gilles de retz ( 1953 – 1969 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning the classic 2000 guineas in 1956 .

after winning twice from five starts as a two-year-old , the colt disappointed on his three-year-old debut before recording a 50/1 upset victory in the guineas .

although the feat was not officially recognised at the time , gilles de retz 's success made helen johnson houghton the first woman to train the winner of a british classic .

the colt failed to reproduce his best form in three subsequent efforts in 1956 and won once from four attempts as a four-year-old .

he was retired to stud where he had little success as a sire of winners .

gilles de retz ( horse )

gilles de retz ( horse ) <EOT> " gilles de retz " redirects here . for the racehorse , see gilles de retz ( horse ) .

so far , there are no tournament results from gilles de retz xx are stored .

matei cazacu , gilles de rais , 2005 , p . 11 ; 23 - 25 .

gilles de rais is featured as one of the antagonists in the 2011 anime fate / zero .

gilles de rais is featured as a nephilim in the manga and anime series devils and realist .

bataille , georges . the trial of gilles de rais . los angeles : amok , 1991 .

gilles de rais is the pseudonym ( gilles de rais . . . child - murderer ) for ray ' s character in the episode titled " live and let dine " in season 4 of the fx series , archer .

bordonove , georges . gilles de rais . pygmalion . isbn 978 - 2 - 85704 - 694 - 3 .

ambroise ledru , " gilles de rais dit barbe - bleue , maréchal de france . sa jeunesse , 1404 - 1424 " , l ' union historique et littéraire du maine , vol . i , 1893 , pp . 270 - 284 ; matei cazacu , gilles de rais , 2005 , p . 11 .

cebrián , juan antonio . el mariscal de las tinieblas . la verdadera historia de barba azul . temas de hoy . isbn 978 - 84 - 8460 - 497 - 6 ( spanish ) .

bataille , georges . the trial of gilles de rais . amok books . isbn 978 - 1 - 878923 - 02 - 8 .

in 1987 , the spanish director agusti villaronga directed the film tras el cristal , with an original script based on the killings of gilles de rais .

gilles de rais is mentioned in the crime novel revelation by c . j . sansom , whose case is cited as a historic precedent for serial killing

lampo , hubert . le diable et la pucelle . 163 p . , presses universitaires du septentrion , 2002 , isbn 2 - 85939 - 765 - 5 . ( traduction française de de duivel en de maagd ) .

gilles de montmorency - laval ( also known as gilles de rais ) ( prob . c . september 1405 – 26 october 1440 ) , baron de rais , was a breton knight , a leader in the french army and a companion - in - arms of joan of arc . he is best known by his reputation and conviction as a prolific serial killer of children .

helen johnson houghton , who has died aged 102 , became the first woman to train a classic winner when she sent out gilles de retz to win the 2 , 000 guineas in 1956 ; her name did not , however , appear in the record books as the jockey club did not in those days recognise women trainers .

dick hern called nashwan " the best horse i ' ve ever trained " . [ 3 ]

, whose father and uncle were both major forces in british horse racing . he was sired by

cradle of filth ' s album godspeed on the devil ' s thunder is centered on the life of gilles de rais after joan of arc ' s burning .

gilles de retz had been winter favourite for the race , but had run badly in the greenham stakes on heavy going , and went off in the guineas at 50 - 1 ( unbacked , it is said , by his trainer ) . “the greenham made me realise how far from being fit gilles de retz was , ” helen johnson houghton later explained . “he was very lazy and did nothing on the gallops . but he did a lot more when trotting up the hill from the village , so that’s what we did with him to get him fit . ” although helen johnson houghton had trained the horse , he ran under the name of her assistant , charles jerdein , who later became an art dealer in new york — in her words , “selling old masters to old mistresses” .

" classical scenes of farwell , " a short - story by jim shepard , is told from the point of view of one of gilles de rais ' servants .

benedetti , jean ( 1971 ) . " gilles de rais " . new york : stein and day . isbn 978 - 0 - 8128 - 1450 - 7 .

nye , robert . the life and death of my lord , gilles de rais . time warner books . isbn 978 - 0 - 349 - 10250 - 4 .

la passion de gilles , opera ( french libretto ) , 1983 , music : philippe boesmans , libretto : pierre mertens based on his 1982 play ( same title ) .

in may 1431 , joan of arc was burned at the stake ; gilles was not present . his grandfather died 15 november 1432 , and , in a public gesture to mark his displeasure with gilles ' reckless spending of a carefully amassed fortune , left his sword and his breastplate to gilles ' younger brother rené de la suze . [ 21 ]

as a result of infirmities from old age . he is buried in the national stud ' s horse cemetery .

the protagonist durtal , from huysmans ' s là - bas ( 1891 ) , conducts intensive research into gilles de rais which forms the basis of many of the chapters in the novel .

although gilles de rais was convicted of murdering many children through his confessions and the detailed eyewitness accounts of his own confederates and victims ' parents , [ 45 ] doubts have persisted about the court ' s verdict . counterarguments are based on the theory de rais was himself a victim of an ecclesiastic plot or act of revenge by the catholic church or french state . doubts on gilles de rais ' guilt have long persisted because the duke of brittany , who was given the authority to prosecute , received all the titles to gilles ' former lands after his conviction . the duke then divided the land among his own nobles . writers such as french professor and secret societies specialist jean - pierre bayard , in his book plaidoyer pour gilles de rais , contend he was a victim of the inquisition .

gilles de rais was probably born in late 1405 [ 1 ] to guy ii de montmorency - laval and marie de craon in the family castle at champtocé - sur - loire . [ 2 ] he was an intelligent child , speaking fluent latin , illuminating manuscripts , and dividing his education between military discipline and moral and intellectual development . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] following the deaths of his father and mother in 1415 , gilles and his younger brother rené de la suze were placed under the tutelage of jean de craon , their maternal grandfather . [ 5 ] jean de craon was a schemer who attempted to arrange a marriage for twelve - year - old gilles with four - year - old jeanne paynel , one of the richest heiresses in normandy , and , when the plan failed , attempted unsuccessfully to unite the boy with béatrice de rohan , the niece to the duke of brittany . [ 6 ] on 30 november 1420 , however , craon substantially increased his grandson ' s fortune by marrying him to catherine de thouars of brittany , heiress of la vendée and poitou . [ 7 ] their only child marie was born in 1429 . [ 8 ]

the first documented case of child - snatching and murder concerns a boy of twelve called jeudon ( first name unknown ) , an apprentice to the furrier guillaume hilairet . [ 28 ] gilles de rais ' cousins , gilles de sillé and roger de briqueville , asked the furrier to lend them the boy to take a message to machecoul , and , when jeudon did not return , the two noblemen told the inquiring furrier that they were ignorant of the boy ' s whereabouts and suggested he had been carried off by thieves at tiffauges to be made into a page . [ 28 ] in gilles de rais ' trial , the events were testified to by hillairet and his wife , the boy ' s father jean jeudon , and five others from machecoul .

wolf , leonard ( 1980 ) . " bluebeard : the life and times of gilles de rais " . new york : clarkson n . potter , inc . . isbn 978 - 0 - 517 - 54061 - 9 .

in 1992 , freemason jean - yves goëau - brissonnière , the grand master of the grand lodge of france , organized a court consisting of former french ministers , parliament members and unesco experts to re - examine the source material and evidence available at the medieval trial . the hearing , which concluded gilles de rais was not guilty of the crimes , was turned into a documentary called gilles de rais ou la gueule du loup , narrated by gilbert prouteau .

coup de folie b . 1982 gw 4 wins f : 12 r : 10 w : 7 sw : 5

hyatte , reginald . laughter for the devil : the trials of gilles de rais , companion - in - arms of joan of arc ( 1440 ) . fairleigh dickinson univ press . isbn 978 - 0 - 8386 - 3190 - 4 .

a scopey , substantial horse with plenty of athleticism . he has plenty of quality and good forelegs . from top class family with looks to match .

bad - legged horse with something of the same temperament that marked his close relative nasrullah , royal charger was far from a top horse on the race course and was packed off to stud with relatively modest expectations . he soon proved that in his case , his royal bloodlines trumped his individual performance . a

lampo , hubert . de duivel en de maagd . 207 p . , amsterdam , meulenhoff , 1988 ( 11e druk ) , isbn 90 - 290 - 0445 - 2 . ( 1e druk : ’s - gravenhage , stols , 1955 ) .

gilles de rais is believed to be the inspiration for the 1697 fairy tale " bluebeard " ( " barbebleu " ) by charles perrault . his life is the subject of several modern novels , and referenced in a number of rock bands ' albums and songs .

morgan , val . the legend of gilles de rais ( 1404 - 1440 ) in the writings of huysmans , bataille , planchon and tournier ( studies in french civilization , 29 ) . edwin mellen press . isbn 978 - 0 - 7734 - 6619 - 7 .

don’t forget me’s 1987 win was a second for richard hannon and came after an eleventh hour scare when the horse injured a foot on the morning of the race .

in 1434 / 1435 , he retired from military life , depleted his wealth by staging an extravagant theatrical spectacle of his own composition and dabbled in the occult . after 1432 gilles engaged in a series of child murders , his victims possibly numbering in the hundreds . the killings came to an end in 1440 , when a violent dispute with a clergyman led to an ecclesiastical investigation which brought gilles ' crimes to light . at his trial the parents of missing children in the surrounding area and gilles ' own confederates in crime testified against him . gilles was condemned to death and hanged at nantes on 26 october 1440 .

murray , margaret ( 1921 ) . the witch - cult in western europe . oxford : clarendon press . pp . 173–174 . " gilles de rais was tried and executed as a witch and , in the same way , much that is mysterious in this trial can also be explained by the dianic cult "

a member of the house of montmorency - laval , gilles de rais grew up under the tutelage of his maternal grandfather and increased his fortune by marriage . he earned the favour of the duke of brittany and was admitted to the french court . from 1427 to 1435 , gilles served as a commander in the royal army , and fought alongside joan of arc against the english and their burgundian allies during the hundred years ' war , for which he was appointed marshal of france .

despite his successes , royal palace was never voted british horse of the year , being beaten by busted in 1967 and sir ivor in 1968 . he was given a relatively modest timeform rating of 131 .

then in 2009 the race went the way of a horse who had looked all promise beforehand , albeit most likely over longer distances . this was the year that sea the stars came to the fore and john oxx’s colt stamped his class on the guineas before claiming the derby , eclipse , juddmonte international , irish champion stakes and arc de triomphe in an astonishing career .

on sunday 17 july 1429 , gilles was chosen as one of four lords for the honor of bringing the holy ampulla from the abbey of saint - remy to notre - dame de reims for the consecration of charles vii as king of france . [ 19 ] on the same day , he was officially created a marshal of france . [ 17 ]

mill reef was never beaten again and would go on to win the epsom derby , eclipse stakes , king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes , arc de triomphe and coronation cup .

this feature allows you to add personal notes to any horse record . only you will be able to see or add to these personal notes . this feature is only available in the sporthorsedata pro version which will be available soon .

although cameronian was found to be running a temperature after the race he soon recovered . his connections were unable to explain his poor effort , with darling explicitly ruling out the possibility of the horse having been " got at " .

following the siege of orleans , rais was granted the right to add a border of the royal arms , the fleur - de - lys on an azure ground , to his own . the letters patent authorizing the display cited gilles’ " high and commendable services " , the " great perils and dangers " he had confronted , and " many other brave feats " . [ 20 ]

on 23 october 1440 , the secular court heard the confessions of poitou and henriet and condemned them both to death , [ 40 ] followed by gilles ' death sentence on 25 october . [ 40 ] gilles was allowed to make confession , [ 40 ] and his request to be buried in the church of the monastery of notre - dame des carmes in nantes was granted . [ 41 ]

there have been some extraordinary performances down the years and two stand out visually : tudor minstrel was a brilliantly fast horse who in 1947 annihilated his rivals by 8 lengths , giving the great jockey gordon richards his third victory in the race .

that horse was a son of the mighty northern dancer and his name was nijinsky . in a glorious career , nijinsky had dominated the two year old rankings in 1969 and returned with success over the famous national hunt stallion deep run in the gladness stakes . at newmarket he ambled to an easy two and a half length victory over yellow god at odds - on , before brilliantly winning the derby and scrambling home in the st leger . no horse since has won the colt’s triple crown .

she enjoyed point - to - pointing , and in the 1930s married gordon johnson houghton . the wedding had been scheduled for 1936 , but depended on their collecting from a gamble on a horse called fan mail winning a seller . gordon decided to give the ride to the horse’s stable lad , and everything looked rosy until the jockey , for no discernible reason , picked up his whip and fan mail suddenly veered off the course . as a result the marriage had to be delayed for a year .

nashwan was retired from racing to become a breeding stallion at his owner ' s shadwell stud . his most successful racehorses were swain ( foaled 1992 ) , dual winner of the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes , and bago ( 2001 ) , winner of the prix de l ' arc de triomphe . the best of his fillies was the international stakes winner one so wonderful . [ 18 ]

in 1438 , according to testimony at his trial from the priest eustache blanchet and the cleric françois prelati , de rais sent out blanchet to seek individuals who knew alchemy and demon summoning . blanchet contacted prelati in florence and convinced him to take service with his master . having reviewed the magical books of prelati and a traveling breton , de rais chose to initiate experiments , the first taking place in the lower hall of his castle at tiffauges , attempting to summon a demon named barron . de rais provided a contract with the demon for riches that prelati was to give to the demon at a later time .

in 2000 coolmore and o’brien had another strong fancy in giant’s causeway but in a huge field , it was king’s best , ridden coolly by kieren fallon , who weaved a path through and defeated the iron horse who promptly went on to win five successive group ones .

execution by hanging and burning was set for wednesday 26 october . at nine o‘clock , gilles and his two accomplices made their way in procession to the place of execution on the ile de biesse . [ 42 ] gilles is said to have addressed the crowd with contrite piety and exhorted henriet and poitou to die bravely and think only of salvation . [ 41 ] gilles ' request to be the first to die had been granted the day before . [ 40 ] at eleven o ' clock the brush at the platform was set afire and rais was hanged . his body was cut down before being consumed by the flames and claimed by " four ladies of high rank " for burial . [ 41 ] [ 43 ] henriet and poitou were executed in similar fashion but their bodies were reduced to ashes in the flames and then scattered . [ 41 ] [ 43 ] [ note 1 ] [ 44 ]

then in 1992 lester piggott , by now aged 56 , was reunited with the robert sangster colours he had ridden in with such distinction during the 1970s – and won the 2 , 000 guineas aboard rodrigo de triano .

in the early 20th century , anthropologist margaret murray and occultist aleister crowley are among those who questioned the involvement of the ecclesiastic and secular authorities in the case . murray , who propagated the witch - cult hypothesis , speculated in her book the witch - cult in western europe that gilles de rais was really a witch and adherent of a fertility cult centered on the pagan goddess , diana . [ 46 ] [ 47 ] however , many historians reject murray ' s theory . [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] norman cohn argues that her theory does not agree with what is known of gilles ' crimes and trial . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] historians do not regard gilles as a martyr to a pre - christian religion ; other scholars tend to view him as a catholic who descended into crime and depravity . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ]

[ the boy ] was pampered and dressed in better clothes than he had ever known . the evening began with a large meal and heavy drinking , particularly hippocras , which acted as a stimulant . the boy was then taken to an upper room to which only gilles and his immediate circle were admitted . there he was confronted with the true nature of his situation . the shock thus produced on the boy was an initial source of pleasure for gilles . [ 28 ]

gilles de rais features as a minor antagonist in the 1999 video - game castlevania 64 , and it ' s sequel castlevania : legacy of darkness . he , along with another antagonist , actrise , attempts to revive the main antagonist dracula , and later , masquerades as dracula , dissuading the main characters from progressing . in game , he appears as an elderly man with a blue beard . his crimes of murdering children , however , is ascribed to actrise .

our babu ' s highest timeform rating was 131 as a two - year - old in 1954 , when the organisation rated him the equal - best horse of his generation in europe . a rating of 130 is considered the mark of an above average group one winner . [ 1 ]

in 1961 her son fulke took over the yard , sending out successful horses such as ribero , habitat , double form and ile de bourbon . the licence is now held by his daughter ( and helen’s granddaughter ) eve johnson houghton .

as befits its standing , the guineas is a group 1 flat horse race open to three - year - old thoroughbred colts and fillies . it is run on the rowley mile at newmarket over a distance of 1 mile and takes place each year at the end of april or first saturday in may .

following the london & north eastern railway tradition of naming locomotives after winning racehorses , [ 12 ] british railways " deltic " diesel locomotive no . d9020 ( later 55020 ) was named after the horse on 12 february 1962 , [ 1 ] and remained in service until 5 january 1980 . [ 13 ]

in his confession , gilles maintained the first assaults on children occurred between spring 1432 and spring 1433 . [ 26 ] the first murders occurred at champtocé - sur - loire ; however , no account of these murders survived . [ 27 ] shortly after , gilles moved to machecoul where , as the record of his confession states , he killed , or ordered to be killed , a great but uncertain number of children after he sodomized them . [ 27 ] forty bodies were discovered in machecoul in 1437 . [ 27 ]

poitou testified that he and henriet burned the bodies in the fireplace in gilles ' room . the clothes of the victim were placed into the fire piece by piece so they burned slowly and the smell was minimized . the ashes were then thrown into the cesspit , the moat , or other hiding places . [ 30 ] the last recorded murder was of the son of éonnet de villeblanche and his wife macée . poitou paid 20 sous to have a page ' s doublet made for the victim , who was then assaulted , murdered , and incinerated in august 1440 . [ 31 ]

the precise number of gilles ' victims is not known , as most of the bodies were burned or buried . the number of murders is generally placed between 80 and 200 ; a few have conjectured numbers upwards of 600 . the victims ranged in age from six to eighteen and included both sexes .

gilles ' bodyservant étienne corrillaut , known as poitou , was an accomplice in many of the crimes and testified that his master hung his victims with ropes from a hook to prevent the child from crying out , then masturbated upon the child ' s belly or thighs . taking the victim down , rais comforted the child and assured him he only wanted to play with him . gilles then either killed the child himself or had the child killed by his cousin gilles de sillé , poitou or another bodyservant called henriet . [ 29 ] the victims were killed by decapitation , cutting of their throats , dismemberment , or breaking of their necks with a stick . a short , thick , double - edged sword called a braquemard was kept at hand for the murders . [ 29 ] poitou further testified that rais sometimes abused the victims ( whether boys or girls ) before wounding them and at other times after the victim had been slashed in the throat or decapitated . according to poitou , rais disdained the victim ' s sexual organs , and took " infinitely more pleasure in debauching himself in this manner . . . than in using their natural orifice , in the normal manner . " [ 29 ]

in 1970 , a film was made about his racing career entitled a horse called nijinsky . narrated by orson welles , it was released in british cinemas and in 1988 released on vhs video . [ 29 ] the nijinsky team also was voted the 1970 bbc sports personality of the year team award . [ 30 ] in a poll in 2000 , readers of the uk newspaper the sun voted nijinsky their " horse of the millennium . " [ 31 ] among the more unusual tributes , a cabernet sauvignon wine [ 32 ] and a variety of winter wheat [ 33 ] have been named in nijinsky ' s honour . bronze statues of him stand at ballydoyle and at the curragh racecourse . [ 34 ] [ 35 ]

nijinsky was given a rating of 138 by timeform , the second highest for a winner of the epsom derby up to that time . [ 23 ] this was later scaled up to 140 by the racing post [ 2 ] . he was timeform ' s horse of the year for 1970 . nijinsky was also voted british horse of the year by the racecourse association , gaining 38 of the 40 votes . [ 24 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated nijinsky as a " great " derby winner and the best irish racehorse of the 20th century . [ 25 ] vincent o ' brien named nijinsky and sir ivor as the best horses he had trained , placing nijinsky first " for brilliance . " [ 26 ] lester piggott concurs saying " " i think nijinsky probably on his day was the most brilliant horse i ' ve ever ridden " [ 27 ] . geoff lewis who rode mill reef to be second against brigadier gerard in the 1971 2 , 000 guineas felt that nijinsky was the best guineas winner of the 1970s decade [ 28 ] .

topically disraeli won the guineas in 1898 while the brilliant filly sceptre in 1902 , became the only horse in history to win four english classics , claiming the 2 , 000 guineas and then following up in the fillies’ equivalent the 1 , 000 guineas two days later . a bruised foot interrupted her preparations for the epsom derby where she finished fourth but she then won the oaks and st leger .

after frankel’s extraordinary rout in 2011 , the following year yielded hopes of a triple crown winner at long last . camelot had been a leading two year old but was another horse expected to excel over longer distances . however , he won the 2 , 000 guineas with a late burst of speed and then claimed the derby and irish derby , only to be denied at doncaster in the st leger .

the extensive witness testimony convinced the judges that there were adequate grounds for establishing the guilt of the accused . after rais admitted to the charges on 21 october , [ 38 ] the court canceled a plan to torture him into confessing . [ 39 ] peasants of the neighboring villages had earlier begun to offer up accusations that since their children had entered gilles ' castle begging for food they had never been seen again . the transcript , which included testimony from the parents of many of these missing children as well as graphic descriptions of the murders provided by gilles ' accomplices , was said to be so lurid that the judges ordered the worst portions to be stricken from the record .

in the decades following the breton war of succession ( 1341–64 ) , the defeated faction led by olivier de blois , count of penthièvre , continued to plot against the dukes of the house of montfort . [ 9 ] the blois faction , who still refused to relinquish their claim to rule over the duchy of brittany , had taken duke john vi prisoner in violation of the treaty of guérande ( 1365 ) . [ 10 ] the sixteen - year - old gilles took the side of the house of montfort . rais was able to secure the duke ' s release , and was rewarded with generous land grants which were converted to monetary gifts . [ 11 ]

in june 1435 , family members gathered to put a curb on gilles . they appealed to pope eugene iv to disavow the chapel of the holy innocents ( which he refused to do ) and carried their concerns to the king . on 2 july 1435 , a royal edict was proclaimed in orléans , tours , angers , pouzauges , and champtocé - sur - loire denouncing gilles as a spendthrift and forbidding him from selling any further property . no subject of charles vii was allowed to enter into any contract with him , and those in command of his castles were forbidden to dispose of them . gilles ' credit fell immediately and his creditors pressed upon him . he borrowed heavily , using his objets d ' art , manuscripts , books and clothing as security . when he left orléans in late august or early september 1435 , the town was littered with precious objects he was forced to leave behind . the edict did not apply to brittany , and the family was unable to persuade the duke of brittany to enforce it . [ 24 ]

the race roll of honour is a pantheon of the thoroughbred greats stretching back to 1809 when the race first took place and was named after its original prize fund . the first renewal was won by a horse called wizard and the race’s magic quickly caught on ; by the mid - 1860’s the 2 , 000 guineas was considered britain’s premier race for the classic generation with other countries introducing their own versions of the race .

nijinsky appeared to recover fully after being placed on a " rich " diet including raw eggs and irish stout , [ 16 ] and was sent to doncaster for the st . leger in september . in the one mile and six furlongs race , he was attempting to become the first horse since bahram 35 years earlier to complete the english triple crown . he started the 2 / 7 favourite and won comfortably , [ 17 ] although his margin of victory over meadowville was only one length . as of 2017 , he is the last horse to accomplish the feat of sweeping the english triple crown : since 1970 only reference point ( 1987 ) , nashwan ( 1989 ) , sea the stars ( 2009 ) and camelot ( 2012 ) have won two of the three races , but oh so sharp won the filly ' s version of the triple crown in 1985 .

several years after gilles ' death , his daughter marie had a stone memorial erected at the site of his execution . over the years , the structure came to be regarded as a holy altar under the protection of saint anne . generations of pregnant women flocked there to pray for an abundance of breast milk . the memorial was destroyed by rioting jacobins during the french revolution in the late 18th century .

1980 brought controversy as the brilliant unbeaten colt nureyev barged his way through to finish first past the post before becoming the only horse in the race’s history to be disqualified . he had almost brought pat eddery and posse down and that colt stayed on strongly to finish a close - up third . meanwhile on the stands rail , known fact and willie carson were out of trouble and finished second past the post , only to be awarded the race on the french trained colt’s demotion .

nashwan ' s next task was to prove himself against older opposition , starting with the eclipse stakes over one and a quarter miles at sandown park on 8 july . despite having recently recovered from a foot infection and facing both the outstanding racemare indian skimmer and the champion miler warning , he was sent off the 2 / 5 favourite . [ 10 ] nashwan took the lead approaching the final furlong and won by five lengths from the outsider opening verse , who later won the breeders ' cup mile . [ 11 ] two weeks later , nashwan contested britain ' s most prestigious all - aged race , the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes over one and a half miles at ascot . with the late withdrawal of prix du jockey club winner old vic , nashwan was expected to win easily and started as 2 / 9 favourite . this time he had to fight for his victory , with old rival cacoethes challenging him throughout the final two furlongs . nashwan was driven out by carson to win by a neck , with the subsequent prix de l ' arc de triomphe winner carroll house a further eleven lengths back in fifth . [ 12 ] his narrow margin of victory lead some critics to question his status as a " super - horse " . [ 13 ]

the following year another of the great horses of the last half century claimed the guineas as dancing brave powerfully careered out of the dip to defeat champion sprinter green desert before suffering a narrow defeat in the epsom derby . by season’s end dancing brave was heralded as the champion colt of 1986 following victories in the eclipse stakes , king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes and arc de triomphe .

nijinsky , a bay horse with a white star and three white feet , was bred at e . p . taylor ' s windfields farm in oshawa , ontario , canada . he was from the second crop of foals sired by northern dancer , the winner of the 1964 kentucky derby who went on to become one of the most influential sires of the 20th century . his dam , flaming page , by bull page , was a highly successful racemare , winning the 1962 queen ' s plate . at stud , she produced only two other foals ; one of these was fleur , who produced the 1977 epsom derby winner the minstrel , the other was minsky , champion irish 2 year old in 1970 . [ 3 ] nijinsky was a big , powerful and handsome horse with great presence standing 16 . 3 hands ( 67 inches , 170 cm ) high , resembling his dam rather than his sire in stature and conformation , traits he tended to pass on to his offspring . [ 4 ]

as no demon manifested after three tries , the marshal grew frustrated with the lack of results . prelati responded that the demon barron was angry and required the offering of parts of a child . de rais provided these remnants in a glass vessel at a future invocation . all of this was to no avail , and the occult experiments left him bitter and with his wealth severely depleted . [ 25 ]

in his own confession , gilles testified that “when the said children were dead , he kissed them and those who had the most handsome limbs and heads he held up to admire them , and had their bodies cruelly cut open and took delight at the sight of their inner organs ; and very often when the children were dying he sat on their stomachs and took pleasure in seeing them die and laughed” . [ 30 ]

on 15 may 1440 , rais kidnapped a cleric during a dispute at the church of saint - étienne - de - mer - morte . [ 32 ] [ 33 ] the act prompted an investigation by the bishop of nantes , during which evidence of gilles ' crimes was uncovered . [ 32 ] on 29 july , the bishop released his findings , [ 34 ] and subsequently obtained the prosecutorial cooperation of rais ' s former protector , jean vi , the duke of brittany . rais and his bodyservants poitou and henriet were arrested on 15 september 1440 , [ 35 ] [ 36 ] following a secular investigation which paralleled the findings of the investigation from the bishop of nantes . rais ' s prosecution would likewise be conducted by both secular and ecclesiastical courts , on charges which included murder , sodomy , and heresy . [ 37 ]

the 1971 guineas saw the re - match of europe’s top two juveniles of 1970 as the prolific colt my swallow took on the little horse he had beaten as part of his unbeaten run of seven victories that year : mill reef . my swallow extended that run to eight on his seasonal bow in 1971 while mill reef proved an outstanding two year old winning the gimcrack stakes by 10 lengths and the dewhurst stakes by 4 lengths . mill reef sauntered to victory in the greenham stakes and was then race - fit for newmarket .

nijinsky ( 21 february 1967 – 15 april 1992 ) , usually known in the united states as nijinsky ii , was a canadian - bred , irish - trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire . he was the outstanding two - year - old in europe in 1969 when he was unbeaten in five races . in the following season , he became the first horse for thirty - five years to win the english triple crown . he is regarded by many experts to have been the greatest flat racehorse in europe during the 20th century [ 1 ] .

our babu was a bay horse with a white star and snip and distinctive " lop " ears [ 2 ] [ 3 ] bred in ireland by sir oliver lambart . he was sired by the champion two - year - old and 2000 guineas winner my babu out of the mare glen line who showed no ability as a racehorse but was a highly successful broodmare producing the eclipse stakes winner king of the tudors . as a descendant of the mare sunbridge , she was a member of the same thoroughbred family as windsor lad . [ 4 ]

in his next race , nijinsky was sent to france for the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp in paris in october . piggott produced nijinsky in the straight to make his challenge but was baulked twice before making his run on the wide outside . however , 150m from the finish he caught front runners miss dan and sassafras and took a slight lead . in the last strides , nijinsky appeared to veer left away from piggott ' s whip , [ 18 ] and sassafras , ridden by yves saint - martin , produced a renewed effort to regain the advantage and win by a head . while many , including his trainer vincent o ' brien , felt that piggott had given nijinsky too much ground to make up and had left his challenge too late , [ 19 ] the jockey said that in his opinion nijinsky was past his peak for the year . [ 20 ]

nashwan ' s owner decided not to attempt the triple crown in the st leger stakes , and the colt was instead aimed at the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp in october . to prepare for this race , he was sent to the prix niel over the arc course and distance on 17 september . racing on soft ground , nashwan moved up to challenge in the straight but made no further progress and finished third , beaten one and a half lengths and half a length by the french - trained colts golden pheasant and french glory . [ 14 ] neither hern nor carson could offer any explanation for the " lifeless " performance with the jockey commenting that the 1 / 5 favourite " didn ' t have any energy " . [ 15 ] nashwan missed the arc , and , as had been announced in summer , he was retired from racing at the end of the year . [ 13 ]

in 1425 , rais was introduced to the court of charles vii at saumur and learned courtly manners by studying the dauphin . [ 12 ] in combat at saint - lô and le mans between 1427 and 1429 , gilles was allowed to indulge his taste for violence and carnage . [ 13 ] at the battle for the château of lude , he climbed the assault ladder and slew the english captain blackburn . [ 14 ] he was young , handsome and rich with companions - in - arms of his own stripe about him . [ 15 ]

in 1434 / 5 , rais gradually withdrew from military and public life in order to pursue his own interests : the construction of a splendid chapel of the holy innocents ( where he officiated in robes of his own design ) , [ 22 ] and the production of a theatrical spectacle called le mistère du siège d ' orléans . the play consisted of more than 20 , 000 lines of verse , requiring 140 speaking parts and 500 extras . gilles was almost bankrupt at the time of the production and began selling property as early as 1432 to support his extravagant lifestyle . by march 1433 , he had sold all his estates in poitou ( except those of his wife ) and all his property in maine . only two castles in anjou , champtocé - sur - loire and ingrandes , remained in his possession . half of the total sales and mortgages were spent on the production of his play . the spectacle was first performed in orléans on 8 may 1435 . six hundred costumes were constructed , worn once , discarded , and constructed afresh for subsequent performances . unlimited supplies of food and drink were made available to spectators at gilles ' expense . [ 23 ]

part of the attraction of the 2 , 000 guineas is the mixture of different horse types it attracts . it is often the first major target of the season for horses likely to tackle longer middle distance races later in the year , but perhaps have sufficient speed for a mile . then there are the specialist milers , who in theory ought to be in their element at this distance . there are also sprinters , who are tried over the rowley mile in the hope that they might just last out the distance . then there are the champion two year olds from the season before , attempting to prove that they have developed over the winter and still retain their position at the head of their generation .

less than two weeks after his defeat in the arc , nijinsky ran his last race in the champion stakes over ten furlongs at newmarket . although he had been known to sweat freely before some of his previous races , nijinsky on this occasion appeared to become particularly nervous and anxious before the start . in the race itself , he ran well below his best form and was beaten 3 / 4 length at odds of 4 / 11 by the five - year - old english horse lorenzaccio . [ 21 ] o ' brien on this occasion concurred with piggott , saying that nijinsky appeared to have " lost his fire . " [ 20 ] nijinsky was retired to stand at stud at claiborne farm near paris , kentucky having been syndicated in august for $ 5 , 440 , 000 . [ 22 ]

nashwan was a large , powerfully built chestnut horse with a white star and a white sock on his right foreleg bred by his owner hamdan al maktoum at his shadwell farm in lexington , kentucky . he was sired by the 1977 poule d ' essai des poulains winner blushing groom . blushing groom became an exceptionally successful breeding stallion , siring rainbow quest , blushing john , arazi , and many other leading horses . nashwan ' s successes made him the leading sire in great britain & ireland in 1989 . [ 1 ] nashwan ' s dam was height of fashion , a daughter of bustino previously owned by queen elizabeth ii . he was thus a half - brother to the group race winners alwasmi , unfuwain , and nayef , and a close relative of the japanese champion deep impact and the 1000 guineas winner ghanaati . [ 2 ]

nijinsky ' s first four races were all at the curragh . in june , he started at odds of 4 / 11 and won a six - furlong maiden race by half a length . he followed up with wins in the anglesey stakes and the railway stakes . on his fourth appearance , he was extended for the first time in the beresford stakes . he won decisively from decies , a colt who went on to win the irish 2000 guineas in 1970 . having proved himself the best of the irish two - year - olds , he was sent to england in october to contest the dewhurst stakes at newmarket . ridden for the first time by lester piggott , he was held up at the back of the six - horse field before moving through to take the lead inside the final furlong , earning top rating in the british free handicap . [ 6 ] [ 7 ]

a month later , nashwan was moved up in distance for the ever ready derby over one and a half miles at epsom downs racecourse . despite the unseasonably cold , damp weather , the race attracted an estimated 500 , 000 spectators including queen elizabeth ii . [ 7 ] nashwan started 5 / 4 favourite against eleven opponents , with the biggest danger expected to come from cacoethes , winner of the lingfield derby trial . carson positioned the favourite just behind the leaders before moving up to take the lead from cacoethes in the straight . he pulled " effortlessly " [ 8 ] clear in the closing stages to win by five lengths from the 500 / 1 outsider terimon , who finished well to deprive cacoethes of second . [ 9 ] he was the first horse to complete the guineas - derby double since nijinsky ii in 1970 , [ 8 ] though he was emulated by sea the stars in 2009 and camelot in 2012 .

nimbus was a bay horse with a white star and snip and white socks on his hind feet . [ 2 ] he was bred by william hill who would go on to win the st . leger stakes in 1959 with cantelo . he was sired by nearco , one of the most important sires of the 20th century . his dam , kong , was sprinter whose victories included the wokingham stakes at royal ascot . in addition to nimbus , kong also produced nimbus ' s three - quarter brother grey sovereign ( sired by nearco ' s son nasrullah ) who won the richmond stakes and became a successful breeding stallion . [ 3 ] as a yearling , nimbus was sent to the sales where he was bought for 5000 guineas by the trainer george colling , acting on behalf of henry glenister . the colt was trained by colling at his hurworth house stable in newmarket , suffolk and raced in the colours of glenister ' s wife , marion . [ 4 ]

on 27 june , nijinsky followed up his epsom win by taking the irish derby at the curragh . ridden by liam ward , he started at odds of 4 / 11 and accelerated late to win by three lengths from meadowville . [ 13 ] in july , nijinsky raced against older horses for the first time in the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes at ascot . his five opponents included winners of major races including blakeney ( 1969 epsom derby ) , karabas ( washington , d . c . international stakes ) , crepellana ( prix de diane ) , and caliban ( coronation cup ) . without being extended , nijinsky moved through to take the lead a furlong from the finish and won by two lengths from blakeney despite being eased down to a canter in the closing stages . [ 14 ]

among contemporary thoroughbreds attributed by stud book record to family 5 three different mitochondrial dna haplotypes have been found , representing no fewer than three separate founder mares . one of these haplotypes is found in 5g and 5h , another in 5d and 5e , and the third in an unspecified part of the ' trunk ' of family 5 . see deep - rooted anomalies and equine genetic genealogy .

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helen johnson houghton had begun training on her own account after her husband , major gordon johnson houghton , had been killed in a hunting accident in 1952 . in those days , however , the licence had to be in the name of a male trainer — it was not until 1966 that the jockey club recognised women trainers after it had been taken to court by the redoubtable florence nagle .

in an interview with the racing post in 2010 , helen johnson houghton recalled how she had felt about the lack of public recognition after she had won the guineas : “bloody maddening . it seems so ridiculous in this day and age , doesn’t it ? beyond belief . but that’s all in the past , and i no longer agonise over it . ”

the twin sister of fulke walwyn , who become one of the great national hunt trainers of his time , she was born helen marjorie walwyn on november 8 1910 at abergavenny . her father was an army officer and master of the monmouth hounds . when the twins were young , their mother died , and they were looked after by a succession of governesses . helen , who never went to school , was in her early teens when her father married one of these governesses , and , disapproving of the match , she left home and went to live with an aunt in cheshire .


morpheis pyracmon , the fissured bark , is a moth in the cossidae family .

it was described by cramer in 1780 .

it is found in surinam , venezuela , ecuador and peru .

the habitat consists of cloudforests , where it is found at altitudes between 400 and 1,200 meters .

morpheis pyracmon

morpheis pyracmon <EOT> have a fact about morpheis pyracmon ? write it here to share it with the entire community .

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morpheis ( gallerianae ) ; hampson , 1917 , novit . zool . 24 : 56

morpheis clenchi donahue , 1980 ; j . lep . soc . 34 ( 2 ) : ( 173 - 181 ) ; tl : s . arizona

there are 12 species in the genus morpheis , distributed variously from arizona to peru . the moths are remarkably disguised as pieces of tree bark . most species have a reticulated black pattern on a white or pale brown ground colour . several including pyracmon , clenchi , mathani and xylotribus also have a conspicuous black streak across the forewings , resembling a fissure in bark . this however is paler and less prominent in ramona , and entirely absent in strigifer .

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zeuzera cognata walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 7 : 1532 ; tl : honduras

zeuzera cognata ; godman & salvin , 1887 , biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 231 , 3 pl . 24 , f . 6

zeuzera fracta walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 7 : 1542

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biologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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method of identification : adult illustrated by seitz ( 1925 ) plate 181 fig . c2 .

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the bandtooth conger ( ariosoma balearicum ) , also known as the baleares conger or the balearic conger , is an eel in the family congridae ( conger/garden eels ) .

it was described by françois étienne delaroche in 1809 , originally under the genus muraena .

it is a subtropical , marine eel which is known from the western and eastern atlantic and the western indian ocean , including north carolina , usa ; the northern gulf of mexico , northern south america , canada , portugal , angola , the mediterranean , and the red sea .

it inhabits reefs and littoral shelves , and burrows into sand and mud .

it dwells at a depth range of 1-732 metres , but most frequently between 20-100 m. males can reach a maximum total length of 35 centimetres , but more commonly reach a tl of 25 cm .

the bandtooth conger is of minor interest to fisheries .

bandtooth conger

bandtooth conger <EOT> eight leptocephali of the bandtooth conger ariosoma balearicum ( delaroche , 1809 ) were collected with small mid - water trawl net in september 2011 during the monitoring project pelmon in the open waters of the middle adriatic . detailed description , including morphometric measurements and meristic counts are presented . this represents the first record of a . balearicum leptocephali in the adriatic sea .

( of conger auratus costa , 1844 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of conger impressus poey , 1860 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of conger balearicus ( delaroche , 1809 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of conger cassini ( risso , 1810 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

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greek , ari = very , strength , superiority + greek , soma = body ( ref . 45335 )

marine ; reef - associated ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 1 - 732 m ( ref . 4453 ) , usually 20 - 100 m ( ref . 26999 ) . subtropical ; 37°n - 17°s

eastern atlantic : southern portugal to angola , including the mediterranean . western atlantic : north carolina , usa and northern gulf of mexico to northern south america ( ref . 7251 ) . nortwest atlantic : canada .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 35 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 26999 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 )

found on the shelf , littoral , burrowing in galleries on sandy mud bottoms . carnivorous . ( ref . 6521 ) .

bauchot , m . - l . , 1987 . poissons osseux . p . 891 - 1421 . in w . fischer , m . l . bauchot and m . schneider ( eds . ) fiches fao d ' identification pour les besoins de la pêche . ( rev . 1 ) . méditerranée et mer noire . zone de pêche 37 . vol . ii . commission des communautés européennes and fao , rome . ( ref . 3397 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 7 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .

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there may be distinct sub - populations in the western atlantic , indicating that this may represent a species complex ( smith pers . comm . 2011 ) .

justification : this widely distributed , common and abundant species burrows in soft bottoms . there are no known major threats . therefore , it is listed as least concern .

this species is distributed across the atlantic ocean and in the western indian ocean . in the eastern atlantic , it is known from southern portugal to angola , including the azores , cape verde islands , sao tome and principe islands , and throughout the mediterranean sea . in the western atlantic , it is known from north carolina south along the u . s . , bermuda , the bahamas , throughout the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea , and along south america to fortaleza , brazil ( miller 2002 , r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) . its depth range is zero to 732 m .

albania ; algeria ; angola ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; benin ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; bosnia and herzegovina ; brazil ; cameroon ; cape verde ; cayman islands ; colombia ; congo ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; costa rica ; côte d ' ivoire ; croatia ; cuba ; curaçao ; cyprus ; dominica ; dominican republic ; egypt ; equatorial guinea ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; french guiana ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; gibraltar ; greece ( east aegean is . , greece ( mainland ) , kriti ) ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; israel ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; jamaica ; lebanon ; liberia ; libya ; malta ; martinique ; mauritania ; mexico ; monaco ; montserrat ; morocco ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; panama ; portugal ( azores , portugal ( mainland ) ) ; puerto rico ; saint barthélemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sao tomé and principe ; senegal ; sierra leone ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; slovenia ; spain ( baleares , spain ( mainland ) , spanish north african territories ) ; suriname ; syrian arab republic ; togo ; trinidad and tobago ; tunisia ; turkey ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; western sahara

this species is very common and abundant throughout its range ( d . smith pers . comm . 2011 ) .

this carnivorous , benthic species is found on the littoral shelf where it burrows in sandy and muddy bottoms ( bauchot and saldanha 1986 ) . it exhibits natal homing ( miller 2002 ) . it varies in myomere count from region to region , which shows that some populations migrate offshore to spawn , while others spawn along the continental shelf .

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study material - a . balearicum : dzufrj 2754 ; one specimen ; preanal myomeres ca 90 - 126 ; lvbv myomeres 62 - 72 ; total myomeres 126 ; 100 . 0 mm sl .

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claro , rodolfo , and lynne r . parenti / claro , rodolfo , kenyon c . lindeman , and l . r . parenti , eds .

special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3

nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .

full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams

robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .

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. . . these were collected from the straits of messina and reported by grassi [ 19 ] . recently , bojanić et al . [ 53 ] recognized some leptocephali accidentally caught in the middle of the adriatic sea as a . balearicum , based on their general morphology , pigmentation and morphometric characteristics . among our specimens , a . balearicum was clearly recognizable ( fig 2 ; table 1and s1 file ) as their morphology matched the descriptions ( e . g . , [ 16 , 19 , 50 , 51 ) . . . .

. . . among our specimens , a . balearicum was clearly recognizable ( fig 2 ; table 1and s1 file ) as their morphology matched the descriptions ( e . g . , [ 16 , 19 , 50 , 51 ) . a number of different tm ranges have been described for this species ( [ 19 ] : tm = 127–136 ; [ 54 ] : tm = 124–136 ; [ 49 ] : tm = 123–131 ; [ 16 ] : tm = 126– 138 ; [ 51 ] : tm = 121–136 ; [ 53 ] : tm = 127–133 ) which has resulted in a wide overall tm range ( 121–138 ) . in the western north atlantic [ 55 ] , this species exhibits two tm ranges ( and , accordingly , two vertebrae count ranges ) : a low - count form ( tm = 120–130 ) and a high - count form ( tm = 128–137 ) . . . .

. . . in the western north atlantic [ 55 ] , this species exhibits two tm ranges ( and , accordingly , two vertebrae count ranges ) : a low - count form ( tm = 120–130 ) and a high - count form ( tm = 128–137 ) . although individuals from the mediterranean sea tend to belong to the latter form ( [ 19 ] : tm = 127–136 ; [ 53 ] : tm = 127–133 ) , the tm range identified for our specimens ( tm = 126–130 ; table 1 ) places them closer to low - count form . nevertheless , because of this wide range , tm values are not a conclusive approach to identification . . . .

1 . development and application of lek interview - protocol ( survey questionnaire ) 2 . data analysis and comparison of research based scientific data ( knowledge ) ( rbk ) with data collected through lek s… " [ more ]

defishgear project originated as a response to the need for effective dealing with the issue of marine litter in the adriatic macroregion , towards litter free coasts and sea . it aims to facilitate … " [ more ]

the cuckoo wrasse , labrus mixtus ( pisces : labridae ) : biological indices for life history and conserv . . .

the cuckoo wrasse , labrus mixtus , is widely distributed in the moderate warm waters of the atlantic ocean , including the mediterranean and adriatic seas . generally , labrids are small inshore coastal species susceptible to anthropogenic habitat degradation and , although without commercial importance , they make up a significant part of the by - catch and discard . also , these fishes are intensively . . . [ show full abstract ]

growth of juvenile salema , sarpa salpa ( teleostei : sparidae ) , in the kornati archipelago , eastern ad . . .

growth of juvenile sarpa salpa from the kornati archipelago , eastern middle adriatic sea was analysed . a total of 1515 juveniles , ranging in length from 1 . 6 to 14 . 2 cm , were caught . most individuals ( 94 . 65 % ) belonged to the 0 + cohort . the first settlers were aged 1 . 5 - 2 . 0 months , and probably entered shallow coves at the end of november . the relationship between total length and weight . . . [ show full abstract ]

pagellus acarne ( risso , 1827 ) , although considered a common species , has never been a subject of biological research in the eastern adriatic sea . the aim of this study , conducted on 1188 specimens of this species in the period from 2007 – 2008 was to fill that gap . here we present growth parameters , describe reproductive cycle and feeding habits of this species originating from the eastern . . . [ show full abstract ]

age and growth determination of the golden grey mullet , liza aurata ( risso , 1810 ) from the adriatic . . .

the age and growth of golden grey mullet , liza aurata ( risso , 1810 ) , were determined from specimens collected in the mirna estuary ( northern adriatic sea ) during december of 2001 , 2002 and 2003 . the age composition was established using scale readings and bhattacharya ' s method . nine age classes ranging from 3 . 2 to 13 . 2 years ( except 10 . 2 and 11 . 2 ) were defined by scale readings but only seven . . . [ show full abstract ]

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van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

gulf of maine biogeographic information system ( gmbis ) electronic atlas . 2002 . november , 2002 . [ details ]

welshman , d . , s . kohler , j . black and l . van guelpen . 2003 . an atlas of distributions of canadian atlantic fishes . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]

( of ariosoma impressa ( poey , 1860 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of ariosoma minor howell rivero , 1934 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of ariosoma somaliense kotthaus , 1968 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of muraena balearica delaroche , 1809 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of muraena cassini risso , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of echelus ciuciara rafinesque , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of leptocephalus affinis facciolà , 1883 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of leptocephalus eckmani strömman , 1896 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of leptocephalus inornatus facciolà , 1883 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of leptocephalus marginatus kaup , 1856 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of leptocephalus microphthalmus beebe & tee - van , 1928 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of leptocephalus rex eigenmann & kennedy , 1902 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of leptocephalus taenia kaup , 1856 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of ophisoma acuta swainson , 1839 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of ophisoma balearicum ( delaroche , 1809 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of ophisoma impressus ( poey , 1860 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of congermuraena balearica ( delaroche , 1809 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of congrellus balearicus ( delaroche , 1809 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of helmichthys diaphanus costa , 1844 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of ophiosoma impressus ( poey , 1860 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of congromuraena balearica ( delaroche , 1809 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of congromuraena impressa ( poey , 1860 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of leptocephalus ekmani strömman , 1896 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]

habitat occasionally found in canadian atlantic waters . found over sandy , muddy bottoms at depths of 1 - 732 m . [ details ]


† partula cuneata was a species of air-breathing tropical land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family partulidae .

this species was endemic to ra'iātea , french polynesia .

it is now extinct .

partula cuneata

partula cuneata <EOT> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : partula cuneata d . m . crampton , 1956 - id : 5622000024

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in the late 1980s species began disappearing rapidly . by 1992 there were few left and no live individuals were found during surveys in 1994 and 2000 or during subsequent scientific expeditions to high altitudes .

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gerlach j . ( 2016 ) . icons of evolution : pacific island tree - snails of the family partulidae . phelsuma press . isbn : 978 - 0 - 99322 - 033 - 3 . [ details ]

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this species is known from a single animal found on raiatea island by henry crampton in 1909 . it was one of the few raiatean species to have a banding pattern . it probably became extinct shortly after

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thiotricha attenuata is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by omelko in 1993 .

it is found in japan .

the wingspan is about 12 mm .

thiotricha attenuata

thiotricha attenuata <EOT> thiotricha attenuata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha pontifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196

thiotricha synodonta meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 45

thiotricha fridaella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 142

thiotricha atractodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : queensland , cairns

thiotricha complicata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi

thiotricha nephodesma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha obvoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha oxygramma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha polyaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha rhodomicta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha synacma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha xanthaspis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha ( thiotrichinae ) ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343

thiotricha amphixysta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : peru , iquitos

thiotricha celata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha clepsidoxa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya

thiotricha coleella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 55 ; [ fe ]

thiotricha hamulata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 162 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft

thiotricha hexanesa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya

thiotricha janitrix meyrick , 1912 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 2 ) : 64 ; tl : bengal , pusa

thiotricha obliquata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha rabida meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha cuneiformis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft

thiotricha pancratiastis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft

thiotricha pyrphora meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft

thiotricha scioplecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , shilleong , 5000ft

thiotricha corylella omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 209

thiotricha flagellatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft

thiotricha fusca omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 204

thiotricha indistincta omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 205

thiotricha termanthes meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft

thiotricha tetraphala meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : dunedin , new zealand

thiotricha thorybodes meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand

thiotricha xanthodora meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : burma , pyinmana

thiotricha balanopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis ; borneo , kuching

thiotricha hemiphaea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , toowoomba

thiotricha acrantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha acronipha turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , stradbroke island

thiotricha characias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : palni hills

thiotricha chrysantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha embolarcha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : java , mt . salak , 4500ft

thiotricha epiclista meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha grammitis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha hoplomacha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha rhodopa meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha argyrea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , atherton

thiotricha clinopeda meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; ceylon , maskeliya

thiotricha galenaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon

thiotricha glenias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon

thiotricha nephelodesma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .

thiotricha orthiastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 591 ; tl : rawalpindi , punjab

thiotricha pancratiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha saulotis meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon

thiotricha scotaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon

thiotricha trapezoidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha tylephora ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha centritis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft

thiotricha galactaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft

thiotricha panglycera turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 117 ; tl : n . queensland , cairns and kuranda

thiotricha prosoestea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 116 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda near cairns

thiotricha anticentra meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : brisbane , queensland

thiotricha balanopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )

thiotricha chrysopa meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland

thiotricha clidias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , celon

thiotricha cuneiformis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )

thiotricha delacma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft

thiotricha margarodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : rosewood , queensland

thiotricha pteropis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , ceylon

thiotricha tethela ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )

thiotricha animosella ; meyrick , 1908 , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]

thiotricha majorella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 47 ; [ me3 ] , 37 ( note ) ; [ fe ]

thiotricha niphastis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : york , west australia

thiotricha arthrodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : sydney , new south wales

thiotricha oxyopis ; bradley , 1961 , bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 ; [ nhm card ]

thiotricha paraconta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : wollongong , new south wales

thiotricha bullata meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales

thiotricha leucothona meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : murrurundi and sydney , new south wales

thiotricha oxytheces meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales

thiotricha prunifolivora ueda & fujiwara , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , takatsuki city , bochikoen

thiotricha parthenica meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; george ' s bay , tasmania

thiotricha angelica bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara

thiotricha eremita bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 , pl . 5 , f . 111 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara

thiotricha melanacma bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 133 , pl . 5 , f . 12 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara

thiotricha tethela bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara

thiotricha subocellea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 51 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75 ; [ fe ]

thiotricha synodonta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

korea , china ( jilin ) , japan , se . siberia . see [ maps ]

chinochrysa diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 10

gelechia ( ptocheuusa ) cleodorella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 355 , pl . 5 , f . 120 ; tl : bogota

ptocheuusa coleella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 255 , pl . 10 , f . 16 ; tl : alpes - maritimes

polyhymno corylella ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 107

dissobola meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 561

polyhumno fusca ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108

gemmulans meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63

polyhymno ? godmani walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 525 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent

polyhymno indistincta ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108

polyhymno laterestriata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 78

lindsayi philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 84

herzegovina , croatia , n . italy , s . france ( alpes - maritimes ) , greece . see [ maps ]

ptocheuusa majorella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 ; tl : herzegovina

microrrhoda meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586

oleariae hudson , 1928 ; butt . & moths n . z . : 254

polyhymno pontifera ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )

larva on symplocos prunifolia ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 81

eu , european russia , china ( gansu , shaanxi , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]

syncentritis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586

mystax trapezoidella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 138 ; tl : kasakewitsch

mystax trichoma caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 136 ; tl : kasakewitsch

polyhymno tylephora meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 68

anacampsis wollastoni walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 545 ; tl : madeira

[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

microlepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54

microlepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv

systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )

zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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