synodontis budgetti , known as budgett 's synodontis , is a species of upside-down catfish native to benin , cameroon , central african republic , côte d'ivoire , mali , niger , and nigeria where it occurs in lake nokoue and the niger .

it was first described by belgian-british zoologist george albert boulenger in 1911 , from specimens collected in lokoja , nigeria .

the species name budgetti comes from name of the collector of the original specimen , j.s. budgett .

synodontis budgetti

synodontis budgetti <EOT> lateral view of synodontis ornatipinnis , illustrating the striking patterns seen in some species of synodontis ; cu 91403 . ©

" synodontis " may also squeak when they are taken out of the water .

a comparative study of the effect of six different preservation techniques was carried out using two fish species : synodontis budgetti and clarias gariepinus for four weeks . the results revealed that there was a significant loss in crude protein and a considerable gain in fat contents ( p < 0 . 05 ) in all thed preservation techniques . the highest loss in protein was recorded in refrigerated synodontis budgetti with 14 % , while the least loss in protein was recorded in oven dried sample with 6 . 11 % . there was no significant loss in ash and nitrogen free extract ( nfe ) , during the study period . it is concluded that it is best to consume fresh fish as protein deterioration occurred in all the preservation techniques employed in this study .

gonadal development , fecundity and spawning pattern of synodontis schall ( pisces : mochokidae ) from jamieson river , nigeria .

gonadal development , fecundity and spawning pattern of synodontis schall ( pisces : mochokidae ) from jamieson river , nigeria . | open access journals

in this study , the sex ratio of 1 : 1 . 35 in favour of females is similar to that reported for synodontis schall in asa lake , ilorin [ 10 ] . however , imevbore observed almost equal proportion of male and female for s . gambiensis ( i : i ) , hemisyonodontis membraceous ( i : i ) , s . budgetti ( 1 : 050 ) and s . violaceous ( 1 : 077 ) from river niger [ 17 ] . according to araoye , a higher female population can reduce competition among males for courtship activities with the females during the season of reproduction [ 10 ] .

musschoot , t . , and p . lalèyè . 2008 . designation of a neotype for synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider , 1801 ) and description of two new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . journal of natural history 42 ( 17 - 18 ) : 13031331 .

synodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth .

fossil mochokids , of the genus synodontis , have been found in deposits from eastern and northern africa dating to at least the early miocene ( at least 20 mya ) ( stewart , 2001 ) . interestingly , fragments of pectoral spines of synodontis dating from the early oligocene have been found in oman , an area where mochokids do not exist today ( otero & gayet , 2001 ) . fossil mochokids outside of the genus synodontis are presently unknown .

6a . eyes with free orbital margin ; 17 principal caudal - fin rays ( only 13 in synodontis contracta ) ; tail forked ; 6 to 10 pectoral - fin rays ( usually 8 or 9 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length or doubly branched ( fig . 27a–b ) … synodontis

olatunde aa . some aspects of the biology of synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider 1801 ) in zaria . j aquatic sci . 1989 ; 4 : 49 - 54 .

day , j . j . , and m . wilkinson . 2006 . on the origin of the synodontis catfish species flock from lake tanganyika . biology letters 2 : 548552 .

bishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1968 . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . iii . reproduction . hydrobiologia 31 : 193202 .

sanyanga , r . a . 1998 . food composition and selectivity of synodontis zambezensis ( pisces : mochokidae ) in lake kariba , and the ecological implications . hydrobiologia 361 : 8999 .

willoughby ng . the buoyancy and orientation of the upside - down catfishes of the genus synodontis ( pisces : siluroidei ) . j zool . 1976 ; 80 : 291 - 314 .

araoye pa , jeje cy . the diet of synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider 1901 ) in asa dam , ilorin . nigerian j sci . 1999 ; 33 : 67 - 76 .

bishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965a . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . i . age and growth . hydrobiologia 26 : 8597 .

bishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965b . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . ii . food and feeding habits . hydrobiologia 26 : 98113 .

most medium or large community fish . although commonly available as such , not a good species for the small community tank . anything smaller than 3foot / 1 meter long , go for synodontis nigriventris instead .

wright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2006 . taxonomic revision of the lake tanganyikan synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . the bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 46 : 99154 .

synodontis is a common mochokid genus in many lakes and rivers in tropical africa [ 1 ] . in nigeria , there are about 18 species and these are of great commercial importance [ 2 , 3 , 4 ] .

araoye pa . morphology of the gonads in the reproductive cycle of synodontis schall ( pisces : mochokidae ) in asa lake ilorin , nigeria . j aquatic sci . 2001 ; 16 ( 2 ) : 105 - 110 .

synodontis schall is widely distributed and abundant in the jamieson river , a tributary of the coastal benin river in the niger - delta . they are tasty , much cherished by the local riverine inhabitants and supports a thriving fisheries .

wright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2008 . a new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from tributaries of the kasai river in northern angola . copeia 2008 ( 2 ) : 294300 .

halim aia , guma ' a sa . some aspects of the reproductive biology of synodontis schall ( bloch - schneider , 1801 ) from the white nile near khartoum . hydrobiologia . 1989 ; 179 ( 3 ) : 243 - 251 .

sadiku soe , olademeji aa . relationship of proximate composition of lates niloticus ( l ) synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider ) and sarotherodon . galilaeus . nigerian j fisheres . 1991 ; 2 / 3 ( 1 ) : 219 - 244 .

koblmüller , s . , c . sturmbauer , e . verheyen , a . meyer , and w . salzburger . 2006 . mitochondrial phylogeny and phylogeography of east african squeaker catfishes ( siluriformes : synodontis ) . bmc evolutionary biology 6 : 49 .

adedeji ra , araoye pa . study and characterization in the growth of body parts of synodontis schal ( pisces ; mochokidae ) from asa dam ilorin , nigeria . nigerian j fisheres . 2006 ; 2 / 3 ( 1 ) : 219 - 214 .

oni sk . , olayemi jy , adegboye jo . comparative physiology of three ecologically distinct fresh water fishes , alestes nurse : reppell , synodontis schall bloch and schneider and tilapia zilli : gervais . j fish biol . 1983 ; 22 : 105 - 109 .

synodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth . this specific epithet literally means beautiful ( eu - = beautiful , good ) wing ( pteron = wing ) .

friel , j . p . , and j . p . sullivan . 2008 . synodontis woleuensis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) , a new species of catfish from gabon and equatorial guinea , africa . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 312 .

friel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2006 . synodontis acanthoperca , a new species from the ogôoué river system , gabon with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . zootaxa 1125 : 4556 .

de weirdt , d . , e . vreven , and y . fermon . 2008 . synodontis ngouniensis , a new species ( siluriformes : mochikidae ) from ngounié and nyanga basins , gabon and republic of congo . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 19 ( 2 ) : 121128 .

nine genera and approximately 200 valid species are currently recognized . some fossilized pectoral spines have been attributed to synodontis , but none of them are described as new . phylogenetic relationships among the mochokid genera were investigated by vigliotta ( 2008 ) who found that chiloglanis is possibly a paraphyletic assemblage , that synodontis must include s . membranaceous and s . batensoda ( formerly placed in hemisynodontis and brachysynodontis respectively ) and that the reciprocal monophyly of atopochilus and euchilichthys are questionable at best ; all remaining genera are recovered as valid and monophyletic . the general relationships between mochokid genera are illustrated in the phylogeny below .

even more peculiar is the habit of some species of synodontis that are known to swim upside - down . this habit seems to be correlated with feeding while upside - down at the water’s surface ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ) , but upside - down catfishes will rest and swim in the inverted position on a regular basis . chapman et al . ( 1994 ) showed that an upside - down posture near the surface also facilitates respiration in poorly oxygenated water . while the genus synodontis presents the most well - known species with their fascinating behaviors and natural histories , the family is actually much more interesting when taken as a whole .

beyond information gleaned from captive breeding of certain species of synodontis , very little is known about reproduction in mochokids . the best studied mochokids in this regard are most likely nile river synodontis ( including s . membranacea and s . batensoda , previously placed in other genera ) . still , details are limited ; the studies indicate that spawning occurs from july to october , which coincides with the flooding season , and that pairs swim in unison during spawning bouts ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1968 ) . the most interesting and detailed information on mochokid reproduction relates to a species from lake tanganyika , synodontis multipunctatus , which is a brood parasite of mouth brooding cichlids such as simochromis and haplochromis ( sato , 1986 ; wisenden , 1999 ) . adults of this species spawn in the midst of spawning cichlids and the fertilized catfish eggs are taken into the mouth of a cichlid . the catfish eggs hatch first and will eat the host eggs before they leave the host mouth . most amazingly , this species has been able to parasitize mouth brooding cichlids from south america in captivity ( loiselle , 1998 ) .

based largely on coloration and pattern some scientists and aquarists have recognized ‘species flocks’ of synodontis . the largest and most visually impressive of these is the lake tanganyika synodontis species flock . the flock consists of at least six species , all endemic to the lake , that show amazingly similar coloration and patterning . recent work suggests that this ‘flock’ is not monophyletic and that the biogeographic scenario is more complicated than a simple radiation after lake formation ( day & wilkinson , 2006 ; koblmuller et al . , 2006 ) . regardless , in this group of species , the nearly constant color pattern consists of a light brown base color and darker brown polka - dots . it is made more impressive by the fins , which have dark brown membranes basally and stark white trailing edges . the cryptic nature of lake tanganyika synodontis has led to an underestimate of the actual number of species present ( wright & page , 2006 ) ; three new species were described and two others were resurrected in that work . there are several other smaller flocks with their own unique patterns and pigmentation outside of the lake , and cryptic species probably exist for these as well .

the testicular and ovarian cycle of synodontis schall in this investigation can be divided into five stages - immature , recovery , maturing , ripe and spawning . all the gonad stages showed visible morphological and histological changes during development . these changes , which occurred during the maturation processes , conformed to the general pattern of development of the gonads in most teleosts [ 18 , 19 , 20 ] .

dorsal view of heads illustrating sexual dimorphism of the opercular spine in synodontis acanthoperca : a . cu 89005 , male holotype , 44 . 1 mm sl ; b . cu 89006 , female paratype , 40 . 4 mm sl . the pectoral spines in both specimens have been removed from the images to make the margins of the head more distinct against the background . scale bar equals 1 mm . ©

little is known about the ecology of most mochokids . what is known pertains mostly to diet and is biased towards species of synodontis . stomach contents from synodontis have included insects , nematodes , crustaceans , mollusks , annelids , seeds , algae , diatoms , fish scales and , incidentally , sand ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965a ; bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ; winemiller & kelso - winemiller , 1996 ; sanyanga , 1998 ) . from observations of stomach contents , the diet of most mochokids is probably very similar ; that is , they are omnivores . for some of the larger sucker - mouthed species ( i . e . , atopochilus and euchilichthys ) the stomach contents contain a high proportion of silt , algae and detritus . for these taxa it seems likely that scraping or grazing is the predominant method of feeding .

in addition to being numerous and widespread on the african continent , the mochokidae are actually quite diverse in terms of morphology . mochokids are small to medium sized catfishes , ranging from less than 40 mm sl as an adult in certain species of chiloglanis and microsynodontis , up to a reported 800 mm sl in some species of synodontis . most of the larger species are in the genus synodontis ; still , the majority of those are less than 300 mm sl . the morphology of mochokids is notably diverse aside from size as well ; the size and shape of the mouth and the shape of the body are notable examples . most mochokids exhibit a ventrally directed mouth , with papillose lips and , more often than not , branched mandibular barbels ( e . g . , most synodontis ) . species exhibiting this type of mouth are quite often deep bodied and somewhat triangular in lateral view , their greatest depth being at the base of the dorsal spine . yet others with this same type of mouth tend to be more cylindrical along their entire length ( microsynodontis and few synodontis ) . species of chiloglanis , atopodontus , atopochilus and euchilichthys exhibit a ventrally directed mouth , but it is formed as a sucker - like oral disc , wherein the lower lip is greatly expanded and incorporates the mandibular barbels . here , the body shape tends to be quite cylindrical or depressed and the head is quite often greatly depressed . some mochokids do not possess a ventrally directed mouth . mochokiella paynei , acanthocleithron chapini and members of the genus mochokus have mouths that are only slightly subterminal ; while the mandibular barbels are still branched , the lips are not nearly as fleshy . here , again , the body shape tends to be relatively cylindrical .

figure 2 : photomicrographs showing changes in testes of synodontis schall ( a & b ) transverse section of the immature and maturing testes showing spermatogonia ( sp ) and clusters of primary and secondary spermatocytes ( ps & ss ) with a few spermatids ( s ) . ( c & d ) ripe and spawning testes showing active spermatogenesis . sperm ducts distended with spermatozoa ( sz ) . mag . x400 in a , b , d & d .

the mochokidae are a family of african catfishes known commonly as ‘squeakers’ and ‘upside - down catfishes . ’ these common names refer to some unusual habits of certain members of the large genus synodontis . the name squeaker refers to the fact that , when agitated , many species in the genus are capable of making a squeaking noise by stridulation of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle ( jubb , 1967 ) ; stridulation is also apparent in mochokiella paynei and some species of atopochilus .

results from this investigation , showed that fecundity - body weight and fecundity - ovary weight logarithmic relationships were more highly correlated and significant than the fecundity - total length relationship . similar observation was reported by araoye for s . schall [ 10 ] , but halim and guma ' a noted a high correlation between fecundity and body length for same species from the white nile near khartoum [ 9 ] . the positive correlation between fecundity - body weight and fecundity - ovary weight may be attributed to the high fecundity characteristic of members of the genus synodontis [ 10 ] .

the fecundity of 81 ripe females of synodontis schall from jamieson river ranged from 1530 - 13 , 965 eggs with a mean of 6080 eggs . the total lengths of these ripe specimens range from 19 . 40cm to 26 . 20cm with body weights of 73 . 62gm to 252 . 15gm and ovary weights of 2 . 30gm to 28 . 41gm . maximum fecundity was recorded from a fish measuring 21 . 70gm in total length and 138 . 69gm in body weight and the minimum , from a fish measuring 24 . 80gm in total length and 131 . 71gm in body weight .

figure 3 : photomicrographs showing changes in the ovary of synodontis schall . ( a & b ) transverse section of immature and recovery ovaries showing oogonia ( o ) ( c ) the maturing ovary with primary vitellogenic oocyte ( pvo ) , showing increase in size and accumulation of yolk granules ( yg ) droplets . ( d ) the ripe ovary with secondary vitellogenic oocytes ( svo ) and post - vitellogenic oocytes ( psvo ) . ( e ) the spawning ovary with hyaline post vitellogenic oocytes ( psvo ) ready for spawning . mag x100 in a , d & e ; x160 in b and x200 in c .

monthly samples of synodontis schall were collected from four locations in the river from october 2010 and october 2011 . the fish samples were obtained from hired fishermen who carried out fishing between 0730 - 1200h during the day and 0200 - 0400h in the night . the principal gears employed in all the sampling zones were cast nets ( 35 - 55 mm stretched mesh size ) and gill nets ( 20 - 70 mm stretched mesh size ) . fish samples caught were transported in an ice box from the fishing site to the laboratory . routine measurements of length ( standard and total ) were taken to the nearest 0 . 1 cm and specimens were weighed to the nearest 0 . 1 g .

all species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process ( humeral process ) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior . the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated . caudal fin is always forked . there is one pair of maxillary barbels , sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched . the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached . the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short . s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw . these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle . a nondescript but fairly common import .

pigmentation and patterning of mochokid skin is also diverse . mochokids are popular in the pet trade because they have showy colors , sharply contrasting patterns like stripes and polka - dots and , quite often , extravagant fins . as some of the largest and most active mochokids , species of synodontis display an amazing array of patterns and pigmentation that may , in some cases , serve as visual cues to conspecifics . it might also be true that the bright , contrasting coloration found in some species serves as a warning to predators . like many catfishes , some mochokids possess specialized poison glands for delivering offensive chemicals along with a ‘stick’ by the pectoral spine ; anecdotal accounts indicate that these wounds can be very painful . however , field studies that might demonstrate function of these varied patterns have not been done .

all species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process ( humeral process ) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior . the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated . caudal fin is always forked . there is one pair of maxillary barbels , sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched . the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached . the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short . s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw . these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle . juvenile colouration is quite different from that of the adult . the change begins when the fish reach about 40mm and gradually continues until they pass the 100mm mark .

many mochokid species exhibit obvious sexual dimorphism . for example , many species in the genus chiloglanis show dimorphism of the caudal and anal fins ( roberts , 1989 ; seegers , 1996 ; friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) ; some chiloglanis also display sexual dimorphism of the cleithral process , wherein males possess a greatly enlarged process shielding the flank . in the closely related genus atopochilus , sexual dimorphism of the anal fin is sometimes evident . some mochokids exhibit spiny ornamentation of the skull roof bones , opercular series and pectoral girdle ( friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) . in the case of synodontis acanthoperca , a spine found at the rear of the opercle is , itself , sexually dimorphic . the spines of males are much larger than those of females . this is also true for mochokiella paynei ( personal observation ) , which was previously unknown to possess opercular spines or exhibit sexual dimorphism .

in the juvenile stage , the ovary consists of very small spherical oogonia and a few primary oocytes , constituting the first growth phase or previtellogenesis . the recovery and maturing stages constitute the second growth phase or vitellogenesis ; which is characterised by rapid growth . during this period oocytes increase rapidly in size due to accumulation of yolk materials in the oocytes cytoplasm . next is the ripe and spawning stages which consist mainly of secondary vitellogenic and post - vitellogenic oocytes . this is the period of oocyte maturation , when oocytes had accumulated enough yolk , become matured and ripe and ready for ovulation and spawning . similar observations were reported for synodontis schall from asa lake , ilorin [ 10 ] , african lungfish ( protopterus annectens ) from river niger [ 21 ] and tilapia mariae and chromidotilapia guentheri from jamieson river [ 22 , 23 ] . however , araoye , who worked on same species as in the present study , only examined the morphological features of the gonads [ 10 ] . the use of histological descriptions is important in clearly separating the different maturity stages and enables one to access correctly the level of reproductive activity ( fertility ) of a measured fish specimen .

absolute fecundity of s . schall ranged from 1530 to 13 , 965 eggs with a mean of 6080 eggs . the estimate of fecundity in the present study was much lower than the estimates reported for same species ( 10 , 000 - 90 , 000 eggs ) [ 9 ] and ( 7910 to 64 , 450 eggs ) [ 10 ] . although , the ovary weights of the specimens ( 6 . 30 - 43 . 75g ) from asa lake were observed to be larger in size than those of the present study ( 2 . 30 - 28 . 41gm ) . however , similar fecundity estimates were reported for s . batensoda ( 6850 - 20 , 400 eggs ) and s . nigrita ( 952 - 11 , 400 eggs ) from lake kainji [ 26 ] . the change in fecundity estimation could be due to different environmental conditions in which these different populations live . in general , compared to most freshwater fishes , willoughby , noted that members of - the genus synodontis have always exhibited high fecundity and this can be attributed to the small size of their eggs [ 26 ] . according to olatunde , high fecundity is an advantage because of the continued existence of fish which depends on the number of eggs hatched and their survival to adult stage [ 4 ] .

400mm or 15 . 7 " sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .

first lay the fish in your hand with its head toward your palm and the tail toward your fingers . hold the dorsal spine between your middle and ring finger so the fish is belly up and you won ' t get stuck ( which by the way , hurts like crazy ! ) . the genital pore is in a small furrow of tissue ( in healthy fish ) and will be obstructed by the pelvic fins . pull down on the tail gently to arch the fishes spine and the pelvic fins will stand and the furrow open to display the genital pore and the anus of the fish . the male has a somewhat ridged genital papillae on which the spermatoduct is on the back side , facing the tail fin . a gravid female will also show an extended papillae but the oviduct is on the ventral side of the papillae ( and may also show a little redness if really gravid ) . a thin or emaciated female will have just two pink pores , the oviduct and the anus .

africa : niger and ouémé rivers , nokoue lake . also known from the bénoué .

sinking catfish pellets are taken , frozen foods such as bloodworm and brineshrimp are eagerly devoured , will also take algae wafers and most other commercially prepared foods .

a sandy substrate is best but a smooth rounded gravel will suffice . prefers wood to stone . must have its own hideaway in the form of a cave or pipe .

more suited to the larger community . as with many other catfish species it will eat what it can fit into its mouth so no small tetras .

does well with larger barbs ( such as tinfoil and lemon barbs ) . will tolerate other catfish so long as they are no competition . a good fish for the larger cichlid aquarium .

catalogue of the fresh - water fishes of africa v . 2 - pp403 - fig . 305

( 1 ) synodont _ fan , ( 2 ) mrfishydude , ( 3 ) arapaimag , ( 4 ) mcjlance , ( 5 ) n0body of the goat , who also notes : " very stocky ~ 15cm sl catfish , very outgoing and diurnal for a syno , " troy " is often one of the first to greet me when looking into the 6 - foot african tank . " . click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all " my cats " data for this species .

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catalogue of the fresh - water fishes of africa in the british museum ( natural history ) . .

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the root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .

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mochokid catfishes are currently restricted to the freshwaters of africa , but are nearly ubiquitous in the habitable waters of the continent . a high degree of morphological diversity allows mochokid catfishes to inhabit some of the fastest flowing streams and cataracts to the widest and deepest stretches of the congo river . mochokids also inhabit the massive african rift lakes like tanganyika , victoria and nyasa . the greatest diversity of mochokids almost certainly occurs in the congo river and its numerous tributaries , but they are also found in many of the rivers and lakes of western africa , southern africa , eastern africa and in the nile . like a handful of other catfishes , some mochokids are known to swim in mid - water ; other members of the family are primarily benthic . likewise , some mochokids shoal while others are rather solitary . as a rule they are most active during the night , but they can be found hiding amongst plants , logs and other submerged structure during the day .

lateral view of atopochilus vogti , illustrating typical body shape in sucker - mouthed mochokids ; cu 93752 . ©

vigliotta ( 2008 ) provides several synapomorphies as diagnostic features for the mochokidae including : absense of the ascending process of meckel’s cartilage ; a shortened horizontal process of meckel’s cartilage ; coronomeckalian extremely reduced or even absent ; absence of a coronoid process ; absence of an interhyal ; presence of a pectoral locking foramen ( absence / reversal in most suckermouthed species ) ; seven pelvic - fin rays ; fusion of upper caudal - fin elements ( absence / reversal in atopochilus and euchilichthys ) ; a reduced number of mandibular sensory canal pores ( 3 or fewer ) ; and distinctive , ramified inner and outer mandibular barbels ( absence / reversal in suckermouthed mochokids where these barbels are partially or completely incorporated into an expanded lower lip ) .

1a . lips and barbels modified into oral disc ( fig . 27c ) ; postcleithral process short ( fig . 22c ) ; 5 infraorbitals ( figs . 2c , 4b ) ; pelvic - fin origin at vertical at end of dorsal - fin base . . . 2

1b . lips and barbels not modified into oral disc ; postcleithral process quite long ( fig . 22b ) ; 4 infraorbitals figs . 2b , 4a ) ; pelvic - fin origin beyond end of dorsal - fin base . . . 5

2a . mandibular teeth bunched ( in bouquet ) at midline ( fig . 3d in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) in or spread across mouth opening in one or two discrete rows ( fig . 3e–f in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes without free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory - canal absent ; 4 to 6 dorsalfin rays ( typically 5 ) ; 5 to 7 branchiostegal rays ( typically 5 or 6 ) … chiloglanis

2b . mandibular teeth spread across mouth opening in more than two discrete rows ( fig . 3a–c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes with free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory canal present , with 2 pores on each side ; 6 to 7 dorsal - fin rays ; 7 to 8 branchiostegal rays . . . 3

3a . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip produced by folds of skin ( fig . 4a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows less than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin emarginate ; gas bladder extremely reduced to two small bulbs ( fig . 5 ) … atopodontus

3b . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip absent ( fig . 4b in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows more than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3b–c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin forked ; gas bladder only modestly reduced ( fig . 3c ) . . . 4

4a . mandibular teeth spatulate and unicuspid ( fig . 10c ) ; large posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; one or only a few pores at sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; fewer than 40 vertebrae … atopochilus

4b . mandibular teeth with lengthwise keel creating trowel shape and sometimes bicuspid from wear ( fig . 10a ) ; small posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; several pores at various sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; more than 40 vertebrae … euchilichthys

5a . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth present ( fig . 10a , c–f ) ; premaxillary teeth differentiated by shape and size front to back ; lips plicate ( with folds at corners of mouth ) . . . 6

5b . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth absent ( fig . 10b ) ; premaxillary teeth showing little , if any , differentiation from front to back ; lips papillose , but not plicate ( without folds ) . . . 7

6b . eyes without free orbital margin ; 12 to 14 principal caudal - fin rays ; tail truncate or rounded ; 6 or 7 pectoral - fin rays ( typically 6 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) … microsynodontis

7a . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield covered by large ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum bearing spine in males ; rounded , blunt postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening distant ; free orbital margin present ; gill openings open to isthmus ; tips of mandibular teeth spatulate ; medial mandibular barbels with multiple , thick branches at each point along length ( fig . 27b ) ; 8 to 9 pectoral - fin rays ; 17 caudal - fin rays ; more than 40 vertebrae … acanthocliethron

7b . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield without ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum without spine in males ; pointed postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening very close ; free orbital margin absent ; gill openings restricted to sides of the head ; tips of mandibular teeth pointed ; medial mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) ; 5 to 7 pectoral - fin rays ; 13 or 15 caudal - fin rays ; fewer than 36 vertebrae . . . 8

chapman , l . j . , l . kaufman , and c . a . chapman . 1994 . why swim upside - down - a comparative study of 2 mochokid catfishes . copeia 1994 : 130135 .

ferraris , c . j . , jr . 2007 . checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types . zootaxa 1418 : 1628 .

friel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2008 . atopodontus adriaensi , a new genus and species of african suckermouth catfish from the ogôoué and nyanga river systems of gabon ( siluriformes mochokidae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 1323 .

jubb , r . a . 1967 . freshwater fishes of southern africa . cape town , amsterdam , balkema , 248 pp .

ng , h . h . and r . m . bailey . 2006 . chiloglanis productus , a new species of suckermouth catfish ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from zambia . occasional papers of the university of michigan museum of zoology 738 : 113 .

otero , o . and m . gayet . 2001 . palaeoichthyofaunas from the lower oligocene and miocene of the arabian plate : palaeoecological and palaeobiogeographical implications . palaeogeography palaeoclimatology palaeoecology 165 : 141169 .

roberts , t . r . 1989 . systematic revision and description of new species of suckermouth catfishes ( chiloglanis , mochokidae ) from cameroun . proceedings of the california academy of sciences series 4 , 46 : 151178 .

sato , t . 1986 . a brood parasitic catfish of mouthbrooding cichlid fishes in lake tanganyika . nature 323 : 5859 .

seegers , l . 1996 . the fishes of the lake rukwa drainage . musée royal de lafrique centrale , annales , sciences zoologiques 278 : 1407 .

seegers , l . 2008 . the catfishes of africa . a handbook for identification and maintenance . aqualog verlag , rodgau , germany . 604 pp .

stewart , k . m . 2001 . the freshwater fish of neogene africa ( miocene - pleistocene ) : systematics and biogeography . fish and fisheries ( oxford ) 2 : 177230

vigliotta , t . r . 2008 . a phylogenetic study of the african catfish family mochokidae ( osteichthyes , ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , with a key to genera . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 73136 .

winemiller , k . o . , and l . c . kelso - winemiller . 1996 . comparative ecology of catfishes of the upper zambezi river floodplain . journal of fish biology 49 : 10431061 .

wisenden , b . d . 1999 . alloparental care in fishes . reviews in fish biology and fisheries 9 : 4570 .

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entsua - mensah , m . , darwall , w . & smith , k .

this species is found in the niger basin , including the benue . the specimens reported from the ouémé by poll ( 1971 ) belong to s . melanopterus .

this is a benthopelagic species of 39 . 7 cm tl . recorded size at maturity is 20 . 1 cm tl for female and 22 . 4 cm tl for male in kainji lake in nigeria .

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greek , syn , symphysis = grown together + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )

freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 2 - 7 . 2 ; dh range : 6 - 20 . tropical ; 22°c - 27°c ( ref . 12468 ) ; 10°n - 4°n

africa : endemic to the niger river basin , including the benue ( ref . 57223 ) . report from the ouémé ( benin ) ( ref . 3202 ) refers to misidentified s . melanopterus specimens ( see dvd version of ref . 57223 ) . report from the chari - logone ( chad basin ) in central african republic ( see map in ref . 57223 ) questionable .

maturity : l m ? , range 20 - ? cm max length : 40 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 31256 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 1 ; anal spines : 0 . diagnosis : gill slits not extending ventrally beyond pectoral - fin insertions ; maxillary barbels distinctly fringed , longer than head , unbranched and lacking tubercles , but with a broad , long and dark basal membrane ; outer mandibular barbels with few simple , short ramifications , inner mandibular barbels with tuberculate , subdivided branches ; mandibular teeth moderately developed , numbering 45 - 64 ( 64 in the holotype ) ; denticulations on pectoral - fin spines weaker on outer than on inner margin ; dorsal - fin spine smooth anteriorly ; first ray of dorsal and pectoral fins , as well as both caudal - fin lobes extended into filaments ; humeral process pointed , granulose , its ventral margin keeled and bearing 3 backward - pointing spines ( sometimes only 1 or 2 in young individuals ) ; adipose fin normally developed and distinctly separated from rayed dorsal fin ( ref . 57223 ) . coloration : ground colour uniformly greenish - yellow ; series of black spots sometimes present on fins in young individuals ( ref . 57223 ) .

oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . maximum size 395mm tl , 297mm sl ( ref . 57223 ) .

oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) .

paugy , d . and t . r . roberts , 2003 . mochokidae . p . 195 - 268 in c . lévêque , d . paugy and g . g . teugels ( eds . ) faune des poissons d ' eaux douce et saumâtres de l ' afrique de l ' ouest , tome 2 . coll . faune et flore tropicales 40 . musée royal de l ' afrique centrale , tervuren , belgique , museum national d ' histoire naturalle , paris , france and institut de recherche pour le développement , paris , france . 815 p . ( ref . 57223 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00259 - 0 . 01467 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 8 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 3 ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 35 of 100 ) .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

africa : endemic to the niger river basin , including the benue ( ref . 57223 )

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boulenger , george a . 1911 . catalogue of the fresh - water fishes of africa in the british museum ( natural history ) . , london . vol . 2 : i - xii , 1 - 529 .

anonymous ( 1998 ) fisheries statistical bulletin , kainji lake , northern nigeria , 1997 . : nigerian - german kainji lake fisheries promotion project technical report series 9 . 29pp .

baensch , h . a . and r . riehl ( 1995 ) aquarien atlas . band 4 . : mergus verlag gmbh , verlag für natur - und heimtierkunde , melle , germany . 864 p .

chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken

gosse , j . - p . ( 1986 ) mochokidae . : p . 105 - 152 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels , mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 2 .

olaosebikan , b . d . and a . raji ( 1998 ) field guide to nigerian freshwater fishes . : federal college of freshwater fisheries technology , new bussa , nigeria . 106 p .

varjo , m . , l . koli and h . dahlström ( 2004 ) kalannimiluettelo ( versio 10 / 03 ) . : suomen biologian seura vanamo ry .

wu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .

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department of animal and environmental biology faculty of life sciences , university of benin , benin city , nigeria .

biological studies of s . schall have been reported [ 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ] . however , only few reports exist on the aspects of its reproduction . the morphology of the gonads in the reproductive cycle of s . schall from asa lake , ilorin nigeria has been studied [ 9 , 10 ] . reproductive biology is an important branch of fishery science and it is useful in fish culture and management . the ultimate aim of fisheries management is to attain sustainable exploitation of fisheries resources and this requires a proper understanding of the population dynamics of the fish stock . reproductive biology is one of the major factors influencing the dynamics of a given population .

the present study was therefore undertaken with a view to contributing to the reproductive biology of s . schall in nigeria , with emphasis on the histology of its gonads which clearly assist in separating the different stages of gonadal development .

the study was carried out in the jamieson river ( 5°41’ - 5°58’e ; 5°54’ - 6°08’n ) , one of the two confluent tributaries of benin river ( fig . 1 ) . it takes its origin from ugboko - niro and flows in a south - westerly direction , 70 km , to sapele , where it empties into the benin river , which discharges into the atlantic ocean at the bight of benin .

figure 1 : map of study area ( a ) south - west coastal zone of nigeria showing the location of river jamieson ( b ) the course of river jamieson showing the sampling zones .

jamieson river lies in an area with a tropical rainforest climate . two main seasons prevail ; the wet ( may to october ) and dry season from november to april the following year . the river flows all year round with the highest level and discharges during the flood period ( july - november ) . the river is subjected to tidal inundation from the benin river at the sapele - sakponba stretch . the fringing plants consists mainly of cyrtosperma senegalense ( schott ) egnl . , lonchocarpus griffonianus dunn , anthocleista vogelii planch , pandanus candelabrum p . beauv and crinum jagus thomps .

the fish samples were dissected , sexed and the state of the gonads were recorded [ 11 ] . ovaries and testes were detached and weighed to the nearest 0 . 01g . the data on the body and gonad weights were used to compute the gonadosomatic index ( gsi ) [ 12 ] .

immature ovaries and all stages of testes were fixed in bouin’s fluid . for specimens with maturing to mature ovaries , one of the ovaries was fixed in bouin’s fluid and the other in gilson’s fluid . all gonads fixed in bouin’s fluid were later processed , embedded in paraffin , sectioned at 4 - 6μm , stained with haematoxylin and eosin and used for histological evaluation [ 13 ] .

ovaries preserved in gilson’s fluid , had their eggs separated from the ovarian tissues by frequent vigorous agitation of the specimen bottles after a week . the eggs were then cleaned thoroughly by rinsing with the fixative three to four times and the number of eggs in each pair of ovaries was determined by direct enumeration . size frequency distribution of intraovarian oocytes was determined by measuring the diameter of one hundred oocytes taken at random from anterior , middle and posterior region of five ripe female specimens [ 14 ] . the egg diameters were measured with a calibrated micrometer mounted in the eye - piece of a binocular microscope [ 15 ] .


ephemerelloidea is a superfamily of mayflies in the suborder pannota .

it is a basal group of mayflies with a worldwide distribution .

members of this super-family can be distinguished from those of caenoidea by the fact that the gills of the nymphs are not filamentous .

the following families are recognised : ephemerellidae

ephemerelloidea

ephemerelloidea <EOT> kento furui added the japanese common name " マダラカゲロウ上科 " to " ephemerelloidea " .

a new family coryphoridae is proposed in the superfamily ephemerelloidea for the monotypic genus coryphorus . characters that distinguish coryphoridae from all other ephemerelloidea are discussed . the male imago , male subimago , female imago , and egg of coryphorus aquilus peters are described for the first time .

in order to contribute to currents and future studies of systematics and ecology of the group in brazil , a key for the identification of the brazilian ephemerelloidea genera is necessary . the aim of this paper is to present a key to nymphs and adults of the ephemerelloidea genera recorded from the country .

other representative of pannota in south america , besides ephemerelloidea , is the family caenidae . despite the similarity between both groups having operculate gills on segment 2 , nymphs of south american ephemerelloidea can be distinguished from those of caenidae by the absence of filamentous gills 1 . the adults of ephemerelloidea can be differentiated by lacking an ommation on the mesonotum , the vein mp2 of the forewings not extending to the base and not curving from near the base of mp1 , and by the vein cup strongly curved to the inner margin of the wing ( mccafferty & wang 2000 ) .

ty - jour ti - key to the genera of ephemerelloidea ( insecta : ephemeroptera ) from brazil t2 - biota neotropica ur - urltoken py - 2006 - 01 - 01 au - dias , lucimar g . au - salles , frederico f . au - francischetti , cesar n . au - ferreira , paulo sérgio f . kw - adults kw - brazil kw - ephemerelloidea kw - illustrated key kw - nymphs er -

( ephemeroptera : ephemerelloidea : melanemerellidae ) , with comments on its systematic position and the higher classification of ephemeroptera . j . n . am . benthol . soc . 22 ( 2 ) : 263 - 275 .

the superfamily ephemerelloidea ( ephemeroptera ) is a cosmopolitan and very basal group of mayflies ( mccafferty & wang 2000 ) . together with the superfamily caenoidea , the ephemerelloidea are inserted in the suborder pannota , a group where the mature nymphs have less than half of their forewingpads freely extended beyond their fusion , although the wingpads remain externally recognizable as do the pro - and mesothoracic mesothoracic segments ( mccafferty and edmunds 1979 , mccafferty & wang 2000 ) .

molineri , c . , peters , j . g . & zuñiga de cardoso , m . c . 2002 . a new family , coryphoridae ( ephemeroptera : ephemerelloidea ) , and description of the winged and egg stages of

@ article { bhlpart108229 , title = { key to the genera of ephemerelloidea ( insecta : ephemeroptera ) from brazil } , journal = { biota neotropica } , url = urltoken publisher = { } , author = { dias , lucimar g . and salles , frederico f . and francischetti , cesar n . and ferreira , paulo sérgio f . } , year = { 2006 - 01 - 01 } , keywords = { adults | brazil | ephemerelloidea | illustrated key | nymphs | } , }

all genera of ephemerelloidea from brazil were studied for the elaboration of the key . the specimens examined were borrowed from the following institutions : museu regional de entomologia , universidade federal de viçosa , mg and of the departamento de zoologia , instituto de biologia da universidade federal do rio de janeiro , rj . . drawings were made on white paper with the aid of a leica camera lucida attached to a mz8 microscope .

of the three families , eleven genera and 70 species of the superfamily ephemerelloidea represented in south america ( dominguez et al . 2004 , emmerich 2004 ) , all families , seven genera , and 20 species are registered from brazil ( molineri 2004 , salles et al . 2004 ) . coryphoridae and melanemerellidae are represented by one species , each , whereas leptohyphidae is the most diverse , with five genera and 18 species ( molineri 2004 , salles et al . 2004 ) .

neste trabalho é apresentada uma chave para identificação dos gêneros brasileiros de ephemerelloidea , ninfas e adultos , pertencentes às famílias coryphoridae , leptohyphidae e melanemerellidae . atualmente , sete gêneros desta superfamília são conhecidos no brasil . leptohyphidae é a família mais representativa , com cinco gêneros registrados para o país , leptohyphes eaton , 1882 , leptohyphodes ulmer , 1920 , traverhyphes molineri , 2001 , tricorythodes ulmer , 1920 and tricorythopsis traver , 1958 . coryphoridae e melanemerellidae são monotípicas , representadas por coryphorus peters , 1981e melanemerella ulmer , 1920 .

a key to the brazilian genera of ephemerelloidea , nymphs and adults , belonging to the families coryphoridae , leptohyphidae and melanemerellidae is presented . currently , seven genera of this superfamily are known in brazil . the leptohyphidae is the most representative family , with five genera registered from the country , leptohyphes eaton , 1882 , leptohyphodes ulmer , 1920 , traverhyphes molineri , 2001 , tricorythodes ulmer , 1920 and tricorythopsis traver , 1958 . the families coryphoridae and melanemerellidae are monotypic , represented by coryphorus peters , 1981and melanemerella ulmer , 1920 .

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lucimar g . dias i , ii ; frederico f . salles i , ii ; cesar n . francischetti i , ii ; paulo sérgio f . ferreira i

i museu de entomologia , departamento de biologia animal , universidade federal de viçosa , 36571 - 000 viçosa , mg , brazil . ( lucimar @ urltoken ) ( ffsalles @ urltoken ) ( cnfrancischetti @ urltoken ) ( pfiuza @ urltoken ) ii programa de pós - graduação em entomologia , departamento de biologia animal , universidade federal de viçosa , 36571 - 000 viçosa , mg , brazil

coryphoridae , represented only by coryphorus aquilus peters , 1981 , is known in brazil from the states of amazonas and pará , northern region . c . aquilus peters , 1981 , is also recorded from colombia ( peters 1981 , molineri et al . 2002 ) and french guiana ( orth et al . 2000 ) .

melanemerellidae is represented by melanemerella brasiliana ulmer , 1920 , endemic to brazil and reported from the states of são paulo and espírito santo , southeastern region ( ulmer 1920 , molineri & domínguez 2003 ) .

with regard to leptohyphidae , the genera leptohyphes eaton , 1982 , tricorythodes ulmer , 1920 and tricorythopsis traver , 1958 , have five species each . they are widely distributed in brazil ( banks 1913 , ulmer 1920 , needham & murphy 1924 , traver 1959 , allen 1967 , 1973 , da - silva 1993 , molineri 1999 , 2001a , 2002 , 2003 ) . traverhyphes molineri , 2001 , is represented by two species , one from the southern region , and another from the southeastern region ( molineri 2001b , 2004 ) . the genus leptohyphodes ulmer , 1920 , is monotypic and known only from brazil , being represented by l . inanis ( pictet , 1843 ) . although the type - locality of l . inanis was referred only to " brazil " in the original description ( pictet 1843 ) , traver ( 1944 ) described the nymph of the genus , based on specimens from the state of minas gerais , southeastern region .

we thank dr . carlos molineri ( faculdade de ciências naturales e instituto miguel lillo san miguel de tucumán , argentina ) and dr . teresinha maria castro della lúcia ( universidade federal de viçosa minas gerais , brasil ) for their helpful review of the manuscript . we also thank the brazilian council of scientific and technological development ( cnpq ) for providing funds to lucimar g . dias , frederico f . salles and cesar n . francischetti to conduct postgraduate studies at the programa de pós - graduação em entomologia , universidade federal de viçosa .

allen , r . k . 1967 . new species of new world leptohyphinae ( ephemeroptera : tricorythidae ) . can . entomol . 99 : 350 - 375 .

eaton ( ephemeroptera : tricorythidae ) . pan - pac . entomol . , 49 : 363 - 372 .

banks , n . 1913 . the stanford expedition to brazil . 1911 . neuropteroid insects from brazil .

da - silva , e . r . 1993 . efemerópteros da serra dos órgãos , estado do rio de janeiro . ii . descrição de uma nova espécie de

eaton , 1882 ( ephemeroptera , tricorythidae ) . rev . bras . entomol . 37 ( 2 ) : 313 - 316 .

domínguez , e . , hubbard , m . d . , pescador , m . l . & molineri , c . 2004 . checklist of the ephemeroptera of south america ( edition date 16 june 2004 ) . u r l

eaton , a . e . 1882 . an announcement of new genera of the ephemeridae . entomol . mon . mag . 18 : 207 - 208 .

wiersema y mccafferty 2000 ( ephemeroptera : leptohyphidae ) para américa del sur . entomotropica . 19 ( 2 ) : 105 - 106 .

mccafferty , w . p . & edmunds jr , g . f . 1979 . the higher classification of the ephemeroptera and its evolutionary basis . ann . entomol . soc . am . 72 : 5 - 12 .

mccafferty , w . p . & wang t . - q . 2000 . phylogenetic systematics of the major lineages of pannote mayflies ( ephemeroptera : pannota ) . trans . am . entomol . soc . 126 ( 1 ) : 9 - 101 .

( ephemeroptera : leptohyphidae ) : nuevas combinaciones y descripción de nuevas especies y estadios . rev . soc . entomol . argent . 60 : 217 - 238 .

and related species ( insecta , ephemeroptera ) . spixiana . 24 ( 2 ) : 129 - 140 .

( ephemeroptera : leptohyphidae ) with the descriptions of new species and stages . aquat . insect . 24 ( 4 ) : 273 - 308 .

eaton ( ephemeroptera : leptohyphidae ) with a key to the nymphs . stud . neotrop . fauna environ . 38 ( 1 ) : 47 - 70 .

group ( ephemeroptera : leptohyphidae ) , with new subgenera , species and combinations . tijdsch . entomol . 147 : 197 - 220 .

orth , k . , thomas , a . , dauta , c . , horeau , v . , brosse , s . & ademmer , c . 2000 . les ephémères de la guyane française . 1 . premier inventaire générique , a but de biosurveillance ( ephemeroptera ) . ephemera . 2 ( 1 ) : 25 - 38 .

, a new genus and species of tricorythidae from the amazon basin ( ephemeroptera ) . aquat . insect . 3 : 209 - 217 .

pictet f . j . 1843 . histoire naturelle générale et particulière des insectes névroptères . famille des éphémérines . chez j . kessmann et ab . cherbuliz , geneva .

salles , f . f . , da - silva , e . r . , hubbard , m . d . & serrão , j . e . 2004 . as espécies de ephemeroptera ( insecta ) registradas para o brasil . biota neotrop . 4 ( 2 ) : 1 - 34 .

traver , j . r . 1959 . the subfamily leptohyphinae . part ii : five new species of

traver , j . r . 1944 . notes on brazilian mayflies . bol . mus . nac . n . s . zool . 22 : 2 - 53 .

1 . eyes elevated ( fig . 1 ) ; posterolateral projection of abdominal terga 2 - 5 curved dorsally ( fig . 2 ) ; dorsal tubercles present in all regions of the body ( fig . 2 ) coryphoridae , coryphorus

1 ' . eyes not elevated ( fig . 3 ) ; posterolateral projection of abdominal terga 2 - 5 not curved dorsally ( fig . 4 - 6 ) ; tubercles usually absent or present in one or two regions of the body ( figs . 4 , 5 ) ; if tubercles present in all regions of the body , then tubercles paired ( fig . 6 ) 2

2 ( 1 ' ) . abdominal terga 2 - 9 with a pair of submedian tubercles , more evident in the abdominal terga 3 - 9 ( fig . 6 ) ; gills with ventral lamellae fringed ( fig . 7 ) ; femora strongly expanded ( fig . 8 ) melanemerellidae , melanemerella

2 ' . abdominal terga never with paired tubercles ( figs . 4 , 5 , 10 ) ; ventral gills without fringed lamellae ( figs . 13b , 14b ) ; femora generally not expanded ( fig . 9 ) leptohyphidae 3

3 ( 2 ' ) . operculate gills subquadrangular , internal margins reaching median line ( fig . 10 ) ; gills present on abdominal segments 2 - 5 ; eyes of males divided ( fig . 11 ) leptohyphodes

3 ' . operculate gills triangular , oval or rounded ( figs . 12 - 15 ) , internal margins not reaching median line ; gills present on abdominal segments 26 ; eyes of males generally not divided 4

4 ( 3 ' ) . body smaller than 4 mm ; operculate gills with a weakly sclerotized transversal line ( fig . 15 ) tricorythopsis

4 ' . body generally larger than 4 mm ; operculate gills without a transversal line ( figs . 12 - 14 ) 5

5 ( 4 ' ) . operculate gills generally triangular ( fig . 12 ) ; if operculate gills ovoid , then femora circular and bordered with long setae ( fig . 16 ) . . . tricorythodes

5 ' . operculate gills ovoid ( figs . 13 , 14 ) ; femora never bordered with long setae . . . 6

6 ( 5 ' ) . ventral lamellae of operculate gills with a basal beak - like process ( fig . 13b ) ; operculate gills without dorsal ribs ( fig . 13a ) leptohyphes

6 ' . ventral lamellae of operculate gills without a basal beak - like process ( fig . 14b ) ; operculate gills generally with one or two dorsal ribs ( fig . 14a ) . . . traverhyphes

1 . forewings with 2 - 3 detached marginal intercalaries between apex of main intercalary veins ( fig . 17a ) ; hind wings present in both sexes ( fig . 17b ) . . . melanemerellidae , melanemerella

1 ' . forewings without marginal intercalaries ( fig . 18a , 20 , 23 , 24 ) ; hind wings variable , present only in males , absent in both sexes , or , rarely , present in both sexes . . . 2

2 ( 1 ' ) . compound eyes of male greatly enlarged and undivided , separated on dorsum of head by width of an eye ( fig . 19 ) ; cubital area of fore wings without intercalaries ( fig . 20 ) ; penis large , fused and distally broadened ( fig . 21 ) . . . coryphoridae , coryphorus

2 ' . eyes of male similar to females , usually not enlarged ( fig . 22 ) ; if so , then eyes divided and close to each other in dorsal view ; intercalaries present on cubital area ( figs . 18 , 23 , 24 ) ; penis not as above ( figs . 25 - 29 ) . . . leptohyphidae . . . 3

3 ( 2 ' ) . mesoscutellum with relatively long membranous filaments ( fig . 30 ) ; base of male forewings not broadened ( fig . 18 ) . . . 4

3 ' . mesoscutellum without membranous filaments ( fig . 31 ) ; male forewings broadened at base ( fig . 23 , 24 ) . . . 6

4 ( 3 ) . eyes of males divided ( fig . 32 ) ; forceps two - segmented ; hind wings absent in both sexes . . . leptohyphodes

4 ' . eyes of males usually not divided ( fig . 22 ) ; forceps three - segmented ; hind wings present at least in males ( fig . 18 ) . . . 5

5 ( 4 ' ) . penis " y " shaped , with apical spine and without dorsal spine ( fig . 25 ) . . . leptohyphes

5 ' . penis not as above ( almost totally fused ) , without apical spine and with dorsal spine ( fig . 26 , 27 ) traverhyphes

6 ( 5 ' ) . forceps three - segmented , basal swelling usually present at base of second joint ( fig . 28 ) . . . tricorythodes

6 ' . forceps two - segmented , basal swelling absent at base of second joint ( fig . 29 ) tricorythopsis

departamento de biologia vegetal - instituto de biologia unicamp cp 6109 13083 - 970 - campinas / sp tel . : ( + 55 19 ) 3521 - 6166 fax : ( + 55 19 ) 3521 - 6168 contato @ urltoken

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

g : ephemerella walsh 1862 : 377 , typus e . excrucians walsh 1862 ( design . eaton 1868b : 87 )

cornutus gose 1980 [ ephemerella ( ephemerella ) ] nom . praeocc . — syn . obj . tsuno [ serratella ]

fuscata walker 1853 [ baetis ] nom . praeocc . — syn . obj . walkeri [ ephemerella ]

imanishii gose 1980 [ ephemerella ( ephemerella ) ] nom . praeocc . — syn . obj . occiprens [ serratella ]

serrata braasch 1981 [ ephemerella ( drunella ) ] nom . praeocc . — syn . obj . braaschi [ cincticostella ]

spinosa ikonomov 1961 [ ephemerella ] nom . praeocc . — syn . obj . ikonomovi [ ephemerella ]

undatella allen 1971 [ ephemerella ( acerella ) ] — syn . obj . uenoi [ ephemerella ( drunella ) ] — in torleya / g1

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dias , lucimar g . salles , frederico f . francischetti , cesar n . ferreira , paulo sérgio f .

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parent taxon : pannota according to t . h . ogden et al . 2009

maggie whitson marked the classification from " species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 " as preferred for " drunella doddsi ( needham , 1927 ) " .

maggie whitson added the english common name " western green drake ( mayfly ) " to " drunella doddsi ( needham , 1927 ) " .

kento furui added the japanese common name " マダラカゲロウ科 " to " ephemerellidae " .

jennifer hammock split the classifications by bolds images ii from ephemerella dorothea needham , 1908 to their own page .

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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .