the hispaniolan greater funnel-eared bat ( natalus major ) is a species of funnel-eared bat found on the island of hispaniola .

first described in 1902 , it has a complex taxonomic history , with some authors identifying multiple subspecies , now recognised as the separate species natalus primus and natalus jamaicensis , and others considering natalus major to be itself a subspecies of natalus stramineus .

it lives primarily in caves and feeds on insects .

hispaniolan greater funnel - eared bat

hispaniolan greater funnel - eared bat <EOT> no children of hispaniolan greater funnel - eared bat ( natalus major ) found .

the jamaican greater funnel - eared bat only is found in st . clair cave in jamaica .

glenn , c . r . 2006 . " earth ' s endangered creatures - hispaniolan greater funnel - eared bat facts " ( online ) . accessed

the cuban greater funnel - eared bat ( natalus primus ) is a species of funnel - eared bat . it is endemic to a cave on isla de la juventud ( isle of pines ) in cuba . natalus primus is a member of the order chiroptera and the family natalidae .

mexican funnel - eared bats feed on large quantities of insects , undoubtedly affecting insect populations .

facts summary : the hispaniolan greater funnel - eared bat ( natalus major ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group " mammals " and found in the following area ( s ) : dominican republic , haiti .

mexican funnel - eared bats feed on large quantites of insects that may be crop pests or carry human disease .

the jamaican greater funnel - eared bat ( natalus jamaicensis ) is a species of funnel - eared bat found in jamaica . it was first described as natalus major jamaicensis , later as a subspecies of natalus stramineus , and now as its own species . it is of a similar appearance to many species of the genus natalus . it lives solely in st . clair cave in jamaica and feeds on insects .

the cuban greater funnel - eared bat has funnel - like ears and a tail as long as the head and body combined . they have black , stiff hairs above the upper lip , much like a moustache , and white hairs below the lower lip . they have tan and reddish - brown fur with a paler belly .

. . . this may be particularly relevant for taxa with relatively low dispersal ability such as the natalids . for example , the relatively low dispersal potential and association with hot caves of the rare natalid , the hispaniolan greater funnel - eared bat ( natalus major ) , led tejedor et al . ( 2004 ) to suggest that this species has " a relatively high extinction potential " in cuba ( tejedor et al . 2004 ) . hispaniolan greater funnel - eared bat is only known from a single permanent roost on the island , and many large roosts of this species in cuba have already disappeared due to disturbance by increasing numbers of visitors ( silva taboada 1979 ) . . . .

map of haiti indicating localities of living bat species ( squares ) and fossil bat species ( circles ) .

in tjp stands out among this diverse bat fauna . this bat is solitary , insectivorous , and roosts primarily among the foliage in trees [

groups of mexican funnel - eared bats leave the roost approximately 30 minutes after sunset to feed on small , flying insects . they find these insects by using high frequency ultra sounds up to 170 khz .

the hispaniolan hutia has been seen during some font tours in the dominican republic , in the southwestern part of the country .

most of the hispaniolan nature listed here in the dominican republic , but some , notably amphibians , only known to be in haiti .

is an insect - eating bat that hunts on the wing while fluttering like a moth .

adult male mexican funnel - eared bats have a gland - like structure in the center of their foreheads known as the natalid organ . this gland is thought to be found only in the natalidae , but there is not much known about its function .

is by far the largest bat in the dominican republic . it has a wingspan up to 3 feet . that of the second largest bat in the dominican republic is about half that - the

fossils found at tjp , it is plausible that a colony of this bat was present within tjp .

the hispaniolan solenodon has been seen on a few occasions during font tours in the dominican republic , particularly during nocturnal tour outings for owls and other nightbirds .

mexican funnel - eared bats are generally found in dry and semi - deciduous forest and secondary growth forests , and are occasionaly found in evergreen forest . they can be found at elevations up to 2 , 400 m , but are usually found around 300 m . they roost in moist caves .

hispaniolan giant tarantula ( ph ) _ _ _ _ _ ( p . 296 ) in the theraphosidae family phormictopus cancerides ( in the family theraphosidae ) on one occasion , during a font tour , as many about a hundred of these hispaniolan giant tarantulas were seen crossing a stretch of road in the southwestern dominican republic .

our study compiled data from 36 localities , described the fossil bat community of trouing jean paul ( tjp ) , haiti , and provides a thorough review of the living and fossil bat biodiversity of one of the most environmentally imperiled countries in the neotropics . previous accounts of hispaniolan bats documented 18 species in both countries ( dominican republic and haiti ) . herein we add two recent records ,

is a very small , delicate , long - winged bat , ranging in weight from 3 to 5 g . head and body length of mexican funnel - eared bats is 38 to 46 mm ; the tail length is from 47 to 52 mm ; the length of hind foot is 8 to 9 mm ; the length of the ear is 14 to 16 mm ; the length of forearm is 36 to 39 mm . the sexes are similar in size .

] . the verbatim locality for the single hispaniolan specimen ( usnm 105704 ) is “dominican republic” and lacks specific details to accurately determine its provenance . the estimated minimum number of individuals of

) , which has a caribbean distribution that includes the greater antilles and the bahamas . this aerial insectivore also has a wide continental distribution in north , central , and northern south america [

fossil bat species identified in this study from trouing jean paul , parc national la visite , massif de la selle , haiti .

rodríguez - durán a . bat assemblages in the west indies : the role of caves in : fleming th , racey pa , editors .

. this bat community represents about 27 % and 83 % of the diversity of bats in the caribbean at the level of species and family , respectively . in all , 75 % of the extant bat species of hispaniola and all families except noctilionidae are represented in in the tjp assemblage . four abundant species (

minor red bat ( t3 ) ( ph ) _ _ _ _ _ lasiurus minor lasiurus minor roosts in trees . the species is an insect - eater taking its food both in the air and on vegetation . in the dominican republic , it has been said to have been found at only 6 localities . lasiurus minor has been considered conspecific with the lasiurus borealis , the eastern red bat . the length ( of the body & head ) of the eastern red bat is 4 . 4 inches . this photo of the eastern red bat , very similar to the minor red bat ( photo by alan brady ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ aquatic & marine mammals as many as 13 species of whales and dolphins have been noted to occur in hispaniolan waters . the most well - known among them are the humpback whale and the bottlenose dolphin . the caribbean monk seal formerly occurred along the hispaniolan coast . that species , monachus tropicalis , is now extinct , having likely become so soon after 1952 .

for much of the last third of the 20th century , the diversity of funnel - eared bats ( family natalidae ) was underestimated . although as many as four genera and 11 species were recognized by the mid 20th century , by the 1980s the family was traditionally listed as comprising a single genus of four or five species . in the past decade , the taxonomy of natalidae has been updated by the discovery of . . . [ show full abstract ]

is a beautiful bat that emerges from its roosting cave about two hours after dark and hunts for large insects on the wing . it also may feed on some fruits .

. . . this could increase air flow and decrease temperatures and lead to specialized bat species abandoning the roost . results of research in the caribbean indicate that 80 % of caves with fossilized remains of hot - cave bat communities are currently well ventilated and may no longer support ( a cave cannot create a microclimate ) a hot - cave microclimate even if the appropriate bat species were present in the chamber ( tejedor et al . 2004 ) . guano extraction may also affect the microclimate by reducing the warming effect of guano decay . . . .

the fossil bat assemblage of trouing jean paul ( tjp ) accumulated during an 1100 - year interval in the late holocene ( ~ 1690–570 cal bp ) . the bat fossils were deposited before the arrival of europeans and africans to hispaniola , which occurred in 1492 ad ( which equals 458 cal bp [ 41 ] ) , although the fossils postdate the colonization of hispaniola by amerindians ( 6–5 ka [ 42 , 43 ] ) by about 4 ky . the late holocene montane bat fauna around tjp was likely sampled by two species of owl , tyto alba and t . glaucops . while some studies suggest fossil biases in predator - derived sites due to feeding preference of the predator [ 44 , 45 ] , we are confident that the bat diversity sampled by these owls is representative of the bat fauna of tjp because all species have been previously documented in the diets of tytonid owls and are well within the range of prey body mass taken by the owls [ 28 ] . the foraging radius of t . alba is up to 5 . 6 km but usually less [ 46 ] ; that of the smaller t . glaucops is unknown but unlikely to be greater than in t . alba .

phormictopus sp . ( ph ) _ _ _ _ _ _ a species in the phormictopus genus that is now in the description process . this is the same genus as that of the hispaniolan giant tarantula ( above , in the list ) ( photo by burke korol )

map of the caribbean ( a ) . major island groups highlighted as : greater antilles = light gray , lesser antilles = dark gray , and the bahamas = black . the inset indicates the island of hispaniola as reference including the locality of trouing jean paul ( b ) .

) make up 94 % of the bat fossils identified from tjp . crania and dentaries were the most prevalent diagnostic elements in the fossil sample , but we also identified femora , humeri , pelves , and radii .

leach ' s single - leaf bat ( * ) _ _ _ _ _ ( another name is the greater antillean long - tongued bat ) monophyllus redmani monophyllus redmani occurs in the southern bahamas , cuba , hispaniola , jamaica , and puerto rico . it is a cave - dwelling species . this , and some other small bats with long snouts , are generalists , feeding on soft fruit , pollen , nectar , and insects , depending on what is available . able to forage over a wide variety of habitats , this species may be found on mountain slopes where food sources vary during various seasons of the year . the wingspan of monophyllus redmani is 11 to 12 inches . its length ( of its body & head ) is 3 . 1 inches .

sixty percent of the bats at tjp ( 9 of 15 ) are caribbean endemics and include extant phytophagous and insectivorous species . nine of the 15 tjp bat species roost exclusively in caves , of which seven use primarily hot caves (

brown flower bat ( * ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ( also called eastern buffy flower bat ) ( species on hispaniola & puerto rico ) erophylla bombifrons erophylla bombifrons can form colonies of thousands . this , and some other small bats with long snouts , are generalists , feeding on soft fruit , pollen , nectar , and insects , depending on what is available . able to forage over a wide variety of habitats , this species may be found on mountain slopes where food sources vary during various seasons of the year .

the upper parts of this species are pale orange - brown or yellowish , with their under parts being yellow . the funnel - shaped ears are broad and cream colored , with black edges . the ears are angled forward . the species possesses very small eyes . their faces are triangular , with pale pink skin and a mustache over the sides of their mouth .

this bat is uncommon to frequent ( genoways et al . 2005 ) . the size of st . clair’s colony appears to be very small , the only numeric estimate is that of goodwin ( 1970 ) who reports only about 50 bats of this species in st . clair .

habitat loss through erosion is a major concern . the ongoing collapse of the cave roof is likely to upset the thermal balance in this hot cave and result in natalus primus extinction . cave - dwelling cuban bat species conservation should be a cooperative effort promoting research and habitat management .

to develop a complete list of the documented extant and fossil bat species from haiti , we performed three independent literature searches during august 2016 . the first consisted of an internet search in web of science across all years using the key words “haiti” and “hispaniola” within the title ( ti ) or as a topic ( ts ) , and refined by “mammalia . ” a second internet search was performed in google scholar using the key words “haiti or hispaniola” and “bat or chiroptera . ” sources including extant or fossil species inventories and biogeographic or species accounts within the geographic scope of the caribbean were considered relevant in our search , which resulted in eight articles fitting these criteria (

. . . such inferences based on known records suggest that in general , climate - related bat extinctions could lag for several thousands of years after the onset of new climatic conditions and sea levels . evidence from fossils already indicates such an extirpation / extinction lag for several cuban bats ( tejedor et al . , 2004 ; jiménez vázquez et al . , 2005 ; orihuela , 2012 ; this paper ) , and others in the rest of the west indies ( steadman et al . , 1984 ; eshelman and morgan , 1985 ; pregill et al . , 1988 ; turvey , 2009 ) . thus , we sup port the hypothesis that in combination , climate - caused loss of hot cave environments followed by human disturbance could have been a major cause for many antillean bat extirpations and extinctions . . . .

a new species in the genus natalus is described on the basis of 71 specimens found in museum collections . the body pelage of the new bat is unique among natalids in having hair bases much darker than hair tips . this new species is also characterized by short tibiae , legs and feet notably hairy , a long braincase , and a shallow rostrum . this species is known from 16 localities in mexico , from . . . [ show full abstract ]

this species’ only known roost site , st . clair cave , receives no form of official protection ( dávalos and eriksson 2003 ) , and is thus open to unregulated human visitation . in addition , the cave has resident populations of feral domestic cats that feed on bats and rats of the cave ( mcfarlane 1997 ) . besides , this is a " hot cave " , with poor ventilation and nearly constant high temperatures ( 26–40 c ) and humidity ( 90 % ; tejedor et al . 2005 ) , therefore , slight changes on external conditions might have major impacts on the bat populations .

. . . human ecological impact may include other factors , but there is little direct evidence indicating the extent of pre - colum bian impact on many vertebrate insular species ( macphee and marx , 1997 ; steadman and jones , 2006 ; turvey , 2007turvey , , 2009 ) . nevertheless , human disturbance during a crit ical ' bottleneck - period ' could have accelerated or increased the chances of extirpation of weak populations ( steadman et al . , 1984 ; steadman and ol son , 1985 ; raup , 1991 ; tejedor et al . , 2004 tejedor et al . , , 2005b ) . such inferences based on known records suggest that in general , climate - related bat extinctions could lag for several thousands of years after the onset of new climatic conditions and sea levels . . . .

. . . human ecological impact may include other factors , but there is little direct evidence indicating the extent of pre - co lum bian impact on many vertebrate insular species ( mac phee and marx , 1997 ; steadman and jones , 2006 ; turvey , 2007 turvey , , 2009 ) . nevertheless , human disturbance during a crit ical ' bottleneck - period ' could have accelerated or increased the chances of extirpation of weak populations ( steadman et al . , 1984 ; steadman and ol son , raup , 1991 ; tejedor et al . , 2004 tejedor et al . , , 2005b ) . such inferences based on known records suggest that in general , climate - related bat extinctions could lag for several thousands of years after the onset of new climatic conditions and sea levels . . . .

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justification : listed as critically endangered because its area of occupancy is probably less than 10 km² , all individuals are in a single location ( an " hot cave " ) , and there is continuing decline in the quality of the condition of this singular habitat . roost site receives no form of official protection ( dávalos and eriksson 2003 ) and it is open to unregulated human visitation . also , the cave has resident populations of feral domestic cats that feed on bats ( mcfarlane 1997 ) .

this species is known from a single cave in jamaica ( simmons 2005 ) , fossil remains came from another cave ( tejedor et al . 2005 ) .

apparently , this species requires large caves with high humidity to roost ( genoways et al . , 2005 ) . this species is known from a single cave ( tejedor et al . , 2005 ) . this species is moderately to highly gregarious with cave colonies estimated at fewer than 100 individuals ( tejedor et al . 2005 ) . it occurs in the same cave with natalus micropus ( hoyt and baker , 1980 ) , and other species . it occurs in a very dry and arid area with xerophytic vegetation . its biology is poorly known ( genoways et al . , 2005 ) . it is insectivorous ( nowak , 1999 ) . it probably forages in rather cluttered vegetation and over relatively small home ranges ( tejedor et al . 2005 ) .

protected areas are needed for this species ( particularly st clair cave ) , as well as regulated access to the cave to prevent excessive visitations .

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formerly included in stramineus , but see morgan ( 1989 b ) and morgan and czaplewski ( 2003 ) , although also see timm and genoways ( 2003 ) . does not include jamaicensis or primus ( a . tejedor , pers . comm . ) . see arroyo - cabrales et al . ( 1997 ) , who reviewed genetic variation and possible relationships of populations of major , jamaicensis , and stramineus ( although note that all were treated as stramineus ) . reviewed by goodwin ( 1959 b ) and hoyt and baker ( 1980 ) , but note that they included jamaicensis and primus in major .

formerly included in n . stramineus , see timm and genoways ( 2003 ) . does not include jamaicensis or primus ( a . tejedor pers . comm . ) . see arroyo - cabrales et al . ( 1997 ) , who reviewed genetic variation and possible relationships of populations of n . major , n . jamaicensis , and n . stramineus ( although note that they were all treated as n . stramineus ) .

tejedor , a . , arroyo - cabrales , j . & de grammont , p . c .

justification : listed as near threatened because , although the species is still reasonably widely distributed , it is dependent upon a highly fragile and threatened habitat ( caves with very specific requirements ) . given the current threats to these caves , and the fact that they seem to be increasing in recent years , it could qualify as vulnerable under criterion a3c , due to a suspected population decline in the future - it is suspected that within the next three generations ( approximately 17 years ) , the population decline will be 20 - 25 % .

this species is known from hispaniola , including both dominican republic , and haiti ( simmons 2005 , tejedor 2011 ) .

natalus major is known from 30 localities of which at least 10 have been roost sites , nine of them caves and one a large hollow tree ( timm and genoways 2003 ) . the caves where n . major has been found range from small to very large , are always humid , and often contain hot chambers and bodies of water . the species roosts in loose groups of less than 10 to more than 50 individuals , occupying areas of low ceilings or cave walls ; roosting colonies may reach a few hundred individuals ( tejedor 2011 ) . it may be locally common in specific areas ( hoyt and baker 1980 ) .

this species is found throughout dry areas . natalus major has been found almost exclusively in caves , the exception being one report of nine individuals ( 2 females and 7 males ) found roosting inside a large hollow tree in semiarid lowlands in the northern dominican republic ( timm and genoways 2003 ) . its delicate wing membrane is subject to rapid dehydration ; thus , this species probably require caves with relative humidity for day time roosts . there is no reproductive information available ( hoyt and baker 1980 ) . it is insectivorous ( nowak 1999 ) . it probably forages in rather cluttered vegetation and over relatively small home ranges ( tejedor et al . 2004 ) .

some of the caves where the species is known to roost are subject to modification for touristic activities , as well as for mining exploitation in dominican republic ( inchaustegui , pers . comm . ) . other known threats come from access to caves for guano extraction , or mining of caves for material construction ( rodriguez - duran and turvey , pers . comm . ) . this kind of disturbance can affect the suitability of caves for bats .

considering that this species is restricted to hispaniola , adequate population assessments should be undertaken to evaluate its potential conservation needs ( tejedor 2011 ) , as well as further awareness on the protection of caves .

this species was formerly included in n . stramineus , but is clearly distinct from that species ; see morgan ( 1989 ) , morgan and czaplewski ( 2003 ) and simmons ( 2005 ) .

justification : this species is listed as vulnerable because it is only known from a single cave ( and therefore , one location ) , with an area of occupancy ( aoo ) under 20 km 2 , and with a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat that might result in the taxon becoming critically endangered or extinct in a very short time .

rediscovered in 1992 , this species was previously thought to be extinct . a recent subpopulation of this species is known from one cave on the western tip of cuba ( tejedor et al . 2004 , mancina 2012 ) , but fossils occur at several sites on cuba and the isla de pinos ( silva taboada 1979 ) .

this species is known from a single cave , probably including a few thousand individuals ( tejedor et al . 2005 ) . fossil remains suggest a former wider distribution throughout cuba and isla de pinos ( silva - taboada 1979 ) , the bahamas and cayman islands ( tejedor 2011 ) .

this species roosts in caves . it is known from a single cave ( tejedor et al . 2005 ) . this species is moderately to highly gregarious with cave colonies estimated at fewer than 100 individuals ( tejedor et al . 2005 ) . copulation in n . primus has been observed to take place in april , and pregnant females of this species have been captured in may ( tejedor et al . 2004 ) . it has been found to feed mostly on moths , crickets and beetles , and less frequently on other insect orders : hymenoptera ( formicidae ) , neuroptera , diptera , homoptera and hemiptera ( tejedor et al . 2004 ) .

habitat loss and human intrusion in the cave are the main threats ( tejedor et al . 2004 , mancina 2012 ) . in addition the ongoing collapse of the roof of the cave can upset the thermal balance in this hot cave . climatic changes could also interrupt the thermal cave balance and result in extinction of this species ( l . dávalos pers . comm . )

protecting the cave is the most important priority , this must include limitation of access by non - authorized personnel ( tejedor et al . 2004 , mancina 2012 ) .

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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352

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the tasmanian devil is endemic to australia . although this species is called tiger ( named for its stripes ) and wolf ( due to its canid - like appearance ) , it is not a member of the cat or wolf family . it is a member of the marsupial family . other members of this family include kangaroos and koala bears .

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. . . loss of even one hot cave can be catastrophic for individual populations . for example , natalus primus , known only from subfossils until 1992 , persists as a single extant population dependent on one roost near the shore in southwestern cuba ( tejedor et al . 2004 ) . flooding of low - lying caves by rising seas is therefore a third mechanism of climatedriven extinction , after habitat change and reduced island area ( morgan 2001 ) . . . .

. . . una de ellas fue reconocida y categorizada por la uicn como una de las más amenazadas , colocándola en la categoría de especie en peligro crítico de extinción ( mancina 2012 ) . para este murciélago se conoce una sola población existente en una única cueva en cuba ( tejedor et al . 2004 ) , ubicada dentro del parque nacional guanahacabibes en el extremo más occidental del país . este murciélago es conocido con el nombre común de murciélago grande de orejas de embudo ( natalus primus anthony , 1919 ) y son pocos los trabajos que han abordado aspectos relacionados con su historia natural . . . .

. . . en estas dos visitas se han capturado 14 individuos de n . primus , empleando redes entomológicas y redes de niebla , colocadas muy cercanas a las paredes de la cueva a una altura inferior a 1 m . a los individuos capturados se les tomaron diferentes variables morfológicas , tales como la longitud del antebrazo y la masa corporal , las cuales fueron coincidentes con las descritas previamente para la especie ( tejedor et al . 2004 ) . los animales fueron capturados en las zonas más internas de la cueva , en las proximidades de la galería de calor . . . .

. . . en mayo de 1992 tres hembras se encontraron gestantes de un sólo embrión . el análisis estomacal de algunos individuos reveló que los órdenes de insectos más frecuentes en la dieta fueron lepidoptera , orthoptera y coleoptera ( tejedor et al . , 2004 ) . en el año 1993 un censo visual de la población de cueva la barca estimó la población en unos pocos miles de individuos ( tejedor et al . , 2004 ) . . . .

. . . el análisis estomacal de algunos individuos reveló que los órdenes de insectos más frecuentes en la dieta fueron lepidoptera , orthoptera y coleoptera ( tejedor et al . , 2004 ) . en el año 1993 un censo visual de la población de cueva la barca estimó la población en unos pocos miles de individuos ( tejedor et al . , 2004 ) . posteriores visitas confirman la existencia de esta población aunque no se han vuelto a hacer una estimación del número de individuos . . . .

. . . nota : 9 , 1 cavernas e cavidades naturais desempenham um papel fundamental para a proteção de populações de morcegos ( e . g . trajano 1985 trajano , 1995 altringham 1996 ; arita & vargas 1995 ; arita 1996 ; bredt et al . 1999 ; tejedor et al . 2004 ) . até recentemente a legislação brasileira referente à proteção de cavernas baseava - se no decreto n° 99556 , de 1 o de outubro de 1990 , que determinava em seu parágrafo primeiro a necessidade de preservação e conservação das cavidades naturais como parte do patrimônio nacional , e uso somente dentro de condições que assegurassem sua integridade física e a manutenção do respectivo equilíbrio ecológico . . . .

durante décadas , la taxonomía del género natalus en las antillas mayores ha sido controvertida . a pesar de que tres taxa han sido descritos para natalus ( sensu stricto ) en las antillas mayores , la controversia se ha concentrado en la validez de natalus major ( supuestamente distribuida en cuba , la española y jamaica ) como especie distinta de natalus stramineus . la forma cubana de natalus , . . . [ show full abstract ]

the type locality of natalus stramineus ( chiroptera : natalidae ) : implications for the taxonomy and b . . .

the name natalus stramineus has been historically applied to populations of the genus natalus from virtually the entire neotropics . the geographic origin of the holotype of n . stramineus , however , has never been known with certainty , confounding discussions concerning the species limits , nomenclature , and biogeography of this genus . the type locality of n . stramineus was assumed to be brazil . . . [ show full abstract ]

the bats within the genus natalus have had a complex taxonomic history due to its morphological conservatism . the taxonomy of natalidae has been recently updated by the discovery and rediscovery of live species and fossils , and on the basis of new morphological and molecular evidence .

these bats have a diet consisting largely of moths , crickets , and beetles . in 1992 , the first living population was discovered in a cave in cueva la barca . caribbean hurricanes early in the evolutionary history of natalids may account for specialized cave roosting .

natalus primus is considered vulnerable and only inhabits one cave in cueva la barca on isla de la juventud island and province . the population is abundant in that single cave , but this species is likely to go extinct due to its limited dispersal range , human disturbance and loss of habitat . it is estimated that there are only 100 mature individuals .

this species is known to have become extirpated throughout most of cuba suggesting a population decline that may have continued until the present . the survival of cuban bats is threatened by forest destruction and cave modification .

natalus was first reported as existing in jamaica in 1951 by koopman and williams based on a partial mandible collected by h . e . anthony during 1919–1920 . they referred to the species as n . major . the species was first described scientifically in 1959 by george gilbert goodwin as natulus major jamaicensis . the type was the skin and skull of a male collected from st . clair cave , st . catherine parish , jamaica by c . b . lewis on march 5 , 1954 .

goodwin described n . major jamaicanis as being distinguishable from the " typical " n . major by its " higher , shorter , and more globular braincase , more slender , longer , and flatter rostrum , the sides of which are concave instead of inflated and convex as in major , and by the noticeably narrower inter - orbital space " .

the iucn has categorized the species as critically endangered because " its extent of occurrence is less than 100 km² , all individuals are in a single location , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat " .

, are confined to the neotropics . they are distributed from sonora and nuevo leon , mexico , through central america to eastern brazil . they can be found on the yucatan peninsula . their distribution is patchy from honduras to panama . the species has also been seen in the lesser antilles , hispaniola , and jamaica .

the tail is long and completely enclosed in the interfemoral membrane . the tail is longer than the head and body length . this characteristic is unique to

. the membrane is pale brown in color , with the edge fringed with short hair . the legs , tail , and arm bones are pink , contrasting with the brown membrane . the thumb is short and is almost enveloped in the antebrachial membrane , and the third phalanx of the third finger remains cartilaginous even in the adult . the wings are long and narrow .

the dental formula is 2 / 3 1 / 1 3 / 3 3 / 3 = 38 .

is reported to breed during the dry season . in mexico and central america , pregnant females have been found from january through july , and gestation is thought to last 8 to 10 months . females are thought to be monoestrus , and to have slow development of the fetus . a single offspring is produced annually , weighing almost half of the adult mass , or about 2 . 1 g .

during the breeding season , the sexes apparently segregate , so that males and females roost separately .

breeding season the exact time of breeding has not been reported , but young are born at the end of the dry season .

information on parental care of this species is not available . however , in other similar bats , females care for the young in the maternity roost , providing them with milk and grooming . mothers are able to locate their own young among the many little bats present . since males roost separately from females during rearing of the offspring , it is certain that males do not play a role in parental care .

information on the longevity of this species is not available . however , in general , microchiroptera are long - lived animals . some species of similar small size are known to live as many as 20 years .

this species generally roosts in deep , moist caves . these bats are typically found in groups of up to 300 bats in one colony . while roosting in the caves , the individuals are spaced out widely in the dark caverns . most flight occurs at understory level , with great speed and agility in dipping , twisting , and dodging the vegetation . these bats are most active within 2 hours after sunset . as the evening progresses , the bats may use nighttime refugia which differ from their normal daily roosting location . northern populations will sometimes migrate , causing colony size to vary considerably .

these bats find their prey through echolocation . the means of communication used with conspecifics has not been detailed in the literature , however , it is likely that

is like other small microchiroptera with regard to communication . most bats use vocal signals when communicating with one another . some tactile communication occurs in the roost , especially between mothers and their offspring . scent cues are probably used , as evidenced by the ability of a mother to distinguish her offspring from amid the hundreds of young bats in a maternity roost .

no information on predation on this species was found . because these animals fly and don ' t land in places easily accessible to many predators , it is likely that they are not a significant food source for predator populations . some owls might take these bats in flight . other predators would have to either find them in their roost , or catch them going into or coming out of the roost .

tom siwarski ( author ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point , chris yahnke ( editor , instructor ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point .

living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .

living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .

young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .

having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .

used loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies . more specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits ( a continuous , modular society ) - as in clonal organisms .

the process by which an animal locates itself with respect to other animals and objects by emitting sound waves and sensing the pattern of the reflected sound waves .

animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .

forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .

offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .

the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .

rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .

the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .

reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .

to cite this page : siwarski , t . 2004 . " natalus stramineus " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

in the book , there are some superb photographs of the nature of the dominican republic . in the following list , pages in that book with photos of particular species are noted with a

not included in the following list , there are a number of photographs of plants . also , there ' s an interesting essay regarding the many mushrooms that occur on the island .

is the only surviving native rodent on hispaniola . at least two larger - bodied species of

) also lived on hispaniola until humans came into the caribbean region , and may have survived until european arrival in the 1500s , but both of those species are now extinct .

was described in 1836 by the famous french naturalist georges cuvier , the first scientist to demonstrate that extinction was a real process .

was very good to eat . already , by the early 19th century , it had become very rare - making it an early species to be recognized as being in danger of extinction .

by the early 20th century , the species was thought to be possibly extinct , until its rediscovery in the samana bay region of the dominican republic in 1923 , by dr . w . l . abbott , a collector for the smithsonian institution .

it takes 2 years to reach sexual maturity , and birth is given to only one or two young at a time .

the species does have a wide diet that includes leaves , shoots , bark , and roots . it lives in either tree cavities or in limstone crevices .

is one of the most unusual and ancient mammals on earth . the species is thought to resemble ancient mammals that existed toward the end of the age of dinosaurs , over 65 million years ago .

is one of the only two remaining endemic terrestrial mammal species on hispaniola . the other is the

the species was described to science in 1833 . still , even today , knowledge of its ecology and biology is fairly limited due to the animal ' s secretive nocturnal habits .

is due to the research done by dr . jose ottenwalder in the 1970s and 1980s .

is that it is one of the few mammals that can secrete a toxic saliva in a manner similar to snakes . the ability to do so is from a mandibular gland along a grooved lower incisor .


the pearly-breasted cuckoo ( coccyzus euleri ) is a species of cuckoo in the family cuculidae .

it is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , paraguay , suriname , peru and venezuela .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.it does not occur above an elevation of 2000 meters .

it can easily be confused with the yellow-billed cuckoo .

the status and even the general distribution of this scarce cuckoo remain very poorly understood .

this cuckoo is hunted .

pearly - breasted cuckoo

pearly - breasted cuckoo <EOT> pearly - breasted cuckoo is a widespread species of the lowlands of eastern tropical south america . pearly - breasted cuckoo is a slim , long - tailed bird , largely brown above and pearly white below with a black and yellow bill . it is found in a variety of forest habitats from sea level up to 2000 meters in elevation . unlike some other cuckoo species , pearly - breasted cuckoo is not reported to be a nest parasite .

coccyzus euleri pearly - breasted cuckoo 1 ( fpave760re ) song , recorded santa ines , departamento itapúa ( myriam velázquez november 2001 ) . 2 ( fpave761re ) variant song , recorded kaaguy rorry , departamento caaguazú ( myriam velázquez november 2002 ) .

claessens , o . , brammer , f . p . , deville , t . & renaudier , a . ( 2011 ) . first documented records of pearly - breasted cuckoo coccyzus euleri for french guiana , and an overlooked specimen from ecuador . bull . brit . ornith . club 131 : 128 - 133 .

pearly - breasted cuckoo coccyzus euleri lacking the rufous patch in the wings which separate it from the superficially similar yellow - billed cuckoo , this species is a denizen of the high canopy of lush humid forest where it can be easy enough to hear , but extremely difficult to see . a migrant , they visit paraguay to breed , singing on arrival and giving birders a short window of opportunity to catch a glimpse . click on the images to enlarge them .

payne , r . ( 2018 ) . pearly - breasted cuckoo ( coccyzus euleri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

28 cm ; 61 g . adult uniform earth - brown above , light pearly - grey below , centre of belly whitish , long tail blackish with white tips , no rufous on wing , inner webs of primaries . . .

edge of mangrove . it came in to playback of xc72107 but i only got a brief glimpse of it when it was less than 50 m away and flew away in response to playback of its own call . may seem way out - of - range but there are actually a few other records in western ecuador . one was seen in late march a few years ago a bit north of this site and a juvenile male has been collected a bit south of this site . so a singing bird that responds to playback in june seems to fit in quite well . are they maybe breeding in northwest ecuador ? ? ? it is very similar to yellow - billed cuckoo but a singing bird , heard for over an hour , in early june would seem very unlikely .

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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : coccyzus euleri . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

alarm call ? male of a nesting couple . forest on white sand near the coast .

natural vocalizations ; song from one of a pair of birds in dense primary forest at the edge of a more exposed rocky hill .

natural vocalizations ; one song type from one of a pair , and then another from the other of the pair . neither of these are the same bird as in xc115393 .

natural vocalization ; song from a single bird perched on top of a tall tree in fairly open and dry forest on an exposed rocky hilltop above more humid primary forest . this recording represents the first documentation of this species at cristalino .

response to playback from a bird perched about 20m up in temperate forest subcanopy , having just caught a large orthopteran . photos :

response to playback from a bird ( same as last cut ) perched about 20m up in temperate forest subcanopy , having just caught a large orthopteran . photos :

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

species formerly referred to as c . julieni , but that name was officially suppressed # r . has been considered conspecific with c . americanus # r . monotypic .

panama , n & e colombia , venezuela and the guianas through amazonia to se brazil ( mato grosso , paraná , são paulo , rio de janeiro ) and s to ne bolivia , e paraguay and ne argentina ( misiones ) . distribution patterns and movements unclear , but may be only winter visitor to e colombia , venezuela ( r orinoco ) , the guianas and most of brazil # r # r .

slow series of “kuoup” notes , 1 / sec ; also short rattle followed by 4–9 accented . . .

tropical lowland evergreen forest , gallery forest , secondary forest ; sandy woodland , scrub . sea - . . .

very little known . breeding record in oct in roraima ( n brazil ) . a nest in panama was a loose platform of dry sticks c . 3 m above the . . .

an austral migrant . known to be present on breeding grounds during the austral summer , and in the . . .

not globally threatened ( least concern ) . generally rare ; only 3 records in surinam , where it is thought to be a migrant , and uncommon in brazil , where it breeds s of the . . .

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incorporates west indian genera saurothera and hyetornis , which were found in a recent molecular analysis to be embedded within coccyzus # r .

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figure 1 - ( fpave4079ph ) adult , mbaracayú biosphere reserve , departamento canindeyú ( paul smith september 2014 ) . figure 2 - ( fpave4080ph ) same individual as ( fpave4079ph ) ( paul smith september 2014 ) . video - ( fpave4081vi ) same individual as ( fpave4079ph ) singing ( paul smith september 2014 ) .

designed by paul smith 2006 . this website is copyrighted by law . material contained herewith may not be used without the prior written permission of fauna paraguay . material on this page was provided by paul smith and myriam velázquez and is used with permission .

two birds nesting at the rio mono bridge in panama . slow motion added to aid in examining the lack of primary wing coloration .

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there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .

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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :

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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' rare ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .

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eupithecia gigantea is a moth in the family geometridae .

it is found in the russian far east , japan and korea .

the wingspan is about 27 mm .

the ground colour of the wings is greyish .

the larvae feed within the cones of pinus strobus and abies sachalinensis .

eupithecia gigantea

eupithecia gigantea <EOT> ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )

host plants : the caterpillar lives on silene species . in samos , i found many caterpillars along with moths of hadena laudeti on silene gigantea in early may 2009 .

habitat : eupithecia schiefereri inhabits warm and dry habitats , often steppe - like slopes and woodland edges with single rocks or embankments .

remarks : eupithecia schiefereri is spread from north africa across central spain , southern france , the central and southern alps , italy and the southern balkans to the eastern turkey and northern iran . it also occurs on many greek islands ( samos , rhodes , crete , etc . ) .

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

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life cycle : the pupa hibernates . when breeding a larva from samos from may 2009 the moth emerged not until spring 2011 , so that a partial multiple hibernation occurs . the moths fly rather early from april to june , at high altitudes ( alps up to 2000m ) even later . the caterpillars are found from may to september open on the plant . in the lowlands , may and june are the main larval time .

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photo , and identified by : irina nikulina . image without retouching at the website

date and time , location shooting / catching : 2015 - 07 - 05 23 : 10 : 00 , russia , primorskiy krai , partizanskiy distr . , tigrovoje

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date and time , location shooting / catching : 2016 - 07 - 10 02 : 25 : 00 , russia , primorskiy krai , shkotovskiy distr . , anisimovka

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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !

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diasemiopsis ramburialis is a moth of the crambidae family .

it occurs in most of europe and the tropics , including the azores , fiji , new zealand and australia .

the wingspan is 17 – 22 mm .

adults are speckled grey or brown , with two broad ragged white lines across each wing .

the larvae possibly feed on brassica species .

diasemiopsis ramburialis

diasemiopsis ramburialis <EOT> valter jacinto marked " diasemiopsis ramburialis " as trusted on the " diasemiopsis ramburialis " page .

valter jacinto marked " borboleta nocturna / / moth ( diasemiopsis ramburialis ) " as trusted on the " diasemiopsis ramburialis " page .

a scarce migrant species which has been encountered mainly on the southern coasts between june and october .

abroad it occurs in europe and the tropics , but it is not believed to have bred in the british isles .

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procache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 03 09 : 54 : 53 page render time : 0 . 2522s total w / procache : 0 . 3008s

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duponchel , m . p . a . j . in godart , j . b . & duponchel , m . p . a . j . 1834 , crevot , paris

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 145499c7 - e146 - 42ec - 85c2 - bb25090c2d95

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7a1ddcd8 - e286 - 411b - bcc4 - 84f20e961b0b

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b1749bca - 8c68 - 4f3e - b07f - 6f481c4184c5

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c24cb0ef - ccff - 48b0 - 96e3 - d69da1ceced8

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 47cd5a3e - d611 - 475b - b872 - 1f965e834cb6

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 433052

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the moths of this species are speckled grey or brown , with two broad ragged white lines across each wing .

volume 7 , part 1 ( 1834 ) , plate cxxxiii , fig . 6 ,

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the buff-spotted woodpecker ( campethera nivosa ) is a species of bird in the family picidae .

it is native to large parts of tropical central africa .

it has an extremely wide range and is an uncommon species , and the international union for conservation of nature has rated its conservation status as being of " least concern " .

buff - spotted woodpecker

buff - spotted woodpecker <EOT> orn . spotted - throated woodpecker [ campethera scriptoricauda , syn . : c . albiefacies ]

orn . gray - and - buff woodpecker [ hemicircus concretus ] [ am . ]

orn . grey - and - buff woodpecker [ hemicircus concretus ] [ br . ]

dana campbell selected " buff - spotted flameback " to show in overview on " chrysocolaptes lucidus ( scopoli , 1786 ) " .

: the back is predominately cinnamon - buff , spotted or streaked with blackish . different as they are , these two subspecies are reported to hybridize in eastern brazil in espírito santo and southern bahia . the third subspecies of blond - crested woodpecker ,

showing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase " buff - spotted woodpecker " . found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .

orn . knysna woodpecker [ campethera notata , syn . : c . relicta ]

orn . tanganyika woodpecker [ campethera scriptoricauda , syn . : c . albiefacies ]

orn . tanzanian woodpecker [ campethera scriptoricauda , syn . : c . albiefacies ]

) . male has white forehead and lores tinged grey or buff , crimson - red . . .

orn . reichenow ' s woodpecker [ campethera scriptoricauda , syn . : c . albiefacies ]

orn . speckle - throated woodpecker [ campethera scriptoricauda , syn . : c . albiefacies ]

, is mostly black , with a buffy rump , and narrow buff bars across the wings and the back . the subspecies

orn . white eye - browed nubian woodpecker [ campethera scriptoricauda , syn . : c . albiefacies ]

the buff - spotted flameback ( chrysocolaptes lucidus ) is a species of bird in the picidae family . it is found on the philippine islands of bohol , leyte , samar , biliran , panaon , mindanao , basilan , and samal . it is sometimes considered a subspecies of the greater flameback .

winkler , h . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . buff - spotted woodpecker ( campethera nivosa ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

this article is part of project picidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each woodpecker , including made - up species .

a common and widespread woodpecker occuring all through the amazon and surrounding regions . description from antpitta . com . i searched for this on b… | pinteres…

, of northeastern brazil , is very different . the underparts are dusky , but the feathers are tipped with cinnamon - buff . the color pattern of the upperparts is almost the opposite of that of

this article is part of project piciformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each woodpecker and ally , including made - up species .

c . 14–16 cm ; 30–49 g . male has dark green - olive to blackish - olive forehead and crown , red nape ; rest of head whitish to pale yellow - buff , heavily streaked olive , . . .

not globally threatened ( least concern ) . seems to be at best uncommon in most of its range , and in many parts rare or extremely rare , but may be commonest woodpecker in parts . . .

winkler , h . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . white - backed woodpecker ( dendrocopos leucotos ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

winkler , h . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . golden - cheeked woodpecker ( melanerpes chrysogenys ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

winkler , h . , christie , d . a . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . pale - headed woodpecker ( gecinulus grantia ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

race maxima , known only from two specimens from n ivory coast , doubtfully valid , possibly only a larger form of nominate . latter intergrades with race herberti , the resultant intermediates formerly known as race efulenensis ; yalensis ( w kenya ) synonymized with herberti . four subspecies recognized .

( swainson , 1837 ) – senegambia e to cameroon and w drcongo and s to nw angola .

( alexander , 1908 ) – s central african republic and sw south sudan ( bangangai forest ) to w kenya ( kakamega and south nandi forests ) and s to sc & e drcongo .

calls “preeeew” , and “dee - dee - dee” trills ; repeated “te - te - te - te - te . . .

primary and dense secondary lowland and montane forest , at up to c . 1800 m , mostly to 950 m ; on . . .

) and termites ( isoptera ) . singly or in pairs ; joins mixed - species flocks . forages quietly in . . .

season nov–jun ; jan–mar in sierra leone ; eggs in apr in nigeria ; probably breeds in nov–jan and mar–jun in cameroon . . .

not globally threatened . common in most of range ; not uncommon in nigeria and angola ; uncommon in kenya . common in liberia , densities 13 pairs / km² in logged forest , 8 pairs / . . .

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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be common to not uncommon in most of its range ( del hoyo et al . 2002 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .

( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22680937a111715676 .

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david beadle , ahmet karataş , yvonne stevens , adam riley , markus lilje .

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : campethera nivosa . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :

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kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name " pikkutäplätikka " from " campethera nivosa ( swainson , 1837 ) " as trusted .

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< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

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< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

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kc813357 genomic dna translation : agi05267 . 1 kc813358 genomic dna translation : agi05268 . 1

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original description previously attributed to mcclelland , but correct author is horsfield # r . closely related to g . viridis , and in the past the two were at times treated as conspecific . recent observations and several specimens reinforce probability that a narrow hybrid zone between the two exists in n thailand and , presumably , n laos # r . proposed form aristus ( ne india ) synonymized with nominate ; poilanei ( cochinchina , in s vietnam ) is inseparable from indochinensis . three subspecies recognized .

( horsfield , 1840 ) – foothills from e nepal e to n , c & w myanmar and s china ( w yunnan ) .

25–27 cm ; 68–85 g . male has greenish - yellow crown to nape and crest , central patch of red - tipped pinkish feathers reaching to upper nape ; rest of head and neck . . .

nasal “chaik - chaik - chaik - chaik” or “kwéek kwek - kwek” , 4–5 . . .

inhabits evergreen forest , semi - deciduous forest , secondary mixed bamboo forest , secondary forest . . .

mainly ants , larvae of beetles , and other insects . often in pairs or small family parties . forages mainly in lower levels , on trunks of . . .

mar–may . nest - cavity excavated 1–6 m up in dead tree , rotten stump or bamboo . clutch three eggs . no other information , but . . .

not globally threatened . very rare in nepal , only few records ( from e ) , where not discovered until 1974 ; uncommon in india and bhutan ( known from just 3–4 sites in . . .

apparently forms a clade of indomalayan taxa together with dinopium , micropternus and meiglyptes # r .

of eastern south america , occuring from extreme eastern amazonia east and south to northeastern argentina . like other members of the genus , it forages at mid - heights and in canopy of humid forest . it primarily eats ants and termites , although it also eats some fruit and berries . the nest cavity is in the side of an arboreal ant nest ; otherwise , very little is known about the natural history of this bird . the

exhibits striking geographic variation , although all populations share a blond , crested head ; males have a large red moustachial stripe , while females have a less prominent black moustache . the body of the southern subspecies ,

, occurs in the interior of eastern brazil , and is intermediate in appearance between the two other subspecies .

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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :

collar , n . j . 2011 . species limits in some philippine birds including the greater flameback chrysocolaptes lucidus . forktail number 27 : 29 - 38 .

dana campbell changed the thumbnail image of " ramankumar _ greaterflameback _ female _ apr07 339 " .

kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name " punaselkätikka " from " chrysocolaptes lucidus ( scopoli , 1786 ) " as trusted .

what do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .

( bechstein , 1802 ) – w norway , sweden , finland and poland s in europe to e switzerland , austria , n serbia and carpathian mts , and e through s russia to kamchatka , sakhalin , ne china and korea .

( malherbe , 1861 ) – w siberia from w ural mts e to l baikal .

( sharpe & dresser , 1871 ) – pyrenees , c italy , the balkans and peloponnese , turkey ( n anatolia , taurus mts ) , caucasus and transcaucasia .

( stejneger , 1886 ) – s kuril is and n japan ( hokkaido ) .

( stejneger , 1886 ) – c & s japan ( s honshu , shikoku , kyushu ) .

( nagamichi kuroda & mori , 1920 ) – ulleung i ( dagelet ) , off e korea .

( nagamichi kuroda & mori , 1918 ) – jeju i ( quelpart ) , off s korea .

soft low “gig” ; series of “kyig gyig” notes in alarm ; also “gig gig . . .

old - growth and overmature but relatively open deciduous and mixed forest with high proportion of . . .

laying from late apr , but significant courtship from feb ; season extends to may or jun , is c . 2 weeks earlier than other woodpeckers in . . .

generally resident ; some local movements . a few individuals seem to be carried along with eruptive . . .

the date of description of the nominate species dendrocopos leucotos ( picus leucotos ) is 1802 , not 1803 ( e . mey in : rudoltstädter nat . hist . schr . ii : 63 - 100 .

the bibliography is stopped in 2001 in hbw : numerous papers were published from this date , especialy on lilfordi ( french pyrénées , italy ) on the history of this taxon ( grangé et vuilleumier , nos oiseaux 56 - 2009 ) , the nest - trees in pyrénées ( casseur d ' os , vol . 9 - 2009 ) and italy ( wilson bull . 115 - 3 , 2003 ) and the reproductive biology ( nos oiseaux n°49 - 2002 ) .

sometimes separated with other barred congeners in centurus . variation clinal ; interior population ( morelos , adjacent michoacán ) often separated as race morelensis , tending to be paler with less yellow and orange than flavinuchus , but considerable overlap with latter in plumage characteristics . two subspecies recognized .

( ridgway , 1911 ) – jalisco e to sw puebla and se along coast to e oaxaca .

19–22 cm ; 55–88 g . male has whitish forehead with golden - yellow at base of bill , red crown ( usually becoming more golden - orange on nape ) , bright yellow - gold . . .

many churring calls and short series of notes , e . g . nasal “ki - di - dik” , more explosive . . .

mesic to xeric forest and edge , forest patches , open areas with scattered trees and plantations . . . .

insects , including adults and larvae of beetles , ants ; also various fruits and seeds . forages singly and in pairs , at middle and upper . . .

may–jul . nest - hole in tree or cactus . clutch size and other aspects of breeding undescribed .

not globally threatened . common to fairly common ; widespread within range , recorded at numerous sites . a little - known species . research required on its ecology and breeding . . .

incorporates tripsurus , and the four monotypic genera leuconerpes , asyndesmus , linneopicus and trichopicus ; barred species sometimes separated in centurus .

the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2018 - 1 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 09 july 2018 .

the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be common to not uncommon in most of its range ( del hoyo et al . 2002 ) . . . .

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b = breeding resident – present all year ; known or presumed to breed .

p = palaearctic migrant – non - breeding summer visitor ; breeds during the northern summer in europe and asia : typically present november - march .

t = tropical migrant – breeding summer visitor ; winters in tropical africa : typically present september - april .

a = altitudinal migrant – non - breeding winter visitor ; breeds at higher altitudes in kwazulu - natal : typically present may - august .

n = nomad – visits irregularly , sometimes in large numbers , in response to specific environmental cues . may breed .

v = vagrant – one - off or occasional visitor outside its normal range .

abundance and status codes pertain locally : for example species considered common within the main part of their range may be rare or vagrant here .

u = uncommon – usually present , but not necessarily found on the day .

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