the grey-cheeked thrush ( catharus minimus ) is a medium-sized thrush .

this species is 15 – 17 cm in length , and has the white-dark-white underwing pattern characteristic of catharus thrushes .

it is a member of a close-knit group of migrant species together with the veery and bicknell 's thrush ; it forms a cryptic species pair with the latter .

the grey-cheeked thrush is all but indistinguishable from bicknell 's thrush except by its slightly larger size and different song .

the two were formerly considered conspecific .

of all the american spotted thrushes , the gray-cheeked has the most northern breeding range .

grey - cheeked thrush

grey - cheeked thrush <EOT> dave suddaby describes the remarkable discovery of ireland ' s first spring grey - cheeked thrush .

grey - cheeked thrush ( catharus minimus ) is a species of bird in the turdidae family .

bering sea bicknell ' s thrush bicknelldrossel catharus bicknelli catharus fuscescens catharus guttatus catharus minimus catharus ustulatus einsiedlerdrossel gambell grauwangendrossel gray - cheeked thrush grey - cheeked thrush hermit thrush luscinia calliope northern wheatear oenanthe oenanthe pribilof islands siberian rubythroat st . lawrence island swainson ' s thrush veery wilsondrossel zwergdrossel

grey - cheeked thrushes produce distinctive , high - pitched songs with quick chippers .

swainson ' s thrush has bold buffy eye rings and buffy cheeks ( not grey ) .

the latest sighting details and map for grey - cheeked thrush are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .

the gray - cheeked thrush benefits humans by eating insects that annoy or harm us .

there are no negative affects on humans or the environment from the gray - cheeked thrush .

gray - cheeked and bicknell ' s thrushes were only recently recognized as separate species . most of the information published in the last century on " gray - cheeked thrush " concerned the bicknell ' s thrush instead of the gray - cheeked . although gray - cheeked thrush has a much larger range across north america , the bicknell ' s thrush ' s small range is closer to centers of human population , and therefore is the more accessible species .

as similar species to the grey - cheeked thrush bicknell’s thrush ( catharus bicknelli ) , swainson’s thrush ( catharus ustulatus ) , hermit thrush ( catharus guttatus ) and veery ( catharus fuscescens ) are possible and might give you a hard job to id . swainson’s thrush has similar markings and coloring , but the face is buffy with a distinct buffy eye - ring . the hermit thrush has a distinct rusty tail and the veery is usually more reddish overall but shows some comparable features as the plain face and the spotting on the breast .

i think you’re fooling yourself if you think you can reliably separate migrant bicknell’s from gray - cheeked ( or grey - cheeked , if you adhere strictly to gill and wright ) without having the bird firmly in hand .

grey - cheeked thrushes generally only produce one brood in a season ; however , if the first one fails early in the season , they may have a second .

until recently , the grey - cheeked and bicknell ' s thrushes were considered conspecific ( one and the same species ) . even though the grey - cheeked thrushes have a much larger range across north america than their close relatives , the bicknell ' s thrushes are typically found closer to urban areas and are , therefore , more likely to be encountered .

hermit thrush has a dull brown back , a distinct rusty tail and rump .

during the winter , the gray - cheeked thrush migrates to the northern part of south america into colombia , venezuela , south to peru , and into northwest brazil .

laughlin , s . , d . kibbe . 1985 . " gray - cheeked thrush catharus minimus " ( on - line ) . accessed october 8 , 2000 at urltoken .

the breeding territory of the grey - cheeked thrushes extends from northeast siberia across northern alaska east to northern canada to north - central quebec , labrador and newfoundland ; and west to northern ontario , manitoba , saskatchewan and northern british columbia .

it is said , that the grey - cheeked thrush is quite a shy species , especially during migration . this thrush is the least well studies of the spotted thrushes ( catharus sp . ) , and has the most northern breeding range stretching across the taiga from newfoundland to eastern siberia . the non - breeding range is not well known , but includes parts of northern south america east of the andes from colombia to northwestern brazil .

veery thrush is smaller in size ( 6 . 5 - 7 . 75 inches or 17 - 20 cm in length ) , has a uniformly brown / more reddish plumage , lacks the grey cheeks and with only faint spotting on the chest .

the oldest recorded gray - cheeked thrush was at least 6 years , 11 months old when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in ontario in 2005 . it had been banded in florida in 1999 .

during the winter , the gray - cheeked thrush migrates to the northern part of south america into colombia , venezuela , south to peru , and into northwest brazil . ( chipper woods bird observatory , 2000 )

chipper woods bird observatory , 2000 . " gray - cheeked thrush " ( on - line ) . accessed october 3 , 2000 at http : / / www . wbu . com . / chipperwoods / photos / grthrush . htm .

song : some claim that these birds are easier to distinguish in the dark due to significant vocal differences . their shared song consists of a jumbled series of notes , usually four phrases . in bicknell’s , the song ends on a rising note , while the gray - cheek slurs that final note downward . bicknell’s songs are typically longer than those of grey - cheeked , averaging 2 . 45 seconds vs . 1 . 99 . also , grey - cheeked do not typically sing a song type twice in succession . here is a graphic comparison of the song of the two birds .

a trip to the tiny village of gambell on the north - western tip of the big st . lawrence island in the middle of the bering sea yielded grey - cheeked thrush as the only representative of catharus – thrushes . some tough birders flew in from the end of may to observe mainly the seabird migration . but during our seven - day stay on the gambell– led by a guide from high lonesome tours – we could

wood thrush : upper plumage is brown with a bright rusty - colored head . plumage below is whitish with large dark spots .

17–18·5 cm ; 26–50 g . nominate race is olive - tinged grey - brown above , dull whitish below , with slightly greyish face , indistinct pale eyering , dark brown . . .

collar , n . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . grey - cheeked thrush ( catharus minimus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

gray - cheeked thrushes have a large range and large population size . they are protected by the u . s . migratory bird act .

the gray - cheeked thrush eats mostly insects such as beetles , weevils , ants , wasps , and caterpillars . they may also consume spiders , crayfish , sow bugs , and earthworms . they also eat grapes , wild cherries , blackberries , and raspberries . ( barker , 2000 )

bicknell’s thrush ( catharus bicknelli ) was discovered as distinct from the established gray - cheeked thrush ( c . minimus ) back in 1881 when eugene p . bicknell visited new york’s catskill mountains . considered merely a subspecies , bicknell’s was finally peeled off gray - cheeked by the american ornithologists’ union ( aou ) in 1995 . the birds were separated on the basis of differing songs , ranges , and physical characteristics , but dna testing was most convincing , establishing that they probably diverged from a common ancestor about one million years ago . still , these birds are so similar that most authorities state the two are not separable in the field . that’s not going to stop you though , is it ? here are some tips to tell bicknell’s and gray - cheeked thrushes apart .

this might be the least - studied north american thrush . except by range and song , it can be tough to distinguish from its cousin , the bicknell’s thrush . the song is lovely , flute - like and burry , rising in the middle and then ending on a downward slur . another of wc’s favorites in alpine terrain .

identity theft occurs with astonishing regularity in the avian world where all too often , species share so many overlapping traits as to appear virtually indistinguishable . empidonax flycatchers are an excellent example of this phenomenon in north america , as are scaup . more esoteric , but no more simplistic , is the difference between gray - cheeked and bicknell’s thrush .

even in hand it can be tough to distinguish bicknell’s from gray - cheeked . i’ve had birds in the hand that had a tail that contrasted with the body , but they’ve measured out to be gray - cheeked , and i’ve had one bird i was sure to be gray - cheeked that i could only record as gcbt ( a code used when you can not differentiate between the 2 ) because there too much overlap in the measurements ( except for p8 - p1 ) , although it looked very much gray - cheeked ( no contrast between tail and body ) . i’ve come to the conclussion that most people who “confirm” bicknell’s by sight are just trying to pad their lists .

the length of the gray - cheeked thrush is about 16 centimeters . the sexes are similar and have a distinctive song which is very high pitched with quick chippers . they have olive - brown upper parts , gray cheeks , and pink legs . the under parts are white with grayish flanks . it also has a gray , indistinct eye ring . ( laughlin , 1985 )

of all the american spotted thrushes , the gray - cheeked has the most northern breeding range . consequently this shy skulker of the underbrush is not well known and is rather infrequently seen .

taking multiple refueling breaks helps some birds fare better during migration . but for gray - cheeked thrushes , a two - week binge session in colombia can be all they need to reach north america .

we rely on sound and location for those tricky flycatchers , and although i would love to see a bicknell’s thrush i am almost glad we are not within their range . all part of the fun , yeah ?

bicknell ' s thrush very similar in appearance , except for smaller size ( average length 2 . 9 inches or 7 . 5 centimeters ) , shorter wings , buffier face and chest , and more noticeable eye rings . otherwise very similar markings and very difficult to id in the field . most easily separated by their different ranges and vocalizations . the bicknell ' s thrush is found in the northeast us and canada - typically spruce - fir habitat above 900 meters or 3 , 000 feet .

i’m not all that confident separating a bicknell’s thrush outside of its breeding range . it seems to me that the differences are very subtle , and may not be apparent in the woods . if i ever get one to sing , it might be a different story .

altitude : this is actually a pretty fair way to distinguish between the two in the areas they overlap . bicknell’s thrush prefers mountaintop forests above 3000 feet . if you run into one of these birds high up in , say , the adirondacks , chances are good that you’ve got a bicknell’s .

the gray - cheeked thrush usually has one brood per season . they will lay a second brood if the first nest fails early in the season . the female builds the nest which normally consists of dried grasses mixed with a supporting layer of mud . the incubation period is thirteen to fourteen days . they incubate between three to five eggs , but usually only four . the eggs are light greenish - blue , marked with light brown dots or splotches , and are oval to short - oval in shape . the young are initially dependent on their parents for food . ( barker , 2000 )

the gray - cheeked thrushes ( catharus minimus ) are strongly migratory songbirds that breed as far north as siberia , alaska and northern canada and migrate to south america for the winter . these greyest of all north american thrushes have the most northern breeding range and migrate the longest distance of all small thrushes .

the passerine birds we encountered on gambell might be not as spectacular as the siberian rubythroat ( luscinia calliope ) and the 2 northern wheatear ( oenanthe oenanthe ) we observed on the pribilof islands some days before . but for the sole wp - birder of the group this was a perfect situation to twitch this beautiful but inconspicuous thrush .

* first ebird record for jamaica . singing & seen on the edge of logwood ii near l 10 ! singing whisper song almost continuously for 15 minutes while i was in the area , i viewed it at close range ( about 25 feet ) for 2 minutes straight ; obvious catharus thrush , clearly gray - cheeked / bicknell ' s due to overall brown coloration ( w some slight reddish on tail and wings , but very slight ) , clean grayish wash on cheeks , and no buffy lores as swainson ' s would show ; song a descending cascade of whistles , very much reminded me of veery , but higher - pitched , more nasal ; bicknell ' s ruled out based on song differences & i don ' t believe bicknell ' s winters at low elevations in jamaica - also , this sighting seems to align with migration timing of gray - cheeked through the u . s . ; i have a lot of experience with this species during spring migration in the u . s .

size : one prominent physical distinction is that bicknell’s is noticeably smaller than gray - cheeked . a difference of 10 % translates into almost an inch separating them , but since the birds are highly unlikely to stand shoulder to shoulder for you , compare to other available species . bicknell’s also shows shorter wings with a shorter primary projection .

both of these catharus thrushes are olive - brown above with dark spots on a white breast washed with buff . this coloration extends through the underparts , though the spots do not . gray flanks and pink legs round out the common description . if you encounter one of these birds in the field , distinguish it from the other spotted thrushes by plumage and face patterning . the veery is cinnamon overall , while hermit thrushes flaunt those fetching rufous tails . swainson’s thrush is notable for its buffy eye ring and cheeks .

range : gray - cheeked thrushes range widely , wintering in south america . they migrate through central america as well as the greater antilles up into much of the eastern united states on their way to upper canada and alaska . they’ve even been spotted in europe . bicknell’s , on the other hand , is considered primarily a new england bird , though its breeding range actually extends from the catskills where they were initially discovered up to the northern gulf of the st . lawrence . bicknell’s also spends the colder months in the greater antilles with an estimated 90 % of them wintering on hispaniola .

all the brown - backed thrushes can be shy and hard to see , but the gray - cheek is perhaps the most elusive . during migration it hides in dense woods , slipping away when a birder approaches . on its far northern nesting grounds it may be more easily seen , especially in late evening , when it sings from treetops .

boreal forest , tundra scrub ; in migration , other woodlands . breeds in northern spruce forest , often rather open and stunted , and north of treeline in thickets of willow and alder on tundra . winters in tropical forest .

forages mostly on the ground , hopping about under cover of dense thickets . sometimes seen feeding on berries up in shrubs or trees .

4 , sometimes 3 - 5 , perhaps rarely 6 . pale blue , with vague brown spots , sometimes almost unmarked . incubation is by female , 12 - 14 days . young : both parents feed nestlings . young leave nest about 11 - 13 days after hatching .

both parents feed nestlings . young leave nest about 11 - 13 days after hatching .

mostly insects and berries . diet through the year is not known in detail . in north america , feeds on a variety of insects , including beetles , caterpillars , ants , wasps , fly larvae , and many others ; also spiders and some other invertebrates . also eats many berries and wild fruits . winter diet in tropics poorly known .

male arrives first on breeding grounds and establishes territory , defending it by singing . in courtship , male pursues female in swift flight among the trees . nest : often placed very low or even on the ground ; usually less than 10 ' up , sometimes up to 24 ' . ground nests are often among bases of willow or alder shoots , while higher nests may be against trunk of conifer at base of branches . nest ( built by female ) is a well - made open cup of grass , moss , twigs , weeds , strips of bark , sometimes with some mud added ; lined with fine grass and rootlets .

migrates mostly at night . birds from alaska ( and eastern siberia ) apparently migrate far east in fall before turning south . many probably make a nonstop flight from northeastern north america to northern south america .

audio © lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .

in the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .

the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .

each map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird’s “climatic range . ”

the darker the shaded area , the more likely it is the bird species will find suitable climate conditions to survive there .

the outline of the approximate current range for each season remains fixed in each frame , allowing you to compare how the range will expand , contract , or shift in the future .

the first frame of the animation shows where the bird can find a suitable climate today ( based on data from 2000 ) . the next three frames predict where this bird’s suitable climate may shift in the future—one frame each for 2020 , 2050 , and 2080 .

you can play or pause the animation with the orange button in the lower left , or select an individual frame to study by clicking on its year .

the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season . more on reading these maps .

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tell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

aerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .

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clean recording , no editing other than trimming ends . small island in the yukon of mostly medium sized willows . the willows had been defoliated by some type of caterpillars which i ' d been seeing off and on along much of the river . these birds were worked up because i was wandering around trying to get fox sparrow recordings . sounds like at least 3 birds in this recording . at least one male . the rest are unknown . it seemed like birds in general were singing later in the summer than normal . i theorized that it had something to do with all the caterpillars ( although they had vanished at this point and did not seem to turn into anything ) . hot , muggy ( 80 + f ) , calm .

natural vocalization ; ' seer ' calls from one of a pair moving low through a dense willow carr surrounded by tundra . these birds seemed quite alarmed by my presence , and i suspect i was near a nest . as far as i know this represents the first recording of the ' seer ' call for this species .

natural vocalization ; chatter calls from one of a pair moving low through a dense willow carr surrounded by tundra . these birds seemed quite alarmed by my presence , and i suspect i was near a nest . as far as i know this represents the first recording of this rare vocalization .

song and two chatter calls from the same bird as in xc139585 in response to playback .

natural vocalization ; song from a bird perched near the top of a 2m tall willow in a dense willow carr surrounded by tundra .

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : catharus minimus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

northeast siberia across alaska and northern canada to north - central quebec , labrador , and newfoundland . south to northern british columbia , saskatchewan , manitoba , and ontario . ( barker , 2000 )

occupant of the boreal forest of northern canada and alaska . little is known about their winter habitat . ( laughlin , s . b . , 1985 )

they will seek cover under large rocks in sparsely vegetated arctic regions . ( barker , 2000 )

males sing from the top of a low tree or shrub . they sing mainly during dawn or dusk . they will sometimes sing during the day except during the breeding season . ( barker , 2000 )

their habit of eating berries contributes to the propagation of plants as undigested seeds are transported to other locations . ( chipper woods bird observatory , 2000 )

dayna baillo ( author ) , milford high school , george campbell ( editor ) , milford high school .

living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .

living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .

having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .

animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .

forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .

offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .

this terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .

the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .

reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .

rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .

coniferous or boreal forest , located in a band across northern north america , europe , and asia . this terrestrial biome also occurs at high elevations . long , cold winters and short , wet summers . few species of trees are present ; these are primarily conifers that grow in dense stands with little undergrowth . some deciduous trees also may be present .

a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .

a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .

a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .

a terrestrial biome with low , shrubby or mat - like vegetation found at extremely high latitudes or elevations , near the limit of plant growth . soils usually subject to permafrost . plant diversity is typically low and the growing season is short .

barker , s . 2000 . " birds in forested landscape " ( on - line ) . accessed october 15 , 2000 at urltoken .

to cite this page : baillo , d . 2001 . " catharus minimus " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

observe many more species migrating to their breeding grounds in the tundra landscape of eastern siberia and alaska .

to cope with the growing demand for top shots of the rarer species of the palearctic bird - lens is keen to enrich the range of pictures of birds you can find in the western palearctic . trips to remote places or to common – but underestimated locations as described above – to capture images of rare birds of western palearctic were very successful . the nice images you find in the gallery are only a first impression , what you will find in the gallery in the “ picture shop ” very soon . just give me a message , if urltoken could serve you with an image needed before the new pictures are online .

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erfahrungsbericht sigma 120 - 300 f 2 . 8 apo ex dg os hsm – vorgänger vom s

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another bird that visits alaska to breed , prefering brushy habitats . wc has seen it most often near tree line in near - alpine country . very shy and elusive , except during the start of breeding season when the males sing from the tops of bushes and the dwarf spruce .

responsible wingnut gun owners acting responsible about their guns . good for a laugh .

mfi… . everyone i have talked to is very happy about denali . . thank you president obama . also , sen . sullivan was first against the name change , then changed his mind . 32 degrees in tok , light snow . . tok school has inservice for 2 days . . the kids and i are enjoying the fun times outside . yipee…

my green beans got frost bit overnight . supposed to be colder in the morning . i just picked some apples for a friend right before dark and the skeeters was everywhere . gonna be back in the 60s tomorrow and for the next several days . farmers couldn’t ask for nicer harvest conditions . you can keep the snow if you’d like to .

the black guy in the white house named denali , denali . has alaska imploded yet . ? curious iowan would like to know .

had no idea sperm whales swam that far north . always figured they were denizens of the south pacific around the south pole . thank you , ms pi . ps we are supposed to get first frost friday .

forgot to mention it is supposed to be sunny , windy and in the low 90s this day . unusual for iowa in fall . if someone’s corn fiels catches on fire it could get real interesting around her real fast . corn is in an advanced state of dryness and harvest is in full swing .

we are warmer than normal here too but only in low 50s with lots of wind and rain . some snow up high . no fires there ! would scare me to be surrounded by all that dry stuff…

puny looking li’l thing for alaska’s environment . has anyone figured out what was causing all them there whales to pass away off the coast of alaska ? haven’t heard anything from landlocked iowa .

we have lots of lil bitty critters here mikey . the alaskan red squirrel here is 11 - 13 inches long including tail whereas most squirrels outside are 16 - 27 inches overall ( except the lil douglas squirrel )

in fall , these birds migrate south for the winter . during the migration , they travel mostly through eastern two thirds of the united states . they migrate mainly at night .

they winter in the northern part of south america , specifically colombia , venezuela , south to peru and northwestern brazil . other populations spend the winter on islands of the west indies .

range : breed in extreme northeastern siberia , alaska and canada . winter in northern south america ( including colombia , venezuela , peru and brazil ) , mainly east of the andes mountain range .

range : breed in southeastern canada . winter in the west indies ( an island group that stretches from florida southward , then west along the north coast of the south american country of venezuela )

the open cup nest is constructed by the female out of dried grasses , twigs , moss , stems and other plant material and the nest is reinforced with mud .

their nests are typically placed on the ground at the base of a shrub or low in branches of shrubs .

a nest may contain 3 - 5 pale blue - green , eggs ( average 4 ) with fine brown spotting . the eggs are incubated by the female for about 13 - 14 days .

chinese : ? ? ? ? . . . czech : drozd šedolící . . . danish : gråkindet skovdrossel . . . dutch : grijswang dwerglijster . . . estonian : tundrarästas . . . finnish : tundrarastas . . . faroese : vangagráur trøstur . . . french : grive à joues grises . . . german : braunkopf - musendrossel , grauwangendrossel . . . irish : smólach glasleicneach . . . hebrew : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . icelandic : hlýraþröstur . . . italian : tordo di baird , tordo guancegrigie , tordo usignolo minimo . . . japanese : haiirochatsugumi , haiirokotsugumi . . . lithuanian : blyškiaskruotis strazdas . . . norwegian : gråkinnskogtrost . . . polish : drozdek szarolicy . . . portuguese : sabia - de - cara - cinza , tordo - de - faces - cinzentas . . . russian : maly drozd , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : drozd sivolíci . . . slovenian : aljaški cikovtnik . . . spanish : tordo de cara gris , tordo de mejillas grises , zorzal cara gris , zorzal carigris , zorzal de mejilla gris , zorzal migratorio , zorzalito carigris . . . swedish : gråkindad skogstrast . . . turkish : gri yanakl ? ard ? ç , gri - yanakl ? ard ? ç

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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …

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ioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .

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in the past placed in genus hylocichla . formerly treated as conspecific with c . bicknelli ; intermediates between the two occur , and newfoundland population of present species approaches c . bicknelli in size and coloration . range of nominate race debatable ; race aliciae only slightly different , and species sometimes treated as monotypic . two subspecies currently recognized .

( s . f . baird , 1858 ) – ne siberia ( e from r kolyma ) , alaska and canada ; non - breeding mainly n south america e of andes , scarce in greater antilles .

( lafresnaye , 1848 ) – e canada ( newfoundland , possibly also n quebec ) ; non - breeding n south america e of andes .

song , rarely in winter quarters and generally limited to 6 - week period on breeding grounds , a . . .

breeds in taiga and adjacent tundra , where found in areas of medium - height shrubs with dense woody . . .

invertebrates , with some fruit . stomachs of birds mostly on spring and autumn passages held 75 % animal and 25 % vegetable matter : beetles . . .

mid - may to early aug in north america and jun–jul in siberia ; single - brooded . monogamous . no data on territory size , but recorded . . .

long - distance migrant . departure from breeding grounds begins mid - aug , mostly complete by early . . .

, given ratios of 1 : 5 ( ringing records , wisconsin ) , 1 : 4 ( . . .

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2003 b / s windsor , portland . nov 8 , 2003 . 1 netted & photographed in hand ; wing chord = 103 mm . gary graves

2004 font hill w / life sanctuary , st . elizabeth . apr 16 , 2004 . 1 obsv’d . h . davis & lynn duda

2004 long mtn , st . andrew . banded . s . koenig & c . levy .

2013 / 04 / 01 1 font hill nature res . st . elizabeth garrett mcdonald *

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formerly included in an outsize muscicapidae . genetic studies show present family to be sister to a more narrowly defined muscicapidae # r # r # r # r ; in line with this proximity , many genera traditionally grouped herein have recently been transferred to muscicapidae , although some placements remain provisional .

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occupant of the boreal forest of northern canada and alaska . little is known about their winter habitat .

northeast siberia across alaska and northern canada to north - central quebec , labrador , and newfoundland . south to northern british columbia , saskatchewan , manitoba , and ontario .

this species has a large range , with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 4 , 100 , 000 kmē . it has a large global population estimated to be 12 , 000 , 000 individuals ( rich et al . 2003 ) . global population trends have not been quantified , but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the iucn red list ( i . e . declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) . for these reasons , the species is evaluated as least concern . [ conservation status from urltoken ]

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face : both birds have gray cheeks , but bicknell’s has more of an eye ring as well as brighter yellow at the base of the lower bill .

mike is a leading authority in the field of standardized test preparation , but he ' s also a traveler who fully expects to see every bird in the world . besides founding 10 , 000 birds , mike has also created a number of other entertaining but now extirpated nature blog resources , particularly the nature blog network and i and the bird .

frankly , i know that i am unlikely to differentiate these birds even if one was sitting on my knee . but with enough environmental , vocal , and physical cues , it can be done . as birdfreak points out , birders already rely on such subtleties to distinguish empids and a host of other birds .

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the napo saki ( pithecia napensis ) , also known as the napo monk saki , is a species of saki monkey , a type of new world monkey .

its range includes parts of eastern ecuador and northern peru .

the name is derived from the napo river in its locality .

this species was originally described by lönnberg as the subspecies pithecia monachus napensis and has been treated as a synonym of p. monachus monachus .

hershkovitz retained it under p. monachus in 1987 , but it was raised to full species status in 2014 .

napo saki

napo saki <EOT> have a fact about napo saki ? write it here to share it with the entire community .

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generally , sexual dimorphism—differences in size , color , and / or body structure between the male and female of a species—is subtle among sakis . however , in species such as the guianan saki , sexual dimorphism is distinct . guianan males have all - black , shaggy , long fur coats with a pale , yellow - orange face and black nose ; female guianans have gray - brown fur coats with white - tipped hairs and white stripes on the sides of their noses

long , coarse hair covers the saki’s body , including its bushy , tapered tail . fur color varies from black , to gray , to rust , depending on species . the hair on their body and tail piloerects ( “stands on end” ) when the monkeys perceive a threat—giving the illusion that the monkeys are bigger than their actual size . a moppy head of hair , akin to a bad toupee , sits above a fuzzy face ( the faces of some species are naked , however ) , and long hair drapes over their shoulders like a furry cape .

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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]

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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352

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a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all

mammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *

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" wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals . " - - publisher ' s website .

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no one has contributed data records for pithecia monachus napensis yet . learn how to contribute .

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new world monkeys : new world monkeys are native to central and south america , whereas old world monkeys are native to africa and asia . new world monkeys tend to be smaller than old world monkeys , typically have prehensile ( grasping ) tails , and color vision . visit primate facts for additional differences in physical characteristics between new world vs . old world primates . genus : a group of related animals or plants that includes several or many different species . disturbed habitat : a temporary change in environmental conditions that causes a pronounced change in an ecosystem . secondary forest : a forest that has regrown after a major habitat disturbance , such as fire or timber harvest ( including clear cutting of a forest ) , but has not yet reached the mature state of primary forest . . palm swamp : palm swamps are formed in low , seasonally inundated flat areas with poor drainage and are characteristic of the amazon basin . these particular swamps are dominated by a 115 - foot tall ( 35 - m ) palm tree known as the aguaje . ecosystem : a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment .

both males and females are equipped with distinct throat glands that they use for scent marking .

) . early wildlife biologists had mistakenly identified the distinct chest ruff of sakis as a “beard” ; however , later biologists determined that “truly bearded sakis” are a separate species .

diet sakis are mainly frugivores ; that is , they feast predominantly on fruits , which comprise 90 percent of their diet . but they are a special kind of frugivore . whereas some monkey species seek out lush , ripe fruit , sakis have a penchant for unripe fruits . they also enjoy munching on seeds , which they grind between their teeth with assistance from their powerful jaws . the remaining 10 percent of their diet consists of leaves , insects , and spiders .

sakis are called “flying monkeys” by locals because of the speed and agility the monkeys use to leap from tree to tree .

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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .


fagesia is a small , subglobular ammonite ( suborder ammonitina ) belonging to the vascoceratid family of the acanthocerataceae that lived during the turonian stage of the late cretaceous , 92-88 ma ago .

the shell of fagesia is about 9.5 cm ( 3.47 in ) in diameter , typically with blunt umbilical tubercles from which spring 2 or three ribs each , but which are lost in the late growth stage .

the suture is ammonitic with long spikey lobes and saddles with rounded subelements .

fagesia

fagesia <EOT> belongs to fagesia according to f . barroso - barcenilla and a . goy 2009

tree of life web project . 2000 . fagesia . version 01 january 2000 ( temporary ) .

no one has contributed data records for edwardsiella ( fagesia ) yet . learn how to contribute .

fagesia shastensis : cas 2358 . 01 , a shell . its type locality is middle fork of cottonwood creek , which is in a turonian marine siliciclastic in california .

( of edwardsiella ( fagesia ) carnea ( gosse , 1856 ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

the ammonites assigned to the genera fagesia pervinquière , and neoptychites kossmat , of the wiedmann ( tübingen , germany ) and goy , carretero and meléndez ( madrid , spain ) collections obtained from the iberian trough have been revised . new mainly lower turonian specimens of the species fagesia catinus ( mantell ) , f . tevesthensis ( peron ) , f . rudra ( stoliczka ) , f . superstes ( kossmat ) , f . . . . [ show full abstract ]

the ammonites assigned to the genera fagesia pervinquière , and neoptychites kossmat , of the wiedmann ( tübingen , germany ) and goy , carretero and meléndez ( madrid , spain ) collections obtained from the iberian trough have been revised . new mainly lower turonian specimens of the species fagesia catinus ( mantell ) , f . tevesthensis ( peron ) , f . rudra ( stoliczka ) , f . superstes ( kossmat ) , f . pachydiscoides spath , and neoptychites cephalotus ( courtiller ) have also been presented . in addition we have described one new species : f . mortzestus . studies of the morphologies and the geographical and stratigraphical distributions of all these species have led to the identification of several phylogenetic relationships between them , and to distinguishing one main phase in the evolution of the family vascoceratidae douvillé , characterised by the dominance of fagesia with neoptychites .

( of fagesia carnea ( gosse , 1856 ) ) van der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

. . . it seems to coincide with the 3 rd order depositional sequence uza - 2 . 5 ofhaq et al . ( 1988 ) and with the sequences dc - 6a and dc - 6b of floquet ( 1998 ) , ucof wrightoceras with donenriquoceras , in the pseudotissotiidae , of hoplitoides , in the coilopoceratidae , and the upper part of fagesia with neoptychites , with the species spathites ( jeanrogericeras ) obliquus , spathites ( jeanrogericeras ) reveliereanus , spathites ( jeanrogericeras ) combesi , spathites ( ingridella ) depressus , spathites ( spathites ) laevis , spathites ( spathites ) sulcatus , mammites nodosoides , fagesia superstes , neoptychites cephalotus , wrightoceras munieri , donenriquoceras forbesiceratiforme and hoplitoides ingens . in it , the taxonomic diversity is comparatively high ( 12 species ) , and among the represented forms the endemic ones stand out , such as s . ( j . ) obliquus , s . ( i . ) depressus and s . ( s . ) sulcatus ( santamaría - zabala , 1995 ; barroso - barcenilla 2007 ) , together with those which seem to have arisen by means of processes more or less marked of adaptation to the platform palaeoenvironments , such as s . ( j . ) combesi and f . superstes ( batt , 1989 ; westermann , 1996 ) . . . .

the ' plattenkalk ' of vallecillo , approximately 100 km north of monterrey in north - eastern mexico , has yielded an ammonite assemblage of both north american ( western interior ) and tethyan elements , comprising tragodesmoceras bassi morrow , quitmaniceras reaseri powell , watinoceras coloradoense ( henderson ) , pseudaspidoceras pseudonodosoides ( choffat ) , p . flexuosum powell , mammites nodosoides ( schlüter ) , vascoceras birchbyi cobban and scott , fagesia catinus ( mantell ) , f . superstes ( kossmat ) , and a few indeterminate forms . the excellent pres - ervation of the shells , for instance of apertures , stomach contents or spines joined to the body chambers of p . flexuosum , as well as the occasional presence of aptychi , indicate rapid burial shortly after death . correlation with the cenomanianeturonian boundary gssp at pueblo , colorado , indicates continuous deposition from the latest cenomanian to the early turonian at vallecillo . the index species p . flexuosum shows a diachro - nous first appearance datum between the two sections .

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parent taxon : vascoceratidae according to w . j . kennedy and a . s . gale 2016

see also barroso - barcenilla and goy 2009 , chancellor 1982 , cobban and hook 1983 , ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 , kennedy 1994 , kennedy et al . 2008 , kennedy and simmons 1991 , kennedy et al . 1987 , meister 1989 , reyment 1954 , sepkoski 2002 and zaborski 1987

see also anderson 1958 , chancellor 1982 , faraud 1940 , ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 , kennedy 1994 , kennedy and simmons 1991 , kennedy et al . 1987 , meister 1989 and renz 1982

average measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 97 . 5 , shell diameter 201 . 6

daly , m . ; fautin , d . ( 2018 ) . world list of actiniaria .

fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

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please note : entries in the above species list are the original binomina of species according to carlgren ' s 1949 catalog . nomenclatorial inconsistencies need to be resolved in a future revision of this genus ( see below ) .

edwardsiidae with the column divisible into scapus and scapulus , the former very long and provided with an usually strong , sometimes very thick cuticle . aboral end rounded , flattened or rarely physa - like . scapus without nemathybomes and tenaculi , with nematocysts either scattered or arranged in groups . scapulus often ridged with numerous nematocysts on the ridges . tentacles 6 + 6 + 12 to about 40 , the inner longer than the outer ones . a single , ventral siphonoglyph . mesenteries as in edwardsia . retractors diffuse , fairly restricted , parietal muscles well developed . cnidom : spirocysts , basitrichs , microbasic b - and p - mastigophors .

carlgren , o . 1949 . a survey of the ptychodactiaria , corallimorpharia and actiniaria . kungl . svenska vetenskapsakadamiens handlingar , series 4 , volume 1 , number 1 .

the information provided on this page is based on oscar carlgren ' s 1949 catalog .

please note that carlgren ' s text contains a number of errors , and much of the information is now out of date . an update of the catalog is currently under preparation in daphne fautin ' s laboratory , and the results of this work will be incorporated in future versions of this page .

keyboarding of carlgren ' s catalog was done as part of a project to create an electronic database of the sea anemones of the world , funded by nsf grant deb9521819 , awarded to daphne g . fautin . this grant is in the program partnerships to enhance expertise in taxonomy ( peet ) . susanne hauswaldt , katherine pearson , and april wakefield - pagels contributed to the keyboarding effort .

each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .

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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]

( of milne carnea ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of milne - edwardsia carnea ( gosse , 1856 ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of edwardsia carnea gosse , 1856 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of edwardsia microps gosse ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of favesia ( milne - edwardsia ) carnea ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of halcampa microps gosse , 1858 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

well - defined , slightly polygonal due to thickening of the body wall between the macrocnemes .

this pretty little anemone occurs in holes and crevices amongst rocks , particularly the empty , or even occupied , borings of piddocks . it is found in sheltered places out of the light , such as beneath overhangs or in caves , often forming large local populations . when exposed by the receding tide the tentacles are retracted leaving only the white or yellow tip of the introverted

visible ; thus it may prove difficult to find and is frequently overlooked , although common in some areas . it occurs from about mtl to shallow water offshore .

recorded from all coasts of britain but is most common in the south and west . elsewhere it is known from south scandinavia and north france and may extend to the mediterranean (

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. . . suture not completely preserved but preserved part consisting of narrow and denticular lobes with wide , convex , and denticular saddles ( fig . 12a5 ) . , 1907 ; robaszynski et al . , 1990 ; chancellor et al . , 1994 ; meister & abdallah , 2005 ) , jordan ( ali et al . , 2008 ) , israel ( freund & raab , 1969 ) , spain ( barroso - barcenilla goy , 2009 ) , and france ( kennedy & wright , 1979b ) . in egypt , it is known from the lower turonian of khashm el tarif , central east sinai ( ali & abdel - gawad , 2001a ) , and the eastern desert ( el qot , 2008 ) . . . .

cenomanian - turonian ammonites from eastern sinai , egypt , and their biostratigraphic significance . beringeria 42

depositional sequences and cephalopod assemblages in the upper cenomanian - lower santonian of the iberian peninsula ( spain and portugal ) .

1 , identificar las secuencias y parasecuencias deposicionales del santoniense - maastrichtiense de la cuenca ibérica . 2 , posicionar las unidades litoestratigráficas actuales respecto de las secuenci… " [ more ]

the ammonite genus vascoceras choffat , 1898 ( family vascoceratidae douville , 1912 ) in the iberian tr . . .

the ammonites assigned to the genus vascoceras of the wiedmann ( universität tubingen , germany ) and goy , carretero and meléndez ( universidad complutense de madrid , spain ) collections obtained from the upper cenomanian and lower turonian of the iberian trough have been revised . subsequently , new representatives of the species vascoceras gamai , v . charoni sp . nov . , v . barcoicense , v . durandi , v . . . . [ show full abstract ]

the ammonites assigned to the family pseudotissotiidae of the wiedmann ( tübingen , germany ) and goy , carretero and meléndez ( madrid , spain ) collections obtained from the iberian trough have been revised . new , mainly lower turonian , specimens of the species pseudotissotia sp . , choffaticeras ( choffaticeras ) quaasi ( peron , 1904 ) , c . ( c . ) pavillieri ( pervinquière , 1907 ) , c . ( c . ) segne ( solger , . . . [ show full abstract ]

new ammonite successions from the upper cenomanian and lower turonian of the iberian trough are studied and compared with the assemblages obtained by other authors . as a result , the upper cenomanian eucalycoceras rowei , calycoceras ( calycoceras ) naviculare , neolobites vibrayeanus , metoicoceras mosbyense , metoicoceras geslinianum , vascoceras gamai and spathites ( jeanrogericeras ) subconciliatus , . . . [ show full abstract ]

revision and new data of the ammonite family acanthoceratidae de grossouvre , 1894 , from the lower tu . . .

the ammonites assigned to the family acanthoceratidae de grossouvre , 1894 , from the wiedmann ( tübingen , germany ) and goy , carretero and meléndez ( madrid , spain ) collections obtained from the lower turonian of the iberian trough have been revised . new specimens of the species spathites ( jeanrogericeras ) tavense ( faraud , 1940 ) , s . ( j . ) saenzi ( wiedmann , 1960 ) , s . ( j . ) postsaenzi ( wiedmann , . . . [ show full abstract ]

revision and new data on the coniacian ammonite genus hemitissotia in the iberian peninsula ( spain a . . .

the types of the species of the coniacian ammonite genus hemitissotia peron , 1897 , identified in the iberian peninsula ( spain and portugal ) , which are currently held in the wiedmann ( universität tübingen , germany ) and choffat ( instituto geológico e mineiro , portugal ) collections , have been revised and refigured . new specimens of the taxa hemitissotia ceadouroensis choffat , 1898 , . . . [ show full abstract ]

. . . peyrot et al . ( 2007 peyrot et al . ( , 2008 ) provided the first palynological studies . the palaeontological and biostratigraphical conclusions reached by barroso - barcenilla ( 2004 ) were contrasted with the results obtained from other regions by barroso - barcenilla ( 2006 ) and were presented by barroso - barcenilla ( 2007 ) , barcenilla and goy ( 2007 , 2010 ) and , who identified 29 cephalopod species and proposed a new ammonite zonation for the upper cenomanian and lower turonian succession of the iberian trough . in recent years , other relevant studies of fossil groups and geochemical isotopes similar to those analysed in the present paper have been described in other sections that are closely or broadly related to the puentedey section , such as those of lamolda ( 1977 ) , herngreen ( 1980 ) , colin et al . ( 1982 ) , lamolda et al . ( 1989 , 1997 ) , babinot and crumiè airaud ( 1990 ) , garcía - zá rraga and rodríguez - lá zaro ( 1990 ) , rodríguez - lá zaro and garcía - zá rraga ( 1992 ) , paul et al . ( 1994 ) , peryt and lamolda ( 1996 ) , fig . 1 . . . .

. . . the sequence stratigraphy of the upper cretaceous of the iberian trough was studied in detail by several authors , such as gräfe andwiedmann ( 1993wiedmann ( , 1998 ) andgräfe ( 1994gräfe ( , 1996 ) , in the outer navarro - cantabrian platform and the north - castilian sector ; andsegura et al . ( 2001 ) , gil et al . ( 1993 ) , gil ( 1994 , gil and garcía ( 1996 ) and garcíahidalgo et al . ( 2003 ) , in the central sector . among them , the works of floquet ( 1998 ) and these works , those by mallada ( 1891 , 1892 ) , karrenberg ( 1935 ) , wiedmann ( 1960 , 1964 , 1975a , 1975b , 1979 ) , mojica and wiedmann ( 1977 ) , wiedmann andkauffman ( 1978 ) , segura andwiedmann ( 1982 ) , carreteromoreno ( 1982 ) , meléndez - hevia ( 1984 ) , santamaría - zabala ( 1991 , 1995 ) , gräfe andwiedmann ( 1993 ) , martínez et al . ( 1996 ) , küchler ( 1998 ) , barroso - barcenilla ( 2004 , 2006 , 2007 ) , barrosobarcenilla and goy ( 2007 ) and barroso - barcenilla et1 . - geographic general location ( a ) and stratigraphic context of the main spanish ( b ) and portuguese ( c ) studied sections and other mentioned places . photographic views of the outcrops of puentedey ( d ) , condemios ( e ) , salmanha ( f ) and nazaré ( g ) . fig . . . .

. . . the main part of the cephalopods collected in the upper cenomanian and the lower turonian of the it ( barrosobarcenilla , 2006 , 2007 barroso - barcenilla and goy , 2007 ) and the wpcp ( callapez , 1998callapez , , 2003callapez and ferreira soares , 2001 ) do not present signs of taphonomic resedimentation or reelaboration ( sensufernández - lópez , 2000 ) , and the few that show any of these signs do not seem to have suffered notable alterations . therefore , it can be considered that all of them maintain their respective original stratigraphic positions ( callapez , 1998 ; barroso - barcenilla , 2006 ) . . . .

. . . in northern africa , the metoicoceras geslinianum zone of chancellor et al . ( 1994 ) in tunisia and lehmann and herbig ( 2009 ) in morocco are timeequivalent . furthermore , it was also recognized by barroso - barcenilla ( 2007 ) in spain . the metoicoceras geslinianum zone is one of the standard zones in the middle upper cenomanian of nw europe ( kennedy 1984 ; hancock 1991 ) and the tethyan region ( gradstein et al . 2004 ) . . . .

integrated biostratigraphy and inter - regional correlation of the cenomanian–turonian deposits of wad . . .

the cenomanian–turonian succession exposed in the wadi feiran , sinai , egypt , is composed of siliciclastic and carbonate sediments belonging to the raha ( at the base ) , abu qada and wata formations . biostratigraphically , the succession has been subdivided into five ammonite zones , which are coeval with five planktic foraminiferal zones . the foraminiferal zones are the late cenomanian hedbergella . . . [ show full abstract ]

edwardsiella carnea is translucent pale orange in colour , with white or yellow markings on the column beneath the disc . the disc may have powdering of white or yellow colour . this species may form large local populations . the tentacles are long and also translucent pale orange in colour . there can be up to 36 of them , but generally there are only 28 . the column is elongated and approximately 2 . 5 cm in length and 4 mm in diameter .

recorded from plymouth , torquay , port erin ( isle of man ) , millport ( clyde ) , tenby , and holm bay ( strangford lough ) in ireland . for other records see distribution map .

this species lives in holes and crevices and empty or possibly occupied borings of piddocks . it can be found in sheltered places that are out of the light , e . g . beneath overhangs or in caves .

the tentacles are long and there can be up to 36 but generally there are only 28 .

the column is elongated and approximately 2 . 5 cm in length and 4 mm in diameter .

howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]

manuel , r . l . , 1988 . british anthozoa . london : academic press . [ synopses of the british fauna , no . 18 . ]

picton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken

stephenson , t . a . , 1935 . the british sea anemones , vol . 2 . london : ray society .

peckett , f . 2003 . edwardsiella carnea a sea anemone . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken

marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .

the information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken

. . . each assemblage provided insight into faunal dynamics during isolated time slices of the late campanian and early maastrichtian of ne mexico . the upper cretaceous of the region turned out to be a " crossroad " between major ammonite provinces ( ifrim et al . 2004ifrim et al . , 2005ifrim et al . , 2015bstinnesbeck 2007 , 2008 ) and regarding other marine organisms ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; vega et al . 2007 ; fuchs et al . 2010 ; giersch et al . 2011 ; . the fossils described here were discovered by el and vh northwest of botellos , a quarter of the town cerralvo , nuevo león ( textfig . . . .

. . . ammonites , planktonic foraminifers ) and with the paleogeographic reconstructions of the area ( e . g . goldhammer and johnson , 2001 ; stinnesbeck et al . , 2005 ; ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ; gonzález sánchez et al . , 2007 ) . aragonitic shells of ammonites and gastropods are recrystallized to calcite . . . .

. . . by the beginning of the turonian , provincialism was still not well defined : the realms were not well expressed , rather a subdivision into smaller provinces is noticeable ( freund and raab 1969 ) . the former realms re - established rapidly with the recovery from oae 2 faunal crisis ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; ) . central atlantic faunas differ from the rest of the tethyan realm ( compare e . g . , kawabe 2003 ; kennedy et al . 2005a ; ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; nagm et al . 2010 ) , but both are mixed in brazil ( seeling and bengtson 2002 ) . . . .

. . . the former realms re - established rapidly with the recovery from oae 2 faunal crisis ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; ) . central atlantic faunas differ from the rest of the tethyan realm ( compare e . g . , kawabe 2003 ; kennedy et al . 2005a ; ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; nagm et al . 2010 ) , but both are mixed in brazil ( seeling and bengtson 2002 ) . this is the first clear expression of a new realm , the atlantic realm which is established more or less permanently from now on . . . .

. . . although this distributional mode is similar to that of inoceramids , strong differences in the extinction and recovery patterns have been documented between the two groups ( harries , 1993 ) . we suggest that ammonite hatchlings dwelled in oxygenated , shallow water levels close to the surface , perhaps protected by algal mats or empty ammonite shells fl oating close to the surface , supported by the presence of small ( ~ 5 mm ) ammonite shells in the body chamber of large ammonite shells ( ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . . . .

. . . this interpretation is consistent with the hypothesis of batt ( 1989 ) and westermann ( 1996 ) that heavily spinose morphotypes dwelled in the open water . on the other hand , morphotypes interpreted to have had a demersal , i . e . swimming but bottom - related mode of life such as heteromorphs ( scaphites - like morphotype such as worthoceras , openly coiled morphotypes such as allocrioceras , puebloites , or straight baculites , see new interpretation of this genus by kruta et al . , 2011 ) are absent at vallecillo , but present in coeval localities in texas and the western interior seaway ( see summary in ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . our data suggest that at least the most abundant ammonite species from vallecillo completed their life cycles in the upper water layers . . . .

. . . their hatchlings dwelled in oxygenated , water levels close to the ocean surface , perhaps protected by algal mats or empty ammonite shells floating near the surface . this hypothesis is supported by the presence of small ( ca . 5 mm ) ammonite shells in the body chamber of large ammonite shells found at vallecillo ( ifrim , 2006 ; ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . . . .

. . . therefore represents not only the first record of glyphiteuthis outside the old world , it is the first early late cretaceous gladius from the americas . the new record supports the interpretation that the gulf of mexico region was part of a tethyan province during the early late cretaceous ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 , 2008 ) . . . .

. . . empty ammonoid shells were reused in various ways by other organisms . the most outstanding examples are the inhabitation of empty shells by hermit crabs ( fraaije , 2003 ) and their use as scaffoldings for cirripedes ( witter , 1996 ; ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . in addition , shells lying on the seafloor often trapped lightweight materials , such as smaller ammonoid shells , plant remains , and pumice grains , that were swept by weak bottom currents ( = sheltered preservation ; maeda , 1987 , 1991 ; zaton and marynowski , 2006 ; olivero , 2007 ) . . . .

. . . a taxonomic description of the fossil reptiles was recently published by . regarding vallecillo invertebrates , only the taxonomy of ammonites was hitherto discussed in detail ( ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . here we present a description of the inoceramid assemblage . . . .

. . . inoceramids are the only benthic organisms documented from vallecillo . inoceramus pictus , mytiloides hattini , m . puebloensis , m . goppelnensis , and m . kossmati are described here , whereas ammonites were recently described ( ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . both ammonites and inoceramids allow for a biostratigraphic correlation of the vallecillo section with the gssp and the european reference section at eastbourne , uk . . . .

. . . the ammonites and inoceramid bivalves known from vallecillo , and also the planktonic foraminifers preserved in the sediment , allow for a very detailed biostratigraphic zonation of the vallecillo section ( ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 , in press ) , summarized infigure 2 . the base of the turonian stage is present in the lowest part of the section , giving an early turonian age to all mosasauroid fossils known from vallecillo . the assemblage of planktonic foraminifers changes over the section . . . .

. . . the mollusks are a mixed western interior– tethyan assemblage , owing to the paleogeographic position of vallecillo at the junction of the western interior seaway and the expanding atlantic ocean ( fig . 5 ) . the vallecillo area is thus considered to be part of both the western tethyan and the north american molluscan faunal provinces ( ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 , in press ) . all mosasauroid remains discussed here , and also three fossil turtles and the tooth of a pliosaur ( buchy et al . , 2005 ) , were found by quarrymen during extraction of rocks . . . .

it has been difficult to explain the origin of the biota southern south america . there are many models and continental configurations ; however , despite many advances in molecular phylogeny and pale… " [ more ]

cenomanian - turonian high - resolution biostratigraphy of north - eastern mexico and its correlation with . . .

thin - bedded and millimetrically laminated platy marly limestone quarried near vallecillo , north - eastern mexico , contains abundant excellently preserved marine fossils . planktic foraminifers , inoceramids , and ammonites occur throughout the 7 . 7 - m - thick section of this plattenkalk and provide a precise and detailed biostratigraphic zonation from the uppermost cenomanian to early turonian , with a . . . [ show full abstract ]

upper cretaceous ( cenomanian turonian and turonian coniacian ) open marine plattenkalkdeposits in ne . . .

in ne mexico , the cenomanian - turonian plattenkalk of vallecillo ( state of nuevo león ) and the turonian - coniacian plattenkalk of múzquiz ( state of coahuila ) yield abundant fossil vertebrates and invertebrates with an exceptional preservation of soft parts . inoceramid bivalves are the only benthic organisms in both deposits . they allow for detailed biostratigraphic subdivisions , precise dating . . . [ show full abstract ]

comment on " the oldest stratigraphic record of the late cretaceous shark ptychodus mortoni agassiz , . . .

paleobiology and paleoecology of the early turonian ( late cretaceous ) ammonite pseudaspidoceras flex . . .

during the early turonian , pseudaspidoceras flexuosum was a common ammonite in low and intermediate latitudes . at vallecillo section , northeastern mexico , 160 specimens were recovered from the section , allowing for quantitative analysis . the combination of quantitative data with sedimentology and geochemistry allow for erection of a differentiated model for the mode of life of p . flexuosum . . . . [ show full abstract ]