zamarada differens is a moth of the geometridae family .

it is found in subtropical africa and is known from central african republic , chad , comoros , kenya , malawi , mozambique , south africa , tanzania , uganda , zambia and zimbabwe .

the fore and hindwings of this species are yellow-greenish and it has a wingspan of 20 mm .

zamarada differens

zamarada differens <EOT> children zamarada undescribed sp . 1 , zamarada polymnia , zamarada pringlei , zamarada prionotos , zamarada psammites , zamarada crystallophana , zamarada crysopa , zamarada consecuta , zamarada bathyscaphes , zamarada crystallophana cf . 1 , zamarada adiposata , zamarada psectra , zamarada varii , zamarada vulpina , zamarada tosta cf . , zamarada aclea , zamarada polyctemon , zamarada transvisaria , zamarada ascaphes , zamarada pulverosa , zamarada pulverosa cf . , zamarada purimargo , zamarada pyrocincta , zamarada rubrifascia , zamarada scintillans , zamarada sp . 1 , zamarada taborae , zamarada viridiceps , zamarada erugata , zamarada ignicosta subsp . ignicosta , zamarada hemimeres , zamarada glareosa , zamarada gamma , zamarada flavicincta , zamarada flavicaput , zamarada fessa , zamarada excavata , zamarada exarata , zamarada ilma , zamarada euerces subsp . euerces , zamarada eroessa , zamarada phaeozona , zamarada erna , zamarada acosmeta , zamarada dorsiplaga , zamarada differens , zamarada dentigera , zamarada denticatella , zamarada densisparsa , zamarada delosis , zamarada deceptrix , zamarada euterpe , zamarada pandatilinea , zamarada inermis , zamarada odontophora , zamarada opposita , zamarada ordinaria , zamarada perplexa , zamarada nebulimargo , zamarada metrioscaphes , zamarada metallicata , zamarada melpomene cf . , zamarada melpomene , zamarada medianata , zamarada jansei , zamarada iobathra , zamarada euerces subsp . phygas , zamarada ignicosta subsp . pyrilampes , zamarada plana subsp . denticincta

garlacz r . 2001 . species of the genus zamarada moore in nigeria with notes on their geographical distribution ( rhopalocera , geometridae , ennominae ) . - lambillionea 101 ( 4 ) : 610–616 .

fletcher d . s . 1974 . a revision of the old world genus zamarada ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . - bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( entomology ) supplement 22 : 1–498 , pls . 1–123 .

zamarada - species dictionary - southern africa : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .

jahrg . 1 ( 1907 - 1908 ) - internationale entomologische zeitschrift . - biodiversity heritage library

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cameroon , afrique occid . [ dentale ] , johann - albrechts höhe station , 1896 , leg . l . conradt .

oberthür c . 1912 . vii . révision des phalénites décrites par guenée dans le species general des lépidoptères ( tome ix ) –famille 11 . - etudes de lépidoptérologie comparée 6 : 1–355 , pls . 1–64 coloured + 1–69 black and white .

the fore and hindwings of this species are yellow - greenish and it has a wingspan of 20 mm . . . .

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liberia , nimba , grassfield , vi–vii . 1967 , leg . a . f . forbes - watson .

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dichomeris explicata is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1929 .

it is found on the bismarck archipelago ( new hanover island ) .

the wingspan is about 17 mm .

the forewings are brownish-ochreous , the costal edge suffused pale ochreous from the base to three-fourths , the extreme base of the costa blackish .

the plical stigma is small and black and the posterior part of the costal and terminal edge are pale ochreous , with a series of small black dots .

the hindwings are dark grey .

dichomeris explicata

dichomeris explicata <EOT> vad betyder dichomeris ? här finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan även lägga till betydelsen av dichomeris själv

dichomeris är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av hübner 1818 . dichomeris ingår i familjen stävmalar .

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it was described by hodges in 1986 .

the wingspan is about 16 mm .

dichomeris gleba

dichomeris gleba <EOT> vad betyder dichomeris ? här finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan även lägga till betydelsen av dichomeris själv

dichomeris gleba hodges , 1986 , n . sp . , mona fascicle 7 . 1

dichomeris gleba hodges , r . w . , 1986 | butterflies and moths of north america

the forest had three areas when created : gleba balata with , gleba tufari with and gleba jacaré with .

dichomeris gleba is a moth in the gelechiidae family . it was described by hodges in 1986 . it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from illinois , arkansas , missouri , texas , colorado and new mexico .

its boundaries are : north to the cologne gral . diaz , south establishing livestock loma porá , the cologne to the east and west pikyry colonies gleba 2 and gleba 3 .

gleba is the fleshy spore - bearing inner mass of certain fungi such as the puffball or stinkhorn .

the gleba is a solid mass of spores , generated within an enclosed area within the sporocarp . the continuous maturity of the sporogenous cells leave the spores behind as a powdery mass that can be easily blown away . the gleba may be sticky or it may be enclosed in a case ( peridiole ) .

gleba cordata is a species of sea butterfly , a floating and swimming sea snail or sea slug , a pelagic marine gastropod mollusk in the family cymbuliidae .

it is a tissue usually found in an angiocarpous fruit - body , especially gasteromycetes . angiocarpous fruit - bodies usually consist of fruit enclosed within a covering that does not form a part of itself ; such as the filbert covered by its husk , or the acorn seated in its cupule . the presence of gleba can be found in earthballs and puffballs . the gleba consists of mycelium , and basidia and may also contain capillitium threads .

gleba is a village in the administrative district of gmina kadzidło , within ostrołęka county , masovian voivodeship , in east - central poland . it lies approximately south - west of kadzidło , north - west of ostrołęka , and north of warsaw .

gleba found on the fruit body of species in the family phallaceae is typically gelatinous , often fetid - smelling , and deliquescent ( becoming liquid from the absorption of water ) . it is formed on the exterior face of the cap or the upper part of the fruit body . the foul smell helps to attract insects that help disperse the spores . chemicals that contribute to the odor include methylmercaptan and hydrogen sulfide .

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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .

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hodges , r . w . , 1986 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 7 . 1 , p . 87 ; pl . 2 . 18 - 20 . order

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the wingspan is about 16 mm . adults have been recorded on wing from june to august and in november .

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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by " , + " and the number of omitted authors .

attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .

all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .

created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .

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the unionidae are a family of freshwater mussels , the largest in the order unionoida , the bivalve mollusks sometimes known as river mussels , or simply as unionids .

the range of distribution for this family is world-wide .

it is at its most diverse in north america , with about 297 recognised taxa , but china and southeast asia also support very diverse faunas .

freshwater mussels occupy a wide range of habitats , but most often occupy lotic waters , i.e. flowing water such as rivers , streams and creeks .

unionidae

unionidae <EOT> water quality guidance for protection of freshwater mussels ( unionidae ) from ammonia exposure .

matteson , m . 1955 . studies on the natural history of the unionidae .

water quality guidance for protection of freshwater mussels ( unionidae ) from ammonia exposure . - pubmed - ncbi

phylogenetic analysis of prisodontopsis tomlin , 1928 and mweruella haas , 1936 ( bivalvia : unionidae ) . . .

" early life - history and conservation status of venustaconcha ellipsiformis ( bivalvia , unionidae ) in minnesota " by daniel c . allen

allen , w . 1921 . studies of the biology of freshwater mussels : experimental studies of the food relations of certain unionidae .

what made you want to look up unionidae ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .

kohl , m . 2000 . " unionidae " ( on - line ) . freshwater molluscan shells . accessed august 31 , 2003 at urltoken .

to cite this page : winhold , l . 2004 . " unionidae " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

strayer , d . 1983 . the effects of surface geology and stream size on freshwater mussel ( bivalvia : unionidae ) distribution in southeastern michigan , u . s . a . .

in previous molecular phylogenetic analyses of the freshwater mussel family unionidae ( bivalvia : unionoida ) , the afrotropical genus coelatura had been recovered in various positions , generally indicating a paraphyletic unionidae . however that result was typically poorly supported and in conflict with morphology - based analyses . we set out to test the phylogenetic position of coelatura by . . . [ show full abstract ]

zebra mussel infestation of unionid bivalves ( unionidae ) in north america . dw schlosser , tf nalepa , and gl mackie . amer . zool . , 36 : 300 - 310 ( 1996 )

…and two important families , the unionidae and corbiculidae , are predominantly freshwater with complicated reproductive cycles . there are no terrestrial bivalves , although some high - intertidal and freshwater species can withstand drought conditions .

graf , d . 2002 . molecular phylogenetic analysis of two problematic freshwater mussel genera ( unio and gonoidea ) and a re - evaluation of the classification of nearctic unionidae ( bivalvia : palaeoheterodonta : unionoida ) .

daniel c . allen , bernard e . sietman , daniel e . kelner , mark c . hove , et al . . " early life - history and conservation status of venustaconcha ellipsiformis ( bivalvia , unionidae ) in minnesota "

this key covers the 3 subfamilies of unionidae that we have collected in north dakota rivers and streams . this key will aid you by providing simple features you can look for to identify your specimen . after using the key , confirm the identity of you specimen by reading the genera page .

in the freshwater unionidae the released larva , called a glochidium , often has sharp spines projecting inward from each valve . the larva attaches to either the gills or fins of passing fish and becomes a temporary parasite . eventually , it leaves the fish , falls to the lake floor , and metamorphoses…

…of the bivalve mollusk families unionidae and margaritiferidae . of these , 21 have become extinct in the past century , and another 120 species are in danger of extinction . during this same period , engineers have extensively dammed and channeled north america’s rivers . the tennessee river , for example , is dammed along its entire…

the unionidae , of worldwide distribution , are most diverse in eastern and central north america , and secondarily in china and southeast asia . these include north america ' s most abundant , interesting , and economically valuable shells . because of their long association with activities of leisure , livelihood and trade , many have acquired colorful common names .

a refuge for native freshwater mussels ( bivalvia : unionidae ) from impacts of the exotic zebra mussel ( dreissena polymorpha ) in lake st . clair . dt zanatta , gl mackie , jl metcalfe - smith , and da woolnough . j . great lakes res . 28 ( 3 ) : 479 - 489 internat . assoc . great lakes res . , 2002

zhou et al . ( 2007 , acta zoologica sinica , 53 : 1024–1030 ) reported the eastern asian freshwater mussel genus lamproula sensu lato simpson , 1900 ( unionidae ) to be polyphyletic and advocated a revision of the genus - and family - level classifications . however , their taxon sampling and analyses were insufficient to infer accurately the systematic placement of the resultant clades . we . . . [ show full abstract ]

ty - jour ti - life history of the endangered fine rayed pigtoe fusconaia cuneolus ( bivalvia , unionidae ) in the clinch river , virginia t2 - american malacological bulletin . vl - 10 ur - urltoken pb - [ american malacological union ] , cy - [ hattiesburg , miss . ? ] : py - 1993 sp - 83 ep - 91 sn - 0740 - 2783 au - bruenderman , s a au - neves , r j er -

. . . although the statistical biogeographic models assume that the crown group of the family was widely distributed across the east laurasia ( east asia + mediterranean ) , the fossil evidence shows an east asian origin for both the stem and the crown group ( e . g . , chen , 1984 ; jingshan et al . , 1993 ; ma , 1994ma , , 1996jiang et al . , 2005 ; pan and sha , 2009 ; fang et al . , 2009 ; yao et al . , 2011 china ( fang et al . , 2009 ) is here proposed as a fossil member of the crown group of margaritiferidae + unionidae , most likely re - presenting a separate ancestral family ( supplementary tables 3 and 4 ) . this agrees with graf et al . ( 2015 ) and skawina and dzik ( 2011 ) , who suggested that pre - jurassic freshwater bivalves may represent the stem - groups of modern unionoid clades . bolotov et al . ( 2017a ) showed that the unionidae most likely originated in east and southeast asia , which is consistent with the hypothesis of an asian origin for both families . . . .

@ article { bhlpart143222 , title = { life history of the endangered fine rayed pigtoe fusconaia cuneolus ( bivalvia , unionidae ) in the clinch river , virginia } , journal = { american malacological bulletin . } , volume = { 10 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder } , url = urltoken publisher = { [ hattiesburg , miss . ? ] : [ american malacological union ] , 1983 - } , author = { bruenderman , s a and neves , r j } , year = { 1993 } , pages = { 83 - - 91 } , }

the shell morphology and population dynamics of the five british unionidae are compared within a sympatric population . pseudanodonta complanata is distinguished from anodonta anatina and a . cygnea by the hinge length–shell length relationship ; this morphological distinction may serve as a useful tool in the identification of this threatened species . the shell length at a given annulus was remarkably similar for all five species , although the asymptotic length is reached most quickly in p . complanata and unio pictorum . p . complanata is relatively short - lived and attains the lowest maximum length , while a . cygnea lives more than twice as long and attains almost double the length of p . complanata . unio spp . have a short gravid season over the summer , while anodonta spp . have a long gravid period , lasting from autumn through to spring . unlike other members of the anodontinae , p . complanata has a short breeding season , overlapping with that of the unio spp .

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» genus amphinaias crosse & p . fischer , 1894 accepted as cyclonaias pilsbry in ortmann & walker , 1922

» genus amygdalonaias crosse & p . fischer , 1894 accepted as truncilla rafinesque , 1819

» genus amygdalonajas crosse & p . fischer , 1894 accepted as truncilla rafinesque , 1819

» genus cokeria w . b . marshall , 1916 accepted as amblema rafinesque , 1820

» genus corunculina simpson in f . c . baker , 1898 accepted as toxolasma rafinesque , 1831

» genus lapidosus simpson , 1900 accepted as disconaias crosse & p . fischer , 1894

» genus mesonaias crosse & p . fischer , 1894 accepted as cyrtonaias crosse & p . fischer , 1894

» genus anadontoides simpson in f . c . baker , 1898 accepted as anodontoides simpson in f . c . baker , 1898

» genus anodontopsis simpson in f . c . baker , 1898 accepted as anodontoides simpson in f . c . baker , 1898

» genus brachyanodon crosse & p . fischer , 1894 accepted as anodonta lamarck , 1799

» genus flexiplis rafinesque , 1831 accepted as pyganodon crosse & p . fischer , 1894

» genus flexiptis rafinesque , 1831 accepted as pyganodon crosse & p . fischer , 1894

» genus mesanodon crosse & p . fischer , 1894 accepted as anodonta lamarck , 1799

» genus nayadina de gregorio , 1914 accepted as utterbackia f . c . baker , 1927

» genus utterbachia f . c . baker , 1927 accepted as utterbackia f . c . baker , 1927 ( original misspelling )

genus nodularidia cockerell , 1901 accepted as nodularia conrad , 1853 ( unnecessary nom . nov . pro nodularia conrad , 1853 )

bieler r . , carter j . g . & coan e . v . ( 2010 ) . classification of bivalve families . pp . 113 - 133 , in : bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2010 ) , nomenclator of bivalve families . malacologia 52 ( 2 ) : 1 - 184 . [ details ]

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augspurger t 1 , keller ae , black mc , cope wg , dwyer fj .

u . s . fish and wildlife service , p . o . box 33726 , raleigh , north carolina 27636 - 3726 , usa . tom _ augspurger @ urltoken

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graf , d . l . & k . s . cummings . 2013 . the freshwater mussels ( unionoida ) of the world ( and other less consequential bivalves ) , updated 8 august 2013 . mussel project web site , urltoken

turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .

common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

lampsilis cardium rafinesque , 1820 , in a very shallow creek in southwest missouri . the gray mantle flaps have black and white " eyespots " and undulate back and forth rhythmically . click here for animated sketch .

the anodontinae ( subfamily status for anodontini used by banarescu in his worldwide synthesis ) and the genus anodonta have wide distribution in the northern hemisphere . 11 genera have been listed for east and southeast asia , and two in western asia .

twenty north american genera further grouped into five subtribes by burch . names in parenthesis are older synonyms in common use ;

acuticostinae : east and southeast asia , eight genera . lamellidentina : one genus in india and afghanistan . psilunioninae : one genus in southern europe , northern africa . unioninae s . s . ( not equivalent to the north american unioninae , above ) six genera in europe , east asia and africa , including unio itself .

this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .

dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…

more than 40 species of freshwater mussels are native to the great lakes . all are filter feeders . most are considered endangered and / or restricted to protected areas . exotic dreissenid mussels are largely to blame - - faster - growing dreissenids settle on the shells of the native species effectively smothering them . adults are male and female , fertilization usually takes place internal to the female with young brooded in the mother ' s gills until they reach a glochidia stage . the juvenile glochidia stages of unionids are usually parasitic on fish - often confined to a single host species .

* * reported locations based on a limited literature search . codes indicate presence reported but absence of a code should not be interpreted as a species absence .

abundance , biomass , and species composition of benthic macroinvertebrate populations in saginaw bay , lake huron , 1987 - 96 . thomas nalepa , david fanslow , margaret lansing , gregory lang , mark ford , gerald gostenik , and david hartson . noaa technical memorandum glerl - 122 .

relationships among zoobenthos , sediments , and organic matter in littoral zones of western lake erie and saginaw bay . 1983 . richard a . cole and diana l . weigmann . jglr 9 ( 4 ) 568 - 581 .

wave - zone macrobenthos of the exposed canadian shores of the st . lawrence great lakes . 1978 . d . r . barton and b . n . hynes . jglr 4 ( 1 ) 27 - 45 .

benthic community structure and composition among rocky habitats in the great lakes and keuka lake , ny . 1987 . michael h . winnell and david j . jude . jglr 13 ( 1 ) 3 - 17 .

changes in the biodiversity of freshwater mussels in the canadian waters of the lower great lakes drainage basin over the past 140 years jl metcalfe - smith , sk staton , gl mackie , and nm lane . j . great lakes res . 24 ( 4 ) : 845 - 858 , 1998 .

changes to the deepwater benthos of eastern lake erie since the invasion of dreissena 1979 - 1993 . 1997 . r dermott and d kerec . cjfas 54 : 922 - 930 .

w ( wave zone = 0 - 2m ) based on : wave - zone macrobenthos of the exposed canadian shores of the st . lawrence great lakes . 1978 . d . r . barton and b . n . hynes . jglr 4 ( 1 ) 27 - 45 .

r ( rocky habitats ) based on : benthic community structure and composition among rocky habitats in the great lakes and keuka lake , ny . 1987 . michael h . winnell and david j . jude . jglr 13 ( 1 ) 3 - 17 .

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fm ( u ) otw ( aolcb ) is the web version of the mussel project database . follow the links to browse the data or use the search fields . either way , you win !

the mussel project  home page urltoken . site developed and maintained by dan graf & kevin cummings . hosted by the university of wisconsin - stevens point . funded by the national science foundation .

" making the world a better place , one mollusk at a time . "

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published 2015 , zoological journal of the linnean society 175 : 307 - 318 . click here for electronic access .

by daniel l . graf , hugh jones , anthony j . geneva , john . m . pfeiffer iii & michael w . klunzinger

published 2015 , molecular phylogenetics & evolution 85 : 1 - 9 . click here for electronic access .

invited presentation at the second international meeting on biology and conservation of freshwater bivalves , 4 - 8 october 2015 , buffalo , ny .

this slide shows the distributions of two species in the magdalena basin , colombia .

presented at the 81st annual meeting of the american malacological society , 28 - 31 august 2015 , university of michigan biological station , pellston , mi .

by kevin s . cummings , jeremy tiemann , daniel l . graf , maria cristina dreher mansur & mark h . sabaj - perez

presented at the 53rd annual meeting of the american fisheries society – illinois chapter , pere marquette state park , 3 - 5 march 2015 . also presented at the 9th biennial freshwater mollusk conservation society symposium , st . charles , missouri , 22 - 26 march 2015 .

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. . . in this classification , hyrioidea ( represented only by hyriidae ) occupy an intermediate position between the two other groups , etherioidea and unionoidea , reflecting the conflicting data from other authors concerning the position of hyriidae ( , hoeh et al . 2001 , graf & cummins 2006 ) . graf et al . ( 2015 ) presented hyriidae as sister to all other freshwater mussel families , in a position quite different from the previously one ( graf & cummings 2006 ) , however similar ( regarding to hyriidae position ) to topology presented by hoeh et al . ( 2009 ) . . . .

. . . there are around 80 species of hyriidae , occurring throughout oceania and south america , with only two or three species west of the andes ( bonetto et al . 1986 ; parada & peredo , 2002 ; graf & cummings , 2007 ; bogan , 2008 ) . hyriidae is monophyletic ( graf et al . 2015 ) and usually divided in two groups ( sub - families ) , the hyriinae , which comprises south american species , except by hyridella swainson , 1840 and some related australian species ; and velesunioninae , that comprises most australian species ( graf & cummings , 2006bieler et al . 2010 ; graf et al . 2015 ) . among hyriidae seven genera are recognized to south america : prisodon schumacher , 1817 ; paxyodon schumacher , 1817 ; callonaia simpson , 1900 ; castalia lamarck , 1819 ; castaliella simpson , 1900 ; diplodon spix in wagner , 1827 and rhipidodonta mörch , 1893 ( simone , 2006 ) ; and , nine genera to australia : hyridella ; cucumerunio iredale , 1934 ; echyridella mcmichael & hiscock , 1958 ; virgus ; velesunio iredale , 1934 ; alathyria iredale , 1934 ; lortilella iredale , 1934 ; microdontia tapparone canefri , 1883 ; westralunio iredale , 1934 ( graf & cummings , 2007 ) . . . .

. . . 257 ma in the permian . however , the genesis of extant margaritiferids traces back to ca . 88 ma in the late an early jurassic ( mean age = 194 ma ) origin of the crown - group hyriidae was estimated previously ( graf et al . , 2015 ) , but a relatively younger age is shown in our study ( 178 ma ) . even though fewer hyriidae species were sampled and no calibration point inside this family was used in present study , the major reason contributes to the difference is the incongruence on relationships between hyriidae with the other five families of unionoida . . . .

reclassification of lamprotula rochechouartii as margaritifera rochechouartii comb . nov . ( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) revealed by time - calibrated multi - locus phylogenetic analyses and mitochondrial phylogenomics of unionoida

. . . we focus on echyridella menziesii , the most abundant of three freshwater mussel species found in new zealand and a species that is widely distributed in streams , rivers and lakes ( marshall , fenwick , & ritchie , 2014 ) . echyridella menziesii belongs to a family of freshwater mussels ( hyriidae ) only found in the southern hemisphere ( new zealand , australia , new guinea , south america ; graf , jones , geneva , pfeiffeer , & klunzinger , 2015 ) . . . .

. . . bonetto , 1967 ; haas , 1969 ; mansur & valer , 1992 ; pimpão et al . , 2012 ) . genetic studies , based on molecular data have been carried out on freshwater bivalves from australia , north america , europe and africa , mainly to clarify systematic classifications ( graf et al . , 2014 graf et al . , , 2015 santos - neto et al . , 2016 ; lopes - lima et al . , 2017 ) , but also to evaluate their population structure , variability and demography ( hughes et al . , 2004 ; mock et al . , 2010 ; jones et al . , 2015 ; froufe et al . , 2014froufe et al . , , 2016ainoue & berg , 2017 ) . only a few genetic studies ( whelan et al . , 2011 ; graf et al . , 2015 ; santos - neto et al . , 2016 ; combosch et al . 2017 ) have included hyriidae from the amazon region , all of which were used to establish phylogenetic relationships . . . .

. . . genetic studies , based on molecular data have been carried out on freshwater bivalves from australia , north america , europe and africa , mainly to clarify systematic classifications ( graf et al . , 2014graf et al . , , 2015santos - neto et al . , 2016 ; lopes - lima et al . , 2017 ) , but also to evaluate their population structure , variability and demography ( hughes et al . , 2004 ; mock et al . , 2010 ; jones et al . , 2015 ; froufe et al . , 2014froufe et al . , , 2016ainoue & berg , 2017 ) . only a few genetic studies ( whelan et al . , 2011 ; graf et al . , 2015 ; santos - neto et al . , 2016 ; combosch et al . 2017 ) have included hyriidae from the amazon region , all of which were used to establish phylogenetic relationships . . . .

. . . whereas , molecular phylogenetics has dramatically improved our understanding of the higher level classification of the hyriidae ( graf et al . , 2015 ; santos - neto et al . , 2016 ) , our understanding of hyriid diversity at , and below , the species level , remains poor . cytochrome c oxidase subunit i ( coi ) sequences have revealed interesting patterns of freshwater bivalve population structure , both within and among distinct basins , raising awareness of the conservation needs of specific populations ( hughes et al . , 2004 ; elderkin et al . , 2007elderkin et al . , , 2008playford & walker 2008 ; mock et al . , 2010 ; froufe et al . , 2014 ) . . . .

. . . as a response , taxonomic and systematic studies of unionids that integrate conchological and anatomical analyses with molecular phylogenies have increased over the last two decades . most studies have dealt with american , european and australasian taxa ( rosenberg et al . 1994rosenberg et al . , 1997 ; graf and ófoighil 2000 ; hoeh et al . 2001 ; graf and cummings 2011 ; graf 2013 ; lopes - lima et al . 2014 ; prié and puillandre 2014 ; graf et al . 2015 ) , whereas asian taxa have largely been neglected . the monographs by haas ( 1969 ) and brandt ( 1974 ) have reported taxonomic surveys of thai species . . . .

. . . tests of phylogenetic hypotheses on the basis of other data sources , such as those derived from molecules and chromosomes , are therefore likely to be informative . however , such approaches have as yet been attempted only on a limited number of taxa and there are still very few studies in asian and african regions ( lopes - lima et al . 2014 ; marshall et al . 2014 ; graf et al . 2015 ) . several sympatric species have been recorded in numerous thai localities ( brandt 1974 ; panha 1990 ) , raising many interesting taxonomic and ecological questions . . . .

. . . taxon 28s coi 16s source locality larval type mytilidae mytilus edulis linnaeus , 1758 * z29550 gu570521 af317054 littlewood ( 1994 ) , lesser et al . ( 2010 ) , direct submission marine veliger veneridae mercenaria mercenaria ( linnaeus , 1758 ) * af131019 dq184836 dq184737 park & ó foighil ( 2000 ) , mikkelsen et al . ( 2006 ) marine veliger trigoniidae neotrigonia margaritacea ( lamarck , 1804 ) * af400695 nmu56850 dq280034 graf ( 2002 ) , hoeh et al . ( 1998 ) , giribet et al . ( 2006 ) marine veliger etheriidae etheria elliptica lamarck , 1807 kp184873 kp184897 kp184847 graf et al . ( 2015 ) zambia lasidium mycetopodidae lamproscapha ensiformis ( spix & wagner , 1827 ) kp795004 kp795021 kp795039 ansp416342 peru lasidium iridinidae chambardia wahlbergi ( krauss , 1848 ) * jn243864 jn243886 kp795040 whelan et al . ( 2011 ) , fmnh 343928 zambia lasidium hyriidae hyridella australis ( lamarck , 1819 ) kp184883 kp184907 kp184859 graf et al . ( 2015 ) . . .

. . . australia s - shaped hooked velesunio ambiguous ( philippi , 1847 ) kp184892 kp184915 kf011257 graf et al . ( 2015 ) , pfeiffer & graf ( 2013 ) australia s - shaped hooked triplodon corrugatus ( lamarck , 1819 ) kp184876 kp184900 kp184852 graf et al . ( 2015 ) peru s - shaped hooked castalia ambigua lamarck , 1819 jn243867 jn243889 kp184848 graf et al . ( 2015 ) . . .

. . . owing to their relatively limited migration and dispersal abilities , their sensitivity to changes in the environment has become evident through heavy declines in recent decades ; freshwater mussels are among the most threatened group of fauna globally ( seddon et al . 2012 ; lopes - lima et al . 2014 ) . australia ' s freshwater mussels belong to six genera , all from the hyriidae , believed to have arisen between the jurassic and cretaceous periods , with westralunio carteri as perhaps the most ancient ( graf et al . 2015 ) and the sole representative of the genus in australia ( mcmichael and hiscock 1958 ) . the taxon was described as a subspecies ( w . . . .

as members of the iucn red list mollusc specialist committee , we aim to work with collaborators to update the conservation status of freshwater mussels across australia .

we wish to determine the origin of helicoidea and sagdoidea within eupulmonata as well as family - level relationship within the superfamilies .

molecular phylogenetic analysis of tropical freshwater mussels ( mollusca : bivalvia : unionoida ) resol . . .

the freshwater mussels prisodontopsis aviculaeformis ( f . r . woodward , 1991 ) and mweruella mweruensis ( e . a . smith , 1908 ) are endemic to lake mweru and confluent rivers in zambia and the democratic republic of congo in southcentral africa . each species has traditionally been regarded as monotypic at the genus - level or above . we assessed the phylogenetic relationships of these two species together . . . [ show full abstract ]

bilaterally asymmetrical glochidia ( i . e . bivalved parasitic larvae bearing a large marginal appendage on a single valve ) have been reported from five asian freshwater mussel genera belonging to two separate subfamilies , the gonideinae ( i . e . pseudodon , solenaia , and physunio ) and rectidentinae ( i . e . contradens and trapezoideus ) . this classification requires that the bilaterally asymmetrical . . . [ show full abstract ]

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is commonly referred to as pearly mussels , naiads , or unionids . although no full accounts for the family

includes around 1 , 000 species worldwide ( bauer 2001a ) . charles torrey simpson described 1 , 172 species in 1900 and 1 , 337 in 1914 . a more recent account by fritz haas ( 1969 ) combined over 4 , 000 names into just 837 recognized species ( graf & cummings 2002 ) .

are acephalic ( no head ) , bivalved mollusks usually with the beak ( the elevated portion of the dorsal margin ) slightly anterior . when present , the pseudocardinal teeth are generally anterior to the beak . the lateral teeth , generally posterior to the beak , are parallel to the hinge line . the species in this family have a foot rather than a byssus , fibrous structures found in other mussel families . along with

does not have true siphons ( true siphons are formed when tissues between the inhalent and exhalent openings are fused and mantle aperatures are elongated ) . unlike the family

has unbranched papillae ( bumps ) . individuals vary in shape , size and coloration . adult individuals can range from 30 to 250 mm .

occur in north america , europe , asia , africa , and the indonesian archipelago ( graf and cummings , 2002 ) and can thrive in tropical to temperate climates . the most diversity is in north america , where there are approximately 286 species ( turgeon et al . , 1998 ) , mainly east of the rocky mountains ( jennings , 2000 ) . the nearly 300 species in north america are grouped into 49 genera , which make up two subfamilies :

is an example of this broad diversity . only two species are found in the interior united states ( mississippi river basin ) , and the majority of the species ( 36 currently recognized ) are found in the rivers of the southeastern atlantic coastal plain ( watters , 2001a ) . historical documentation describes mussels paving the beds of the ohio and wabash rivers ( warren , 2000 ) .

( cummings and mayer , 1992 ; graf and cummings , 2008 ; graf , 2002 ; jennings , 2000 ; turgeon , et al . , 1998 ; warren , 2000 ; watters , 2001a )

unionids are found in various permanent freshwater sources such as lakes , streams , and rivers . the family

is not found in high mountain lakes , probably due to a lack of proper fish hosts for the glochidia or poor nutrient supply ( smith 2001 ) . most species are generally found where there are coarse substrates like sand or gravel ( smith 2001 ) however , the predictive value of substrate has been questioned ( strayer and ralley , 1993 ) . in michigan , different mussel distributions may more strongly tied to surface geology in the streams ( strayer , 1983 ) . constantly shifting substrates or stream basins composed of solid rock have few mussels . rivers tend to have a more abundant food supply and higher dissolved oxygen content than bodies of water with little or no current . large rivers tend to contain a wider diversity of mussel species and larger populations than smaller streams ( cummings & mayer 1992 ) . watters ( 1992 ) found as the area of a drainage basin increases , so does the fish diversity . this relationship is likely due to the increased diversity in habitat for fish . watters ( 1992 ) also found a linear correlation between fish diversity and mussel diversity , likely due to the increase number of host fish species available .

because the shell is primarily composed of calcium carbonate , mussels prefer an aquatic habitat with an alkaline ph , an abundance of calcium , a bound carbon dioxide content of more than 15 mg / l , and a potassium level less than 7 mg / l . some species are able to tolerate an acidic ph for a short time , but eventually the acid will dissolve the shell and alter the internal chemistry of the visceral mass . calcium and carbon dioxide are important for the development of the shell , and potassium appears to be toxic .

unionids are most abundant in depths less than 2 m , but will populate waters as deep as 7 m ( smith 2001 ) . the record depth for a

specimens ranging between 7 and 14 years old and less than 53 mm long were collected from lake michigan ( reigle 1967 ) .

called " valves " ( bivalved ) attached at the hinge by an elastic ligament . they have an

( beak ) along the dorsal margin and slightly anterior to the hinge and are bilaterally symmetrical along a plane running between the two valves . individuals do not have true siphons . instead , they have two to three openings in the mantle along the posterior margin that act as the inhalant and exhalant apertures ( smith 2001 ) . these openings are either papillated ( bumpy ) or crenulated ( grooved ) along the external margin . under each mantle is a gill made up of two demibranchs . each demibranch is composed of two

fused at the ventral surface but open at the dorsal surface forming a “w . ” each lamella is lined vertically with compact

, which are closed at the bottom but open into a larger , shared cavity at the top called the suprabranchial chamber . these water tubes are characteristic of

is found on the anterior end of the organism and between the demibranchs in the two valves . the majority of the median visceral mass in the posterior portion of the organism is primarily dorsal and not as confined in the anterior portion ( smith 2001 ) . unionids have a simple sensory system . their

is comprised of three pairs of ganglia : cerebropleural , pedal , and visceral . with one on each side of the esophagus , the cerebropleural ganglia are located on the posterior side of the anterior adductor muscle and are connected by a short commissure . in the foot and fused is the pair of pedal ganglia and anterior to the posterior adductor muscle is the partially fused visceral ganglia . the ganglia are connected by long commissures and each pair is the source of the nerve fibers for the surrounding organs ( smith 2001 ) . near the pedal ganglia is a pair of

, which are ovid or spherical . these statocysts are filled with fluid and lined with sensory cells . they also contain a solid sphere called a statolith ( smith 2001 ) . these mussels generally have closed statocysts and a single statolith ( meglitsch & schram 1991 ) . osphradia are specialized epithelium concentrated in two small regions on the roof of the cloacal chamber ( the posterior end of the suprabranchial chamber in the gills where it is fused ) ( smith 2001 ) . in some species , there is a spot of pigmentation near the inhalant aperture that may be photoactive ( smith 2001 ) .

adult unionids can range anywhere from 30 to 250 mm ( smith 2001 ) in length , and are just as variable in shape and color . among the common shapes are triangular , circular , rhomboidal , quadrate , trapezoidal , and elliptical ( burch 1975 ) . shape is a general description ; it cannot be heavily relied upon in the identification of species because it can vary among individuals of the same species . it is not uncommon to have a more inflated , rounded form of a species found in large rivers , while the larger , more compressed form of the same species is found in smaller streams and lakes where currents are not as strong . many genera in the subfamily

exhibit sexual dimorphism . in these species , the males are usually bluntly pointed or squared along the posterior - ventral margin , while females are broadly truncated . periostracum colors vary from yellow or tan to shades of green to dark brown or black . some have solid rays , broken rays , wavy rays , rays composed of chevrons , or even a combination of rays and spots . external shell sculpturing can also vary from one species to another and can be used to distinguish some taxa . sculptures can be one of several combinations of ridges and bumps called " nodules " or " pustules . " not all mussel species have sculpturing . nearly the entire

subfamily has smooth surfaces with the exception of ridges formed from the concentric growth rings . another exterior sculpturing that is relied upon in identification is beak sculpture . beak sculptures range from numerous fine concentric ridges to a few distinctive bars to double - looped or v - shaped ridges . in some cases , the difference in beak sculpture is the best way to distinguish between two species . other exterior shell characteristics may include a prominent posterior ridge extending from beak to posterior - ventral margin , a unique texture to the periostracum , or a wing - like structure extending from the dorsal margin .

are the parasitic stage of the larvae and are generally dependent on a host to survive . mature glochidia range from 0 . 05 to 0 . 5 mm in diameter . they are bivalves , which vary in shape from triangular , circular , oblong , or ( in

only ) ax head shaped and are typically attached by a single adductor muscle . most glochidia have sensory hairs lining their mantle and a larval thread protruding from the open valves , which may allow them to attach to the host . many species have hook - like structures to allow them to attach to the fins or skin of the fish . those species without hooks usually attach to the gills .

measurements are generally taken of the length , height , and width . the length is the distance from the anterior to the posterior margin . the height is the distance from dorsal to ventral margin , usually at the beak . width is the widest point when the mussel valves are together , which is usually below the beaks . in addition , some identification keys will use the length to height ratio as a way to distinguish some species .

embryonic unionids develop within the marsupia , or specialized portions of the gills , of the female . once fully developed , they are

from the female and must attach to the gills or fins of a fish host within a few days or they will die .

are the only two species capable of direct development without a host ( watters 1994c ) . only one species ,

. many unionids are species - specific , requiring one or a narrow range of species . if attached to the wrong species , the glochidia will die as a result of the fish ' s immune system response ( watters 1998 ) . within a couple of days , the hosts’ dermal tissue will encapsulate each glochidium forming a nodular cyst . while encysted , the glochidia will metamorphose , allowing the organs to develop more like an adult’s organs ( meglitsch & schram 1991 ) . there is a mortality rate of over 99 . 99 % from the time the glochidia are released from the mother to the time in which the metamorphosed juveniles settle in the sediments ( jansen et al 2001 ) .

( jansen , et al . , 2001 ; meglitsch and schram , 1991 ; watters , 1994c ; watters , 1998 )

after an average of 10 - 30 days ( the record is 190 days ) , the metamorphosis will be complete and the glochidia will break from the cysts and drop from the host . the third and final stage of development occurs in the sediments of the stream or lake and may last anywhere from one to eight years before the juvenile is sexually mature . in this juvenile stage , the young mussel will complete its internal development , create the adult shell , and begin to live independently in the stream or lake .

as in most bivalves , the shell is composed of three layers : the periostracum , the prismatic layer , and the nacre . the periostracum is the outermost layer and is composed of an organic material . the prismatic layer is the middle layer and is composed of thin blocks of a prism - like calcium carbonate , which are oriented perpendicular to the mantle and the other two layers . the nacre , or mother of pearl , is the innermost layer , which is composed of thin , alternating , laminae ( flakes or sheets ) of calcium carbonate and an organic material ( smith 2001 ) . the mantle is responsible for generating new shell as the mussel ages . a mantle flap is pressed against the interior of each valve and ends in three folds . the periostracum forms at the outer margin and the prismatic layer forms at the outer border . the nacre forms along the entire surface of the mantle .

form where the muscle attaches to the shell , disrupting the formation of the nacre . instead of the shell forming along the dorsal edge where the hinge is located , an elastic hinge ligament composed of conchiolin ( a protein - rich substance ) forms , binding the two valves together ( meglitsch & schram 1991 ) .

. because new shell is added along the entire edge of the mantle , concentric rings form around the beak . in some species , these rings may be grouped closer together in some areas than others , forming ridges . these ridges indicate the period of diapause during the winter or unfavorable environmental conditions , such as lower water level or lack of food . the period of growth in northern populations is typically from april to september . the growth rate depends mostly on environmental conditions such as water temperature , food supply , and the chemical composition of the water . many mussel species are capable of growing 30 to 80 mm every two growing seasons .

a few species are occasionally or permanently simultaneous hermaphrodites ( bauer 1987 ) , but in most cases , unionid sexes are separate . bauer ( 1987 ) suggested that hermaphroditism occurs when the population density is low or gene flow is limited . in these cases , the female is the only one of the two sexes that can become hermaphroditic . despite the dioecious nature of most mussels , males and females do not make contact with each other . males produce sperm year round and

during the time of year when females ovulate ( matteson 1948 ) . this simultaneous release of gametes may be triggered by a change in the water temperature and the intensity of light in the environment . the male’s sperm leaves the suprabranchial chamber of each demibranch and exits the organism through the exhalant aperture to be carried by the water current to a nearby female . because sperm cannot swim against the current , the receiving female must be downstream ( watters 1994a ) . the sperm enters the female through the inhalant aperture and fertilizes the eggs stored in the water tubes of the demibranch’s lamellae ( smith 2001 ) .

depending on the species , sexual maturity is reached between one and eight years ( smith 2001 ) . gamete production is initiated by a change in the water temperature surrounding the mussel ( watters 1998 ) . annual gametogenesis and gravidity may occur throughout the year or during certain seasons depending on latitude . the more northern populations tend to be gravid for a few months or all winter long and release the glochidia in the spring . there are a few species that release the glochidia in the fall . in many cases , southern populations are not restricted to reproducing during certain seasons . the number of larvae developing in one female at a time may range from several thousand in some of the smaller

genera to possibly over 1 million . the maximum amount of glochidia in one female is unknown , but tankersley and dimock ( 1992 ) recorded nearly 1 million in a

, contains species which have produced more than 3 million per individual ( smith 2001 ) . bradytictic ( long term ) breeders will maintain the glochidia within the marsupia , the specialized portions of the gills , until the following spring or summer before

. tachytictic ( short term ) breeders will release the glochidia in the same year , usually by july or august ( watters 1998 ) . matteson ( 1948 ) was convinced that the membrane surrounding the developing embryos provides all of the necessary nutrients , rather than the female transferring food to the developing young . his conclusion was based on a lack of connective structure from the gills to the young and that the fertilization membrane surrounding each embryo , which prevents the passing of any materials , remains until development is complete .

unionid embryos spend the first stage of development in the marsupial portion of the female unionid ' s gills , where they develop into glochidia , the parasitic stage . once the first stage is complete , usually in the spring , the female will

into the water to begin the second stage as a parasite . because glochidial mortality is high , many unionids have developed specialized methods of attracting fish to the mother before the glochidia are released , increasing the chances the larvae can attach to a host . some of these species extend the glochidia encapsulated in conglutinates ( chamberlain 1934 ) . these conglutinates ( sacs ) are attached to the parent organism and move in the current like worms . this encapsulated appendage acts as a lure to attract the host fish , which then eats the glochidia freeing them from the capsule and allowing them to attach to the gills of the fish . other species use a modified mantle flap to attract the fish . this flap mimics the prey of the potential host fish . the glochidia are sensitive enough to attach themselves to the fish as soon as contact is made .

for small organisms , unionids are long - lived , living an average of 10 or more years ( cummings & mayer 1992 ) . some genera live only 8 to 9 years , while others can live up to 10 to 15 years ( smith 2001 ) . given the proper conditions , many species can live up to 20 or 30 years ( watters 1998 ) . bauer ( 2001b ) suggested life span is dependent upon metabolic rate . mussels with a higher metabolic rate tend to have a shorter life span . those unionids in larger rivers or streams would have a higher metabolic rate due to the abundance of food , and would be expected to have a short life . unionids that thrive further upstream may have a longer lifespan because they would have adapted to a limited food supply by decreasing their metabolic rate . although metabolic rate is a key factor affecting longevity in some species , it is not a universal constant . some species with similar metabolic rates may have very different lifespans .

for the most part , mussels are sedentary , but they are capable of a restricted form of locomotion . they move around by a series of muscular motions of the

located at the anterior end of each individual . the foot is thrust forward first . it then swells and shortens at the same time , causing the body and shell to pull forward slightly . this process is repeated until the mussel has reached its destination . some species have been recorded to move up to several feet within an hour . researchers are still unsure what causes this migration , but they suspect the movement is caused by a drop in water level or some other unfavorable change in the surrounding environment .

unionids are solitary organisms . the only intra - or inter - species interactions occur during reproduction . once they drop from the host , the mussel becomes a solitary individual and live partially buried in the sediments . as juveniles , mussels burrow into the sediments along the bottom of the stream or lake , which protects them from predators . once mature , more of the organism must protrude from the substrate in order for the inhalant and exhalant apertures to bring in and expel water . because more of the shell is visible , they are more susceptible to predation .

during winter months and aestivation periods ( matteson 1955 ; van der schalie 1940 ) , mussels will burrow into the substrate until only the apertures are protruding . they then go into a state of dormancy where the apertures only open on occasion . some genera are able to survive in this dormant state among the dry to moist sediments for months at a time ( smith 2001 ) .


jocara breviornatalis is a species of snout moth in the genus jocara .

it was described by augustus radcliffe grote in 1877 .

it is found in the u.s. states of texas , oklahoma and florida .

jocara breviornatalis

jocara breviornatalis <EOT> this is the place for breviornatalis definition . you find here breviornatalis meaning , synonyms of breviornatalis and images for breviornatalis copyright 2017 © urltoken

jocara breviornatalis - urdu meaning and translation of jocara breviornatalis , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of jocara breviornatalis and more .

here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word breviornatalis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word breviornatalis and , of course , breviornatalis synonyms and on the right images related to the word breviornatalis .

jocara cacalis ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 )

jocara is a genus of snout moths . it was described by francis walker in 1863 .

" jocara walker , 1863 " at markku savela ' s lepidoptera and some other life forms . retrieved may 25 , 2017 .

jocara suiferens dyar , 1913 ; proc . u . s . natn . mus . 45 ( 2006 ) : 649 ; tl : peru , pampaconas river

jocara ( epipaschiinae ) ; hampson , 1896 , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1896 ( 4 ) : 460 ; [ globiz ] ; [ nacl ] , 79

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deuterollyta conspicualis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 359 , ( 12 ) pl . 7 , f . 16 - 17 ; tl : brazil

deuterollyta francesca jones , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1912 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : castro , paraná , brazil

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walker , 1863 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 27 : 1 - 286 ( 1863 ) , 28 : 287 - 562 ( 1863 ) , 29 : 563 - 835 ( 1864 ) , 30 : 837 - 1096 ( 1864 )

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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the lipspot moray ( gymnothorax chilospilus ) , also known as the textile moray , white-lipped moray , or white-lipped reef eel , is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the pacific and indian oceans .

it was first named by pieter bleeker in 1864 .

it is named for a distinct white spot on the lower lip near the corner of the mouth .

lipspot moray eel

lipspot moray eel <EOT> the snowflake eel is found in the pacific and indian oceans . it is also known as the starry eel .

lipspot moray - gymnothorax chilospilus the lipspot moray is found in the indian ocean and in the pacific ocean . it is also found in the waters around hawaii . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

the leopard moray eel is found in the indian and pacific oceans . in north america , it is found around the hawaiian islands . it is also known as the dragon moray eel .

freckleface reef - eel - uropterygius xanthopterus the freckleface reef - eel is found in the indian and pacific oceans . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

moray eels can range in size from snyder ' s eel which is around 4 . 5 inches in length to the slender giant moray , which can grow to be 13 feet in length .

a lipspot moray , gymnothorax chilospilus , from north solitary island , new south wales - showing the diagnostic white blotch on the lower lip near the corner of the mouth . . source : ian v . shaw / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution

tiger reef eel - scuticaria tigrina the tiger reef eel is found in the indian and pacific oceans from east africa to the to the philippines , taiwan and the hawaiian islands east to mexico , costa rica , panama , and columbia . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

many species of moray eel are brightly patterned . they have large eyes , large mouths and sharp , fang - like teeth . some species will bite if they are provoked . moray eels also secrete a mucus through their skin . in some species this mucus is a toxin .

redface eel - monopenchelys acuta the redface eel is found in scattered locations around the globe . it is found in the western atlantic from the bahamas to the lesser antilles , it has been recorded around ascension island in southern atlantic . in the indian ocean , it has been recorded in comoros , seychelles , and mauritius and in the pacific ocean it is found from fiji to hawaii . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

yellow - spotted moray - echidna xanthospilos the yellow - spotted moray is found in waters off of taiwan , sri lanka , indonesia , papua new guinea and samoa . it is also known as the skeletor eel . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

laced moray - gymnothorax favagineus the laced moray is also known as the tessellate moray , the honeycomb moray , and the leopard moray . source : australian museum intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

yellowmouth moray - gymnothorax nudivomer the yellowmouth moray is found in indian and pacific oceans . it is also known as the starry moray . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

the seychelles moray is found in coral reefs in the pacific and indian oceans .

chain moray - echidna catenata the chain moray is found from the atlantic and gulf coasts of florida south through the caribbean to central america and the coast of uruguay .

the yellow moray is found in the waters off of new zealand and southern australia .

california moray - gymnothorax mordax the california moray preys on octopuses and small fish . source : monterey bay aquarium intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no

peppered moray - gymnothorax pictus the peppered moray is found in indian and pacific oceans . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

fimbriate moray - gymnothorax fimbriatus the fimbriate moray can be 2 . 5 feet in length . source : australian museum intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

giant moray - gymnothorax javanicus the giant moray is found in the indian and pacific oceans . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

undulated moray - gymnothorax undulatus the undulated moray has a brown body and a bright yellow head . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

the brown moray is found on rocky coasts in the eastern atlantic and throughout the mediterranean .

green moray - gymnothorax funebris the green moray can be close to 6 feet in length . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

polygon moray - gymnothorax polygonius the polygon moray is found in the western and eastern atlantic ocean . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

the australian mottled moray is found in the western pacific ocean from southern japan to the south china sea south to australia and new zealand . it is also known as the sawtooth moray .

honeycomb moray - gymnothorax saxicola the honeycomb moray is found from new jersey south to florida and in the gulf of mexico . it is also found in the mississippi river delta . it is also known as the ocellated moray and the blackedge moray and is often used in home aquariums . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

the barred moray is found from the east coast of africa to the hawaiian islands and australia .

green moray - gymnothorax funebris the green moray spends the day hidden in rocky crevices . source : florida museum of natural history intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no

california moray - gymnothorax mordax red rock shrimp clean dead skin for the body of the california moray . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

grayface moray - gymnothorax thyrsoideus the grayface moray is found in the indian ocean and in the pacific ocean . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

barred fin moray - gymnothorax zonipectis the barred fin moray is found from eastern africa east to the philippines . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

the dark moray is found in the eastern atlantic off the coast of africa from mauritania to namibia .

the canary moray is found in the eastern atlantic around the canary islands off the coast of africa .

geometric moray - gymnothorax griseus the geometric moray is found in the western indian ocean and in the red sea . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

moray eels are carnivorous and eat crustaceans , cuttlefish , mollusks , small fish , octopus , and squid .

saddled moray - gymnothorax conspersus the saddled moray is found from north carolina south through the caribbean and gulf coast to brazil . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

fimbriate moray - gymnothorax fimbriatus the fimbriate moray is found in the indian and pacific oceans from madagascar to japan and australia . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

white - spotted moray - muraena argus the white - edged moray is found along the pacific coast from southern california to peru . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

kidako moray - gymnothorax kidako the kidako moray is found in the western pacific ocean from china , japan and australia east to hawaii . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

chain moray - echidna catenata the chain moray is brightly patterned in black and yellow . source : florent ' s guide to the florida , bahamas & caribbean reefs intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no

laced moray - gymnothorax favagineus the laced moray is found from the red sea and east africa to japan , australia and papua new guinea . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

green moray - gymnothorax funebris the green moray is really brown . it looks greenish - yellow because of the mucus that covers its body . source : national aquarium intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

jewel moray - muraena lentiginosa the jewel moray is found in the eastern pacific from the gulf of california to peru and the galapagos islands . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

indo - pacific spotted moray - gymnothorax isingteena the indo - pacific spotted moray is found in coral reefs in the indian and western pacific oceans . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

gray moray - gymnothorax nubilus the gray moray is found in the southwest pacific around lord howe island , norfolk island , and the kermadec islands . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

caribbean ocellated moray - gymnothorax ocellatus the caribbean ocellated moray is found in the caribbean and along the atlantic coast of central america south to uruguay . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

white - edged moray - gymnothorax verrilli the white - edged moray is found along the pacific coast of costa rica , mexico , and panama . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

california moray - gymnothorax mordax the california moray is found in crevices in shallow rocky reefs from point conception in southern california to baja califonia in mexico . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

yellow - edged moray - gymnothorax flavimarginatus the yellow - edged moray is known as the puhi paka and it ' s bite can be dangerous to humans . source : waikiki aquarium intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no

black moray - muraena augusti the black moray is found in the eastern atlantic ocean around cape verde , the canary and madeira islands , and the azores . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

the wide - mouth moray is found in the pacific ocean off the coasts of el salvador , guatemala , and mexico .

yellow - edged moray - gymnothorax flavimarginatus the yellow - edged moray is found in the indian and pacific oceans from the red sea and east africa to hawaii . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

banded moray - gymnothorax rueppelliae the banded moray is found in the indian and pacific oceans . in the u . s . , it is found in hawaii . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

pygmy moray - anarchias similis the pygmy moray is found from the coast of south carolina south to venezuela and along the gulf coast of florida south to nicaragua . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

the turkey moray is found in reefs in shallow water the indian and pacific oceans from the coast of eastern africa to hawaii .

brown snake moray - uropterygius fuscoguttatus the brown snake moray is found in australia and the south pacific islands . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no two - holes moray - uropterygius versutus the two - holes moray is found in colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , and panama . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no jigsaw moray - uropterygius wheeleri the jigsaw moray is found in the eastern atlantic off the coast of africa in the waters around cape verde , equatorial guinea , sao tomé and principe , and senegal . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

reticulate hookjaw moray - enchelycore lichenosa the reticulate hookjaw moray is found in northwest pacific ocean near taiwan and southern japan and in the southeast pacific ocean around the galapagos islands . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

green moray - gymnothorax funebris the green moray is found in the western atlantic from new jersey south to brazil as well as in the gulf of mexico and the caribbean . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

lichen moray - gymnothorax hubbsi the lichen moray is found in the gulf of mexico from alabama south to cuba and north up the eastern coast of florida to southern georgia . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

reticulate moray - muraena retifera the reticulate moray is found from north carolina south to florida and along the gulf coast from florida north to mississippi . it is also found off the coast of venezuela . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no stout moray - muraena robusta the stout moray is found from north carolina to florida in the western atlantic as well as off the coast of panama and columbia . it is found along the african coast from morocco to angola in the eastern atlantic . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no marbled moray - uropterygius macularius the marbled moray is found from north carolina south to brazil as well as in the caribbean . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no many - spotted moray - uropterygius polystictus the many - spotted moray is found along the pacific coasts of ecuador and mexico source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

broadbanded moray - channomuraena vittata the broadbanded moray is found in tropical waters around the globe . in the u . s . it is found in the waters off southern florida . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

viper moray - enchelycore nigricans the viper moray is found on both sides of the atlantic ocean . in the u . s . it is found off the coast of florida . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

y - patterned moray - gymnothorax berndti the y - patterned moray is found in the western indian ocean and in the pacific ocean from taiwan to new zealand and east to hawaii . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

panamic green moray - gymnothorax castaneus the panamic green moray is found in the eastern pacific ocean from southern baja california and the gulf of california south to ecuador and the galapagos islands . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

whitespot moray - muraena pavonina in the western atlantic ocean , the whitespot moray is found off of northeastern brazil and the mid - atlantic and around ascension island in the eastern atlantic ocean . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

ribbon moray - rhinomuraena quaesita the ribbon moray is found from east africa to french polynesia , north to southern japan , and south to the northwest and east coast australia and new caledonia . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

palenose moray - echidna nocturna the palenose moray is found along the pacific coasts of colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , and peru . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

blacktail moray - gymnothorax kolpos the blacktail moray is found in along the atlantic coast of the eastern u . s . from north carolina south to florida and along the gulf coast from florida to texas . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

hardtail moray - anarchias galapagensis the hardtail moray is found in the pacific ocean off the coasts of colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , and panama . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

slenderjaw moray - enchelycore octaviana the slenderjaw moray is found in the pacific ocean off the coasts of colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , and peru . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

finespotted moray - gymnothorax dovii the finespotted moray is found in the pacific ocean off the coasts of colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , and panama . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

masked moray - gymnothorax panamensis the masked moray is found along the pacific coast of colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , and panama . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no small - spotted moray - gymnothorax phalarus the small - spotted moray is found along the pacific coast of colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , and peru . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

mediterranean moray - muraena helena the mediterranean moray is found from south of british isles to senegal , in the waters around the azores , madeira , the canary islands , and cape verde and in the waters of the mediterranean . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

freshwater moray - gymnothorax polyuranodon the freshwater moray is found in australia , brunei darussalam , fiji , indonesia , malaysia , micronesia , new caledonia , palau , papua new guinea , the philippines , sri lanka , and taiwan . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

the stout moray is found in shallow water in inland reefs in the indian and pacific oceans . in north america , it is found in the hawaiian islands .

blackedge moray - gymnothorax nigromarginatus the blackedge moray is found rom the coast of north carolina south to cuba and puerto rico . it is also found in the gulf of mexico west to texas and south through central america to columbia . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

use the table to access images and fact sheets of the muraenid fishes on the site . these include the knot - eels , moray eels and reef eels .

undulated moray - gymnothorax undulatus the undulated moray is found in the indian ocean and in the western , central and eastern pacific ocean . it is found in hawaii and along the pacific coast of mexico , panama , and costa rica . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

the zebra moray is found in the pacific and indian oceans . in north america it is found from baja california , mexico south to columbia and the galapagos islands .

the whitemargin moray is found in the indian and pacific oceans from japan south to indonesia . in north america , it is found in waters around the hawaiian islands .

spotted - tail moray - gymnothorax equatorialis the spotted - tail moray is found in the pacific ocean off the coasts of chile , colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , and peru . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

low fin moray - gymnothorax porphyreus the low - fin moray is found in sub - tropical waters in the south pacific to south america . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no sawtooth moray - gymnothorax serratidens the sawtooth moray is found in waters off of ecuador and peru . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no brown conger - gymnothorax vicinus the brown conger is found on both sides of the atlantic . in the u . s . it is found from the eastern coast of florida through the gulf coast states . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

spotted moray - gymnothorax moringa the spotted moray is found from north carolina south along the u . s . coast through the caribbean and the gulf of mexico south to southern brazil . it is also found in the eastern atlantic ocean on ascension and st . helena islands . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no

sharktooth moray - gymnothorax maderensis the sharktooth moray is found in the eastern and western atlantic ocean . in the eastern atlantic it is found in madeira , the canary islands , and the cape verde islands . in the western atlantic it is found in bermuda , cuba , and in the caribbean . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

böhlke , e . b . & mccosker , j . e . 2001 . the moray eels of australia and new zealand , with the description of two new species ( anguilliformes : muraenidae ) .

goldentail moray - gymnothorax miliaris the goldentail moray is found in the western atlantic from florida , bermuda , and the bahamas through the gulf of mexico and the caribbean to southern brazil . in the eastern atlantic it is found in the waters around the cape verde islands and ascension and st . helena islands . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

the fangtooth moray is found on both sides of the atlantic . in north america it is found off the coast of northern florida and in the waters of bermuda . it is also found in the mediterranean and black sea .

the caribbean chestnut moray is found in the western atlantic from the atlantic coast and gulf coast of southern florida south through the caribbean and central america to brazil . it is also found off the coast of the bahamas and off the gulf coast of mexico .

order : anguilliformes , family : muraenidae ( morays ) pusi or morays moray eels are called pusi in samoa . small eels are sometimes called to ' e , large eels are called maoa ' e , and very large ones may be called atapanoa . small brown eels may be called u ' aulu and small pale eels may be called apeape .

variable in colour from pale yellowish to brownish , with irregular darker brownish bars and pale markings , a white spot surrounding each pore along the upper and lower jaws , and a large white blotch on the lower lip near the corner of the mouth .

offshore reefs of western australia , ashmore reef and the great barrieer reef , queensland , to at least julian rocks , new south wales , also elizabeth reef and lord howe island in the tasman sea . elsewhere the species os widespread in the indo - west - central pacific from south africa to hawaii , north to taiwan and the ryukyu islands , japan , and south to northern australia .

gymnothorax chilospilus bleeker , 1864 , nederland . tijdschr . dierk 2 : 52 . type locality : east indies .

bleeker , p . 1864 . poissons inédits indo - archipélagiques de l ' ordre des murènes .

böhlke , e . b . , mccosker , j . e . & smith , d . g . 1999 . family muraenidae . pp . 1643 - 1657 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , v . h . ( eds ) .

the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes

the early stages of fishes in the california current region . california cooperative oceanic fisheries investigations ( calcofi ) atlas no . 33

francis , m . 1993 . checklist of the coastal fishes of lord howe , norfolk , and kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean .

francis , m . p . & randall , j . e . 1993 . further additions to the fish faunas of lord howe and norfolk islands , southwest pacific ocean .

reef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands

greek , gymnos = naked + greek , thorax , - akos = breast ( ref . 45335 )

marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 45 m ( ref . 11441 ) , usually ? - 5 m . tropical

indo - pacific : south africa and oman to the hawaiian and society islands , north to the ryukyu and ogasawara islands , south to northern australia and the loyalty islands .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 50 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2334 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 ; vertebrae : 121 - 133 . body light brown , with dendritic pattern . corner of mouth with a dark brown spot , preceded on lower lip by a large white blotch ( often followed by another above and behind corner of mouth ) ; upper and lower jaw pores usually in prominent white spots . vertebrae 121 - 133 .

occurs in shallow coastal reef flats , usually found in less than 5 m water depth , but ranges to deep water rubble reefs ( ref . 48635 ) . benthic ( ref . 58302 ) .

chen , h . - m . , k . - t . shao and c . t . chen , 1994 . a review of the muraenid eels ( family muraenidae ) from taiwan with descriptions of twelve new records . zool . stud . 33 ( 1 ) : 44 - 64 . ( ref . 6934 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00095 ( 0 . 00046 - 0 . 00197 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 93 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 38 of 100 ) .

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there are close to 200 species in this family of eels . most species are found in shallow water among rocks and coral . and many species are active at night and spend the day hidden in the rock or coral crevices . most species are found in tropical and sub - tropical marine environments , a few species can be found in brackish water , and a a handful of species are found in fresh water .

status and range is taken from icun redlist . you can click on the iucn status icon to go to the iucn page about a species .

threatened in us endangered in us introduced status taken from us fish and wildlife . click on u . s . status icon to go to the u . s . fish and wildlife species profile .

indo - pacific : south africa and oman to the hawaiian and society islands , north to the ryukyu and ogasawara islands , south to northern australia and the loyalty islands . ;

it is named for a distinct white spot on the lower lip near the corner of the mouth .

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p. tihoni has a body plan that is intermediate to the generalized , fusiform ( torpedo-shaped ) type such as clarias species and the anguilliform ( eel-shaped ) type such as gymnallabes .

this species is known to grow up to 52.8 centimetres ( 20.8 in ) tl .

platyallabes tihoni

platyallabes tihoni <EOT> platyallabes tihoni is the only species in the genus platyallabes of catfishes of the family clariidae .

platyallabes tihoni is the only species in the genus platyallabes of catfishes ( order siluriformes ) of the family clariidae . this species is found in the malebo pool . p . more

platyallabes tihoni ( poll , 1944 ) - add this species to your " my cats " page . common name ( s ) none type locality kinshasa , zaire . more

food and agriculture organization of the united nations . fishstat . platyallabes tihoni ( dimensionmember ) . ( latest update : 27 nov 2013 ) accessed ( 9 jul 2018 ) . uri : urltoken

clariids , it is not as large as in platyallabes tihoni , where it is one of the diagnostic features for the genus and species ( devaere et al . , 2005a ) . although , figs 3 & 4 show two clear groups , which were tested significantly different , no new species is currently recognized . more

greek , platys = flat + greek , allabes , - etos = a fish of the nile , a kind of lamprey ( ref . 45335 )

africa : lower congo river basin and pool malebo ( stanley - pool ) ( ref . 78218 ) .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 52 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3820 )

no real information available on the biology of this species . apparently live in crevices between stones and rocks where they burry themselves in the substrate ( ref . 78218 ) .

teugels , g . g . , 1986 . clariidae . p . 66 - 101 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels , mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 3820 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 35 of 100 ) .

528mm or 20 . 8 " sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .

unpaired fins continuous , head very broad , paired fins well developed . color is blackish olve - grey , noticeably lighter and sometimes pink on the belly . the caudal fin is light red in color .

in ventral view especially , females are much broader in the body than males of equal age and rearing practices .

revue de zoologie et de botanique africaines v . 38 ( no . 1 ) , p 79 .

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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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brummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .

justification : there are currently no threats to the species known , and it is assessed as least concern . if the construction of inga 3 and grand inga , and the luozi mining project will be executed , the status of this species needs to be reassessed .

there are currently no threats to the species known . inga 1 and 2 are existing dams with a minimal impact . the possible future elaboration of the dam complex with inga 3 and later possibly grand inga will pose a great threat to the species that has a limited distribution to this region . given the restricted mainstream habitat and mainstream impacts such as pollution , it can be threatened in the future by mining in the luozi region . the key component of concrete is found in this region , and there is potential for mining in the area .

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food and agriculture organization of the united nations . ( 2012 ) . fishstat . rome , italy : fao .

food and agriculture organization of the united nations . 2012 . fishstat . rome , italy : fao .

food and agriculture organization of the united nations . ( 2012 ) . fishstat . rome , italy , fao .