuan , yunnan ) .

the larvae feed on pinus yunnanensis , pinus densata , pinus kesiya var .

langbianensis , pinus armandi and pinus massoniana .

rhyacionia insulariana

rhyacionia insulariana <EOT> rhyacionia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .

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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .

species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .

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