cycloramphus mirandaribeiroi is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family .

it is endemic to brazil .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers .

its population is in decline .

cycloramphus mirandaribeiroi

cycloramphus mirandaribeiroi <EOT> cycloramphus mirandaribeiroi heyer , 1983 , arq . zool . , são paulo , 30 : 311 . holotype : mzusp 57809 , by original designation . type locality : " brasil ; paraná , 9 km w são joão da graciosa on pr 410 to curitiba " .

it occurs in parque estadual serra da graciosa . given the declines of high - altitude stream - breeding species in other parts of the wet tropics , surveys are urgently needed to relocate this species and to assess its status , especially in view of the lack of recent records . some other cycloramphus species have declined for unexplained reasons , and so it is an urgent priority to rediscover populations of this species .

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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : molecular phylogenetics and evolution publisher : orlando , fla . : academic press isbn / issn : 1055 - 7903 oclc : 231794612

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journal of herpetology ( ejournal / emagazine , 2002 ) [ worldcat . org ]

i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : journal of herpetology publisher : [ athens , ohio ] : society for the study of amphibians and reptiles . oclc : 60688590

[ athens , ohio ] : society for the study of amphibians and reptiles .

in bioone ( bio one ) . titre de l ' écran - titre ( visionné le 31 mars 2005 ) . texte intégral .

journal of herpetology / bioone ( organisation ) ; society for the study of amphibians and reptiles . ; ; [ athens , ohio ] : society for the study of amphibians and reptiles .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

justification : listed as data deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements .

this species is known only from the type locality , são joão da graciosa , in the serra do mar in the state of paraná , brazil , from 50 - 150m asl .

its population status is unknown . it has not been collected since the original collection in the late 1970s , despite survey efforts since 1986 .

this species occurs in fast - flowing rocky streams , in which it reproduces , in lowland forest .

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miranda ' s button frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 71 ) .

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frost , darrel r . 2004 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 3 . 0 ( 22 august , 2004 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa

amphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )

frost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

pough , f . h . , r . m . andrews , m . l . crump , a . h . savitzky , k . d . wells , and m . c . brandley . 2015 . herpetology . fourth edition . massachusetts : sinauer .

vitt , l . j . , and j . p . caldwell . 2013 . herpetology . an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles . fourth edition . amsterdam : elsevier .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

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a list amphibians & reptiles of brazil compiled by armas hill upper right photo : a yacare caiman photographed during a font tour in the pantanal in mato grosso do sul , brazil codes : ( bre ) : endemic to brazil ( t1 ) : threatened species , critically endangered ( t2 ) : threatened species , endangered ( t3 ) : threatened species , vulnerable ( nt ) : near - threatened species am - in amazonian brazil ig - in the area of iguazu falls mg - in mato grosso & mato grosso do sul mn - in minas gerais rs - in rio grande do sul ( ph ) : photo in the font website ( phraa : xxx ) : referring to the number of the photo of the particular species in the book : " reptiles & amphibians of the amazon , an ecotourist ' s guide " by r . d . bartlett & patricia bartlett , published in 2003 . links within this list :

barycholos ternetzi _ _ _ _ _ _ genus brachycephalus : saddlebck toads the saddleback toads are very small frogs , mostly around 1 centimeter in length . they have only three toes on each foot , and two fingers on each hand . this is in contrast to the usual five toes and four fingers of most frogs .

+ izecksohn ' s toad ( bre ) _ _ _ _ _ _ brachycephalus didactylus the izecksohn ' s toad is said to be the smallest known frog in the southern hemisphere .

this genus was erected in 2005 following a major revision of the hylidae family .

the genus hypsiboas was resurrected in 2005 with a major revision of the hylidae family . 70 species that were previously in hyla were moved to this genus .

occurs in open areas of the forest . it calls in low vegetation , close to the water . it lays eggs in a gelatinous mass .

striped treefrog _ _ _ _ _ _ ig ( recently described , in 1991 ) hypsiboas ( formerly hyla ) caingua hypsiboas caingua occurs in streams in open areas , with secondary forest growth .

blacksmith treefrog _ _ _ _ _ _ ig hypsiboas ( formerly hyla ) faber the voice of hypsiboas faber sounds like the beating of an anvil by a hammer ( as by a " black - - smith " ) .

montevideo treefrog _ _ _ _ _ _ ig hypsiboas ( formerly hyla ) pulchellus hypsiboas pulchellus occurs in lakes , pools , and streams . it hides under the vegetation , or under bark and tree trunks .

speckled treefrog _ _ _ _ _ _ ig h ypsiboas ( formerly hyla ) semiguttatus hypsiboas semiguttata breeds in backwaters or shallow riverside pools in permanent or temporary streams in the forest . its eggs are laid in clusters fixed to branches or stones .

scinax fuscovarius _ _ _ _ _ _ ig mg scinax fuscovanus is a tree dweller . it sometimes enters into human dwellings . it reproduces in temporary pools .

scinax nasicus _ _ _ _ _ _ ig mg scinax nasicus occurs in temporary pools . it lays its eggs in gelatinous masses stick to aquatic plants .

scinax squalirostris _ _ _ _ _ _ ig scinax squalirostris is found in the axila of leaves of eryngium ( false caraguata ) and other plants on the banks of lakes and pools . it can hibernate under tree trunks and bark . its eggs are stuck to aquatic plants .

veined treefrog ( phraa : 67 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ig mg ( also called pepper treefrog , or white - lipped treefrog ) trachycephalus ( formerly phrynohyas ) venulosus trachycephalus venulosus is a tree dweller , frequently in bromeliads . it lays eggs in the hollows of trees that it seals with a toxic secretion from its skin . habitat is the edge of subtropical forest , in the undergrowth . genus xenohyla

minas gerais spinythumb frog ( bre ) _ _ _ _ _ _ crossodactylus trachystomus crossodactylus trachystomus has been known to occur only in minas gerais at lagoa santa , belo horizonte , and serra de caraca . it has not been found elsewhere . 2 of the 3 known populations disappeared in the mid - 1980s . the surviving population is at caraca , with records in 2001 , 2002 , and as of 2007 . genus hylodes

araponga dwarf frog ( bre ) _ _ _ _ _ _ mn ( recently described , in 1999 ) physalaemus maximus physalaemus maximus occurs in minas gerais , in the serra do brigadeiro , at the fazenda neblina in the municipality of artaponga , and also in ouro preto , 120 kilometers from araponga . " araponga " is the brazilian name for the bare - throated bellbird . physalaemus maximus is found at the margins of temporary pools , in which it makes a foam nest , and in swampy areas in moist rainforest , and in forest edge . it is not found away from forest .

cipo swamp frog ( bre ) _ _ _ _ _ _ mn ( recently described , in 1994 ) pseudopaludicola mineira pseudopaludicola mineira is known only from serra do cipo in minas gerais , where it occurs at more than 800 meters above sea level . its distribution is poorly known , and it may occur more widely . pseudopaludicola mineira lives in open , grassy areas around temporary ponds , in which it presumably breeds . it adapts to some anthropogenic disturbance ,


the brahminy kite ( haliastur indus ) , also known as the red-backed sea-eagle in australia , is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family accipitridae , which also includes many other diurnal raptors , such as eagles , buzzards , and harriers .

they are found in the indian subcontinent , southeast asia , and australia .

they are found mainly on the coast and in inland wetlands where they feed on dead fish and other prey .

adults have a reddish-brown plumage and a contrasting white head and breast which makes them easy to distinguish from other birds of prey .

brahminy kite

brahminy kite <EOT> in malaysia , the brahminy kite is the iban god of war , singalang burung .

chestnut - white kite , red - backed kite , rufous eagle , rufous - backed kite , white and red eagle - kite , white - headed fish eagle , white - headed kite , white - headed sea - eagle . .

other names : chestnut - white kite , red - backed kite , rufous eagle , rufous - backed kite , white and red eagle - kite , white - headed fish eagle , white - headed kite , white - headed sea - eagle .

“an adult brahminy kite ( haliastur indus ) feeding on a fish from the nearby fish farms . . . .

habitat : brahminy kite lives mainly in coastal regions , estuaries , mangroves , wetlands , and even in urban areas .

m . eaton spotted a brahminy kite , race " girrenera " , at caloundra , qld , in august 2017 .

the brahminy kite species is distributed in sri lanka , nepal , india , pakistan , bangladesh , southeast asia and australia .

d . wilczynska reports spotting a brahminy kite , race " girrenera " , near cairns , qld , in march 2015 .

in his indonesian name – elang bondol – brahminy kite represents the official mascot of jakarta , the capital city of indonesia .

the brahminy kite species is a medium sized bird . the female kite is slightly larger than the male . the male measures 45 to 50 cm in length and weighs 400 to 650 grams .

the brahminy kite occupies a wide range of habitats including estuaries , mangroves , beaches , coral reefs , rivers and rice paddies .

the brahminy kite species are resident birds in their ranges . seasonal local movements may be made in search of food and water .

near - frontal view of a brahminy kite ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ caloundra , qld , august 2017 ]

near - lateral view of a brahminy kite ( photo courtesy of p . brown ) [ darwin , nt , april 2018 ]

the brahminy kite is a bird of the coast , particularly mangrove swamps and estuaries . it is sometimes seen over forests and along rivers .

the brahminy kite species inhabits coastal plains , estuaries , rivers , lakes , swamps , marshes , reservoirs , rice fields and urban areas .

recommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : brahminy kite haliastur indus . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018

this entry was posted in residents of borneo and tagged birds of borneo , brahminy kite , iban myth , singalang burong . bookmark the permalink .

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in indonesia , they are known as elang bondol . the brahminy kite is the official mascot of the capital and largest city of indonesia - jakarta .

the iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated these brahminy kite species and has listed them as " least concern " .

near - frontal view of a brahminy kite ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ maxwell creek , melville island , nt , november 2016 ]

in the 1980s . but , in the last 20 years , there have been very few brahminy kite sightings in the city , ” he said .

a snail kite hunting for apple snails along the iguaçu river in south america .

near - frontal view of a juvenile brahminy kite ( photo courtesy of b . hensen ) [ casuarina coastal reserve , darwin , nt , in july 2012 ]

on an overcast day the underwings of a brahminy kite can appear to be darker ( photo courtesy of p . brown ) [ darwin , nt , january 2018 ]

the adult brahminy kite is unmistakable , though juveniles may be confused with the whistling kite ( longer tail and distinctive underwing pattern ) or light little eagle . first - year juveniles may also be mistaken for ospreys , but are dark underneath rather than white .

flight : brahminy kite has long , broad , rounded wings . it performs slow , deep flapping wing beats . during the breeding season , it performs acrobatic flight displays .

the brahminy kite is a distinctive - looking bird with its rich chestnut brown body and wings , and white head and breast . it calls with a high - pitched mew .

known as garudan in tamil , the brahminy kite is said to represent the vahana of lord vishnu . the bird is very similar to the black kite and may be distinguished by its reddish - brown plumage and a white patch on the head and breast , shorter wings and rounded tails .

brahminy kites build untidy nests using sticks , grass , seaweed , flotsam and other rubbish .

immature brahminy kites have brown plumages with darker upperparts , and a lighter head and underparts .

, issued between 1976 and 1984 , featured birds . the second - highest denomination note in this series – the s $ 1 , 000 note – featured a perched brahminy kite on the front .

brahminy kite is an eagle that can be found across south east asia to australia . it mainly stays in coastal areas , especially mangroves forests although sometimes it can be spotted inland and on big rivers .

the brahminy kite is widespread across northern australia , mainly along the coastline from western australia to northern new south wales , and is more common in the north of its range . it is widespread throughout tropical asia .

adult brahminy kite , haliastur indus , also known ( for obvious reasons ) as the red - backed sea - eagle , photographed at pulau langkawi , langkawi permata kedah ( the jewel of kedah ) , malaysia .

the brahminy kite ( haliastur indus ; subfamily milvinae ) ranges from india to northeastern australia . it is red - brown except for white foreparts . it eats fish and garbage . the buzzard kite ( hamirostra melanosternon ; subfamily milvinae ) of australia is a large black - breasted bird ; it lives mainly on rabbits and lizards . …

voice : sounds by xeno - canto brahminy kite utters mewing calls “keeyew” usually while soaring . however , it is usually silent . in addition to mewing notes , it gives some bleating “pee - ah - ah - ah” .

the global brahminy kite population is estimated to be about 100 , 000 individual birds . these birds have very wide range and considered least vulnerable . habitat loss and use of agricultural pesticides are the main threats in their conservation .

the asian black kite , which are darker , have longer wings and the tail is forked , rather than rounded .

johnny wee’s images of a black - shouldered kite ( elanus caeruleus ) were photographed at singapore’s lorong halus . . .

milvinae , have rather narrow beaks , the upper mandible being wavy - edged . they are typified by the red kite (

lateral view of a brahminy kite with its outer eye - lid open , left , and the eye - lid closed , right ( photos courtesy of p . brown ) [ near dripstone cliffs , darwin , nt , december 2017 ]

these brahminy kite species feed mainly on dead fish , crabs and carrion . they also catch and feed on live preys such as small mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians and fish . they are known to snatch feed from other birds .

male and female brahminy kites are very similar in appearance , although the female is normally slightly larger than the male .

brahminy kite has keen view and can see its prey from a distance . it is able to lift live fish from the water , but most of time , it scavenges on beaches or takes debris from the water surface seizing them with its talons . brahminy kite frequents the harbours and fish - farms where it feeds close to humans . outside the feeding periods , it rests on branches often near water . it forages as over water or over land , and soars at about 20 to 50 metres above the surface or the ground . it flushes shorebirds on mudflats into flight and pursues the weakest . it is attracted by fires in order to catch the escaped animals . brahminy kite is mostly resident in asia and australia , and performs only local movements for food .

“…right in the middle , directly facing the middle door , sat the head of the longhouse , singalang burong , the coordinator of the whole world and its living beings , who took the form of a brahminy kite whenever he came down to the land .

brahminy kites are secure in australia . being scavengers , they benefit from waste at tips , on roadsides and in harbours .

all raptors are carnivores . brahminy kites feed on small fish and occasionally other small animals . they also scavenge on carrion .

“resident brahminy kites in the city have slowly increased over the years and i have seen them perched on high rise buildings .

the brahminy kite typically hunts for fish above water . however , it is opportunistic and will take small birds , amphibians , carrion and even flying termites . the bird is also kleptoparasitic , in that it will snatch food from other raptors . it often eats while in flight .

diet : brahminy kite feeds on wide variety of small preys and carrion . it hunts for mammals , birds , reptiles , aquatic animals taken with the talons , crustaceans , amphibians , fish… it hawks flying insects and performs piracy from fishing birds . they gather around large carcasses where they squeal .

they can also be found scavenging at waste at tips and roadsides , which in the long term may cause detrimental effects on the brahminy’s health .

range : brahminy kite lives in india , pakistan , bangladesh and southeast asia , and also in new south wales in australia where it is widespread and resident on coastal regions and along rivers . in mainland asia , this species breeds at about 2400 metres of elevation , and it occurs at 2300 metres in new guinea .

reproduction : breeding season occurs in the dry season in tropics , and late winter and spring in subtropical range . brahminy kite usually nests in mangroves , in tall emergent tree . it nests in swampy areas in order to be secure from terrestrial predators . brahminy kite is solitary nester . the nest is a compact platform made with sticks and twigs , at about 5 to 6 metres above water , but usually between 2 and 30 metres high . the cup is about 20 cm depth , and is lined with leaves and soft materials and also human refuse . the cup may also include dried mud . the nest is reused during several years .

the breeding season of these kite species is from december to april in asia . they build nest with sticks and twigs on trees . the nest contains a clutch of two eggs . both the partners take part in building nest . the female kite appears to do much of incubating . both the parents take part in rearing the chicks .

in sarawak , malaysia , for the ibans of the upper rajang – one of the indigenous groups in sarawak – brahminy kite is the form singalang burong takes every time he comes down to the land . singalang burong is the ultimate deity of incomparable qualities and superior abilities . he is also known as the god of war .

brahminy kite has four subspecies : h . i . indus ; h . i . intermedius ; h . i . girrenera ; h . i . flavirostris . they differ by some regional variation in plumage and bill colour . if australasian races have pure white head and breast , the birds living in salomon islands have yellow bill .

bougainville island , papua new guinea , has a fable about brahminy kite . it tells a story how a mother left her baby under a banana tree while she was busy gardening . the baby floated into the sky , crying and transformed into kaa’nang ( the local name for the bird ) , its necklace becoming the bird’s feathers .

brahminy kites are coastal birds and can normally be found along shore lines , estuaries and in mangrove swamps . they can sometimes be seen over forests and along rivers .

the nest of the brahminy kite is built in living trees near water , often mangrove trees . the nest is large , made from sticks , seaweed or driftwood and lined with a variety of materials such as lichens , bones , seaweed and even paper . both parents incubate the eggs and the young are fed bill to bill with small pieces of food .

brahminy kites have weak feet so , although they have long , sharp curved claws , they cannot take large prey . however they are expert at snatching prey in flight .

the brahminy kite feeds on carrion ( dead animals ) , insects and fish . it swoops low over water , the ground or tree tops and snatches live prey or carrion from the surface . it also steals from fish - hunting birds , snatching prey in flight . it harries or bothers other birds such as gulls , whistling kites , osprey or australian white ibis .

the brahminy kite is a medium - sized raptor or bird of prey . 1 it is one of the commonest raptors in singapore and is frequently seen in flight over urban areas and suitable sites such as jurong lake . large groups also roost on some offshore islands , such as coney island . 2 while it commonly hunts fish , it will also feed on carrion .

found in coastal areas of northern and eastern australia , the brahminy kite ( haliastur indus ) can be seen performing aerial acrobatics during their mating displays . as a type of raptor ( bird of prey ) , they feed on a variety of insects , fish and other small animals . they are expert at stealing from other fish - hunting birds by snatching prey in flight .

santhanaraman said he sighted the bird last year in the same environs with nesting materials . the bird is known to nest in huge trees like mango , tamarind , pipal and neem , but predominantly prefers palmyra and coconut trees . it is necessary to ensure the survival of big trees in the city for raptors like the brahminy kite to return here more often , he added .

brahminy kites , race " girrenera " , were first seen by us in july 2009 , along the rocky outcrops in various areas of the qld coastline . they were always seen hunting in rock pools from low perches . j . greaves reports seeing brahminy kites , race " girrenera " , at the spit , gold coast , qld , in october 2015 .

the female kite weighs 430 to 700 grams . the wingspan is 110 to 125 cm . the adult has chestnut back , wings and belly . the head and breast have a contrasting white plumage .

the brahminy kite is generally common throughout its extensive range ( 5 ) and consequently is classified as least concern on the iucn red list ( 1 ) ( 6 ) . although this species seems to co - exist well with humans , some populations , particularly in south - east asia , have been negatively affected by hunting , habitat loss , and pesticide use ( 3 ) .

chennai : advocate m santhanaraman and conservationist t murugavel stared in disbelief when they spotted a brahminy kite ( haliastur indus ) with twigs in its beak flying near the tvs showroom on anna salai on friday . two days later , they returned there to confirm that their eyes hadn’t been playing tricks on them . it was no illusion - the bird was there at the same spot .

“my wife and i were out cycling in the city when we spotted a pair of brahminy kites ( haliastur indus intermedius ) circling a tall building ( about 7 . 40am ) .

juvenile brahminy kites are easy to confuse with many other birds of prey , so record only on adults which are easier to identify . ospreys , whistling kites and black - breasted kites can all look similar when on the wing ; however , brahminy kites can be distinguished by their dark ‘fingered’ wingtips , chestnut brown wings and body that is half white and half brown .

brahminy kites sometimes sit perched prominently on rocks on headlands or on rockfaces . their characteristic colour pattern of light - brown body with white head makes them easy to identify even over long distances .

this kite has a sharply contrasting plumage ; with a mostly bright chestnut body , except for white head , neck , throat , upper belly and flanks ; a white - tipped tail and black outer flight feathers .

j . greaves reports spotting brahminy kites , race " girrenera " , at alyangula , groote eylandt , nt , in september 2014 , and at maxwell creek , melville island , nt , in november 2016 .

brahminy kites are known to be opportunistic scavengers that will eat just about anything , including food waste ( from boats and rubbish dumps ) ; carrion ( dead animals ) , such as dead fish ; and crabs .

adult brahminy kites have an unmistakable white head and chest with a chestnut brown coloured body . they have dark coloured eyes and a strongly hooked , yellow beak . the tail is relatively short and can have white tips .

protection / threats / status : brahminy kite is abundant and widespread in tropical parts of the range , benefiting from human activities . in australia , the ddt use and the disturbances threaten the species . in some parts of the range , such as in java and thailand , the species suffered decline due to pesticides , hunting and collection of nestlings at nest for sale , and loss of breeding habitat . however , the populations are not globally threatened at this moment .

the brahminy kite is typically found on tropical and subtropical coasts , where it occupies a wide range of habitats including estuaries , mangroves , beaches , coral reefs , dunes , saltmarshes , cliffs and village harbours . however , in india and in parts of south - east asia , it also occurs inland , by rivers , lakes , swamps , rice paddies and other wetlands , where it can be found at altitudes of up to 3 , 000 metres ( 3 ) .

debus , s . , marks , j . s . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . brahminy kite ( haliastur indus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

according to field guides brahminy kites hunt mostly in coastal mudflats and estuarine mangrove swamps , but we have also seen them on coastal rockfaces of small headlands , hunting in rock pools . they are also found on offshore islands .

) —found over much of the old world . both are large ( to about 55 cm [ 22 inches ] ) , reddish birds ( the black kite darker ) , lightly streaked on the head , with long , angled wings and notched tail . the

the brahminy kite is one of the medium - sized raptors ( birds of prey ) , with a white head and breast . the rest of its body is a striking chestnut brown . the very tip of its tail is white . the wings are broad , with dark ' fingered ' wing tips and the tail is short . the legs are short and not feathered , the eye is dark and the lemon yellow coloured bill is strongly hooked . it sails on level wings along shorelines and mudflats .

the brahminy kites ( haliastur indus ) are medium - sized raptors that are easily recognized by the white head and chest . they are also known as red - backed kites , white - and - red eagle kites or white - headed kites .

brahminy kites are predator / scavengers and commonly eat dead animals ( carrion ) and fish washed up on beaches or steal prey from other birds . they are an important predator / scavenger in coastal areas and their presence can indicate a healthy ecosystem .

unlike black kites , which are scavenging birds , brahminy kites feed on fish and even small water birds from the marshlands and freshwater sources . the pollution of water bodies and marshlands has driven the birds to look for alternative sites , say naturalists .

the brahminy kite is normally seen alone , in pairs or occasionally in small family groups , but rarely in the large flocks formed by some kite species ( 5 ) . the timing of the breeding season differs across its range , with populations on the equator being most variable ( 3 ) . breeding pairs build an untidy nest from 2 to 30 metres above the ground usually in a prominent fork of a tall tree . the nests , which are made from sticks , grass , seaweed , flotsam and other rubbish , are reused in successive years ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . the female lays one to three eggs , which are incubated for 28 to 35 days before hatching . the young fledge after 40 to 56 days but remain dependant on the parents for a further two months ( 3 ) .

. . . the brahminy kite is categorized as least concern because of its large range and large population size ( birdlife international , 2012 ) . the few studies that exist on this species are mostly from india and australia and focus on breeding biology and behaviour ( balachandran and sakthivel , 1992 ; indrayanto et al . , 2011 ; jayabalan , 1995 ; lutter et al . , 2006 ; sivakumar and jayabalan , 2004 ) . however , despite its vast range and large global population , its ecology is still largely unknown . . . .

. . . the brahminy kite , haliastur indus , occupies much of the region , usually near the coast , rivers or wetlands . this species is mostly a scavenger , but also takes a variety of small vertebrates ( ali & ripley 1978 ; roberts , 1991 ; ferguson - lees & christie , 2001 ; sivakumar & jayabalan , 2004 ) . two of the oriental vultures , the egyptian vulture , neophron percnopterus , and the lammergeier , gypaetus barbatus , belong to a monophyletic group ( gypaetinae ) separate from the other vultures . . . .

an opportunistic scavenger , the brahminy kite has a varied diet that differs considerably from one population to another ( 3 ) . although it often feeds on offal and food waste from boats and rubbish tips , as well as other forms of carrion , it also hunts for live food including crabs , crustaceans , amphibians , small reptiles , fish , insects , small mammals and birds . usually it forages by soaring low above the ground or over water , but will also hunt from a waterside perch and will occasionally forage on the ground ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .

this large kite has a striking plumage of rufous - brown and white as an adult . the head , neck to mantle , and throat to upper belly and flanks are all white . in the nominate subspecies , indus , that is seen in the indomalayan region , the white has finely darkish streaks ( top ) .

behaviour : brahminy kite feeds on wide variety of food items and carrion . it feeds on mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians , fish , arthropods , crustaceans , road - kill vertebrates , larges carcasses and offal . it may kill domestic poultry . it soars high in the air , watching for preys . it also hunts from exposed perch , and may also search on the ground . when a prey is detected , it seizes it by glide or dive , performing short chase . it hawks flying insects , snatches preys from canopy and water surface . it may perform piracy from fishing birds such as gulls and ospreys .

the incubation period of brahminy kite haliastur indus was 26 to 28 and nestling period was from 43 - 45 days . fresh water paddy field crabs paratelphusa sp . and fresh water fishes made 30 % in the prey items delivered to the nest . three peak periods , 0800 - 090oh , 1000 - 1200h and 1500 - 1700h were observed within a day for the delivery of prey . decline of 0 . 58 prey item / hour ( h ) / nest during the first five weeks of nestling period to 0 . 45 prey item / h / nest during sixth and seventh weeks ( pearson ' s correlation coefficient r2 = 0 . 448 ; y = 0 . 201 ) was noticed .

brahminy kites , race " girrenera " , were also seen by us as far south as the urunga board walk , urunga heads , nsw , in january 2011 . in june 2011 seen by us further south along the nsw coast , first near old bar , nsw , then as far south as wybung head in munmorah sca .

brahminy kites measure about 18 - 20 inches ( 45 - 51 cm ) in length , and have a wingspan of 3 . 6 - 4 . 1 feet ( 109 - 124 cm ) . they weigh between 11 . 3 - 24 oz ( 320 - 670 g ) . the females tend to be slightly larger than the males .

in march 2007 , mark chua came across a nesting pair of brahminy kites ( haliastur indus ) ( above ) raising two large chicks in a nest lodged high up in the fork of a tall casuarina tree ( casuarina equisetifolia ) . he managed to document the chicks in the nest , their fledging as well as many dramatic flight shots .

brahminy kites are medium - sized birds of prey with a white front and a brown back . head , neck and breast are white , whilte belly , wings and tail are brown . the eyes are black , the bill yellow and the feet pink with black talons . the underwing pattern shows dark - to mid - brown underwing coverts and light - brown flight feathers , of which the primaries have black tips . these black tips are also visible on the otherwise entirely brown upperwings . the yellowish - grey bill has a conspicuously long upper mandible . juvenile and immature brahminy kites are all mottled brown , with a back that is darker brown than the front . their bill is grey .

important references : coates , b . j . 1985 . the birds of papua new guinea , including the bismarck archipelago and bougainville . vol . i . non - passerines . dove publications , alderley , queensland , australia . debus , s . j . s . 1994 . brahminy kite . p . 119 in del hoyo , j . , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( eds . ) , handbook of birds of the world . vol . 2 . new world vultures to guineafowl . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain . debus , s . 1998 . the birds of prey of australia : a field guide . oxford university press , melbourne . ferguson - lees , j . , and d . a . christie .

description : brahminy kite has bright chestnut plumage except on head , neck and breast which are white , slightly streaked greyish - white . the broad wings are chestnut with blackish tips . the tail is rather short , tipped buffy - white . in flight , it appears rounded . on the underparts , chin , throat , breast and upper belly are white , with fine pale grey streaks . lower belly , vent and undertail coverts are chestnut . undertail feathers are chestnut , edged buffy - white . on the underwing , coverts are chestnut whereas flights feathers are buff - white . wings are tipped black on primaries . the slender , very hooked bill is pale yellow to horn - coloured . eyes are dark brown . legs and talons are pale yellow .

. brahminy kites have a wide - ranging distribution , from the border of india with pakistan in the west via the entire subcontinent ( including inland areas ) , bangladesh , sri lanka , via most of south - east asia ( including inland areas of cambodia and thailand ) , to basically all tropical south - east asian / pacific islands and on to australia .

wells , d . r . ( 1999 ) . the birds of the thai - malay peninsula ( vol . 1 ) . san diego , ca : academic press , p . 136 . ( call no . : rsing 598 . 0959 wel ) ; strange , m . ( 1990 , october 7 ) . the gregarious kite that swoops and kills . the straits times , p . 7 . retrieved from newspapersg . 6 .

, any of numerous birds of prey belonging to one of three subfamilies ( milvinae , elaninae , perninae ) of the family accipitridae . typically , a kite is lightly built , with a small head , partly bare face , short beak , and long narrow wings and tail . kites occur worldwide in warm regions . some kites live on insects ; others are primarily scavengers but also eat rodents and reptiles ; and a few are strictly snaileaters . kites are buoyant in flight , slowly flapping and gliding with wings angled back . several species are as graceful as terns .

brahminy pairs build untidy , compact nests using twigs , sticks , grass , seaweed , flotsam and other materials found in their habitat . the nest , once completed , is usually about 24 - 35 inches ( 60 - 90 cm ) wide and 6 - 12 inches ( 15 - 30 cm ) deep . the nest is typically situated close to water , 7 up to 99 feet ( ~ 2 - 30 meters ) above the ground - often in a prominent fork of a tall tree ; however , on rare occasions , they have nested on the ground under trees . the nests may be refurbished and reused over several seasons .

bulgarian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . cebuano : banog . . . chinese : ? ? , ? ? , ? ? . . . czech : lunák brahmínský , lu ? ák brahmínský . . . danish : brahminglente . . . dutch : brahmaanse wouw . . . estonian : valgepea - purihaugas . . . finnish : bramiinihaukka . . . french : milan à tête blanche , milan sacré . . . german : brahminenweih . . . indonesian : boalemba , bunéa , elang bondol , ulung - ulung . . . italian : nibbio bramino , nibbio di brahama . . . japanese : shirogashiratobi . . . malayalam : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . mamasa : teng - nge . . . malay : helang ekor cabang , helang merah . . . maltese : astun rasu bajda . . . norwegian : brahminy kite , braminglente . . . polish : kania braminska , kania brami ? ska . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : haja brahmanská , orliak brahmánský . . . spanish : milano brahmán , milano bramánico . . . swedish : brahminglada , braminglada . . . thai : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . vietnamese : di ? u l ? a

habitat and habits : in australia , it occurs in coastal areas , estuaries , wetlands , rivers , swamps , and clearings , often hunting over forest canopy ( debus 1998 ) . coates ( 1985 ) described the preferred habitat in new guinea as the vicinity of water , including coastal areas , swamps , and rivers , and forest clearings , forest edges , gardens , and savanna . patrols coastlines , roads , and rivers ( coates and bishop 1997 ) . when it is not soaring , it spends its time on exposed perches in trees . usually occurs singly or in pairs , but also in small family groups . it does not usually form large flocks like some kite species ( olsen 1995 ) , although it sometimes roosts communally , rarely in groups reaching three figures ( wells 1999 ) . more . . . .

muhammad naeem awan , hassan ali & david c . lee an annotated checklist of birds and conservation issues in salkhala game reserve , an isolated important bird area in azad kashmir , pakistan

simon p . mahood & jonathan c . eames a review of the status of collared laughingthrush garrulax yersini and grey - crowned crocias crocias langbianis

sayam u . chowdhury , alexander c . lees & paul m . thompson status and distribution of the endangered baer’s pochard aythya baeri in bangladesh

jeremy p . bird , berry mulligan , rours vann , philip d . round & james j . gilroy habitat associations of the manchurian reed warbler acrocephalus tangorum wintering on the tonle sap floodplain and an evaluation of its conservation status

colin r . trainor , philippe verbelen & ron e . johnstone the avifauna of alor and pantar , lesser sundas , indonesia

h . l . wright , n . j . collar , i . r . lake , bou vorsak & p . m . dolman foraging ecology of sympatric white - shouldered ibis pseudibis davisoni and giant ibis thaumatibis gigantea in northern cambodia

le manh hung , mark b . robbins , nathan h . rice & erick a . garcía - trejo survey of the avifauna at muong nhe nature reserve , dien bien province , vietnam

philip d . round , john m . hobday , rungsrit kanjanavanit & james s . steward a nesting pair of gecinulus woodpeckers in a likely zone of intergradation between pale - headed woodpecker g . grantia and bamboo woodpecker g . viridis

paul j . leader & geoff j . carey zappey’s flycatcher cyanoptila cumatilis , a forgotten chinese breeding endemic

alain hennache , simon p . mahood , jonathan c . eames & ettore randi lophura hatinhensis is an invalid taxon

simon p . mahood , david p . edwards & felicity a . edwards bar - winged wren babbler spelaeornis troglodytoides : a first record for vietnam , with speculation for 17 further avifaunal additions

frank e . rheindt & james a . eaton notes on the life - history and taxonomy of muscicapa dauurica umbrosa , an overlooked bornean canopy bird

david j . kelly & nicola m . marples annual survival rate and mean life - span of lemon - bellied white - eyes zosterops chloris flavissimus on kaledupa island , wakatobi , south - east sulawesi , indonesia

norimasa sugita , toshitaka n . suzuki , craig a . barnett & keisuke ueda an intraspecific adult killing in female japanese great tits parus major minor

james w . burnham & eric m . wood woolly - necked stork ciconia episcopus at napahai wetland , yunnan , china

mohammad irham , e . meijaard & s . ( bas ) van balen new information on the distribution of white - fronted microhierax latifrons and black - thighed falconets m . fringillarius in kalimantan , indonesia

simon p . mahood & james a . eaton the vocalisations of red - collared woodpecker picus rabieri

james a . fitzsimons , erik meijaard , iwan hunowu , dewi prawiradilaga , janelle l . thomas & johny s . tasirin diet of the speckled boobook ninox punctulata in north sulawesi , indonesia

oriental bird club , uk registered charity 297242 , is for people around the world who are interested in birds of the oriental region and their conservation .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

christidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the global population is estimated to number > c . 100 , 000 individuals ( ferguson - lees

. 2001 ) , while the population in china has been estimated at < c . 100 breeding pairs ( brazil 2009 ) .

the population is declining , especially in south - east asia , owing to loss of habitat , persecution , over - use of pesticides and , possibly , increased human hygiene resulting in reduction of available scraps ( ferguson - lees and christie 2001 ) .

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usually silent . drawn - out descending wail , like a bleating lamb : ' pee - ah - ah - ah ' ; meowing notes .

medium to large ( 45 cm to 60 cm e . g . raven )

handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds , volume 2 ( raptors to lapwings ) .

occurs on the indian subcontinent , through southern china and south - east asia , south to northern australia ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . haliastur indus indus is found in pakistan , india and sri lanka through southeast asia to southern china ; h . i . intermedius occurs on the malay peninsula , and in the greater and lesser sundas , sulawesi , the philippines , and the sula islands ; h . i . girrenera occupies the moluccas , new guinea , the bismarck archipelago , and australia ; and h . i . flavirostris is restricted to the solomon islands ( 5 ) .

classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .

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amphibians cold - blooded vertebrates of the class amphibia , such as frogs or salamanders , which characteristically hatch as aquatic larvae with gills . the larvae then transform into adults with air - breathing lungs . coverts small feathers concealing the bases of larger flight feathers , usually on the wings or tail . crustaceans diverse group of arthropods ( a phylum of animals with jointed limbs and a hard chitinous exoskeleton ) characterised by the possession of two pairs of antennae , one pair of mandibles ( parts of the mouthparts used for handling and processing food ) and two pairs of maxillae ( appendages used in eating , which are located behind the mandibles ) . includes crabs , lobsters , shrimps , slaters , woodlice and barnacles . incubated the act of keeping eggs warm so that development is possible . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .

ferguson - lees , j . and christie , d . a . ( 2001 ) raptors of the world . christopher helm , london .

whistler , h . ( 1963 ) popular handbook of indian birds . oliver and boyd , edinburgh .

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this species is found in barrow island . visit our barrow island topic page to find out more .

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races girrenera and flavirostris may intergrade in bismarck archipelago # r . four subspecies recognized .

( boddaert , 1783 ) – pakistan , india and sri lanka through se asia to s china .

blyth , 1865 – malay peninsula , philippines , greater and lesser sundas , sulawesi and related small islands , and sula is .

( vieillot , 1822 ) – moluccas , new guinea , bismarck archipelago and n & e australia .

condon & amadon , 1954 – feni is and nearby green is ( off se new ireland ) , and solomon is .

44–52 cm ; male 409–650 g , female 434–700 g ; wingspan 110–125 cm . perched adult unmistakable , with chestnut back , wings and belly and white head , neck . . .

mostly silent outside nesting season . commonest call among pair members a plaintive , descending mew . . .

coasts , estuaries , rivers , lakes , swamps , marshes , reservoirs , rice fields and urban areas ; in . . .

variety of small animals and carrion , including mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians , fish , arthropods , crustaceans , shellfish , cuttlefish . . .

dry season in tropics , late winter and spring in subtropics . solitary . platform of sticks and other flotsam 40–60 cm wide , up to 20 . . .

generally sedentary , although some breeders in s china may winter in se asia . mostly resident in . . .

not globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . common to abundant and widespread in some tropical areas , where often benefits from human activity . clear - cutting of . . .

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subsumed within milvus by some authors , but differs in plumage , voice and behaviour .

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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : haliastur indus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

was the recording modified significantly ? no . habitat : wetland behavior : call made while foraging .

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

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horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …

animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…

image : marie louise ng , 9 january 2011 [ velociraptorize ] . nikon d3s , 70 - 200mm / f2 . 8

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female is similar to male , but she is larger and heavier . juvenile resembles adults , but it has browner plumage with whitish edges . the white parts are rather buffy - white streaked brown . the bill is blackish . on the underparts , secondary flight feathers and undertail feathers are greyish - brown . primary flight feathers are whitish .

female lays 1 or 2 white eggs with some reddish - brown markings . incubation lasts about 28 to 35 days , by female . chicks are covered with cream to rufous down . they fledge about 44 to 56 days after hatching , according to the region . they reach their sexual maturity at 2 years of age . both parents share the nesting duties . breeding pairs are sedentary .

the red junglefowl ( gallus gallus ) is one of four species in the genus gallus . it is the wild ancestor of the domestic . . .

the black - naped tern ( sterna sumatrana ) is a slender white bird found in rocky islets near the singapore coast . it was . . .

the blue - throated bee - eater ( merops viridis ) is a bird with blue , green and brown plumage . it is one of two bee - eater . . .

the olive - backed sunbird ( cinnyris jugularis ) is one of singapore’s resident birds . it is very common and is encountered . . .

the red - whiskered bulbul ( pycnonotus jocosus ) is recognisable by its black upright crest and red patches on its cheeks . . .

the white - rumped shama ( copsychus malabaricus ) is a slender , predominantly black bird that has become one of the most . . .

the white - collared kingfisher ( todirhamphus chloris ) is one of eight documented species of kingfishers in singapore . . . .

the white - bellied sea eagle ( haliaeetus leucogaster ) is reputed to be singapore’s largest common raptor or bird of prey , . . .

the black - naped oriole ( oriolus chinensis ) is a bird from the oriole family . it has yellow - and - black plumage and is . . .

introduced into singapore in the early 19th century , the angsana tree ( pterocarpus indicus ) belongs to the family fabaceae / leguminosae . . .

ciku ( manilkara zapota ) , a tropical fruit tree also known as sapodilla , belongs to the family sapotaceae . various species . . .

flame of the forest ( scientific name delonix regia ) , introduced into singapore during the first half of the 19th century , . . .

bats belong to an order of mammals known as chiroptera , a term that comes from the greek words cheiro ( “hand” ) and ptera . . .

mousedeer form the tragulidae family of small , even - toed ungulates in the mammalia order artiodactyla . other artiodactyl . . .

for nesting , the bird typically uses emergent trees in mangroves . it also nests in casuarina trees . nests are between 60 and 90 cm wide and lined with dried mud . building and repair of nests occur from late october to march . eggs are a dull chalky white , and are laid either between december and march , or in mid - june . usually two chicks are raised in the months from january to mid - august , but mostly in the earlier part of the season .

and mudflats . it can also be found inland where there are open spaces like paddy land and old dredge mines . found throughout southeast asia , its range extends from india in the east to new guinea , the bismarck islands and australia in the west .

malay names : helang kembara merah ( “blood - coloured eagle” ) , 12 lang kawi ( “reddish - brown eagle” ) . 13

wells , d . r . ( 1999 ) . the birds of the thai - malay peninsula ( vol . 1 ) . san diego , ca : academic press , p . 134 . ( call no . : rsing 598 . 0959 wel ) 2 .

lim , k . s . , & chew , j . ( 2010 ) . a field guide to the birds of singapore . singapore : nature society , p . 10 . ( call no . : rsing 598 . 095957 lim ) ; yong , d . l . , & lim , k . c . ( 2016 ) . a naturalist’s guide to the birds of singapore . oxford , england : john beaufoy publishing , p . 34 . ( call no . : rsing 598 . 095957 yon ) 3 .

lim , k . s . ( 1997 ) . birds : an illustrated field guide to the birds of singapore . singapore : sun tree publishing , p . 73 . ( call no . : rsing 598 . 095957 lim ) ; wells , d . r . ( 1999 ) . the birds of the thai - malay peninsula ( vol . 1 ) . san diego , ca : academic press , p . 136 . ( call no . : rsing 598 . 0959 wel ) 4 .