the maize weevil ( sitophilus zeamais ) , known in the united states as the greater rice weevil , is a species of beetle in the family curculionidae .

it can be found in numerous tropical areas around the world , and in the united states , and is a major pest of maize .

this species attacks both standing crops and stored cereal products , including wheat , rice , sorghum , oats , barley , rye , buckwheat , peas , and cottonseed .

the maize weevil also infests other types of stored , processed cereal products such as pasta , cassava , and various coarse , milled grains .

it has even been known to attack fruit while in storage , such as apples .

maize weevil

maize weevil <EOT> english : maize weevil , greater grain weevil , northern corn weevil , greater rice weevil .

factors contributing to resistance of exotic maize populations to maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais .

rearing the maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais , on an artificial maize - cassava diet .

resistance of maize landraces to the maize weevil sitophilus zeamais motsch . ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) .

efficacy of diatomaceous earth to control internal infestations of rice weevil and maize weevil ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) .

maize weevil ( sitophilus zeamais ) . the maize weevil is slightly larger than the rice weevil and has more distinct colored spots on the forewings . it is a stronger flier than the rice weevil . the habits and life cycle are similar to the rice weevil ( figure 3 ) .

the maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais . © gary alpert , harvard university , urltoken

the maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais adult . ©georg goergen ( source cabi cpc )

against the maize weevil on three maize varieties in the laboratory . this formulation protected stored bambara groundnut against the infestation of

ancient origin and recent range expansion of the maize weevil sitophilus zeamais , and its genealogical relationship to the rice weevil s . oryzae .

pleiotropic impact of endosymbiont load and co - occurrence in the maize weevil sitophilus zeamais .

j . a . ojo and a . a . omoloye , “rearing the maize weevil ,

the maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais adult . photo : usda , ars ( public domain )

periodic physical disturbance : an alternative method for controlling sitophilus zeamais ( maize weevil ) infestation .

insecticide resistance and size assortative mating in females of the maize weevil ( sitophilus zeamais ) .

rice and maize weevils are widely distributed in tropical and sub - tropical areas and will be carried to temperate areas on imported commodities . the maize weevil will breed on maize in the field

the maize weevil is commonly associated with feeding on corn , rice and on other raw or processed cereals .

use of neempro ® , a neem product to control maize weevil sitophilus zeamais ( motsch . ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) on three maize varieties in cameroon

emergence holes of the rice weevil are smaller than those of the granary weevil , and tend to be smooth and round .

“there is only a shell left after a maize weevil completes development , ” toews said . “losses up to 10 percent can occur as result of maize weevils . ”

a comparison of two methods of assessment of maize varietal resistance to the maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais motschulsky , and the influence of kernel hardness and size on susceptibility .

maize weevil image by usda - ars - gmprc image database - license : public domain . ( view image details )

maize weevil pupa image by usda - ars - gmprc image database - license : public domain . ( view image details )

demissie g , tefera t , tadesse a . efficacy of silicosec , filter cake and wood ash against the maize weevil ,

nukenine en , goudoungou jw , adler c , reichmuth c . efficacy of diatomaceous earth and botanical powders against the maize weevil ,

the origin of the maize weevil is not known but now it is found in all warm and tropical parts of the world .

behavioural responses of the maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais , to host ( stored - grain ) and non - host plant volatiles .

siwale j , mbata k , mcrobert j , lungu d . comparative resistance of improved maize genotypes and landraces to maize weevil . afr crop sci j . 2009 ; 17 : 1–16 .

use of neempro® , a neem product to control maize weevil sitophilus zeamais ( motsch . ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) on three maize varieties in cameroon | agriculture & food security | full text

the maize weevil can develop on a range of cereal crops . it is a serious pest of stored maize , dried cassava roots , yam , common sorghum and wheat in the east african region .

detection of gamma radiation - induced dna damage in maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais motschulsky ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) assessed using the comet assay .

distribution of the related weevil species sitophilus oryzae and s . zeamais in brazil .

1 / 8 - to 3 / 16 - inch long . the maize weevil is similar to the rice weevil , but larger accessed 26 september 2007 . very similar in appearance to the rice weevil with characteristics described above , except that the insects are longer , adults reaching a length of 3 - 3 . 5mm

also known as the greater rice weevil . maize weevils are frequently regarded as primary pests of grain since they are able to infest otherwise undamaged grain .

“the maize weevil’s entire life cycle is centered on one kernel of corn , ” said michael toews , the uga entomologist working to control the pest .

detection methods because the maize weevil larvae develop inside the grain it is difficult to detect the pest by visual inspection unless its numbers are very high .

it is possible to confuse the maize weevil with other storage insect pests such as the larger grain borer – lgb ( prostephanus truncatus ) . the end of the body of the maize weevil is more rounded than that of the lgb , and its mouthparts are ' beak - like ' and antennae elbowed .

gelosi a ; arcozzi l , 1983 . maize weevil ( sitophilus zea - mays motschulsky ) . informatore fitopatologico , 33 ( 12 ) : 27 - 30

maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais motschulsky , is a cosmopolitan pest of stored products ( longstaff 1981 ) , and prior to the introduction of the larger grain borer , prostephanus truncatus , it was reported as the most important pest on stored maize in africa . sitophilus zeamais is the dominant species on maize

biological pest control there have been various studies on biological control agents for the maize weevil . various parasitoids ( anisopteromalus calandrae , cephalonomia tarsalis , lariophagus distinguendus and theocolax elegans ) could be effective if introduced early in the storage period . the fungus beauveria bassiana can be used as a biological insecticide to control maize weevil in stored maize . the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis can be used on adults .

this weevil is a cosmopolitan pest of grain , preferring whole grain to flour or meal .

szeoke k , 1989 . the occurrence of the maize weevil ( sitophilus zeamais motsch . ) in hungary . novenyvedelem , 25 ( 4 ) : 162 - 166

detection of gamma radiation - induced dna damage in maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais motschulsky ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) assessed using the come . . . - pubmed - ncbi

a small weevil that lives inside corn kernels is costing georgia growers millions of dollars each year . a university of georgia scientist has teamed up with farmers and county extension agents to put a stop to the maize weevil , the no . 1 insect pest of stored corn .

on the one hand and completely hindered or significantly reduced progeny emergence on the other hand , indicating its potential use in the management of maize weevil . earlier , the same neempro

zhang lili , 1997 . the sensitivity of various development stages of maize weevil to phosphine . acta phytophylacica sinica , 24 ( 4 ) : 347 - 350 ; 6 ref .

j . a . ojo and a . a . omoloye , “life history of the tamarind weevil ,

arnason jt ; beyssac bcde ; philogfne bjr ; bergvinson dj ; serratos ja ; mihm ja , 1997 . mechanisms of resistance in maize grain to the maize weevil and the larger grain borer . insect resistant maize : recent advances and utilization . proceedings of an international symposium held at the international maize and wheat improvement center , 27 november - 3 december 1994 . , 91 - 95 ; [ 11 ref ] .

a female maize weevil chews a hole and then lays an egg inside the kernel . she seals the egg in the kernel so that it’s hidden from view , making detection difficult . when the egg hatches , the young , hungry weevil starts eating away at the valuable commodity . an adult weevil emerges at the end of the life cycle and chews its way out of the kernel .

avoiding infestation is key for corn growers to maintain grain quality , especially when dealing with the threat of the maize weevil , the most dangerous pest a corn grower faces every year .

li ruming ; kang ms ; moreno oj ; pollak lm , 1998 . genetic variability in exotic x adapted maize ( zea mays l . ) germplasm for resistance to maize weevil . plant genetic resources newsletter , no . 114 : 22 - 25 ; 15 ref .

emergence holes of the granary weevil are fairly large and tend to be more ragged than smooth and round .

resembles rice weevil , only bigger and the red - brown spots on wing covers are more clearly marked .

cultural practices the severity of a maize weevil infestation can be reduced by good store hygiene : cleaning the store between harvests , removing and burning infested residues , fumigating the store to eliminate residual infestations and the selection of only uninfested material for storage . harvesting the maize as soon as possible after it has reached maturity will reduce the chances of attack by maize weevil and other storage pests . the use of resistant cultivars may also reduce the severity of an infestation .

nukenine en , monglo b , awasom i , tchuenguem ffn , ngassoum mb . farmers’ perception on some aspects of maize production , and infestation levels of stored maize by

avoiding infestation is key for corn growers to maintain grain quality , especially when dealing with the threat of the maize weevil , the most dangerous pest a corn grower faces every year . download image

cabi . ( 2010 ) . sitophilus zeamais ( maize weevil ) datasheet . crop protection compendium , 2010 edition . cab international publishing . wallingford , uk . urltoken accessed on 28 jan 2010 .

the maize weevil is found in all warm and tropical parts of the world . it is a pest of stored maize , dried cassava , yam , common sorghum and wheat . both adults and larvae feed on internally on maize grains and an infestation can start in the field ( when the cob is still on the plant ) but most damage occurs in storage .

v . choubey , r . bhandari , and n . kulkarni , “life history and morphology of seed weevil ,

maize weevils , for a long time were referred to as a larger strain or race of the rice weevil , but are now recognized as a distinct species . the maize weevil is slightly larger , up to one - eighth inch ( four mm ) long , and darker than the rice weevil ; the degree of variation within each species makes them difficult to tell apart . the thorax of the maize weevil is densely and uniformly pitted with round punctures . an egg hatches in a few days into a soft , white , legless , fleshy grub which feeds on the interior of the grain kernel . after the larval stages are completed the grub changes to a white pupa and later emerges as an adult beetle .

david e . legg , robert j . barney , philip w . tipping , j . g . rodriguez ; factors influencing the distribution of maize weevil ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) eggs on maize , environmental entomology , volume 16 , issue 3 , 1 june 1987 , pages 809–813 , urltoken

achiano ka ; giliomee jh ; pringle kl , 1999 . the use of ash from aloe marlothii berger for the control of maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais motschulsky ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) , in stored maize . african entomology , 7 ( 1 ) : 169 - 172 ; 13 ref .

uga grains agronomist dewey lee said maize weevils have been a big problem for corn growers . lee suggests that growers look for maize weevils around the edges of the field first .

the maize weevil ( sitophilus zeamais ) can be separated from the granary weevil ( s . granarius ) by the presence of wings beneath the elytra ( absent in s . granarius ) and by having circular , rather than oval , punctures on the prothorax . the larvae of the two species are not easy to separate .

adults are reddish brown beetles with a characteristic long weevil snout and have 4 yellow to red spots on the elytra .

protected the three maize varieties . these results corroborate earlier findings of demissie et al . [

the greater rice weevil is a pest of stored product . they are small brown black weevils with a long slender snout and four reddish brown spots on the wing covers ( two spots on each wing cover ) . the head and thorax are nearly as long as the wing covers . it is similar to the rice weevil ( sitophilus oryzae ) but slightly larger with more clearly marked red - brown spots on the wing covers . the greater rice weevil is a stronger flier than the rice weevil

adults are identical in external appearance to the rice weevil ( sitophilus oryzae ) ; dissection required to distinguish between the species .

and since maize weevils can grow from egg to egg laying adult in less than one month , they can be a formidable foe in and around the home . if you suspect you have maize weevil activity , there are several things you must do to knock out current activity and insure new populations won’t quickly emerge .

perez - mendoza j , 1999 . survey of insecticide resistance in mexican populations of maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais motschulsky ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . journal of stored products research , 35 ( 1 ) : 107 - 115 .

weevil - damaged grain can be readily recognised by the presence of large holes which are the exit holes of the emerging adults .

the weevil infests the corn in the field and continues to develop after the corn is placed in the grain bin for storage .

the greater rice weevil is a serious pest of stored grain and seeds . they are a primary pest of grain as they can infest undamaged grain . they feed on grain , maize , rice , peas , cottonseed and other stored products . in america , they are a major pest of corn and known as maize weevils .

) . genetic variability for resistance to s . zeamais in domestic us maize germplasm has been identified by

ndungu mw ; chhabra sc ; lwande w , 1999 . cleome hirta essential oil as livestock tick ( rhipicephalus appendiculatus ) and maize weevil ( sitophilus zeamais ) repellent . fitoterapia , 70 ( 5 ) : 514 - 516 ; 7 ref .

the mechanism of resistance in maize to s . zeamais was investigated in relation to secondary chemistry and other biochemical and physical characteristics of maize genotypes . phenolic acid content was correlated strongly with hardness of the grain (

( coleoptera : bostrichidae ) in stored maize grains . plant protect sci . 2013 ; 49 : 34–43 .

the effect of different isolates and formulations of beauveria bassiana on s . zeamais in stored maize are reported by

oliveira ee ; guedes rnc ; tótola mr ; marco júnior pde , 2007 . competition between insecticide - susceptible and - resistant populations of the maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais . chemosphere , 69 ( 1 ) : 17 - 24 . urltoken ; = 13b6470a7ee489fc35340c08d01cb34e

motschulsky ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) on maize . jul . kühn . archiv . 2010 ; 425 : 881–7 .

plus , do you want to be feeding your family something that’s laced with dead maize weevils ? probably not .

maize damaged by sitophilus zeamais . photo : frank peairs , colorado state university , urltoken ( cc - by )

the deoxyribonucleic acid ( dna ) comet assay , being a quick , simple , sensitive , reliable and fairly inexpensive method for measuring dna strand breaks , has been used to assess dna damage caused by gamma radiation in developmental stages of maize weevil sitophilus zeamais motschulsky .

adult maize weevils are 3 – 3 . 5 mm long , dark brown – black in colour and shiny and pitted with numerous punctures . the punctures on the thorax are in an irregular pattern while those on the elytra ( wing cases ) are in lines . the elytra also usually have four pale reddish - brown or orange - brown oval markings . the maize weevil has the characteristic rostrum ( snout or beak ) and elbowed antennae of the family curculionidae ( weevil family ) . the antennae have eight segments and are often carried in an extended position when the insect is walking . the larvae of maize weevils are white , fleshy and legless .

motschulsky ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) on three maize genotypes . j stored prod res . 2008 ; 44 : 227–31 .

the female lays an average of 10 eggs on a grain of maize and the hatched larvae bore into the grain .

sitophilus zeamais is a key pest of stored maize causing serious economic damage . the predominant control of this pest is the use of synthetic residual pesticides , which have adverse effects on consumers and environment . the use of phytochemicals for controlling storage pests constitutes an attractive alternative to synthetic products , since plant may be more biodegradable and safer . the aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of neempro ® against the maize weevil on three maize varieties in the laboratory and the effect of the insecticide on seed germination .

minimum life cycle : 28 days eggs - laid in stored cereal grains and in cereals in the field by flying adults ( more prolific than granary weevil ) . larvae - feed in grain . adults - also feed ; normally cannot over winter in temperate areas unless grain heats . good flyer ; larger than rice weevil .

floyd eh ; newsom ld , 1959 . biological study of the rice weevil complex . annals of the entomological society of america , 52 : 687 - 695 .

neempro ® may be used as alternative to malagrain for the protection of stored maize against the infestation of s . zeamais .

. in brazil , tests were carried out with maize cultivars to evaluate the attractiveness and oviposition preference of s . zeamais (

ukeh , d . a . , birkett , m . a . , bruce , t . j . a . , allan , e . j . , pickett , j . a . , and mordue luntz , a . j . 2010 . behavioural responses of the maize weevil ,

progeny were achieved at 12 g / kg . all tested concentrations completely suppressed the population increase of the weevil , had no damaged grains and recorded no weight loss .

arthur fh ; throne je ; maier de ; montross md , 1998 . feasibility of aeration for management of maize weevil populations in corn stored in the southern united states : model simulations based on recorded weather data . american entomologist , 44 ( 2 ) : 118 - 123 ; 17 ref .

the adult rice weevil is 2 . 5 - 3 . 5 mm long and has a slender , hard - shelled bodies that appear pitted or scarred with tiny holes .

maize weevil populations build up the longer the maize is kept in store so it is important to inspect the stock regularly . if the pest is found then some form of treatment will be required . synthetic pyrethroid insecticides such as permethrin and deltamethrin are not very effective against maize weevils which are more susceptible to organophosphorus insecticides such as fenitrothion and pirimiphos - methyl . fumigation with phosphine or methyl bromide is very effective in large - scale stores . also grain stocks may be fumigated with phosphine . pesticides are poisons so it is essential to follow all safety precautions on labels .

maier de ; adams wh ; throne je ; mason lj , 1996 . temperature management of the maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais motsch . ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) , in three locations in the united states . journal of stored products research , 32 ( 3 ) : 255 - 273 ; 27 ref .

the responses of s . zeamais to pheromone and synthetic maize volatiles as lures in crevice or flight traps have been studied in kenya (

partridge ij , 1973 . the control of insects in stored maize . fiji agricultural journal , 35 ( 2 ) : 100 - 101

a . merville , a . vallier , s . venner et al . , “determining the instar of a weevil larva ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) using a parsimonious method , ”

howe rw , 1952 . the biology of the rice weevil , calandra oryzae ( l . ) . annals of applied biology , 39 ( 1 ) : 68 - 180 .

there is generally no external evidence that the larvae have been eating and growing inside the seed until after about one month when the adult weevil chews through the seed coat and emerges .

a sterilizing dose of gamma radiation from cobalt - 60 was determined for adults of s . zeamais on rice , maize and wheat grains (

investigations concerning the influence of four weevil densities , three oviposition / feeding periods , two maize genotypes ( susceptible and resistant ) , and three kernel densities on the aggregation of maize weevil ( mw ) , sitophilus zeamais motschulsky , eggs indicated that each had a significant impact on egg distribution . results showed that egg aggregation generally increased with increasing mw density and duration of oviposition / feeding period , but the specific response depended on kernel density and maize genotype . these findings serve to illustrate the influence of four environmental factors on the biology and ecology of the mw , as quantified by changes in egg distribution , and may aid in the identification of factors ( such as resistant varieties ) that can be manipulated to the detriment of the insect pest in a pest management program on stored grains .

the adult granary weevil is a somewhat cylindrical beetle about two - tenths of an inch ( two to three mm ) long . the head is prolonged with a distinct snout extending downward from the head for a distance of about one - fourth the length of the body . the weevil is polished red brown to black with ridged wing - covers and a well - marked thorax with oval pits . unlike the rice and maize weevils , the granery weevil cannot fly . the egg hatches in a few days into a soft , white , legless , fleshy grub which feeds on the interior of the grain kernel . the grub changes to a naked white pupa and later emerges as an adult beetle .

li zhaohui ; zheng fangqiang ; ye baohua ; liu guilin , 1998 . bionomics of lariophagus distinguendus foerster ( hym . : pteromalidae ) and its control effect on maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais motschulsky ( col . : curculionidae ) . journal of shandong agricultural university , 29 ( 4 ) : 427 - 430 ; 5 ref .

adult granary weevil live an average of about seven to eight weeks . each female lays 50 to 200 white eggs during this period . the female uses her strong mandibles to chew a small hole in the grain kernel , where she deposits a single egg in the hole and seals it with a gelatinous fluid . in warm weather , the granary weevil can develop from egg to adult in about five weeks . cold weather prolongs development . the granary weevil cannot fly and so is most likely to be found where grain is stored , and moves with infested grain .

e . n . nukenine , b . monglo , l . awason , l . s . t . ngamo , f . f . n . tchuenguem , and m . b . ngassoum , “farmer ' s percppection on some aspects of maize production , and infestation levels of stored maize by

] where 30 undamaged grains of each maize variety seed in each jar were randomly selected . the number of germinated seeds was recorded after 10 days .

to make matters worse , maize weevils can complete a new generation in just 25 days . their maximum rate of increase is a factor of 25 , meaning if there are only 25 maize weevils in january , they can reproduce to 625 by february and 15 , 625 by march , he said .

natural carbon dioxide production in stored maize is affected by moisture content , the amount of broken corn and foreign materials and infestation by s . zeamais (

pantenius cu , 1988 . storage losses in traditional maize granaries in togo . insect science and its application , 9 ( 6 ) : 725 - 735

the granary weevil is among the most destructive of all stored grain insects . the larvae develop inside kernels of whole grain in storage . this makes an infestation difficult to remove in the milling process .

category : lw minimum life cycle : 28 days . distribution : tropical and temperate areas on cereal grains . biology : eggs - laid in stored cereal grains and in cereals in the field by flying adults ( more prolific than granary weevil ) . larvae - feed in grain . adults - also feed ; normally cannot overwinter in temperate areas unless grain heats . good flyer ; larger than rice weevil .

4 ) now that you’ve treated all cabinets , pantries , rooms and baseboards where adults may be hiding , install some of our maize weevil pheromone traps where you have or suspect activity . these traps use strong pheromones and sex attractants to lure adults . once they crawl or fly into the holding tray , the thick catching oil will hold them for good .

in stored maize , heavy infestations of these pests may cause weight losses of as much as 30 - 40 % , although losses are commonly 4 - 5 % . s . zeamais has been found to be amongst the most important pests of maize in a number of studies ; in south carolina , usa , (

o . e . bailez , a . m . viana - bailez , j . o . g . de lima , and d . d . o . moreira , “life - history of the guava weevil ,

) . mortality increased with powder content and time post - exposure . at the highest dosage of 6 g / kg , 100 , 95 and 89 % adult weevil mortality was achieved in clh103 , cms8501 and shaba , respectively , within 14 days of exposure . for the same time - point and in the same order , the lowest dosage of 0 . 75 g / kg caused 43 , 18 and 10 % weevil mortality . the lc

describes use of carbon dioxide - controlled atmosphere in brazil for the control of s . zeamais on maize and wheat . carbon dioxide at concentrations of 50 % and 60 % killed all life stages of the weevil after 10 days of exposure . in another study with fumigation periods of 15 and 20 days , the concentrations of 40 % , 50 % and 60 % eliminated all stages of the insects (

as the name implies , they like maize . however , maize weevils can be found eating just about anything in the home . more common food stuff they like include seeds of all types , dried beans , cotton , nuts , cereal , any wheat product , corn , flour , pasta , bread and other grain products found in any home .

pupation takes about 1 week at which time adults will emerge . maize weevils present more of a nuisance than other pantry pests because adults feed just as much as their larva preferring a wider range of things to eat . since they fly well and are small , maize weevils can move throughout the home easily finding all kinds of things to eat .

mohammed - dawd e ; morallo - rejesus b , 2000 . heat treatment for the control of corn weevil , sitophilus zeamais motsch . in stored corn . shashpa , 7 ( 1 ) : 57 - 62 ; 13 ref .

“farmers should harvest the edges of their field and separate that grain from the rest to try and prevent maize weevils from infesting the rest of the crop , ” he said .

revetti lm , 1972 . irradiation of grains . i . irradiation of maize ( zea mays l . ) . agronomia tropical , 22 ( 5 ) : 497 - 507 .

nansen c ; phillips tw ; palmer mw , 2004 . analysis of the insect community in a maize storage facility . ecological research , 19 ( 2 ) : 197 - 207 .

variation was observed in the developmental biology and description of sitophilus zeamais cultured on the selected cereal grains . s . zeamais has seven life stages comprising egg ( ) , four larval instars ( ) , prepupa / pupa ( ) , and adult ( ) . no significant difference ( > 0 . 05 , f = 0 . 56 , and df = 3 ; > 0 . 05 , f = 0 . 17 , and df = 3 ) were observed in maize weevil oviposition and egg incubation period across the maize , rice , sorghum , and millet tested . the oviposition period ranged from 9 to 29 d , with the lowest and highest mean oviposition period of 20 . 3 and 22 . 2 d on millet and maize , respectively ( table 1 ) . the egg incubation period ranged between 3 and 7 d ; the lowest mean was recorded on rice with 5 . 1 d and the highest was observed on millet with 5 . 4 d . total average number of eggs laid was not significantly varied ( > 0 . 05 , f = 1 . 22 , and df = 3 ) among the cereal grains , with the highest and lowest mean fecundity being found on maize ( ) and millet ( ) , respectively . also , there was significant different ( < 0 . 05 , f = 3 . 99 , and df = 3 ) adult longevity found among the cereals used ; adult maize weevil significantly lived longest on maize and millet ( and d ) than on rice and sorghum ( and . 07 days ) , respectively ( table 1 ) .

) . however , there were slight differences of all the parameters in shaba variety . moreover , no undamaged grain was found in untreated tests and that was for the three maize varieties .

) . from the dosages of 1 . 5 g / kg in clh103 and 3 g / kg in cms8501 , the populations of the weevil were completely suppressed as in malagrain . no alive insects were recorded after 4 months of maize storage , while with the highest content of 6 g / kg , 15 alive weevils were registered in shaba variety . in addition , there were no significant differences between the main effects of the rate , neempro

progeny emergence in clh103 , cms8501 and shaba , respectively . higher concentration levels roughly achieved complete suppression of progeny emergence in the three maize varieties . no progeny emergence was observed in malagrain treatments .

throne je . life history of immature maize weevils ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) on corn stored at constant temperatures and relative humidities in the laboratory . environ entomol . 1994 ; 23 : 1459–71 .

adult beetle is a pest of stored maize , but also infests other types of grain . larva bores tubular passages into the grain , typically making one main tunnel with smaller ones branching off .

values of 0 . 04 and 0 . 13 g / kg , respectively . within 1 day of exposure , adult weevils exposed to malagrain were dead and that was on the three maize varieties .

maize weevils are a small insect , about 1 / 16 to 1 / 8 of an inch long . they are mostly brown to black in color and can have spots on their thorax and abdomen .

the larval feeding cause the most damage due to contamination with excrement and cocoons is immense . besides tobacco , the pest infests cocoa , nuts , dried fruits , coffee , corn maize , wheat and spice

found throughout the world , maize weevils are a pest which can be controlled like many other pantry pests . find the route of entry , discard infested food or belongings and treat with both residual insecticides and traps .

throne je , 1994 . life history of immature maize weevils ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) on corn stored at constant temperatures and relative humidities in the laboratory . environmental entomology , 23 ( 6 ) : 1459 - 1471

) . three trap types ( probe , cone and sticky ) were used to monitor s . zeamais populations infesting shelled maize housed in galvanized steel storage bins . the results of this study were similar to those reported by

) , and oils of coconut , sunflower , sesame and mustard , alone and in combination with eucalyptol , eugenol or camphor have been found to be toxic to s . zeamais in wheat and maize - treated grains (

] reported similar findings where neemazal did not have negative effects on maize seed germination ( germination rates of 92 . 23 % at 3 g / kg to 97 . 77 % at 12 g / kg were recorded ) .

arbogast rt ; throne je , 1997 . insect infestation of farm - stored maize in south carolina : towards characterization of a habitat . journal of stored products research , 33 ( 3 ) : 187 - 198 ; 30 ref .

ayuk - takem ja ; chheda hr ; eckebil jp , 1982 . problems and potentials of maize research and production in cameroon ( zea mays l . ) . revue science et technique , 2 ( 4 ) : 5 - 16

there are many pantry pests which can infest homes and businesses . though meal moths , grain beetles and flour beetles are very common , maize weevils are just as likely to be the unwanted insect in such areas . maize weevils are small and easy to kill , but they can complete their life cycle quickly . adult females will start laying eggs almost immediately so once you have some activity in a structure , its sure to blossom into a problem which will need attention .

hamel d , 2007 . storing maize in stores and protection from pests . ( cuvanje kukuruza u skladi ? tu i za ? tita od ? tetnika . ) glasilo biljne za ? tite , 7 ( 5 ) : 344 - 349 .

hidalgo e ; moore d ; patourel gl , 1998 . the effect of different formulations of beauveria bassiana on sitophilus zeamais in stored maize . journal of stored products research , 34 ( 2 / 3 ) : 171 - 179 ; 21 ref .

richter j ; biliwa a ; henning - helbig s , 1998 . efficacy of dust formulated insecticides in traditional maize stores in west africa . journal of stored products research , 34 ( 2 / 3 ) : 181 - 187 ; 16 ref .

dobie p , 1974 . the laboratory assessment of the inherent susceptibility of maize varieties to post - harvest infestation by sitophilus zeamais motsch . ( coleoptera , curculionidae ) . journal of stored products research , 10 ( 3 / 4 ) : 183 - 197

moreno - martinez e ; jiménez s ; vázquez me , 2000 . effect of sitophilus zeamais and aspergillus chevalieri on the oxygen level in maize stored hermetically . journal of stored products research , 36 ( 1 ) : 25 - 36 ; 33 ref .

now if you’ve been seeing maize weevils foraging on kitchen counter tops or the floor , the xlure trap will be better suited for these “out in the open” placements . the xlure trap has a protective , hard plastic body to the trap and the catching gel , bait and pheromone is located safely inside out of sight . maize weevils will readily find their way inside and get caught but because of it’s design , the xlure traps are best suited for trap placements that need to be done out in the open .

brown sl ; lee rd , 2002 . effect of planting date , variety and degree of ear maturation on the colonization of field corn by maize weevils ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . journal of entomological science , 37 ( 2 ) : 137 - 142 .

weevils were shown to carry significant a . flavus contamination , as well as f . moniliforme and p . islandicum and others . dry maize is not for human consumption but for animal feed and export . because of problems with aflatoxin contamination and insect infestation , recent crops have met with reduced prices maize weevils carried a great collection of other fungi including a . niger , a . glaucus , a . candidus , penicillium islandicum , p . citrinum , paecilomyces , acremonium , epicoccum , f . semitectum , yeasts and many others .

helbig j , 1998 . ability of naturally occurring parasitoids to suppress the introduced pest prostephanus truncatus ( horn ) ( coleoptera , bostrichidae ) in traditional maize stores in togo . journal of stored products research , 34 ( 4 ) : 287 - 295 ; 26 ref .

sone jin , 1999 . carbon dioxide production in stored maize as affected by moisture content , level of broken corn and foreign materials and infestation by sitophilus zeamais motschulsky . journal of asia - pacific entomology , 2 ( 2 ) : 133 - 141 ; 23 ref .

oduor gi ; smith sm ; chandi ea ; karanja lw ; agano jo ; moore d , 2000 . occurrence of beauveria bassiana on insect pests of stored maize in kenya . journal of stored products research , 36 ( 2 ) : 177 - 185 ; 25 ref .

figure 1 : relationship between head capsule width and larval development of s . zeamais on cereals ( 24–30°c ; 60 ± 10 % rh ; 12 h photophase ) : ( a ) maize , ( b ) rice , ( c ) sorghum , and ( d ) millet .

) . respiration by fungi including aspergillus spp . appears to have a greater influence on carbon dioxide production in stores than the presence of insects . under sealed storage conditions in maize , insects and fungi both deplete the oxygen supply , creating an unfavourable atmosphere for their own survival (

the rice weevil is a small snout beetle which varies in size , but it averages about three thirty - seconds inch in length . it varies from a dull red - brown to black , and is usually marked on the back with four light red to yellow spots . the rice weevil has fully developed wings beneath its wing covers and can fly readily . the thorax is densely pitted with somewhat irregularly shaped punctures , except for a smooth narrow strip extending down the middle of the back . the larval stage of this insect is a soft , white , legless , fleshy grub which feeds on the interior of the grain kernel . when mature , the grub changes to a naked white pupa and later emerges as an adult beetle .

kossou , d . k . , and bosque - berez , n . a . 1998 . insect pests of maize in storage : biology and control , 3rd ed . iita research guide 32 . training programme . international institute of tropical agriculture ( iita ) , ibadan , nigeria .

maize weevils were reared on whole clean , undamaged and disinfested maize grains shaba , the composite mostly grown by adamawa farmers under ambient laboratory conditions . adult weevils were obtained from a colony kept since 2005 in the laboratory of entomology at the university of ngaoundere . maize grains were sterilised in cold chamber at −14 °c for 21 days to kill any incipient infestation . the sterilised grains were conditioned during 14 days prior to rearing or bioassay processes . twenty adults were released into ten glass jars ( 900 ml capacity ) containing 500 g of conditioned grains each . the adults were removed after 2 weeks and the grains were kept under ambient laboratory conditions [ temperature ( t ) = 21 . 9–24 . 4 °c and relative humidity ( rh ) = 75 . 3–78 % ] for the development of progenies . adults aged 7–14 days and mixed sexes were used for all bioassays .

maize weevils lay eggs with a glue like excretion which helps to attach them to surfaces where food is likely to be available . this helps to keep them in place so that just “wiping” a damp rag over the area is never enough ; vacuuming will no doubt help to remove more .

apply it with one of our pump sprayers which will allow you to get good coverage quickly . focus in on baseboards , moldings and floor joists if accessible . since rodenticide is one of their favorite foods , be sure to check any bait placements you have done in the last couple of years . attics are common areas where maize weevils thrive and then find their way inside living areas . if you have an attic with rodenticide , be sure to remove any suspected of feeding maize weevils and treat with defense to insure migrating adults won’t be able to find their way inside .

prior to filling the bins , it is essential that growers thoroughly clean out any old grain and clear vegetation around the outside of the bin where insects could be , he said . maize weevils are strong fliers and can easily move from spilled grain and residues into the newly harvested crop .

figure 2 : frequency distribution of the head capsule width of larval instar of s . zeamais on different cereal grains ( 24–30°c ; % rh ; 12 h photophase ) : ( ( a ) maize ; ( b ) rice ; ( c ) sorghum ; and ( d ) millet ) .

estimated the toxicity of deltamethrin to a number of resistant and susceptible populations of s . zeamais in traditional maize stores in togo . in another study , a treatment with pirimiphos - methyl and deltamethrin was most effective in traditional granaries after pirimiphos - methyl , deltamethrin and permethrin were applied in various combinations (

the female weevil chews a hole in the grain and deposits a small oval white egg inside . the egg hatches into a white legless grub which feeds inside the grain . the larvae pupate inside the grain and emerge as adult beetles by biting a circular exit hole through the grain . a female can lay 300 - 400 eggs in her life time . adults live for five to eight months .

if you are not sure if something has activity , store it in a plastic bag and check it every day to two . if there are any maize weevils in the food , they will try to get out within a week or two . if some are found , throw away the entire bag immediately .

to control the pest , toews is evaluating grain protectants — insecticides that are applied at very low rates ( as low as 1 part per million ) to prevent maize weevils from eating stored corn . “we are looking at different chemistries to find solutions that are most appropriate for south georgia and alabama conditions , ” he said .

adda , c . , borgemeister , c . , biliwa , a . , meikle , w . g . , markham , r . h . , and poehling , h . - m . 2002 . integrated pest management in post - harvest maize : a case study from the republic of togo ( west africa ) .

meikle wg ; markham rh ; holst n ; djomamou b ; schneider h ; vowotor ka , 1998 . distribution and sampling of prostephanus truncatus ( coleoptera : bostrichidae ) and sitophilus zeamais ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) in maize stores in benin . journal of economic entomology , 91 ( 6 ) : 1366 - 1374 ; 41 ref .

means in the same column for the same maize variety , followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at p = 0 . 05 ( tukey’s test ) ; number of replicates : 4 ; * * * p < 0 . 001 ; f value : a ratio of two variances—the “between group” variance and the “within - group” variance

both s . oryzae and s . zeamais are able to develop on a wide range of cereals and also on processed cereal products such as pasta . however , food preferences of the two species are variable ; it is clear that s . zeamais is predominantly found associated with maize grain , whereas s . oryzae is associated with wheat .

hodges rj ; hall dr ; mbugua jn ; likhayo pw , 1998 . the responses of prostephanus truncatus ( coleoptera : bostrichidae ) and sitophilus zeamais ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) to pheromone and synthetic maize volatiles as lures in crevice or flight traps . bulletin of entomological research , 88 ( 2 ) : 131 - 139 ; 29 ref .

the egg incubation period of five days observed among food hosts was similar to what was obtained in other related coleopterans , three to four days for s . rugicollis [ 21 ] and five days for s . oryzae when it was cultured on maize grains [ 22 ] , whereas it was three days for s . linearis cultured on tamarind [ 17 ] and four days for conotrachelus psidii [ 23 ] . there was variation in mean egg laid by mated female s . zeamais in relation to food hosts ( range between 54 and 67 eggs ) with more eggs laid on maize over a period of almost 22 days . s . zeamais could live for 117 to 126 days on cereals , with longest duration occurring on millet , maize , rice , and sorghum in that order . this variation could be a result of food hosts used and prevailing environmental conditions . the developmental biology of s . zeamais could be influenced by this moderate fecundity and oviposition , shorter larval period , and ability to breed easily on any cereal crop .

maize weevils start their life as a small caterpillar like larva which hatches on some type of food like a wheat grain , seed or nut . eggs will hatch within a couple of days of being laid and feed immediately . feeding will occur for 1 - 3 weeks and then larva will spin a cocoon in which they will pupate to an adult .

richter j ; biliwa a ; henning - helbig s , 1997 . losses and pest infestation in different maize storage systems with particular emphasis on prostephanus truncatus ( horn ) ( col . , bostrichidae ) in togo . anzeiger fu ^ umlaut ~ r scha ^ umlaut ~ dlingskunde , pflanzenschutz , umweltschutz , 70 ( 6 ) : 112 - 116 ; 21 ref .

maize weevils are small , fast and quick to hide when ever people are around disturbing where they have been feeding . many will go unnoticed and missed so it is best to treat every cabinet to be sure you get proper coverage . let the treatment dry for 1 hour and all dishes and food stuff can then go back away without hazard to people or pets .

good store hygiene plays an important role in limiting infestation by s . oryzae and s . zeamais . the removal of infested residues from last season ' s harvest is essential . the use of resistant maize varieties has also shown some potential in slowing the build - up of insect densities in stores . phenolic compounds have been associated with grain resistance to s . zeamais .

okonkwo eu ; okoye wi , 1996 . the efficacy of four seed powders and the essential oils as protectants of cowpea and maize grains against infestation by callosobruchus maculatus ( fabricius ) ( coleoptera : bruchidae ) and sitophilus zeamais ( motschulsky ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) in nigeria . international journal of pest management , 42 ( 3 ) : 143 - 146 ; 13 ref .

were 0 . 75 , 1 . 5 , 3 and 6 g / kg after preliminary studies . these rates were obtained by adding 0 . 0375 , 0 . 075 , 0 . 15 and 0 . 3 g of the insecticide powder to 50 g of maize grains of each variety in a glass jar and shaken well by hands during 4 min to get uniform coating . twenty ( 7–14 days old ) adult weevils of mixed sexes were introduced into each jar . each treatment was repeated four times . treated and untreated controls were included . in the treated control , 0 . 025 g of malagrain was introduced in 50 g grains of each maize variety ( 0 . 5 g / kg , recommended dose ) . for untreated control , neither neempro

the study shows that neempro ® is very effective against s . zeamais on the grains of three maize varieties ( clh103 , cms8501 and shaba ) . this insecticide , not only kills the adult weevils , but also affects their progeny production . additionally , it protects stored grains of the three varieties for 4 months without affecting the seed germination power . however , the product seems to have protected clh103 and cms8501 varieties more than shaba . therefore , neempro ® can be used as post - harvest grain protectant against the infestation of the noxious s . zeamais . with this in mind , further research is needed in the future to investigate the effect of this botanical insecticide on other stored products pests and to determine the biochemical parameters of the three maize varieties .

the only way to control these pests is fumigation . since it is an internal pest , residual control will only kill exposed adults . to kill the internal stages ( larval and pupal ) , you must fumigate . heating grain to 60c can kill larvae , however , this may decrease germination and baking quality of flour . “if you dry corn in the field , the corn will become infested with maize weevils , ” says extension agricultural engineer paul sumner . “once a weevil feeds on an ear of corn it ' ll emit a pheromone which will attract other maize weevils to that area . they subsequently lay eggs in the mature kernels , and adult weevils emerge within 2 - 3 weeks . ” by delaying harvest in the field , growers allow a second infestation of weevils in the corn , says sumner . “it ' s going to occur anyway in our part of the country . do you leave corn in the field and let it dry , or do you harvest it after it has field dried ? then , do you store it or sell it immediately ? ” if you plan on storing corn , then you ' ll have to place some insecticide on it to prevent a regular occurring infestation of weevils inside the storage bin , he says .

s . oryzae and s . zeamais are very important pests of cereals . in maize or sorghum , attack may start in the mature crop when the moisture content of the grain has fallen to 18 - 20 % . subsequent infestations in store result from the transfer of infested grain into store or from the pest flying into storage facilities , probably attracted by the odour of the stored grain .


telphusa amphichroma is a moth of the family gelechiidae .

it is found in south africa .

the wingspan is about 13 mm .

the forewings are grey irrorated with whitish and with an ochreous-brownish streak along the costa from the base , on the median third becoming an irregular patch reaching half across the wing , the apical third represented by some indefinite brownish suffusion .

there is a blackish-grey patch occupying the basal two-fifths of the dorsum and reaching half across the wing , where a dark grey streak extends along the dorsum to the tornus , its posterior portion enlarged as an irregular patch to meet the costal ochreous-brown patch , and terminated by some raised blackish scales .

the plical and first discal stigmata are cloudy , blackish , the plical slightly anterior , resting on the edge of the dorsal streak , the first discal on the edge of the costal patch .

the hindwings are grey , paler and thinly scaled anteriorly .

telphusa amphichroma

telphusa amphichroma <EOT> telphusa amphichroma meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 286 ; tl : barberton

telphusa iosticta meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 92

telphusa necromantis meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 194

telphusa xyloptera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 11 ) : 350

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telphusa chloroderces meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 487 ; tl : manchuria

telphusa semiusta meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : china , shanghai

nuntia omelko , 1995 ; biol . issled . gornot . stants . 2 : 242 ; ts : telphusa necromantis meyrick

telphusa calathaea meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 286 ; tl : barberton

telphusa conviciata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 487 ; tl : assam , cherrapunji

telphusa improvida meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 275 ; tl : bombay , karwar

telphusa melanozona meyrick , 1913 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 3 ) : 65 ; tl : bengal , pusa

larva on ( for telphusa agrifolia ) quercus agrifolia braun , 1921 , ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 9

telphusa auxoptila meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 276 ; tl : colombia , san antonie

telphusa microsperma meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 69

telphusa phaulosema meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 70

telphusa delatrix meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 17 ; tl : peru , iquitos

telphusa nephelaspis meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 276 ; tl : kumaon , muktesar , 7000ft

telphusa objecta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 70 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury

telphusa orgilopis meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 16 ; tl : brazil , para

telphusa retecta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 70 ; tl : natal , karkloof

telphusa smaragdopis meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 275 ; tl : costa rica , san josé

= telphusa longifasciella ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 258

telphusa iriditis meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 282 ; tl : sw . protectorate , narugas

telphusa melanoleuca walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 56 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft

telphusa obligata busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 15 ; tl : la chorrera , panama

telphusa nigrimaculata braun , 1923 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 12 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : escondido bay , california

telphusa medulella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 15 ; tl : porto bello and trinidad r . , panama

telphusa ochrifoliata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 56 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova

telphusa ripula walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 57 , pl . 2 , f . 16 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft

telphusa alexandriacella ; [ nacl ] , # 1855 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee & brown , 2008 , zootaxa 1818 : 54 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 9 ( incertas sedis )

telphusa fasciella ; [ nacl ] , # 1856 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee & brown , 2008 , zootaxa 1818 : 54 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 9 ( incerate sedis )

telphusa - species dictionary - southern africa : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .

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adrasteia alexandriacella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 8 ) : 149 ; tl : alexandria , kentucky

atomatma ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( phthorimaea ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196

larva on prunus persica meyrick , 1929 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 487

canary is . , morocco , sweu , s . france , s . italy , greece . see [ maps ]

lita cistiflorella constant , 1890 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1889 : cxxv

distictella forbes , 1931 ; j . agric . porto rico 15 ( 4 ) : 372

adrasteia fasciella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 8 ) : 149 ; tl : kentucky

larva on odina wodier meyrick , 1926 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 276

gelechia incognitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 100 ; tl : kasakewitsch

nuntia incognitella ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )

larva on ( mines ) euphorbia neriifolia meyrick , 1913 , exot . microlep . 1 ( 3 ) : 65

melitocyela meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 65

penetratrix meyrick , 1931 ; j . linn . soc . lond . ( zool . ) 37 : 279

gelechia perspicua walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 72 ; tl : west indies , haiti

pistaciae sattler , 1982 ; ent . gaz . 33 ( 1 ) : 17

gelechia prasinoleuca meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 161 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft

gelechia quinquedentata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 63 , pl . 2 , f . 19 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft

larva on ( for gelechia nigrorosea ) rhus dioica walsingham , 1904 , ent . mon . mag . 40 : 267

syncratopa meyrickin , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 66

tetragrapta meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 121

bryotropha translucida walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 520 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent ; dominica

[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

expedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths

voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . résultats scientifique . insectes lépidoptères . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,

walsingham , 1911 lepidoptera , heterocera . tineina , pterophorina , orenodina and pyralidina and hepialidina ( part ) biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 1 - 482 , pl . 1 - 10

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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