it is found in the west indies .

the wingspan is 67 – 83 mm .

the larvae feed on ficus species .

marpesia eleuchea

marpesia eleuchea <EOT> no one has contributed data records for marpesia eleuchea dospassosi yet . learn how to contribute .

marpesia eleuchea hübner , 1818 ; zuträge samml . exot . schmett . 1 : 32 , pl . [ 35 ] , f . 197 - 198 ; tl : cuba

marpesia eleuchea , the antillean daggerwing , is a species of butterfly of the family nymphalidae . it is found in the west indies . occasional strays can be found in the florida keys .

marpesia eleuchea , the antillean daggerwing , is a species of butterfly of the nymphalidae family . it is found in the west indies . occasional strays can be found in the florida keys .

marpesia livius ; [ bow ] : pl . 39 , f . 2 ; tl : 2

marpesia berania ; [ bcr ] : 150 , pl . 23 ; [ nl4a ] , # 1718

marpesia zerynthia hübner , [ 1823 ] ; samml . exot . schmett . 2 : pl . 51

marpesia crethon ; [ bow ] : pl . 39 , f . 6 ; [ nl4a ] , # 1722

= marpesia elechea ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 25

marpesia petreus petreus ; brown & mielke , 1967 , j . lep . soc . 21 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 99 ; [ ecul ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 1731a

wingspan 50 - 78mm . sexes similar though males slightly smaller and with forewing tips black rather than brown . upperwings are bright orange rather than brown as in many - banded daggerwing marpesia chiron . the underwings are more silvery than that species .

hindwing with a long dagger - like tail . forewing with an elongated tip . upperside brownish orange with 3 black lines ; middle line on the forewing is sharply bent .

the west indies . strays very occasionally to the florida keys , probably from cuba .

timetes berania hewitson , 1852 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( timetes ) : [ 9 ] , pl . [ 5 ] , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : ecuador , quito ; river amazon [ = river amazon ]

papilio chiron fabricius , 1775 ; syst . ent . : 452 ; tl : " india " [ haiti ]

timetes phiale godman & salvin , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 1 ) : 270 ; tl : guatemala , volcan de atitlan

surinam , peru ? , ecuador ? , colombia , venezuela . see [ maps ]

papilio furcula fabricius , 1793 ; ( repl . name ) ; tl : " jamaica , india " [ error ]

nymphalis harmonia klug , 1836 ; neue schmett . ( 1 ) : 3 , pl . 2 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : mexico , veracruz

tymetes berania ; hewitson , 1852 , pl . 1 , f . 2 ( f . )

megalura alcibiades staudinger , 1876 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien , 25 ( 1 ) : 104 ; tl : panama

megalura valetta butler & druce , 1872 ; cistula ent . 1 ( 5 ) : 101 ; tl : costa rica

? tymetes merops boisduval , [ 1846 ] ; in cuvier , règne anim . ( disciples ' ed . ) 6 ( vol . 4 ) : explic . pl . 139

papilio petreus cramer , [ 1776 ] ; uitl . kapellen 1 ( 8 ) : 138 , pl . 87 , f . d , e ; tl : surinam

timetes norica hewitson , 1852 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( timetes ) : [ 9 ] , pl . [ 5 ] , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : [ brazil , amazonas ]

timetes tutelina hewitson , 1852 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( timetes ) : [ 10 ] , pl . [ 5 ] , f . 5 ; tl : brazil , amazonas

timetes psophus westwood , 1850 ; ( nom . nud . ) ; tl : mexico , oaxaca

butterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

new species of butterflies from guatemala and panama , collected by osbert salvin and f . du cane godman , esqs .

the genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson

genera insectorum eorumque characters naturales secundum numerum , figuram , situm et proportionem . . .

verzeichniss der von herrn dr . theodor koch - grünberg am oberen waupes 1903 - 1905 gesammelten rhopaloceren mit besprechung verwandter arten

biologia centrali - americana . rhopalocera . vol . 1 . ( 1879 - 1886 )

illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson

sammlung exotischer schmetterlinge , vol . 2 ( [ 1819 ] - [ 1827 ] )

neue schmetterlinge der insenkten - sammlung des königl . zoologischen musei der universität zu berlin

zoological illustrations , or original figures and descriptions of new , rare or interesting animals , selected chiefly from the classes of ornithology , entomology , and conchology , and arranged according to their apparent affinities . second series

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

regionally endemic and found only in bahamas , cuba , jamaica and hispaniola . has also been seen as a stray in florida .

widespread and thinly distributed in cuba in gardens , open areas and woodland wherever the foodplant grows .

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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .

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species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .

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the wingspan is 67–83 mm . adults feed on the nectar of various flowers , including tournefortia , cordia , lantana , and eupatorium species . [ 2 ]

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marquesas swamphen ( porphyrio paepae ) is a presumably extinct species of swamphen from the marquesas islands hiva oa and tahuata .

it was originally described from 600-year-old subfossil remains from tahuata and hiva oa .

it may have survived to around 1900 ; in the lower right corner of paul gauguin 's 1902 painting le sorcier d'hiva oa ou le marquisien à la cape rouge there is a bird which resembles native descriptions of porphyrio paepae .

thor heyerdahl claimed to have seen a similar flightless bird on hiva oa in 1937 .

marquesas swamphen

marquesas swamphen <EOT> with reverso you can find the english translation , definition or synonym for marquesas swamphen [ porphyrio paepae ] [ probably extinct ] and thousands of other words . you can complete the translation of marquesas swamphen [ porphyrio paepae ] [ probably extinct ] given by the english - german collins dictionary with other dictionaries such as : wikipedia , lexilogos , larousse dictionary , le robert , oxford , grévisse

paul gauguin ' s 1902 probable depiction of the marquesan swamphen ( porphyrio paepae ) being killed by a dog .

) , new ireland’s prehistoric landbird assemblage resembles those of holocene ( < 10 , 000 b . p . ) cultural sites as far away as the marquesas islands (

another undescribed rail , porphyrio new sp . , is known from 19 bones ( 14 skeletal elements ) . this huge flightless swamphen is much larger than the extinct porphyrio paepae of the marquesas ( 30 ) and taller but less stout than porphyrio mantelli of new zealand . porphyrio new sp . even exceeds in size the extinct porphyrio kukwiedei of new caledonia ( 25 ) .

porphyrio paepae was known from hiva oa and tahuata on the marquesas islands ( french polynesia ) . it may have survived as late as 1937 , but must have become extinct soon afterwards ( steadman 1988 , hume and walters 2012 ) .

an undescribed flightless rail ( gallirallus new sp . ) is well represented ( 15 bones from four sites ) . it probably was endemic to new ireland , where the widespread , volant , more gracile g . philippensis lives today . the undescribed rail is referred to as gallirallus rather than as other genera of rails in oceania , following characters in ref . 28 . a vast radiation of flightless species of gallirallus once occupied tropical pacific islands of the ryukyus , marianas , and bismarcks eastward at least to the marquesas . only seven species of estimated hundreds still survive [ on okinawa , guam ( captivity only ) , new britain ( generic status unconfirmed ) , new georgia group ( solomon islands ) , new caledonia , lord howe , and new zealand ; refs . 3 and 29 ] .

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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .

porphyrio paepae ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) was described by steadman ( 1988 ) from bones found at two archaeological sites .

justification : this newly - recognised gallinule may have survived until as late as 1937 , but undoubtedly became extinct soon after . it likely disappeared as a result of over - hunting and predation by invasive rats and cats .

this species was a small gallinule which probably had reduced flying capabilities ( hume and walters 2012 ) .

little is known , but it was presumably driven to extinction by hunting pressure and predation by invasive species .

( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t62263064a119207668 .

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^ « [ … ] d’ hiva oa [ … ] » as such , is pronounced / diˈva oˈa / , while the polynesian h is always a / ɦ / : this shows gauguin had a very poor knowledge of the polynesian languages . he should have written de hiva oa . despite polynesian inscriptions , often approximative , gauguin seems to be inable to speak any polynesian languages , as it is said locally .

steadman , david w . ( 2006 ) . extinction and biogeography of tropical pacific birds . chicago : university of chicago press . pp . 101 , 105–6 , 127 , 243–4 , 312–5 , 523 . isbn 0 - 226 - 77142 - 3 .

— prehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history , or more precisely , before they could be studied alive by bird scientists . they are known from subfossil remains and sometimes folk memory , as in the case of… …

— this page refers only to birds that have gone extinct since the year 1500 a . d . / c . e . and usually were subject to scientific study while alive . since 1500 , over 190 species of birds have become extinct , and this rate of extinction seems to be… …

— this is a list of the bird species recorded in french polynesia . the avifauna of french polynesia includes a total of 122 species , of which 27 are endemic , 14 have been introduced by humans , and 16 are rare or accidental . 27 species are globally… …

— this list of introduced bird species includes all the species of bird successfully or unsuccessfully introduced to an area other than their native range , or to an area they formerly inhabited . this practice has been harmful in many areas , … …

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won ' t ] randomly draw three blue balls in a row out of a box of mostly yellow balls .

won ' t ] pull three blue balls in a row at random out of a yellow box , but you could randomly sample just one blue ball .

nicht zufällig hintereinander 3 blaue bälle ziehen , aber sie könnten zufällig nur einen blauen ball herausziehen .

] better placed than the commission to explain their reasons for not ratifying the united nations international convention on the protection of the rights of all migrant workers and members of their families .

] besser als die kommission darlegen , weshalb sie das internationale un - übereinkommen zum schutz der rechte aller wanderarbeitnehmer und ihrer familienangehörigen noch nicht ratifiziert haben .

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this is the first comprehensive review of the hundreds of bird species and subspecies that have become extinct over the last 1 , 000 years of habitat degradation , over - hunting and rat introduction . covering both familiar icons of extinction as well as more obscure birds , some known from just one specimen or from traveller ' s tales , the book also looks at hundreds of species from the subfossil record - birds that disappeared without ever being recorded . julian hume and michael walters recreate these lost birds in stunning detail , bringing together an up to date review of the literature for every species . from great auks , carolina parakeets and dodos to the amazing yet completely vanished bird radiations of hawaii and new zealand , via rafts of extinctions in the pacific and elsewhere , this book is both a sumptuous reference and an amazing testament to humanity ' s impact on birds . a direct replacement for greenway ' s seminal 1958 title extinct and vanishing birds , this book will be the standard reference on the subject for generations to come .

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* florida museum of natural history , university of florida , p . o . box 117800 , gainesville , fl 32611 ; ‡ school of archaeology , university of sydney , sydney , new south wales 2006 , australia ; and § department of archaeology , la trobe university , bundoora , victoria 3083 , australia

† to whom reprint requests should be addressed . e - mail : ude . lfu . hnmlf @ namdaets .

at least 50 species of birds are represented in 241 bird bones from five late pleistocene and holocene archaeological sites on new ireland ( bismarck archipelago , papua new guinea ) . the bones include only two of seabirds and none of migrant shorebirds or introduced species . of the 50 species , at least 12 ( petrel , hawk , megapode , quail , four rails , cockatoo , two owls , and crow ) are not part of the current avifauna and have not been recorded previously from new ireland . larger samples of bones undoubtedly would indicate more extirpated species and refine the chronology of extinction . humans have lived on new ireland for ca . 35 , 000 years , whereas most of the identified bones are 15 , 000 to 6 , 000 years old . it is suspected that most or all of new ireland’s avian extinction was anthropogenic , but this suspicion remains undetermined . our data show that significant prehistoric losses of birds , which are well documented on pacific islands more remote than new ireland , occurred also on large , high , mostly forested islands close to new guinea .

oceanic islands are renowned as locations of extinction . remote islands in the tropical pacific , for example , have lost most of their endemic species of birds since humans arrived in the past several millennia ( 1 – 3 ) . these losses are documented by studying bones from prehistoric cultural and noncultural sites . by contrast , the large island of new guinea , standing at the western margin of oceania , has an avifauna that shows very little evidence of anthropogenic extinction ( 4 – 6 ) . here , we present evidence that major losses of birds occurred prehistorically on new ireland , a very large island close to new guinea , and with a modern avifauna that is rich relative to the avifaunas on remote pacific islands . this fact indicates that even large , mostly forested islands close to new guinea , and very likely even new guinea itself , have not been spared in the global extinction crisis that has followed the spread of humans around the world .

new ireland is the second largest island in papua new guinea’s bismarck archipelago . it lies north and east of new britain , which in turn lies just off new guinea’s huon peninsula ( fig .

this map of new ireland shows the location of the five archaeological sites discussed in this paper .

many aspects of avian biology in the bismarcks are understood poorly . for example , new subspecies continue to be described ( 12 , 13 ) , and little is known about avian community ecology ( e . g . , relative abundance , habitat preference , foraging ecology , and species associations ) . in this paper , we report how the avifauna of new ireland has changed in species composition since the first arrival of humans .

) belong to the papua new guinea national museum and art gallery ( port moresby , papua new guinea ) . we believe that most of the bird bones were accumulated by prehistoric peoples rather than non - human predators because of the clearly cultural context in which they were found and because the incidence of burning and breakage are typical of that in other cultural sites in oceania . identifications are based on comparisons ( by d . w . s . ) with modern skeletons from the florida museum of natural history , new york state museum ( albany , ny ) , the smithsonian institution ( washington , dc ) , and the university of washington’s burke museum ( seattle , wa ) . for some taxa in table

, identification was limited by a lack of modern skeletons of appropriate species—a large problem with birds throughout melanesia .

bal = balof 1 ( 17 bones ) + balof 2 ( 102 bones ) ; bua = buang marabak ; mbe = matenbek ; mkk = matenkupkum ; pan = panakiwuk . nisp = number of identified specimens . no species of accipiter are counted for in “total * † bones” or “percentage of * † bones . ”

‡ identification not precise enough to determine current status on new ireland ; assumed to be extant .

) are caves or rock shelters developed in reef limestone . our brief descriptions of the sites follow those given in refs .

panakiwuk is a rock shelter in a large eroded doline in northern new ireland , ≈150 m above sea level and ≈4 km from either coast . no gardens are maintained near this forested site today , and , given the rugged terrain , it is likely that no gardens were maintained there in the past . archaeological evidence suggests intermittent use of the shelter by humans moving between coasts and hunting in the forest . cultural deposits reach an average depth of 1 . 45 m in the major excavation ( 3 m 2 ) , and two other test pits ( 1 × 1 m ) bottomed out at 60–80 cm . panakiwuk was first occupied at 15 , 000–14 , 000 b . p . [ approximate age , based on calibrated radiocarbon ( 14 c ) dates reported in detail in refs . 14 – 23 ] , but occupation seems to have been sporadic . the major archaeological deposits date from 10 , 000 b . p . to 8 , 000 b . p . the site was abandoned for most of the holocene epoch , with minor reoccupation after 1 , 600 b . p .

balof 1 and 2 are shelters formed beneath the edges of a sinkhole some 2 . 7 km from the east coast . the deposits at balof 1 are ≈1 m deep and substantially reworked by oven pits dug in recent centuries . deposits at balof 2 are ≈2 m deep and relatively undisturbed , as corroborated by a sequence of

c dates . both sites are as old as 14 , 000 b . p . but were occupied only intermittently . large numbers of bones of the culturally important hornbill (

; confined to pleistocene levels ) suggest that activities at balof were aimed at particular resources . the differences in avifaunas between balof and other sites ( table

) also may relate to balof’s location at the edge of rugged limestone country that probably has been mostly forested throughout occupation of the site .

buang merabak is a limestone cave in central new ireland , ≈200 m from the east coast and perhaps 50 m above sea level . an excavation ( 1 × 1 m ) reached bedrock at a ≈1 . 6 - m depth . sparsely scattered holocene material seems to be disturbed , judging from the 14 c dates . the underlying pleistocene deposits are largely intact . although further excavation and dating are required , initial studies of the site indicate early , sparse occupation after 32 , 000 b . p . , periodic abandonments , and increased occupation in the terminal pleistocene epoch .

matenkupkum is a large limestone cave in southern new ireland , only ≈30 m inland and ≈15 m above sea level . although sea level would have been ≈120 m lower at the last glacial maximum ( 18 , 000 b . p . ) , the cave’s distance from the sea would not have been much greater because of very steep submarine contours along this coast . immediately behind matenkupkum are extensive grasslands , and further inland are limestone karst and volcanic mountains covered with rainforest . the grassland vegetation is probably a disclimax vegetation , as the soils here are well suited for tree crops and gardens , as well as rainforest . thus , when first occupied , matenkupkum may have been surrounded by rainforest . cultural deposits indicate intermittent occupation from 35 , 000 to 20 , 000 b . p . , when the site was abandoned until 16 , 000 b . p . the most intensive occupation was from 14 , 000 to 10 , 000 b . p .

matenbek is another large limestone cave in the same uplifted coral terrace as matenkupkum , and ≈70 m south of it . the original cave entrance has collapsed and may well overlie deeper and older deposits than those excavated , because the oldest levels in matenkupkum were at the entrance . the matenbek faunal sample came from two test pits ( 80 × 80 cm ) in an area that may have been 7–8 m in from the original drip line . there , 90 cm of archaeological deposits are sandwiched beneath 45 cm of in - washed soils and above 30 cm of sterile sands that cover the cave floor . the earlier of two phases of occupation at matenbek range from 20 , 000 to 18 , 000 b . p . , after which the site was abandoned and then reoccupied from 9 , 000 to 6 , 000 b . p . dates on the in - washed soils suggest that the entrance collapsed at 2 , 000 b . p .

at all five sites , the stone artifact assemblage consists mainly of simple unretouched flakes , which , on average , are much smaller at panakiwuk and balof than at matenkupkum and matenbek , where flaked river cobbles predominate . shell tools also occur throughout the sequence . obsidian imported from new britain first appears in the sites as early as 19 , 000 b . p . ( matenbek ) and as late as 7 , 000 b . p . ( balof 2 ) . pottery shards occur in small numbers only in the uppermost deposits ( < 3 , 000 b . p . ) .

although most sites had some noncultural deposits at their bases , these strata produced only bones of indigenous rodents . bones in the earliest human layers are mostly of indigenous rats , bats , reptiles , and occasionally birds . species of mammals brought to new ireland by humans appear at the sites only after 19 , 000 b . p . these are phalangers ( phalanger orientalis , spilocuscus maculatus ) , wallabies ( thylogale brunii ) , rats ( rattus praetor , rattus exulans ) , pigs ( sus scrofa ) , and dogs ( canis familiaris ) , of which only p . orientalis has been recorded from the pleistocene strata ( 17 , 24 ) . shell midden and fish bone occur throughout the sequence and in the three coastal sites as well .

represented by a coracoid and carpometacarpus , a petrel ( pterodroma sp . ) belongs to the subgenus pseudobulweria , consisting of two poorly known species ( pterodroma rostrata and pterodroma becki ) with very localized modern ranges in oceania . based on their relatively large size , the two bones from matenbek may represent the tahiti petrel ( p . rostrata ) , known today as a breeding species in east polynesia , with offshore records in the bismarcks .

pending availability of skeletons of more melanesian species of accipiter , all that can be concluded about accipiter sp . 2 ( ulna , carpometacarpus , tibiotarsus ) and accipiter sp . 3 ( coracoid , scapula , humerus , carpometacarpus ) is that at least one of these species , both of which are larger than a . novaehollandiae and too disparate in size to represent the same species , no longer occurs on new ireland . the only species of accipiter on new ireland today are the widespread a . novaehollandiae and the smaller accipiter brachyurus . a recent sight record suggests that the much larger accipiter meyerianus also may reside on new ireland ( b . m . beehler , personal communication ) .

megapodius new sp . ( scapula , tarsometatarsus ) is a very large species in the size range of megapodius molistructor of new caledonia and tonga ( 25 – 27 ) .

coturnix ypsilophorus ( coracoid , two humeri , ulna ) occurs on mainland new guinea but not in the bismarcks . much larger than c . chinensis , this quail prefers grasslands and thus may have never been abundant in new ireland .

two other rails , porzana tabuensis ( humerus , femur ) and porphyrio porphyrio ( tarsometatarsus ) , are extant and widespread in the papuan region but had not been recorded previously on new ireland . the fact that these rails have not been recorded on new ireland may be only a sampling artifact of modern surveys .

the two coracoids , scapula , femur , and tibiotarsus of cf . cacatua sp . from balof are much larger than in the parrots known on new ireland , the largest of which is eclectus roratus . these bones differ from those of e . roratus in many qualitative features . in size and proportion , they resemble the bones of several species of cacatua , of which the nearest population to new ireland is that of cacatua [ galerita ] ophthalmica on new britain ( 4 , 31 ) . much larger than the bones of cacatua ducorpsi of the solomon islands , the balof specimens probably represent an undescribed species or subspecies in the c . galerita species group , the description of which awaits the availability of more comparative skeletons .

no species of tyto have been recorded from new ireland , although five species of tyto are known from papua new guinea ( 4 , 6 ) . bones of the small tyto sp . 1 ( ulna , carpometacarpus , two tarsometatarsi ) are about the size of those in tyto alba ( new guinea and some offshore islands ) , tyto aurantia ( new britain ) , and tyto capensis ( local in new guinea and australia ) . the femur , two tibiotarsi , and six tarsometatarsi of tyto sp . 2 from balof and matenkupkum are much larger than those of t . alba , t . aurantia , and t . capensis . tyto sp . 2 would seem to be the size of tyto novaehollandiae ( specimens not available ) ; among congeners , t . novaehollandiae is exceeded in size perhaps by only tyto tenebricosa of new guinea , japen , and australia ( 32 ) . in papua new guinea today , t . novaehollandiae occurs only in lowland forests and savannas of the southern fly river region and on manus island . a large species of tyto also has been recorded from an archaeological site on mussau ( 33 ) . at one time , t . novaehollandiae may have inhabited much of the bismarck archipelago .

the humerus and tibiotarsus of corvus sp . are larger than in corvus orru , the only corvid on new ireland . specimens of corvus meeki ( bougainville , buka , shortlands ; see refs . 34 and 35 ) are not available . the new ireland bones also are larger than in corvus woodfordi ( solomon islands ) , corvus bennetti ( australia ) , corvus coronoides ( australia ) , and corvus macrorhynchos ( philippines ) . they may represent corvus tristis , confined today to mainland new guinea and nearby satellite islands , or a closely related form .

passeriformes sp . 3–6 represent four different sizes of songbirds that are smaller than mino and corvus but larger than , for example , nectarinia , dicaeum , and zosterops . these 21 bones probably represent more than four species .

) . of seven other families with ≥4 % of the total bird bones , only the megapodes , parrots , and passerines occur regularly and in good numbers in prehistoric sites north and east of the bismarcks .

prehistoric bone assemblages from remote oceania typically indicate the loss of 50–90 % of the species of native landbirds ( 1 – 3 ) . the lower proportion ( 24 % ) of extinct / extirpated species from new ireland may be related to the presence of indigenous rodents ( melomys rufescens and rattus mordax sanila ) . in remote oceania , birds evolved without native mammalian predators , leading to naïveté and vulnerability to predation when humans and associated nonnative mammals arrived ( 38 ) . evolving alongside native rodents exposed new ireland’s birds to potential predation from terrestrial animals in prehuman times . nevertheless , the arrival of humans to new ireland led to the prehistoric introduction of macropods , pigs , dogs , two species of cuscuses , and two more species of rats ( 17 ) , any of which could have had a negative impact on birds .

deposits dated to the pleistocene epoch ( > 10 , 000 b . p . ) account for 56 % of the bird bones from new ireland . unlike sites in remote oceania with continuous and rich deposition of bird bones (

) , the new ireland record is too spotty to determine precisely when various species were lost . only 2 % of the bird bones identified from the five sites are more than 15 , 000 years old ( table

) , at which time humans already had occupied new ireland for 20 , 000 years . which species may have been lost during those first 20 millennia remain unknown .

) . among the three sites with > 50 bird bones , panakiwuk has the fewest bones of extinct species , but these date primarily to 10 , 000–8 , 000 b . p . , suggesting that much extinction already had taken place by that time . for the two flightless rails (

new sp . ) , 32 of 34 bones are from pleistocene strata , suggesting that the two isolated bones may be out of context . however , three other extinct / extirpated species have records at ≤6 , 000 b . p . ( table

) , suggesting that climate and vegetation changes during the pleistocene / holocene transition were not important factors in their extinction . on the other hand , if lapita peoples in remote oceania are any indication , late holocene horticulturalists may have been just as destructive to bird life as the late pleistocene hunter / gatherers .

the bird bone samples are too small to estimate new ireland’s species richness at any one time with much certainty . we have made the very conservative assumption that all taxa marked with a double dagger (

represent extant , resident species on new ireland . if this assumption holds true , then bones of 38 of new ireland’s 106 current resident species of landbirds were recovered from the archaeological sites , as well as the bones of 12 species no longer occurring on the island . an archaeological record fully representative of new ireland’s late pleistocene / early holocene landbirds probably would include at least 30 species that no longer live on the island . thus , in the absence of human impact , the landbirds of new ireland probably would number about 140 species today . a similar number probably existed there in the late pleistocene .

we believe that few if any of new ireland’s current landbirds colonized the island within the past several millennia . according to equilibrium theory , the avifauna of new ireland should have undergone postglacial “relaxation” ( 41 , 42 ) . because most of the extinct / extirpated taxa belong to families known to be especially vulnerable to human activities , we favor human impact over relaxation as the primary cause of faunal depletion on new ireland .

humans colonized the bismarck archipelago and solomon islands by 35 , 000–30 , 000 years ago ( 43 – 45 ) . thus , unlike in remote oceania , where human arrival in the late holocene was clearly devastating to indigenous birds ( 3 ) , the lapita peoples who moved across the bismarcks and solomons about 3 , 500 years ago found a flora and fauna that already had withstood tens of millennia of human activity ( 33 , 46 ) . to provide perspective on how the rich avifaunas of this region have changed over the long course of human occupation , more islands in the bismarcks and solomons should be surveyed for bone deposits of prehistoric birds . the limited evidence from new ireland hints that even new guinea , occupied by humans at least as long as island melanesia ( 47 ) and prized since its “discovery” by europeans for being so wild and forested , has suffered as yet undetected losses of birds since the arrival of humans .

we thank g . petri and m . i . williams for their help with the manuscript preparation and b . m . beehler , j . m . diamond , h . b . freifeld , p . v . kirch , a . w . kratter , and m . spriggs for helpful comments . field research was sponsored by australian research council grants to j . p . w . ( balof ) and to c . gosden and j . a . ( matenbek ) . panakiwuk , matenkupkum , and buang merabak were excavated as part of the lapita homeland project , with major funding from national geographic society grant 3000 - 84 and from the research school of pacific studies , australian national university . d . w . s . ’s laboratory research was funded by national science foundation grants bsr - 8607535 and ear - 9714819 and university of florida division of sponsored research grant rda 1 - 23 95 - 96 ) .

white j p , flannery t f , o’brien r , hancock r v , pavlish l .

kirch p v , steadman d w , butler v l , hather j , weisler m i .

frith h j , calaby j h , editors . carberra , australia : aust . acad . sci . ; 1976 . pp . 616–628 .


anticrates metreta is a moth of the lacturidae family .

it is known from queensland , australia .

adults have brown forewings , each with a white band outlined in orange across the middle and white patches at the base , tornus and apex .

the hindwings are plain brown .

anticrates metreta

anticrates metreta <EOT> choose one > anticrates metreta > anticrates paraxantha > anticrates phaedima > anticrates sp . a > anticrates sp . anic1 > anticrates sp . anic2 > anticrates sp . bold : aak2739 > anticrates sp . mm - 2015 > anticrates sp . nw - 2010 > anticrates zapyra all lower taxonomy nodes ( 10 )

anticrates metreta ( turner , 1903 ) ( lacturidae ) , male - qld , 3 miles w of mossman , 13 . mar . 1964 , i . f . b . common m . s . upton leg . ( anic ) .

anticrates metreta ( turner , 1903 ) ( lacturidae ) , female - qld , lockerbie , cape york peninsula , 4 . apr . 1964 , i . f . b . common m . s . upton leg . ( anic ) .

, melbourne university press , 1990 , fig . 28 . 18 , p . 298 .

status : a common species . resembles rutilella very much but the partly subhyaline wings and the broader yellow marginal band is distinguishing .

papua localities : misool island : fakal ; batanta island : south coast ; roon island : yende ; japen island ; new guinea : gn . bembab , gn . meja reserve , rasiei , utakwa river . details in gazetteer .

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< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .


nomenia duodecimlineata is a moth in the family geometridae .

it is found in western north america , from british columbia to california , nevada , arizona and new mexico .

the wingspan is about 22 mm .

the forewings are dark grey .

adults are on wing in spring .

nomenia duodecimlineata

nomenia duodecimlineata <EOT> genus : nomenia pearsall , 1905 . can . ent . 37 : 126 . [ bhl ]

type - species : larentia duodecimlineata packard , 1873 . proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 16 : 19 , pl . 1 , fig . 1 . [ ( as 12 - lineata ) ] [ bhl ]

figures 53–57 , male and female genitalia of chesiadini and asthenini . 53 , female genitalia of lithostege usgentaria christoph ( turkmenistan ) ; 54 , male genitalia and the last sternite and tergite of poecilasthena sp . ( tasmania ) ; 55 , female genitalia of poecilasthena sp . ( tasmania ) ; 56 , male genitalia of nomenia duodecimlineata ( u . s . a . ) ; 57 , male genitalia of " gen , sp . 7591 " ( paraguay ) .

figures 53 – 57 , male and female genitalia of chesiadini and asthenini . 53 , female genitalia of lithostege usgentaria christoph ( turkmenistan ) ; 54 , male genitalia and the last sternite and tergite of poecilasthena sp . ( tasmania ) ; 55 , female genitalia of poecilasthena sp . ( tasmania ) ; 56 , male genitalia of nomenia duodecimlineata ( u . s . a . ) ; 57 , male genitalia of “ gen , sp . 7591 ” ( paraguay ) .

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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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viidalepp , jaan , 2011 , a morphological review of tribes in larentiinae ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) , zootaxa 3136 , pp . 1 - 44 : 16 - 17

the tribe was established ( as astheninae ) by warren ( 1893 ) , characterized according to genitalia by pierce ( 1914 ) and recently revised by xue and scoble ( 2002 ) . pierce described its characters as follows : valva in male with sacculus projecting long ; female bursa copulatrix with a long , evenly spined signum ; uncus weak and attached to dorsal side of anus tube , whereas ventral side of the tube bears a sclerotized subscaphium .

, noted that labides are not entirely similar in these tribes by the absence in asthenines of the branch from basal costal projection of valva towards juxta . the absence of saccular projection of valva is stressed by pierce as another characteristic of

according to : the presence of labides , “springing from the points of union of the transtilla with the costa , there may arise two long arms , each bearing a soft hairy pad , and united together by a thin membrane” . forbes ( 1948 ) found the chaetosemata of

as follows : the spinneret is much longer than the labial palpi ; the thoracic claws are almost straight , and the angle of the notch acute .

xue and scoble ( 2002 ) diagnosed the asthenine as follows : uncus distal projection either absent or vestigial ; uncus fused to the anal tube ; the authors reject the idea of homology of asthenine and eupitheciine labides , and suppose that the build of signum in female ( consisting of thin spines radiating from the central area ) is the best characteristic for the tribe .

) ; colliculum flattened and re - folded in female at least in boreal genera ; bursa copulatrix finely spiculose .

share the presence of long projections from the base of costa , which are not not connected to the juxta ( fig . 56

figures 5 – 10 . heads in stamnodini , eudulini asthenini and trichopterygini . 5 , stamnodini ( callipia sp . ) ( bolivia ) ; 6 , stamnodini ( stamnodes danilovi erschov ) ( touva ) ; 7 , asthenini ( discoloxia blomeri ( curtis ) ) ; 8 , rheumapterini ( spargania luctuata denis & schiffermüller . ) ; 9 , chesiadini ( aplocera columbata ( mentzer ) ) ( crimea ) ; 10 , trichopterygini ( rhopalodes lecorrei viidalepp ) , antenna ( fr . guiana ) .

figures 48 – 52 , male and female genitalia of eupitheciini and perizonini . 48 , male genitalia , coremata hair pencils and sternite a 8 of eupithecia cauchiata ( duponchel ) ; 49 , male genitalian armature of eupithecia absinthiata ( clerck ) ; 50 , male genitalian armature of perizoma sp . ; 51 , female genitalia of eupithecia abbreviata stephens ; 52 , male genitalia of psaliodes sp . ( bolivia ) .

no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .

viidalepp , jaan ( 2011 ) : a morphological review of tribes in larentiinae ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . zootaxa 3136 : 1 - 44 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 279481

figures 153–154 , male genitalia of epirrhoe ( hübner ) . 153 , male genitalia of epirhoe rivata ( hübner ) ; 154 , male posterior abdominal segments and coremata of e rivata . ( hübner )

figures 149–152 , male and female genitalia , ansa and posterior abdominal segments of hagnagora druce . 149 , male genitalia and aedeagus of hagnagora clustimena ( druce ) ( bolivia ) ; 150 , posterior abdominal segments of h . clustimena ( druce ) ( bolivia ) ; 151 , female genitalia of h . ephestris ( felder & rogenhofer ) ( bolivia ) ; 152 , ansa of h . ephestris ( felder & rogenhofer ) ( bolivia ) .

figures 139–148 , male genitalia and coremata and female genitalia of camptogramma stephens and catarhoe herbulot ( xanthorhoini ) . 139 , male genitalia of camptogramma bilineata ( linnaeus ) ; 140 , coremata of male c bilineata ( linnaeus ) ; 141 , male genitalia of c . bistrigata ( treitschke ) ( sardinia ) ; 142 , male genitalia and aedeagus of catarhoe arachne wiltshire ( tadjikistan ) ; 143 , coremata of c . . arachne wiltshire ( tadjikistan ) ; 144 , female genitalia of c turkmenica ( stshetkin ) ( turkmenistan ) ; 145 , aedeagus and male genitalia of c basochesiata ( duponchel ) ( cyprus ) ; 146 , male coremata . . .

figures 136–138 , male genitalia and coremata of chrysolarentia butler and epyaxa meyrick ( xanthorhoini ) . 136 , male genitalia and abdominal segments a7 and a8 with coremata of chrysolarentia mecynata ( guenée ) ( tasmania ) ; 137 , male genitalia and abdominal segments a7 and a8 with coremata of chrysolarentia sp . ( australia ) ; 138 , male genitalia and abdominal segments a7 and a8 with coremata of epyaxa subidaria ( guenée ) ( tasmania ) .

figures 130–135 , male genitalia and coremata of xanthorhoini . 130 , size of coremata and genitalia in xanthorhoe rupicola ( wollaston ) ( madeira ) ; 131 , posterior abdominal segments of x rupicola ( wollaston ) ( madeira ) ; 132 , male genitalia and aedeagus of x rupicola ( wollaston ) ( madeira ) ; 133 , male genitalia , aedeagus and coremata of x inaequata warren ( madeira ) ; 134 , male genitalia of x ferrugata ( clerck ) ; 135 , female genitalia of x bigeminata ( christoph ) ( turkmenistan ) .

figures 125–129 , male genitalia and coremata of hammaptera herrich–schäffer . 125 , male genitalia and aedeagus of hammaptera sp . ( venezuela ) ; 126 , abdominal segments a7 and a8 with coremata of hammaptera sp . ( venezuela ) ; 127 , male sternite and tergite a8 of hammaptera sp . ( venezuela ) ; 128 , male genitalia of hammaptera sp . 2 ( ecuador ) ; 129 , male posterior abdominal segments and coremata of hammaptera sp . 2 ( ecuador ) .

figures 117–124 , male and female genitalia and coremata of euphyiini . 117 , male genitalia and aedeagus of euphyia biangulata ( haworth ) ; 118 , abdominal segments a7 , a8 and coremata of male e . biangulata ( haworth ) ; 119 , male genitalia of euphyia sp . ( nicaragua ) ; 120 , abdominal segments a7 , a8 and coremata of euphyia sp . ( nicaragua ) ; 121 , female genitalia of euphyia sp . ( nicaragua ) ; 122 , female genitalia of euphyia sp . 2 ( nicaragua ) ; 123 , female genitalia of euphyia sp . 2 ( nicaragua ) ; 124 , male genitalia . . .

figures 113–116 , male genitalia and coremata of scotopterygini . 113 , aedeagus and male genitalia of scotopteryx chenopodiata ( linnaeus ) ; 114 , abdominal segment a8 and coremata of s . chenopodiata ( linnaeus ) ; 115 , male genitalia of s . kuznetsovi wardikjan ( armenia ) ; 116 , male genitalia of s . bipunctaria ( denis & schiffermüller ) ( ? ) ( south ural ) .

figures 109–112 , male genitalia of the genera piercia prout and kauria viidalepp . 109 , male genital armature of piercia prasinaria ( warren ) ( south africa ) ; 110 , female genitalia of p . prasinaria ( warren ) ( south africa ) ; 111 , male genitalia of kauria marginata viidalepp ( tadjikistan ) ; 112 , posterior abdominal segments of male k . marginata viidalepp ( tadjikistan ) .

figures 103–108 , male coremata , male and female genitalia of cataclysmini . 103 , male genitalia and aedeagus of cataclysme riguata ( hübner ) ( marocco ) ; 104 , male genitalia and posterior segments of abdomen of phibalapteryx virgata ( hufnagel ) ; 105 , coremata of male c . riguata ( hübner ) ( marocco ) ; 106 , the last abdominal segments and coremata of p . virgata ( hufnagel ) ; 107 , male genitalia and aedeagus of paraplaneta sternecki ( prout ) ( china ) ; 108 , female genitalia of p . sternecki ( prout ) ( china ) .

figures 98–102 , male and female genitalia of larentiini . 98 , male genitalia of photoscotosia palaearctica ( staudinger ) ( kyrgyzstan ) ; 99 , male genitalia of mesoleuca albicillata ( linnaeus ) ; 100 , female genitalia of m . albicillata ( linnaeus ) ; 101 , male genitalia of larentia datinaria ( oberthür ) ( malta ) ; 102 , female genitalia of larentia clavaria ( haworth ) .

figures 95–97 , male and female genitalia of hydriomenini . 95 , male genitalia of hydriomena furcata ( thunberg ) ; 96 , male genitalia of hydriomena furinae schaus ( costa rica ) ; 97 , female genitalia of h . furinae schaus ( costa rica ) .

figures 89–93 , male and female genitalia and abdominal sclerites of stamnodini . 89 , male genitalia of stamnodes anthocharidaria oberthür ( ecuador ) ; 90 , male genitalia of callipia sp . ( bolivia ) ; 91 , aedeagus with manica and fultura inferior of callipia sp . ( bolivia ) ; 92 , posterior abdominal segments of s . anthocharidaria oberthür ( ecuador ) ; 93 , posterior abdominal segments of female callipia brenemannae sperry ( bolivia ) ; 94 , male genitalia of callipia brenemannae sperry ( bolivia ) .

figures 84–88 , wings , male and female genitalia of erateinini . 84 , male erateina punsaria dognin ( ecuador ) ; 85 , male hind wing of e . punsaria dognin from underside ; 86 , female erateina sp . ( brazil ) ; 87 , female genitalia of erateina sp . ( brazil ) ; 88 , male genitalia of e . punsaria dognin ( bolivia ) .

figures 78–83 , male genitalia of cidariini and solitaneini . 78 , male genitalia and aedeagus of pennithera taigana ( djakonov ) ( primorye ) ; 79 , male genitalia and aedeagus of gandaritis pyraliata ( denis & schiffermüller ) ; 80 , male genitalia and aedeagus of cidaria fulvata ( forster ) ; 81 , male genitalia and aedeagus of solitanea mariae ( stauder ) ( italy ) ; 82 , male genitalia and aedeagus of brabirodes cerevia druce ( nicaragua ) ; 83 , male genitalia and aedeagus of colostygia kitschelti ( rebel ) ( switzerland ) .

figures 75–77 , male genitalia of operophterini . 75 , male genitalia , aedeagus and sternite a8 ( " octavals " ) of epirrita dilutata ( denis & schiffermüller ) ; 76 , male sternite a8 of e . christyi allen ; 77 , male genitalia of operophtera relegata prout ( primorye ) .

figure 74 , male and female genitalia of philereme transversata ( hufnagel ) ( phileremini ) .

figures 69–73 , vestiture of legs and abdomen in rheumapterini and trichopterygini . 69 , male hind tibia of coryphista meadi packard ( u . s . a . ) ; 70 , male hind tibia of rheumaptera hyrcana staudinger ( georgia ) ; 71 , membranized abdominal segment a8 in r . hyrcana staudinger ( georgia ) ; 72 , body ventral side vestiture of tatosoma tipulata ( walker ) ( new zealand ) ; 73 , male hind leg with hair pencil of oulobophora internata ( püngeler ) ( turkey ) .

figures 62–68 , male and female genitalia of rheumapterini and triphosini . 62 , male genitalia of rheumaptera hastata ( linnaeus ) ; 63 , male genitalia of hydria undulata ( linnaeus ) . ; 64 , male genitalia of " scotosia " sp . ( nicaragua ) ; 65 , male genitalia of triphosa sabaudiata ( duponchel ) ( crimea ) ; 66 , female genitalia of rheumaptera hyrcana ( staudinger ) ( turkmenistan ) ; 67 , female genitalia of rheumaptera flavipes ( menetriês ) ( kunashir i . ) ; 68 , female genitalia of triphosa taochata lederer ( iran ) .

figures 58–61 , male and female genitalia of melanthiini . 58 , male genitalia and posterior abdominal segments of collix muscosata fletcher ( tanzania ) ; 59 , male genitalia and aedeagus of melanthia mandshuricata ( bremer ) ( yakutia ) ; 60 , female genitalia of collix foraminata guenee ( tanzania ) ; 61 , male genitalia of eccymatoge morphna turner ( tasmania ) .

figures 48–52 , male and female genitalia of eupitheciini and perizonini . 48 , male genitalia , coremata hair pencils and sternite a8 of eupithecia cauchiata ( duponchel ) ; 49 , male genitalian armature of eupithecia absinthiata ( clerck ) ; 50 , male genitalian armature of perizoma sp . ; 51 , female genitalia of eupithecia abbreviata stephens ; 52 , male genitalia of psaliodes sp . ( bolivia ) .

figures 46–47 , male genitalia and last abdominal sternites of eudulini . 46 , eubaphe mendica ( walker ) ( u . s . a . ) ; 47 , eudulophasia invaria ( walker ) ( fr . guiana ) .


eurema upembana is a butterfly in the pieridae family .

it is found in the democratic republic of the congo ( upper lomami ) and tanzania .

the habitat consists of montane grassland and forests .

eurema upembana

eurema upembana <EOT> eurema salome ( c . & r . felder , 1861 ) – salome yellow

eurema alitha ( c . & r . felder , 1862 ) – scalloped grass yellow

species range from asia , africa , australia , and oceania , to the new world . the type species is the north american barred yellow ( eurema daira ) .

the genus has a circumtropical distribution with the bulk of species in south and central america . parsons ( 1999 ) states that yata ( 1989 ) included four non - neotropical species in eurema - e . brigitta , e . desjardinsii , e . herla , and e . laeta . the remainder of old world " eurema " s . l . belong in terias .

eurema - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .

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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by " , + " and the number of omitted authors .

attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .

all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .

created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .

the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 10 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .

below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .

the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 38 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .

there are over 70 species in the genus , but more than 300 synonymous names have been applied to them . some species , such as the common african grass yellow , e . hecabe , have over 80 synonyms . the genus itself has over 15 junior generic synonyms . this is the price of being a widespread taxon , as well as a zoogeographical problem .

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thiotricha arthrodes is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1904 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales .

the wingspan is 10 – 12 mm .

the forewings are shining ochreous-whitish , posteriorly suffused with pale brownish-ochreous and with a short dark fuscous costal streak at the base .

there is an elongate-triangular dark fuscous costal spot before the middle , reaching two-thirds across the wing , as well as an ill-defined dark fuscous fascia beyond the middle , narrowed beneath .

there is an ochreous-yellow streak along the submedian fold between these and there is also an apical spot of dark fuscous suffusion .

the hindwings are grey .

thiotricha arthrodes

thiotricha arthrodes <EOT> thiotricha arthrodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : sydney , new south wales

thiotricha pontifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196

thiotricha synodonta meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 45

thiotricha fridaella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 142

thiotricha atractodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : queensland , cairns

thiotricha complicata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi

thiotricha nephodesma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha obvoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha oxygramma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha polyaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha rhodomicta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha synacma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha xanthaspis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha ( thiotrichinae ) ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343

thiotricha amphixysta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha attenuata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : peru , iquitos

thiotricha celata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha clepsidoxa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya

thiotricha coleella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 55 ; [ fe ]

thiotricha hamulata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 162 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft

thiotricha hexanesa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya

thiotricha janitrix meyrick , 1912 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 2 ) : 64 ; tl : bengal , pusa

thiotricha obliquata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha rabida meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha cuneiformis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft

thiotricha pancratiastis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft

thiotricha pyrphora meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft

thiotricha scioplecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , shilleong , 5000ft

thiotricha corylella omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 209

thiotricha flagellatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft

thiotricha fusca omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 204

thiotricha indistincta omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 205

thiotricha termanthes meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft

thiotricha tetraphala meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : dunedin , new zealand

thiotricha thorybodes meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand

thiotricha xanthodora meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : burma , pyinmana

thiotricha balanopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis ; borneo , kuching

thiotricha hemiphaea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , toowoomba

thiotricha acrantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha acronipha turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , stradbroke island

thiotricha characias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : palni hills

thiotricha chrysantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha embolarcha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : java , mt . salak , 4500ft

thiotricha epiclista meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha grammitis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha hoplomacha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha rhodopa meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha argyrea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , atherton

thiotricha clinopeda meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; ceylon , maskeliya

thiotricha galenaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon

thiotricha glenias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon

thiotricha nephelodesma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .

thiotricha orthiastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 591 ; tl : rawalpindi , punjab

thiotricha pancratiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha saulotis meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon

thiotricha scotaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon

thiotricha trapezoidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha tylephora ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha centritis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft

thiotricha galactaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft

thiotricha panglycera turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 117 ; tl : n . queensland , cairns and kuranda

thiotricha prosoestea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 116 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda near cairns

thiotricha anticentra meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : brisbane , queensland

thiotricha balanopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )

thiotricha chrysopa meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland

thiotricha clidias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , celon

thiotricha cuneiformis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )

thiotricha delacma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft

thiotricha margarodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : rosewood , queensland

thiotricha pteropis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , ceylon

thiotricha tethela ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )

thiotricha animosella ; meyrick , 1908 , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]

thiotricha majorella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 47 ; [ me3 ] , 37 ( note ) ; [ fe ]

thiotricha niphastis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : york , west australia

thiotricha oxyopis ; bradley , 1961 , bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 ; [ nhm card ]

thiotricha paraconta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : wollongong , new south wales

thiotricha bullata meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales

thiotricha leucothona meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : murrurundi and sydney , new south wales

thiotricha oxytheces meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales

thiotricha prunifolivora ueda & fujiwara , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , takatsuki city , bochikoen

thiotricha parthenica meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; george ' s bay , tasmania

thiotricha angelica bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara

thiotricha eremita bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 , pl . 5 , f . 111 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara

thiotricha melanacma bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 133 , pl . 5 , f . 12 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara

thiotricha tethela bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara

thiotricha subocellea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 51 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75 ; [ fe ]

thiotricha synodonta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

korea , china ( jilin ) , japan , se . siberia . see [ maps ]

chinochrysa diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 10

gelechia ( ptocheuusa ) cleodorella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 355 , pl . 5 , f . 120 ; tl : bogota

ptocheuusa coleella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 255 , pl . 10 , f . 16 ; tl : alpes - maritimes

polyhymno corylella ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 107

dissobola meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 561

polyhumno fusca ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108

gemmulans meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63

polyhymno ? godmani walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 525 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent

polyhymno indistincta ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108

polyhymno laterestriata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 78

lindsayi philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 84

herzegovina , croatia , n . italy , s . france ( alpes - maritimes ) , greece . see [ maps ]

ptocheuusa majorella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 ; tl : herzegovina

microrrhoda meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586

oleariae hudson , 1928 ; butt . & moths n . z . : 254

polyhymno pontifera ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )

larva on symplocos prunifolia ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 81

eu , european russia , china ( gansu , shaanxi , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]

syncentritis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586

mystax trapezoidella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 138 ; tl : kasakewitsch

mystax trichoma caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 136 ; tl : kasakewitsch

polyhymno tylephora meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 68

anacampsis wollastoni walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 545 ; tl : madeira

[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

microlepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54

microlepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv

systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )

zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by " , + " and the number of omitted authors .

attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .

all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .

created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .

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