the black inca ( coeligena prunellei ) is a species of hummingbird found only in colombia .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and urban areas .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

it was formerly classified as an endangered species by the iucn , but new research has shown it to be not as rare as it was believed .

consequently , it was downlisted to vulnerable in 2008 .

black inca

black inca <EOT> 1st place adult black male huacaya , champion black huacaya male . judge : mrs . liz barlow

british alpaca futurity 2013 1st place intermediate black male huacaya , champion black huacaya male judge : mrs . jill macleod

honiton show 2012 1st place junior black male huacaya reserve champion black male huacaya champion was his sire lillyfiled jack of spades of inca judge : mr . nick harrington - smith

little is known of the life history of this rare species . the black inca is thought to breed between june and october ( 2 ) .

the black inca is endemic to colombia , where it is restricted to the western slopes of the east andes ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - black inca ( coeligena prunellei ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - black inca ( coeligena prunellei ) " title = " arkive species - black inca ( coeligena prunellei ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

please note : inca flagship is now owned by alpakka bromma and alpakka sigdal in norway . please contact them for inca flagship’s availability in norway .

the black inca is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . listed under appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .

as the shang probably did in china , the black aztec and inca unwisely used their mongol subjects for low - level work and sacrifice . in the inca empire these were the " yanaconas " : when the spanish came , they rebelled and joined forces with the spanish to bring down the inca empire .

inhabits humid montane forests , particularly where oaks are dominant ( 2 ) . black inca individuals have also been recorded in parkland and riverine forests ( 2 ) .

bas national show 2014 1st place adult black male huacaya , champion black huacaya fleece . judges : mrs . jenny jackson , mr . nick harrington - smith and mr . rob bettinson

c . 13·5 cm ; 6·4–7 g . male has long , straight , black bill , legs pale flesh - coloured ; almost entire plumage purplish - black ; throat patch small , greenish . . .

bas national fleece show 2013 1st place juintermediate black huacaya fleece judge : mr . nick harrington - smith

inca flagship is the culmination of 5 generations of careful selective breeding with the goal of achieving an outstanding black male . we here at inca alpaca are proud of our achievement with this male as he is the best jack of spades son that we have ever produced . inca flagship has a pedigree full of the most famous genetic lines found in australia and europe . his sire is our champion male lillyfield jack of spades of inca who is not only a champion himself but has and continues to sire the black champions of the uk show circuit . the dam of inca flagship is our own female inca anais who is not only a multi black show champion herself but she is from our strongest family line – jannarie rhanee . conformationally inca flagship shows strength , presence and perfect alignment of his limbs and jaw . he is heavy chested and exudes great capacity through his frame . the fleece on this male is where his value really becomes apparent . he is super fine , soft , bright and there is not one white fibre to be seen . each fibre is well crimped and forms a staple that is thin and perfectly aligned . the very high density and staple length this male exhibits resulted in the maximum cutting weight of all our yearling males . inca flagship is the ultimate in black males and seeing is believing . with an amazing pedigree which is full of champions and an outstanding phenotype inca flagship is the diamond standard for any discerning black alpaca breeder .

2 ) the holy roman emperor and spanish ruler , charles v , ( carlos quinto ) was a black man .

11 cm . dark hummingbird with long , needle - like bill . mainly black with conspicuous white patch on each side of chest and postocular spot . glittering blue shoulders . small greenish - blue throat patch . white - edged undertail - coverts . black and forked tail . long , slender , straight black bill . rosy - red legs . female slightly duller overall .

black inca is endemic to colombia , where it is distributed in the eastern cordillera in the departments of boyacá , santander and cundinamarca , between 1200 and 2800 m . this species inhabits humid montane forests , primarily forests that are dominated by oak . it is a medium - sized hummingbird with a unique color pattern : purple black with a white patch on each side of the breast , shoulders contrasting with dark blue metallic . black inca currently is listed as endangered ( en ) in colombia and globally its conservation status is rated as vulnerable ( vu ) , due to drastic declines of habitat in its narrow geographic range .

here at inca alpaca we are committed to the long term success of the british alpaca industry . we have been breeding black and grey alpacas for over twenty years and in this time have helped many new owners establish and develop their own enterprise .

we will use these following two papers to try and glean an understanding of life in the inca homeland after the europeans came .

ayllu - a clan / network of families , that constituted the basic socioeconomic unit , and local government , of inca society .

the main threats affecting the black inca include habitat loss and degradation , largely as a result of human settlement and the clearance of the forest for wood and for agricultural land , including coffee and sugarcane plantations ( 2 ) . much of the remaining habitat is greatly fragmented and isolated ( 2 ) .

yanaconas - in the inca empire yanacona was the name of the servants to the inca elites . it is important to note that they were not forced to work as slaves . some were born into the category of yanacona ( like many other professions , it was a hereditary one ) . they were to care for the herds of the nobles , do fishing , and were dedicated to other work , like the making of pottery , construction , and domestic service . yanaconas were sometimes given high positions in the inca government .

the black inca is listed under appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) . it occurs within a nature sanctuary in one part of its range , and so receives a level of protection in this area . there is currently a need to carry out surveys in some parts of the range and to study the life - history and breeding behaviour of the species ( 2 ) .

züchner , t . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . black inca ( coeligena prunellei ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

the black inca ( coeligena prunellei ) is a dark - coloured hummingbird , which has a long straight bill ( 2 ) . the plumage is generally black , with a greenish - blue throat patch ; on each side of the chest there is a white patch , and the shoulders are iridescent blue ( 2 ) . as with most hummingbirds , the female is somewhat drab in colour compared to the male ( 4 ) . the narrow wings are adapted for hovering and the legs and feet are small and weak , a feature hinted at by the name of the order to which hummingbirds and swifts belong , ‘apodiformes’ , a term that means footless ( 4 ) .

from the text above , it is clear that the inca could not possibly have been a mongol type people : simply by the mere fact that a " full - blooded , unmixed inca " could " pass " for a spaniard , simply by learning the language and dressing and acting the part . that simply would not be possible for a person of mongol phenotype . the corollary is that blacks were still prominent in spain at that time .

abstract we present two nesting records ( habitat , nest , eggs and chicks ) of black inca ( coeligena prunellei ) , a threatened and ende - mic bird species , from two localities in the eastern andes of colombia . the nests were cup - shaped , constructed with scales from tree - fern fronds , fibers , moss and spiderweb . both nests were found in the understory of oak ( quercus humboldtii ) forest , indicating the possible importance of this habitat for the nesting and conservation of this species .

mita - mita was mandatory public service in the society of the inca empire . mita was effectively a form of tribute to the inca government in the form of labor , public service was required in community - driven projects such as the building of their extensive road network and military service . all citizens who could perform labor were required to do so for a set number of days out of a year . overseers were responsible to make sure that a person after fulfilling his duty in the mita still had enough time to care for his own land and family .

macana - garcía , d . c . , j . e . zuluaga - bonilla , a . sua - becerra & s . chaparro - herrera . 2012 . primeros registros de anidación del inca negro ( trochilidae , coeligena prunellei ) . ornitología colombiana 12 : 61 - 64 .

mitimaes - i s a term commonly associated with yanaconas , but its meaning is different , as the mitimaes were used as labor for large projects . yanaconas were specifically not a part of an ayllu and were relocated individually instead of in large labor groups . an example of the differences of the classes is that mitimaes were labor that built machu piccu , but yanaconas lived and served the inca there .

historians jeffrey cole and enrique tandeter testify to corrupt local officials . cole says , " many of the indians who came to potosi were yanaconas - artisans , former inca retainers , and others who were not affiliated with an ayllu - men who had been displaced by the conquest . tandeter adds , " even more surprising is the fact that more than half of the forasteros of oruro were not exempt from the mita either . perhaps surprising , nonetheless it was common practice , especially if the spaniards wished to maintain and increase mining productivity .

tandeter states , " in the area subject to the mita , the census showed a pronounced population decline of 45 percent since the toledo inspection . on the following graph cook demonstrates the total number of tributaries and mitayos in several regions encircled around the mitas . " many of the indians who came to potosi were yanaconas - artisans , former inca retainers , and others who were not affiliated with an ayllu - men who had been displaced by the conquest . tandeter adds , " even more surprising is the fact that more than half of the forasteros of oruro were not exempt from the mita either .

once the indios had been relocated from their native hilltop dwellings to valley reservations they were put to work and taxed . the type of work the indios were forced to do varied to some extent , but if it was not working in the mines , it was agricultural or domestic work . the produce of the work would in turn be taken by spanish officials as payment for the tribute . often after paying the tribute indios were left with very little and in some cases they could not work enough to pay the tribute . establishing the tribute and the mita was a devious plan by the spaniards , who tried to understand inca history and use it for their advantage .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .

vulnerable b1ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) ; c2a ( i ) ver 3 . 1

this species has has a larger range and population than previously thought . nonetheless , its range is still highly fragmented and habitat patches are decreasing in size and quality through ongoing degradation and clearance for agriculture . it is therefore considered vulnerable .

velasquez - tibata et al . ( 2005 ) used a habitat model to estimate the population at 4 , 070 - 8 , 720 individuals , and so it is placed in the band 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals . this equates to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . trend justification : the degradation of remaining habitat patches within the species ' s range continues , hence its population is suspected to be declining at a slow to moderate rate .

2007 ) . most observations have been at 1 , 675 - 2 , 500 m , but it is known between 1 , 000 and 2 , 800 m ( schuchmann 1999 , t . züchner

. 1999 ) . breeding is thought to take place between june and october .

. 1999 ) , with the significant exception of guanentá - alto río fonce ( wege and long 1995 ) . however , there are still extensive forests that are poorly known to ornithology in the serranía de las quinchas , west boyacá ( stiles

. 1999 ) . prepare a management plan for the species ( t . züchner

. 1999 ) . augment conservation activities in guanentá - alto río fonce fauna and flora sanctuary ( p . g . w . salaman

. 1999 ) . protect areas of the favoured habitat holding significant populations ( p . g . w . salaman

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spoon - billed sandpiper eurynorhynchus pygmeus was uplisted to critically endangered in birdlife ' s 2008 update to the iucn red list . photo : choi soon kyoo

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deforestation since the turn of the century has driven at least 500 species of mammals , birds and amphibians closer to extinction , according to a new scientific study published in conservation biology journal .

) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .

birdlife international 2003 birdlife’s online world bird database : the site for bird conservation version 2 . 0 . cambridge , uk : birdlife international : urltoken

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endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . montane forests forest occurring in the montane zone , a zone of cool upland slopes below the tree line dominated by large evergreen trees .

birdlife international 2003 birdlife’s online world bird database : the site for bird conservation version 2 . 0 . cambridge , uk : birdlife international . ( march , 2004 ) urltoken

erritzoe , j . ( 1993 ) the birds of cites and how to identify them . the lutterworth press , cambridge .

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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : coeligena prunellei . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .

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luis eduardo urueña , mauricio rueda , phillip edwards , dusan m . brinkhuizen , juanjaimemg , joe tobias , oswaldocortes , greg griffith , lars petersson , manakin nature tours , megan , dubi shapiro , diego calderon - colombia birding .

genetic data indicate that present species and c . wilsoni are sisters , together forming a sister - group to c . coeligena # r . taxonomic status of proposed form c . assimilis uncertain : could represent a valid race of present species or a variant ; further study required . described form c . purpurea ( popayán , in sc colombia ) may be hybrid of present species and c . coeligena . monotypic .

nc colombia on w slope of e andes ( se santander , w boyacá , w cundinamarca ) and on both slopes of serranía de los yariguíes . specimen supposedly from c andes of quindío was incorrectly labelled # r .

rather silent . calls include a strident single “tsit” or doubled “tsi - tsit” , often in longer series . . .

probably may–oct , based on gonadal condition . no further data available , nest undescribed .

vulnerable . cites ii . restricted - range species : present in colombian east andes eba . rare to locally fairly common . recent records near virolín indicate that it is . . .

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recent molecular study found that most of the genera in the following sequence , from haplophaedia to heliodoxa , formed a monophyletic group # r . present family - group name selected over docimastini by first revisers # r .

recent molecular studies found this genus to represent a monophyletic group , with heliodoxa as sister # r .

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the only time i actually heard the species , during foraging . species common here .

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1 ) the incas and the peruvian rulers before them , were not mongol type people .

the moche ruled in peru from about 250 b . c . to 750 a . d .

the amerindians were later " double - crossed " by the spanish . they then tried to sue the spanish in spanish courts for redress . see : " litigation over the rights of “natural lords” in early colonial courts in the andes " below .

corruption , the reforms of francisco de toledo and the backlash of indio social changes in sixteenth & seventeenth spanish peru . by jeffrey benson , western oregon university ,

in 1569 francisco de toledo was dispatched from spain by king phillip ii to assume the position of viceroy of spanish peru . toledo was expected to install political reforms that would further subordinate the natives especially in the andes , provide adequate workers for the mines , and increase the overall revenue for the royal treasury . although toledo legislated several reforms his three most influential were :

3 ) establishing a regimen of forced labor to support the silver mines of peru and alto peru { bolivia } . the reforms were readily accepted by the local officials , but not because they wished to improve the status of the spanish crown ; rather it gave them a chance to further corrupt and reap the benefits . prior to the reforms of francisco de toledo , political and economic corruption was already in motion . after toledo ' s reforms were instituted , royal officials , clergy , entrepreneurs and even kurakas ( local native chieftains ) did what they could to take advantage of the system and profit . toledo ' s reforms permitted a larger share of spaniards to exploit the indios ( indigenous peoples ) productivity , increase their revenues and appease the crown . to some degree , both indirectly and directly , the reforms encouraged the indios to assimilate , adapt , change or hide in order to escape the obligations of the indio caste system .

when the spanish conquistadors arrived in modern - day peru , the yanaconas declared themselves “friends of the spaniards” , as most peasant societies are very sensitive to changes in power balances . they then assisted the spaniards to take control of the empire . after conquest , the yanacona population exploded with people leaving ayllus in correspondence with mining . spaniards favored the individual yanaconas ( as they were an alternative labor force ) instead of the ayllu - based encomienda system , so the population continued to increase .

potosi - is a city in bolivia ; it is one of the highest cities in the world by elevation at a nominal 13 , 420 ft . and it was the location of the spanish colonial mint . potosí lies at the foot of the cerro de potosí , sometimes referred to as the cerro rico ( " rich mountain " ) . a mountain popularly conceived of as being " made of " silver ore , which has always dominated the city . the cerro rico is the reason for potosí ' s historical importance , since it was the major supply of silver for spain .

two things to consider about the local officials were their capability to perform and their integrity . a . m . fuentes writes about the inefficiency of tribute collection of the yanaconas by the corregidores ( spanish mayors ) at the potosi .

he writes , " in the secular government i referred to your majesty about the sustenance and origin of these people , the very moderate tax they pay in some regions , how the corregidores and royal officals collect it , the value of yanacona tribute at potosi , and the silver which is consigned to the foot soldiers of government . the rest is of the royal treasury but of little importance owing to the poor collection , which you should rectify . " toledo ' s reforms for collecting tribute clarified that tributarios ( indios who held and cultivated native property / land ) from the ages of 18 to 50 were to be subjected to the tribute system . " in rural society , toledo ' s reorganization created imposing networks of authority , formal and informal , in which the corregidores stood at the center , armed with the police powers of the colonial state with that authority and protection corregidores began to take advantage of the system . the police powers were real enough , for corregidores and other officials jailed and whipped people , and impounded their belonging , under the guise of enforcing laws and punishing criminals . the corregidores also withheld tribute monies belonging to the crown in order to finance their own local business ventures .

in addition to intimidating royal opposition and embezzling tribute , the corregidores also took advantage of the indios ' service . spanish officials also required andeans to serve as mitayos ( conscripted laborers ) in textile mills , on coca farms , and on public works projects , despite imperial and local laws forbidding the practices . when kurakas attempted to protest or take the local magistrates to court , the corregidores and their allies among the parish priest usually conspired to intimidate , abuse , jail , or even replace the ethnic leader with a more pliable candidate . "

the lure of riches , though , did not solely attract spaniards , but also kurakas . there is not sufficient evidence that all kurakas took advantage of the toledan system , however ; andrien offers one specific example that permits historians to identify the vast amount of wealth that a kuraka could acquire . he writes , " the fabulously wealthy and powerful diego caqui , kuraka of tacna . . . when diego caqui died in 1588 , his will specified that the kuraka owned an estate worth 260 , 000 pesos , including a coastal vineyard with forty thousand plants and three ships engaged in coastal trading . the example offered by andrien demonstrates the potential for kurakas to take advantage of toledo ' s reforms . andrien does go to clarify that diego caqui used his wealth to promote festivals and distribute gifts among the indios , however ; that cannot be said of all the kurakas that took advantage of toledo ' s reforms and of their kinsmen .

john v . murra notes a 1559 meeting , in which settlers were asked to discover the history of the indios . murra records the instructions of a royal official to several members of his staff , " you will inquire if in olden times there were corporal services and in what form so that if these had prevailed , one would understand in all fairness what they could and should pay .

in theory , mitayos were to work for one year then be paid and return home not having to serve again for about another seven years . zulawski notes , " each worker was to remain for a year in potosi and be paid for his labor . after his turn in the villa imperial , he could return to his village and theoretically was not to serve again for about seven years . unfortunately , the decline of originarios and mass migration away from the mita regions caused the seven years away from the mita to become three years . tandeter comments , " viceroy toledo had determined that each village would send to potosi each year a fixed number of indian men between the ages of eighteen and fifty , selected from a list of villages located in sixteen provinces centered in the altiplano ( also known as andean plateau ) , but reaching to the east and north , to the dividing line between collao and cusco .

however , the bulk of the pressure fell upon the kurakas and the poor mitayos . the kurakas were in charge of supplying the local officials with a yearly quota of mitayos and if they were unable to accomplish this task then they and their family would lose their social status , be imprisoned and in some cases sent fo the mines . wightman further captures the intense amount of pressure bestowed upon a kuraka , " as a parish priest explained in 1689 , ' there is no indian who wants to be kuraka , because of the problems to be faced in the fulfillment of the different obligations ; and the corregidores and their assistants force the richest indian to take this office , to serve as kuraka of these ayllus , even though he may not be an originario of the town . "

wightman states , " the toledo reforms , however , were particularly vulnerable to manipulation because the per - capita basis for tribute and mita assessments led indian leaders to underreport their base population . however falsifying census records was extremely risky for kurakas because if caught they ' d be demoted , forced to pay a tribute and handed over to public works . in addition , for indios that were not properly recorded in the census , their houses would be demolished , they would be taken out by force , fined and handed over to public works .

for the few indios that did survive their turn at the mita , when they return to their homeland , often they found that their land had been occupied by another party . wightman explains , " indians who did return to their home communities often found that their lands had been seized by spaniards , taken by neighbors , or occupied by migrants from other communities . this unfortunate turn of events is not surprising in that the percentage of survivors was fewer than 15 % . it is likely that the spaniards or neighboring indios did not expect . the return of the majority mitayos .

toledo ' s reforms clarified who was exempt and who wasn ' t , but he was unable to supervise local officials , so he was helpless to fully supervise his reforms . most indians didn ' t want to participate in the mita . so great was their distaste for the mita that they desired by whatever means to escape the mita service . cole comments , " rather , the indians responded to the worsening situation in the mines by using every available means to evade the mita . however , were a huge mass of the work force to change their civil status , then the local officials would suffer . to avoid such cases the local officials simply ignored toledo ' s specifications .

in addition to the mita , indios were required to pay a tribute to the royal crown and local officials . each civil status group within the indios caste system had to pay tribute with the exception of the kurakas . andrien states , " kurakas were exempt , but members of the community clan structure ( tributarios ) paid the largest sums . those outside the ayllu or kin structure ( yanaconas ) and recent migrants ( forasteros ) paid lesser amounts . after the collection of the tributes the kurakas would transfer the goods over to the corregidores who would then deposit the sum to various offices .

toledo ' s statement clearly shows that one of the spanish intentions for replacing the indios in reducciones was to christianize them and teach them of the catholic faith . whether their intentions were genuine or not is debatable , but what is noticeable is the official approval to christianize the indios and change their religious upbringings . one method of assimilating the indios into the catholic faith was rewarding them with exemption from the mita . " the priest could bestow exemptions from the mita upon his favored lay assistants , and heap abuses upon the troublesome by accusing them of idolatry . thus , the more assimilated an indio became , culturally , the less he / she was punished , taxed , or forced to work , technically .

most of the cultural changes , though , geographical , economic , horticultural , and religious were examples of forced change . indios who changed culturally were not guarantee better treatment , tax relief or mita exemption . as demonstrated earlier many forasteros and yanaconas were still being subjected to mita service even though they had changed their social economic status . that is why , as some historians have argued , the indios further changed socially in order to ascend beyond the indio caste system by establishing themselves as mestizo status .

in order to do this the indios aimed to change every social aspect from indio to spanish . jackson argues , " individuals consciously changed their behavior to be able to move to another and usually higher racial status within the caste system . indios , for example , could escape tribute obligations and service in labor drafts such as the andean mita by passing as mestizos . methods of change included clothes , language , surname , occupation , activities , architecture , religion , baptism , catholic marriage , location of home and accumulation of wealth . jackson continues , " indios could change their mode of dress , learn to speak spanish , move to a city or away from their place of birth , take up a profession generally not associated with the indigenous population , and be reclassified as mestizos exempt from the unique legal obligations of the indigenous population . " however , once the outward appearance has changed in an attempt to climb the social ladder , there still remained the legal documentation of identification .

one method of escaping the indio caste by legal documentation was to simple state that you had some spanish background and were , thus , mestizos . this was such the case for antonio and agustin carrillo who won exemption from the mita based on their claim to spanish heritage in 1603 . many local officials advised against the judicial conclusion fearing an onslaught of social claims . stern records , " the audiencia of la plata ruled in favor of the carrillos despite the objections of its fiscal , who counseled the tribunal that a ruling in favor of the brothers would open a pandora ' s box of problems for the mita , for the judicial system would soon be clogged with petitions from indians claiming some degree of spanish ancestry . jackson concurs adding this excerpt , " the indians change their name , and declare themselves mestizos and yanaconas , they dress in the spanish way and work as artisans or in the convents with the intention of not complying with their obligations .

claims of spanish ancestry were usually accompanied with wills , marriage records , baptismal records or testimony from a known spaniard . jackson discusses baptisms by stating , " this was particularly the case with parish priests who recorded the racial status of newborn children . if the parents of a newborn child were members of the catholic church they could try to claim spanish ancestry at the baptism or provide a generous bribe to the local priest so that their son or daughter could be classified as a mestizo . in some cases the priest would even baptize infant boys as girls so that they could escape the mita service . another method that didn ' t involve using the church was the testimony of a spaniard , usually a hacienda owner . a hacienda owner who employed indios had to do one of two things when it came time to pay tribute ; 1 ) pay the tribute for the indios or 2 ) permit the indios to leave for a certain duration of time so that they could earn enough money to pay the tribute . if , however , a indio suddenly changed identity to a mestizo then the hacienda owner would no longer have to burden himself with his / her tribute situation . jackson notes , " hacienda owners , for example , conspired to have their workers removed from the tribute rolls . in this way , the hacendados would not have to contend with paying their workers ' tribute , or allow the workers time off to work elsewhere to earn money to cover the tribute payments .

in a 1582 manuscript from la biblioteca nacional de lima titled " limpieza de sangre , " contains the process by which a witness might have had to justify the social identity of another . in this particular manuscript dona juana fernandez de ugarte is the person of interest , who is trying to solidify her social class standing and the witness is martin hurtado de aviento .

there are several questions the court asks martin and in the manuscript he provides adequate answers to assure the social identity of dona juana . provided are several of those questions along with martin ' s replies :

question 1 : first to be asked if they know the parents and the francisco de yrarrazabal , so the father and mother and grandfather and parents of dona lorenza de zarate said his wife , so the father and mother contained in this memorial and if they know who is the legitimate child of such parents .

response : the first question he said , who knows that don francisco de yrarrazabal , twenty - five years now , what was known in this city , and has news of dona lorenza de zarate said his wife , because although he has not seen public knows or noticeable thing is his wife , and there were , this witness had known and understood , as a country and try and recruit very familiar with many relatives of the don francisco .

question 5 : and who knows if the said dona lorenza zarate woman said don francisco de yrarrazabal is legitimate daughter of these parents and that she and they and their grandparents and those from father and mother every of them have been and are christians and clean blood and clean without spot or race or indian descent , moors and converts or another sect of newly converted and that these have been incurred and taken and if it would otherwise have been known rumor or what they know or have heard about .

response : to the fifth question he said , who knows what is contained in this question because it has been treated and chat for a striking thing to be clean people , old christians , gentlemen . sons , content on this question , heard or understood without knowing anything to the contrary and also knows that to be the legitimate daughter of dona lorenza said parents , who saw her as such in seville in his mother ' s house .

response : in the sixth question he said , that never understood or heard anything contained in this question , if any , this witness know what you think and could not be less . the play out of the interrogation creiltes an environment of uncertainty . the questions tend to represent a common procedure , however ; the responses are not very clear and direct , but are somewhat witty and taunting in discourse . if the court is to make a decision against dona juana they must explain their reasoning with evidence , otherwise , the social status of many could be at jeopardy . to approve of the social status of dona juana , the court has to clarify that the evidence provided is not falsified and the honest testimony of the witness was absolute . the atmosphere of uncertainty was not to be impeded with one trial . if indios had more success than failure at changing their identity through the spanish courts then there was no reason to not attempt social change and escape the spanish colonial corruption .

toledo ' s reforms permitted a larger share of spaniards to exploit the indios productivity , increase their revenues , appease the crown to some degree and indirectly encourage the indios to assimilate , adapt , change and hide in order to escape the obligations of the indio caste system . the indios were exhausted physically and economically and they used all sorts of methods to change socially ; language , clothes , lifestyle , occupations , food , migration of forastero status , etc . they took great risk to challenge the spanish court system and justify their spanish ancestry using wills , genealogy records , baptismal records , marriage records , and testimony from known spaniards . they risked much in order to liberate themselves from the corrupted reforms of toledo , the hardships of the indio caste system and from the abusive relationships with the local and royal officials . it was these atrocities that grew with fervor with the toledo reforms that caused the indios to seek ways of socially changing their identity and become mestizos .

in the earliest days of the european invasion , when inka resistance , potentially so threatening , turned out to be virtually absent ( lockhart 1972 ) , the pizarros acquired a steadfast ally , the wanka / cañaris lords . it was in their territory , xauxa , that the europeans established their first capital . along with thousands of soldiers and bearers , the canaris provided the newcomers with strategic information , plus the food and weapons stored in hundreds of warehouses built by the inka and filled locally ( polo de ondegardo 1940 [ 1561 ] ) . in one region where the inka had managed to cobble together some resistance , as at huánuco , the europeans had to call on canaris troops to help them put down “the rebellion . ” all this assistance provided the europeans was recorded with care on a khipu kept by the canaris lords . this record was first described by cieza de león , some fifteen years after the invasion . such bookkeeping later became the subject of litigation initiated at the viceregal court , at lima , by one of the lords who in 1532 had opened the country to the troops of charles v ( murra 1975 ) . this man , don francisco cusichac , felt betrayed by the ill treatment of his people and the neglect of his own privileges .

the only other group to be treated so harshly by toledo were the descendants of another wing of the andean elite who also sided from the earliest days with the invaders . these were the “sons” and heirs of pawllu thupa , the one inka “prince” to make peace , early and openly , with the europeans . pawllu had helped them through extreme difficulties , particularly almagro’s invasion of chile . the efficiency of that thrust south was attributed by many to pawllu thupa’s ability to mobilize the lords of charcas , the region known today as bolivia . for his services , pawllu had been allowed to keep “his indians , ” coca - leaf terraces , food - producing fields , and much other inka wealth . a test came in 1550 at pawllu’s death : various europeans attempted to deprive the “indian’s” heirs of these lands and people , but the emperor’s representative , bishop lagasca , resisted such claims . for the next two decades , pawllu’s many sons were a distinguished and rich lineage in cuzco . they spoke spanish , invested in the long - distance coca - leaf trade to the mines at potosí , and employed europeans in their various enterprises . the main heir , don carlos , was married to a european woman . thirty - five years after the invasion , pawllu thupa’s heirs were the one group of inkas at cuzco who had managed to hang on to both status and wealth ( glave 1991 ) .

when toledo reached cuzco on his way to the mines at potosí , he selected pawllu’s lineage for special attention . as at xauxa , the lords were ordered to these grants are transcribed from the originals in the archivo general de indias , seville : section lima , legajo 567 , lib . 8 , fols . 107v–108r ; see also other grants cited by espinoza soriano ( 1972 ) . letters from francisco de toledo to philip ii , found in the biblioteca nacional , madrid . see pawllu thupa’s testament published in revista del archivo histórico del cuzco ( 1950 : 275 , 286 ) .

litigation over the rights of “natural lords” display the credentials testifying to their services to the spanish crown . the papers were publicly burned . don carlos and his kin were accused of maintaining illicit contacts with those inka who had taken refuge at vilcabamba , in the eastern lowlands ( kubler 1946 ) . some twenty of pawllu thupa’s heirs were put on trial for subversion ; during the proceedings , which lasted many months , the princes were kept in animal corrals , exposed to the elements . the testimony was conducted in quechua even though many of the accused spoke spanish ; a mestizo , one gonzalo gómez ximénez , “interpreted” for the only record kept of the proceedings , despite continuous protests by the accused . ximénez’s version of what they had “confessed” became the official transcript . the “natural lords” were sentenced by gabriel de loarte to the loss of “their” indians and of their coca - leaf fields , which were granted by toledo to loarte . some twenty inka , including aged princes , don carlos , and several children , were deported on foot to lima . from there they were supposed to be shipped into exile to mexico .

of the twenty , seven survived . they were able to rally support from some of the judges at the audiencia who were hostile to the viceroy . toledo remained in the highlands for almost another decade , the only viceroy to devote such personal attention to the andean population . he sponsored many institutional innovations ; some of them were consistent with ideas to end the las casas “benevolent” approach to indian affairs , which he brought with him from court . he tried to put an end to the influence of bishops gerónimo de loaysa of lima and domingo de santo tomás in charcas , men from another era , who spoke quechua and had earlier corresponded with las casas ( las casas 1892 ) .

of the people toledo consulted , the best informed were two salamanca trained lawyers—juan de matienzo and juan polo de ondegardo—who gave him diametrically opposed advice . matienzo , a crown justice at the audiencia of charcas , was frequently active away from his court . even before toledo’s arrival in 1569 , matienzo had argued for the “extirpation” of the inka lineage that had taken refuge in the forest at vilcabamba . the high court in lima was betting on a reduction policy , resulting in the conversion of the refugee princes and their resettlement at cuzco . matienzo thought such a policy was dangerous . resettlement expanded the number of “natural lords”at cuzco—a loss of revenues for the spanish crown and the threat implicit in an additional focus of traditional loyalty ( matienzo 1967 ) . after toledo’s arrival , he and matienzo formed an intimate alliance broken only by the judge’s death in 1579 .


vietteania pinna is a moth of the noctuidae family .

it is found in africa and its presence has been recorded in congo , eritrea , madagascar and tanzania .

it has a wingspan of 29 mm .

vietteania pinna

vietteania pinna <EOT> vietteania griveaudi viette , 1979 ; 172 , f . 1 ; tl : grande comore , convalescence

vietteania catadela fletcher , 1961 ; 196 , f . 24 ; tl : kenya , aberdare range , mt . kinangop

had been transferred to vietteania by rungs ( 1956 : 102 ) . the original ♀ holotype was destroyed ( see viette 1961 : 38 ) .

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tanzania , tanganjika terr . , matengo - hochland , w . sw of songea , ugano , 1500–1700 m , 11–20 . xii . 1935 , leg . zerny .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18487 , nhmw ; paratypes 2♀ , genitalia slide hacker 18486 , nhmw .

hacker h . h . , schreier h . - p . & goater b . 2012 . revision of the tribe nolini of africa and the western palaearctic region ( lepidoptera , noctuoidea , noctuidae , nolinae ) . - esperiana 17 : 1–612 .

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madagascar central , pays betsileo , route du sud , km 302 , ambatofitorahana forest , 1600 m , 23 . iii . 1955 , leg . p . viette .

saalmüller m . & von heyden l . 1891 . lepidopteren von madagascar . zweite abtheilung . heterocera : noctuae , geometrae , microlepidoptera . - — : 247—531 , pls . 7—14 .

berio e . 1962a . diagnosi e sinonymie di noctuidae dell ' africa centrale ( hadeninae ) . - doriana 3 ( 121 ) : 1—6 .

strand e . 1915b . lepidopteren aus ober - ägypten und dem ägyptischen sudan . - archiv für naturgeschichte 80 ( a ) ( 10 ) : 95—112 .

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borolia pyrostrota hampson , 1907 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 255 ; tl : uganda , ruwenzori , 6000 '

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

[ poole ] ; poole , 1989 lepidopterorum catalogus ( new series ) 118 : noctuidae lepid . cat . ( n . s . ) 118 :

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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it was described by herbert druce in 1896 .

it is found in mexico and guatemala .

the forewings are pale greyish brown , crossed by two waved white lines edged with black on the inner side .

there is a dark brown spot partly crossing the wing from the costal margin towards the base .

the hindwings are semihyaline greyish white , slightly shaded with brown near the apex .

cosipara delphusa

cosipara delphusa <EOT> this is the place for delphusa definition . you find here delphusa meaning , synonyms of delphusa and images for delphusa copyright 2017 © urltoken

cosipara delphusa is a moth in the crambidae family . it was described by druce in 1896 . it is found in mexico and guatemala .

species : zipcodezoo has pages for 8 species and subspecies in the genus cosipara : c . chiricahuae · c . chirricahunae · c . delphusa · c . flexuosa · c . modulalis · c . sabura · c . smithi · c . tricoloralis ( tricolored cosipara )

here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word delphusa . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word delphusa and , of course , delphusa synonyms and on the right images related to the word delphusa .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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it was described by meyrick in 1926 and is found on borneo .

the wingspan is about 29 mm .

the forewings are glossy white with a terminal series of slight elongate dark grey marks .

the hindwings are white .

malacognostis termatias

malacognostis termatias <EOT> malacognostis termatias is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus malacognostis .

this is the place for malacognostis definition . you find here malacognostis meaning , synonyms of malacognostis and images for malacognostis copyright 2017 © urltoken

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opisina arenosella , the coconut black - headed caterpillar , is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus opisina .

hermogenes aliferella is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus hermogenes .

hyperoptica ptilocentra is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus hyperoptica .

anoecea trigonophora is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus anoecea .

araeostoma aenicta is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus araeostoma .

arsirrhyncha fibriculata is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus arsirrhyncha .

callicopris cerograpta is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus callicopris .

capnolocha praenivalis is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus capnolocha .

chironeura chrysocyma is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus chironeura .

bida radiosella is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus bida .

clepsigenes dissota is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus clepsigenes .

copidoris dimorpha is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus copidoris .

donacostola notabilis is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus donacostola .

epidiopteryx bipunctella is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus epidiopteryx .

exacristis euryopa is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus exacristis .

xylodryadella cryeranthes is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus xylodryadella .

xerocrates proleuca is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus xerocrates .

gomphoscopa catoryctopsis is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus gomphoscopa .

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

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kassina cochranae , sometimes known as the cochran 's running frog , is a species of frog in the family hyperoliidae .

it is found in southern guinea , liberia , sierra leone , western ivory coast ( the mount nimba area , possibly wider ) , and at least tentatively , southern ghana .

kassina arboricola was for a period treated as a subspecies kassina cochranae arboricola , but it is now considered a valid species .

kassina cochranae

kassina cochranae <EOT> endangered animals of west africa , birds , reptiles , animals , ( kassina cochranae , genetta bourloni , miniopterus schreibersii ) .

confused with kassina maculata and kassina cochranae prior to its description . channing , rödel , and channing , 2012 , tadpoles of africa : 238 , provided information on comparative larval morphology .

we follow perret ( 1985 ) and rödel et al . ( 2002 ) in considering kassina arboricola to be separate from k . cochranae .

we follow perret ( 1985 ) and rödel et al . ( 2002 ) in considering this to be a species distinct from kassina cochranae .

kassina cochranae is a species of frog in the hyperoliidae family . it is found in côte d ' ivoire , guinea , liberia , and sierra leone .

rödel , m . - o . & schiøtz , a . 2004 . kassina cochranae . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 22 july 2007 .

kassina senegalensis tested positive for batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the eastern cape of south africa in kenton on sea in 2004 ( weldon 2005 ) .

mark - oliver rödel , arne schiøtz 2004 . kassina arboricola . the iucn red list of threatened species 2004 : e . t56225a11443348 . urltoken

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - ivory coast running frog ( kassina arboricola ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - ivory coast running frog ( kassina arboricola ) " title = " arkive species - ivory coast running frog ( kassina arboricola ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

k . cochranae is locally abundant and occurs in a number of protected areas . a major threat to this species is habitat loss through water drainage and afforestation ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .

rödel , m . - o . , grafe , t . u . , rudolf , v . h . w . & ernst , r . , 2002 : a review of west africa spotted kassina , including a description of kassina schioetzi sp . nov . ( amphibia : anura : hyperoliidae ) . –copeia : vol . 102 , # 3 , pp . 800 - 814

rödel , m . - o . , grafe , t . u . , rudolf , v . h . w . , and ernst , r . ( 2002 ) . ' ' a review of west african spotted kassina , including a description of kassina schioetzi sp . nov . ( amphibia : anura : hyperoliidae ) . ' ' copeia , 2002 ( 3 ) , 800 - 814 .

rã¶del , m . - o . , grafe , t . u . , rudolf , v . h . w . , and ernst , r . ( 2002 ) . ' ' a review of west african spotted kassina , including a description of kassina schioetzi sp . nov . ( amphibia : anura : hyperoliidae ) . ' ' copeia , 2002 ( 3 ) , 800 - 814 .

kassina schioetzi rödel , grafe , rudolf , and ernst , 2002 , copeia , 2002 : 801 . holotype : smns 09703 . 5 , by original designation . type locality : " comoe national park , aussichtsbergtumpel 1 , 8° 45′ n , 3° 49′ w , ivory coast " .

k . cochranae produces a characteristic odor when handled and is quite unpalatable , due to the production of defensive amines and peptides by glands in the skin ( roseghini et al . 1988 ) . in spite of these defenses , there are records of predation on this species by the yellowbilled egret egretta intermedia and the vine snake thelotornis capensis ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .

this west african species is known from the forest zone of sierra leone , liberia , southern guinea , and extreme western côte d’ivoire ( where it occurs at least in the mount nimba area ) . earlier records of this species from further to the east are now separated as kassina arboricola and k . schioetzi .

this west african species is known from the forest zone of sierra leone , liberia , southern guinea , and extreme western cte divoire ( where it occurs at least in the mount nimba area ) . earlier records of this species from further to the east are now separated as kassina arboricola and k . schioetzi .

the common bubbling kassina is a very distinctive looking frog , the background is an olivegreen colour , which can look almost gold . populations from the taita hills of kenya are covered with regular black spots , each of which has a white ring around it , while other populations have stripes on the dorsum ( measey et al . 2009 , © sanbi ) .

in the taita hills , males have been heard calling in the height of both rainy seasons , march and november . males call from shallow water around dams or swamps hidden deep under patches of vegetation . the noise sounds like a series of bubbles rising up from the water , and this gives it the common name : bubbling kassina ( text from measey et al . 2009 , © sanbi ) .

a medium - sized , sturdy , spotted kassina from the western part of west africa with short legs and arms . 35 - 77 large spots on flanks and dorsum . belly white to brown , sometimes with scattered small punctuations but never with large spots . none , one , or two occipital spots . throat of male most often dark , sometimes with black spots . gular strap of males narrow and straight . central part of belly smooth .

western west africa from sierra leone into guinea , liberia , and westernmost ivory coast . found in forest , sometimes open secondary forest , and savanna .

the species is arboreal , with the males calling from branches of bushes and trees 2 - 4 metres up in the forest . although apparently associated with a typical forest fauna ,

will often call on more exposed sites at the edges of ponds or beside roads . in sierra leone , where several treefrogs are known to behave differently from elsewhere in their range ,

were heard calling from the ground on several occasions . acoustically the voice is a typical

call , but analysis , especially at low speeds , reveals a number of pulses with a rising frequency , rather than a rising frequency modulation of a single note as is sometimes reported for this genus .

development takes place as in other members of the genus . tadpoles reach up to 58 mm with a very high fin . tooth formula 1 / 1 + 1 , 1 .

rödel , m . - o . , grafe , t . u . , rudolf , v . h . w . , and ernst , r . ( 2002 ) . ' ' a review of west african spotted

> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .

> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .

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frost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 march 2016 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .

justification : listed as near threatened since although this species is still relatively widely distributed , it depends on forest and moist savanna wooded habitat , and so its area of occupancy is probably not much greater than 2 , 000 km2 , and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable .

there is no information on its population status , but it is probably not rare .

it is an arboreal , forest - dwelling species , which can exist in secondary forest . there also records from moist savannah and montane savannah areas as well as montane grassland . it seems to be able to survive in habitat fragments and gallery forests , but is unlikely to tolerate complete opening up of its habitat . it presumably breeds in both temporary and permanent waterbodies , favouring large , well - vegetated pools , like other members of its genus .

certain populations are probably suffering as a result of severe deforestation taking place due to agricultural expansion , logging and expanding human settlements .

it occurs in the mount nimba world heritage site ( guinea and liberia ) , and in the protected area at pic de fon ( guinea ) .

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this account was taken from " treefrogs of africa " by arne schiøtz with kind permission from edition chimaira publishers , frankfurt am main . updated by a . schiøtz , 2008 .

schiøtz , a . ( 1999 ) . treefrogs of africa . edition chimaira , frankfurt am main .

schiã¸tz , a . ( 1999 ) . treefrogs of africa . edition chimaira , frankfurt am main .

syntype : loveridge , a . 1941 . proc . u . s . nat . mus . 91 ( 3128 ) : 125 .

the species occurs throughout mozambique and the eastern lowlands of zimbabwe , malawi , tanzania and kenya . it inhabits a wide variety of bushveld vegetation types , predominantly in the savanna biome ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .

these frogs can be easily identified by their characteristic call that carries a considerable distance . bishop ( 1994 ) found that the males appear to have two distinct calling periods , one in the early evening ( 16 : 30–20 : 00 ) and another in the early morning peaking between 02 : 00 and 03 : 00 ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .

the breeding season usually begins in early november and continues until the end of february , depending on weather conditions ( bishop 1994 ) . the breeding habitat consists of well vegetated pans , vleis , marshes and dams . once breeding has taken place eggs are laid singly or in lines of four or five , attached to submerged vegetation ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .

the tadpoles are large and fish - like , they are up to 130 mm long with deep keel - like tails that arise from the top of the head ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , moist savanna , subtropical or tropical high - altitude grassland , freshwater marshes , and intermittent freshwater marshes . it is threatened by habitat loss .

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k . senegalensis may be composed of multiple cryptic species ( text from harper et al . , 2010 ) .

the dorsum is pale gray with large dark spots and a broad , dark vertebral stripe . toe and fingertips are expanded into small disks ( text from harper et al . , 2010 ) .

k . senegalensis lacks the bright red - orange markings that are present on the thigh of k . maculata . k . senegalensis may be composed of multiple cryptic species ( text from harper et al . , 2010 ) .

males are 33 – 40 mm in snout - vent length , and females are 33 – 40 mm ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .

this species is common in savanna , grassland , and shrubland in coastal lowlands at elevations up to 2000 m . it tolerates some degree of habitat alteration and may be found in agricultural areas ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .

k . senegalensis preys on a variety of arthropods , including termites , caterpillars , ants , flies and spiders ( loveridge 1936 ; inger and marx 1961 ) . the species has been observed to fall prey to the herald snake crotaphopeltis hotamboeia while approaching breeding sites ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .

zimkus , breda , bergmann , travis , weldo , c . , du prez , l . h . , african amphibians lifedesk

tadpoles hatch within 5–6 days and the tadpoles develop slowly and complete their development in 52–90 days ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .

zimkus , breda , weldo , c . , du prez , l . h . , african amphibians lifedesk

they begin to call at dusk some distance from the water , the vocal repertoire includes an advertisement call as well as a longer , pulsed , territorial call ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .

males call in groups of 3 - 10 from concealed positions in vegetation near , but not usually in , water . the call is a series of rising notes sounding like bubbles ( text from harper et al . , 2010 ) .

zimkus , breda , zimkus , breda , bergmann , travis , weldo , c . , du prez , l . h . , african amphibians lifedesk

breeding habitat comprises both temporary and permanent water bodies , including well - vegetated shallow pans , vleis and marshes , as well as deeper dams ( rödel 2000 ) . breeding takes place from spring to late summer with amplexus usually initiated out of the water . females lay between 100 and 500 eggs singly in shallow water ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .

eggs are laid in similar areas where males call in small masses ( text from measey et al . 2009 , © sanbi ) .

breeding takes place in a range of temporary and aquatic habitat types , primarily pools with abundant vegetation . clutches of 260 – 400 eggs are attached to submerged vegetation . tadpoles are large with high tail fins ( text from harper et al . , 2010 ) .

the tadpoles are also rather distinctive with a high fin ( text from measey et al . 2009 , © sanbi ) .

this species ranges very widely in the savannah zone of africa from senegal , east to western ethiopia , southern somalia , and kenya , thence south to namibia , and south africa . records from eritrea refer to

. there do not appear to be records from guinea - bissau , togo and burundi , but it presumably occurs in these countries . its distributional limits in kenya and northern tanzania with respect to

are still poorly understood , and the distribution map should be considered provisional . it occurs up to 2 , 000 m asl in ethiopia .

sujeevan ratnasingham , paul d . n . hebert , barcode of life data systems ( bold )

this account was taken from " treefrogs of africa " by arne schiøtz with kind permission from edition chimaira publishers , frankfurt am main .

balletto , e . , cherchi , m . a . , and lanza , b . ( 1978 ) . ' ' on some amphibians collected by the late prof . guiseppe scortecci in somalia . ' ' monitore zoologico italiano supplemento , 11 ( 9 ) , 221 - 243 .

lanza , b ( 1981 ) . ' ' a check - list of the somali amphibians . ' ' monitore zoologico italiano supplemento , 15 ( 10 ) , 151 - 186 .

schiã¸tz , a . ( 1975 ) . the treefrogs of eastern africa . steenstrupia , copenhagen .

listed as least concern in view of its very wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats and its presumed large population .

description : new species of animal and plant are being discovered all the time . when this happens , the new species has to be given a scientific , latin name in addition to any common , vernacular name . in either . . .

bird conservation : global evidence for the effects of interventions . contents and sample chapter

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arkive is working with iucn - international union for conservation of nature , to source images of the world ' s threatened amphibian species . together with conservation international and natureserve , iucn has led a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status for the world ' s known species of frogs , toads , salamanders , newts and caecilians . to date , the project has involved the input of more than 600 herpetologists from around the world .

iucn red list category , and details of range , ecology , threats and conservation information for every known amphibian species , can be found on the iucn red list website .

classified as vulnerable ( vu b2ab ( iii ) ) on the iucn red list 2004 ( 1 ) .

this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken

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* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .

will find all uses of " hyl . . . " anywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .

will find all uses of " . . . hyla " anywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla

will find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor

interprets this as " lithobates or pipiens " so will find the union of all records that contain either " lithobates " or " pipiens " : e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens

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for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .

copyright © 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .

endangered animals of west africa , birds & animals , ( sterna balaenarum , cephalophus jentinki , lamprotornis cupreocauda ) .

endangered animals of west africa , reptils & birds , ( kinixys homeana , bycanistes cylindricus , lasser kestrel ) .

endangered animals of west africa , animals , ( mandrillus sphinx , ceropithecuc mitis ) .

endangered animals of west africa , animals & birds , ( tragelaphus eurycerus ) .

endangered animals of west africa , animals & birds , ( procolubus banius , caracal aurata , psittacus eritacuc ) .

endangered animals of west africa , animals , ( tragelaphus eurycherus , loxodonia africana , gorilla gorilla ) .

endangered animals of west africa , animals , ( tragelaphus eurycerus , giraffa , panthera pardus ) .

endangered animals of west africa , animals , ( crocidura buettikoferi , cercopithecuc … , cephalophus jentinki ) .

endangered animals of west africa , birds , ( trigonoceps occipitalis , picathartes gymnocephalus , ceratogymna elata ) .

endangered animals of west africa , animals , ( cobus polykomos , caracsl aurata , lesser kestrel ) .

endangered animals of west africa , reptiles & birds , ( leptopelis macrotis , limosa limosa , mecistops cataphractus ) .

endangered animals of west africa , animals & reptils , ( hexaprodonton liberiensis , loxondonta africana , mecictops cataphractus ) .

endangered animals of west africa , birds & animals , ( aguila chrysaetos , addax nasomaculatus , nanger dama ) .

endangered animals of west africa , animals & birds , ( pan troglodytes erus , hyaenidae , psittacus eritacuc erithacus ) .

endangered animals of west africa , animals , ( procolobus badius , hexaprotodon liberiensis ) .

endangered animals of west africa , animals , ( cerophitecus mitis , colobus polykomos ) .

special blocks russia 2013 – international philatelic exposition . ( 6 diff . s / s )

carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698

carroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .

frost , d . r . , 2000 : amphibian species of the world : an online reference . –inet : american museum of natural history , department of herpetology : urltoken

justification : listed as vulnerable because its area of occupancy is less than 2 , 000 km2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in cote d ' ivoire and ghana .

this species ranges from south - western côte d ' ivoire to south - central ghana , though within this general range it is known only from 4 - 5 localities .

there have only been a few records , but it is abundant where it has been found .

it is a species of secondary forest and forest edges , rather than undisturbed primary forest . it only occurs marginally in heavily degraded former forest ( farm bush ) . it breeds in both temporary and permanent water , favouring large , well - vegetated pools .

it is probably suffering from severe deforestation as a result of agricultural expansion , logging , and growing human settlements .