myrmarachne formicaria is a species of jumping spider ( family salticidae ) .

it mimics an ant .

it is one of the few species in the genus myrmarachne that is found outside the tropics .

myrmarachne formicaria

myrmarachne formicaria <EOT> no one has contributed data records for myrmarachne formicaria yet . learn how to contribute .

the ant - jumper , myrmarachne formicaria . the spider is camouflaged as an ant . it moves like an ant and holds up its front legs so it look like antennas of an ant .

bradley , r . a . , cutler , b . and hodge , m . 2006 . the first records of myrmarachne formicaria ( araneae , salticidae ) in the americas . journal of arachnology 34 : 483–484 .

gall , w . k . & edwards , g . b . ( 2016 ) . first records for the jumping spiders heliophanus kochii in the americas and myrmarachne formicaria in new york state ( araneae : salticidae ) . peckhamia 140 . 1 : 1 - 7 . - - show included taxa

myrmarachne confusus wanless , 1978a : 46 , f . 23a - h ( d m ) . myrmarachne confusa brignoli , 1983c : 645 .

nomina nuda : myrmarachne kuroiwana kishida - - yaginuma , in brignoli , 1983c : 644 . myrmarachne matsumurana kishida - - yaginuma , in brignoli , 1983c : 644 . myrmarachne sakisimana kishida - - yaginuma , in brignoli , 1983c : 644 .

high - speed video results are based on 27 recordings of m . formicaria ( three females and two males ) , 15 recordings of ants ( four formica sp . workers ) and 23 recordings of non - mimetic salticids ( salticus scenicus two females ; sitticus sp . one female ; phidippus audax two females ) .

myrmarachne decorata reimoser , 1927b : 3 , f . 3 ( d f ) .

myrmarachne roeweri reimoser , 1934b : 500 , f . 22 ( d m ) .

myrmarachne natalica lessert , 1925b : 344 , f . 11 ( d f ) . myrmarachne natalica wanless , 1978a : 39 , f . 18a - e ( f ) .

myrmarachne lulengensis roewer , 1965 : 49 , f . 39 ( d m ) . myrmarachne caheni roewer , 1965 : 61 , f . 67 ( d m ) . myrmarachne lulengensis wanless , 1978a : 55 , f . 29a - i ( m , s ) .

myrmarachne bamakoi berland & millot , 1941 : 404 , f . 94 ( d m ) . myrmarachne bamakoi wanless , 1978a : 73 , f . 43a - g ( m ) .

myrmarachne biseratensis badcock , 1918 : 312 , f . 10 ( d m ) . myrmarachne biseratensis yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 512 , f . 8a - g , 9a - f ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne biseratensis prószyński , 2017b : 103 , f . 46l ( f ) . myrmarachne biseratensis prószyński , 2018b : 161 , f . 19l ( f ) .

myrmarachne brevis xiao , 2002 : 477 , f . 1 - 6 ( d m ) .

myrmarachne calcuttaensis biswas , 1984a : 126 , f . 17 - 19 ( d f ) .

myrmarachne consobrina denis , 1955b : 116 , f . 14 - 17 ( d m ) .

myrmarachne dirangicus bastawade , 2002 : 278 , f . 20 - 28 ( d f ) .

myrmarachne galianae cutler , 1981c : 52 , f . 1 - 7 ( d m ) .

myrmarachne ransoni wanless , 1978a : 124 , f . 83a - e ( d f ) .

myrmarachne richardsi wanless , 1978a : 61 , f . 35a - h ( d m ) .

myrmarachne russellsmithi wanless , 1978a : 92 , f . 58a - h ( d m ) .

myrmarachne thaii zabka , 1985 : 418 , f . 359 - 363 ( d m ) .

myrmarachne vehemens fox , 1937d : 16 , f . 6 , 10 ( d m ) .

synemosyna clavigera thorell , 1877b : 548 ( d m ) . myrmarachne clavigera simon , 1901a : 500 . myrmarachne clavigera yamasaki , 2012 : 161 , f . 20 - 27 ( m ) . myrmarachne clavigera yamasaki , 2015 : 55 , f . 21 - 22 ( m f ) .

myrmarachne bakeri banks , 1930a : 216 , pl . 11 , f . 8 ( d m ) . myrmarachne bakeri edwards , 2015 : 79 , f . 39k - l ( m ) .

myrmarachne balinese prószyński & deeleman - reinhold , 2010 : 176 , f . 123 - 124 ( d f ) . myrmarachne balinese prószyński , 2018b : 165 , f . 22b ( f ) .

synemosyna moesta thorell , 1877b : 541 ( d f ) . myrmarachne moesta roewer , 1955c : 947 . myrmarachne moesta yamasaki , 2012 : 165 , f . 32 - 35 ( f ) .

synemosyna nigra thorell , 1877b : 544 ( d f ) . myrmarachne nigra simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne nigra yamasaki , 2012 : 167 , f . 36 - 41 ( f ) .

synemosyna nitidissima thorell , 1877b : 546 ( d m ) . myrmarachne nitidissima roewer , 1955c : 948 . myrmarachne nitidissima yamasaki , 2012 : 169 , f . 42 - 48 ( m ) . myrmarachne nitidissima yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 544 , f . 35a - g ( m ) .

myrmarachne cornuta badcock , 1918 : 291 , f . 5 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne cornuta edmunds & prószyński , 2003 : 304 , f . 30 - 39 ( m f ) . myrmarachne cornuta edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 16 , f . 7 ( m f ) . myrmarachne cornuta yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 518 , f . 13a - g , 14a - f ( m f ) . myrmarachne cornuta prószyński , 2017b : 103 , f . 45c12 , 46m ( f ) . myrmarachne cornuta prószyński , 2018b : 161 , f . 19m , 22a ( f ) .

myrmarachne aurea ceccarelli , 2010 : 248 , f . 10 - 18 ( d m f ) .

myrmarachne edwardsi berry , beatty & prószyński , 1996 : 241 , f . 97 - 102 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne edwardsi prószyński , 2017b : 103 , f . 45b7 ( m ) .

myrmarachne foreli lessert , 1925b : 342 , f . 9 - 10 ( d m ) . myrmarachne foreli wanless , 1978a : 85 , f . 53a - l ( m , d f ) .

myrmarachne gurgulla ceccarelli , 2010 : 250 , f . 19 - 27 ( d m f ) .

synemosyna lugens thorell , 1881 : 406 ( dj ) . myrmarachne lugens roewer , 1955c : 946 .

salticus macrognathus thorell , 1894a : 58 ( d m ) . myrmarachne macrognatha roewer , 1955c : 947 . myrmarachne macrognatha yamasaki & edwards , 2013 : 11 , f . 33 - 45 ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne macrognatha prószyński , 2018b : 161 , f . 19n ( f ) .

myrmarachne palladia denis , 1958b : 105 , f . 34 ( d f ) . myrmarachne palladia logunov & zamanpoore , 2005 : 223 , f . 15 - 17 ( f , d m ) .

myrmarachne platypalpus bradoo , 1980 : 387 , f . 1 - 8 ( d m f ) .

myrmarachne poonaensis tikader , 1973b : 62 , f . 7 - 11 ( d m f ) .

myrmarachne tamsuiensis yamasaki , 2013 : 29 , f . 1 - 12 ( d m f ) .

myrmarachne assimilis banks , 1930a : 210 , pl . 11 , f . 7 , 13 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne assimilis yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 510 , f . 6a - h , 7a - f ( m f ) . myrmarachne assimilis yamasaki , 2015 : 55 , f . 8 , 19 - 20 ( m f ) . myrmarachne assimilis prószyński , 2017b : 103 , f . 46k ( f ) . myrmarachne assimilis prószyński , 2018b : 161 , f . 19k ( f ) .

myrmarachne inermichelis bösenberg & strand , 1906 : 329 , pl . 9 , f . 128 , pl . 14 , f . 382 ( d m ) . myrmarachne inermichelis strand , 1918 : 100 ( d f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis saito , 1933b : 39 , pl . 3 , f . 7a - b . myrmarachne innermichelis uyemura , 1952 : 5 , f . 3 , b ( m ) . myrmarachne inermichelis oliger , 1984 : 126 , f . 3 ( m ) . myrmarachne inermichelis yaginuma , 1986a : 242 , f . 134 . 2 ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis bohdanowicz & prószyński , 1987 : 96 , f . 160 - 166 ( m f ) . myrmarachne innermichelis chikuni , 1989b : 160 , f . 64 ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis seo , 2001a : 38 , f . 5 - 6 ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis namkung , 2002 : 607 , f . 43 . 51a - b ( m f ) . myrmarachne innermichelis cho & kim , 2002 : 110 , f . 40 , 141 - 142 , 249 - 250 ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis namkung , 2003 : 611 , f . 43 . 51a - b ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis ono , ikeda & kono , 2009 : 564 , f . 25 - 30 ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis kim & lee , 2014 : 95 , f . 67a - e ( m f ) .

myrmarachne bidentata banks , 1930a : 209 , pl . 11 , f . 4 ( d m ) . myrmarachne bidentata barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 50 , f . 19a - f ( m ) .

myrmarachne collarti roewer , 1965 : 54 , f . 55 ( d m ) . myrmarachne collarti wanless , 1978a : 49 , f . 24a - h , pl . 1e - f ( m ) .

myrmarachne rufisquei berland & millot , 1941 : 411 , f . 100 , 101a - b ( d m ) . myrmarachne rufisquei wanless , 1978a : 55 , f . 30a - c ( m ) .

salticus lugubris kulczyński , 1895d : 46 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 5 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne lugubris simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne grahami fox , 1937d : 12 , f . 1 - 2 ( d f ) . myrmarachne lugubris prószyński , 1979 : 313 , f . 222 - 223 ( f ) . myrmarachne lugubris wesolowska , 1981a : 81 , f . 112 ( f ) . myrmarachne lugubris dunin , 1984b : 136 , f . 47 - 49 ( m f ) . myrmarachne lugubris zabka , 1985 : 248 , f . 349 - 358 ( m f ) . myrmarachne lugubris prószyński , 1987 : 26 , 157 ( f , s ) . myrmarachne lugubris logunov & wesolowska , 1992 : 133 , f . 21b - d , 22a - c , 23a - c ( m f ) . myrmarachne lugubris song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 536 , f . 305e , q ( m f ) . myrmarachne lugubris cho & kim , 2002 : 112 , f . 252 - 253 ( f ) . myrmarachne lugubris ikeda , 2010 : 29 , unnumbered f . ( f ) .

myrmarachne eidmanni roewer , 1942b : 252 , pl . 19 , f . 8 ( d m ) . myrmarachne punctata wanless & clark , 1975 : 290 , f . 29 - 35 ( d m ) . myrmarachne eidmanni wanless , 1978a : 39 , f . 17a - h ( m , s ) .

myrmarachne elongata szombathy , 1915a : 475 , f . 6 ( d m ) . myrmarachne coppeti berland & millot , 1941 : 405 , f . 95 , 101c ( d m ) . myrmarachne faradjensis roewer , 1965 : 48 , f . 36 ( d m ) . myrmarachne atra roewer , 1965 : 50 , f . 40 ( d m ) . myrmarachne abimvai roewer , 1965 : 58 , f . 61 , 61a ( d m f ) . myrmarachne dartevellei roewer , 1965 : 58 , f . 62 ( d m ) . myrmarachne kasaia roewer , 1965 : 60 , f . 64 ( d m ) . myrmarachne moto roewer , 1965 : 60 , f . 65 , 65a ( d m f ) . myrmarachne elongata wanless , 1978a : 50 , f . 25a - f , 26a - h , 27a - i , 28a - i ( m , s f ) . myrmarachne elongata zabka , 1985 : 244 , f . 314 - 317 ( f ) . myrmarachne elongata zhang , song & zhu , 1992 : 3 , f . 4 . 1 - 3 ( f ) . myrmarachne elongata song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 304i - j , 327l ( f ) . myrmarachne elongata ono , ikeda & kono , 2009 : 564 , f . 40 - 43 ( m f ) . myrmarachne elongata wesolowska & russell - smith , 2011 : 582 , f . 99 - 102 ( m f ) .

myrmarachne kiboschensis lessert , 1925a : 441 , f . 18 - 22 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne diversicoxis caporiacco , 1947d : 227 , pl . 2 , f . 62 ( d f ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis wanless , 1978a : 78 , f . 47a - g , 48a - k ( m f , s ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis zabka , 1985 : 247 , f . 337 - 341 ( m ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis prószyński , 1992b : 187 , f . 93 - 98 ( m f ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis peng et al . , 1993 : 137 , f . 469 - 473 ( m ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 304s ( m ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis wesolowska & tomasiewicz , 2008 : 28 , f . 107 - 111 ( m f ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis wesolowska & russell - smith , 2011 : 583 , f . 111 - 113 ( m ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis kananbala et al . , 2011 : 4 , f . 1a - f ( m ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis yin et al . , 2012 : 1412 , f . 767a - e ( m ) .

myrmarachne marshallii peckham & peckham , 1903 : 249 , pl . 29 , f . 6 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne riveti berland & millot , 1941 : 410 , f . 99 ( d m ) . myrmarachne akermani lawrence , 1942 : 181 , f . 28 - 29 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne burgeoni roewer , 1965 : 54 , f . 56 , 56a ( d m f ) . myrmarachne bredoi roewer , 1965 : 55 , f . 57 ( d m ) . myrmarachne benoiti roewer , 1965 : 57 , f . 60 ( d m ) . myrmarachne mulungu roewer , 1965 : 59 , f . 63 ( d m ) . myrmarachne marshalli wanless , 1978a : 67 , f . 38a - h , 39a - g , 40a - k , pl . 1a - d , 4a , c , e ( m f , s ) . myrmarachne marshalli wanless , 1978e : 277 , pl . 2d . myrmarachne marshalli wesolowska & cumming , 2008 : 199 , f . 98 - 106 ( m f ) . myrmarachne marshalli wesolowska & haddad , 2009 : 63 , f . 121 - 123 ( f ) .

myrmarachne foenisex simon , 1910c : 415 ( d m ) . myrmarachne foenisex giltay , 1929 : 25 , f . 3 - 4 ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne foenisex berland & millot , 1941 : 406 , f . 96 ( m f ) . myrmarachne foenisex lessert , 1942 : 10 , f . 5 ( f ) . myrmarachne foenisex wanless , 1978a : 60 , f . 33a - g , 34a - e , pl . 1h , 2a , 3e - f ( m f ) . myrmarachne foenisex wesolowska & russell - smith , 2011 : 583 , f . 103 - 110 ( m f ) .

salticus alticeps thorell , 1890c : 157 ( d m ) . myrmarachne alticeps roewer , 1955c : 944 .

synemosyna capito thorell , 1890c : 155 ( d f ) . myrmarachne capito roewer , 1955c : 945 .

myrmarachne crassembolus yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 520 , f . 15a - g ( d m ) .

myrmarachne cyrtodens yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 521 , f . 16a - g ( d m ) .

synemosyna debilis thorell , 1890c : 155 ( d f ) . myrmarachne debilis roewer , 1955c : 945 .

myrmarachne endoi yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 523 , f . 17a - g ( d m ) .

myrmarachne hidaspis caporiacco , 1935b : 196 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ( d f ) .

myrmarachne himalayensis narayan , 1915 : 399 , pl . 32 , f . 5 ( d m ) .

myrmarachne incertus narayan , 1915 : 396 , pl . 32 , f . 2 ( d f ) .

myrmarachne kuwagata yaginuma , 1967b : 100 , f . 3l - p ( d m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata yaginuma , 1986a : 243 , f . 134 . 3 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata bohdanowicz & prószyński , 1987 : 98 , f . 167 - 171 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata chikuni , 1989b : 160 , f . 62 ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne kuwagata zhang , song & zhu , 1992 : 3 , f . 5 . 1 - 4 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata seo , 1992b : 181 , f . 3 - 6 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata peng et al . , 1993 : 138 , f . 474 - 478 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 305k - m , 327m ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata namkung , 2002 : 605 , f . 43 . 49a - b ( m f ) . myrmarachne kuwagata cho & kim , 2002 : 111 , f . 42 , 144 - 145 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata namkung , 2003 : 609 , f . 43 . 49a - b ( m f ) . myrmarachne kuwagata ono , ikeda & kono , 2009 : 564 , f . 37 - 39 ( m f ) . myrmarachne kuwagata yin et al . , 2012 : 1413 , f . 768a - e ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata kim & lee , 2014 : 97 , f . 69a - e , pl . 19 ( m f ) . myrmarachne kuwagata caleb , 2016c : 405 , f . 1 - 19 ( m f ) .

salticus leptognathus thorell , 1890c : 158 ( d m ) . myrmarachne leptognatha roewer , 1955c : 946 .

myrmarachne megachelae ganesh kumar & mohanasundaram , 1998 : 27 , 5 unnumbered f . ( d m ) .

myrmarachne onceana barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 58 , f . 25a - j ( d m ) .

salticus paviei simon , 1886a : 137 ( d m ) . myrmarachne paviei simon , 1904b : 290 .

salticus pectorosus thorell , 1890c : 157 ( d m ) . myrmarachne pectorosa roewer , 1955c : 948 .

myrmarachne pinakapalea barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 54 , f . 22a - g ( d m ) .

myrmarachne pinoysorum barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 61 , f . 26a - h ( d m ) .

synemosyna prognatha thorell , 1887 : 343 ( d m ) . myrmarachne prognatha roewer , 1955c : 948 .

synemosyna rufescens thorell , 1877b : 552 ( d f , not m ) . myrmarachne rufescens roewer , 1955c : 949 . myrmarachne rufescens yamasaki , 2012 : 171 , f . 49 - 54 ( f ) .

myrmarachne satarensis narayan , 1915 : 404 , pl . 32 , f . 9 ( d m ) .

myrmarachne seriatis banks , 1930a : 215 , pl . 11 , f . 5 ( d m ) .

myrmarachne solitaria peckham & peckham , 1903 : 250 , pl . 29 , f . 5 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne solitaria wanless , 1978a : 75 , f . 46a - l ( m f ) . myrmarachne solitaria wesolowska & haddad , 2009 : 65 , f . 124 - 126 ( f ) . myrmarachne solitaria wesolowska & haddad , 2014 : 253 , f . 82 - 86 ( m f ) .

myrmarachne vanessae wanless , 1978a : 91 , f . 57a - l ( d m f ) . myrmarachne vanessae wesolowska & russell - smith , 2000 : 73 , f . 196 - 199 ( m ) .

myrmarachne vulgarisa barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 53 , f . 23a - h ( d f ) .

myrmarachne gisti fox , 1937d : 13 , f . 4 , 9 , 12 , 14 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne gisti yin & wang , 1979 : 36 , f . 19a - d ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti hu , 1984 : 379 , f . 395 . 1 - 6 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti zhu & shi , 1985 : 207 , f . 189a - c ( f ) . myrmarachne legon zabka , 1985 : 247 , f . 342 - 348 ( m f , misidentified ) . myrmarachne gisti song , 1987 : 298 , f . 254 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti zhang , 1987 : 244 , f . 216 . 1 - 6 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti feng , 1990 : 211 , f . 186 . 1 - 7 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti chen & gao , 1990 : 187 , f . 238a - d ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti chen & zhang , 1991 : 311 , f . 330 . 1 - 6 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti peng et al . , 1993 : 132 , f . 440 - 449 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti zhao , 1993 : 411 , f . 211a - c ( f ) . myrmarachne gisti logunov , 1993a : 51 , f . 1a - c ( m ) . myrmarachne gisti song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 304n - p , 305a - b ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti song , zhu & chen , 2001 : 440 , f . 292a - f ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti zhu & zhang , 2011 : 490 , f . 355a - d ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti yin et al . , 2012 : 1408 , f . 765a - j ( m f ) .

myrmarachne uvira wanless , 1978a : 86 , f . 54a - m ( d m f ) . myrmarachne uvira wesolowska & russell - smith , 2000 : 73 , f . 192 - 195 ( f ) . myrmarachne uvira wesolowska & tomasiewicz , 2008 : 32 , f . 125 - 129 ( m f ) . myrmarachne uvira wesolowska & russell - smith , 2011 : 585 , f . 121 - 123 ( m ) .

myrmarachne lulengana roewer , 1965 : 50 , f . 42 ( d m ) . myrmarachne lulengana wanless , 1978a : 33 , f . 12g , j - l , 13a - h ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne lulengana wesolowska & tomasiewicz , 2008 : 30 , f . 115 - 119 ( m f ) . myrmarachne lulengana wesolowska & haddad , 2009 : 61 , f . 115 - 120 ( m f ) .

myrmarachne militaris szombathy , 1913 : 33 , 56 , f . 9 ( d m ) . myrmarachne maerens lessert , 1925a : 445 , f . 23 - 25 ( d m ) . myrmarachne maerens caporiacco , 1940c : 855 ( d f ) . myrmarachne paucidentata berland & millot , 1941 : 408 , f . 98 ( d m ) . myrmarachne maerens roewer , 1965 : 41 , f . 51 , 51a ( f ) . myrmarachne schoutedeni roewer , 1965 : 51 , f . 44 ( d m ) . myrmarachne militaris wanless , 1978a : 30 , f . 10a , e - f , h - i , 11a - c , e - f , h - i , 12a - b , e , h ( m , s f ) . myrmarachne militaris wesolowska & tomasiewicz , 2008 : 32 , f . 120 - 124 ( m f ) .

myrmarachne acromegalis yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 505 , f . 2a - f , 3a - f , 41c - f ( d m f ) . myrmarachne acromegalis prószyński , 2017b : 103 , f . 45b4 , 46j ( m f ) . myrmarachne acromegalis prószyński , 2018b : 161 , f . 19j ( f ) .

salticus manducator westwood , 1841 : 1 , pl . 1 ( d f ) . salticus luridus simon , 1885e : 453 ( d m ) . ascalus manducator thorell , 1895 : 323 ( d m ) . myrmarachne manducator simon , 1901a : 500 . myrmarachne lurida simon , 1901a : 500 . myrmarachne manducator simon , 1904b : 290 , pl . 16 , f . 8 ( m ) . myrmarachne manducator reimoser , 1925 : 90 .

myrmarachne acutidens yamasaki & edwards , 2013 : 3 , f . 2 - 19 ( d m f ) .

myrmarachne circulus xiao & wang , 2004 : 263 , f . 1 - 10 ( d m f ) .

myrmarachne iridescens banks , 1930a : 216 , pl . 11 , f . 3 ( d m f ) .

synemosyna praelonga thorell , 1890b : 64 ( d m ) . myrmarachne laeta praelonga strand , 1909f : 103 .

myrmarachne ludhianaensis sadana & gupta , 1998 : 469 , f . 1 - 9 ( d m f ) .

myrmarachne melanotarsa wesolowska & salm , 2002 : 410 , f . 1 - 16 ( d m f ) .

myrmarachne piercei banks , 1930a : 214 , pl . 11 , f . 2 ( d m f ) .

synemosyna opaca karsch , 1880c : 395 ( d m ) . myrmarachne opaca banks , 1930a : 211 , pl . 7 , f . 12 . myrmarachne opaca yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 546 , f . 36a - g ( m ) . myrmarachne opaca benjamin , 2015b : 2660 , f . 39c - f ( m ) .

myrmarachne ramosa badcock , 1918 : 303 , f . 8 ( d m ) . myrmarachne albicrurata badcock , 1918 : 306 , f . 9a ( d f ) . myrmarachne lateralis badcock , 1918 : 310 , f . 9b ( d f ) . myrmarachne ramosa edmunds & prószyński , 2003 : 301 , f . 8 - 29 ( m , s f ) . myrmarachne ramosa prószyński , 2016 : 6 , f . 2b - c , 3b , 4b ( m f ) . myrmarachne ramosa prószyński , 2017b : 101 , f . ( f , removed from s of m . melanocephala , contra edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 5 , s of m . albicrurata and m . laterali s confirmed ) . myrmarachne ramosa prószyński , 2018b : 165 , f . 22e ( f ) .

myrmarachne ramunni narayan , 1915 : 400 , pl . 32 , f . 4 ( d m ) . myrmarachne ramunni dyal , 1935 : 221 ( d f ; n . b . : may be misidentified , per benjamin , 2015b : 2651 ) . myrmarachne ramunni benjamin , 2015b : 2651 , f . 2e - f , 3e - f ( m ) . myrmarachne ramunni caleb , 2016c : 417 , f . 66 - 75 ( m ) .

myrmarachne chapmani banks , 1930a : 214 , pl . 11 , f . 6 , 11 ( d m ) .

myrmarachne concava zhu et al . , 2005 : 536 , f . 10a - f ( d m f ) .

myrmarachne dundoensis wanless , 1978a : 82 , f . 51a - i , 52a - e , pl . 5a - b ( d m f ) . myrmarachne dundoensis edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 16 , f . 7 ( m ) . myrmarachne dundoensis wesolowska & wiśniewski , 2015 : 555 , f . 31 - 33 ( m f ) .

myrmarachne glavisi prószyński & deeleman - reinhold , 2010 : 176 , f . 117 , 119 - 120 , 125 - 126 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne glavisi prószyński , 2018b : 165 , f . 22c ( f ) .

myrmarachne mcgregori banks , 1930a : 213 , pl . 11 , f . 9 , 14 ( d m ) .

myrmarachne mussungue wanless , 1978a : 42 , f . 19d - e , g - j ( d f ) .

salticus pectorosus sternodes thorell , 1890c : 157 ( d f ) . myrmarachne pectorosa sternodes roewer , 1955c : 948 .

myrmarachne tagalica banks , 1930a : 212 , pl . 11 , f , 1 , 10 ( d m ) .

salticus tristis simon , 1882b : 212 ( d f ) . salticus tristis simon , 1890a : 115 ( d m ) . salticus tristis peckham & peckham , 1892 : 22 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ( m f ) . myrmarachne tristis simon , 1901a : 501 . myrmarachne tristis narayan , 1915 : 397 , pl . 32 , f . 3 ( f ) . myrmarachne tristis roewer , 1965 : 42 , f . 35 , 35a ( f ) . myrmarachne tristis diversipes denis , 1966e : 113 , f . 13 ( d m ) . myrmarachne tristis wanless , 1978a : 63 , f . 36a - h , 37a - e ( m f , s ) . myrmarachne tristis prószyński , 1989 : 44 , f . 37 - 43 ( m ) . myrmarachne tristis wesolowska & van harten , 1994 : 63 , f . 128 - 132 ( m f ) . myrmarachne tristis prószyński , 2003 : 108 , f . 446 - 452 ( m f ) . myrmarachne tristis prószyński , 2016 : 6 , f . 2a , 3a , 4a ( m f ) . myrmarachne tristis prószyński , 2017b : 103 , f . 45a6 , 45b6 , 45c11 ( m f ) . myrmarachne tristis prószyński , 2018b : 165 , f . 22d ( f ) .

salticus constrictus blackwall , 1877 : 5 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ( dj ) . myrmarachne constricta simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne constrictus saaristo , 1978 : 111 , f . 100 - 102 ( d m ) . myrmarachne constricta wanless , 1984c : 24 , f . 7a - g , 8a - c ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne constricta saaristo , 2010 : 194 , f . 27 . 101 - 104 ( m f ) .

myrmarachne evidens roewer , 1965 : 53 , f . 52 ( d m ) . myrmarachne evidens wanless , 1978a : 42 , f . 20a , h - i , 21d , f , i , 22a , d ( m ) .

myrmarachne lesserti lawrence , 1938a : 521 , f . 39 ( d m ) . myrmarachne lesserti wanless , 1978a : 106 , f . 68a , c - d , f , 69a - b , e - g ( m ) .

myrmarachne nigeriensis wanless , 1978a : 88 , f . 55a - j , 56a - m ( d m f ) . myrmarachne nigeriensis wesolowska & russell - smith , 2011 : 583 , f . 114 - 120 ( m f ) .

myrmarachne caliraya barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 56 , f . 24a - i ( d m ) . myrmarachne caliraya sen et al . , 2015 : 40 , f . 136 - 141 , pl . 14 ( m ) . myrmarachne caliraya dhali , saha & raychaudhuri , 2017 : 38 , f . 96 - 99 , pl . 17 ( m ) .

myrmarachne edentata berry , beatty & prószyński , 1996 : 238 , f . 84 - 90 ( d m f ) .

myrmarachne pisarskii berry , beatty & prószyński , 1996 : 240 , f . 91 - 96 ( d m f ) .

myrmarachne lesserti schenkel , 1963 : 391 , f . 226a - b ( d m ; n . b . : preoccupied by lawrence , 1938 ) . myrmarachne lesserti song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 305d , n ( m , f may be mislabeled ) . myrmarachne schenkeli peng & li , 2002g : 26 ( replacement name ) .

salticus bicurvatus o . pickard - cambridge , 1869c : 67 , pl . 6 , f . 57 - 60 ( d m ) . myrmarachne bicrivata sherriffs , 1931 : 539 ( lapsus ) . myrmarachne bicurvata roewer , 1955c : 944 . myrmarachne bicurvata benjamin , 2015b : 2613 , f . 2a - d , 3a - d , 4a - f ( m ) .

myrmarachne melanocephala macleay , 1839 : 11 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ( d m ) . myrmecia melanocephala walckenaer , 1841 : 462 ( d f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala galiano , 1969b : 146 ( type locality is " bengal , " not cuba ) . myrmarachne orientales tikader , 1973b : 60 , f . 3 - 6 ( d m f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034866 ] . myrmarachne orientales tikader & biswas , 1981 : 105 , f . 193 - 194 ( f ) . myrmarachne orientalis brignoli , 1983c : 644 ( lapsus ) . myrmarachne orientales mushtaq et al . , 1995 : 91 , f . 1a - f ( m ) . myrmarachne melanocephala edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 5 , f . 1a - h , 2a - d , 3a - d , 4a - e , 5a - d ( m , s f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala yamasaki & edwards , 2013 : 15 , f . 46 - 58 ( m f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 541 , f . 32a - g , 33a - h , 34a - c ( m f ) . myrmarachne orientales sen et al . , 2015 : 42 , f . 152 - 156 , pl . 14 ( f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala benjamin , 2015b : 2625 , f . 17a - d , 18a - d , 19a - d ( m , s ) . myrmarachne melanocephala roy , saha & raychaudhuri , 2016 : 24 , f . 20a - f , 25i , 27r ( f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala caleb , 2016c : 410 , f . 20 - 30 ( m f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala dhali , saha & raychaudhuri , 2017 : 39 , f . 105 - 109 , pl . 17 ( f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala prószyński , 2017b : 103 , f . 45b1 , 45c9 , 46b ( m f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala prószyński , 2018b : 165 , f . 19b , 22e1 ( f ) .

salticus nemorensis peckham & peckham , 1892 : 28 , pl . 2 , f . 3 ( d m ) . myrmarachne nemorensis roewer , 1955c : 947 . myrmarachne nemorensis benjamin , 2015b : 2660 , f . 39a - b ( m ) .

myrmarachne giltayi roewer , 1965 : 52 , f . 45 ( d m ) . myrmarachne giltayi wanless , 1978a : 36 , f . 14a - b , f , h , 15a , f - g , 16d - f , h ( m ) . myrmarachne giltayi wesolowska & wiśniewski , 2015 : 556 , f . 34 - 38 ( d f , m ) .

salticus angusta thorell , 1877b : 553 ( d m ) . myrmarachne angusta simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne annamita zabka , 1985 : 243 , f . 306 - 313 ( d m f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034729 ] . myrmarachne annamita zhang , song & zhu , 1992 : 2 , f . 3 . 1 - 6 ( m f ) . myrmarachne annamita peng et al . , 1993 : 130 , f . 430 - 439 ( m f ) . myrmarachne annamita song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 303o - p , 304g - h , 327k ( m f ) . myrmarachne annamita yin et al . , 2012 : 1405 , f . 763a - j ( m f ) . myrmarachne angusta yamasaki , 2012 : 155 , f . 2 - 12 ( m , s f ) .

salticus hesperius simon , 1887a : 261 ( d m ) . myrmarachne hesperia simon , 1901a : 498 . myrmarachne hesperia berland & millot , 1941 : 407 , f . 97 ( m ) . myrmarachne insulana roewer , 1942b : 254 , pl . 19 , f . 10 ( d f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034805 ] . myrmarachne chelata wanless & clark , 1975 : 294 , f . 36 - 43 ( d m ) . myrmarachne hesperia wanless , 1978a : 46 , f . 20d - e , g , j , 21a , c , h , k , 22c , f ( m , s ) . myrmarachne insulana wanless , 1978a : 40 , f . 19a - c , f ( f ) . myrmarachne hesperia wesolowska & edwards , 2012 : 753 , f . 70 - 76 ( m , s f ) .

myrmarachne laurentina bacelar , 1953 : 8 , f . 4 - 8 ( d m ) . myrmarachne laurentina wanless , 1978a : 99 , f . 63a - b , e , g , i , 64b - c , 65a - c , g - h ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne laurentina wesolowska & haddad , 2009 : 61 , f . 111 - 114 ( m ) . " myrmarachne " laurentina prószyński , 2018b : 171 , f . 21s - v ( m f ) .

myrmarachne lawrencei roewer , 1965 : 56 , f . 59 , 59a ( d m f ) . myrmarachne lawrencei wanless , 1978a : 32 , f . 10b - d , g , j , 11d , g , j - k , 12c - d , f , i ( m f ) . myrmarachne lawrencei wesolowska & tomasiewicz , 2008 : 28 , f . 112 - 114 ( m ) . myrmarachne lawrencei wesolowska & wiśniewski , 2015 : 558 , f . 39 - 43 ( m f ) .

myrmarachne milledgei pekár , in pekár et al . , 2017 : 662 , f . 11a - j ( d m ) .

myrmarachne sabahna yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 547 , f . 37a - g , 38a - f ( m f ) .

myrmarachne smaragdina ceccarelli , 2010 : 250 , f . 28 - 36 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne smaragdina pekár et al . , 2017 : 554 , f . 2k - l , 12a - g , s1q - r ( m f ) .

the first specimen records of m . formicaria from north america have all been from ohio , usa : from warren , trumble county on 16 august 2001 ; the j . h . barrow field station , portage county on 15 september 2002 ; and at a residence near peninsula , summit county . additional individuals have been observed by the third author in and around the j . h . barrow field station and the peninsula residence during the summers of 2003 and 2004 . ( bradley et al . 2006 )

myrmarachne isolata clark & benoit , 1977 : 89 , f . 35a - d , 36a - b ( d m f ) .

myrmarachne lambirensis yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 529 , f . 22a - g , 23a - f ( d m f ) .

synemosyna lupata l . koch , 1879a : 1052 , pl . 93 , f . 1 ( d m ) . myrmarachne lupata rainbow , 1911 : 283 . myrmarachne lupata pekár et al . , 2017 : 657 , f . 8a - f ( m ) .

myrmarachne markaha barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 51 , f . 20a - h , 21a - h ( d m ) . myrmarachne markaha yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 536 , f . 28a - g , 29a - f ( m , d f ) .

salticus robustus peckham & peckham , 1892 : 27 , pl . 2 , f . 2 ( d m ) . myrmarachne robusta roewer , 1955c : 949 . myrmarachne maratha tikader , 1973b : 65 , f . 12 - 15 ( d m f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034844 ] . myrmarachne maratha tikader & biswas , 1981 : 105 , f . 195 - 197 ( m f ) . myrmarachne maratha sen et al . , 2015 : 42 , f . 142 - 146 , pl . 14 ( f ) . myrmarachne robusta benjamin , 2015b : 2660 , f . 41a - b ( m , s f ) . myrmarachne robusta dhali , saha & raychaudhuri , 2017 : 38 , f . 100 - 104 , pl . 17 ( f ) .

myrmarachne uniseriata narayan , 1915 : 402 , pl . 32 , f . 6 ( d m ) . myrmarachne aurantiaca benjamin , 2015b : 2613 , f . 1a - d ( d m ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 048048 ] . myrmarachne uniseriata caleb & benjamin , 2017 : 294 , f . 1 - 6 ( m , s of m . aurantiaca ) .

salticus augustus peckham & peckham , 1892 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ( d m ) . myrmarachne angustiformis simon , 1901a : 503 ( unnecessary replacement name ) . myrmarachne augusta wanless , 1978a : 109 , f . 70a - h ( m ) .

myrmarachne epigealis yamasaki & edwards , 2013 : 7 , f . 20 - 32 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne epigealis prószyński , 2017b : 103 , f . 45b3 ( m f ) . toxeus epigealis prószyński , 2018b : 161 , f . 19g ( f ) .

myrmarachne jacksoni prószyński & deeleman - reinhold , 2010 : 178 , f . 115 - 116 , 121 - 122 ( d m ) .

myrmarachne linguiensis zhang & song , in zhang , song & zhu , 1992 : 3 , f . 6 . 1 - 4 ( d m ) . myrmarachne linguiensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 536 , f . 305o - p , 327n ( m ) .

myrmarachne morningside benjamin , 2015b : 2628 , f . 20a - d , 21a - d , 22a - d ( d m ) .

salticus albocinctus c . l . koch , 1846 : 36 , f . 1105 ( d m ) . salticus ephippiatus emerton , 1891 : 249 , pl . 21 , f . 4 ( f , misidentified ) . myrmarachne albocincta simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne albocincta emerton , 1909 : 233 . myrmarachne albocincta peckham & peckham , 1909 : 371 , pl . 50 , f . 2 ( m f ) .

leptorchestes striatipes l . koch , 1879a : 1059 , pl . 93 , f . 4 ( d f ) . myrmarachne striatipes simon , 1901a : 525 . myrmarachne striatipes pekár et al . , 2017 : 665 , f . 13a - k , s1j ( d m , f ) .

salticus macleayanus bradley , 1876b : 220 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ( d m ) . myrmarachne jugularis simon , 1901a : 499 , f . 593 ( d m ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034811 ] . myrmarachne macleayana rainbow , 1911 : 283 . myrmarachne jugularis zabka , 1991c : 42 ( type locality specified as australian ) . myrmarachne macleayana pekár et al . , 2017 : 660 , f . 2i - j , 3e , 10a - m , s1m - p ( m , d f , s of m . jugularis ) .

myrmarachne albosetosa wanless , 1978a : 108 , f . 68b , e , g , 69c - d , h - j ( d m ) .

myrmarachne corpuzrarosae barrion , in barrion & litsinger , 1981a : 144 , f . 2a - j , 3a - g ( d m f ) .

salticus eumenes simon , 1900b : 405 ( d m ) . myrmarachne eumenes simon , 1901a : 499 , f . 587 - 589 ( m ) . myrmarachne eumenes wanless , 1978a : 114 , f . 73a - k , 74a - e , pl . 2b ( m , d f ) .

salticus ichneumon simon , 1886g : 387 ( d m ) . salticus ichneumon peckham & peckham , 1892 : 17 , pl . 1 , f . 7 ( m ) . myrmarachne ichneumon simon , 1901a : 499 . salticus ichneumon peckham & peckham , 1903 : 250 ( d f ) . myrmarachne ichneumon roewer , 1965 : 47 , f . 38 , 38a ( f ) . myrmarachne ichneumon wanless , 1978a : 56 , f . 31a - g , 32a - i ( m f ) . myrmarachne ichneumon wesolowska & haddad , 2009 : 58 , f . 105 - 110 ( m f ) .

myrmarachne kilifi wanless , 1978a : 102 , f . 63c - d , f , h , j - k , 64a , d , 65d - f , i - j , pl . 3c - d ( d m f ) . myrmarachne kilifi wesolowska & russell - smith , 2000 : 72 , f . 188 - 191 ( m ) . " myrmarachne " kilifi prószyński , 2018b : 171 , f . 21w - z ( m f ) .

synemosyna pumilio karsch , 1880c : 395 ( d m ) . myrmarachne hanoii zabka , 1985 : 246 , f . 332 - 336 ( d m ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034795 ] . myrmarachne topali zabka , 1985 : 419 , f . 364 - 367 ( d f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034911 ] . myrmarachne hanoii xiao & wang , 2007 : 1004 , f . 1 - 8 ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne hanoii yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 526 , f . 20a - g , 21a - d , 41a ( m f , s ) . myrmarachne pumilio benjamin , 2015b : 2660 , f . 40a - e ( removed m from nomen dubium contra roewer , 1955c : 166 , t from synemosyna , s f ) . myrmarachne hanoi prószyński , 2018b : 161 , f . 19o ( f ) .

myrmarachne macaulayi pekár , in pekár et al . , 2017 : 658 , f . 9a - j , s1k - l ( d m f ) .

salticus myrmicaeformis lucas , 1871 : 8 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ( d m ) . salticus desertus peckham & peckham , 1892 : 21 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ( d m ) . myrmarachne myrmicaeformis simon , 1901a : 501 . myrmarachne myrmicaeformis reimoser , 1919 : 97 .

salticus providens peckham & peckham , 1892 : 34 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne providens simon , 1901a : 500 . myrmarachne providens prószyński , 2017b : 101 ( removed from s of m . melanocephala contra edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 5 ; species inquirenda ) .

salticus bicolor l . koch , 1879a : 1055 , pl . 93 , f . 2 ( d m ) . myrmarachne bicolor rainbow , 1911 : 282 . myrmarachne spp . davies & zabka , 1989 : 203 , f . 10 ( m only ) . myrmarachne rubra ceccarelli , 2010 : 246 , f . 1 - 9 ( d m f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 043414 ] . myrmarachne bicolor pekár et al . , 2017 : 645 , f . 1a - f , 2a - b , 3a , s1a - b ( m , d f , s of m . rubra ) .

salticus dubius peckham & peckham , 1892 : 29 , pl . 2 , f . 4 ( d m ) . myrmarachne dubius banks , 1930a : 208 .

myrmarachne inflatipalpis wanless , 1978a : 95 , f . 59a , c , f - g , 60a , c , e - g ( d m ) .

myrmarachne jianfenglin barrion , barrion - dupo & heong , in barrion et al . , 2013 : 23 , f . 25a - e ( d f ) .

myrmarachne leleupi wanless , 1978a : 80 , f . 49a - b , e , 50b , d - e , g , i ( d m ) .

myrmarachne uelensis wanless , 1978a : 82 , f . 49c - d , f - g , 50a , c , f , h ( d m ) .

myrmarachne legon wanless , 1978a : 69 , f . 41a - c , 42a - k , pl . 4b , d , f ( d m f ) .

salticus simonis herman , 1879 : 295 , 383 , pl . 8 , f . 185 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne simonis reimoser , 1919 : 97 .

myrmarachne zabkai pekár , in pekár et al . , 2017 : 666 , f . 2m - n , 14a - j , s1s ( d m f ) .

leptorchestes erythrocephalus l . koch , 1879a : 1057 , pl . 93 , f . 3 ( d f ) . myrmarachne erythrocephala simon , 1901a : 525 . myrmarachne erythrocephala pekár et al . , 2017 : 649 , f . 2c - d , 3b , 5a - m , s1c - e ( d m , f ) .

anon . 2010 , " myrmarachne macleay , 1839 ( araneae : salticidae ) : generic name conserved " , bulletin of zoological nomenclature , vol . 67 , p . 336

salticus edentulus peckham & peckham , 1892 : 31 , pl . 2 , f . 5 ( d f ) . myrmarachne edentata roewer , 1955c : 945 ( lapsus ) .

myrmarachne kitale wanless , 1978a : 94 , f . 59b , d - e , h - i , 60b , d , h - m ( d m f ) .

synemosyna laeta thorell , 1887 : 339 ( d f ) . ascalus laeta thorell , 1895 : 321 ( d m ) . myrmarachne laeta gravely , 1922 : 1049 , pl . 4 , f . 12 ( m f ) . myrmarachne laeta dyal , 1935 : 220 , pl . 17 , f . 160 - 164 ( m f ) .

myrmarachne luachimo wanless , 1978a : 37 , f . 14c - e , g , 15b - e , h , 16a - c , g ( d m f ) .

salticus pravus karsch , 1880c : 395 ( d m ) . myrmarachne paivae narayan , 1915 : 403 , pl . 32 , f . 8 ( d m ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034867 ] . myrmarachne bengalensis tikader , 1973b : 65 , f . 16 - 18 ( d f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034737 ] . myrmarachne bengalensis tikader & biswas , 1981 : 106 , f . 198 - 200 ( f ) . myrmarachne prava benjamin , 2015b : 2634 , f . 23a - e , 24a - d , 25a - d , 26a - d , 27a - c , 28a - e ( removed m from nomen dubium contra roewer , 1955c : 1649 , t from salticus , s f ) . myrmarachne prava caleb , 2016c : 414 , f . 55 - 65 ( f ) .

iola cowanii peckham & peckham , 1892 : 75 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ( d f ) . myrmarachne cowani simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne cowanii wanless , 1978a : 73 , f . 44a - e , 45a - g ( f , m was considered as variety of m . augusta by peckham & peckham , 1892 ) .

nomina dubia : myrmarachne cuprea ( hogg , 1896 : 352 , pl . 24 , f . 16 - 17 , f , central australia , originally leptorchestes cupreus ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034760 ] - - pekár et al . , 2017 : 648 . myrmarachne exultans caporiacco , 1949a : 462 , f . 83 ( f , kenya ) - - wanless , 1978a : 126 . myrmarachne obscura ( taczanowski , 1872 : 124 , french guiana , originally in janus ) - - roewer , 1955c : 1535 , galiano , 1969b : 144 . myrmarachne sansibarica strand , 1910 : 13 ( m , zanzibar ) - - wanless , 1978a : 126 , ( but see caporiacco , 1949a : 461 ) .

salticus attenuatus karsch , 1880c : 396 ( d f ; n . b . : omitted by roewer ) . myrmarachne attenuata bonnet , 1957 : 2999 ( t f from salticus ) .

myrmarachne helensmithae pekár , in pekár et al . , 2017 : 652 , f . 2e - f , 3c , 6a - j , s1f - g ( d m f ) .

salticus spissus peckham & peckham , 1892 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ( d m ) . myrmarachne spissa simon , 1901a : 500 . myrmarachne spissa benjamin , 2015b : 2652 , f . 32a - j , 33a - d , 34a - d , 35a - f , 36a - c , 37a - f ( m , d f ) .

leptorchestes cognata l . koch , 1879a : 1063 , pl . 93 , f . 6 ( dj ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034751 ] . leptorchestes luctuosus l . koch , 1879a : 1065 , pl . 93 , f . 7 ( d m ) . leptorchestes simoni l . koch , 1879a : 1061 , pl . 93 , f . 5 ( d f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034901 ] . myrmarachne cognata simon , 1901a : 525 . myrmarachne luctuosa simon , 1901a : 525 . myrmarachne simoni simon , 1901a : 525 . myrmarachne spp . davies & zabka , 1989 : 203 , f . 10 ( f only ) . myrmarachne luctuosa pekár et al . , 2017 : 654 , f . 2g - h , 3d , 7a - j , s1h - i ( m , d f , s of m . cognata and m . simoni ) .

myrmarachne naro wanless , 1978a : 43 , f . 20b - c , f , k , 21b , e , g , j , 22b , e , g ( d m ) .

salticus niger peckham & peckham , 1892 : 30 , pl . 2 , f . 7 ( d m , preoccupied ) . myrmarachne nigella simon , 1901a : 503 ( replacement name ) .

synemosyna transversa mukerjee , 1930 : 200 , f . 1 - 2 ( d f ; n . b . : omitted by roewer ) . myrmarachne transversa galiano , 1966a : 377 ( t f from synemosyna ) .

salticus contractus karsch , 1880c : 396 ( d m ; n . b . : nomen dubium per roewer , 1955c : 1646 ) . myrmarachne contracta edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 5 ( t from salticus , s of m . melanocephala , rejected by prószyński , 2017b : 100 ) . myrmarachne contracta prószyński , 2017b : 100 ( removed from s of m . melanocephala contra edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 5 ; species inquirenda ) .

salticus dilatatus karsch , 1880c : 396 ( d m ) . myrmarachne dilatata próchniewicz , 1989 : 217 , f . 23 - 27 ( t m from salticus , where " nicht zu deuten ! " per roewer ) .

seo , b . k . ( 2001a ) . spiders of the genus myrmarachne ( araneae , salticidae ) from korea . journal of the institute of natural sciences , keimyung university 20 ( 2 ) : 37 - 41 . - - show included taxa

salticus attenuatus o . pickard - cambridge , 1901b : 15 , pl . 5 , f . 6 ( d f ; n . b . : preoccupied by karsch , 1880 , will need replacement name if identifiable ) . myrmarachne attenuata roewer , 1955c : 944 .

simonella formosana saito , 1933b : 40 , pl . 3 , f . 5a - e ( d m ) . myrmarachne formosana galiano , 1966a : 378 ( t m from simonella = synemosyna ; n . b . : preoccupied by matsumura , 1911 if congeneric ) .

edwards , g . b . & benjamin , s . p . ( 2009 ) . a first look at the phylogeny of the myrmarachninae , with rediscovery and redescription of the type species of myrmarachne ( araneae : salticidae ) . zootaxa 2309 : 1 - 29 . - - show included taxa

bizone longiventris simon , 1903a : 1051 ( d f ) . bizonella longiventris strand , 1929 : 15 ( generic replacement name ) . bizonella longiventris roewer , 1965 : 80 , f . 71a - d ( f ) . myrmarachne longiventris wanless , 1978a : 105 , f . 66a , f , i , 67b - c ( f ) .

janus melanocephalus c . l . koch , 1846 : 22 , f . 1092 ( d m , preoccupied ) . janigena melanocephala karsch , 1880c : 394 . synemosyna melanocephala van hasselt , 1882 : 47 . salticus melanocephalus simon , 1885a : 30 . synemosyna melanocephala thorell , 1892c : 224 ( d f ) . myrmarachne kochi reimoser , 1925 : 90 ( replacement name ) .

lsid : [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034782 ]

distribution : macaronesia , europe , turkey , caucasus , russia , china , korea , japan . introduced to usa

almquist , s . ( 2006 ) . swedish araneae , part 2 - - families dictynidae to salticidae . insect systematics & evolution , supplement 63 : 285 - 601 . - - show included taxa

becker , l . ( 1882b ) . les arachnides de belgique . i . annales du musée royal d ' histoire naturelle de belgique 10 : 1 - 246 . - - show included taxa

blackwall , j . ( 1861a ) . a history of the spiders of great britain and ireland . london 1 , 1 - 174 . - - show included taxa

bösenberg , w . ( 1903 ) . die spinnen deutschlands . v , vi . zoologica ( stuttgart ) 14 ( 5 - 6 ) : 385 - 465 , pl . 37 - 43 . doi : 10 . 5962 / bhl . title . 6508 - - show included taxa

breitling , r . , bauer , t . , schäfer , m . , morano , e . , barrientos , j . a . & blick , t . ( 2016b ) . phantom spiders 2 : more notes on dubious spider species from europe . arachnologische mitteilungen 52 : 50 - 77 . doi : 10 . 5431 / aramit5209 - - show included taxa

canestrini , g . ( 1868 ) . nuove aracnidi italiani . annuario della società dei naturalisti in modena 3 : 190 - 206 . - - show included taxa

canestrini , g . & pavesi , p . ( 1868 ) . araneidi italiani . atti della società italiana di scienze naturali 11 : 738 - 872 . - - show included taxa

canestrini , g . & pavesi , p . ( 1870 ) . catalogo sistematico degli araneidi italiano . archivi per la zoologia anatomia e fisiologia bologna 2 : 60 - 64 ( separate , pp . 1 - 44 ) . - - show included taxa

chen , x . e . & gao , j . c . ( 1990 ) . the sichuan farmland spiders in china . sichuan science and technology publishing house , chengdu , 226 pp . - - show included taxa

chen , z . f . & zhang , z . h . ( 1991 ) . fauna of zhejiang : araneida . zhejiang science and technology publishing house , 356 pp . - - show included taxa

chikuni , y . ( 1989b ) . pictorial encyclopedia of spiders in japan . kaisei - sha publishing co . , tokyo , 310 pp . - - show included taxa

cho , j . h . & kim , j . p . ( 2002 ) . a revisional study of family salticidae blackwall , 1841 ( arachnida , araneae ) from korea . korean arachnology 18 : 85 - 169 . - - show included taxa

dahl , m . ( 1926 ) . spinnentiere oder arachnoidea . springspinnen ( salticidae ) . in : . jena 3 , 1 - 55 . - - show included taxa

de geer , c . ( 1778 ) . des araignées . in : mémoires pour servir à l ' histoire des insectes . tome septième . pierre hesselberg , stockholm , 176 - 324 , pl . 11 - 19 , 38 - 39 . - - show included taxa

doleschall , l . ( 1852 ) . systematisches verzeichniss der im kaiserthum österreich vorkommenden spinnen . sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften , mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche klasse , wien 9 : 622 - 651 . [ sub ' doleschal ' ] - - show included taxa

dunin , p . m . ( 1984b ) . [ material on the spider fauna from the far east ( arachnida , aranei ) . 1 . family salticidae ] . in : lehr , p . a . ( ed . ) fauna and ecology of insects in the south of the far east . dalnevostochnyi nauchnyi tsentr akademii nauk sssr , vladivostok , pp . 128 - 140 . - - show included taxa

feng , z . q . ( 1990 ) . spiders of china in colour . hunan science and technology publishing house , 256 pp . - - show included taxa

flanczewska , e . ( 1981 ) . remarks on salticidae ( aranei ) of bulgaria . annales zoologici , warszawa 36 : 187 - 228 . - - show included taxa

fuhn , i . e . & gherasim , v . f . ( 1995 ) . familia salticidae . fauna romaniei , arachnida 5 ( 5 ) , 1 - 301 . ( bucuresti , ed . acad . roman . ) - - show included taxa


comber ( / ˈkɒmbər / ) ( serranus cabrilla ) , is a species of fish in the family serranidae .

it lives in the mediterranean sea , the black sea and the atlantic coast from the british isles to the cape of good hope , including the azores , madeira and the canary islands .

the habitat are rocky or sandy sounding-deeps at depths of 0 – 200 metres ( 0 – 656 ft ) .

size can vary from 5 – 25 centimetres ( 2.0 – 9.8 in ) in normal individual to up to 40 cm ( 16 in ) .

the comber feeds on other fish , cephalopods and crustaceans .

comber ( fish )

comber ( fish ) <EOT> beach comber star fish earring with worn gold plating and faux fresh water pearl .

comber , serranus cabrilla . lateral view on ship wreck . azores , portugal .

green wrasse & comber . labrus viridis , serranus cabrilla . couch , print 1862

comber gaper ( serranus cabrilla ) swimming through water , callelongue creek , marseille , france .

comber ( serranus cabrilla ) swimming in the waters of riou island , moyades , marseille , france .

also known as rockcods , cods , hinds , trouts , pointed comber , redfish , lettered perch .

latin , serran , serranus , saw and a fish of genus serranus ( ref . 45335 )

description : quinn ' s fish cafe is a locally owned fish & chip sit - in and takeaway . our ethos is to provide you with the highest quality food at it ' s freshest .

these fish are hermaphrodites and can fertilize themselves . spawning is seasonal and controlled by the moon’s phase .

created to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .

lovely crisp battered fish and freshly cooked chips . the helpings are huge and served by pleasant staff .

serranus scriba , the painted comber , is a subtropical marine fish found in the eastern atlantic ocean , the mediterranean sea , and the black sea . confusingly , a synonym of this species is perca marina , but that name ( as sebastes marinus ) has incorrectly been used for a separate species , the rose fish .

a fresh catch of various fish species laying on the bottom of a plastic bucket . lemnos island , greece

comber ( serranus cabrilla ) with sea louse ( anilocra sp . ) , cala montgó , costa brava , catalonia , spain

my family and i got lovely fish and chips out of here , great chip shop , lovely batter and chips where also very nice , came with mushy peas which was a nice extra and offered tartar sauce . good addition to comber take outs .

squirrelfish , holocentrus adscensionis , comber , serranus cabrilla , and redcoat , sargocentron rubrum . handcoloured copperplate engraving after an illustration by jean - gabriel pretre from bernard germain de lacepede ' s natural history of oviparous quadrupeds , snakes , fish and cetaceans , eymery , paris , 1825 .

comber , serranus cabrilla . swimming in front of diver . is widely distributed in the eastern atlantic and is known from the straits of gibraltar to an

i have seen lots of this fish almost under every rock along turkey ' s mediterrenean coast . they are so friendly and curious : )

i had wanted to try quinn ' s for sometime . my grandfathers were both north sea fishermen and i love great fish and chips . when in london i like to go to the north sea fish restaurant near st . pancras which is wonderful but when i am . . .

my daughter suggested we try quinn ' s the next time we were in comber . we arrived around 6 . 00 and while the carry out was very busy there were many tables available in the sit - in section . the staff were friendly and attentive . we order two fish and . . .

the painted comber spends much of its time in rocky caves . it is usually solitary or in small groups . it comes out of hiding around dusk to feed on various crustaceans , fishes , and worms . indeed , this fish tends to give away a well hidden octopus nest , since it lies in waiting outside the octopus nest to feed on the left - over bits of shellfish .

the photo of this painted comber was taken at a depth of 30m outside of the blue hole , a natural feature at dwejra , not far from the famous azure window , on gozo ’s west coast .

comber , serranus cabrilla ( greenish holocentrus , holocentrus virescens ) . illustration drawn and engraved by richard polydore nodder . handcoloured copperplate engraving from george shaw and frederick nodder ' s the naturalist ' s miscellany , london , 1806 .

my wife and i always go here for chips in comber . we make it in at least once a fortnight . great fish , great chicken goujons and brilliant chips ! big portions , too . the beef and bird burger was a force to be reckoned with when i got it . staff are friendly and everything is cooked in front of you - can ; t get fresher than that . see you tomorrow night . . .

also known as rockcods , cods , hinds , trouts , pointed comber , redfish and lettered perch . found in murky waters of lagoons and seaward reefs , on rocky bottoms and in seagrass beds . colour varies . they feed on small fish and invertebrates . length - 30cm depth - 5 - 150m widespread eastern atlantic , mediterranean & black sea . sea bass are solitary carnivores that hunt near the bottom usually at dusk . food is drawn into their mouths by a powerful suction when they open their overly large mouths and then swallowed whole . spawning is seasonal and controlled by the moons phase .

hi ken , many thanks for your review and i ' m glad you enjoyed your fish . i was however disappointed that you found the chips to be poor . i can assure you that we do cook all our food fresh and that the chips you had were . . .

very pleasant couple serving excellent fare . fish and mushrooms battered before my eyes , then cooked before being nicely presented on white square plates , with the nice touch of fake newspaper on top . this was actually greaseproof , and had " headlines " about the café . sadly , deserted at . . .

is widely distributed in the eastern atlantic and is known from the straits of gibraltar to angola , madeira and canary and cape verde isalnds , sao tome and prncipe . it also inhabits the mediterranean and black seas , eastern atlantic to british isles , azores , and the red sea . this fish is common and abundant .

got a carry out of fish , pastie & chips along with a portion of gravy . the produce was good quality but very greasy , so much so we didn ' t finish what we got and the gravy was really lumpy . if they could sort the grease problem out i think it would be very good . disappointed .

serranus cabrilla inhabits rocky and soft bottoms from shore to 450 m depth . it feeds on cephalopods , crustaceans and fish ( heemstra and anderson in prep ) . this species is a synchronous hermaphrodite . the spawning season ranges from february to july with a peak in may . it matures at 152 mm ( garcia - diaz et al . 1997 ) .

serranus scriba grows to a length of 28 centimetres . this grouper has a squat body , a large head and a mouth very large in proportion to the body size . jaws are filled with sharp teeth . the painted comber is orange to red in colour , with bluish to dark brown vertical stripes that are wider and darker towards the tail . the caudal fin is dark yellow to orange , the dorsal fins are yellow with orange dots and lines . the pelvic fins and pectoral fins are usually monochromatic light yellow . the head shows many reddish - brown lines that resemble arabic writing ( hence the latin name of the species ) . on both sides of the abdomen there is a large , bright blue area .

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inhabits rocky and soft bottoms from shore to 450 m depth . this species is caught on hand lines and bottoms trawls . it is used for human consumption as well as fishmeal . there are no major threats at present time and no indication of population declines at either global or regional scales . no species - specific measures are currently in place , however , several marine protected areas are found within its range . it is therefore listed as least concern .

serranus cabrilla ranges from the straits of gibraltar to angola , madeira and canary and cape verde islands , sao tome and principe . it also inhabits the mediterranean and black seas , eastern atlantic to british isles including the azores and is also know to occur off south africa . possible occurrences in the red sea are mediterranean sea immigrants . this species can be found in waters up to 450 m deep ( heemstra and anderson in press ) and has been recorded from ~ 40 m ( t . iwamoto pers . comm . 2013 ) .

albania ; algeria ; angola ; benin ; bosnia and herzegovina ; bulgaria ; cameroon ; cape verde ; congo ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; côte d ' ivoire ; croatia ; cyprus ; egypt ; equatorial guinea ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; gabon ; gambia ; georgia ; ghana ; greece ; guernsey ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; israel ; italy ; jersey ; lebanon ; liberia ; libya ; malta ; mauritania ; monaco ; montenegro ; morocco ; nigeria ; portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; romania ; russian federation ; sao tomé and principe ; senegal ; sierra leone ; slovenia ; south africa ; spain ( baleares , canary is . , spain ( mainland ) , spanish north african territories ) ; syrian arab republic ; togo ; tunisia ; turkey ; ukraine ; united kingdom ; western sahara

is common and abundant . there are 136 museum records found with a maximum count of 21 individuals in a single lot ( fishnet2 2013 ) .

serranus cabrilla is caught on handlines and bottoms trawls . it is used for human consumption as well as fishmeal ( heemstra and anderson in press ) . this species is a component of small scale fisheries in parts of its range .

no species specific measures are currently in place , however , several marine protected areas are found within its range ( world database on protected areas 2010 ) .

smith - vaniz , w . f . & iwamoto , t . 2015 .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

marine ; demersal ; depth range 5 - 500 m ( ref . 5506 ) . deep - water ; 57°n - 35°s , 32°w - 36°e

eastern atlantic : english channel southward round the cape of good hope to natal , south africa ( ref . 4319 ) , including azores , madeira and the canary islands ( ref . 5506 ) . also in the mediterranean and western black sea and possibly in the red sea ( ref . 5506 ) .

maturity : l m 17 . 5 range ? - ? cm max length : 40 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5506 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36731 )

found on the shelf and upper slope on rocks , posidonia beds , sand and mud bottoms ( ref . 5506 ) . feed on fishes , cephalopods and crustaceans ( ref . 27121 ) .

tortonese , e . , 1986 . serranidae . p . 780 - 792 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 5506 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00811 - 0 . 01073 ) , b = 2 . 98 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 02 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 3 se ; based on diet studies .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 1 - 0 . 3 ; tmax = 6 ) .

prior r = 0 . 93 , 2 sd range = 0 . 49 - 1 . 77 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 07 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 32 , based on : 1 m , 15 k , 3 tmax , records

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 36 of 100 ) .

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the genus serranus belongs to the family serranidae ( the family of groupers and sea basses ) , order perciformes , class actinopterygii , phylum chordata and kingdom animalia .

elysia timida , the green elysia , is a species of sacoglossan sea slug , a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk endemic to the . . .

bothus podas , the wide - eyed flounder , is a type of flatfish and is native to the mediterranean sea and the eastern . . .

astropecten aranciacus , the red comb starfish , is a type of sea star and is native to the mediterranean sea and . . .

die gruppe um stephania und brian ist echt super . wir hatten eine woche mit höhen und tiefen aber waren hier echt super gut aufgehoben und betreut . ich komme gerne wieder . super gutes team und echt schöne tauchplätze .

professional , attention to every detail , friendly , helpful where needed . thank you for the 2 amazing dives guys at the blue hole and the reqqa point . special thanks to dennis , dennis - dennis , georgia & stephania !

i was there a couple of years ago . diving with brian was just like diving with a good friend .

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october 06 , 2014 at 06 : 18 am - 1 person found this useful .

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quinn ' s is a real treat . the shop is always immaculate , the staff are friendly and welcoming , and the food is always of the highest quality .

we had the cod and chips . great service , friendly staff and lovely food , what more do you want from a chip shop .

friendly and fast service . . . portion size large and could be shared easily . . . would recommend this for a tasty treat . and try the fried mars bars . . .

love this very clean professional restaurant . the staff are very friendly and the service is excellent . love the pasties they are fantastic and the chips the best . we love sitting in as a family such a treat !

friendly staff and warm welcome . order was taken quickly . food was lovely and would come back here anytime .

had never eaten here but this will be our first choice for a chippy tea from now on . we sat in . the food was cooked to order so we expected a bit of a wait and didn ' t mind . the service was good and the . . .

many thanks for your review ! we ' re glad you enjoyed your meal . look forward to seeing you again soon ! stuart

after a long saterday working decided i wanted a chippy . called in here for the 1st time in a while . shop was busy , service was with a smile and the guy working the fryer ' s went out of his way to do me exactly what i . . .

hi glenn , many thanks for your review . i ' m glad you enjoyed your kebab ! hope to see you again soon ! thanks again stuart ( the guy working the fryer ' s )

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i have got a take away a few times from here . the food is nice and reasonable . the few times i have been in have waiting abit long especially when ur the only one else in

hi , thank you for taking the time to send us a review . i am really sorry that your visit didn ' t quite match your expectations . we appreciate your comments and have taken everything on board . we pride ourselves on the quality of our food and value every customer ' s feedback . if you could contact me on 02891874557 i would like to discuss your concerns with you and rectify them . ( sorry this reply has taken a while , i didn ' t know we were on tripadvisor ) . regards , stuart

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elachista saccharella , the sugarcane leafminer moth , is a moth of the elachistidae family .

it is found in florida , and louisiana in the united states and in cuba .

the larvae feed on saccharum species .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

elachista saccharella

elachista saccharella <EOT> elachista saccharella ( busck , 1934 ) is now recognized within the north american fauna .

kaila , lauri . 1999 . a revision of the nearctic species of the genus elachista s . l . iii . the bifasciella , praelineata , saccharella and freyerella groups ( lepidoptera , elachistidae ) . acta zoologica fennica 211 : 1 - 235 .

kaila , l . , 1999a . a revision of the nearctic species of elachista s . l . iii . the bifasciella , praelineata , saccharella and freyerella groups ( lepidoptera elachistidae ) . acta zool . fenn . 211 , 1 - 235 . [ links ]

a revision of the nearctic species of elachista s . 1 ii . , the argentella group ( lepidoptera : elachistidae )

elachista synethes meyrick , 1897 . 26 , pupa in dorsal , 27 , ventral and 28 , lateral views , respectively . scale bar = 300 μm .

kaila , l . , varalda , p . g . , 2004 . the elachista juliensis complex revisited ( elachistidae ) . nota lepidopterol . 27 , 217 - 237 . [ links ]

baran , t . , 2002 . elachista nolckeni šulcs , 1992 : morphology and bionomics of immature stages ( gelechioidea : elachistidae ) . nota lepidopterol . 25 , 97 - 107 . [ links ]

baran , t . , 2009 . the immature stages of elachista zonulae ( sruoga , 1992 ) ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) . entomol . fenn . 20 , 239 - 244 . [ links ]

kaila , l . , 2011b . on species related to elachista pollutella duponchel ( lepidoptera , elachistidae ) , with descriptions of four new palaearctic species . entomol . fenn . 22 , 129 - 139 . [ links ]

kaila , l . , 2011a . a review of species related to elachista catalana parenti ( lepidoptera , elachistidae : elachistinae ) , with descriptions of two new species . entomol . fenn . 22 , 85 - 96 . [ links ]

sugisima , k . , kaila , l . , 2005 . japanese elachista mining on the leaf of woody poaceae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae s . str . ) . entomol . fenn . 16 , 83 - 102 . [ links ]

kaila , l . , sippola , l . , 2010 . elachista saarelai sp . n . ( lepidoptera elachistidae : elachistinae ) , a new species from southern finland . entomol . fenn . 21 , 129 - 138 . [ links ]

kaila , l . , sruoga , v . , 2014 . definition of the elachista puplesisi sruoga complex ( lepidoptera , gelechioidea , elachistidae ) , with description of a new species . zootaxa . 3821 , 583 - 589 . [ links ]

kaila , l . , ståhls , g . , 2006 . dna barcodes : evaluating the potential of coi to differentiate closely related species of elachista ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea : elachistidae ) from australia . zootaxa . 1170 , 1 - 26 . [ links ]

baran , t . , buszko , j . , 2005 . elachista baltica hering 1891 sp . rev . – a valid species of elachistidae from the baltic shore ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) . entomol . fenn . 16 , 9 - 18 . [ links ]

parenti , u . , 2005 . elachistid moths of the collection antonio curó and the pre - imaginal stages of elachista adscitella stainton and e . pollinariella zeller . riv . mus . civ . sc . nat . e . caffi . 24 , 3 - 9 . [ links ]

baran , t . , buszko , j . , 2010 . preimaginal stages and life history of elachista irenae buszko , 1989 ( insecta : lepidoptera : elachistidae ) – a local montane moth from central europe . ital . j . zool . 77 , 323 - 330 . [ links ]

elachista synethes meyrick , 1897 . first larval instar : 5 , general , dorsal view ; 6 , head , ventral ; 7 , mouth parts , ventral ; 8 , antenna , laterodorsal ; 9 , prothoracic spiracle , anterolateral . scale bars = 100 , 25 , 5 , 5 and 2 μm , respectively .

elachista synethes meyrick , 1897 . last larval instar : 10 , head chaetotaxy , frontal view ; 11 , thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy , lateral view ; 12–13 , head and prothorax , dorsal and ventral views , respectively ( open arrows indicate prothoracic legs ) . scale bars = 150 , 300 , 200 and 200 μm , respectively .

elachista synethes meyrick , 1897 . egg : 1 , dorsolateral view ; 2 , chorionic cells showing location of aeropyles ( indicated by closed arrow in fig . 1 ) ; 3 , micropylar region ( indicated by open arrow in fig . 1 ) ; 4 , aeropyle in detail . scale bars = 50 , 10 , 5 and 1 μm , respectively .

elachista synethes was recently recognized as an alien species in northern chile , where its larvae mine the rescue grass bromus catharticus ( poaceae ) . in order to provide the necessary information to allow field detection of e . synethes during early ontogeny , we conducted a morphological reappraisal of the immature stages of this leaf - miner moth , based on light and scanning electron microscopy , including the first descriptions of the egg and the first - instar larva . this is the first report of the existence of an apodal early larva for a species of elachista treitschke . the legs and prolegs are absent in the first two instars , but are well developed in the last two . additional observations on the life history are also provided , including a description of the mine .

in relation to the thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy of e . synethes , the closest pattern is found in elachista baltica hering , 1891 , as described by baran and buszko ( 2005 ) . this is interesting , as e . baltica belongs to the freyerella species group ( baran and buszko , 2005 ) , in which the synethes complex is included ( kaila , 2011c ) . apparently the d - group is absent in a10 of the two species ; the d - group may be unisetose or bisetose in species belonging to other groups of elachista ( baran , 2002 , 2009 ; baran and buszko , 2010 ) . however , the homology of the a10 setae should be carefully examined before any conclusion is attempted in this regard ( baran and buszko , 2005 ) .

transverse histological sections of leaf of bromus catharticus , showing the organization levels of mine of elachista synethes meyrick , 1897 in relation to larval ontogeny : 46 , first instar , initial , linear section of mine ; 47 , last instar , final , blotch section of mine . asterisks indicate leaf mines . ab abaxial surface of epidermis ; ad adaxial surface of epidermis ; me mesophyll ; ph phloem ; sc sclerenchyma ; xy xylem . scale bars = 150 and 400 μm , respectively .

the new information presented here , in particular that related to the first instar , highlights the importance of performing morphological studies with the early life stages of elachistid moths , for comparative purposes . a remarkable characteristic in e . synethes is the absence of legs and prolegs in the two early larval instars , contrasting with the presence of these structures in the two later instars . as far as we know , this pattern has not been reported elsewhere for the family . reduction of thoracic legs has been mentioned for some elachistid species ; and the absence of prothoracic legs was reported for the last instar of some australian members of elachista ( wagner , 1987 ; common , 1990 ) .

elachista synethes meyrick , 1897 . scanning electron micrographs of last larval instar : 14 , head , lateral view ; 15 , stemmata , lateral ; 16 , antenna , lateral ; 17 , head and prothorax , dorsal ; 18 , labrum and dorsal stemmata in detail , dorsal ; 19 , maxilla and labium , ventral ; 20 , prothorax , ventral ; 21 , detail of prothorax left portion , dorsal ; 22 , spiracle of abdominal segment a1 , lateral ; 23 , prothoracic leg , posterolateral ; 24 , proleg of abdominal segment a4 , ventral ; 25 , last abdominal segments , lateral . scale bars = 100 , 15 , 10 , 200 , 50 , 20 , 150 , 50 , 20 , 50 , 50 and 100 μm , respectively .

elachista synethes meyrick , 1897 . scanning electron micrographs of pupa : 29 , head and thorax , dorsal view ; 30 , head , anterior ; 31 , head , ventral ; 32 , mesothoracic lateral tubercles in detail , dorsal ; 33 , terga of abdominal segments a2 - 4 , dorsal view ; 34 , tergal ridges in detail , dorsal ; 35 , spiracle of abdominal segment a2 , lateral ; 36 , spiracle of abdominal segment a6 , dorsal ; 37–39 , last abdominal segments , in dorsal , ventral and lateral views , respectively ; 40 , cremaster setae on ninth abdominal segment , lateral . scale bars = 200 , 150 , 150 , 100 , 200 , 25 , 250 , 20 , 100 , 100 , 100 and 20 μm , respectively .

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contributed by maury j . heiman on 5 june , 2013 - 10 : 30am

memoirs of the american entomological society 13 : 1 - 110 , pl . 1 - 26 , 1948

phylogeny and feeding trait evolution of the mega - diverse gelechioidea ( lepidoptera : obtectomera ) . . .

by sohn , j . c . , j . c . regier , c . mitter , d . adamski , j . f . landry , m . heikkilä , k . t . park , t . harrison , k . mitter , a . zwick , a . y . kaw

sohn , j . c . , j . c . regier , c . mitter , d . adamski , j . f . landry , m . heikkilä , k . t . park , t . harrison , k . mitter , a . zwick , a . y . kawahara , s . cho , m . p . cummings & p . schmitz , 2016 . phylogeny and feeding trait evolution of the mega - diverse gelechioidea ( lepidoptera : obtectomera ) : new insight from 19 nuclear genes . systematic entomology , 41 ( 1 ) : 112–132 . abstract and link to fee based access here . cite : 1412991

descriptions of new species , including : isophrictis occidentalis , aristotelia amelanchierella , aristotelia planitia , gnorimoschema consueta , gnorimoschema macromaculata , gelechia fructuaria , gelechia prognosticata , brachmia casca . available online ( requires jstor access ) here

by heikkilä , m . , mutanen , m . , kekkonen , m . and kaila , l .

heikkilä , m . , m . mutanen , m . kekkonen & l . kaila , 2014 [ 2013 ] , morphology reinforces proposed molecular phylogenetic affinities : a revised classification for gelechioidea ( lepidoptera ) . cladistics , 30 : 563–589 . doi : 10 . 1111 / cla . 12064

as of 2015 , this was the most current revision of gelechioidea . a summary of the revision is found on p . 585 . as of 2016 , the phylogeny of gelechioidea remains in flux with a paper published by sohn et al . ( 2016 )

two new species of coniferous needle miners from louisiana and the description of a new genus ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) .

contributed by maury j . heiman on 2 october , 2014 - 12 : 44am

a review of coelopoeta ( elachistidae ) , with descriptions of two new species .

kaila , l . 1995 . a review of coelopoeta ( elachistidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 49 ( 2 ) : 171 - 178

contributed by maury j . heiman on 10 may , 2014 - 8 : 55pm

elachistidae is a family of gelechioidea moths , with 830 recognized species in three subfamilies , parametriotinae , agonoxeninae and elachistinae ( heikkilä et al . , 2014 ) . the cryptic life mode of many of these species is among the reasons that large numbers of elachistids are still waiting to be discovered and described , even from geographic areas where micro - moth faunas have been the subject of intensive taxonomic studies ( kaila and sippola , 2010 ) . they are collected relatively seldom in south america ( kaila , 1999b , 2000 ) .

thus , accurate description of e . synethes is important , not only to follow its eventual population expansion in chile , but also to detect new occurrences of this leaf - miner moth at other localities , if any . detailed morphological characterizations of the adult stage of e . synethes are already available , particularly for the male and female genitalia ( common , 1990 ; kaila , 2011c ; gonçalves et al . , 2015 ) . gross morphologies of the pupa , last - instar larva and the mature mine in holcus mollis l . , 1759 ( poacaeae ) were provided by kaila ( 2011c ) . here we provide a reappraisal of the external morphology of the immature stages of e . synethes , based on light and scanning electron microscopy , including the first descriptions of the egg and early larval instars . information on the life history is also provided , together with a detailed description of the leaf mine .

all the specimens used in this study were collected as either leaf - miner larvae or attached eggs and pupae , on b . catharticus in the azapa valley ( 18°31′s ; 070°10′w ) between june 2012 and august 2013 . the rearing was conducted in plastic vials at room temperature , in the departamento de recursos ambientales , facultad de ciencias agronómicas , universidad de tarapacá , arica , chile .

for observations of the gross morphology , the specimens were cleared in 10 % koh , dissected , and slide - mounted in either glycerin jelly or canada balsam ; chlorazol black was used to stain membranous structures . observations were performed with the aid of a leica m125 stereomicroscope , where structures selected to be drawn were photographed with an attached sony ® dsc - h10 digital camera ; or using an olympus bx51 microscope , where the selected structures were photographed with a qimaging™ micropublisher™ 3 . 3 rtv - digital camera . vectorized line drawings were then made with the software coreldraw ® x4 , using the corresponding digital images as a guide . measurements were made with an attached ocular micrometer ; unless noted , values are presented as mean ± standard deviation .

for scanning electron microscope examination , the specimens were dehydrated in a bal - tec™ cpd 030 critical - point dryer , mounted with double - sided tape on metal stubs , and coated with gold in a bal - tec scd050 sputter coater . they were then examined and photographed in a jeol jsm - 5800 scanning electron microscope at the centro de microscopia eletrônica ( cme ) of the federal university of rio grande do sul ( ufrgs ) , porto alegre , state of rio grande do sul , brazil .

descriptions of plant anatomy were based on diaphanized , field - collected leaf mines ( n = 5 ) from leaves of b . catharticus that were fixed in faa ( 37 % formaldehyde , glacial acetic acid , and 50 % ethanol , 1 : 1 : 18 , v / v ) , stained with toluidine blue ( aqueous solution : 0 . 05 g / 100 ml ) and mounted either whole or in freehand section in glycerin on slides , following a procedure described in detail by brito et al . ( 2012 ) .

in addition to those vouchers with their respective collection data and accession numbers listed by gonçalves et al . ( 2015 ) , the following slide preparations should be added as material examined in the present study [ all with the same data , deposited in the insect collection of the laboratório de morfologia e comportamento de insetos ( lmci ) , of the departamento de zoologia , ufrgs ] : five larvae mounted in glycerin jelly ( lmci 191 - 25a - e ) , and five mature leaf mines , mounted in glycerin ( lmci 191 - 25f - j ) .

dimensions ; n = 4 : length = 0 . 42 ± 0 . 02 mm ; width = 0 . 19 ± 0 . 01 mm . flat and elliptical , deposited with micropylar axis parallel to longitudinal leaf veins ( fig . 1 ) ; chorion translucent ; surface sculptured with slightly differentiated , broad ridges , forming elongated and poorly defined cells that are longitudinally arranged ( fig . 2 ) ; circular aeropyles at intersections of ridges ( figs . 2 and 4 ) ; micropylar area with 4–5 subcircular cells ( fig . 3 ) .

with two clearly different morphs : first and second instars without legs and prolegs ; third and fourth instars with a more typical eruciform appearance , with well - developed legs and prolegs .

dimensions ( n = 4 ) : length = 1 . 03 ± 0 . 04 mm ; head - capsule width = 0 . 10 ± 0 . 006 mm .

thorax ( figs . 5 and 9 ) : cream - white , setae extremely reduced or absent ; legs absent . prothorax : spiracle circular , without pronounced peritrema ; dorsal shield as narrow brownish band ; ventral surface with pair of brown circular blotches ; integument sculptured with broadly rounded coniform processes , mostly around spiracles , and forming broad transverse band on ventral surface near posterior margin ; one pair of callus - like structures laterodorsally and another pair of similar structures lateroventrally . meso - and metathorax : without spiracles ; coniform processes similar to those on prothorax , forming dorsal and ventral transverse bands ; one pair of callus - like structures laterodorsally and another ventrolaterally .

abdomen ( fig . 5 ) : cream - white , setae extremely reduced or absent ; prolegs absent ; circular spiracles with slightly developed peritreme , laterally on a1 - 8 ; ornamentation of integument similar to that on thorax but widely scattered , except near spiracles .

dimensions ( n = 6 ) : length = 4 . 81 ± 0 . 53 mm ; head - capsule width = 0 . 34 ± 0 . 02 mm .

head ( figs . 12 - 19 ) : prognathous , brown , slightly depressed ; frontoclypeus subtriangular , with lateral sides ca . three times length of anterior side ; six subcircular stemmata near lateral margin ( fig . 15 ) ; stemma 6 ventrally between setae s2 and s3 , stemma 5 hidden by antenna in dorsal view , stemmata 1–4 between seta a3 and antenna . antenna ( fig . 16 ) greatly reduced , bisegmented ; five sensilla on broad basal segment , two sensilla on narrow distal segment . mouthparts of chewing type ( figs . 18 and 19 ) ; labrum bilobed with ten short hairlike setae ; mandibles with three cusps .

abdomen ( figs . 24 and 25 ) : cream - white , integument slightly rough , provided with hairlike setae , and anal shield slightly differentiated ; one pair of circular spiracles laterally on a1 - 8 ; one pair of prolegs on segments a3 - 6 and a10 , each with 4–6 hooklike crochets arranged in transverse bars .

head : f group unisetose ; f1 ca . equidistant between epicranial notch and distal margin of frontoclypeus ; fa pore between f1 and distal margin of frontoclypeus ; c group replaced by small pores ; af group unisetose , af1 greatly reduced , near epicranial notch ; cd group trisetose , cd1 , cd2 and cd3 almost in straight line , cda pore between cd2 and cd3 ; a group bisetose , a1 absent , a2 between stemmata 2 and 3 and frontoclypeus , aa pore posteromedial to a2 , a3 proximal to stemma 1 ; p not represented by setae , pa pore medial to a3 , pb distomedial to cd1 ; l group unisetose , l1 a small seta posterolateral to a3 , la pore posterior to l1 ; s group bisetose , s2 posterolateral to stemma 6 , a pore between s2 and stemma 6 , s3 between stemmata 5 and 6 , sb pore between stemmata 3 and 4 ; mg group bisetose , both setae greatly reduced , near posterior margin of gena , mga pore between mg setae .

prothorax : d group bisetose , with d1 and d2 posterolaterally on dorsal shield ; xd group bisetose , with xd1 anterolaterally on dorsal shield , xd2 ventral to xd1 , outside of dorsal shield ; sd group bisetose , sd1 and sd2 ca . equidistant between xd2 and spiracle ; l group trisetose , l2 ventral to xd2 , l3 ca . equidistant between l2 and spiracle , l1 posteroventral to l2 ; sv group unisetose , sv1 posteroventral to l3 ; v group unisetose , v1 between coxa and ventral shield ; mv group bisetose , mv2 and mv3 on ventral shield , near lateral margin .

meso - and metathorax : d group bisetose , d2 posteroventral to d1 ; sd group unisetose , sd1 anteroventral to d2 ; l group trisetose , l2 anteroventral to sd1 , l1 posteroventral to l2 , l3 posterodorsal to l1 ; sv group unisetose , sv1 between l3 and coxa ; v group unisetose , v1 medial to coxa .

abdominal segment 1 ( a1 ) : d group bisetose , d1 greatly reduced , d2 posteroventral to d1 ; sd group bisetose , sd1 dorsal to spiracle , sd2 greatly reduced , anteroventral to sd1 ; l group bisetose , l1 posteroventral to spiracle , l3 anteroventral to l1 ; sv group bisetose , between l3 and v1 , sv3 anterior to sv1 ; v group unisetose .

abdominal segments 2 , 7 ( a2 , 7 ) : similar to a1 , except sd1 anterodorsal to spiracle , sd2 anteroventral to sd1 , and sv3 anteroventral to sv1 .

abdominal segments 3–6 ( a3 - 6 ) : similar to a2 , except sv group trisetose , inserted anterolaterally on proleg , v1 on medial surface of proleg .

abdominal segment 8 ( a8 ) : similar to a7 , except l and sv groups unisetose .

abdominal segment 9 ( a9 ) : d , l , sv and v groups bisetose , with d1 , l1 , sv1 and v1 almost in straight line .

abdominal segment 10 ( a10 ) : provided with 10 pairs of setae with uncertain identities ; one pair on anal shield , remaining nine pairs outside of dorsal shield .

dimensions ( n = 5 ) : length = 3 . 24 ± 0 . 23 mm . overall dark yellowish brown ( fig . 28 ) , occurring within a cocoon that is generally constructed on a leaf blade of b . catharticus .

head ( figs . 26 - 31 ) : integument with abundant tiny punctures , almost evenly distributed ; frons and eyes not separated by sutures , forming subrectangular area , anterior margin forming broad carina interrupted at middle , posterior margin slightly projected between galeae , tentorial pits near posterior margin ; vertex triangular , with two tubercle - like projections anteriorly , posterior margin with conspicuous carina . antennae narrow , elongated , reaching posterior margin of a5 . proboscis on ventral surface broad anteriorly , narrowing distally , reaching middle of a2 .

thorax ( figs . 26 - 29 , 31 - 32 ) : integument ornamented as on head . prothorax a narrow band between head and mesothorax . mesothorax mostly evident by forewings , pair of broad longitudinal carinae dorsally , and dorsolateral group of longitudinally arranged tubercle - like process ; tip of forewings reaching middle of a6 ; dorsal margin strongly sinuous between meso - and metathorax ; broad longitudinal carina along middle of metathorax ; hindwings mostly covered by forewings . forelegs lateral to proboscis , not reaching proboscis tip ; middle legs between forelegs and antennae , almost reaching posterior margin of a2 .

abdomen ( figs . 26 - 28 , 33 - 40 ) : integument ornamented as on head and thorax ; each segment with one dorsal longitudinal carina , one pair of dorsolateral carinae ( fig . 28 ) , and two transverse carinae ( figs . 33 and 34 ) , one on anterior margin , another on posterior margin ; spiracles of a1 not visible , spiracles a2 - 7 at tip of coniform projection ( figs . 35 and 36 ) ; spiracle of a8 greatly reduced ; group of elongated , hooklike setae ( figs . 37 - 40 ) ventrolaterally on broadly rounded outgrowths on a9 - 10 , an additional group of similar setae ventrally at middle on a10 ; posterior half of a10 coniform ( figs . 37 - 39 ) , with broadly rounded tip .

the pupa has no silken girdle , remaining attached to the substrate by the hooklike setae of abdominal segments a9 - 10 .

as far as we know , this is the first description of the chaetotaxy for a species of the synethes complex , and the information presented here may be useful in future comparative studies of this species complex . many setae are absent on the cephalic head capsule of e . synethes larvae compared with those of stephensia , another genus of elachistinae for which the chaetotaxy has been described ( baran , 2010 ) . for instance , all setae from the c - group were replaced by pores in e . synethes , but c1 is present in stephensia ; also , setae of the p - group are absent in e . synethes , whereas this group is bisetose in stephensia .

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* corresponding author . e - mail : gilson . moreira @ urltoken ( g . r . p . moreira ) .

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