thambotricha is a monotypic genus of moths in the epermeniidae family .

its sole known species , thambotricha vates , which is also known by the vernacular name wonder-haired prophet , was described by meyrick in 1922 .

it is found in new zealand .

the wingspan is 13-15 mm for males and 12.5-13 mm for females .

the forewings are brassy purplish with a short diagonal white or yellowish fleck at the dorsal angle of the discal cell and an irregular yellow-brown triangular patch on the dorsum .

the hindwings are pallid .

thambotricha

thambotricha <EOT> below is the elusive thambotricha vates . . . - manaaki whenua - landcare research | facebook

lindeman road’s wonder - haired prophet – or the thambotricha vates . photos : bryce mcquillan .

the thambotricha vates moth , or wonder - haired prophet , found in katikati . photo / bryce mcquillan

the thambotricha vates hoare found was a female . the male is distinctive as it has very long hairs on its antenna .

the thambotricha vates hoare found is a female . the male is distinctive as it has very long hairs on its antenna .

a wonder - haired prophet , or thambotricha vates , was recently found in native bush in the bay of plenty town near lindeman road .

landcare research scientist robert hoare often uses a light trap to catch moths at night . however , the elusive thambotricha vates was caught during the day with a net .

daylight catch : robert hoare often uses a light trap to catch moths at night . however , the elusive thambotricha vates was caught during the day by using a net . photo / bryce mcquillan

there is no common name for the thambotricha vates moth yet , but mr hoare has named the rare species wonder - haired prophet , which is a translation from the moth ' s latin name .

landcare research scientist robert hoare was " sweeping " a butterfly net through bush when he discovered the elusive thambotricha vates moth , which was last caught by his predecessor , john dugdale , in taranaki in 1996 .

landcare research scientist robert hoare recently discovered the thambotricha vates , which translates to wonder - haired prophet , in katikati , bay of plenty , while taking a day walk through a native forest track off lindemann road .

although the native moth had not been spotted for 20 years , it did not mean the species was close to extinction . " we never thought it was extinct , it ' s just one of those things that ' s just really , really elusive and hard to come across . " he said . only about 15 thambotricha vates moths have been caught since it was discovered in 1922 in wellington .

landcare research is the custodian of a number of nationally significant biological and resource collections and databases .

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an elusive species of moth that has not been seen in new zealand for almost 20 years has been found .

up until then the moth , a native species , hadn ' t been seen since 1996 when hoare ' s predecessor john dugdale caught one in taranaki . only about 15 have ever been caught since it was first discovered in wellington in 1922 .

" it took me about half a second to realise what it was . i was delighted . it was a rather long time since i ' d found anything particularly wonderful , " he said .

" i ' ve been in new zealand 17 years and that was the first time i ' ve ever found that moth . having light trapped for years and years and years , i never found it by the normal technique . "

hoare believes the moth was not drawn to strong lights as other species were .

despite the lack of sightings , hoare believed there was no reason to think the moth was rare or endangered .

hoare hoped the dna from the moth may reveal some clues about its host plant . little is known about the " mysterious " moth aside from the fact that it lives in native forest , hoare said .

tegumen large , fused with small vinculum . gnathos elaborate , tongue - like , a pair of curved prongs directed caudally and the body

meyr . a , male genitalia , lateral view . b , genitalia , lateral view , eighth segment removed .

meyr . a , male genitalia , lateral view . b , harpe , inner view . c , tegumen , ventral view . d , aedeagus .

philp , a , male genitalia , lateral view . b , harpe , inner view . c , uncus , dorsal view . d , aedeagus . e , juxta .

meyr . a , male genitalia , lateral view . b , harpe , inner view . c , uncus , dorsal view . d , aedeagus .

of the organ sweeping in the opposite direction to end in a broad recurved plate between the harpes . aedeagus short , sinuate , bent . juxta a plain cap - like structure embracing the aedeagus . harpes long , narrow , entire , with long finger - like lobe arising from upper basal angle within .

tegumen narrow with moderately long angled spatulate uncus . vinculum imperfectly fused with tegumen , with thin arms and moderate saccus . gnathos without armature , forming a plain ring upturned at apex . aedeagus short and thick . harpes large , weak , entire , with a broad flap on lower margin within at about half and a fold on upper basal angle . between the bases is a pair of short horn - like lobes ; these are fused with the harpes but appear to be the modified juxta .

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by " , + " and the number of omitted authors .

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a rare species of native moth not seen in new zealand for almost 20 years has been found in katikati .

" i was quite excited , " said mr hoare , an auckland - based arthropod scientist .

" i looked in the net to see what was there and i saw this sort of , bright , bright brownish moth at the bottom of the net , and because of it ' s unusual shape i was able to recognise it pretty much immediately . "

the " wonder - haired " name stems from the unusually long hairs at the end of the moth ' s feelers .

the moth was small , measuring about 1 . 5cm across the wings , he said .

" there ' s a lot of things we haven ' t seen for many , many years , but because there ' s so few people out there looking , especially the smaller insects in new zealand , there are lots of those things that remain very mysterious . " said mr hoare .

this specific moth would only be found in " fairly good " native bush .

unlike the traditional method of attracting moths by light , the sweeping method mr hoare employed had enabled him to scoop the insect in daylight .

" this specific moth is at least somewhat active in the day , mainly nocturnal but it would be perhaps sitting amongst vegetation by day but we don ' t really know just yet and that ' s the thing . "

the moth has now been collected as a voucher specimen and is stored under the new zealand arthropod collection .

mr hoare said studies about the moth can now be done which will hopefully give more insight into other related moth species , it ' s life history and habits .

after finding that one species in a katikati forest , it showed the bay of plenty was a " fantastic " area for small native insects , he said .

" i think the bay of plenty should be proud that they ' ve managed to preserve these things . this is a good moment of saying , ' well , this little thing has survived ' , and probably goes to show that that forest , from an insect ' s point of view , is in pretty good condition . "

" i felt my arm being pulled into the machine and my immediate reaction was to pull back . "

italian movie - lovers are in for a treat with the arrival of the cinema italiano festival .

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an elusive species of native moth unseen in new zealand for almost 20 years has surfaced in katikati .

and according to landcare research scientist robert hoare , the insect’s disappearing act may simply be down to the fact that unlike other moths , they are not attracted to bright lights .

the rarely seen moth was caught in a net in broad daylight , while robert does most of his trapping at night using a bright light .

“i’ve been in new zealand for 17 years and that was the first time i’ve ever found that moth , ” says robert .

“having light - trapped for years and years and years , i never found it by the normal technique . ”

he believes this indicates the moth is not drawn to strong lights as opposed to other species .

the discovery came as an “amazing surprise” says robert , and he admits he hardly expected to find anything as he made his way through native forest along a track off lindemann road .

despite the lack of sightings , he believes there’s no reason to think the moth is rare or endangered . “it is a positive sign that the sightings are so widespread from northland to nelson , ” says robert .

another one was found a couple of weeks later by photographer bryce mcquillan , who photographed robert’s discovery .

the moth hasn’t been seen since robert’s predecessor john dugdale caught one in taranaki in 1996 . only 15 or so have ever been caught since it was first discovered in wellington in 1922 .

“it took me about half a second to realise what it was , ” he says . “i was delighted . it was a rather long time since i’d found anything particularly wonderful . ”

it’s hoped the moth’s dna may reveal clues about its host plant . little is known about the mysterious moth aside from the fact that it lives in native forest .

“the caterpillar has a specific host plant it feeds on , ” ads robert . “discovering that host will give us the most important piece of information needed to preserve the species . ”


chionodes dryobathra is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it is found in colombia .

the wingspan is 13 – 14 mm .

the forewings are dark fuscous with a brown basal patch occupying about one-fourth of the wing , the edge irregularly curved or bent .

the stigmata are blackish , approximated , with the plical somewhat obliquely before the first discal .

there is a small pale brownish spot on the costa at three-fourths .

the hindwings are grey .

chionodes dryobathra

chionodes dryobathra <EOT> this is the place for dryobathra definition . you find here dryobathra meaning , synonyms of dryobathra and images for dryobathra copyright 2017 © urltoken

here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word dryobathra . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word dryobathra and , of course , dryobathra synonyms and on the right images related to the word dryobathra .

gelechia dryobathra meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 49 ; tl : colombia , la crumber , 6600ft

chionodes dryobathra ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 106 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

chionodes borzella bidzilya , 2000 ; beitr . ent . 50 ( 2 ) : 391

chionodes soella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 21

chionodes aprilella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 24

chionodes flavipalpella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 33

chionodes flavipalpella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333

chionodes caucasiella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 34

chionodes caucasiella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333

chionodes frigidella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 50

chionodes frigidella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333

chionodes tantella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 64

chionodes tantella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333

chionodes attonita ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333

chionodes ermolaevi bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 422 ; tl : sakhalin

chionodes grandis clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : silverton , colorado

chionodes tundra bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 421 ; tl : jamalo - nenetskiy ar

chionodes pereyra clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : vero beach , florida

chionodes stefaniae ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 699 ( list )

chionodes salicella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 82 ; tl : skeena crossing , cassiar dist . , british colombia

chionodes acerella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 78 ; tl : izman creek , kamloops distr . , british columbia

chionodes tessa clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 246 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california

chionodes canofusella clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 248 ; tl : encantada , brooks co . , texas

chionodes bicolor clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 250 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california

chionodes meridiochilensis king & montesinos , 2012 ; acta zool . cracov . 55 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : chile , region de biobio

chionodes stefaniae schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 177 ; tl : galapagos , isabela , volcan darwin , 630m

chionodes iridescens clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 244 ; tl : american lake , pierce co . , washington

chionodes pleroma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331

chionodes scotodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331

chionodes whitmanella clarke , 1942 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 92 ( 3149 ) : 271 ; tl : pullmann , washington

the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 6 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , gelechiinae ( part - chionodes )

the lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 10 . a remarkable new white species of chionodes hübner ( gelechiidae )

chionodes sabinianae powell , 1959 ; ent . news 70 ( 5 ) : 127 ; tl : russelman park , mt diablo , contra costa co . , california

chionodes soella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes aprilella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 141 , 31 ; [ fe ]

= chionodes psilopterus ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes cusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 75 ; tl : alamosa , colorado

chionodes offectus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 57 ; tl : boulder , colorado

chionodes fimus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 76 ; tl : schrader lake , alaska

chionodes is a genus of moths of the family gelechiidae . it is distributed throughout much of the world . the larvae of many species use the douglas fir as a host plant .

chionodes tragicella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes luctuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 140 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes molitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 210 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 36 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois

chionodes boreas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 43 - 44 ; tl : nordegg , alberta

chionodes holosericella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 143 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes histon hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 61 ; tl : penticon creek , british columbia

chionodes perpetuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 146 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes apolectella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 147 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes hayreddini ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes hinnella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes bastuliella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]

chionodes nebulosella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 152 , 32 ; [ fe ]

chionodes sagayica ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 63 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333

chionodes nitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 84 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 59 ; tl : berkeley , alameda co , california

chionodes oecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : palm springs , california

chionodes lacticoma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

chionodes icriodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

chionodes litigiosa ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

chionodes pentadora ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

chionodes argosema ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

chionodes consona ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

chionodes eburata ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

chionodes salva ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

chionodes sepultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 60 ; tl : 6 mi nw newcastle , wyoming

chionodes percultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 58 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 1 ; tl : washington mtns , near nogales , arizona

chionodes plutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 91 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 69 ; tl : sanderson , terrell co . , texas

chionodes nepos hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 71 ; tl : indio , riverside co . , california

chionodes thyotes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 96 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : southmost , cameron co . , texas

chionodes soter hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 39 - 41 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois

chionodes ceryx hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 13 - 14 ; tl : n key largo , florida

chionodes rabula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 16 ; tl : parker island , highlands co . , florida

chionodes cacula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 61 , 331 , pl . 5 , f . 1 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida

chionodes emptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida

chionodes drapeta hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 63 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 18 ; tl : key largo , monroe co . , florida

chionodes paean hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 72 ; tl : jacumba , san diego co . , california

chionodes cibus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 98 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas

chionodes occlusus ; [ nacl ] , # 2101 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes suasor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 57 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 14 ; tl : huntsville state park , walker co . , texas

chionodes esor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; tl : big pine key , monroe co . , florida

chionodes tarmes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 66 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; tl : t2n r14w s31 , allegan co . , michigan

chionodes macor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 88 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 62 ; tl : saratoga springs , san bernardino co . , california

chionodes irreptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 143 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 53 ; tl : garner state park , uvalde co . , texas

chionodes restio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 148 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 58 - 59 ; tl : sonoma , sonoma co . , california

chionodes ludio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 152 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 64 ; tl : new lisbon , burlington co . , new jersey

chionodes obelus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 186 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : hayfork ranger station , trinity co . , california

chionodes kubai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 188 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 43 ; tl : pne hill , el dorado co . , california

chionodes rectifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 199 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : pensacola , escambia co . , florida

chionodes aleo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 71 ; tl : cedar pass campground , modoc co . , california

chionodes rupex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 74 ; tl : green river lake , wind river range , wyoming

chionodes fictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 58 ; tl : atigun pass & below , brooks range , alaska

chionodes praecia hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : vineyard , utah co . , utah

chionodes pulvis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 69 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : san bruno mtns , san mateo co . , california

chionodes bios hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 191 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi n prescott , yavapai co . , arizona

chionodes tannuolella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 32 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333

chionodes lictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 62 ; tl : mt . shasta city , shasta co . , california

chionodes procus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 70 ; tl : gran quivira national monument , socorro co . , new mexico

chionodes lector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 121 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; tl : woodwardia canyon e , riverside co . , california

chionodes sevir hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 137 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 24 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina

chionodes baro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 144 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 54 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina

chionodes popa hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 167 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 6 - 7 ; tl : mint canyon , los angeles co . , california

chionodes donatella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes petro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : 2 mi ne lakeside , san diego co . , california

chionodes dolo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 198 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : dempster highway , km 155 , 1050m , yukon , canada

chionodes praeco hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 209 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 34 - 35 ; tl : ocqueoc lake , presque isle co . , michigan

chionodes manabiensis schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 180 ; tl : ecuador , manabi , parque nacional machalilla , los frailes , s 01°29 . 340 ' , w 80°46 . 868 40m

chionodes hapsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 12 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas

chionodes volo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 38 ; tl : fort davis , 5000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas

chionodes landryi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 76 ; tl : lost river valley , 10 km s onefour , alberta , cadana

chionodes factor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 60 ; tl : big bear lake , 6800 , san bernardino co . , california

chionodes trico hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 45 - 46 ; tl : hardy work center , lawrence co . , south dakoa

chionodes impes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 227 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 70 , pl . 5 , f . 4 ; tl : kamiak butte , washington

chionodes sannio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 70 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 31 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington

chionodes stator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 32 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington

chionodes meddix hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 73 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; tl : clear creek camp , se camp verde , yavapai co . , arizona

chionodes pavor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; tl : camp baldy , san bernardino mtns , san bernardino co . , california

chionodes pacator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 53 ; tl : mt lowe , san gabriel mtns , los angeles co . , california

chionodes regens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 61 ; tl : hackberry lake , valenine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska

chionodes morus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 103 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 22 ; tl : ciervo hills , 18 mi sw medota , fresno co . , califoria

chionodes cautor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 142 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 52 ; tl : green gulch , big bend national park , brewster co . , texas

chionodes mikkolai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 33 ; tl : carmacks , 62°05 ' n , 136°20 ' w , yukon , canada

chionodes franclemonti hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 65 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 2 - 4 ; tl : wrangle brook road , lakehurst , ocean co . , new jersey

chionodes sanator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 60 ; tl : sw res sta , 5400 , chiricahua mts , cochise co . , arizona

chionodes repertor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 65 ; tl : 7 mi e jacob lake , coconino co . , 6800 ' , arizona

chionodes adamas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 150 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 61 - 63 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas

chionodes elainae hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 50 ; tl : onion saddle , 7600 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona

chionodes hospes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 61 - 62 ; tl : 9 mi sw atascadero , san luis obispo co . , california

chionodes sponsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 81 ; tl : sierra diable wildlife management area , 6400 ' , culberson co . , texas

chionodes theurgis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 213 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi sw buean vista , 8700 ' , chaffee co . , colorado

chionodes imber hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 33 - 34 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine nationa wildlife reserve , cherry co . , nebraska

chionodes naevus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 77 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 41 ; tl : cave creek canyon , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona

chionodes davisi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 78 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 42 ; tl : southwest research station , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona

chionodes delitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 58 ; tl : k bar ranch , chisos mtns , 3400 ' , brewster co . , texas

chionodes bardus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 99 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : santa barbara island , channel island national park , santa barbara co . , california

chionodes metoecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 125 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 32 - 34 ; tl : snake creek , 3 mi nw midway , wasatch co . , utah

chionodes optio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 154 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 32 ; tl : mt locke , davis mtns , 6700 ' , jeff davis co . , texas

chionodes agriodes ; [ nacl ] , # 2059 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes bustosorum metzler , 2016 ; zootaxa 4109 ( 3 ) : 373 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . mon . , 106°1 . 38 ' w ; 32°46 . 60 ' n 4 , 000 '

chionodes powelli hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 2 ; tl : snake lake , 4 mi nw quincy , 4000 ' , plumas co . , california

chionodes abavus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 64 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mts , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes obex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 39 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes munifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 76 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 40 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes sabinianae ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 48 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes rector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 56 - 57 ; tl : 5 mi n buena vista , 8200 ' , chaffee co . , colorado

chionodes fremor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes lusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 130 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 42 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes erro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 134 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 23 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes altor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 141 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 30 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes pinax hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 149 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 60 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona

chionodes messor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 153 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 65 ; tl : 1 mi ne san marcos pass , 1500 ' , santa barbara co . , california

chionodes magirus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 157 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 34 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes gestor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 159 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 74 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes bibo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 162 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes luror hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 51 ; tl : west fork , 6500 ' , 16 mi sw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona

chionodes gratus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 28 ; tl : big timber canyon , 6500 ' , half moon park , crazy mts . , montana

chionodes senica hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 79 ; tl : hart prairie , 8500 ' , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona

chionodes dator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 80 ; tl : louis lake , 28 mi sw lander , 8600 ' , fremont co . , wyoming

chionodes ustor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 32 ; tl : bridger forest camp , 7500 ' , wind river mtns , sublette co . , wyoming

chionodes rogator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 82 - 83 ; tl : mosca creek , great sand dunes national monument , alamosa co . , colorado

chionodes veles hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 212 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 84 ; tl : castles , 8 mi e buena vista , 8800 ' , chaffee co . , colorado

chionodes gerdius hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 87 ; tl : oso flaco lake , 5 mi s oceano , san luis obispo co . , california

chionodes latro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 68 - 69 ; tl : lake delancy , ocala national forest read 75 , mario co . , florida

chionodes rhombus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 105 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350ä , coconino co . , arizona

chionodes tributor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 48 ; tl : ozena camp , cuyama river , 1 mi e hiway 33 , ventura co . , california

chionodes ensis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : head of ephraim canyon , 10000 - 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah

chionodes nubilella ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 35 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes donahueorum hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : mt washington district , 840 ' , los angeles , los angeles co . , california

chionodes parens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 136 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes adam hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 140 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes nubis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 156 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 67 - 68 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona

chionodes innox hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 158 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 69 - 73 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes canofusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2066 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes psilopterus ; [ nacl ] , # 2111 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes metallicus ; [ nacl ] , # 2094 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 59 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes canor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 25 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350 ' , coconino co . , arizona

chionodes abitus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 56 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; tl : cold creek , 5 mi s buck creek ranger station , 6300 ' , modoc co . , california

chionodes lactans hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 74 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 36 - 37 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas

chionodes fructuarius ; [ nacl ] , # 2078 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 4 - 5 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes luteogeminatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2091 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes helicostictus ; [ nacl ] , # 2083 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 16 - 18 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes pallor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 197 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 20 - 21 ; tl : fort valley , 7350 ' , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona

chionodes nigrobarbatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2097 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 223 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 65 - 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes praetor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 67 , pl . 4 , f . 90 ; tl : head ephraim canyon , 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah

chionodes permactus ; [ nacl ] , # 2106 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 5 , f . 5 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes violacea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 25 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes distinctella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 42 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 148 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes clarkei hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 71 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : steens mt . , fish lake , 7100 , harney co . , oregon

chionodes electella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 52 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]

chionodes fumatella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 59 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 153 , 32 ; [ fe ]

chionodes ignorantella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 65 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 154 , 32 ; [ fe ]

chionodes argentipunctella ; [ nacl ] , # 2061 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 11 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes gilvomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2080 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes periculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2105 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes xanthophilella ; [ nacl ] , # 2125 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes sistrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2116 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 73 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes hodgesorum metzler , 2014 ; j . lep . soc . 68 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . monument , edge of dunes habitat , 106°11 . 32 ' w , 32°45 . 72 ' n , 4000 '

chionodes paralogella ; [ nacl ] , # 2103 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 13 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes salicella ; [ nacl ] , # 2114 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 120 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes acerella ; [ nacl ] , # 2057 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 124 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes terminimaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2117 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 132 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes pastor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 155 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 66 , pl . 4 , f . 33 ; tl : great basin exp staion nr ephraim , 8850 ' , sanpete co . , utah

chionodes fondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2076 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 160 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes pseudofondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2110 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 161 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes mariona ; [ nacl ] , # 2092 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 168 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes halycopa ; [ nacl ] , # 2082 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 171 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes hibiscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2084 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 190 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes aristella ; [ nacl ] , # 2062 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 56 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes mongolica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 280 ; [ fe ]

chionodes hostis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 122 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : major ' s flat near ephraim canyon , oak / pinyon junipre zone , 7100 ' , sanpete co . , utah

chionodes fuscomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2079 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 6 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes bicostomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2064 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 7 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes lophosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2089 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 67 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 21 - 23 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes nanodella ; [ nacl ] , # 2095 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes abella ; [ nacl ] , # 2055 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 43 - 47 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes kincaidella ; [ nacl ] , # 2086 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 87 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 6 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes pinguicula ; [ nacl ] , # 2109 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 67 - 68 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes dentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2071 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 74 - 75 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes abdominella ; [ nacl ] , # 2054 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 2 - 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes dammersi ; [ nacl ] , # 2070 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 101 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 14 - 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes notandella ; [ nacl ] , # 2098 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 19 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes ochreostrigella ; [ nacl ] , # 2102 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 104 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 7 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes thoraceochrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2119 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 117 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes chrysopyla ; [ nacl ] , # 2068 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 119 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes obscurusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2099 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 123 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 27 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes occidentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2100 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 127 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 35 - 37 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes trichostola ; [ nacl ] , # 2120 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 135 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 47 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes acrina ; [ nacl ] , # 2058 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 139 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 25 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes secutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 146 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 55 , pl . 4 , f . 31 ; tl : davis mnts , 5 mi se livermore , 6000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas

chionodes trophella ; [ nacl ] , # 2121 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 147 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 56 - 57 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes discoocellella ; [ nacl ] , # 2072 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 170 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes ceanothiella ; [ nacl ] , # 2067 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 187 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 41 - 42 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes aruns hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 18 , pl . 4 , f . 44 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas

chionodes retiniella ; [ nacl ] , # 2112 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 48 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes arenella ; [ nacl ] , # 2060 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 52 - 53 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes figurella ; [ nacl ] , # 2073 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 194 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes braunella ; [ nacl ] , # 2065 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 225 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 91 - 93 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes flavicorporella ; [ nacl ] , # 2074 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 229 , pl . 3 , f . 72 - 73 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes sattleri hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 218 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 54 - 56 , pl . 4 , f . 89 ; tl : bog e of big indian lake , halifax watershed , halifax co . , nova scotia

chionodes ( gelechiini ) ; [ me3 ] , 137 , 31 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 704 , 699 ( list ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15 ; [ fe ]

chionodes johnstoni ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 76 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 81 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 51 - 52 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes formosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2077 ( rev . stat . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .

chionodes praeclarella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 200 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 64 - 67 ; [ me3 ] , 144 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18 ; [ fe ]

chionodes mediofuscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2093 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 131 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 43 - 45 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes iridescens ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 75 ; [ nacl ] , # 2085 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 10 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes pereyra ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 109 ; [ nacl ] , # 2104 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 163 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes grandis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 64 ; [ nacl ] , # 2081 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 19 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes tessa ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 137 ; [ nacl ] , # 2118 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes petalumensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 111 ; [ nacl ] , # 2107 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 164 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 36 - 38 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes bicolor ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 2063 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 29 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes whitmanella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 147 ; [ nacl ] , # 2124 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 31 , pl . 4 , f . 77 - 78 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes viduella ; [ nacl ] , # 2123 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 54 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 215 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 49 ; [ me3 ] , 32 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19 ; [ fe ]

chionodes continuella ; [ nacl ] , # 2069 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 37 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 52 - 53 , pl . 4 , f . 88 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16 ; [ fe ]

= ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 15 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

formosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 , 331

formosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331

nova scotia , sw . manitoba , north carolina , missouri . see [ maps ]

= gelechia vernella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 884

= ; [ nacl ] , # 2077 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

larva on quercus imrbricaria ? q . rubra , q . velutina , q . alba , ostrya virginiana hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52

california , oregon , washington , texas , oklahoma , arkansas , louisiana , mississippi , florida . see [ maps ]

larva on quercus lobata , q . kelloggii , q . garryana hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52

nova scotia , quebec - florida , sw . wisconsin , e . texas , e . oklahoma . see [ maps ]


dendrochirus biocellatus , known commonly as the twospot turkeyfish or ocellated lionfish among other vernacular names , is a species of marine fish in the family scorpaenidae .

the twospot turkeyfish is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the indo-west pacific region , and it grows up to 13 centimetres ( 5.1 in ) in length .

in the wild , the species eats small fish as well as shrimp .

in captivity , the fish is somewhat shy .

furthermore , it may hide in crevices during daylight .

the species has successfully bred in an aquarium .

dendrochirus biocellatus

dendrochirus biocellatus <EOT> cyndy parr marked " image of dendrochirus biocellatus " as trusted on the " dendrochirus biocellatus " page .

cyndy parr set " file : dendrochirus biocellatus . jpg " as an exemplar on " dendrochirus biocellatus ( fowler , 1938 ) " .

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cyndy parr changed the thumbnail image of " file : dendrochirus biocellatus1 . jpg " .

a twinspot lionfish , dendrochirus biocellatus , at bunaken island , manado , north sulawesi , indonesia , november 2011 . source : rob , bbm explorer / flickr / urltoken license : cc by attribution - noderivatives

lionfish of this species , dendrochirus , are allowed to be shipped into the state of florida . only species of the genus pterois are banned .

i have been fortunate enough to keep all the species of lionfish available in the trade . of these , my favorite is still the twinspot lionfish , dendrochirus biocellatus . this member of the subfamily is a unique species that is less frequently seen in aquarium stores than many of its kin .

this species is not uncommon throughout its range , but is rarely observed ( h . motomura pers . comm . 2015 ) . little is known regarding its population status . there are 109 museum records of dendrochirus biocellatus ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , urltoken , 2015 - 04 ) .

author : frank vincentz license : attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported ( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) urltoken description : twospot turkeyfish ( dendrochirus biocellatus ) in the zoo of wuppertal , germany . link : urltoken title : wuppertal - zoo - dendrochirus biocellatus 01 ( 0 ) ies . webm details of the licenses can be found on this channel ' s " about " page . in this video , no changes or modifications have been made to the original material . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

there are no species specific conservation efforts in place . the distribution of d . biocellatus may overlap with some marine protected areas ( iucn and unep 2014 ) .

dendrochirus biocellatus is a reef associated species commonly found at depths of 1 to 40 m ( lieske and myers 1994 ) . it reaches a maximum standard length of 12 cm ( poss 1999 ) . this species is very secretive , and has been found in clear waters with a high concentration of corals . it spends its days hiding in caves and sponges , and only comes out at night to feed ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) .

lionfishes are members of the family scorpaenidae ( scorpionfishes ) and the subfamily pteroinae . there are six genera in this subfamily and approximately 22 species . the two genera that you most often see in the aquarium trade belong to the genera dendrochirus and pterois . members of these two genera are easily separated by the form of their pectoral fins . in dendrochirus spp . the pectoral fin rays do not reach the base of the caudal fin , they are branched and are connected by a membrane over much of their length .

( of nemapterois biocellatus fowler , 1938 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

justification : dendrochirus biocellatus is widespread in the indo - west pacific and not uncommon . little is known regarding its population status , and it is rarely observed in nature . although it is associated with coral reefs , which have been declining in geographic area and quality in parts of its range , it is unknown how this might be impacting the population globally . given this species ' wide distribution , it is listed as least concern ; however , additional research on its population trend is necessary .

dendrochirus biocellatus has a broad distribution in the indo - west pacific ( poss 1999 ) . this species ranges from the western mascaranes , maldives and sri lanka , east to the mariana and tuamotu islands , north to southern japan , south to the timor sea reefs off northwestern australia , new caledonia , and tonga ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) . it is found in shallow waters less than 40 m deep ( allen and erdmann 2012 , h . motomura pers . comm . 2015 ) .

despite being quite diminutive as lionfish go , d . biocellatus still possesses venomous dorsal spines that can deliver a severe sting to unwary aquarists . so , don’t assume you can let down your guard when transferring these little lions or working in a tank containing one .

nemapterois biocellatus fowler 1938 , proc . u . s . natl mus . 85 ( 3032 ) : 81 , fig . 36 . type locality : albatross station d . 15136 , off jolo light , philippines , 22 fathoms [ 6°04´20 " n , 120°59´20 " e ] .

the twinspot lionfish is considered to be the most difficult member of the subfamily to maintain . this is due to the fact that they can be reluctant to eat anything but live food . the best diet you can provide for d . biocellatus are ghost shrimp . you should gut pack these ( feed them a nutritious flake or frozen food ) before you feed them to you twinspot lionfish . i have yet to have an individual that would not eat these crustaceans . however , i have not had much success getting d . biocellatus to accept nonliving foods , including bits of food on the end of a feeding stick . so before you purchase a d . biocellatus , make sure you have access to ghost shrimp . juvenile twinspot lionfish will also eat live brine shrimp . you should feed your twinspot lionfish several of these shrimp every other day .

d . biocellatus can be considered reef safe , as it will not nip at or consume sessile invertebrates . however , keep in mind that ornamental crustaceans will not be safe , and specimens may come to rest upon corals , potentially irritating them and causing them to remain in a contracted state .

in terms of its ease of care , i would characterize d . biocellatus species as moderately difficult . so , it’s not a great choice for beginners , but if you have a few years of successful fishkeeping experience under your belt and are willing to give it the specialized care it requires , you won’t be disappointed !

dorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 . eye - like spots in the soft dorsal fin and feeler - like tentacles in front of the mouth ( ref . 48635 ) . mid - dorsal spines shorter than body depth . the only species of dendrochirus with a pair of distinct ocelli on the soft - rayed dorsal fin ( ref . 37816 ) .

dendrochirus biocellatus is thought to feed mostly on crustaceans , although food habit data is lacking for this species . it exhibits an unusual behavior when it feeds . it will snap its dorsal spines and shake its head from side - to - side as it approaches its prey . this behavior may serve to distract , or possibly attract , the prey item . thaler ( 2004 ) has suggested that the fleshy barbels that extend from the upper jaw may act to attract fish into striking distance . it often stalks its quarry by slinking along the bottom or around reef structure like a cat , and moves forward , either by " hopping " on its pelvic fins or by undulating its caudal fin . when it is about one - half a body length away from its prey , it lunges forward with amazing speed to ingest it .

feeding a twinspot lionfish in an aquarium that contains other aggressive feeders can be a problem . therefore , potential competitors , like groupers , soapfishes , snappers and triggerfishes do not make good d . biocellatus tankmates . this lionfish may have difficulty getting anything to eat with these more aggressive gluttons . you may have to present ghost shrimp to the twinspot lionfish in a fine meshed fish net . place the shrimp in the net and move it slowly toward the area where the lionfish is hiding . with time , this lionfish can usually be trained to swim to the net opening and snap up the shrimp inside . this method is also effective for feeding this fish in a reef aquarium . large angelfishes , triggerfishes , pufferfishes and porcupinefishes can also cause problems when kept with d . biocellatus . they have been known to nip the fins of this fish .

d . biocellatus reaches only about 5 inches in total length and is mottled with various shades of orange , brown , black , and white . its pectoral fins are large and fan - like , and it sports two prominent ocelli , or eyespots , on the posterior of the dorsal fin . this species’ other notable feature are the two elongated appendages extending from the corners of the mouth , somewhat resembling a long , droopy moustache—thus the “fu manchu” appellation .

this is where the “potentially picky” part comes in . one of the chief frustrations among hobbyists who keep this species is that it can be very difficult to get it to accept standard aquarium fare . in nature , d . biocellatus feeds primarily on small fish and crustaceans , and in many instances , captive specimens resist making the switch to non - living fare for prolonged periods . in these situations , items such as live ghost shrimp may be necessary to initiate a feeding response . some specimens simply refuse to eat altogether , so it’s important to see a potential purchase fed before you acquire it .

like all the lionfishes , d . biocellatus is suitable for a reef tank if you are not interested in keeping shrimp and smaller fishes , especially benthic species like gobies and blennies . this lionfish is less of threat to more active fish species than its relatives due to its slightly smaller mouth and unique hunting behavior . do not expect to see your twinspot lionfish much if your aquarium is replete with live rock . smaller specimens tend to be more secretive than adults are and some larger individuals will come out into the open as they become more accustomed to aquarium life . the best way to view these fish in a reef aquarium is to place a red fluorescent or incandescent bulb over the tank at night .

you have to strike a delicate balance in choosing tankmates for d . biocellatus . on the one hand , you have to be careful to avoid aggressive predators and species prone to nipping fins / appendages , as either type of tankmate will stress the lion , outcompete it at feeding time , and likely keep it in hiding . on the other hand , you have to avoid introducing any fish small enough to be perceived as potential prey by this stealthy hunter . also , conspecifics will often squabble , so it’s best to keep this species one to a tank . apart from those considerations , any peaceful , keep - to - themselves species that are at least as large as the lion should be acceptable as tankmates .

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greek , dendron = tree + greek , cheir = hands ; with tree like marks ( ref . 45335 )

marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 40 m ( ref . 9710 ) . tropical ; 32°n - 18°s

indo - pacific : mauritius , reunion , maldives and sri lanka ( ref . 33390 ) to the society islands , north to southern japan , south to scott reef .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48635 )

an uncommon inhabitant of clear waters rich in corals to depths of 40 m or more . feeds on small fishes and crustaceans ( ref . 89972 ) . secretive and usually observed at night . during the day in caves and sponges , and usually well out of sight ( ref . 48635 ) . venomous spines .

myers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01148 ( 0 . 00449 - 0 . 02935 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 ±0 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 29 of 100 ) .

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have long been a fan of lionfishes . in fact , these fishes were partially responsible for baptism into the marine aquarium hobby over 30 years ago . i have been fortunate enough to keep all the species available in the trade . of these , my favorite is still

. this member of the subfamily , which is referred to commonly as the twinspot , ocellated or fu manchu lionfish , is a unique species that is less frequently seen in aquarium stores than many of its kin . the two barbels on the upper jaw and pair of ocelli on the soft dorsal fin set

apart from all of its relatives . in this article , i would like to share some of my musings , and the observations of others , on this unusual scorpaenid .

a twinspot lionfish ( a . k . a . fu manchu lionfish ) showing the characteristic moustache .

the two ocelli on each side of the dorsal fin can change color depending on the lionfish ' s mood or social status .

a twinspot lionfish off batangas , philippines hanging upside down under a patch reef overhang . this is the darker color form .

a beautiful twinspot lionfish in the field . this is a reclusive species that is rarely seen in the open during the day .

the twinspot lionfish is known from mauritius to the society islands , north to japan and south to australia . it has been reported at depths of 1 to 40 m ( 3 . 3 to 132 ft . ) in lagoons , on coastal fringing reefs and on patch reefs . it is also found on outer reef faces and slopes . it tends to prefer microhabitats with rich stony and / or soft coral growth . it is a secretive species that spends the daytime hours hanging upside down in deeper crevices and caves . a diver might occasionally catch a glimpse of one of these fish moving from one crevice to another during the day . however , it is most readily observed during night dives , at which time it comes out to hunt .

the ocelli on the soft portion of the dorsal fin may serve a communicative function . they can change from black to a faded gray . this color change often occurs during aggressive interactions and courtship . in agonistic interactions the ocelli will typically fade in the dominant individual , while during courtship the spots fade in males . thaler ( 2004 ) reports that the ocelli can take on a turquoise color and that the eyespot adopts this color when the fish is excited ( whether by food , a mate or a competitor ) .

this lionfish will do better in a smaller tank where they are kept on their own than in a larger community tank where feeding them can be difficult . adult twinspot lionfish can be kept in tanks as small as 20 gallons . it is imperative to provide this secretive fish with caves , crevices and overhangs in order for it to properly acclimate . i have had even had specimens hang upside down under the heads of large leather corals .

adult twinspot lionfish will eat smaller members of their own species and larger specimens ( presumably males ) will behave aggressively toward conspecifics . when displaying the fan - like pectoral fins are extended forward , the dorsal spines are erected and the body quivers . smaller individuals will usually flee when a larger individual display , but threats may escalate into fighting if both fish are similar in size and one specimen does not back down . in this case biting and dorsal fin jabbing may occur , which can result in torn fins , scale loss , damaged eyes and even death if the fish are not separated . if you keep more than one twinspot lionfish in a larger aquarium ( e . g . , 70 gallons or more ) they will usually avoid each other , but in smaller aquaria dominant specimens often stalk and injure subordinate conspecifics .

all the lionfishes are venomous . an injection of venom from the fin spines can cause intense pain and swelling . for this reason , it is important to be very careful when ever you place your hands in your aquarium . make sure you know where your lionfish is before moving aquarium decor or equipment . if you are stung by your twinspot lionfish , immediately immerse the wound in hot , nonscalding water ( from 43 . 3 to 45 ºc , or 110 to 113 ºf , for 30 or 40 minutes or until pain has diminished ) or heat it with a hair dryer . the heat will denature the protein that constitutes the venom and prevent it from spreading through your body .

although the twinspot lionfish is more demanding than some of its relatives , this fish can make a fascinating addition to the species tank or reef aquarium . happy fish - watching !

michael , s . w . 1998 . reef fishes . volume 1 . microcosm , shelburne , vt . 624 pp .

thaler , e . 2004 . lionfishes - personal observations on their behaviors and suggestions for aquarium care . coral 1 ( 4 ) : 36 - 40 .

copyright © 2002 - 2018 by pomacanthus publications , llc , all rights reserved .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 7 january 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 7 january 2015 ) .

american samoa ; australia ; china ; christmas island ; comoros ; cook islands ; disputed territory ( spratly is . ) ; fiji ; french polynesia ; guam ; india ; indonesia ; japan ; kiribati ( gilbert is . , kiribati line is . , phoenix is . ) ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; mauritius ; mayotte ; micronesia , federated states of ; myanmar ; nauru ; new caledonia ; northern mariana islands ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; réunion ; samoa ; solomon islands ; sri lanka ; taiwan , province of china ; thailand ; timor - leste ; tokelau ; tonga ; tuvalu ; united states minor outlying islands ( howland - baker is . , us line is . ) ; vanuatu ; wallis and futuna

. 2008 ) . of 704 zooxanthellate reef - building coral species which were assessed by using the iucn red list criteria , 32 . 8 % are in categories with elevated risk of extinction ( carpenter

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

that are small and retiring enough to be kept successfully in fairly modest - sized quarters . among these is the subject of today’s post :

, the fu manchu lionfish , also known as the twinspot lionfish , ocellated lionfish , or twospot turkeyfish .

with patience and persistence , though , it’s often possible to train these little lions to accept non - living meaty items , such as shrimp , silversides , clam meat , and the like . the best way to achieve this is to present the item on a feeding stick or section of rigid airline tubing and give it a little jiggle so it appears lifelike .

because this species is small , very shy , secretive , and typically found resting on or hopping / scooting / fluttering around the rockwork , it doesn’t demand much in the way of open swimming space . it does , however , need lots of caves and hidey holes in which to refuge , so the aquarium should be large enough to allow appropriate aquascaping . i would consider 30 gallons a good minimum tank size .

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jeff kurtz is the co - founder / editor of saltwater smarts , former senior consulting editor for tropical fish hobbyist magazine , and the aquarist formerly known as “the salt creep . ” he has been an aquarium hobbyist for over 30 years and is an avid scuba diver .

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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

the fu manchu lionfish gets it’s name from the long mustache appendages on the front of it’s mouth . this dwarf species is one of the more difficult of the lionfish to maintain as it is often difficult to adapt to a captive diet . keep with lesser aggressive tankmates . males , often noted as larger specimens , can often be aggressive toward other fu manchu lionfish and may eat them . lionfish will eat smaller fishes , ornamental shrimps and crabs . this species is venomous . the pelvic , pectoral and dorsal fins of this animal can cause extreme pain . if allergic , severe reactions can occur . if stung soak injured area in hot water and seek medical attention immediately . smaller specimens will adapt to captivity and accept captive diets more easily . lionfish will likely remain hidden in brightly lit aquariums as it prefers dimmer lighting .

fu manchu lionfish , small : over 1 - 1 . 5 " , indo pacific

fu manchu lionfish , medium : over 1 . 5 - 3 . 5 " , indo pacific

fu manchu lionfish , large : over 3 . 5 - 5 . 5 " , indo pacific

due to availability and individuality of each species , colors and sizes may vary .

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liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

( of nemapterois biocellata fowler , 1938 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

a reddish - brown lionfish with a pair ( sometimes three ) of large black ocelli on the soft dorsal fin , three pink to yellowish bars on sides , pale and brown bands on pectoral fins , and a very long tentacle in front of the eye .

scott reef , western australia , ashmore and hibernia reefs , timor sea , and christmas island , indian ocean . inhabits areas of rich coral growth on clear reefs , usually sheltering in caves and on ledges during the day .

dorsal fin xiii , 9 ; anal fin iii , 5 ; pectoral fin 20 - 21 ; longitudinal scale series 48 - 51 . membranes of spinous dorsal fin deeply incised ; pectoral fins large , wing - like , upper rays fully connected by membranes , lower rays unbranched and free of membranes distally . lachrimal tentacle elongate , more than twice eye diameter .

. christmas island : christmas island natural history association 2 edn , 284 pp .

fowler , h . w . 1938 . descriptions of new fishes obtained by the united states bureau of fisheries steamer albatross , chiefly in philippine seas and adjacent waters .

fricke , r . , kulbicki , m . & wantiez , l . 2011 . checklist of the fishes of new caledonia , and their distribution in the southwest pacific ocean ( pisces ) .

micronesian reef fishes : a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of micronesia .

poss , s . g . 1999 . families scorpaenidae , caracanthidae , aploactinidae . pp . 2291 - 2358 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , t . h . ( eds ) .

the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes