pasty ( 1 may 1973 – 12 february 1993 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .

she was the leading two-year-old filly of her generation in britain in 1975 when she was undefeated in five races including the lavant stakes , lowther stakes and cheveley park stakes .

she failed to progress as a three-year-old and finished no better than fourth in her five races .

she was then retired to become a broodmare and produced at least three minor winners .

pasty ( horse )

pasty ( horse ) <EOT> pasty was retired from racing to become a broodmare and produced at least ten foals between 1978 and 1991 . pasty died in australia on 12 february 1993 .

the cornish pasty association is a community interest company , registered in england and wales , no 07847774 . copyright © 2016 cornish pasty association . all rights reserved .

the chough bakery world pasty championships 2016 gold titleholders these guys know a thing or two about pasty excellence . it’s “ the only place to buy a cornish pasty” argues russell jackson and many others agree . find it smack bang in the middle of the quayside in padstow .

a devon pasty - crimped on the top , not on the side . photograph : alamy

understanding the news , 127 years ago today . pasty central day in history , february 17th .

with their newly won protected geographical status , the name of the cornish pasty can no longer be taken in vain . our top five are below , but where do you go for a proper pasty ?

sarah’s pasty shop you’ll smell this pasty shop before you see it says paul darcey for it’s ickle in size but big on flavour . hunt it down in the heart of looe and make an agonising decision between the traditional or pasty - with - a - twist options . sarah gets a big thumbs up for her ultimate breakfast pasty crammed with sausagemeat , bacon , mushrooms , tomato , baked beans , egg and flaked potato ( an ingenious creation ) and there’s lots of love for fishy friday when locally caught fish makes pasty perfection .

" horse muscle fibre is different . the colour of horse meat is a darker red than beef and the fat is a yellow – orange colour which is completely different .

horse and jockey bakery gives excellent value for money . the standard pasty is massive , good filling and pastry . all locally made . the cakes and rolls again worth every penny . well worth a visit .

like williams ' other good horses , which included may hill , pasty was sent into training with peter walwyn at lambourn in berkshire .

the cornish bakery with six shops in cornwall and even more across the midlands and south of england , the cornish bakery has gone big in spreading pasty love and boy do they do it well . their winning formula of mevagissey roots , proper cornish innovation and award - winning status ( their traditional steak scored top marks in the 2013 world pasty championships no less ) has made them part of the pasty elite . there ' s just a little bit of craziness for their speciality ‘travelling empanada’ pasty - imagine the good old pasty combined with spicy flavours from around the world and you’re on the right track . and the best bit ? 5p from every purchase goes to cornish mining heritage . good work guys !

warrens bakery you don’t get to be the oldest cornish pasty producer in the world and the oldest bakery in cornwall without earning a few fans along the way and didn’t our social media callout show it ! in little over 150 years warren’s bakery has gone from having just one pasty shop in st just and feeding the cornish miners , to having their name above the door of 50 bakeries and satisfying the pasty masses . oh , and they have played no small part in commercialising the cornish pasty and pioneering its popularity both here and abroad . warren’s we thank you !

make sure you have a good enough horse to make it worthwhile , we all go through our fair share of donkeys , but in the end you are only as good as the horse you are riding .

" any professional meat supplier or butcher would know whether it is horse or beef , " he said .

best mate has become the first horse since arkle in the 1960s to win three consecutive gold cups at cheltenham .

his third straight win marks a remarkable achievement not just by the horse , but the team behind his success .

he spoke of his frustration that anyone could have mistaken his horse meat for beef even if it was mislabelled .

i ' m sure opinion will be divided on the subject of where to find cornwall ' s finest oggie . where do you go for a proper pasty ?

" my americans know all about horse racing in hong kong , " says happy valley executive director bill nader , who spent years working for the new york racing association . " but i guess my americans are all horse people . "

if your horse is tail rubbing and you suspect pinworms please call us on 01409 255549 / 01822613838 to discuss appropriate treatment .

as you load up your horse and close the ramp , you feel a slight pang of guilt that he is all on his own . maybe this is a good excuse for getting another horse so that he has a road trip buddy in future ?

something new ? whatever your age horse riding is a fantastic hobby and and exciting way to learn new [ . . . ]

so we offered it to horse & hound and are delighted to see they ' re running it in the 9 march issue .

it is a big year for culloty - in may , he is getting married to girlfriend susie , whose food magnate family own , among others , the ginsters cornish pasty company .

if they horse has misbehaved , what is the point of the judge getting on it ? it is never going to get placed .

at the far end of a refrigerated warehouse is a grisly sight you would never see in britain : row upon row of horse carcasses .

first trip to cornwall in about 10 years and i am a sucker for a pasty . they are open from the crack of dawn and are churning out hot and cold products from 9am .

for many families , pasty - making was a daily task and recipes were passed from mothers to daughters , rarely written down . producing a magic pasty takes a certain knack and many cooks take so much pride in theirs , that not many will share their recipes . some have even been known to take them to the grave , refusing to pass them on even to their offspring .

it’s a simple question but boy does it trigger a passionate debate . when we threw it out to our facebook and twitter friends we received an outpouring of pasty love as well as 101 answers .

the rising sun trail is our newest horse riding trail taking you on a 6 - 7 hour ride across open moor [ . . . ]

rowe’s bakery with a shop in almost every town in cornwall it’s little wonder that rowe’s bakery is a strong contender for the pasty crown . these guys have been firing up their ovens since 1949 and have got the perfect recipe nailed . their traditional steak is simply ‘ansome and we’re big fans of their ever changing range of pasties with added pizzazz – try the reggae reggae pasty for a taste of cornwall with a kick !

the french meat processor spanghero were quick to point the finger at their romanian suppliers after it emerged they had sold thousands of tonnes horse meat as beef .

oh what lovely horse . when i worked with the shires our sister farm had the world record tallest horse . he was called boringdon black king and he stood at 19 . 3hh . that was back in the early 90 ' s . king has since passed on . his best friend was a 8hh shetland .

and another one . oh it’s back again . relentlessly . unsurprisingly , since horse tail is used to string violins i believe , this stings rather a lot .

the abattoir , which was named by the romanian authorities as the source of the meat in the current horse scandal , is owned by local businessman iulian cazacut .

do you remember a week or so ago , someone on here complained that their horse had misbehaved on the go round during a showing class , and the judge declined to ride their horse in the class . they basically accused the judge of not being very brave as they " knew " their horse would have been ok with the judge on board . well - yesterday at the royal one of the judges had a very bad fall from a horse which bucked and misbehaved really badly , which has resulted in them breaking a bone in their back . the royal is a show where you cannot prepare your horse for eveyrthing it will see - carriages , heavy horses , hackneys etc - so it is entirely possible that the horse in question acted entirely out of character . my point is more that the person who posted originally ought to be more aware of the accidents that can happen , and to consider the fact that a judge does not want to be put in a position of danger by riding a horse that is not capable of behaving correctly with its own rider . my best wishes for a speedy recovery go to the judge involved .

because you’ve been up since 4am and you know you won’t be home until 10pm . you know you shouldn’t , but actually monster munch , a pasty and 10 bottles of lucozade are exactly what you need to see you through .

ann’s pasties a ‘proper’ cornish girl through and through ann learnt how to make pasties the best way you can – from her mother ! she’s now somewhat of a pasty maestro and having drawn people far and wide to her brightly coloured pasty shop on the lizard she has pleased her legion of fans by opening a second shop in helston and supplying a select pick of delis and shops . “delicious and the very best ! ” says gill wiley – here , here !

it’s only because you care and you just want to get to the end of your trip in one piece ( and with a fully - functioning horse and vehicle ) .

purists might say that the meat should be beef skirt ( not steak ) , and the pastry should be short - crust . i ' m pretty sure that 19th century tin - miners – who cooked up the original pasty as a handy form of packed lunch – would have been glad of any meat content ( i believe they used to put apple at one end ) . but i agree with the cornish pasty association , no artificial flavourings nor additives should be allowed .

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[ quote ] oh what lovely horse . when i worked with the shires our sister farm had the world record tallest horse . he was called boringdon black king and he stood at 19 . 3hh . that was back in the early 90 ' s . king has since passed on . his best friend was a 8hh shetland . [ / quote ] i remember him ! he often appeared in horse & amp ; pony mag . the shetland as well i absolutely love heavyweight horses - most of them are so lovely and gentle .

other sweets are available , but we reckon these little delights are 100 % necessary for any horse - related travel ( even if you’re just going 10 minutes down the road ) .

horse & jockey bakery when size matters follow your nose to the horse and jockey bakery in helston and porthleven . renowned for their ample proportions , the pasties hang off the side of a plate ( a true sign that you’ve got a goodun’ ) and pack a big punch when it comes flovour . they get patricia bastow’s vote on facebook as well as an avalanche of others !

pasty was a " neat , well - made " grey mare bred in england by her owner percival williams . she was from the second crop of foals sired by raffingora , a very fast horse who won the king george stakes and several major handicap races including the cherkley sprint handicap at epsom downs racecourse when he ran five furlongs in 53 . 89 seconds under a weight of 140 pounds . he was beginning to make a mark as a breeding stallion in europe when he was exported to japan in 1973 . pasty ' s dam ma marie was a granddaughter of the broodmare scotia ' s glen , whose other descendants included the 2000 guineas winner our babu and the eclipse stakes winner king of the tudors .

personally , i wouldn ' t touch a ginsters . genuinely cornish , yes , but i ' ve seen and smelt the factory ( in callington , since you asked ) . what about the ubiquitous west cornwall pasty company ? yep , they are all " hand - made " in falmouth . based in buckinghamshire , though - with outlets in leeds , norwich , reading station , bristol , bath ( thank goodness , because i do get an urge for a pasty when i ' m a long way from home ) .

very tasty . big . i cut mine in half & fry off the other half with baked beans . 2 meals 1 pasty . i ' ve even had to take some into work they ' re well received . a bit of cornwall in the midlands . x

a posting from the royal on another thread said that the horse was spooked by carriages in the adjacent ring and alot of the horses in same class were upset . maybe this time the horse / owners were not to blame for putting in a poorly prepared horse . very unfortunate incident but when will show organisers wake up and do ring plans with some common sense , even the most seasoned show horse can get upset at carriages and drays . like the time they put the ladies hunters in a small ring immediately next to the fairground at newbury . the ride next to the ring was one of those towers that has seats on chains that the faster it goes the farther out the seats spin in the air - actually in the air space of one side of the ring !

i didn ' t see that post but in the ror class at cheshire one horse was being a * * * * * in the go round and the judge said she wouldn ' t ride it and the girl left the ring . this horse was spinning broncing and generally being a right pig . my horse is quite sharp and sensetive but he was well mannered enough to not let his tension make him misbehave , the judge rode him really well and i couldn ' t of been happier , but had he misbehaved i wouldn ' t of expected her to ride him . i think it is rude of people to think the judge ought to ride their horse , if its that badly behaved with a familiar jockey then its not the judges job to sort it out . they are judges .

in order to adopt a targeted strategic worm control plan for your horse and save you money , penbode equine vets advise that you should have a worm egg count done on each of your horses in may / june , and a second one in august . we can then advise you whether worming of your horse is required or is unnecessary , potentially reducing your worming costs and delaying the development or resistance .

hg i believe that umenno is doing well in young horse classes in switzerland just now , as that is where he is based . he has qualified for the swiss 6yr old showjumping champs with rudi wallerbosch .

but mr cazacut , owner of doly - com , the abattoir where the horse meat came from , said he had his suspicions but refused to make public who he believes is behind the £300 , 000 fraud .

rebel morrow has been riding since before she could walk and was the highest placed australian at the athens olympics on her horse oaklea groover . rebel originally comes from kilcoy in rural queensland and comes from a strong horse background . rebel’s mum , vicky , was a professional horse trainer winning multiple state and national titles in western pleasure . rebel’s dad wayne was a horseman who broke in their horses and now works as a master farrier . rebel , and her brother lyndon were in the australian youth western pleasure team that toured america in 1988 . the morrow’s then met the infamous simon kale who introduced them to eventing , and got rebel up and running as a successful junior .

pasty began her three - year - old season in the fred darling stakes over seven furlongs at newbury racecourse in april in which she finished fourth behind rowantree , solar and manilata . in the 1000 guineas over the rowley mile course at newmarket , pasty started 12 / 1 second favourite but made little impression , finishing twentieth of the twenty - five runners behind the french - trained favourite flying water . at royal ascot she again ran poorly , finishing last of the eight runners behind kesar queen . she was then dropped in class but did not recover her form , finishing unplaced in two handicap races over six furlongs .

as dermot ryan , manager of ashford , said in an email : " for those people that want to operate at the very highest levels of the game you can ' t afford to ignore a horse like american pharoah . "

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we think this is unique in the uk – a guided full day’s trail ride which also includes a stop to enjoy a guided tour and tasting at a world - renowned winery ! camel valley have been producing award - winning wines since 1989 and offer a fascinating tour around the winery , which also includes a glass of one of their wonderful wines . we head out from hallagenna across bodmin moor before joining the camel trail . if we are lucky we might catch sight of the steam train on the bodmin – wenford railway line . enjoying a pasty lunch before starting our tour . it’s then a pleasant ride back to hallagenna . £160 per person including pasty .

pengenna pasties the crimp of a pasty is as important as the ingredients and pengenna pasties in bude , tintagel and st ives is one of the few cornish bakers firmly in the top crimp camp – and it works ! our facebook friends couldn’t wait to heap praise on their ‘homemade deliciousness’ and gave lots of thanks for their vegan variety .

– or rather a photograph of the late john thaw , who played the cerebral sleuth on itv . he was occupying part of the abundance of wood panelling around the ancient walls and below the sloping beams of the 16th - century white horse in oxford .

it was me that made the original post , i wasnt trying to be rude or teasy that the judge didnt ride my horse i was just asking a question as i have never done showing classes before . i do agree that it would be dangerous for a judge to get on a horse if it is misbehaving that badly , i wouldnt get on a horse i didnt no if it was going mad , but abbey was just jogging and was a bit fresh thats all . this past weekend she was a little star and the judge said she gave her a very nice balanced ride , and we got pulled in 4th out or a field of around 10 , so i think she was just a little excited last week . i hope the judge recovers quickly .

in time , though , you get to happy valley . the tram took longer than expected , which meant i failed in my fatherly duty . in true pre - k fashion , my daughter instructed me to bet the first horse in the first race to come in first—that would have been namjong turbo being ridden by kc leung—but i didn ' t make the 7 : 15 post . i bet the kid ' s birthday trifecta in the fifth—china delight , strathtay , and endorsing , in order—but only the last horse came in .

i am a teacher with many years experience , judged outstanding and i have decided to take some of my resources which i ' ve shared to over half a million downloaders freely to my shop . i want to share and enjoy more time with my dogs in cornwall . thank you for buying and helping me live my dream - one pasty at a time : )

i agree . i took a horse to windsor once that had been basically re - brken it was in such a state when we got it but it had been to several local shows and behaved perfectly and clients had ridden him in the school so i had no worries when the late vin toulson got on him . . . . . until he took off at a dead run and completed two laps before vin could pull him up . lucky the ground was good and the horse apppropiately studded or there would have been an accident the speed they went round the corners . most judges will get on most horses but sometimes they hae to decide if its worth the risk . chances are if the horse is misbehaving enough to make them dubious it isnt going to be placed anyway so why risk it ?

continuing with a theme here . riders legs , never being out of breeches , can be so pasty in relation to the corresponding arms that they actually reflect sunlight when on a rare sunday afternoon off they are exposed to a few rays . given this unprecedented exposure they will proceed to turn the shade of a winner’s rosette in the time it takes to ride prelim 18 .

almost all the draught beers here were comparatively local . there was a white horse bitter from stanford in the vale and a nicely balanced copper - coloured session ale called oxford prospect , brewed even closer to home . plus the zesty brakspear oxford gold from witney , 12 miles away .

philps rarely without a queue of drooling customers snaking out of the door , this west cornwall bakery had the praise rolling in from our pasty connoisseurs . “consistently hot and flavoursome with the pastry packed to bursting” says margaret deady while janet ward - stanley echoed the words of many when she said “yummy , yummy , yummy” . grab one in hayle , marazion or praze - an - beeble .

the pasties are not 100 % reliable ( go early , before they go limp from hanging around on the cafeteria - style counter ) , but they are utterly authentic , homemade by mrs margaret burford . the views are fantastic , too ( eat your oggie overlooking the atlantic ) and as part of the geevor tin mine museum , you couldn ' t get closer to the pasty ' s roots .

it was the advent of cornish mining in the 19th century that really brought the pasty into its own and made it an important part of the life of so many cornish families . pasties were taken down the mines by the adults and children who worked there ; the shape and size made them ideal for carrying , and they became the staple for the daily ‘crib’ or ‘croust’ – cornish dialect for a bite to eat , usually taken mid - morning . it is thought that the miners gave the pasty its distinctive d shape too – the crust became a handle , which was discarded to prevent contaminating the food with grubby , possibly arsenic - ridden hands . others will dispute this , arguing that miners ate their pasties wrapped in muslin or paper bags so that they could enjoy every last bit , as we do today .

no one knows this better than ashford . in 2000 , coolmore , headed by irishman john magnier , shelled out a reported $ 70 million , the most money ever spent on a horse , for the breeding rights of kentucky derby winner fusaichi pegasus . to magnier , and the rest of the horse racing industry , a derby winner with a blue - chip pedigree and the body of adonis seemed like a license to print money . fupeg , as he is known in racing circles , started out his stallion career in february of his four - year - old year , just like pharoah will , but for a price of $ 150 , 000 . and just like pharoah will be , fupeg was matched with the best mares money could buy . to date , fupeg has not produced a kentucky derby winner or a horse with a household name . his fee has sunk to $ 7 , 500 .

" for a long time , horse racing had little competition . it ' s only recently people in hong kong can even watch soccer from around the world , " says larry yeung , the hkjc media communications manager . to which ip added gravely , " we never underestimate the threats from other forms of entertainment . "

“i did anything that was around because there wasn’t a lot on . i did pony club and everything that goes with it . my pony club instructor was beryl sabidina and i also did every clinic i could . i always wanted to event , i don’t know why but i probably read about it in the horse magazine . ”

now , i do like a good pasty , i really do . my husband reckons i ' m genetically programmed to sniff one out the moment i get within a mile or two of , say , bodmin moor . and it ' s kind of true . as soon as i cross the border ( welcome to kernow , goodbye devon ) , i get an itch , a hunger for a hot pasty . and it ' s a hunger that , after years of practice , i can quickly satisfy . two miles into cornwall on the a30 , there ' s a couple of butchers in launceston who make a half - decent oggie ; on the a38 , i ' d recommend paul bray & son in tideford ( 10 minutes , the other side of the tamar bridge ) . but i have to say , i ' ve kissed a lot of frogs during my long quest for the handsome prince of pasties .

“i then moved to nsw in 1999 , to base with tarsha and took my 3 * horse oaklea reprieve and a young one showing a bit of potential called groover . moving down to nsw was the turning point to becoming professional , living and breathing it 24 / 7 and being amongst the most competitive riders in the country . ”

pasty began her racing career in the dr abernethy maiden plate over five furlongs at wolverhampton racecourse in june . racing against moderate opposition she took the lead in the final furlong and won by one and a half lengths . in july she won a minor race over five furlongs at sandown park racecourse and was then moved up in class for the lavant stakes over the same distance at goodwood racecourse . receiving weight from her three opponents , she started odds - on favourite and won by one and a half lengths from the ian balding - trained key to the kingdom . in august , pasty , ridden by pat eddery started at odds of 15 / 8 for the group two lowther stakes over six furlongs at york racecourse . she was one of five fillies still in contention a furlong from the finish and drew ahead to win by a length from the seaton delaval stakes winner sweet nightingale from whom she was receiving three pounds .

colin dexter would have liked the white horse , i suspect . not , perhaps , on a friday or saturday evening when its limited floor - space would be heaving with students from nearby trinity college , but certainly at lunchtime , with little to interrupt the flow of thought : no jukebox or background music ; no games machines ; no tv .

horse racing is to hong kong as college basketball is to kentucky , cricket is to india , and table tennis is to mainland china . it ' s the national pastime , but for real , not like baseball in the united states . let matt hegarty , industry reporter for the daily racing form , explain through the lens of american myopia :

the important thing – i ' ll just get the flag out – is that no jumped - up , made - in - slough , mince - and - mash , flakey - pastry , crimped - on - top , just - pretending - to - be cornish pasties can take our name in vain . it ' s got to be proper cornish , ok . with that in mind , here are 5 of the best ( in my opinion ) places to go for a pasty .

may or june is the best time . the dung sample should only be collected when your horse has not been wormed for at least eight weeks ( 13 weeks if you last used the equest wormer ) otherwise you could have an artificially low worm egg count . please seek individual advice from our vets for all horses less than four years old and pregnant mares .

it ' s a teenage boy ' s dream : from the middle of february till june , three times a day , pharoah will mate with upwards of 200 of the fastest , richest and most beautiful mares in the land . each roll in the hay will only take about 30 seconds , but each will carry the hope that another great horse will be born .

“the plan had always been for me to have a year off to ride after i finished school before starting university , but the 2 - star horse i had at the time had a few soundness issues in late 2000 , so with no guarantee of having a high level horse to ride in 2001 i ended up at uni a year earlier than expected . this was one of those occasions in life that a departure from the script turns out to be really positive , as it meant that i never had that opportunity to put study off for a year and then another year until it all got too distant . i never got out of the habit of studying , which is an easy thing to let slip by the wayside if you get caught up in riding . ”

another 100 % agreement here . i ' ve given up ride judging because of the amount of ill prepared horses that are brought in to the ring , & amp ; the ' oh well if you ' re not brave enough ' attitude from the competitors . i ' m not there to prove anything to anybody , mny job in the ring is to select what is in my opinion the best horse in the class . if part of that assessment is to decline to ride something then just accept it , take the horse home , & amp ; do some more work on it . some ride judges aren ' t the best but the whole point is the horse should be well mannered enough to go for anybody for the 3 - 4 minutes that it ' s being ridden . it ' s a real bugbear of mine that quality horses who are obviously being sharp & amp ; aren ' t penalised for it at the upper levels . judges shouldn ' t ignore bad behavior because their riding skills allow them to deal with it . all the rule books say that manners are of paramount importance & amp ; ride judges as well as competitors should remember that

the gold stood up very nicely to the curried chicken in my south african “bunny chow” . no , i’d never heard of it either , despite having been to cape town twice . it originated in durban , apparently . lovely big and spicy chicken chunks , served in a hollowed - out loaf ; in the white horse at least , there are some properly roasted potatoes in there , too .

so , pro tip : if you ' re planning on throwing down some cash at happy valley , know that the number four is unlucky . it ' s an old superstition , as the word for four sounds like the word for death . tradition , however , only goes so far . " if chinese people think four horse going to win , they bet on it , " says yip .

there was no international classification of european two - year - olds in 1975 : the official handicappers of britain , ireland and france compiled separate rankings for horses which competed in those countries . in the british free handicap , pasty was the top - rated two - year - old filly , a pound ahead of dame foolish and eight behind the leading colt wollow . the independent timeform organisation awarded her a rating of 122 , six pounds below the french filly theia . timeform did not award the filly a rating as a three - year - old .

3 . ) hong kong jockey club , today : imagine if the nfl itself owned the teams , stadiums , players , broadcast rights , all of the television networks , food and beverage , and every legal wager placed on every game . it isn ' t horse - apples - to - apples , but that generally describes the hong kong jockey club . if you will please , mr . hegarty :

“it still brings a smile to my face , so yeah it’s worth it . whether it’s your young horse winning its first intro event or giving your student the confidence to jump a fence they didn’t think was possible . watching the total bliss on your horses face while you scratch his itchy bum , or seeing my parents shed a tear while they watched me ride at the olympics . it’s all good . ”

american pharoah didn ' t immediately impress the racing cognoscente . a solid bay horse with middle - of - the - road pedigree , he was once described as looking like a " plain brown wrapper " as a yearling and he didn ' t impress buyers enough to pay the $ 300 , 000 reserve price his breeders and then - owners , zayat stables put on the colt when they put him up for auction .

for me , the competition is what it’s all about . eventing is such an exhilarating sport , and i do enjoy my dressage as well . i find the training process itself so rewarding and sometimes the rides you have at home bring as much joy as winning an event . riding professionally allows you to concentrate on training and improving every day on every horse , and bringing a horse up the grades is gratifying . it’s a great feeling to get in the truck with some nice horses on the back and head off in a different direction every weekend and test ourselves , our horses , and our training . we have a fabulous spirit in our little eventing community , and the people and horses we meet are pretty special . the other bonus is that we get to work for ourselves in the great outdoors , that deserves a special celebratory party right there .

because , despite all advice , reason and common sense , you can’t face staying in your boots all day in this heat , and so swap out of your long , sensible , protective footwear into trainers . trainers that have holes in them — either because they’re your old , knackered trainers that are now consigned to the yard , or because they’re your smart running trainers you paid extra for to have holes in , to make you more aerodynamic or something , and they happen to be in the car and it won’t destroy them to wear them at the yard just this once ( it will ) . you will inevitably end up hosing off a horse in these shoes . because it’s hot . so hot you even put your trainers on . and if you avoid hosing off a horse in them you’ll spill not insignificant amounts from a water bucket over one anyway .

i put this basic question to a number people at the track : what is it about hong kong and horse racing ? like everything in life outside of win , place , and show , there is no definitive answer . there are many non - definitive ones , though . they run eight a pop at happy valley , so in clip - cloppity synchronicity : sound the trumpet . load the chute . and we ' re off .

“i’ve always been competitive with whatever i do , but i was more interested in playing rugby for australia than riding . when i left school i didn’t want to get a job so i thought i’d ride horses so it just happened for me as opposed to me desperately wanting to be a horse rider . anything i do i want to be good at , and it dawned on me one day that this is what i could do . ”

so what you ' re looking for is this : under new protected status , a genuine cornish pasty must be made in cornwall . it must have a distinctive " d " shape , crimped on one side ( never on top ) ; the filling should be " chunky " ( minced or roughly cut chunks of beef – representing no less than 12 . 5 % of the content ) ; add potato , swede ( in cornwall , some of us call it turnip ) , onion and a light seasoning , packed into a pastry case ( " golden in colour , savoury , glazed with milk or egg and robust enough to retain its shape " ) and slowly baked .

laying down the law on quality is all very well , but there ' s a lot of genuinely cornish pasties out there that couldn ' t satisfy a single one of the directive ' s must haves . steak , yes , but just a solitary chunk lost in a sticky potato stodge ; or lots of rather grey meat that looks like it ' s been boiled , or been through a hot - wash cycle . add gristle . add heavy , lardy pastry ( pet hate : chomping through a wall of the stuff before you hit the filling ) . light seasoning ? how many post - pasty hours have i spent looking for pints of water to drown the salt .

mr reynolds was a member of the committee which formed the new brighton trotting club . he was a life member of three racing clubs in canterbury . in 1890 mr reynolds invented a starting clock and was appointed a starter . this prevented him from racing horse but he was one of the nine men invited by the late mr h mace to his home , brooklyn lodge , north brighton where the new brighton trotting club was formed . mr reynolds later resigned as starter and took up the position of timekeeper .

excellent jockey and was lucky to be at warwick one day when his mount just held on in a driving finish . it was at that point when i first saw a jockey virtually carry his horse over the line . sad to hear of his passing , even sadder to hear of his battle with the demon drink , but he leaves me with many happy memories none more so than being at paddockside to cheer home his last st leger win on silver patriach . . . . was it really 18 years ago : - 0

now , back to the article : “dateline - baraga , february 17th . louie lashapell , a french - canadian under the influence of 40 rod made a racehourse of the dss & a track . he got along about a mile in grand style , when the passenger train overtook him , and before the train could be stopped , he found himself 40 feet in the air . he came down uninjured , but the poor horse was cut up in a horrible manner , and the cutter was knocked into first class kindling wood . ”

hi , i am 14 and am 100 % decided on horse riding as a career path . i know i would like to do eventing and it is early days , however i am looking for some advice for what i could do to gain experience . i have riding lessons every 2 weeks and have been looking at volunteering , however i was wondering when i should start looking for apprenticeships ? i am aiming to finish my education first , but would you have any tips for me to become prepared for that other professional riders were not ?

“the time i spent at uni allowed me to learn to ride at a professional level without having the pressure of being a professional . it allowed me to mature as a rider and competitor . as a pro , everything you do with a horse has more riding on it because it is your sole purpose in life . if you’re not ready for that , either because your riding isn’t quite established , or you don’t have the horses or even if you lack the maturity and confidence in yourself then you risk being burned by the whole experience . ”

the marquette mining journal published an article about an incident that occurred on this day in 1888 , but it requires a bit of background to understand . a rod is a unit of measurement equal to 5 and a half yards . a type of whiskey in those days was known as “40 rod” , because when purchased that’s about as far it usually stays inside the jug . the dss & a is the duluth , south shore and atlantic railroad . and finally , a cutter is a small sleigh , usually seating one person and drawn by a single horse .

i remember the post fmm and i entirely agree with you . such a shame the judge was injured hope they get better very soon . as well as we know our horses , we can ' t expect a stranger to know them , nor take our word for it when it is in a strange environment . yes , riding is a risk anyway , but riding an unknown horse in what can be a ' scary ' environment , puts even more risk out there . i think judges are well within their rights to decline riding something if they have any doubt .

“have a high tolerance level to anything annoying . a horse whinnying all night and day because it’s left its friends , bloody flies , they really get to you . but really , i think you have to have to understand that this sport and profession has no limits , no boundaries . it’s not sensitive to stress and pain and at times things are just completely out of your hands . it can be really tough , any you have to be able to survive all of it and take each day as it comes and never lose sight of why you started… for the love of that animal . ”

kevin is one of our most determined , focused and competitive professional riders . he rides an exhaustible amount of horses at most events and is a great producer of horses . the energy and enthusiasm that he puts into his huge operation is inspiring , and he freely admits to having tunnel vision when it comes to achieving his goals . kevin grew up in north queensland on a dairy farm in millaa millaa , and stated his intentions early by asking for his first horse at two years of age . his non - horsey parents obliged and started the ball rolling on a career that will undoubtedly be one of the best australia has produced .

i threw a bit of scratch on another race , but i don ' t even remember which one , or what horse won . i was too intoxicated by the experience—also : by tsingtao—to do the thing where i pretend to read the racing form in some official manner . or to try my luck . to test my providence . to lay some wood on a winner , blissfully unaware that 2015 is considered a fortunate one for those of us born in a year of the pig . had i only known to trifecta my lucky oinking numbers , 2 - 5 - 8 . i didn ' t know . i was far from home . i don ' t believe in fate .

5 . ) happy valley jockey club , tomorrow : horse racing has long been emperor in hong kong , and the sport doesn ' t run the risk of becoming trapped in a claustrophobic niche as it has in the united states . still , things fluctuate . as of late , the hong kong jockey club is on a roll . 2013 - 14 turnover was up 11 percent over the previous year , and nader projects another increase this year . " it was down when i got here in 2007 , but now every year is record - breaking , " he says . " i had a lot of good years working for the nyra , but here , it ' s heaven . if i could trade it for another life , i wouldn ' t . "

it ' s a stereotype that can be taken too far , but gambling isn ' t simply a form of ( somewhat ) illicit entertainment in this part of the world . " like westerners , asian horse players believe that through research , strategy , insight , and mental sharpness , you will get the desired result , " says professor chung - ying cheng of the university of hawaii at manoa , one of the leading chinese philosophy scholars in the united states . " where there is a difference is the belief that the skills have come from providence . that you ' re blessed , and that although you ' re not in charge of the outcome , fortune combines with your character to present opportunities . luck is something you encounter with equal chance of success and failure . it ' s an ancient idea , so why not try your luck ? "

working in the great outdoors when it’s 40 degrees , blowing a gale or raining . some of the horses we get to meet can be not so nice , and sometimes i think that i should get on board with a piece of ribboned string tied to my tail so i make a prettier kite when i fly . the bank account : that can be ugly too , that’s when you get to meet mr stress , he and i are great friends . lameness : especially before major events . not funny . and the one thing i just hate is when you ( accidentally of course ) bat yourself in the face as you attempt to swat one of the million flies that invade your personal space . or , picture this one . on a young horse , one hand on the reins , one on the monkey strap and said fly gets trapped under your sunglasses ! nice .

lesson engages pupils in the story of the trojan war by teaching pupils how to draw the trojan horse . the lesson includes links to video , snap shops and ideas for other cross curriculua work . lesson plan and all the resources you need for an outstanding art / history lesson . engaging activities and notebook file which leads you and the pupils through the lesson . part of a full series on ancient greeks available either separately or as a full pack at a reduced cost . i have been teaching over twenty years and have been an adviser and leader of teaching and learning in a school . i have been consistently judged as outstanding including whilst been observed by a lead inspector teaching these lessons . i h ope that the resources save you time and energy and engage your pupils . i have tried all the lessons myself and used them in my own recent teaching . objectives support english skills and cross curricula skills . matched to the new curriculum .


laniarius is a genus of brightly coloured , carnivorous passerine birds commonly known as boubous or gonoleks .

not to be confused with the similar-sounding genus lanius , they were formerly classed with the true shrikes in the family laniidae , but they and related genera are now considered sufficiently distinctive to be separated from that group as the bush-shrike family malaconotidae .

this is an african group of species which are found in scrub or open woodland .

they are similar in habits to shrikes , hunting insects and other small prey from a perch on a bush .

although similar in build to the shrikes , these tend to be either colourful species or largely black .

some species are also quite secretive .

laniarius

laniarius <EOT> remarks concerning the all - black coastal boubous ( laniarius spp . ) of kenya and southern somalia

tropical boubou laniarius aethiopicus is split into two species , a monotypic ethiopian boubou laniarius aethiopicus , and a polytypic tropical boubou laniarius major , which includes all other subspecies previously included in laniarius aethiopicus ( nguembock et al . 2008 ) . ethiopian boubou occurs in eastern africa from extreme northern kenya north to eritrea , while tropical boubou occurs in the remainder of the range in western , eastern , and southern africa .

sarcophilus laniarius has also been used recently in light of comparisons between a fossil specimen , s . laniarius ( named prior to the naming of s . harrisii ) , and the extant species ( werdelin 1987 ) .

other names : sarcophilus laniarius has also been used recently in light of comparisons between a fossil specimen named s . laniarius , named prior to the naming of s . harrisii , and the extant species ( werdelin 1987 ) .

werdelin , l . ( 1987 ) . some observations on sarcophilus laniarius and the evolution of sarcophilus . records of the queen victoria museum , launceston . 90 : 1 - 27 .

( of pagrus laniarius valenciennes , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of chrysophrys laniarius ( valenciennes , 1830 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : laniarius mufumbiri . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : laniarius ferrugineus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

fry , h . ( 2018 ) . crimson - breasted gonolek ( laniarius atrococcineus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

fry , h . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . zanzibar boubou ( laniarius sublacteus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

. . . several new mammal species have also been described following collections made during wcs surveys as well as surveys by makerere university in uganda and the centre national de recherche en sciences naturelles in lwiro , drc ( kerbis peterhans et al . 2013a ; 2013b ) and a total of 18 mammals have been added to the species lists . finally two additional bird species have been added to the list for the albertine rift of which one , willard ' s boubou ( laniarius willardi ) , is a new endemic species for the albertine rift ( voelker et al . 2010 ) . the plant species list was made by compiling plants from known sites in the albertine rift , which tend to be protected areas or sites that may become protected areas , but it is recognised that plant collections have occurred more extensively and that records are contained within herbaria in the region and internationally . . . .

if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .

quoy , j . r . c . & gaimard , j . p . in dumont - d ' urville , j . 1830 , vol . 1 , pp . i 268 pp . , j . tastu , paris

mathews , g . m . 1920 , vol . 8 , pp . xiv + 316 , witherby & co . , london

mathews , g . m . 1918 , " additions and corrections to my 1913 list " , austral avian records , vol . 3 , pp . 159 - 160

vigors , n . a . & horsfield , t . 1827 , " a description of the australian birds in the collection of the linnean society ; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities " , transactions of the linnean society of london , vol . 15 , pp . 170 - 331

white , s . a . 1915 , " scientific notes on an expedition into the north - western regions of south australia " , transactions of the royal society of south australia , vol . 39 , pp . 707 - 842

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : bbabd43d - 6ba0 - 45f9 - 999d - 393778906b3d

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : df8c74e9 - 5b84 - 4037 - ae96 - 77bd23b94c72

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 720a394b - bbe6 - 4eda - b18c - c327b3dde3b4

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 471670

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ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2

is a newly described species ( fjeldså et al . 2006 , wogan et al . 2016 )

proposed split of west african batis and restrict fernando po batis to bioko is .

west african wattle - eye is split from chestnut wattle - eye ( njabo et al . 2008 )

af : nigeria to central african republic . sw south sudan and w uganda , south to n angola and e drcongo

n angola to sw kenya , e tanzania , mozambique and ne south africa .

is a proposed split ( 8 . 2 ) from moutain sooty boubou based on eye color , vocals and preliminary dna evidence ( voelker et al . 2010 , h & m4 , hbw ) .

based on dna analyses ( nguembock et al . 2008 , redman comments ) ; resequence to follow red - naped bushshrike ; change english name to black boubou

based on dna analyses ( nguembock et al . 2008 ) ; preliminary english name ( zanzibar boubou ) changed to east coast boubou to conform to current uses ( redman et al . 2009 , hbw )

s and se new guinea , aru is . ( sw of new guinea )

the family vangidae was historically restricted to a diverse and monophyletic set of madagascan taxa . molecular analyses support expansion of the family vangidae to include the helmetshrikes (

previously placed in the platysteiridae ) ( reddy et al . 2012 , jønsson et al . 2012 , 2016 , fuchs et al . 2012 , h & m4 , hbw )

crossley ' s babbler is a vanga ( johannson et al . 2008b ) ; change english name to crossley ' s vanga ( or ground vanga ? ) ( fjeldså comm )

previously separated as the family prionopidae , helmetshrikes are moved into an expanded vangidae based on several molecular studies ( reddy et al . 2012 , jonsson et al 2012 , 2016 , h & m4 , hbw ) . treated as subfamily prionopinae .

as a new shrike family tephrodornithidae recommended by moyle et al . 2006 , are now included in an expanded vangidae following ( reddy et al 2012 , jonsson et al . 2012 , 2016 , h & m4 , hbw )

previously separated as a new shrike family tephrodornithidae recommended by moyle et al . 2006 , are now included in an expanded vangidae following ( reddy et al 2012 , jonsson et al . 2012 , 2016 , h & m4 , hbw )

) are relatives of the woodshrikes , vangas and allies , not wattle - eyes and batises ( platysteiridae ) ( moyle et al . 2006 , reddy et al . 2012 , jonsson et al 2012 ) .

several genetic studies indicate that present species represents a single , deep branch in phylogenetic tree of present genus , only very distantly related to the other scarlet gonoleks ; one study # r indicates that this colourful species may be sister to the all - black w & c african l . leucorhynchus . until recently regarded as being close to l . erythrogaster , and was sometimes considered conspecific ( calls apparently identical , and responds to voice playback of latter ) . monotypic .

kalahari basin and adjoining hardveld regions : s angola , sw zambia and w & s zimbabwe s to namibia ( except w & s : namib and karoo ) , botswana ( except parts of n & c ) and n & c south africa ( n & c limpopo province s to n northern cape and nw free state ) .

22–23 cm ; 40–56·5 g . has lores matt black , forehead to hindneck and side of head , and upperparts , jet - black and strongly glossy ( gloss bluish in some . . .

wide repertoire of loud , explosive , hollow , ringing whistles by male and harsh grating , snarling or . . .

beetles ( of families carabidae , tenebrionidae and cerambycidae ) , beetle larvae , ants ( formicidae ) , caterpillars , termites ( isoptera ) , . . .

season sept–apr , mainly oct–nov ; often double - brooded , and some pairs make four nesting attempts in a season . territory . . .

not globally threatened . frequent nearly everywhere in range , commonest in well - developed acacia woodland and bushveld and in nw part of c kalahari ; absent from apparently . . .

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until quite recently , widely treated as a race of l . aethiopicus , but recent molecular studies # r indicate closer relationship with l . ferrugineus ( which see ) . black birds thought to be a morph of present species in ne kenya now established as a separate species , l . nigerrimus # r ( which see ) . race somaliensis sometimes attributed to l . aethiopicus , but recent study # r found no genetic difference between it and sublacteus ( from which it differs in having white bar on median upperwing - coverts ) . birds in s of range ( tanzania ) may represent a separate taxon , differing genetically # r # r from those in n ; more study needed . two subspecies recognized .

( cassin , 1851 ) – coastal lowlands of extreme s somalia ( boni forest ) , kenya ( inland along river valleys to garissa , s tsavo east national park , s tsavo west national park and l jipe ) and n tanzania ( l jipe e to n pare mts , and at coast from tanga s to zanzibar i , inland to e usambara mts , uluguru mts and udzungwa mts ) .

22–25 cm ; male 43–50 g , female 40–55 g . adult has forehead to hindneck , lores , cheek , ear - coverts , side of neck and upperparts slightly glossy bluish black . . .

wide repertoire of croaks , snarls , tearing sounds , short " bou " notes and long whistles , . . .

dense vegetation in highland forest and forest edge and riverbank woods , in dense cover of thickets . . .

mainly insects , also small fruits and small vertebrates . shy and retiring , foraging mainly in deep shade and dense cover low down , or often . . .

season dec–mar . seemingly monogamous . strongly territorial , defending territory vocally and by chasing . nest a shallow , loosely knit . . .

not globally threatened ( least concern ) . only recently regarded as a distinct species , separate from the common and widespread

this species is listed as near threatened because it is estimated to be in moderately rapid population decline owing to the on - going conversion and degradation of its wetland habitats .

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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :

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unusal calls by male ; can be heard flying in , then a strange ' czik , czik ' then a typical call at the end .

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

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description found in coastal waters . forms large schools ( ref . 5213 ) . sold fresh in markets .

description found in coastal waters . forms large schools ( ref . 5213 ) . sold fresh in markets . [ details ]

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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .

justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common to fairly common , although rare or over - looked in liberia ( harris and franklin 2000 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .

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gill , f . and wright , m . ( 2006 ) birds of the world : recommended english names , princeton university press , →isbn

this page was last edited on 14 october 2015 , at 23 : 22 .

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department of bioinformatics and genetics , swedish museum of natural history , p . o . box 50007 , se–104 05 stockholm , sweden ;

* correspondence to be sent to : department of bioinformatics and genetics , swedish museum of natural history , p . o . box 50007 , se–104 05 stockholm , sweden ; e - mail : g . sangster @ urltoken .

george sangster , jolanda a . luksenburg ; declining rates of species described per taxonomist : slowdown of progress or a side - effect of improved quality in taxonomy ? , systematic biology , volume 64 , issue 1 , 1 january 2015 , pages 144–151 , urltoken

even after more than 250 years of descriptive taxonomy , it is clear that there are many more species than have been described so far ( e . g . , may 1988 ; stork 1993 ) . a major concern for biology is that the capacity of the taxonomic workforce is insufficient to document the missing species within a reasonable time ( wheeler and cracraft 1997 ; wheeler et al . 2004 ) . this concern is reflected in recent opinion papers that argued that taxonomy is in a state of crisis ( agnarsson and kuntner 2007 ) , that the profession is endangered ( pearson et al . 2011 ) and that taxonomists are an endangered race ( wägele et al . 2011 ) . for long - term taxonomic capacity planning , two major empirical issues are important : the total number of missing species , and the pace at which these can be documented by taxonomists . both issues require detailed study and careful evaluation .

given the pressure of time resulting from the ongoing extinction crisis , it is important that as many species are adequately documented as soon as possible . efficiency is therefore an important but largely overlooked aspect of taxonomy . several recent studies have presented evidence that in a wide range of organisms the number of newly described species continues to increase , in some cases even exponentially , but that the number of taxonomists producing these descriptions has increased even faster ( pimm et al . 2010 ; joppa et al . 2011a ; costello et al . 2012 ; tancoigne and dubois 2013 ) . consequently , numbers of species described per taxonomist have decreased . in three of these studies , this was interpreted by the authors as an effect of a diminishing pool of missing species which makes it harder to discover any new ones ( pimm et al . 2010 ; joppa et al . 2011a ; costello et al . 2012 ; see also costello et al . 2013 ) . although these studies rejected the idea that the number of taxonomists is declining , they nevertheless implied that the output per taxonomist is declining .

both joppa et al . ( 2011b ) and costello et al . ( 2012 ) predicted numbers of undescribed species based on the assumption that long - term declines in the number of species described per taxonomist are caused by a declining pool of undiscovered species . using this approach , costello et al . ( 2012 ) were led to conclude that there were only 1 . 8–2 . 0 million species on earth . this number is remarkably low given that about 1 . 9 million species have already been described ( chapman 2009 ) and thus suggests that only few species remain to be discovered . furthermore , their estimate contrasts starkly with those others , including mora et al . ( 2011 ; 8 . 7 million species on earth ) , chapman ( 2009 ; 10 million species ) and grimaldi and engel ( 2005 ; 4 million species of insects alone ) .

there are surprisingly few studies that have measured the quality of species descriptions , and , to our knowledge , none that have assessed the relationship between quality and revision . in a study of dinosaur descriptions , benton ( 2008 ) found that the type material of new species has become more complete since the 1950s . for birds , it has been claimed that the quality of descriptions has declined ( lecroy and vuilleumier 1992 ) but this claim has been challenged ( collar 1999 ) and neither of these views were supported by quantitative data .

in addition , we examine the relative importance of descriptions and revisions in taxonomic progress . the importance of revisionary taxonomy is well known among taxonomists ( e . g . , wheeler and cracraft 1997 ; raczkowski and wenzel 2007 ) but often fails to be appreciated by others , including macroecologists and biodiversity scientists . pimm et al . ( 2010 ) , joppa et al . ( 2011a ) , and costello et al . ( 2012 ) based their conclusions on description dates and original authorship of taxa that are currently recognized as species ( i . e . , after revision by subsequent taxonomists ) . this approach confounds descriptive and revisionary taxonomy , and does not accurately reflect either type of taxonomy . importantly , description is not enough . even if all species have been described ( i . e . , named ) , this does not necessarily mean that all species have been correctly delimited and properly documented . if past taxonomic activity has been biased against cryptic species ( blackburn and gaston 1995 ; bickford et al . 2007 ) , or towards lumping distinctive taxa in widespread polytypic species ( sangster 2009 ) , the total number of species may still be greatly underestimated .

this study focuses on birds because birds are often considered to be the taxonomically most mature group of animals ( e . g . , mayr 1982 ; price 1996 ) . if a diminishing pool of missing species limits taxonomic progress , one might expect this limitation to be most severe in the best - studied groups , including birds .

the quality of species descriptions was studied in 481 extant bird taxa that were originally described as species in the period 1935–2009 . these represent all species described during this period . type descriptions published between 1935 and 1990 were identified using two partially overlapping datasets , the peters checklist ( peters 1937–1951 ; mayr and greenway 1960 , 1962 ; mayr and paynter 1964 ; paynter 1967–1970 ; mayr and cottrell 1979 ; traylor 1979 ; mayr and cottrell 1986 ) and a series of inventories of new species descriptions ( zimmer and mayr 1943 ; mayr 1957 , 1971 ; mayr and vuilleumier 1983 ; vuilleumier and mayr 1987 ; vuilleumier et al . 1992 ; bahr 1995 ) . type descriptions published from 1991 up to and including 2009 were located in the zoological literature and using zoological record ( biosis ) , web of science ( thomson scientific ) , and recent ornithological literature . descriptions of species likely or known to be extinct at the time of publication , introductions of new names for previously described species , and nomenclaturally unavailable names were excluded .

seven measures of quality were studied : ( i ) the number of pages devoted to descriptions of new species , ( ii ) the number of specimens of the new species , ( iii ) the number of character states differentiating the new species from its most similar or most closely related species ( as identified in the original description ) , ( iv ) the number of taxa to which the new species was compared , ( v ) the inclusion of an illustration ( photograph or artwork ) of the new species , ( vi ) the inclusion of a map of the range or collecting localities of the new species , and ( vii ) the inclusion of a sonagram ( audiospectrogram ) of the vocalizations of the new species . in addition , the number of pages per taxonomist was calculated by dividing the total number of pages per description by the number of authors of each description . the number of pages was measured in units of 0 . 25 pages ; title , authorship , author affiliations , abstract , illustrations , maps , sonagrams , acknowledgements , and references were excluded . if multiple species were described in a single publication , the number of pages was divided by the number of new species described . the number of character states was the sum of all morphological , behavioural , acoustic , and ecological differences . if taxa also differed in any molecular analysis , this was treated as a single difference for each locus included in the study . mitochondrial sequences , microsatellites , and allozyme analyses were each counted as single characters .

the relationship between the quality of species descriptions and the proportion of newly proposed species that have been revised was studied using a dataset that included all 414 species described in the period 1935–1999 . a cutoff date of 31 december 1999 was used to allow time for revision . two categories of revision were compared : ( i ) unrevised species : valid species which are placed in the same genus as in the original description , and ( ii ) revised species : taxa originally described as species but which are now considered either invalid taxa , subspecies , or valid species in a different genus than in the original description . the current status of species was determined using the zoonomen database ( peterson 2012 ) . well - documented revisions not yet incorporated in the zoonomen database at the time of writing were included in the study : lophura hatinhensis ( synonym of l . edwardsi , hennache et al . 2012 ) , myrmeciza disjuncta ( now aprositornis disjuncta , isler et al . 2013 ) , hypositta perdita ( synonym of oxylabes madagascariensis , fjeldså et al . 2013 ) , mirafra sidamoensis ( now heteromirafra archeri sidamoensis , spottiswoode et al . 2013 ) , cettia carolinae ( now horornis carolinae , alström et al . 2011 ) , cisticola dorsti ( synonym of c . guinea , dowsett - lemaire et al . 2005 ) , and dendroica angelae ( now setophaga angelae , lovette et al . 2010 ) .

test , fisher ' s exact test ) and multivariate ( regression ) analyses to assess the relationship between the quality of species descriptions and the proportion of newly proposed species that have been revised . multivariate analyses were performed with regression with empirical variable selection ( revs ,

) , a method which avoids well - known problems associated with full and stepwise regression methods ( e . g . ,

) . revs uses branch - and - bound all - subsets regression to quantify the amount of empirical support for each independent variable , and then calculates multiple linear regression models . the akaike information criterion ( aic ) was used to compare models and identify the best model . analyses were performed in r version 2 . 15 ( r development core team 2011 ) with the

the time between the initial discovery of a species and its formal description was assessed in all bird taxa that were described as species in the period 1935–2009 . species were excluded from the dataset if the year of discovery could not be determined from the type descriptions .

the relative impact of descriptions and revisions on the number of recognized bird species was determined by comparing the number of validly described new species of birds and the total number of species estimated or recognized in 18 classifications of recent birds published between 1946 and 2012 ( mayr 1946 ; mayr and amadon 1951 ; storer 1960 , 1971 ; edwards 1974 ; moroney et al . 1975 ; gruson 1976 ; van tyne and berger 1976 ; bock and farrand 1980 ; sibley and monroe 1990 , 1993 ; sibley 1996 ; clements 2000 ; dickinson 2003 ; perrins 2003 ; clements 2007 ; gill and donsker 2011 ; peterson 2012 ) .

d ) , each more than doubled during the study period . the proportion of descriptions with an illustration of the new species increased from 15 % to 90 % during the study period (

) : a ) number of pages per description , b ) number of specimens per new species , c ) number of character state differences per new species , d ) number of taxa to which the new species has been compared , e ) proportion of descriptions in which a new species is illustrated , f ) proportion of descriptions illustrated with a map , g ) proportion of descriptions in which vocalizations are illustrated with sonagrams , h ) number of pages per description per taxonomist . two outliers in figures b and d are indicated by an arrow .

there was a significant positive relationship between the quality of descriptions and the probability that no subsequent revision was made . univariate analyses show that species taxa proposed during 1935–1999 that were subsequently revised ( i . e . , are now considered either invalid taxa , subspecies or members of another genus ) were described using significantly fewer pages , specimens and characters , were compared to fewer species , were less often illustrated , and their descriptions less often included maps and sonagrams than valid species that have remained in their original genus ( fig . 2 ) .

test ( a , pages , specimens , characters , taxa compared ) and fisher ' s exact test ( b , illustrations , maps , sonagrams ) .

) . this model included five variables that were positively related to the probability that a taxon was not revised . there was a significant positive effect of year of description on the probability that a taxon was not revised , independent of the quality variables . this may indicate that the taxonomic status of some of the more recently described species requires revision . this is not surprising given that there was less time to revise more recently described species than those that have been described earlier . to determine whether the observed relationship between the quality of descriptions and the probability of subsequent revision is an artifact of incomplete revision of recent descriptions , the dataset was subdivided into five sets , each spanning 13 years , and the analysis was repeated for each set . the positive relationship between the quality of descriptions and the probability that no subsequent revision was made , was observed in each of these periods , although most comparisons were no longer significant due to smaller sample sizes ( fig . s1 ) . thus , the observed relationship between quality and revision cannot be explained by incomplete revision of recent descriptions .

notes : aic values are those of increasingly complex models , with parameters entered from top to bottom . thus , the aic value of “year” relates to the model with only “year” being entered , the second to the model with both “year” and “map , ” and so on . the model with the first five variables entered was optimal ( as shown by aic ) . differences from the optimal model are indicated by delta aic (

) . species taxa proposed in the late 1930s were typically described about 1 year after their discovery , whereas the mean interval between discovery and description had increased to about 6 years by the late 2000s .

these results show that taxonomic descriptions have become more elaborate and that the amount of information ( i . e . , number of pages ) produced per taxonomist has increased . because the increase in the number of authors per description coincides with a strong overall increase in quality , increased authorship cannot simply be attributed to a declining pool of missing species . based on the results of the present study , we suggest that the primary force driving the decline of the number of species described per taxonomist is a drive towards higher quality . the trend towards more elaborate studies reflects a transition in taxonomy from naming taxa ( which in a strict sense requires only a few lines of text ) to a science , in which the existence of new taxa and their properties are presented as hypotheses that require documentation and testing ( haszprunar 2011 ; sluys 2013 ) . the increased interval between discovery and description during the study period is consistent with this trend . elaborate , well - researched descriptions typically take more time , and require more authors , than the brief descriptions often published in previous decades .

the results of this study further show why elaborate descriptions of new species are important for taxonomy . elaborate descriptions less often required revision by subsequent taxonomists , and may therefore be regarded as more efficient , than less elaborate descriptions . because the quality of descriptions has increased since the 1930s ( fig . 1 ) , and a significant positive relation exists between quality and the probability that no revision is needed ( fig . 2 , table 2 ) , it is likely that efficiency in taxonomy has increased likewise .

the findings of this study offer a different perspective on progress in taxonomy than those of joppa et al . ( 2011a ) and costello et al . ( 2012 ) . whereas these authors attributed the drop in the numbers of species described per taxonomist to the ( supposed ) difficulties of finding any new species , our study shows that ( at least in birds ) this drop is best seen as a side - effect of a trend towards higher - quality descriptions , and that this trend translates into fewer subsequent revisions .

species : named species that remain hidden because these are incorrectly considered as invalid taxa or as subspecies of another species . previously named species that are currently misclassified must be “rediscovered” by taxonomic revision . between 1946 and early 2012 , the number of recognized bird species increased from 8616 to 10 , 511 (

) . during the same period , 266 valid species were described , which represent 14 . 0 % of the total increase of 1895 species , or roughly one in seven species . since 1946 , the rate of increase of the total number of species was exponential (

trends of the total number of recognized species of recent birds ( based on 18 estimates and classifications ) and newly described valid species of birds ( 1946–2011 ) . note that the number of recognized species increases much faster than the number of newly described valid species . a second - order trendline was added to illustrate the trend of the number of recognized species .

this underscores that in avian taxonomy , revision is a much more important source of newly recognized species than descriptions of previously unnamed species ( fig . 4 ) . consequently , progress in avian taxonomy is not limited by a diminishing pool of undescribed species . importantly , there is no evidence of a slowdown of taxonomic progress ( fig . 4 ) . this result is not unexpected given that in the first half of the twentieth century there was a very strong bias toward lumping distinctive bird species into large polytypic species ( haffer 1992 ) and this bias is only slowly undone by modern revisions ( sangster 2009 ) .

declines in the number of species described per taxonomist do not indicate a diminishing pool of undescribed species but are better explained by a widespread drive among taxonomists towards higher - quality descriptions . taxonomists have good reasons for this , because more elaborate descriptions require fewer subsequent revisions . the findings of this study and the lack of evidence that increasing numbers of authors involved in descriptions are driven by a diminishing pool of undescribed species , suggest that trends in the number of species described per author should not be used to estimate total numbers of species . furthermore , because numbers of recognized species of birds are increasing exponentially it is incorrect to suggest that species inventories of birds , let alone of all animals , are “nearly complete . ” the drive towards better descriptions and the strong increase of species numbers long after their initial descriptions , underscore the fundamentally analytic and iterative nature of taxonomy ( yeates et al . 2011 ; sluys 2013 ; de carvalho et al . 2014 ) , aspects often overlooked by biodiversity scientists and other end - users of taxonomy . broader appreciation of the scientific nature of taxonomy , and of the limitations of nomenclatural databases , will help to acquire a better understanding of the diversity of life .

we are grateful to norbert bahr for help with identifying older descriptions , to benoît fontaine , yves samyn , and heike wägele for comments on a previous version of the manuscript , and to the members of the journal club of the swedish museum of natural history for fruitful discussion . susanne renner , quentin wheeler and an anonymous referee provided valuable comments that improved the quality of the paper .

cisticola dorsti ( dorst ' s cisticola ) and c . ruficeps guinea are conspecific

gill f . , donsker d . 2011 . ioc world bird names ( version 2 . 8 . 3 ) . available from : urltoken ( last accessed march 30 , 2011 ) .

lumley t . 2009 . package ‘leaps’ : regression subset selection . available from : urltoken ( last accessed august 22 , 2014 ) .

radiation and species limits in the asian pallas ' s warbler complex ( phylloscopus proregulus s . l . )

peterson a . r . 2012 . zoonomen database . available from : urltoken ( last accessed october 22 , 2013 ) .

sibley c . g . 1996 . birds of the world . [ cd - rom ] version 2 . 0 . cincinnati : thayer birding software .

© the author ( s ) 2014 . published by oxford university press , on behalf of the society of systematic biologists . all rights reserved . for permissions , please email : journals . permissions @ urltoken

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this project started in 2006 as a way to try to explain to some friends some of the new ideas that might lead to rather drastic changes in bird checklists . the initial intent was to focus on the metaves hypothesis and potential changes in the emberizidae ( sensu lato , this name is usually used , although icteridae has priority ) . the treatment of both has changed substantially since then , with metaves being replaced by its remnant , columbea , and the icteroidae undergoing drastic changes .

as i started to write it up , i noticed more and more changes both being made to bird checklists and in the literature . the project grew into a longish essay i put on the web in 2007 . however , the more i worked on it , the more there was to do ! i found that a family - level listing wasn ' t enough . the composition of the families was changing too . i needed to go down to the generic or even species level . to properly track the changes , i needed my own world checklist .

unlike other checklists , this one is based on genetic studies to the highest degree possible . with one or two exceptions , it relies on published studies ( including those available “ahead of print” ) . the strong focus on genetics means that previous morphological studies are often treated as second - class citizens . this is especially true when they aren ' t consistent with the genetic data , even if the genetic data is somewhat soft . nonetheless , i rely on such analyses to fill in the gaps left by the genetic data .

my approach contrasts with most checklist committees . they usually put substantial weight on traditional classifications , and try to avoid speculation , even when its clear that the traditional classification is wrong . in particular , they try to avoid making erroneous changes , and put a premium on stability .

this checklist has a different purpose . it exists to speculate , to map out potential changes in the taxonomy . the price of focusing on speculation is to give up stability . i try to avoid erroneously maintaining the status quo , and try to keep abreast of the latest findings , even if incomplete .

the truth is that much of the genetic analysis is incomplete . it is still the case that only part of the avian tree has reliable results . for the rest , some is still relatively uninvestigated , some has results that are not clear cut or even contradictory , and some studies are not well executed . in some cases i ' ve taken my best guess based on available data , sometimes speculating well beyond the genetic data .

the instability of the tif worldlist may make it unsuitable for everyday use , although it should serve the useful function of highlighting potential changes regardless of your preferred checklist . unlike a printed checklist , the tif web list can be easily updated as new information , corrections , and better interpretations come to my attention . the “what ' s new” button at the top will show you the latest changes .

previously , only the combination of sibley and monroe ( 1990 ) and sibley and ahlquist ( 1990 ) or its precursor in the auk ( sibley , ahlquist , and monroe , 1988 ) had attempted anything of this sort ( the famous “tapestry” ) . from the beginning , the tif list has used an explicit family - level tree . that has now been extended to a genus - level tree for most families . in some cases it has been pushed to the species level , and in a very few cases , to subspecies .

the tif checklist currently groups the birds in 46 orders and 248 families . both a order - level and family - level trees are now available in pdf format . due to its length , the family tree is split into 5 parts .

the checklist can be viewed in two ways . you can either view the annotated checklist on these web pages or download a list . the downloadable lists are excel csv files that can be imported into spreadsheets such as excel , or easily manipulated by programs such as perl . four lists are available in csv format . the aba list includes only aba recognized species , but in tif order , with tif families . the south american list uses tif species rather than sacc species .

the version number at the top of the page refers to the csv files . note that the web pages are updated more frequently than the spreadsheets .

richard jackson has provided a tif - based spreadsheet cross - referenced to the ioc list , the 16 volumes of hbw , and the two volume hbw / birdlife illustrated checklist ( icbw ) .

you can view an annotated version by clicking on the list of bird orders on the right , or by using the family index , or genus index , or by clicking on the family names in the various tree view pages . in the annotated list , recently extinct species and species whose taxonomic placement is particularly uncertain are color - coded . in some cases , superfamilies , subfamilies , tribes , and other groups have been added to help show how the birds are related .

the ultimate influences on the tif list are charles sibley , jon ahlquist , and burt monroe . the sibley - monore ( 1993 ) checklist and the two earlier volumes by sibley and monroe ( 1990 ) and sibley and ahlquist ( 1990 ) sparked my interest in avian taxonomy . in some sense , the tif list is an attempt to redo their tapestry based on modern genetic studies .

the tif list was originally based on the 3rd edition howard and moore checklist , but the species list has been modified based on decisions by recognized authorities and publications in ornithological journals . the overall species list is now most similar to the ioc list . the ioc list has the advantage of quickly adopting recent changes in taxonomy . now that they are expanding it to include subspecies and the other amenities of the howard and moore list , it has become my base reference . i have also made heavy use of the sacc and hbw projects . the sacc is to be particularly commended for their open revision process , which provides unparalleled information about why particular taxonomic changes were made .

there are numerous other checklists available on the web . for aba listers , the venerable clements checklist is now available on the web , and is updated approximately annually . those focusing on conservation issues may prefer the bird life international checklist , also updated annually , and now being integrated with a new hbw checklist .

besides the world checklists , there are various other taxonomic resources available on the web . birdforum ' s bird taxonomy and nomenclature forum discusses the latest taxonomic issues . those interested in tracking lumps , splits , and other changes in bird taxonomy should take a look at richard klim ' s holarctic checklist . although he only considers holarctic species , he does a great job of tracking all the changes . don roberson ' s bird families of the world has long followed the ongoing shake - up in bird families .

i ' ve found alan peterson ' s zoonomen particularly helpful for sorting out the complexities of scientific names . the late john penhallurick ' s world bird info also has a wealth of information about the history of scientific names , plus information on range , habitat , and sometimes photos . finally , the internet bird collection includes some of the text from hbw together with a wealth of photos and videos .

i thank geir sverre andersen , manual andrés - moreno , gustav asplund , norbert bahr , keith bennett , david cole , john croxall , thomas donegan , stefan ericsson , dale herter , liam hughes , richard jackson , james a . jobling , colin jones , leo joseph , max kirsch , peter kovalik , thomas kuenzel , marek kuziemko , wich ' yanan limparungpatthanakij , lothar lorenz , pietro martini , heidi michelle , d . james mountjoy , stephen p . nawrocki , jack neubart , jonas nordin , †john penhallurick , daniel philippe , stephan pickering , steve preddy , sandy rae , michael ramsey , laurent raty , thomas s . schulenberg , nathan terzaghi , ben wielstra , victor s . zhukov , and kristof zyskowski for their helpful comments and suggestions .

taxonomy in flux : version 3 . 00l , july 8 , 2018 ( february 28 , 2015 ) .

from the school of biological sciences , university of auckland , private bag 92019 , auckland , new zealand ( dalebout and baker ) ; national museum of natural history , mail stop nhb 108 , smithsonian institution , washington , dc 20560 ( mead ) ; center for dolphin studies , box 1856 , plettenberg bay 6600 , south africa ( cockcroft ) ; and national science museum , tokyo , 3 - 23 - 1 hyakunin - cho , shinjuku - ku , tokyo 169 - 0073 , japan ( yamada ) . m . l . dalebout is currently at the biology department , dalhousie university , halifax , nova scotia b3h 4ji , canada

address correspondence to c . scott baker at the address above , or e - mail : cs . baker @ urltoken .

genetic information in the form of dna sequences can serve as a universal character set for the taxonomic identification of organisms . such genetic characters are particularly useful for species in which distinctive morphological features are difficult to observe or compare . genetic databases have become increasingly common in the monitoring of trade and investigation of poaching ( e . g . , baker et al . 1996 ; baker and palumbi 1994 ; desalle and birstein 1996 ; malik et al . 1997 ; roman and bowen 2000 ) , but their use in addressing questions of basic organismal taxonomy or the discovery of new vertebrate species remains rare ( baker et al . 2002 ; dalebout et al . 2002 ; giao et al . 1998 ; smith et al . 1991 ) . for microorganisms , however , these techniques are widely used to investigate species diversity and identity ( e . g . , fuhrman et al . 1992 ; moon - van der staay et al . 2001 ; pace 1997 ) . it is becoming increasingly obvious that a molecular taxonomy would be valuable for all organisms ( dalebout and baker 2002 ; hebert et al . 2003 ; tautz et al . 2003 ) .

here we present a comprehensive and validated mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) reference database of control region and cytochrome b sequences for beaked whales ( dalebout et al . 1998 ; henshaw et al . 1997 ; this article ) . these mtdna datasets , including earlier partial versions , have been used previously to correctly identify specimens misidentified from morphology and discover a new species of beaked whale ( dalebout et al . 1998 , 2002 , 2003 ; van helden et al . 2002 ) . these datasets are presented here in full for the first time . we also present a complementary database of nuclear dna ( ndna ) actin intron sequences for 17 of the 21 beaked whale species and consider the concordance of evolutionary patterns among these alleles with the mtdna phylogeny .