the black-bellied whistling duck ( dendrocygna autumnalis ) , formerly also called black-bellied tree duck , is a whistling duck that breeds from the southernmost united states and tropical central to south-central south america .

in the usa , it can be found year-round in parts of southeast texas , and seasonally in southeast arizona , and louisiana 's gulf coast .

it is a rare breeder in such disparate locations as arkansas , georgia , tennessee , and south carolina , though it is now a common breeder in parts of central florida .

there is a large population of several hundred that winter each year in audubon park in uptown new orleans , louisiana .

since it is one of only two whistling-duck species native to north america , it is occasionally just known as the " whistling duck " in the southern usa .

black - bellied whistling duck

black - bellied whistling duck <EOT> black - bellied whistling duck is nocturnal animal ( active during the night ) .

figure 1 . distribution of the black - bellied whistling - duck in the americas .

visit the bent life history for extensive additional information on the black - bellied whistling duck .

fulvous whistling - duck fulvous whistling - ducks lack black bellies and have extensive black on their wings and back .

black - bellied whistling - duck : large , colorful duck with bright red bill , pink - red legs and feet . shows white wing patch , black

unlike other ducks , black - bellied whistling duck spends a lot of time on the ground and on the trees .

immature fulvous whistling - duck could be confused with an immature black - bellied whistling - duck . fulvous has a white stripe on the side and dark wings without a wing stripe .

black - bellied whistling duck has orange - red bill , medium - sized , erect body and long neck and legs .

black - bellied whistling duck can reach 18 . 5 to 20 . 1 inches in length and 23 to 36 ounces of weight .

the oldest recorded black - bellied whistling duck was a male , and at least 10 years , 7 months when it was found in louisiana .

diet : black - bellied whistling - duck feeds mainly on plant matter , aquatic plants , grass and grain . it also consumes insects and molluscs .

black - bellied whistling duck is aquatic bird that belongs to the family of ducks . there are two subspecies of black - bellied whistling ducks that can be found in the southern parts of the usa and in the central and south america . black - bellied whistling duck inhabits freshwater ponds , lakes and marshes ( usually near the agricultural fields ) . black - bellied whistling ducks are occasionally on a target of hunters . besides hunting , major threats for their survival are draining of wetlands and pollution of the water with pesticides . despite these factors , black - bellied whistling ducks are still widespread and numerous in the wild .

northern populations of black - bellied whistling ducks migrate toward the mexico and southern parts of texas in the autumn .

black - bellied whistling duck is reddish brown colored . it has grey face and upper part of the neck , black belly and tail and large white patch on the wings . males and females look alike .

the black - bellied whistling - duck is a whistling - duck which may also be called the black - bellied tree duck . it is quite a common species , with populations estimated to range between one and two million individuals . they occur in rice fields and freshwater marshes from southern texas and southern arizona south through central and south america to northern argentina . they are nocturnal feeders , and eat a diet composed mostly of plant life . in past years , hunting activities caused concern for the black - bellied whistling - duck , but recent counts have confirmed that populations are at least stable , if not growing , in north america . due to the large , stable population , the conservation status of the black - bellied whistling - duck is least concern .

the black - bellied whistling - duck ( formerly black - bellied tree duck ) is a highly gregarious neotropical duck that is restricted to the new world . distinguished from all other whistling - ducks by its red bill , pink feet , and white wing - patch , it is more arboreal than other whistling - ducks and vocal in flight , often repeating a whistling pe - che - che - ne . it nests primarily in natural cavities in trees but will readily use nest boxes .

black - bellied whistling ducks live in large flocks of around 1 . 000 birds . they produce whistle - like calls , hence the name " whistling ducks " .

the black - bellied whistling - duck is an unusual species among north american waterfowl . with its long legs , peculiar appearance , and odd habits , it was described by one early american ornithologist as “most un - duck - like . ”

flight : black - bellied whistling - duck flies mainly in the morning and in the evening . they have fast flying ability , but generally , they fly slowly , in large noisy flocks .

females occasionally lay eggs in the nest of other black - bellied whistling ducks . this behavior is known as " egg - dumping " .

also known as the red - billed whistling duck - or tree duck , this species is popular and commonly seen in aviaries in the usa , a little less in europe .

the behavior of black - bellied whistling ducks is similar to fulvous whistling ducks . they prefer the excellent feeding opportunities offered by agricultural lands in close proximity to water , rice culture , and shallow wetlands with exposed mud flats . black - bellied whistling ducks prefer to feed at night but have been observed feeding at all hours of the day .

black - bellied whistling duck is an omnivore ( it eats both plants and meat ) . its diet is based on seed , grass , sedges , corn , rice , wheat , insects , spiders and snails .

black - bellied whistling ducks form monogamous pairs ( they mate for a lifetime ) during the winter . they produce one or two broods per season .

they were formerly known as the black - bellied tree duck ; as this name suggests , they are quite fond of perching . additionally , tree cavities provide nesting sites .

black - bellied whistling ducks commonly feed at night on grain , seeds , some insects and mollusks and leaves and shoots found in fields and shallow water .

bolen , e . g . 1967b . the ecology of the black - bellied tree duck in southern texas . ph . d . thesis , utah state univ . , logan . close

black - bellied whistling ducks are easily recognized . males and females look similar with red bills , pink feet , white wing patches , and black bellies . the head is brownish - gray with a white eye - ring .

the black - bellied whistling - duck is a boisterous duck with a brilliant pink bill and an unusual , long - legged silhouette . in places like texas and louisiana , watch for noisy flocks of these gaudy ducks dropping into fields to forage on seeds , or loafing on golf course ponds . listen for them , too—these ducks really do have a whistle for their call . common south of the u . s . , black - bellied whistling - ducks occur in several southern states and are expanding northward .

black - bellied whistling - ducks have been expanding their range in the southern united states . we have seen some checking out our new addition to the rookery in smith oaks .

natural enemies of black - bellied whistling ducks are great horned owls , raccoons , snakes , bass and catfish ( all , except owls , feed on eggs and ducklings ) .

the black - bellied whistling - duck is mostly reddish - brown , with a black belly , a gray face , a white eye ring , and a reddish orange bill . the leading edge of the wing is similar to the chestnut color of the body . the secondary coverts are white . black primaries have a white base . long wing stripe visible in flight .

black - bellied whistling ducks are migratory in the northern - and southernmost limits of their range . large flocks are often observed in wintering areas in the lowlands of mexico , though formerly more abundant in interior mexico than at present . in the united states , they winter primarily in southern coastal texas . black - bellied whistling duck are widespread and common in central america and south america south to northern argentina ( scott and carbonell , 1986 ) .

perfect for the mixed collection , black - bellied whistling ducks are not trouble makers and will cause no problems to other small species . they do best when kept in small groups .

description black - bellied whistling - ducks are a flashy chestnut bird with a bright orange - red bill , pink legs , and white wing spot . both sexes look alike . whistling - ducks are not actually puddle ducks , but tree ducks .

black - bellied whistling - ducks have expanded their range northward in recent years , but these northern breeders often move south for the winter , while most others are resident year - round .

delnicki , d . e . 1973 . renesting , incubation behavior , and compound clutches of the black - bellied tree duck in southern texas . master ' s thesis , texas tech univ . , lubbock . close

longevity : up to 8 years description : this species , as other whistling ducks , is more closely related to geese and swans than to ducks . they have long neck and legs , and broad wings , and both sexes are similar . when in flight , black - bellied whistling - duck has training wings and rounded wings , making it bigger than it is . its red bill and legs , and the large white wing patch help to identify the species , and make the difference with the fulvous whistling duck which lacks red bill and black belly .

profile by richard gibbons : the black - bellied whistling - duck is a large duck with a long neck , long legs , and short tail . they have a chestnut breast and black belly with a bright pink bill and legs . their face is gray and has a broad , white wing stipe that is visible in flight . true to their name , these ducks do have a whistle for their call . black - bellied whistling - ducks hang out by shallow ponds , gold courses , city parks , and schools . their ability to adopt human - altered habitats has helped them move north into the southern united states .

the whistling - ducks were formerly known as tree - ducks , but only a few , such as the black - bellied whistling - duck actually perch or nest in trees . they look most like ducks , but their lack of sexual dimorphism , relatively long - term pair bonds , and lack of complex pair - forming behavior more resembles geese and swans .

james , j . dale and jonathan e . thompson . 2001 . black - bellied whistling - duck ( dendrocygna autumnalis ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .

voice : sounds by xeno - canto black - bellied whistling - duck’s call is a squealing “pe - chee” . near the nest , parents utter high - pitched , rapid piping and twittering whistles . in flight , they give high piping whistles “pi - yih pyi - pyi” or “chee twee wee wee - wee…”

delnicki , d . and e . g . bolen . 1975 . natural nest site availability for black - bellied whistling ducks in south texas . southwest . nat . no . 20 : 371 - 378 . close

u . s . fish & wildlife service , federal duck stamp office presents : north american waterfowl ( adobe pdf file ) james , j . dale and jonathan e . thompson . 2001 . black - bellied whistling - duck ( dendrocygna autumnalis ) , the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca : cornell lab of ornithology ; retrieved from the birds of north america online

behaviour : black - bellied whistling - duck is often seen perched on trees or shrubs . it feeds on vegetal matter by grazing on the ground , and also dabbling in shallow waters . they feed on submerged vegetation , wading in shallow water . in mexico , they are often seen gleaning in harvested corn fields .

male and female black - bellied whistling ducks are similar in size and color . in general , black - bellied whistling ducks are long - legged , long - necked and the most erect of all ducks . they have a black belly with a chestnut nape , lower neck , chest , and back . a chestnut cap tops the head . they boast a bright orange bill , gray face , and upper neck and white eye ring . the long pink legs are easily observed while they are perched in trees .

cain , b . w . 1976 . energetics of growth for black - bellied tree ducks . condor no . 78 : 124 - 128 . close

habitat : black - bellied whistling - duck lives in wooded marshes , swampy forests , flooded fields and lagoons . it avoids lakes , except with shallow water areas near the shores . they need waters with dense vegetation for feeding , and close trees for nesting . we can find them from sea level to 1500 metres of elevation .

black - bellied whistling - ducks have been expanding their range in the southern u . s . , and the north american breeding bird survey shows strong population growth , estimated at over 6 % per year from 1966–2014 . they are not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list . although it’s legal to hunt whistling - ducks in season , they are only rarely targeted by hunters . like all aquatic species , black - bellied whistling - ducks are vulnerable to poor water quality—in the 1980s birds in mexico were reported with high levels of ddt , dieldrin , and other persistent organic compounds . degradation or clearing of wetlands for can reduce habitat availability ; however , in general black - bellied whistling - ducks seem to be doing well around human development . back to top

protection / threats / status : black - bellied whistling - duck populations are increasing in united states , and they are abundant . this species damages cultivated areas in mexico , and necessary measures must be taken to control populations . healthy coastal wet areas and nest boxes benefit this species . nests on the ground are preyed upon by rats and wolverines .

black - bellied whistling ducks are gregarious . they can often be found perching in trees . while they prefer to nest in natural tree cavities , they will readily use nest boxes and have been reported to nest on the ground as well .

mccamant , r . e . and e . g . bolen . 1979 . a 12 - year study of nest box utilization by black - bellied whistling ducks . j . wildl . manage . no . 43 : 936 - 943 . close

bolen , e . g . 1967a . nesting boxes for black - bellied tree ducks . j . wildl . manage . no . 31 : 68 - 73 .

james , j . d . 2000a . effects of habitat and spatial characteristics on the incidence of conspecific brood parasitism and nest site selection in breeding black - bellied whistling ducks . master ' s thesis , texas a & m ; kingsville , kingsville . close

they also are distinguished by their appearance and behaviors in the field . black - bellied whistling ducks fly slowly in shapeless formations . in flight , they show long necks , trailing legs , and broad wings , but the most distinguishing feature is the contrasting black and white between the upper and lower wings . when standing or perching , the most striking features are the bird ' s namesake stark black belly and sides , along with the red bill and pink feet . biologists recognize two subpopulations of black - bellies .

like black - bellies , fulvous whistling ducks breed during their first year of life . nest initiation occurs from may through august . fulvous whistling ducks nest in rice fields and in wetlands , usually over water among water - tolerant grasses and sedges . females lay 12 eggs on average , and both sexes incubate the eggs . unlike most species of waterfowl , fulvous and black - bellied whistling ducks do not add down to their nest bowls . scientists have also observed that fulvous whistling ducks do not cover their eggs when they depart the nest to feed , possibly because of the high temperatures occurring on their southern breeding grounds .

range black - bellied whistling - ducks are currently undergoing a range expansion . their range consists of large portions of south america and along the coast of central america . today , in the united states , black - bellied whistling - ducks are mostly found along the gulf coast , the southern portion of the mississippi river , and the florida panhandle . in south carolina they are found primarily along the coast , mostly in the southern portion of the state . they have been reported as far inland as aiken county and as far north as georgetown county .

black - bellied whistling - duck : breeds from the southern united states and tropical central to south central south america . it can be found year - round in southeast texas , and seasonally in arizona , and louisiana ' s gulf coast . rare breeder in such disparate locations as florida , arkansas , georgia and south carolina . occurs in quiet , shallow freshwater ponds , and estuarine wetlands and marshes .

available information for black - bellied whistling ducks suggests a stable population in mexico and growing population in texas . about 80 , 000 birds are generally counted along the east and west coasts of mexico each winter , and researchers estimate a breeding population of several thousand in southern texas .

almost independent at hatching . covered with black - and - yellow down , eyes open .

range : black - bellied whistling - duck breeds in extreme south of united states ( texas , arizona , and louisiana ) and also into central and south america to northern argentina . there is a population in florida . it winters from southern texas southwards . they are resident in florida . northern populations may be migratory , moving southwards , but most of populations are resident in their range , apart some local movements according to the food resources .

ducklings are covered with black and white down at birth . they are ready to leave the nest and enter the water ( or walk on the solid ground ) one or two days after hatching . black - bellied whistling ducks learn to fly at the age of 8 weeks , but they stay with their parents until the age of 6 months . they reach sexual maturity at the age of one year .

d . a . autumnalis ( caribbean ) between 100 , 000 - 1 , 000 , 000 ; d . a . bicolor ( neotropics ) > 1 , 000 , 000 ( rose and scott , 1994 ) . black - bellied whistling ducks are susceptible to over - harvest due to their unwary nature .

whistling “pee - chee - chee” , uttered particularly vociferously in flight and becomes an almost . . .

hi dan . i can ' t answer your question about fulgens / discolor , i just followed what is written in birds of ecuador 2001 . i did look at more of my pictures from western ecuador in manabì and they are all gray - chested . the map here on the side is not correct nor is it correct on urltoken or birds of ecuador . the species ( and fulvous whistling - duck and greater ani ) are all the way up the colombian border in nw esmeraldas and at least black - bellied whistling - duck is fairly common there and breeding . i don ' t have any pictures from there but i would assume they are all gray - chested ( = autumnalis )

carboneras , c . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . black - bellied whistling - duck ( dendrocygna autumnalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

black - bellied whistling - ducks eat mainly plant material , including smartweed , grasses , sedges , bindweed , and nightshade . they will also consume agricultural crops of sorghum , rice , corn , millet , and wheat . aquatic animals , such as snails , insects , and spiders are also consumed in small amounts .

black - bellied whistling ducks nest in the cavities of trees , in the nest boxes or on the ground , using little nesting material . female lays 9 to 18 eggs ( 13 on average ) from may to june . eggs hatch after 25 to 30 days . both parents participate in the incubation of eggs and rearing of chicks .

there are eight species of whistling ducks in the world , but only two - the black - bellied and fulvous whistling ducks - occur in the united states . scientists consider whistling ducks more closely related to geese and swans than to the " true ducks . " with their long legs , long necks , bone structure and erect stance , they certainly look more like geese than like ducks . as with geese and swans , the plumage of both sexes of whistling ducks are very similar . they only have one molt ( in contrast to two molts in the " true ducks " ) ; both parents share in the brooding of the young ; and pairs mate for life .

distinguished from all other whistling - ducks by its red bill , pink feet , and white wing - patch .

mccartney , r . b . 1963 . the fulvous tree duck in louisiana . master ' s thesis , louisiana state univ . , baton rouge . close

during the nonbreeding season , black - bellies primarily use mangrove swamps and coastal lagoons to meet their food and cover requirements . however , similar to their goose cousins , black - bellies have adapted to feeding in agricultural environments , frequenting pastures and cattle feedlots as well as harvested rice , corn and sorghum fields when the opportunity presents itself . fulvous whistling ducks , with their long necks and legs , short tail and broad wings , also look much more like a goose than a duck .

black - bellied whistling ducks nest in thickets or stands of mesquite , hackberry , willow , live oak , and other trees . they forage in fields , lawns , and shallow , freshwater ponds that often contain water hyacinth , water lilies , and cattails . in the tropics , they also use mangroves , rivers , and lagoons . back to top

peris , s . j . , b . sanchez and d . rodriguez . 1998 . range expansion of the fulvous whistling duck ( dendrocygna bicolor ) in cuba , in relation to rice cultivation . caribb . j . sci . no . 34 : 164 - 166 . close

those who have had the opportunity to venture to the gulf coast to hunt , bird watch or just grab some r & r ; may have encountered some long , slender ducks locally known as squealers . black - bellied and fulvous whistling ducks are most common in mexico and latin america where they are known as pichichi or pato maizal and pijia or pato silvon .

black - bellied whistling - duck has tawny - brown to brown - cinnamon upperparts , turning black on rump and uppertail coverts . upper wings show a broad white stripe , conspicuous in flight . flight feathers are black . underparts are paler . lower neck and chest are tawny - brown . it has black belly and flanks . undertail coverts are mottled black and white . underwings are blackish . head and upper neck are grey . crown is dark brown . we can see a dark vertical hind neck stripe . bill is bright pink - red , often yellowish at base . eyes are dark brown , with conspicuous white eye ring . legs and webbed feet are bright pinkish - red . both sexes are similar . juvenile is paler , with grey bill , legs and feet . it has duller plumage than adults , with sooty - brown belly and flanks . it reaches its adult plumage at 8 months of age . very young birds have very paler belly , with indistinct transversal bars .

whether nesting in natural cavities or nest boxes , black - bellied whistling - ducks typically don’t build a nest ; they lay their eggs directly on whatever debris has collected there . cavity openings range from 5–12 inches across . when nesting on the ground , they make a scrape or a shallow bowl of grasses , with thick vegetation overhead , such as willow , mesquite , or cactus .

black - bellied whistling - ducks take readily to nest boxes . if you live within their range , you can make a nest box out of half - inch marine plywood . it should be about 24 inches high at the front and 20 inches at the back , with a hole about 5–6 inches in diameter ( see bolen 1967 in the credits section of this account for full instructions ) .

licenses : hunting license required . migratory bird hunting and conservation stamp ( federal duck stamp ) that is validated by the hunter signing the stamp in ink across the face of the stamp

meanley , b . and a . g . meanley . 1959 . observations on the fulvous tree duck in louisiana . wilson bull . no . 71 : 33 - 45 . close

average size whistling - ducks have an average length of 18 - 19 inches and an average weight of 1 3 / 4 pounds .

some western birds have obvious white crests in breeding plumage and may be identifiable , but many have black crests like eastern birds .

reproduction : black - bellied whistling - duck nests in tree cavities ( oaks , willows and mesquite trees ) or nest - boxes , at 8 to 10 feet above the ground . it also may nest on the ground . when nest is in cavity , there is no lining with down or any other soft materials . when nest is on the ground , birds build a shallow cup with woven grasses , at base of thick vegetation as a cactus , or among reeds . this species performs egg dumping , with very numerous eggs in the same nest , from several females . generally , these nests are abandoned and eggs are lost .

preferred habitat these whistling - ducks can be found in shallow freshwater ponds or lakes , often those containing water hyacinth , water lilies , and cattails .

black - bellied whistling - ducks mostly eat plants such as smartweed , grasses , swamp timothy , sedges , and agricultural crops . occasionally they eat smaller aquatic animals like snails , insects , and spiders . they usually forage at night in fields or in shallow ponds . because of their long legs , they spend more time than other ducks walking around on land or perching in trees . they are gregarious throughout the year and form flocks of up to 1 , 000 birds .

the white plumage of snow geese and tundra swans sometimes takes on a dirty , rusty - brown appearance . the birds aren ' t actually dirty but do show rust - colored highlights from foraging in the iron rich environments of the far north . regarding the well - known description of the sound made by a duck as a " quack , " duck species in north america also variously whistle , squeak , click , and grunt .

black - bellied whistling - ducks eat mainly plants , including smartweed , grasses , swamp timothy , amaranth , sedges , bindweed , and nightshade . they also eat many agricultural crops including sorghum , millet , corn , rice , and wheat . they eat a smaller amount of aquatic animals such as snails , insects , and spiders . they typically forage at night , leaving roosts at sunset to fly to foraging areas . they feed in fields or by dabbling in shallow ponds . back to top

if you’re in the range of black - bellied whistling - ducks ( and that range is expanding all the time—keep an eye on the species’ ebird map to see where they’ve been seen ) you should be on the lookout for them perching around shallow ponds ; walking in the short grass of lawns and golf courses ; and especially in agricultural fields , where these large ducks eat lots of grain . they feed nocturnally , so watch around sunset for large flocks to begin flying out to fields from their roosts .

in north america , this species breeds mainly along coastal regions of mexico and southern texas . only the northernmost populations appear to be migratory , with wintering individuals found along both coasts of mexico . the black - bellied whistling - duck forms lifelong pair bonds and breeds in its first year . it often lays its eggs in the nests of conspecifics . the diet of this species is comprised of plant materials , especially bermuda grass and sorghum seeds . individuals are attracted to areas where corn and rice are grown and can cause damage to crops . the status of this species appears to be secure due in part to its secluded habitats and its lack of importance as a game species . it is showing signs of range expansion in the united states .

the northern race ( d . a . autumnalis ) breeds from southern texas through coastal mexico and central america . pairs most often partner for life and share the responsibilities of incubation and brood rearing . nests are usually located in tree cavities , nest boxes , or on the ground in grassy areas or under brush or cacti near water . ground nesting is most common where mammalian nest predators are absent . female black - bellied whistling ducks lay an average of 13 eggs and several females lay in the same nest .

we find two subspecies : dendrocygna autumnalis discolor , with grey band on breast , between brown neck and black belly ; dendrocygna autumnalis autumnalis , different in size .

this pair of black - bellied whistling ducks arrived in our pond in early may . since then i have watched and photographed and videoed a plethora of behaviors , but none like what i witnessed on the morning of august 10th . temperatures in the small box in the sun must have been almost fatal on many days that the outside temperature was in the high 90’s . during the last couple of days , when instead of alternating incubation they both stayed in the box as their eggs hatched , i watched them both panting and wondered if they would be able to stick it out .

wyss , a . j . 1996 . nesting ecology of fulvous whistling - ducks in everglades agricultural area of southern florida . master ' s thesis , auburn univ . , auburn , al . close

two subspecies groups differ in plumage and are reliably distinguished in virtually all cases . the “black - eared” bushtit is merely a color morph of interior subspecies , found mainly south of the us .

this species is perhaps the least studied of common north american waterfowl . to date , studies have been conducted primarily in agricultural regions of north and south america at the fringes of the species ' breeding distribution and have focused mostly on the duck ' s importance as an agricultural pest (

i’m curious to see black - backed oriole on this list . is there a us record for this species ? i don’t see it mentioned for the us in either the aou nor aba lists .

bruzual , j . and i . bruzual . 1983 . feeding habits of whistling ducks in the calabozo ricefields , venezuela , during the non - reproductive period . wildfowl no . 34 : 20 - 26 . close

three subspecies groups all reliably distinguished in the field ( although black - backed and siberian are barely distinguishable from each other in non - adult - male plumages ) . only siberian occurs regularly in north america .

the anatidae are represented in north america by sixty - nine species in twenty - three genera ( including the extinct labrador duck ) . members of this well known bird family include the graceful , long - necked swans , familiar geese of farm fields and golf courses , and the many species of ducks .

comprehensive population surveys of whistling ducks are lacking . most of our information comes from mid - winter surveys conducted by the u . s . fish and wildlife service and occasional breeding season surveys associated with short - term research projects . limited data suggest a relatively stable breeding population of around 20 , 000 fulvous whistling ducks in louisiana and texas . significant breeding populations also exist in mexico , but surveys are insufficient to document population status and trends . many breeding populations in both the united states and mexico have historically been associated with rice culture . since the 1980s , rice acreage has declined dramatically in mexico , louisiana and texas . much of this land is now being used for dryland crops and pasture , which provides little habitat for breeding fulvous whistling ducks .

black - bellies breed during their first year of life , establishing lifelong pair bonds during their first winter . nest initiation occurs from april through august , a period approximately one month longer than prairie nesting ducks . black - bellies nest in tree cavities and , similar to wood ducks , also have adapted to nesting in boxes . where tree cavities are lacking , black - bellies will nest on the ground , often in grasses at the base of small trees or shrubs . females lay an average of 13 eggs and both sexes incubate the eggs . experiments have revealed that removal of either the female or the male during incubation results in abandonment of the nest . apparently , participation of both the male and female is necessary for the nesting attempt to be successful . black - bellies enjoy relatively high nest success rates ( an average of 45 percent ) compared to prairie nesting ducks . most nest failures are caused by raccoons , rat snakes and golden - fronted woodpeckers .

since 1968 , black - bellied whistling ducks frequently have been found in central and south florida in late summer and early fall , sometimes in flocks of fulvous whistling ducks . during the florida breeding bird atlas project , 12 potential breeding records were obtained for this species in hardee , lake , manatee , palm beach , polk , and sarasota counties . three of the records occurred in natural wetlands , three in small ponds , three in phosphate mines , two in flooded agricultural fields , and one in a sewage treatment pond . since 1992 , additional birds have been reported in hamilton , hernando , indian river , leon , jefferson , orange , volusia , and wakulla counties , indicating the species continues to expand its range in florida . in recent years , ducklings have been observed in leon county during the summer . florida fish and wildlife conservation commission biologists have observed flightless young at the t . m . goodwin waterfowl management area ( brevard county ) annually since 1999 . flightless young have been observed as late as mid - november .

3 ) black - browed albatross . while the “first” u . s . record from va was an immature and tough to identify to subspecies , later photo records ( photo of an adult off newfoundland , and maybe another from maine ) show the expected dark - eyed form t . m . melanophris ( or melanophrys , depending on whom you ask ) rather than the ‘campbell’ black - browed albatross ( t . m . impavida ) . again , many accord these forms species status .

hohman , w . l . , t . m . stark and j . l . moore . 1996 . food availability and feeding preferences of breeding fulvous whistling - ducks in louisiana ricefields . wilson bull . no . 108 : 137 - 150 . close

black - bellied whistling - ducks have long legs and spend more time than other ducks walking on land or perching in trees . you may see them perched on fences , telephone lines , or in spanish moss . they are gregarious year - round , forming flocks of up to 1 , 000 birds . they form lifelong pair bonds and breed in their first year of life . males spar by chasing or nipping at each other , or with a threat display that involves stretching their neck forward and opening their bill . pairs form in winter ; courtship includes birds stretching their necks out horizontally , dipping their bill , and flicking water over the back . females often lay eggs in the nests of other whistling - ducks—a behavior known as egg - dumping . individuals are attracted to areas where corn and rice are grown and can cause damage to crops . nest predators include raccoons , rat snakes , and bull snakes ; ducklings may be killed by fire ants , bass , catfish , and gar . great horned owls sometimes take adults . back to top

you left out ( maybe intentionally ? ) waynei black - throated green warblers . their breeding range ( coastal carolinas and virginia ) is completely different than the nominate ssp and having held skins in my hand , they appear to be identifiable in the field .

hi jim , thanks , i’m glad you find it useful . i do plan to continue adding information about subspecies , with maps , as i find the time . i did not mean to include labrador duck , but now that you’ve pointed it out i think i should add all of the extinct or presumed extinct species . there are no north american records of velvet scoter .

they are very agile on land , standing erect and walking without the waddle so characteristic of other ducks . a tawny brown head , chest , breast and belly distinguish fulvous whistling ducks . ivory - edged side and flank feathers form a striking border between the sides and back . in north america , the species is most common in mexico , but also breeds in california , florida , louisiana and texas . most fulvous whistling ducks depart their breeding range in the united states during september and october to winter in mexico , returning north again in march and april .

adult males occur in two distinctive forms – black - backed and green - backed – that show strong geographic basis , but variation and the occurrence of each type well within the range of the other suggests that this color difference represents a morph rather than a subspecific difference .

whistling - ducks are cavity nesters , but they do not excavate the cavity . both the male and female select the cavity . these ducks will also nest in nest boxes , and have been known to nest on the ground occasionally . the hen lays 9 - 18 creamy white eggs .

do you know how i can find information on differentiating subspecies ? i have seen a black - crowned night heron in the middle east ( subspecies nycticorax ) with what seems to be a thicker bill , but i couldn’t find any evidence of this difference with the north american subspecies . can you help ?

the northern population breeds from central texas through coastal mexico and central america . the southern population breeds from panama south into argentina . like most of their tropical counterparts , black - bellies do not show strong migratory patterns ; instead , they move relatively short distances in response to habitat availability within their breeding range .

all of the whistling ducks are some of my personal favorites . their unique call , awkward appearance ( it ' s those huge feet ! ! ) and adaptabiltity to aviary life make them very appealing to many breeders . this particular species is also very good for beginners , but do require a secure shelter during the coldest winter months .

dallmeier , f . 1991 . " whistling - ducks as a manageable and sustainable resource in venezuela : balancing economic costs and benefits . " in neotropical wildlife use and conservation . , edited by j . g . robinson and k . h . redford , 266 - 287 . chicago , il : univ . of chicago press . close

kidding , right ? i’ve seen a 1st cycle ‘barrovianus’ glaucous barely bigger than an adjacent california gull , and in south delta bc a huge , presumably ‘pallidus’ glaucous from siberia which towered over the nearby gw’s the way a large male great black - backed would dominate the local herring gulls . yet both are called glaucous gulls .

hi dan , thanks very much for these comments . there is a black - backed oriole record in san diego , ca , ( presumably one individual , seen off - and - on from 2000 to 2002 ) but you are correct that it hasn’t been accepted by any records committee and i will remove it from this list .

a replicated study over four breeding seasons in 1985 - 8 at two lakes in veracruz , mexico ( feekes 1991 ) , found that black - bellied whistling ducks dendrocygna autumnalis using nest boxes had very low reproductive success ( 11 . 1 % success for nine attempts in 1986 , 6 . 6 % for 30 attempts in 1987 - 8 ) , mainly because of predation by opossums didelphis spp . , raccoons procyon lotor and humans . occupancy rates varied , with one of 16 pairs using boxes in 1985 ; 17 - 30 % of 30 pairs in 1986 and 40 - 75 % of 20 pairs in both 1987 and 1988 . nest boxes were made from either liana baskets or hollowed palm trunks , with the latter being the only nests used ( except for a single basket in 1985 ) . thirteen baskets were provided in 1985 and ten in 1986 ; ten trunks were provided in 1986 , 16 in 1987 and 17 in 1988 . boxes were placed in positions similar to naturally occurring nests and checked every two weeks during the breeding seasons . opossums also frequently occupied nest boxes .

in the past i did a small bit of work for a study looking to get some morphometric data determining precisely what the difference was between a typical virens and a typical waynei , and in the measurements i was taking it appeared that the birds identifiable as waynei are smaller , slighter billed , and with significantly less black on the flanks .

in late august and early september , fulvous whistling ducks concentrate in flooded rice fields and large ponds . this species is noted for its nocturnal feeding in rice fields , where one observer vividly described a scene in louisiana in 1943 : " when we reached the fields and levees just before dusk , not a duck was seen or heard . within a few minutes , on they came in no particular formation as with ordinary ducks - singly , in pairs , in companies of a dozen or more , and in irregular groups , and in twenty minutes they were flying and squealing everywhere , hundreds of them . " in october , flocks move to coastal marshes where they feed predominantly on the seeds of aquatic vegetation . in november , a general exodus occurs to the east and west coasts of mexico , where the birds spend the winter on coastal lagoons and rice fields .

fulvous whistling - ducks are migratory in northern portions of their range , but elsewhere they exhibit only local movements . their return to gulf coast nesting areas in february and march coincides with the onset of planting in rice - growing areas . individuals feed almost exclusively on seeds , especially seeds of native moist - soil plants , which may be abundant in flooded ricefields . they also feed opportunistically on grain in seeded ricefields . flooding of ricefields in preparation for planting stimulates ground - nesting by birds on ricefield levees and in pastures , haylands , and small grain fields adjacent to ricefields . more commonly , however , fulvous whistling - ducks nest in flooded ricefields when plants are of sufficient stature to support eggs . the species makes only limited use of undisturbed , nonagricultural habitats for nesting in the united states .

whereas most ducks nesting in temperate regions pair seasonally for only 1 reproductive cycle , pair bonds of fulvous whistling - ducks are suspected to be long - term , extending over multiple nesting seasons or the lifetime of individuals , as in geese and swans . males and females share equally in incubation , and males also assist with rearing of young . thus , males contribute to parental care to a greater extent in this species than in other small - to medium - sized waterfowl . intraspecific brood parasitism is widespread in ground and over - water nests . additionally , unlike other north american waterfowl that undergo wing molt immediately after the nesting season on breeding areas or at remote northern sites traditionally used for molt , onset of wing molt is delayed in migratory fulvous whistling - ducks until their return to southern wintering areas .

sexes are similar as in most other members of this genus , while the females may appear slightly lighter in color . the two most distinguishing features of this species are the bright pinkish - red bill and huge pink feet . the cheeks , head and neck are gray , while the crown , forehead , breast and mantle are dark brown to chestnut . the belly and underparts are black .

although swans and geese are mostly white , brown , and black , many ducks showcase several shades of grays , browns , and blacks combined with fine barring and streaking to result in a variety of beautifully patterned plumages for which females of the species are well known . males in breeding plumage are more boldly patterned and often have iridescent blue or green on the head . both sexes usually show a spot of color in the wing known as a " speculum " .

female usually lays 12 to 16 whitish eggs , one per day . incubation lasts about 12 to 16 days , shared by both parents . precocial chicks are yellow with black spots . they leave the nest very soon after hatching , within two days , and they are able to feed themselves . but they remain with parents for up to two months . at this time , they can fly . however , they may remain in family groups for up to six months . this species produces only one brood per season , sometimes two if first is lost .

they form lifelong pairs and breed during the first year of their lives . the males spar by chasing each other and using a threat display . pairs usually form in winter and the females often lay eggs in the nests of other whistling - ducks . they usually nest in tree hallows , but have been known to use nest boxes and nest on the ground . interestingly enough , they do not typically build a nest . instead they lay their eggs on whatever is already in the location they chose . the eggs are white and there are typically 9 - 18 eggs in a clutch .

don’t know if this one has been mentioned or not , but i was wondering about subspecific variation in black - whiskered vireo ( ? ) . the nominate subspecies ( vireo altiloquus altiloquus ) seems very distinctive in plumage coloration and bill size / shape to me compared to the coastal florida form v . a . barbatulus . i believe the nominate subspecies occurs as a causal spring vagrant along the gulf coast with records from louisiana and nw florida panhandle ( st . george island ) . i’ve also had some birds here in alabama in the spring that i highly suspected were probably the nominate form as well .

6 ) while on the topic of seabirds , it might be worth noting that north american records of great - winged petrel refer to gouldi ; that black - capped petrel sensu nacc includes jamaican petrel , te extinct and utterly different dark bird ; that north american forms of audubon’s shearwater are quite distinct from galapagos shearwater , persian shearwater , and tropical shearwater , which nacc still lumps under audubon’s ; that white - chinned petrel sensu nacc includes spectacled petrel ; and that wilson’s storm - petrel may be due for some taxonomic revision , although this may or may not affect the birds that occur in the aou area . further , the nacc still lumps brown skua under great skua , and may be the only authority to do so .

the best references for a starting point on subspecies are pyle’s identification guide to north american birds , the handbook of birds of the western palearctic , and the handbook of birds of the world . for most species you’ll want to dig deeper into the literature that is cited in those books . i checked pyle for black - crowned night heron and he lumps the north american and eurasian birds in one subspecies because there are no reliable differences . in the middle east you could get other subspecies from either india or africa , which might be identifiable in the field , but i’m not familiar with the literature on those . [ actually , i just checked the handbook of birds of the world and i’m surprised to see that there is only one subspecies listed for all of europe , asia , and africa ! so if you see one that looks different it’s probably just a local variant and not a visitor from afar . sounds to me like a good project for someone to look at dna and study plumage in detail , because it seems really unlikely that they’re all the same . ]

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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

bahamas ; cayman islands ; chile ; gambia ; grenada ; jamaica ; virgin islands , u . s .

the population is estimated to number 1 , 100 , 000 - 2 , 000 , 000 individuals . trend justification : the population trend is increasing in north america ( based on bbs / cbc data : butcher and niven 2007 ) .

( amended version of 2017 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22679780a118856707 .

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philedonides rhombicana is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .

it is found in germany , austria , italy , the czech republic , slovakia , hungary , romania and ukraine .

the wingspan is 13 – 16 mm .

the forewings have a light chocolate brown or yellow to chocolate brown tone , with a dark chocolate brown stripe and subapical spot .

adults are on wing from june to august .

the larvae feed on mentha , trifolium , rumex ( including rumex acetosella ) , genista and rosa species .

philedonides rhombicana

philedonides rhombicana <EOT> this is the place for rhombicana definition . you find here rhombicana meaning , synonyms of rhombicana and images for rhombicana copyright 2017 © urltoken

here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word rhombicana . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word rhombicana and , of course , rhombicana synonyms and on the right images related to the word rhombicana .

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2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr leif aarvik

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pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi

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website © jim wheeler 2016 - 2018 . nola - x database system © jim wheeler 2018 . - sponsored by urltoken & urltoken

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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

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created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .


the dot-winged crake ( porzana spiloptera ) is a species of bird in the family rallidae .

despite its visual similarities , it probably does not belong to the genus porzana ; like the yellow-breasted crake , which was variously placed in hapalocrex , micropygia , poliolimnas or porzana , it seems to form a badly-resolved complex with the mainly neotropical crakes of genera anurolimnas , coturnicops and laterallus .

it is found in argentina , brazil , and uruguay .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland , subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland , freshwater lakes , freshwater marshes , and coastal saline lagoons .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

dot - winged crake

dot - winged crake <EOT> dot - winged crake ( porzana spiloptera ) is a species of bird in the rallidae family .

greater rhea , spotted nothura , black - headed duck , olrog’s gull , dot - winged crake , red and white crake , hudson’s canastero , bay - capped wren - spinetail , sulphur - bearded spinetail , many - colored rush - tyrant .

martinez , m . m . ; bo , m . s . ; isacch , j . p . 1997 . habitat and abundance of speckled crake ( coturnicops notata ) and dot - winged crake ( porzana spiloptera ) in mar chiquita , buenos aires province , argentina . hornero 14 : 274 - 277 .

top ten species : greater rhea , spotted nothura , black - headed duck , olrog’s gull , dot - winged crake , rufous - chested dotterel ( winter ) , hudson’s canastero , bay - capped wren - spinetail , sulphur - bearded spinetail , many - colored rush - tyrant .

taylor , b . , boesman , p . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . dot - winged crake ( porzana spiloptera ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

we depart from buenos aires early in the morning . transfer to san clemente area where we’ll explore the grassy meadows which harbours plenty of aquatic birds , rheas and tinamous , among others specialties . the following day we have a full day around punta rasa , where hundreds of shorebirds and seabirds congregate in its tidal mudflats . apart of this , there are extensive brackish grasslands where dot - winged crake is locally common . return to buenos aires at about 18 : 00 hs .

the dot - winged crake of southern south america is tiny , with brown upperparts striped blackish , and whitish barring on the wing coverts , which is only visible in flight . the underparts are dark gray , becoming even darker over the belly , which is barred white . the bill is dark greenish bill , and the legs are gray washed green . this crake is most abundant and widespread in buenos aires province in argentina , but there are also records elsewhere in the same country , as well as from uruguay and southernmost brazil . it usually inhabits temporary and tidal marshes , swamps , wet marshy meadows , and wet to dry grassland , and there is some evidence for a recent decline in the species’ numbers .

14–15 cm . small dark crake , with blackish streaks ( feather centres ) on dark olive brown upperparts ; white markings on upperparts confined to upperwing - coverts and . . .

15 cm . tiny , dark crake . brown upperparts striped blackish . dark wings with whitish barring on coverts , visible in flight . plumbeous underparts . darker belly barred white . dark greenish bill , grey legs washed green .

a good combination of the best places for birding near buenos aires . we start at 6 : 30 hs in a prearranged location . in the morning we visit the important bird area of magdalena , birding the riparian forest and marshlands . after lunch birding in xeric woodlands and the coast at punta indio , located 160 km south of buenos aires city . the second day we move to san clemente area where we explore the grassy meadows which harbours plenty of aquatic birds , rheas and tinamous , among others specialties . the following day we have a full day around punta rasa , where hundreds of shorebirds and seabirds congregate in its tidal mudflats . apart of this , there are extensive brackish grasslands where dot - winged crake is locally common . return to buenos aires at about 18 : 00 hs .

top ten species : dusky - legged guan , giant wood - rail , red - and - white crake , ash - coloured cuckoo , scimitar - billed woodcreeper , straight - billed reedhaunter , curve - billed reedhaunter , many - colored rush - tyrant , diademed tanager , gray - throated warbling - finch .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .

the vocalisations of this secretive species are still unknown , and its distribution and abundance hence remain poorly understood . however , its population is believed to be small , fragmented , and undergoing a continuing decline , qualifying it as vulnerable .

. 2011 , lucero 2013 ) . it is relatively widespread ( 16 localities in buenos aires with recent records from eight ) , but all records refer to 1 - 2 birds . it was formerly locally frequent to abundant in buenos aires , but is now rare to fairly common . this may be partly attributable to a paucity of observers , but there seem to have been declines ( or perhaps birds are just highly mobile in search of optimum habitat ) at the relatively well - watched sites of punta rasa and the río luján

the population is assumed to fall in the band 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals based on the low numbers usually recorded at the relatively small number of known localities with recent records , where it is described as rare to fairly common . this equates to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . verification of this estimate is desirable . trend justification : it was formerly locally frequent to abundant in buenos aires , but is now rare to fairly common . this may be partly attributable to a paucity of observers , but there seem to have been declines ( or perhaps birds are just highly mobile in optimum habitat ) at the relatively well - watched sites of punta rasa and the río luján ( m . pearman in litt . 1999 ) . based on this information , a slow decline is suspected .

it occurs in temporary and tidal marshes , swamps , wet marshy meadows , and wet to dry grassland . in argentina , it associates with cord grass

there is land reclamation for agriculture , and high levels of grazing and burning . at punta rasa , a recreational development project has resulted in an increase in visitors . mar chiquita , buenos aires , has been flooded . birds seem to disappear for up to one year after burning

most records are from mar chiquita biosphere reserve ( buenos aires ) , mar chiquita ramsar biosphere reserve ( córdoba ) , punta rasa biological station and the otamendi strict nature reserve . it occurs in lagoa do peixe national park , brazil

. 1999 ) and rio grande do sul . record its voice to enable further surveys using tape - playback . study the effects of cattle - grazing . expand otamendi strict nature reserve to encompass larger tracts of habitat . ensure the

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río luján 2 ( reserva otamendi ) , campana , prov . bs . as .

site 2 bird one . see black rail l . j . murivagans subspecies xc62960 : similar .

site 2 bird one . see the black rail laterallus j . murivagans subspecies ' pw ' call too : cxc56406

after playback . the black rail l . jamaicensis subspecies tuerosi , salinasi & the nominal too have a growl call ( see : xc54566 , xc16582 , xc1145 and others )

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

there are many ways to contribute—we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !

) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :

se brazil ( rio grande do sul ) # r , argentina ( corrientes–chaco to santa cruz ) # r # r # r and s uruguay .

voice unknown until recently . song is a high note followed by a lower - pitched rattle " kee - . . .

freshwater and brackish wetlands , including tidal and temporary marshes , swamps , wet marshy meadows . . .

recorded as feeding on insects , seeds and marsh weeds . no information on feeding habits .

only recorded nest was found near buenos aires , but no further details were given . in addition , a juvenile was seen with an adult at punta . . .

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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : porzana spiloptera . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

4 . grassland - > 4 . 5 . grassland - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 4 . grassland - > 4 . 6 . grassland - subtropical / tropical seasonally wet / flooded suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent freshwater lakes ( over 8ha ) suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 7 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent freshwater marshes / pools ( under 8ha ) suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 13 . marine coastal / supratidal - > 13 . 4 . marine coastal / supratidal - coastal brackish / saline lagoons / marine lakes suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no

1 . land / water protection - > 1 . 1 . site / area protection 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 1 . site / area management

1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 3 . tourism & recreation areas

11 . climate change & severe weather - > 11 . 4 . storms & flooding

2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 1 . annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2 . 1 . 3 . agro - industry farming

2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 3 . livestock farming & ranching - > 2 . 3 . 2 . small - holder grazing , ranching or farming

2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 3 . livestock farming & ranching - > 2 . 3 . 3 . agro - industry grazing , ranching or farming

1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats

arballo , e . ; cravino , j . l . 1999 . aves del uruguay : manual ornitológico - tomo 1 . editorial agropecuaria hemisferio sur s . r . l . , montevideo .

collar , n . j . , gonzaga , l . p . , krabbe , n . , madroño nieto , a . , naranjo , l . g . , parker , t . a . and wege , d . c . 1992 . threatened birds of the americas : the icbp / iucn red data book . international council for bird preservation , cambridge , u . k .

cuello , j . ; gerzenstein , e . 1962 . las aves del uruguay : lista sistemática , distribución y notas . comunicaciones zoologicas del museo de historia natural de montevideo vi ( 93 ) : 1 - 191 .

escalante , r . 1983 . catálogo de las aves uruguayas . 3a parte , galliformes y gruiformes .

iucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .

lucero , f . 2013 . primer registro documentado confirmando la presencia del burrito negruzco ( porzana spiloptera ) para la provincia de san juan , argentina . ecoregistros revista 3 ( 1 ) : 1 - 6 .

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one of the best urban reserves in the world with 336 species of birds recorded in the last 30 years . the reserve opens at 8 : 00hs am and close its doors at 19 : 00hs pm in spring . remember that the reserve normally closes in rainy days , but it’s possible to take a view from outside for a couple of hours . no especial clothing is required , but you must bring insect repellent , suncream and a hat . a small backpack is always useful .

top ten species : black - necked swan , rosy - billed pochard , spot - flanked gallinule , guira cuckoo , checkered woodpecker , narrow - billed woodcreeper , masked gnatcatcher , yellow - billed cardinal greyish baywing , black - and - rufous warbling - finch .

we start at 6 : 30 hs in a prearranged location . in the morning we visit the famous otamendi np , birding the riparian forest and marshlands . after lunch birding in xeric woodlands at ceibas . this is probably the best birding site near buenos aires , a well - known place for birders which it was explored for the last 25 years . normally in a spring day the bird list here is of more than 80 species . return to buenos aires at about 18 : 00 hs .