the mountain plover ( charadrius montanus ) is a medium-sized ground bird in the plover family ( charadriidae ) .

it is misnamed , as it lives on level land .

unlike most plovers , it is usually not found near bodies of water or even on wet soil ; it prefers dry habitat with short grass ( usually due to grazing ) and bare ground .

mountain plover

mountain plover <EOT> listing the mountain plover as threatened : proposed rule ; request for public comments .

stogsdill still remembers the moment a biologist showed him what a mountain plover looked like .

mountain plover ( charadrius montanus ) : a technical conservation assessment by steve dinsmore . 2003 .

she has already signed up for the 10th annual mountain plover festival , which starts friday .

the color of the mountain plover helps it fade into the landscape , making it hard to spot .

dinsmore , s . j . ( 2003 ) mountain plover ( charadrius montanus ) : a technical conservation assessment . usda forest service , rocky mountain region .

graul , w . d . 1975 . breeding biology of the mountain plover . wilson bulletin 87 : 6 - 31 .

the mountain plover is one of the species that uses prairie dog towns to provide suitable breeding habitat in areas of longer grasses .

dinsmore , s . j . 1995 . 1995 mountain plover research in phillips county , montana . unpublished report to usfws . 6pp .

knowles , c . j . 1985 . the mountain plover : uncommonly exceptional . montana outdoors 16 ( 6 ) : 7 - 12 .

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prellwitz , d . m . 1993 . additional mountain plover sightings in montana . prairie nat . , 25 ( 1 ) : 23 - 26 .

the combination of a black forecrown and white breast is a unique color pattern among north american plover species that distinguishes the mountain plover ( knopf 1996 ) . the snowy plover ( charadrius alexandrinus ) , semipalmated plover ( charadrius semipalmatus ) , piping plover ( charadrius melodus ) , and a few other plovers , also have black forecrowns , but their breasts are decorated with a black breast band or black side patches ( sibley 2000 ) . their habitats are also distinctly different ( see habitat ) .

graul , w . d . , and l . e . webster . 1976 . breeding status of the mountain plover . condor 78 : 265 - 267 .

olson , s . l . 1985 . mountain plover food items on and adjacent to a prairie dog town . prairie naturalist 17 ( 2 ) : 83 - 90 .

the conservation of the mountain plover depends on the protection of suitable nesting habitat , the conservation of prairie dogs , and the protection of known nesting sites ( 8 ) . efforts to carry out these conservation measures are underway in a number of areas ( 8 ) ( 9 ) , such as the pawnee national grassland in colorado , an important nesting site for the mountain plover and where a mountain plover management strategy has been implemented ( 2 ) ( 8 ) . in addition , the mountain plover and the black - tailed prairie dog ( cynomys ludovicianus ) have been proposed for listing under the federal endangered species act ( 5 ) , which would offer more protection to these declining species .

federal register 68 : 174 . 2003 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; withdrawal of the proposed rule to list the mountain plover as threatened . pp . 53083 - 53101

we are urging the federal government to protect all five species of prairie dogs and the diverse community of animals that depend on them , including the mountain plover . the plover has twice been proposed for listing , and twice the listing proposed has been withdrawn . we continue to advocate for the plover and we will not rest until these small , graceful birds have a safe home .

the oldest recorded mountain plover was at least 10 years old when it was sighted in montana in the wild and identified by its band . it had been banded in the same state .

the mountain plover is a bird that begins arriving to colorado’s eastern plains in early april . plovers find the short grass prairie and fallow fields in the area to be excellent nesting grounds .

faunawest wildlife consultants . 1991 . status and breeding distribution of the mountain plover in montana . report to usdi bureau of land management . faunawest wildlife consultants , boulder , mt . 44 pp .

knowles , p . r . 1992 . status and breeding distribution of the mountain plover in montana . paper presented at the 30th meeting of the montana chapter of the wildlife society , whitefish .

a native of the shortgrass prairie , the mountain plover is a dull - colored shorebird of open , dry areas . despite its name , it breeds in the high tablelands , not the mountains .

and most ranchers in karval knew nothing about the mountain plover , a grassland bird native to the western great plains that prefers to nest in sparse vegetation or bare patches such as prairie dog towns .

mountain plovers are one of only 12 grassland birds endemic to the western great plains . they nest across the western great plains and rocky mountain states , from the canadian border to northern mexico , and winter in california , southern arizona , texas and mexico . mountain plovers only nest in areas with sparse vegetation or bare ground , such as prairie dog towns . loss of these areas because of crop planting or the removal of prairie dogs , is the biggest threat to the mountain plover ' s population .

project overview in 2002 , the nebraska prairie partners initiated the systematic research of mountain plover ecology to reassess their status in nebraska . monitoring efforts including estimated arrival dates and departure dates of migrants , nesting chronology and time intervals of peak nesting activity , and general distribution of breeding mountain plovers in the southwest panhandle .

the mountain plover is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of the convention on the conservation of migratory species ( cms ) ( 3 ) .

plover lovers . learn how landowners and biologists work together to study and preserve the nesting grounds of this elusive species .

after scientists determined that the mountain plover population had stabilized , and the government decided not to list it as an endangered species , people in the karval community realized that this bird could be an economic opportunity they’d been seeking .

the mountain plover breeds in central north america , from montana , south to new mexico . it winters from central california to baja california , and east to southern texas and north - east mexico ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .

knowles , c . j . and p . r . knowles . 1993 . mountain plover numbers , reproduction , and habitat use in three areas of montana . unpublished report for the bureau of land management , billings . 50 pp .

laun , c . h . 1957 . a life history study of the mountain plover ( eupoda montana townsend ) on the laramie plains , albany county , wyoming . m . s . thesis , univ . wyo . , laramie .

leachman , b . , and b . osmundson . 1990 . status of the mountain plover : a literature review . unpublished report to the u . s . forest service , fish and wildlife enhancement , golden , co . 83 pp .

parrish , t . l . , s . h . anderson and w . f . oelklaus . 1993 . mountain plover habitat selection in the powder river basin , wyoming . prairie nat . 25 ( 3 ) : 219 - 226 .

olson - edge , s . l . and w . d . edge . 1987 . density and distribution of the mountain plover on the charles m . russell national wildlife refuge . the prairie naturalist 19 ( 4 ) : 233 - 238 .

betty snow , an avid birder , has checked out almost every bird festival in colorado . her favorite is the mountain plover festival in the tiny town of karval , out on the eastern plains where some of the state’s oldest ranches are located .

olson , s . l . 1984 . density and distribution , nest site selection , and activity of the mountain plover on the charles m . russell national wildlife refuge . m . s . thesis . university of montana , missoula . 62 pp .

the idea for karval’s festival goes back more than a decade , when the u . s . fish and wildlife service wanted to put the mountain plover on the endangered species list , which meant ranchers would need to navigate a complex web of federal regulations .

knowles , c . , p . knowles , m . maj , and d . hinckley . 1995 . mountain plover numbers , reproduction , and habitat use in three areas of montana . prepared by faunawest wildlife consultants for bureau of land management , billings , montana .

poorly named , this pallid plover is a bird of flat open plains , not mountains . of all of our " shorebirds , " this is the one most disconnected from the shore , generally living miles from water in the dry country of the west . the short - grass prairie where it once thrived has been largely converted to farmland , but the mountain plover has found new habitat in grassland overgrazed by cattle .

also , public lands and parks are mowed too frequently and the grass kept too short to provide a habitat for birds , the reports said . grassland birds showing marked population declines include the mountain plover , eastern and western meadowlarks , short - eared owls and northern bobwhites .

first collected by john kirk townsend in 1834 along the sweetwater river of wyoming and named by john james audubon as the rocky mountain plover , the mountain plover is a north american endemic that breeds on the dry tablelands of the western great plains , and winters in dry grasslands and deserts of northern mexico and california . an unwary species , it often faces away from an observer and squats motionless in response to disturbance . this behavior results in the drably marked bird virtually disappearing and has fostered the nickname " prairie ghost " among those who seek it out .

federal register : february 16 , 1999 ( volume 64 , number 30 ) . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants : proposed threatened status for the mountain plover . proposed rules . department of the interior , u . s . fish and wildlife service . pp . 7587 - 7601 .

mountain plover populations declined by over 3 % per year between 1966 and 2014 , resulting in a cumulative decline of 80 % , according to the north american breeding bird survey . a 2012 study estimates a breeding population of 20 , 000 . these birds only live in north america , principally in the west and central areas of the u . s . during the summer , migrating south to mexico and the southwest u . s . mountain plover is on the 2014 state of the birds watch list , which lists species most in danger of extinction without significant conservation action . a proposal to list the species as " endangered " was rejected by the u . s . fish and wildlife service in 2003 , stating that species was more common than was believed . however , mountain plover is listed a near threatened on the iucn red list . back to top

knopf , fritz l . and m . b . wunder . 2006 . mountain plover ( charadrius montanus ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .

wwf works with researchers and landowners to understand the needs of mountain plovers and to assess how land management and climate change impact the bird .

foresman , k . r . 2012 . mammals of montana . second edition . mountain press publishing , missoula , montana . 429 pp .

other rmbo research related to mountain plovers quantifies the success of nests and chick survival as a result of our nest marking program in agricultural lands .

day , k . s . 1994 . observations on mountain plovers ( charadrius montanus ) breeding in utah . southwestern naturalist 39 : 298 - 300 .

behavior : mountain plovers often will run rather than fly when disturbed . they winter in central and coastal california , arizona , texas , northern mexico .

despites its common and scientific names , the mountain plover is not actually a mountain species ( 2 ) . it nests in upland short - grass prairie disturbed by fire or grazing . during the winter , it is found in heavily - grazed short - grass plains and fields , sandy deserts and on agricultural land ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . they are often found in association with burrowing mammals such as kangaroo rats ( dipodomys species ) and prairie dogs ( cynomys species ) ( 2 ) .

mountain plover recordings by geoffery a . keller © cornell lab of ornithology macaulay library cornell lab of ornithology 159 sapsucker woods road ithaca new york 14850 united states of america tel : + 1 ( 607 ) 254 - 2404 fax : + 1 ( 607 ) 254 - 2439 email : macaulaylibrary @ urltoken website : www . birds . urltoken / macaulaylibrary

knopf , f . l . and m . b . wunder . 2006 . mountain plover ( charadrius montanus ) . species account number 211 . the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca , ny : cornell laboratory of ornithology ; retrieved 3 / 25 / 2008 from the birds of north america online database

ranchers know where to find the mountain plover — their nests are so hard to spot that bird watchers call them “the ghost of the prairie” — but the festival isn’t just about that bird . over the years , visitors have spotted nearly 90 different kinds of birds , from red - winged blackbirds to the snowy egret and the great horned owl .

the rocky mountain bird observatory ( which later changed its name to bird conservancy of the rockies ) held a workshop in karval to discuss the bird with landowners .

knopf , f . l . and j . r . wunder . 2006 . mountain plover ( charadrius montanus ) . the birds of north america , no . 211 ( a . poole and f . gill , eds . ) the academy of natural sciences , philidelphea , pa , and the american ornithologists ' union , washington , d . c .

knowles , c . and p . knowles . 1997 . mountain plover numbers , reproduction , and habitat use in montana : a summary of six survey years . faunawest wildlife consultants . prepared for the montana department of fish , wildlife , & parks , great falls , montana , and the bureau of land management , billings , montana . 22 april 1997 .

knopf , f . l . and j . r . rupert . 1995 . habits and habitats of mountain plovers in california . condor 97 : 743 - 751 .

they came up with the idea for the mountain plover festival — a three - day event with prices that range from $ 50 for a single event to $ 200 for the complete package . visitors spend time with ranchers and farmers , learning about their lives while touring private ranch land and eating home - cooked meals , including a saturday night chuck wagon dinner .

mostly insects . diet is not well known ; but in the dry upland habitats where this plover lives , it probably feeds almost entirely on insects , including grasshoppers , beetles , flies , and crickets .

as increasing human development overruns plover habitat and the prairie dogs who provide them their best nesting sites are persecuted , the difficulties the plover faces have taken their toll : this bird has declined by over 66 percent in the past few decades . recent estimates place the bird’s total numbers at 5 , 000 - 11 , 000 individuals , a small number for a bird who lives just two years on average .

species overview the mountain plover is an upland shorebird that breeds across the xeric tablelands of the western great plains and is a species of conservation concern throughout its range because of apparent range - side population declines ( knopf and wunder 2006 ) . by the beginning of the 21st century however , its extent in nebraska was largely unknown . bruner et al . ( 1904 ) described the species as " not uncommonin extreme western nebraska " at the turn of the 20th century and noted the species had been observed in cheyenne , dawes , and sioux counties . as late 2000 , sharpe et al . ( 2001 ) described the species as a rare , regular breeder limited to southwestern kimball county . in fact , few mountain plover nests had ever been located in nebraska .

knopf , f . l . and j . r . rupert . 1996 . reproduction and movements of mountain plovers breeding in colorado . wilson bulletin 108 : 28 - 35 .

knopf , f . l . , and b . j . miller . 1994 . chradrius montanus : montane , grassland , or bare - ground plover ? the auk 111 ( 2 ) : 504 - 506 .

knopf , f . l , and j . r . rupert . 1999 . use of cultivated fields by breeding mountain plovers . studies in avian biology 19 : 81 - 86 .

adams , r . a . 2003 . bats of the rocky mountain west ; natural history , ecology , and conservation . boulder , co : university press of colorado . 289 p .

the karval mountain plover festival began when karval community members were looking at economic opportunities for this small community . we decided to “bring the bird lovers to the bird” . this i s a weekend full of bird watching , wildlife viewing tours , entertainment , history , arts and crafts , antiques , and lots of good food ! along with bird watching , here are some of the other things you will enjoy :

johnsgard , p . a . 1986 . birds of the rocky mountains : with particular reference to national parks in the northern rocky mountain region . colorado associated university press , boulder , co .

knowles , c . j . , and p . r . knowles . 1984 . additional records of mountain plovers using prairie dog towns in montana . prairie naturalist 16 : 183 - 186 .

knopf , f . l . 1991 . status and conservation of mountain plovers : the evolving regional effort . report of research activities , usfws national ecology research center , fort collins , co . 9 pp .

olson , s . l . and w . d . edge . 1985 . nest site selection by mountain plovers in northcentral montana . j . range manage . 38 ( 3 ) : 280 - 282 .

wershler , c . r . 1989 . a management strategy for mountain plovers in alberta . proceedings of the prairie conservation and endangered species workshop , saskatchewan natural history society and canadian plains research center . 5 pp .

hutto , r . l . and j . s . young . 1999 . habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region , usda forest service , rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32 . 72 p .

werner , j . k . , b . a . maxell , p . hendricks , and d . flath . 2004 . amphibians and reptiles of montana . missoula , mt : mountain press publishing company . 262 p .

knowles , c . j . , c . j . stoner , and s . p . gieb . 1982 . selective use of black - tailed prairie dog towns by mountain plovers . condor 84 : 71 - 74 .

the loss of nesting habitat is the biggest threat to mountain plovers . prairie dog colony extermination , lack of natural fire regimes , and the conversion of native prairie for agriculture and energy development all contribute to habitat loss and change .

mountain plovers arrive in april and may remain in the state until september ( johnsgard 1986 ) . the species is a rare migrant west of the continental divide , but is a breeding resident of the prairie lands to the east .

wallis , c . a . and c . r . wershler . 1981 . status and breeding of mountain plovers ( charadrius montanus ) in canada . can . field - nat . 95 ( 2 ) : 133 - 136 .

gateway to the rocky mountain west for people from far - off lands or potential shortcut for flyers running late ; the beauty of the pedestrian bridge stretching between dia ' s main terminal and the a concourse is in the eye of the crosser .

. the plumage of the mountain plover is brownish - grey on the upperparts and whitish on the underparts with a buff wash on the sides . the bright white of the forehead extends back above the eye like an eyebrow and contrasts with the black crown and the black patch that joins the eye to the black , short , straight bill . the pale , yellowish - brown legs are relatively long . non - breeding adults have a pale brown crown and rufous fringes to the new wing feathers , while juveniles can be identified by the buff - coloured ‘eyebrow’

gomez de silva , h . , r . a . medilin legorreta , m . a . amin , and s . aguilar . 1996 . a concentration of mountain plovers charadrius montanus in san luis potosi , mexico . cotinga 5 : 74 - 75 .

the mountain plover is one of the many species that depends on prairie dog colonies in the west . mountain plovers like to nest in prairie dog towns , and considering the difficulties they face in making it to adulthood it is in their interests to choose wisely . their nests are shallow depressions in the ground , and though their dark olive and black eggs are well - camouflaged , they are vulnerable to predators such as coyotes , swift foxes , and ground squirrels . more than half of the egg clutches are lost to predation . once the chicks hatch , they can almost immediately run and feed themselves . during their first few weeks of life , they are most concerned with avoiding predators such as prairie falcons , ferruginous hawks , golden eagles , and loggerhead shrikes , and staying out of the hot prairie sun in the shade of tall grass , fence posts , telephone poles , or their parents .

. prairie dogs , which this species is particularly associated with , can be greatly affected by sylvatic plague ( dinsmore and smith 2010 ) , yet treatment of these species against this can have further detrimental effects on nesting success of the plover ( dinsmore 2013 ) . over 70 % of nests on cultivated land are destroyed by farm machinery ( shackford

because the continental population of the mountain plover apparently declined three percent or more per year during the 1970s , 1980s and early 1990s , the species was proposed for listing as threatened under the endangered species act in 1999 , but was subsequently withdrawn in 2003 . individuals in california may spend up to seventy - five percent of their time on agricultural fields where they are exposed to an array of pesticides , although no direct effects of pesticides on reproductive success or survival have been detected . in the southern part of the breeding range , birds also nest on tilled fields . although nests are lost to tillage practices during incubation , nest success on tilled fields currently appears compensatory rather than additive to losses due to predation in native habitats .

our monitoring efforts yielded 278 nests ( 272 on agricultural fields and six on native rangelands ) over the duration of the study . the majority of nests were laid during the first two weeks of may . we observed mountain plovers incubating eggs into the middle of july , when it was previously believed that the birds migrated south ( sharpe et al . 2001 ) . our data also suggest that juveniles may reside within the state as late as early september , which is significantly longer than previously documented ( sharpe et al . 2001 ) . finally , compared with historically documented sightings , our results indicate that mountain plovers are more numerous in nebraska than previously believed ( see figure below ) .

clark , t . w . , h . a . harvey , r . d . dorn , d . l . genter , and c . groves ( eds ) . 1989 . rare , sensitive , and threatened species of the greater yellowstone ecosystem . northern rockies conservation cooperative , montana natural heritage program , the nature conservancy , and mountain west environmental services . 153 p .

in the summers the prairie was flush with grouse , prairie chickens , and curlews with their pink underwings lovely as a flash of sunset cloud . then there was the dainty little prairie plover that rose singly , at forty , fifty yards and soared gently away , rising gradually , such ready and toothsome game for the hunter . wright , an early hide man from around dodge , once killed nearly two hundred in an hour for an entourage of eastern sportsmen .

identification : mountain plovers are typically 8 - 9 ½ inches ( 20 - 24 cm ) tall with a17 ½ - 23 inch ( 44 - 58 cm ) wingspan . colors are light brown back , sandy - buff breast , white forehead with black above , white eye stripe , white wing stripe , black tail band with white border . male and females are similar in size and appearance .

throughout its range , this plover arrives on its breeding grounds in late march and april , two months before warm - season grasses begin to green . some adults and fledged chicks begin leaving the breeding grounds by mid july and wander throughout the southwestern plains and deserts until early november , when they arrive at the wintering grounds and gather , localized , in small flocks . spring migration , apparently directed around the suthern extents of the sierra nevada and rocky mountains to the breeding grounds , is much faster .

21 - 23 . 5 cm . pale brown plover . upperparts brownish grey , underparts whitish washed buff on breast sides and flanks , white forehead and supercilium contrasting with black frontal bar and lores , black bill and long , pale brown - yellow legs . non - breeding adults lack black on head , have rufous fringes to fresh wing feathers , more extensive and buffy breast markings . juvenile similar but supercilium buff and broader , more buffy fringes and marked underparts . in flight , looks long - winged and shows white wing - bar , underwing - coverts and in tail .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .

is larger , darker and greyer , with darker legs and more patterned upperparts , in flight distinguished by white underwing and in tail .

butcher , g . , dinsmore , s . , dreitz , v . , earsom , s . , estelle , v . , knopf , f . , leachman , b . , lockwood , m . , manzano , p . , o ' connell , t . & wunder , m .

this species is classified as near threatened because it has a moderately small population . however , it is continuing to decline as a consequence of habitat loss and degradation resulting from cultivation , urbanisation , over - grazing , and changes in native herbivore populations .

2009 ) . all these birds winter from sacramento , san joaquin and imperial valleys , california ( knopf and rupert 1995 , s . d . earsom and v . b . estelle

( wilbur 1987 ) , and irregularly in south arizona and south texas in the blackland prairie ( knopf 1996 , m . lockwood

. there appears to be some mixing on the wintering grounds , with birds banded in montana having been documented over - wintering in southern california , southeastern arizona , and texas ( s . dinsmore ,

2012 ] ) . these figures are likely to reflect an increase in counting accuracy rather than a recent population increase . breeding was first successful in nuevo león , mexico , in 2004 ( gonzales rojas

. these and / or northern birds regularly winter at janos in chihuahua ( p . manzano

the global population was estimated to number 11 , 000 - 14 , 000 individuals , but this has recently been revised upwards to 15 , 000 - 20 , 000 individuals , roughly equivalent to 10 , 000 - 14 , 000 mature individuals . trend justification : this species underwent a large and statistically significant decrease over 40 years in north america , with a 66 . 5 % decline over 40 years ( 23 . 9 % per decade ) , according to data from breeding bird survey and / or christmas bird count ( butcher and niven 2007 ) . more recent data from bbs suggests a potential annual decline of 2 . 88 % , which would equate to a decline of 36 . 6 % over 3 generations ( sauer et al . 2017 ) . however , there is a large margin of error and uncertainty with this estimate ( see sauer et al . 2017 ) and there is a suggestion that the population may be starting to stabilise ( t . o ' connell in litt . 2016 ) .

. it arrives in canada and northern u . s . a . in late march - april and leaves in early august ( knopf 1996 )

when it inhabits semi - desert , dry , bare agricultural land and ( in mexico ) breeding - type habitats ( s . d . earsom and v . b . estelle

. the species apparently fares better during drought years ( dinsmore 2008 ) . it flocks in winter and on migration ( s . d . earsom and v . b . estelle

hunting probably explains the long - term decline . more recently , cultivation and urbanisation have reduced nesting habitat , and intensive grazing has resulted in desertification and a reduced prey base ( s . d . earsom and v . b . estelle

1999 ) , although dreitz and knopf ( 2007 ) suggest that nest success is comparable between cultivated land and grasslands - instead the cause of nest failure is different between the two habitat types . mining activities within its range can have detrimental effects on this species ( andres and stone 2010 ) .

cms appendix ii . a conservation action plan for this species was published in 2010 ( andres and stone 2010 ) . pawnee national grassland , colorado , and charles m . russell national wildlife refuge , montana , are important reserves ( shackford

. it has been proposed for listing under the federal endangered species act ( f . l . knopf

has also been proposed , partly because it helps to maintain suitable habitat ( f . l . knopf

. the release of black - footed ferret in mexico is helping with prairie dog colony protection ( b . leachman

set up a functional working group for this species ( andres and stone 2010 ) . define mexican breeding and winter distribution ( s . d . earsom and v . b . estelle

. monitor u . s . a . and canada ' s populations , and investigate its demography across its range ( s . dinsmore

2016 ) . conduct research to investigate how this species may be impacted by energy development projects ( andres and stone 2010 ) . improve population estimates by documenting the number of birds nesting away from prairie dog colonies . research movements of birds ( s . d . earsom and v . b . estelle

1999 ) . protect prairie dog colonies , especially at janos ( s . d . earsom and v . b . estelle

. restore prairie ecosystems ( include protection / reintroduction of grazers ) . protect remaining breeding and wintering habitats and prevent further conversion of grasslands . stop agricultural disturbance at nest sites . train and raise awareness amongst farmers to encourage the protection of this species and its habitat ( andres and stone 2010 ) . monitor the extent and health of habitat throughout its range ( childers and dinsmore 2008 ) . potentially , future conservation actions for this species may be best targeted at improving chick and adult survival as these factors have been suggested to have a great impact on population growth than nesting success ( see dinsmore

2010 ) . work to find ways to enforce mexican wildlife laws to reduce and prevent the direct take of this species ( andres and stone 2010 ) .

edited population trend justification , threats , geographic range and conservation actions information text . altered actions in place to recognise that a conservation action plan for this species has been published , and edited the reference list . added extra threats , actions needed , a new contributor and a new facilitator / compiler .

( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22693876a111353209 .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

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of the 800 - plus species of birds in the u . s . , 67 are endangered or threatened

( cnn ) - - bird populations native to several areas of the globe are in decline , with some teetering on the brink of extinction , according to a multi - agency report , the first of its kind , released thursday .

the western meadowlark is an endangered bird species , according to a new report .

but some other species are thriving , according to the " state of the birds " report , which credited conservation programs and waterfowl management initiatives that it said can serve as a model in other areas .

" every u . s . habitat harbors birds in need of conservation , " said the report , issued by the cornell university lab of ornithology in conjunction with federal agencies and other organizations . " hawaiian birds and ocean birds appear most at risk , with populations in danger of collapse if immediate conservation measures are not implemented . "

of the more than 800 species of birds in the united states , 67 are federally listed as endangered or threatened , the report said . another 184 are " species of conservation concern " because they have small distribution , are facing high threats or have a declining population .

hawaiian birds , particularly , are in crisis , the report said . more than one - third of all u . s . bird species are in hawaii . however , 71 species have gone extinct since the islands were colonized about 300 a . d . , and 10 more species have not been seen in the past 40 years , contributing to fears they , too , have died out .

grassland and arid - land birds are showing the most rapid declines over the last four decades , while forest birds are also declining , the report said .

" just as they were when rachel carson published ' silent spring ' nearly 50 years ago , birds today are a bellwether of the health of land , water and ecosystems , " interior secretary ken salazar said thursday in a statement on the report .

" from shorebirds in new england to warblers in michigan to songbirds in hawaii , we are seeing disturbing downward population trends that should set off environmental alarm bells . we must work together now to ensure we never hear the deafening silence in our forests , fields and backyards that rachel carson warned us about . "

the declines can be traced to a variety of factors , depending on a bird ' s particular habitat . but the causes most frequently cited in the report are agriculture , climate change , development and energy , and invasive species .

for instance , some of the nation ' s fastest - growing cities - - las vegas , nevada ; phoenix , arizona ; and san diego , california - - are located in arid lands , the report said . " unplanned and sprawling urban development is by far the greatest threat to arid lands . "

in addition , invasive non - native plants have been introduced into the area , which can fuel wildfires and destroy native plants . bird species of concern in arid lands include the elf owl , bendire ' s and leconte ' s thrashers and the gilded flicker , the report said . some , such as the california condor , are already listed as endangered or threatened .

in the grasslands , intensified agricultural practices have hurt bird populations , according to the report . " pastures cannot support many birds if overgrazed , burned too frequently or burned at the beginning of the nesting season or the end of the grass - growing season . "

in the forest , some species are doing well , but roughly one - third of forest - breeding bird species are showing decline . the same is true for arctic and alpine birds , where 38 percent of the 85 species are of conservation concern , the report said .

game birds are also struggling . of 19 resident game bird species , 47 percent are species of conservation concern , and two species are federally endangered , according to the report . the greatest hope for long - term management of game birds , however , lies in farm bill programs that retire millions of acres of land used for heavy agriculture , the report said .

along the coast and in the ocean , bird populations have been hurt by overfishing , pollution and climate change , among other factors , the report said .

each section of the report contains at least one " reason for hope . " the california condor , for instance , has been reintroduced to some areas , and the bird ' s numbers are growing .

urban birds , such as the american robin , hummingbirds , sparrows and woodpeckers , show a " steady , strong increase " in the last 40 years .

" a surprising number of native birds have adapted to life around humans , " the report said . " . . . the wide variety of native birds that thrive in urban areas underscores the importance of these artificial habitats to the survival of many bird populations . "

wetland bird populations remain below historic levels , but " management and conservation measures have contributed to increases of many wetland birds , including hunted waterfowl . "

research shows that wetland bird species began to increase in the late 1970s , " coinciding with major policy shifts from draining to protecting wetlands , " the report said . " dramatic increases in many wetland generalist species , as well as arctic - nesting geese and cavity - nesting ducks , contribute to this overall trend . "

" these results emphasize that investment in wetlands contribution has paid huge dividends , " said kenneth rosenberg , director of conservation science at the cornell lab or ornithology . " now we need to invest similarly in other neglected habitats where birds are undergoing the steepest declines . "

taking action now - - particularly in the area of habitat loss - - can help reverse the declining trend seen in some species , according to the report . " the number and scope of severe threats to birds is daunting , but implementing solutions immediately and widely will pay off in benefits to society , the economy and the health of our environment . "

it calls for measures such as increased monitoring of bird populations , stricter protection laws , more incentives , sustainable fishing practices and widespread education .

" citizen science plays a critical role in monitoring and understanding the threats to these birds and their habitats , and only citizen involvement can help address them , " said greg butcher , conservation director for the national audubon society .

" conservation action can only make a real difference when concerned people support the kind of vital habitat restoration and protection measures this report explores . "

since 2000 , wwf has worked in this part of the country to conserve and restore the northern great plains ' natural heritage and native wildlife . so which animals call this beautiful region home , and why do they matter ?

show your love of the tiger with the wwf bankamericard cash rewards visa credit card . bank of america will contribute $ 100 to wwf for each account opened and activated .

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world wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037

this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken

endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . gregarious tending to form a group with others of the same species by habitually living or moving in flocks or herds rather than alone . incubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible . incubation the act of incubating eggs , that is , keeping them warm so that development is possible .

del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1996 ) handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 3 : hoatzin to auks . lynx edicions , barcelona .

kaufman , k . ( 1996 ) lives of north american birds . houghton mifflin company , boston .

jones , s . r . and cushman , r . c . ( 2004 ) the north american prairie . houghton mifflin company , boston .

animals animals / earth scenes 17 railroad avenue chatham ny 12037 united states of america tel : + 01 ( 518 ) 3925500 fax : + 01 ( 518 ) 3925550 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken

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team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .

wildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa

has disappeared from much of former breeding range as former short - grass prairie is converted to farmland . in some areas , decline may be linked to decline in prairie - dogs ( whose colonies formerly furnished good nesting habitat ) .

semi - arid plains , grasslands , plateaus . favors areas of very short grass , even bare soil . typically far from water . nests mostly in short - grass prairie , including overgrazed pasture and very arid plains . in some areas , nests mainly on the rather barren open ground found in large prairie - dog towns . winter habitats include desert flats , plowed fields .

typically they run a few steps and then pause , then run again , pecking at the ground whenever they spot something edible .

3 , sometimes 2 , rarely 1 - 4 . olive - buff with many black marks . incubation is by one or both sexes , 28 - 31 days . on very hot days , adult will stand over eggs , shading them from intense sun . young : downy young leave nest soon after hatching ; are tended by one or both parents , but feed themselves . adults shade young on hot days , and family may seek out any available shade at mid - day . young can fly well at about 33 - 34 days .

downy young leave nest soon after hatching ; are tended by one or both parents , but feed themselves . adults shade young on hot days , and family may seek out any available shade at mid - day . young can fly well at about 33 - 34 days .

in breeding season , male may display by flying high over territory with exaggerated slow wingbeats , calling . female may lay one clutch of eggs and leave male to care for eggs and young , then lay another clutch and incubate it herself . nest site is on flat open ground ( flat sites chosen even in hilly country ) . on featureless plain , nest is often placed close to some conspicuous object , such as a pile of cow manure . nest is shallow scrape in soil . nest lining ( including pebbles , grass , rootlets , chips of cow manure ) added mostly during incubation . several nest scrapes are made , only one is used .

most apparently migrate southwest from breeding grounds ; some go straight south to texas , northern mexico . very rarely strays to eastern united states , mostly in fall and winter .

audio © lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .

in the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .

the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .

each map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird’s “climatic range . ”

the darker the shaded area , the more likely it is the bird species will find suitable climate conditions to survive there .

the outline of the approximate current range for each season remains fixed in each frame , allowing you to compare how the range will expand , contract , or shift in the future .

the first frame of the animation shows where the bird can find a suitable climate today ( based on data from 2000 ) . the next three frames predict where this bird’s suitable climate may shift in the future—one frame each for 2020 , 2050 , and 2080 .

you can play or pause the animation with the orange button in the lower left , or select an individual frame to study by clicking on its year .

the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season . more on reading these maps .

intimidated to chase a lifer on your own ? don ' t be . just use my bird - finding strategy , known as i . b . i . s .

the company has pledged to invest in a monterey county solar project , but the plan could hurt birds .

tell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .

tell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .

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copyright by borror laboratory of bioacoustics , department of evolution , ecology , and organismal biology , ohio state university , columbus , oh , all rights reserved .

using personal observations and reviewing literature that summarize the breeding , overwintering , or migratory habitat requirements of each species ( dobkin 1992 , hart et al . 1998 , hutto and young 1999 , maxell 2000 , foresman 2012 , adams 2003 , and werner et al . 2004 ) ;

calculating the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of montana covered by each ecological system to get a measure of " observations versus availability of habitat " .

species that breed in montana were only evaluated for breeding habitat use , species that only overwinter in montana were only evaluated for overwintering habitat use , and species that only migrate through montana were only evaluated for migratory habitat use . in general , species were listed as associated with an ecological system if structural characteristics of used habitat documented in the literature were present in the ecological system or large numbers of point observations were associated with the ecological system . however , species were not listed as associated with an ecological system if there was no support in the literature for use of structural characteristics in an ecological system ,

point observations were associated with that system . common versus occasional association with an ecological system was assigned based on the degree to which the structural characteristics of an ecological system matched the preferred structural habitat characteristics for each species as represented in scientific literature . the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of montana covered by each ecological system was also used to guide assignment of common versus occasional association . if you have any questions or comments on species associations with ecological systems , please contact the montana natural heritage program ' s senior zoologist .

species associations with ecological systems should be used to generate potential lists of species that may occupy broader landscapes for the purposes of landscape - level planning . these potential lists of species should not be used in place of documented occurrences of species ( this information can be requested at :

) or systematic surveys for species and evaluations of habitat at a local site level by trained biologists . users of this information should be aware that the land cover data used to generate species associations is based on imagery from the late 1990s and early 2000s and was only intended to be used at broader landscape scales . land cover mapping accuracy is particularly problematic when the systems occur as small patches or where the land cover types have been altered over the past decade . thus , particular caution should be used when using the associations in assessments of smaller areas ( e . g . , evaluations of public land survey sections ) . finally , although a species may be associated with a particular ecological system within its known geographic range , portions of that ecological system may occur outside of the species ' known geographic range .

dobkin , d . s . 1992 . neotropical migrant land birds in the northern rockies and great plains . usda forest service , northern region . publication no . r1 - 93 - 34 . missoula , mt .

hart , m . m . , w . a . williams , p . c . thornton , k . p . mclaughlin , c . m . tobalske , b . a . maxell , d . p . hendricks , c . r . peterson , and r . l . redmond . 1998 . montana atlas of terrestrial vertebrates . montana cooperative wildlife research unit , university of montana , missoula , mt . 1302 p .

maxell , b . a . 2000 . management of montana ' s amphibians : a review of factors that may present a risk to population viability and accounts on the identification , distribution , taxonomy , habitat use , natural history , and the status and conservation of individual species . report to u . s . forest service region 1 . missoula , mt : wildlife biology program , university of montana . 161 p .

this opportunistic bird feeds primarily on insects ( grasshoppers , crickets , beetles , flies , ants ) . it takes prey from the ground , and selects different food items at different locales ( knopf 1996 ) .


thiotricha microrrhoda is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1935 .

it is found in taiwan .

the wingspan is about 11 mm .

the forewings are whitish , irregularly sprinkled grey , the costa narrowly clear white from the base to two-thirds , beneath this a grey subcostal streak becoming dark fuscous from one-third to two-thirds , the disc suffused grey between this and the fold .

there is a small dark grey subdorsal mark at one-fifth and a very oblique dark fuscous streak from above the dorsum at two-fifths to the disc at two-thirds , then longitudinal almost to the termen beneath the apical projection , where it receives dark grey very oblique streaks from the costa and dorsum meeting at a point .

there is a dark grey striga from the costa before the apical fi lament along it to the apex and there are some silvery scales on the terminal concavity .

the hindwings are grey .

thiotricha microrrhoda

thiotricha microrrhoda <EOT> microrrhoda meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586

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thiotricha pontifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196

thiotricha synodonta meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 45

thiotricha fridaella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 142

thiotricha atractodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : queensland , cairns

thiotricha complicata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi

thiotricha nephodesma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha obvoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha oxygramma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha polyaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha rhodomicta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha synacma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha xanthaspis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha ( thiotrichinae ) ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343

thiotricha amphixysta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha attenuata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : peru , iquitos

thiotricha celata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha clepsidoxa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya

thiotricha coleella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 55 ; [ fe ]

thiotricha hamulata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 162 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft

thiotricha hexanesa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya

thiotricha janitrix meyrick , 1912 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 2 ) : 64 ; tl : bengal , pusa

thiotricha obliquata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha rabida meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha cuneiformis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft

thiotricha pancratiastis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft

thiotricha pyrphora meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft

thiotricha scioplecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , shilleong , 5000ft

thiotricha corylella omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 209

thiotricha flagellatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft

thiotricha fusca omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 204

thiotricha indistincta omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 205

thiotricha termanthes meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft

thiotricha tetraphala meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : dunedin , new zealand

thiotricha thorybodes meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand

thiotricha xanthodora meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : burma , pyinmana

thiotricha balanopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis ; borneo , kuching

thiotricha hemiphaea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , toowoomba

thiotricha acrantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha acronipha turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , stradbroke island

thiotricha characias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : palni hills

thiotricha chrysantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha embolarcha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : java , mt . salak , 4500ft

thiotricha epiclista meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha grammitis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha hoplomacha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha rhodopa meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha argyrea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , atherton

thiotricha clinopeda meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; ceylon , maskeliya

thiotricha galenaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon

thiotricha glenias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon

thiotricha nephelodesma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .

thiotricha orthiastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 591 ; tl : rawalpindi , punjab

thiotricha pancratiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha saulotis meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon

thiotricha scotaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon

thiotricha trapezoidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha tylephora ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha centritis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft

thiotricha galactaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft

thiotricha panglycera turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 117 ; tl : n . queensland , cairns and kuranda

thiotricha prosoestea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 116 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda near cairns

thiotricha anticentra meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : brisbane , queensland

thiotricha balanopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )

thiotricha chrysopa meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland

thiotricha clidias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , celon

thiotricha cuneiformis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )

thiotricha delacma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft

thiotricha margarodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : rosewood , queensland

thiotricha pteropis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , ceylon

thiotricha tethela ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )

thiotricha animosella ; meyrick , 1908 , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]

thiotricha majorella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 47 ; [ me3 ] , 37 ( note ) ; [ fe ]

thiotricha niphastis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : york , west australia

thiotricha arthrodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : sydney , new south wales

thiotricha oxyopis ; bradley , 1961 , bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 ; [ nhm card ]

thiotricha paraconta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : wollongong , new south wales

thiotricha bullata meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales

thiotricha leucothona meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : murrurundi and sydney , new south wales

thiotricha oxytheces meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales

thiotricha prunifolivora ueda & fujiwara , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , takatsuki city , bochikoen

thiotricha parthenica meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; george ' s bay , tasmania

thiotricha angelica bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara

thiotricha eremita bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 , pl . 5 , f . 111 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara

thiotricha melanacma bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 133 , pl . 5 , f . 12 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara

thiotricha tethela bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara

thiotricha subocellea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 51 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75 ; [ fe ]

thiotricha synodonta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

korea , china ( jilin ) , japan , se . siberia . see [ maps ]

chinochrysa diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 10

gelechia ( ptocheuusa ) cleodorella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 355 , pl . 5 , f . 120 ; tl : bogota

ptocheuusa coleella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 255 , pl . 10 , f . 16 ; tl : alpes - maritimes

polyhymno corylella ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 107

dissobola meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 561

polyhumno fusca ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108

gemmulans meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63

polyhymno ? godmani walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 525 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent

polyhymno indistincta ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108

polyhymno laterestriata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 78

lindsayi philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 84

herzegovina , croatia , n . italy , s . france ( alpes - maritimes ) , greece . see [ maps ]

ptocheuusa majorella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 ; tl : herzegovina

oleariae hudson , 1928 ; butt . & moths n . z . : 254

polyhymno pontifera ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )

larva on symplocos prunifolia ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 81

eu , european russia , china ( gansu , shaanxi , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]

syncentritis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586

mystax trapezoidella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 138 ; tl : kasakewitsch

mystax trichoma caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 136 ; tl : kasakewitsch

polyhymno tylephora meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 68

anacampsis wollastoni walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 545 ; tl : madeira

[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

microlepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54

microlepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv

systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )

zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .

species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .

here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word acrophantis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word acrophantis and , of course , acrophantis synonyms and on the right images related to the word acrophantis .

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elegia fallax is a moth of the family pyralidae .

it is known from spain , portugal , france , italy , croatia , the czech republic , slovenia , hungary , romania , bulgaria , macedonia and greece .

it has also been recorded from the channel islands in 2005 .

the wingspan is 17 – 19 mm .

the larvae feed on quercus ( oak ) species .

elegia fallax

elegia fallax <EOT> html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en " " urltoken "

notes : very rare immigrant ( less than 10 previous uk records ) from southern and central europe to the channel islands , where first recorded in 2005 . in hampshire recorded for the first time at stubbington on 24 april 2011 , the first record for the british mainland . not recorded from the isle of wight to date . wingspan 17 - 19 mm . larva feeds on oak , no evidence of breeding in the uk .

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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken

discovered in the channel islands in 2005 , this species is believed to be a rare migrant .

the individual shown from stubbington , hants . , in april 2011 was the first british mainland record .

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the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .

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corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .

the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;

the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .

this point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :

this status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .

particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as " no probable or definite " ) .

in the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .

warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .

national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .

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1 - photos : joindre un ou plusieurs clichés ( vue de dessus , vue de dessous , vue latérale , vue de face et gros plan de la tête ) .

2 - localité : préciser la localité , le département ( voir le pays ) de l’observation .

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there are 0 county records of individuals from 0 different sites . first recorded in .

bulgaria , hungary , greece , spain , italy , portugal , romania , sicily , slovakia , france , yugoslavia .

bulgaria , hungary , greece ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , macedonia , portugal ( mainland ) , romania , sicily , slovakia , france ( mainland ) , croatia , czech republic .

[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )

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* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .

curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .

species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .

2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by speidel , w . & segerer , a . nuss , m .

this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license

pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi


dichogama colotha is a moth in the crambidae family .

it is found in costa rica , mexico and the united states , where it has been recorded from texas .

it is also found in puerto rico .

the wingspan is 28 – 36 mm .

the forewings are white , but black from the costa to the outer line .

the hindwings are white , with a dark grey terminal shade .

adults are on wing from june to october .

dichogama colotha

dichogama colotha <EOT> dichogama amabilis möschler , 1891 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 16 : 296

dichogama colotha is a species of moth found in costa rica , mexico , puerto rico , and southern texas . a description of this little known species was first published in the proceedings of the united states national museum in 1912 . d . colotha is a relatively small moth with white , almost iridescent wings that span 28 - 36mm , and tends to fly from june to october ( dyar 1912 ) .

dichogama redtenbacheri lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 11 ) : 396 , ( 12 ) pl . 10 , f . 11

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

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moths ( order : lepidoptera , alongside butterflies ) are an incredibly diverse group of insects that are largely nocturnal . in north america alone there are over 12 , 000 species , though many moth species around the world are seldom seen due to their nocturnal habits . moths can be incredibly important pollinators ( depending on the plant ) and are therefore worthy of just as much study and protection as butterflies and bees . i have taken a particular liking to moths and hold surveys at local nature centers to help them catalog species , so expect more information on moths in the future !

dyar , hg . 1912 . descriptions of new species and genera of lepidoptera , chiefly from mexico . proceedings of the united states national museum 42 : 103 .

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< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .

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< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water . subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex . co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme . electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .

< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences # eco : 0000256 " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > ' function ' < / a > section describes the metabolic pathway ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathway ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

this protein is involved in the pathway oxidative phosphorylation , which is part of energy metabolism .

< p > the < a href = " urltoken " > gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href = " urltoken " > controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : ‘name’ , ‘synonyms’ , ‘ordered locus names’ and ‘orf names’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences # eco : 0000313 " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences # eco : 0000259 " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href = " urltoken " > length < / a > and < a href = " urltoken " > molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href = " urltoken " > canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class = " publication " > press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href = " urltoken " > numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

jq548843 genomic dna translation : aez95059 . 1 jq548846 genomic dna translation : aez95062 . 1 jq548850 genomic dna translation : aez95066 . 1

< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href = " urltoken " > uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called ‘primary ( citable ) accession number’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( ‘last modified’ ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href = " urltoken " > canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href = " / help / sequence - searches " > more . . < / a > < / p >

we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .

this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .

a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1

walker , [ 1866 ] list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by " , + " and the number of omitted authors .

attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .

all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .

created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .