raffray 's bandicoot ( peroryctes raffrayana ) is a species of marsupial in the family peroryctidae .

it is found in indonesia and papua new guinea .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests .

raffray ' s bandicoot

raffray ' s bandicoot <EOT> raffray ' s bandicoot is hunted for food by local people throughout its range , but this is not seen as a major threat to the species .

aspects of the ecology of the kalubu bandicoot ( echymipera kalubu ) and observations on raffray’s bandicoot ( perorcytes raffrayanus ) , eastern highlands province , papua new guinea - cuthbert , r . j and denny , m . j . h

raffray ' s bandicoots have a distinct odor similar to aged cheddar cheese . the life expectancy of

raffray ' s bandicoots are hunted and eaten by the natives of new guinea ( lawlor , 1979 ) .

this paper provides the first detailed description of the ecology of the kalubu bandicoot , echymipera kalubu , and observation on raffray ' s bandicoot , perorcytes raffrayanus , from a study in the eastern highlands region of papua new guinea . both are common species in png and are an important item of game for local people .

the raffray ' s bandicoot is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species

raffray ' s bandicoot is widespread throughout the highlands of new guinea ( indonesia and papua new guinea ) , and it is also found on yapen island ( flannery 1995a , b ) . it occurs from 60 to 3 , 900 m asl , though it is most common at around 1 , 000 m asl ( flannery 1995a ) .

walker ' s mammals of the world , vol . 1 , 5th ed .

raffray ' s bandicoots have a short gestation period ( about 15 days ) , and their young mature rapidly , nursing for approximately 60 days . a true chorioallantoic placenta develops , as in all peramelidae ( vaughan , 1986 ) .

are polyestrous , and usually have a litter of between one and six young . young raffray ' s bandicoots forage with their mothers for a few nights after weaning , then separate to lead a solitary life ( stonehouse , 1977 ) .

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build ground nests of twigs , grass , and debris , often in thick vegetation . although most animals of the order peramelemorphia are territorial and solitary except during breeding seasons , female raffray ' s bandicoots have been observed nesting communally . males range widely over areas inhabited by several females . there is no association between the sexes until periods of estrus ( stonehouse , 1977 ) .

a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all

raffray ' s bandicoots have an unpatterned , medium to dark brown coat and coarse fur . they are approximately 30 cm in length . their snout is long and narrow , and they have insectivore - like dentition , small ears , and a long non - prehensile tail . the hindfoot is highly specialized and elongated for running and hopping , with reduction in the number of digits in both the forefoot and hindfoot ( vaughan , 1986 ) .

" wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals . " - - publisher ' s website .

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , lack of major threats , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .

the species occurs in montane and upper montane tropical moist forests , and montane grasslands . it is rarely found in secondary or regenerating forest , preferring undisturbed forest . animals have been recorded from secondary forests , but the species is fairly intolerant of habitat disturbance . the average litter size is one or two young ( flannery 1995a ) .

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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352

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usually inhabit undisturbed rainforest and are commonly found in a range of elevations from 850 - 1200 m . they also sometimes are found in higher and lower areas , with the exceptions of the woodlands and savannah of southern new guinea and extreme low - lying areas ( flannery , 1996 ) .

can be distinguished from other species of bandicoots by their smaller size , darker coloration , and lack of a white tail tip ( flannery , 1996 ) .

rarely ventures into new forest or regrowth areas . they are creposcular , with most feeding taking place between 7 and 9 p . m . ( flannery , 1996 ) .

is largely insectivorous and omnivorous , sometimes eating small vertebrates , invertebrates , and vegetation . mianmin hunters observe that the fruiting fig amomeam is a favored food ( flannery , 1996 ) .

rothschildi , has been identified in the huon peninsula of new guinea ( flannery , 1996 ) .

having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .

animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .

forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .

this terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .

the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .

islands that are not part of continental shelf areas , they are not , and have never been , connected to a continental land mass , most typically these are volcanic islands .

flannery , t . 1996 . mammals of new guinea . robert brown and associates ptn . ltd . : carina qld , australia .

lawlor , t . 1979 . handbook to the orders and families of living mammals . mad river press : eureka , california .

stonehouse , b . , ed . ; gilmore , d . , ed . 1977 . the biology of maruspials . university park press : baltimore .

to cite this page : kennedy , k . 1999 . " peroryctes raffrayana " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

kento furui added the japanese common name " ラフレーバンディクート " to " peroryctes raffrayana ( milne - edwards , 1878 ) " .

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name " uudenguineanpusseli " to " peroryctes raffrayana ( milne - edwards , 1878 ) " .

kari pihlaviita removed a common name in an unknown language from " peroryctes raffrayana ( milne - edwards , 1878 ) " .

kari pihlaviita added an unknown common name in an unknown language to " peroryctes raffrayana ( milne - edwards , 1878 ) " .

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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing

mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2

picture has been licensed under a creative commons attribution sharealike license original source : base map derived from file : blankmap - world . png . distribution data from iucn red list author : chermundy

: we use the most recent data from these primary sources : who , world bank , unesco , cia and individual country databases for global health and causes of death .

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drymoana blanchardi is a species of sedge moth in the genus drymoana .

it was described by heppner in 1985 .

it is found in southern north america , including florida , georgia , louisiana , mississippi , new jersey , south carolina and texas

drymoana blanchardi

drymoana blanchardi <EOT> drymoana blanchardi heppner , 1985 , n . sp . , fauna and flora handbook # 1 .

home » guide » arthropods ( arthropoda ) » hexapods ( hexapoda ) » insects ( insecta ) » butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) » ermine moths and kin ( yponomeutoidea ) » sedge and false diamondback moths ( glyphipterigidae ) » sedge moths ( glyphipteriginae ) » drymoana » drymoana blanchardi - hodges # 2336 . 2 ( drymoana blanchardi )

drymoana blanchardi heppner , 1985 ; sedge moths of north america : ( ? 49 - 53 ) ; tl : texas , jackson co . , deutschburg

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heppner , 1985 the sedge moths of north america ( handbook 1 ) . sedge moths of north america : 254pp

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the white sucker ( catostomus commersonii ) is a freshwater cypriniform fish inhabiting the upper midwest and northeast in north america , but is also found as far south as georgia and new mexico in the south and west .

the fish is commonly known as a " sucker " due to its fleshy papillose lips that suck up organic matter and aufwuchs from the bottom of rivers and streams .

other common names for the white sucker include bay fish , brook sucker , common sucker , and mullet .

the white sucker is often confused with the longnose sucker ( catostomus catostomus ) , because they look very similar .

white sucker

white sucker <EOT> other names : sucker , common sucker , eastern sucker , mullet , brook sucker , gray sucker , mud sucker , slender sucker , mullet , whitehorse . the ojibwe name is namebin . the phrase " namebinikaa " means " there are many white suckers " in ojibwe . that ' s a phrase that good roughfishers should keep handy !

in colorado , the white sucker is replacing native suckers in the rio grande and colorado river drainages ( walker 1993 ) . hybridization between native flannelmouth and bluehead sucker , and non - native white sucker

young provide considerable forage for game species . white sucker x longnose sucker hybrids have been found in several places in montana .

the white sucker is best described as having a " torpedo shaped " body .

distribution of the white sucker in north america ( after scott & crossman 1973 ) .

endocrine changes during natural spawning in the white sucker , catostomus commersoni . ii . steroid hormones .

map of white sucker distribution across the united states . ( credit : u . s . geological survey )

in manitoba , there are 7 species of suckers , but the white sucker is by far the most common .

endocrine changes during natural spawning in the white sucker , catostomus commersoni . ii . steroid hormones . - pubmed - ncbi

health of white sucker within the st . louis river area of concern associated with habitat usage as assessed using stable isotopes

yellow perch , rock bass , blue gill / pumpkinseed , white perch , white bass , & crappie .

white suckers average about a pound but fish of up to 7 pounds have been caught . extremely large white suckers can be confused with common carp - but the white sucker has smaller scales , no barbels , and a slimmer profile .

saint - jacques , n . , h . harvey , d . jackson . 2000 . selective foraging in the white sucker (

mostly eat their eggs or small white suckers up to about 203 mm long . small white suckers are also eaten by

state of michigan . 2013 . " white sucker , catostomus commersonii ( pictured ) longnose sucker , catostomus catostomus " ( on - line ) . www . michigan . gov . accessed october 21 , 2013 at urltoken .

a doppelganger for the longnose sucker , the white sucker also mimics the longnose sucker ' s actions and habits to a tee . with a toothless smile perfect for its bottom - feeding diet , the white sucker spends most of its time in warm , shallow waters . you will find these fish near obstructions and windfalls that create divets in great lakes bays , estuaries , and tributaries , but a search in deeper lake superior waters will garner a white sucker spotting , too . as an adult predator when lake trout are scarce , sea lampreys prove a challenge to this fish ' s existence , as it has for the longnose sucker . the white sucker is no wannabe of its longnose relative , though ; it ' s its own fish , and it ' s quite happy to have it that way .

minnesota department of natural resources . 2013 . " white sucker catostomus commersonii " ( on - line ) . accessed october 20 , 2013 at urltoken .

. the latter two primarily feed on eggs and small white suckers up to about 203 mm long . small white suckers are also eaten by

the white sucker is distributed throughout much of north america . it occurs almost everywhere in manitoba , except in a small region of the extreme north of the province .

white suckers that are less than a year old form schools of several hundred fish . adult and juvenile white suckers feed day and night but are more active at night when they move into shallower water . white suckers coordinate their movement so they are inshore during the evening and offshore by morning . in stream habitats , large white suckers can be found in deep pools . white suckers can be very good at moving long distances , in one such case , an individual white sucker ended up 56 km away from the area it was tagged 5 years before .

young white suckers less than a year old form schools of several hundred fish . adult and juvenile white suckers feed day and night but are more active at night when they move into shallower water . white suckers tend to coordinate their movement so they are inshore during the evening and offshore by morning . in stream habitats , large white suckers can be found in deep pools . white suckers are also excellent dispersers , particularly after spawning . in one such case , an individual white sucker ended up 56 km away from the area it was tagged 5 years previously .

white suckers are an important food source for several fish and land animal species .

sutton , m . 2009 . blue sucker stock characteristics in the wabash river indiana - illinois , usa .

assembly of ribosome - depleted rna isolated from white sucker included a linear contig of 3 , 519 bp with blastx similarity to hepadnaviruses . our finished genome , 2014 wshbv rr173 ( genbank accession number

and white suckers grow most efficiently in conditions that are 19 to 26 degrees celsius .

breeding season white suckers breed in the spring , usually from april to early may .

white suckers are an important food source for several species of fish and land animals .

commonly feed on white suckers during foraging . they are also fed on by bass ,

white suckers are tremendous fighters . the average sucker weighs several pounds , so be ready for battle if you tangle with one on a stream ! the fight of a sucker is usually a series of strong , determined runs , but occasionally they will surprise you by jumping and even tailwalking when hooked . the rubbery lips of the sucker hold hooks well , so be sure to bring a forceps along to disgorge hooks . and congrats , catching white suckers on flies is a challenge that few anglers pursue .

yeager , b . , k . semmens . 1987 . early development of the blue sucker , cycleptus elongatus .

map of white sucker sample locations . these include the st . louis river , green bay and lower fox river , milwaukee estuary , detroit river and maumee river areas of concern , and the root river .

mestl , g . 2009 . seasonal use distributions and migrations of blue sucker in the middle missouri river , usa .

where do they live ? the white sucker is one of minnesota ' s most common fish , and it is the most widely spread distributed sucker in minnesota . it is most common in the eastern and northern portions of the state . white suckers are benthic ( bottom dwellers ) and live in all kinds of lakes and streams from clean , stream - fed brooks to slow - moving , turbid ( cloudy ) rivers .

conservation and management the white sucker is the most common sucker in minnesota and one of the most abundant of all species . it had no special conservation status , but is considered an important forage species for many sport fish . it is also a very important bait species and is reared for that purpose , as well as commercially collected

researchers puzzle over precisely how teleost fishes , such as this spotted sailfin sucker catfish , evolved a dazzling array of forms .

opisthomyzon , a 30 - million - year - old remora . white box shows suction disk .

prevalence of core protein rna transcription in liver tissue of white sucker collected in the great lakes ( united states ) region . ( a ) absolute number of fish with detectable transcripts . ( b ) normalized copy number of transcripts .

white suckers feed at night . adult diet consists of insect larvae , mollusks , and other invertebrates .

the white sucker is the most common species of sucker in north america . although scorned by many anglers , it is not only a fun and spunky game fish , but an ecologically important species as well . in recent years , more and more open - minded anglers have been giving this common , hard - fighting , and delicious species the recognition it deserves .

white suckers could be a valuable sport fish , although they are not caught as often as some other species . these fish are caught by commercial fisheries as food for both humans and animals , including pets . white suckers are also farmed in ponds . the most important economic value of white suckers is in their use as food or bait . the bait industry for white suckers was valued at $ 300 , 000 in wisconsin in 1968 . white suckers have sweet , white flesh , although it is not as firm as some other sport fish . likewise , white suckers contain large bones between their muscle segments that can make them difficult to prepare , but they can be smoked , filleted , or ground into patties .

burr , b . , j . garvey . 2006 . ecology of larval blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) in the mississippi river .

the longnose or northern sucker ( catostomus catostomus ) is also widely distributed in northern north america , and it also occurs in eastern siberia . the long - nose sucker generally inhabits cooler waters and occurs in deeper lakes and larger rivers and streams than the common sucker . this species is exploited commercially on the great lakes and elsewhere , although it is not considered to be a high - value species of fish . other species of suckers are more local in distribution , for example , the sacramento sucker ( c . occidentalis ) of northern california .

; see also table s1 in the supplemental material ) . these samples were preserved in rnalater ( life technologies , grand island , ny ) for a transcriptome assembly project ( prjna282680 ) and quantitative gene expression analyses . a liver sample from a white sucker collected from michael brook near carmel , ny , was included for this purpose as well . tissue was not collected for dna applications from these fish . in an attempt to collect samples suitable for dna analysis , we collected white sucker (

daugherty , d . , t . bacula , m . sutton . 2008 . reproductive biology of blue sucker in a large midwestern river .

although white suckers feed on fish eggs , this does not seen to adversely affect the populations of other fish .

there are over one hundred species of suckers . the common or white sucker ( catostomus commersoni ) is a widespread species throughout much of northern and central north america . this species has a round mouth , useful for feeding on its usual prey of bottom - dwelling insects , crustaceans , molluscs , and other invertebrates . the common sucker is a relatively large species , attaining a length of up to 1…

the white sucker catostomus commersonii is a freshwater teleost that is endemic to river systems in the midwestern and northeastern united states . the widespread distribution and life history of white suckers has made them a target species in numerous contaminant - monitoring and effects studies ( 1 , – 3 ) . the prevalence of tumors in white sucker is currently used as an indicator of exposure to environmental contaminants and is also a criterion used in the assessment and listing or delisting of areas of concern ( aocs ) throughout the great lakes region . fish tumors or other deformities , specifically in white sucker or brown bullhead , are listed as one of the “beneficial use” impairments at great lakes aocs ( 4 ) . in 2010 , the great lakes restoration initiative specifically targeted certain priorities , one of which was the evaluation and monitoring of progress in aocs ( 5 ) . one component of this program was the assessment of wild populations present at potentially impacted sites . a suite of biomarkers ranging from the molecular to the organismal level was developed for multiple fish species ( 6 ) . during the development of a hepatic transcriptome for white sucker , we identified the presence of a novel hepatitis b - like virus .

these fish can be found in most every stream flowing into either lake erie or lake ontario come spring and early summer . spearing was once a legal method for taking these fish in the tributaries , but that option is no longer available to anglers . instead , try fishing with dew worms at night . a state record sucker was caught in the niagara river several years ago but it failed to make the books because of a low level of awareness . the top white sucker is five pounds , three ounces ; the record redhorse sucker is 11 pounds , 11 ounces .

eitzmann , j . , a . makinster , c . paukert . 2007 . distribution and growth of blue sucker in a great plains river , usa .

for invertebrate prey . removing white suckers from areas with both species causes more invertebrates and fewer zooplankton to be eat by yellow perch , which increases their growth rates . however , removing white suckers does not significantly increase the population of yellow perch .

snyder , d . e . , and r . t . muth . 1990 . description and identification of razorback , flannelmouth , white , utah , bluehead , and mountain sucker larvae and early juveniles . colorado division of wildlife tech . publ . no . 38 . 152 pp .

the recently redescribed summer sucker ( catostomus utawana ) of the adirondack region of new york formerly was included in this species ( see morse and daniels 2009 ) .

( " status report on blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) , a candidate endangered or threatened species " , 1993 ; eitzmann , et al . , 2007 )

a large group of fish , numerous species of suckers inhabit new york state ' s waters . some , such as the redhorse , are only found in a few waters in the state , while others , such as the white sucker , can be found all over new york state .

white suckers are a very common and wide - ranging species with large population sizes and are considered a species of least concern .

when they are younger and smaller , white suckers are preyed on by northern pike , muskellunge , bass , walleyes and atlantic salmon .

juvenile white suckers show a more mottled coloration . they are often sold in bait shops as bait for northern pike and flathead catfish .

, and algae . adult white suckers mostly feed on zooplankton and invertebrates , but they may also specialize in one or the other .

white suckers feed on fish eggs ; however , it does not seem to have a negative impact on the populations of other fish .

white suckers are an under - utilized , yet potentially valuable sport fish . they are caught using worms , spears , dip nets , wet flies , and spinning lures . commercial fisheries catch them using seines , fyke , pound nets , gill nets , and trawls . their catch is then used as food for both humans and animals , including pets . white suckers are also farmed in ponds and pursued by anglers using spears , hooks , and fishing line . the most important economic value of white suckers lies in their use as food or bait . the bait industry for white suckers was valued at $ 300 , 000 in wisconsin in 1968 . white suckers have sweet , white flesh that is not as firm as that of other sport fish . additionally , white suckers contain large bones between their muscle segments that may render them unappetizing to some . still , they can be smoked , filleted , or ground into patties to produce tasty dishes .

according to this hypothesis , the sucker - footed bat fossils showed up right where scientists expected to find them : at the literal and figurative base of the noctilionoidea family tree .

white suckers are commonly confused with longnose suckers , which are related as bottom - feeding fish . both use fleshy lips to suck up organic material from the beds of rivers and streams as food and look very similar . the main difference between the two is that the longnose sucker has grey or dark , olive - colored sides .

citation hahn cm , iwanowicz lr , cornman rs , conway cm , winton jr , blazer vs . 2015 . characterization of a novel hepadnavirus in the white sucker ( catostomus commersonii ) from the great lakes region of the united states . j virol 89 : 11801–11811 . doi : 10 . 1128 / jvi . 01278 - 15 .

read pairs were quality screened and adapter trimmed prior to de novo assembly into contigs with clc genomics workbench , version 7 . as part of routine efforts to screen for contaminating sequences , blastx searches identified contigs with sequence similarity to hepadnaviruses , which we then culled from our white sucker transcriptome assembly , which is to be described elsewhere .

the discovery also shows that , like many island - dwelling , relict species , sucker - footed bats have not always been confined to their present range—they once swooped through the african skies .

it ' s impossible to know from the fossils if the extinct species had already evolved their characteristic sucker - feet , but the teeth shed light on another aspect of bat evolution . the presence of sucker - footed bats in africa at least 37 million years ago supports the theory that this family is one of the most primitive members of a lineage that now dominates south america .

( " status report on blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) , a candidate endangered or threatened species " , 1993 ; eitzmann , et al . , 2007 ; yeager and semmens , 1987 )

u . s . fish and wildlife service . status report on blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) , a candidate endangered or threatened species . north dakota state office : ecological services . 1993 .

male and female blue suckers change coloration during the spawning season . males also develop visible bumps on their heads during this time , so visual and tactile cues are likely important in blue sucker communication .

studies into the fish have focused on its life cycle , including reproductive abilities , how white suckers use their habitats and what types of prey they prefer .

for benthic invertebrate prey . removal of white suckers from areas with both species results in higher utilization of benthic invertebrates for food and lower consumption of zooplankton by yellow perch , which in turn increases the growth rate of adults . however , removal of white suckers does not significantly increase the population of yellow perch .

there are over one hundred species of suckers . the common or white sucker ( catostomus commersoni ) is a widespread species throughout much of northern and central north america . this species has a round mouth , useful for feeding on its usual prey of bottom - dwelling insects , crustaceans , molluscs , and other invertebrates . the common sucker is a relatively large species , attaining a length of up to 10 in ( 45 cm ) , and a weight of 2 . 2 lb ( 1 kg ) . the common sucker is often found in lakes and ponds . these fish generally run up nearby streams to spawn in gravel beds in the springtime , but they sometimes lay their eggs in gravel along shallow lakeshores . individuals of this species can live as long as 12 years .

what eats them ? white suckers are an important forage fish for several of minnesota ' s sport fishes . these include walleye , brook trout , muskellunge , northern pike , largemouth and smallmouth bass . additional predators are burbot and , in lake superior , sea lamprey . small white suckers also fall prey to fish - eating birds such as herons , loons , bald eagles , and osprey . many smaller white suckers are a much used bait in minnesota , and many are commercially harvested for that purpose .

white suckers are freshwater fish native to north america . they occur all across canada , from newfoundland and labrador to british columbia , as well as in the yukon and northwest territories and in all of the great lakes . they are found in both lakes and rivers , usually in shallow water where they feed on bottom on worms , clams , insect larvae and occasionally fish eggs . white suckers are robust and adaptable fish , surviving many adverse water conditions that other fish could not tolerate . this coupled with their high abundance and widespread occurrence has lead to the use of white suckers as environmental monitors for toxic chemicals and pulp mill effects , and various diseases including papillomas and liver tumours . they are not usually fished except for bait . white sucker serve as food for pike , muskellunge , bass , walleye , burbot , atlantic salmon , brook trout and a variety of birds and mammals .

white suckers occupy a wide range of habitats including streams , rivers , and lakes but are usually found in small creeks with cold , clear water and small or medium - sized rivers . white suckers are also highly tolerant of polluted , murky , and anoxic waters , as well as a wide array of stream gradients . they do not require dense vegetation and prefer temperatures between 11 . 8 and 20 . 6 degrees celsius . lethal ph for white suckers ranges from 3 . 0 to 3 . 8 .

the long slim body of the sharksucker is dark gray or dark brownish gray with a dark belly . there is a broad darker brown or dark gray stripe with white edges on each side that extends from the jaw to the base of the caudal fin with interruptions from the eyes and pectoral fins . the pectoral fins and ventral fins are black with or without a pale edge while the dorsal and anal fins are dark gray or black with white margins . the caudal fin is black with distinct white corners .

( " status report on blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) , a candidate endangered or threatened species " , 1993 ; eitzmann , et al . , 2007 ; " species profile : minnesota department of natural resources " , 2012 )

( " status report on blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) , a candidate endangered or threatened species " , 1993 ; daugherty , et al . , 2008 ; " species profile : minnesota department of natural resources " , 2012 )

the white sucker is quite adaptable . it has been collected from virtually all types of water in montana : muddy , clear , warm , cold , running and standing . as the position of the mouth suggests , it feeds on the bottom and eats an omnivorous diet of detritus and insects . the white sucker is distributed throughout montana ' s eastern drainage and is present in our northern watershed as well . they are most abundant in the many reservoirs of eastern montana . in montana the largest specimens have been about 5 pounds . large females can produce over 100 , 000 eggs and suckers can produce large populations in short periods of time . any type of attempted population control by man is usually a losing proposition . ( fwp ) see snyder and muth ( 1990 ) for a guide to the identification of larvae and early juveniles .

a 2010 study , overseen by the university of wyoming , found that white suckers readily hybridized with bluehead suckers and flannelmouth suckers in order to survive in a stream they weren’t native to .

white suckers can live in many different habitats including streams , rivers , and lakes but are mostly found in small creeks with cold , clear water and small or medium - sized rivers . white suckers are also very tolerant of polluted , murky , and oxygen poor waters . they do not need dense vegetation and prefer temperatures between 11 . 8 and 20 . 6 degrees celsius .

researchers at north dakota state university found in 2011 that white suckers have a size - selective approach to eating . the fish tend to pass up small organisms , instead going for larger prey .

white suckers have a long , round body and grow to a length of about 241 mm and a maximum weight of about 2 . 5 kg . they are olive brown to black on their back and lighter , or white on their belly , with dusky or clear fins . breeding males have a gold coloration on their backs and red ( or less commonly cream or black ) stripes across their sides . they have a toothless , sucking mouth and their lower lip is about twice as thick as their upper lip . white suckers have a shorter snout than their close relatives ,

white suckers have a long slender body and a dark back with silvery colored sides and a white belly . the dark coloration on the fish can vary - the most common color is yellowish - brown , but bright yellow , golden , and greenish variations exist . the mouth points down , allowing the fish to pick up food from the bottom . the head is rounded between the eyes .

the white perch is a close relative of the white bass and striped bass . the most recognizable trait of this silvery fish is its purple throat . it differs from silver bass in that it has a dark back . small worms are the best bait . they are usually found in six to eight feet of water near the bottom . the state record is three pounds , one ounce .

color is dusky olive brown to nearly black above , shading to cream or white below . dorsal fin has 11 to 13 rays . scales are medium sized , 60 to 75 in lateral line .

most species in the sucker family occur in the americas , over a range that extends from the boreal forest of north america through much of central america . a few other species occur in eastern siberia , and there is one isolated species in eastern china .

when they are spawning , male white suckers may show " head trembling " behavior , by vibrating their heads rapidly from side to side towards a nearby female or to other males in the area . males , however , do not compete with each other for mates . along with head trembling , male white suckers may also spread their pectoral fins , extend their dorsal fin , and stick out their jaw .

white sucker spawning and upstream breeding runs last for six weeks in the spring , or early summer in more northern regions . upstream breeding runs usually occur at night and spawning typically lasts from april to early may . this is timed to occur shortly after ice melts from a spawning area , the duration of spawning may be related to the water temperature . male white suckers reach the spawning area earlier than females and outnumber them . white suckers do not build nests or defend a territory . the spawning area usually has quick running water and a gravely substrate , but spawning can sometimes occur in lakes if conditions allow . males may show " head trembling " behavior ( vibrating their heads rapidly from side to side for a short time ) towards a nearby female who has come to rest at the bottom of a rapid . head trembling may also be directed at other males in the spawning area , although males do not fight for access to mates . along with head trembling , male white suckers also spread their pectoral fins , extend their dorsal fin , and protrude their jaw .

friedman’s research now gives us a richer hypothesis for how the remora got its sucker . some of the remora’s closest living relatives , like cobia , tag along with bigger fish to scavenge on their scraps . the ancestors of remoras may have lived a similar life .

in the spring , adult male white suckers develop a very distinctive black horizontal stripe . the coloration above and below the stripe lightens , and they develop hard bumps called tubercules on the tail and anal fin .

white suckers are highly underrated as a food fish . in the past , white suckers were passed over for other fish because of their many small , free - floating bones . but their flesh is firm and flaky , and their flavor sweet and delicious . there are several methods for getting around those bones , including grinding , canning , pickling , and scoring . check the recipes section for more info on eating suckers .

white suckers can be found throughout the northeast and midwest united states . they can also be found in portions of the upper northwest . they survive in rivers , streams and most any other type of water body .

white suckers are present in many habitats , from large windswept lakes to tiny , shallow streams . in small streams , white suckers are usually found in slower , deeper sections of the stream , though actively feeding fish often can be seen finning in the main channel . all good trout streams have healthy populations of white suckers - the young of which provide food for the largest trout in the stream . in larger rivers , white suckers roam the rocky flats or congregate in eddies and current breaks . in lakes , suckers often spend most of the year roaming the bottom in deep water . in the springtime , they migrate into streams connected to the lake to find spawning gravel . suckers spawn in shallow riffles . in some lakes , all the suckers in the lake may spawn on a single patch of sandy gravel where a trickle of water flows out .

white suckers are a very robust , common , and wide - ranging species with large population sizes and are therefore designated as a species of least concern according to the iucn red list . in a 1958 study focusing on the removal of the species , 12 , 750 white suckers were removed from a southern wisconsin stream over a 3 - year period . afterwards , it was estimated that 7 , 411 suckers still remained in the stream .

little is known about blue sucker behavior . observation in the wild is difficult due to swift currents and turbid waters that these fish inhabit . it it assumed that blue suckers hug the bottom of the main stem of river systems and wait for the current to bring food to them .

the adult worm - averaging 30mm in length and 13 mm in width , fasciola hepatica is one of the largest flukes in the world . the adult worm has a very characteristic leaf shape with the anterior end being broader than the posterior end and an anterior cone - shaped projection . the fluke possesses a powerful oral sucker at the end the anterior cone and a ventral sucker at the base of the cone which allow it to attach to the lining of the biliary ducts . each worm possesses ovaries and testes which are highly branched and allow for individual flukes to produce eggs independently .

during spawning , male white suckers may show " head trembling " behavior , vibrating their heads rapidly from side to side towards a nearby female , who rests at the bottom of a spawning area , or to other males in the spawning area . males , however , do not compete with each other for access to mates . along with head trembling , male white suckers may also spread their pectoral fins , extend their dorsal fin , and protrude their jaw .

, and midge larvae carried to them by currents . as white suckers mature , their mouthparts move to their underside , allowing them to bottom - feed . as adults , they feed additionally on fish , fish eggs , plants ,

, and midge larvae carried to them by currents . as white suckers age , their mouthparts move to their underside , allowing them to bottom - feed . as adults , they also feed on fish , fish eggs , plants ,

importance we report the first full - length genome of a hepadnavirus from fishes . phylogenetic analysis of this genome indicates divergence from genomes of previously described hepadnaviruses from mammalian and avian hosts and supports the creation of a novel genus . the discovery of this novel virus may better our understanding of the evolutionary history of hepatitis b - like viruses of other hosts . in fishes , knowledge of this virus may provide insight regarding possible risk factors associated with hepatic neoplasia in the white sucker . this may also offer another model system for mechanistic research .

as north american bats face a death toll approaching 7 million , university of akron scientists reveal new clues about their killer , white nose syndrome , or wns . the ua researchers reveal that the deadly wns fungus can likely . . .

) . to avoid the inclusion of pgrna or viral mrna in the genome model , we isolated dna from an ethanol - preserved liver . resequencing was conducted on a single , pcr - positive fish collected from the root river ( white sucker hepatitis b virus [ wshbv ] rr173 ) . the dna was extracted using a dneasy kit ( qiagen , valencia , ca ) as per the manufacturer ' s protocols . primers were designed to resequence the complete genome and confirm a circular architecture . we used primer3 , version 2 . 3 . 4 (

white suckers eat mostly insect larvae , just like trout do , so a wide variety of trout flies will work very well for white suckers . white suckers use their keen eyesight to hunt down free - floating prey to a greater extent than most species of suckers . but while trout sometimes feed on insects anywhere in the water column , white suckers concentrate on insects that are on , or very close to , the bottom . so let’s say you’ve found yourself a fine pod of large white suckers in a nice section of water , or a good pool that looks like it should hold some . what’s next ? in my opinion , any rig that gets the fly down to the fish and moves it along drag - free will work . for many people , this is a shot - and - indicator rig . others forego the indicator and fish by feel . both methods will work , as long as the fly is traveling right along the bottom at the same speed as the current . my favorite tactic is to fish an indicator rig directly upstream or slightly across , allowing the offering to drift down through the school of suckers . the take of a white sucker is very subtle . if using an indicator , watch it closely . the indicator will either pause or dip for a fraction of a second before the fish spits out the fly . suckers have an amazing sense of taste and will reject a fake insect almost instantly . if not using an indicator , you’ll need to develop a sixth sense to detect strikes . wait for a slight hesitation in drift , a slight increase or decrease in tension , or a small tap on the line . in either case , you must strike quickly , but softly , to avoid breaking your tippet .

white suckers have a long , round body and grow to an average length of 241 mm and a maximum weight of about 2 . 5 kg . they have olive brown to black coloration on their back and a lighter colored , or white belly , with dusky or clear fins . breeding males gain gold coloration on their backs and red ( or less commonly cream or black ) stripes across their sides . they have a toothless , sucking subterminal mouth with no barbels . the mouth region is additionally characterized by thick pappilose lips , with a lower lip that is about twice as thick as the upper lip . white suckers have fewer lateral line scales ( between 55 and 58 ) and a shorter snout than their close relatives ,

suckers are a main food item of osprey and eagles . they are fun to fish for and although few people have tried them , they are excellent to eat . they have firm , white , light - tasting meat , especially during spring .

transmission electron micrographs showing both complete virions of approximately 40 nm in diameter and smaller particles assumed to be composed of self - assembled virus surface proteins . the two types of particles from gradient - purified white sucker serum have a strong resemblance to those of other hepatitis b - like viruses from mammals and birds . virus was stained using 1 % phosphotungstic acid ( a ) and 0 . 5 % uranyl acetate ( b ) . scale bar , 100 nm . images were processed using adobe photoshop and included the adjustment of brightness and contrast and application of the unsharp mask filter .

young white suckers , up to about 10 cm in size , are light brown or beige coloured and have three , very distinct , dark spots on their sides : one behind the gill plate , another about mid body and the third before the tail .

embryos of white suckers develop quicker in warmer temperatures . organs begin developing the day eggs are fertilized . soon afterwards , the embryo becomes mobile , develop a circulatory system , and grow longer . larvae hatch after about 5 to 7 days and are 21 to 25 mm in length , with slanted mouths and short intestines . when white suckers are less than 51 mm long , they feed in shallow water , 15 to 20 cm deep and along lake shores . in some populations , white suckers are mature by the time they are 2 years old , however , on average , suckers are mature by age 3 . in other populations , males mature at a faster rate ( 2 years old ) than females ( 3 years old ) but all are mature by age 4 .

white suckers spawn and breed upstream for six weeks in the spring , or early summer in northern areas . upstream breeding usually happens at night and spawning usually lasts from april to early may . this happens shortly after ice melts from a spawning area , the length of spawning may be related to the water temperature . male white suckers reach the spawning area earlier than females and outnumber them . white suckers do not build nests or defend a territory . the spawning area usually has quick running water and a gravely substrate , but spawning can sometimes occur in lakes if conditions are correct . males may show " head trembling " behavior ( vibrating their heads rapidly from side to side for a short time ) towards a nearby female who has come to rest at the bottom of a rapid . head trembling may also be directed at other males in the spawning area , although males do not fight for mates . along with head trembling , male white suckers also spread their pectoral fins , extend their dorsal fin , and stick out their jaw .

white suckers have long , round bodies with light - colored underbellies and darker - colored sides , usually splashed with a dark green , grey , copper or black . their fins are rayed in a similar fashion to other cypriniform fishes , like carp and chub .

today , the sucker - footed bats consist of two species , myzopoda aurita and m . schliemanni , endemic to madagascar . in contrast to almost all other bats , they don ' t cling upside - down to cave ceilings or branches . sucker - footed bats roost head - up , often in the furled leaves of the traveler ' s palm , a plant in the bird - of - paradise family . to stick to such a smooth surface , the bats evolved cup - like pads on their wrists and ankles . scientists previously suspected the pads held the bats up by suction , but recent research has demonstrated the bats instead rely on wet adhesion , like a tree frog .

assessment of the presence of wshbv dna in white sucker from the root river ( racine , wi ) via endpoint pcr identified a prevalence of 20 % among sampled fish ( n = 20 ) . the prevalence of virus was not statistically different from that observed at the geographically proximate milwaukee river site ( fisher ' s exact test , p = 0 . 3 ) . we detected viral dna in the plasma samples from the same four root river individuals that were positive by pcr ( data not shown ) . absence of amplicons from numerous individuals confirmed that this pcr primer set does not amplify an endogenous viral relic .

how big do they get ? how long do they live ? white suckers in minnesota normally grow to about 300 mm ( 20 in ) and weigh in at about 0 . 9 - 1 . 4 kg ( 2 - 3 lbs ) . lunkers can go 2 . 3 kg ( 5 lbs ) . minnesota ' s hook and line record for this fish is 4 . 12 kg ( 9 lbs 1 oz ) . it was caught in big fish lake in stearns county . white suckers typically live for about 10 - 12 years .

instead of being used as food for humans , white suckers commonly are used as bait for bigger and more prized game fish . this occurs when they are still small and appear similar to minnows . if they are eaten by humans , they are normally processed and sold as mullets .

embryonic development of white suckers is faster in warmer temperatures . organs begin developing on the same day as fertilization , indicated by the formation of a head region . soon afterwards , the embryo becomes mobile , develops its circulatory system , and increases in length . their larvae hatch after about 5 to 7 days and are 21 to 25 mm in length , with slanted mouths and short intestines . when white suckers are less than 51 mm in length , they tend to feed in shallow water , 15 to 20 cm deep and along lake shores . in some populations , white suckers are mature by the time they are 2 years old , however , on average , suckers are mature by age 3 . in other populations , males mature at a faster rate ( 2 years old ) than females ( 3 years old ) but all are mature by age 4 .

a team of researchers described the two bat species from several sets of fossilized jawbones and teeth unearthed in the sahara . the findings , reported feb . 4 in the open - access journal plos one , represent the first formal description of the family in the fossil record and show the sucker - footed bat family to be at least 36 million years older than previously known .

white suckers can be caught on just about any tackle . the most effective method is light or ultralight spinning tackle . four to six pound test monofilament should be used , along with small , sharp hooks . worms or live aquatic nymphs are the best baits for suckers . fish directly on the bottom , either with a stationary rig with a sliding sinker , or with a drifting rig that moves along the bottom with the current . white suckers can be light biters , so a sensitive rod and light line is a good choice . using a bankstick helps detect the lightest bites .

a study from the u . s . epa found that the fish’s growth is affected by temperature changes of water . levels of low light are also advantageous to the fish’s development , with better growth rates seen in white suckers who had been exposed to low light rather than no light at all .

) are a highly ubiquitous species . their range is over 2 . 5 million square kilometers , stretching from east of the mackenzie river to labrador in canada , and into 40 states in the eastern and midwestern united states . white suckers are also an introduced species in the colorado river drainage basin .

, and algae . however , their feeding pattern is nonrandom . adult white suckers feed primarily on zooplankton and benthic invertebrates with mild seasonal variation , but they may also specialize in one or the other as a form of resource partitioning , or selectively feed on the largest individuals if resources are abundant .

the northern redhorse or redfin sucker ( moxostoma macrolepidotum ) occurs widely in central north america . the lake or northern chub ( couesius plumbeus ) is a small minnow - sized fish that occurs widely across northern north america . this is an important forage and bait fish . the lake chubsucker ( erimyzon sucetta ) occurs in the eastern united states , including lake saint clair and lake erie .

hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with hbv infection in humans . hepatic tumors are not uncommon in white sucker inhabiting the great lakes regions , and prevalence of this pathology is used as an indication of contaminant exposure . liver tissue preserved in z - fix ( anatech ltd . , battle creek , mi ) was therefore processed for histopathological observation via graded alcohols , paraffin infiltration , and embedding . tissues were sectioned at 5 μm and stained with hematoxylin and eosin . hepatic tumors included hcc , hepatic adenoma ( ha ) , cholangioma ( co ) , and cholangiocarcinoma ( cc ) . tumor and virus data were converted to a binary data set , and jaccard binary dichotomy coefficients were determined to evaluate dissimilarity .

today , madagascar sucker - footed bats live nowhere outside their island home , but new research shows that hasn ' t always been the case . the discovery of two extinct relatives in northern egypt suggests the unusual creatures , which evolved sticky footpads to roost on slick surfaces , are primitive members of a group of bats that evolved in africa and ultimately went on to flourish in south america .

the fry of white suckers eat plankton and other tiny invertebrates until they are about 15 mm long . up to this size their mouths still point forward to accommodate catching food up in the water column . once they reach 15 mm , their mouths rotate downward and they switch to the adult habit of bottom feeding .

suckers are a family of freshwater fishes ( the catostomidae ) that includes about 65 species worldwide , with most of these in north america . they ' re all fairly robust or stout fishes , with species ranging in size from small ( about 15 cm ) to large ( up to 45 cm ) in length . nearly all species in the family have the characteristic downward - pointing " sucker " mouth .

how do they reproduce ? the spawning season in minnesota for the white sucker begins in april and goes into early may . the fish move to the shallows of the lakes or up into stream headwaters unless a barrier stops them . once there they pick spots that have a gravel or coarse sand bottom . there is no nest made and the eggs go without care from the parents . the white suckers pair up , usually two males to one female . the spawning normally takes place at night , starting at dusk . with a male on either side of her , the female begins to lay her eggs while males fertilize them . the eggs are spread out by the current and the movement of the fish . eventually they sink to the bottom . depending on her size , a female will lay 20 , 000 - 50 , 000 eggs during the complete spawning period . the embryos develop for 5 - 10 days before they hatch , depending on water temperature . it takes another 1 - 2 weeks before they leave the gravel and drift downstream .

white suckers reproduce in shallow waters and are believed to be influenced by changes in water temperature to begin the process . this can be caused by runoff from early snow melt or other factors . females of the species lay near 10 , 000 eggs and it is not uncommon for them to be fertilized by multiple males .

white suckers primarily spawn in the spring , usually early may to early june . adults migrate from lakes into gravelly streams , when stream temperatures reach 10 o c . spawning sites are in shallow waters with a gravel bottom adults will return to specific spawning site ; thousands may migrate to the site at a particular period .

scientific name : " catostomus " is from the greek , " kata " , meaning downward , and the greek " stoma " , meaning mouth . so " catostomus " is clearly a reference to the downward pointing mouth of a sucker . the specific name , " commersonii " is from the fish being named for an early french naturalist : philibert commerson . ( thanks go to adam labatore , for pointing this out ! )