thiotricha fusca is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by omelko in 1993 .

it is found in japan , the russian far east ( primorye ) and china ( jilin ) .

thiotricha fusca

thiotricha fusca <EOT> pyla fusca ( = matilella fusca ) brown knot - horn - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .

thiotricha fusca omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 204

polyhumno fusca ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108

thiotricha pontifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196

thiotricha synodonta meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 45

thiotricha fridaella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 142

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thiotricha atractodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : queensland , cairns

thiotricha complicata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi

thiotricha nephodesma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha obvoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha oxygramma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha polyaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha rhodomicta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha synacma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha xanthaspis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha ( thiotrichinae ) ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343

thiotricha amphixysta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha attenuata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : peru , iquitos

thiotricha celata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha clepsidoxa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya

thiotricha coleella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 55 ; [ fe ]

thiotricha hamulata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 162 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft

thiotricha hexanesa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya

thiotricha janitrix meyrick , 1912 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 2 ) : 64 ; tl : bengal , pusa

thiotricha obliquata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha rabida meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis

thiotricha cuneiformis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft

thiotricha pancratiastis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft

thiotricha pyrphora meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft

thiotricha scioplecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , shilleong , 5000ft

thiotricha corylella omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 209

thiotricha flagellatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft

thiotricha indistincta omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 205

thiotricha termanthes meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft

thiotricha tetraphala meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : dunedin , new zealand

thiotricha thorybodes meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand

thiotricha xanthodora meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : burma , pyinmana

thiotricha balanopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis ; borneo , kuching

thiotricha hemiphaea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , toowoomba

thiotricha acrantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha acronipha turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , stradbroke island

thiotricha characias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : palni hills

thiotricha chrysantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha embolarcha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : java , mt . salak , 4500ft

thiotricha epiclista meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha grammitis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha hoplomacha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha rhodopa meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills

thiotricha argyrea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , atherton

thiotricha clinopeda meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; ceylon , maskeliya

thiotricha galenaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon

thiotricha glenias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon

thiotricha nephelodesma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .

thiotricha orthiastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 591 ; tl : rawalpindi , punjab

thiotricha pancratiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha saulotis meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon

thiotricha scotaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon

thiotricha trapezoidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha tylephora ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

thiotricha centritis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft

thiotricha galactaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft

thiotricha panglycera turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 117 ; tl : n . queensland , cairns and kuranda

thiotricha prosoestea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 116 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda near cairns

thiotricha anticentra meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : brisbane , queensland

thiotricha balanopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )

thiotricha chrysopa meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland

thiotricha clidias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , celon

thiotricha cuneiformis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )

thiotricha delacma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft

thiotricha margarodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : rosewood , queensland

thiotricha pteropis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , ceylon

thiotricha tethela ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )

thiotricha animosella ; meyrick , 1908 , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]

thiotricha majorella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 47 ; [ me3 ] , 37 ( note ) ; [ fe ]

thiotricha niphastis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : york , west australia

thiotricha arthrodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : sydney , new south wales

thiotricha oxyopis ; bradley , 1961 , bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 ; [ nhm card ]

thiotricha paraconta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : wollongong , new south wales

thiotricha bullata meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales

thiotricha leucothona meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : murrurundi and sydney , new south wales

thiotricha oxytheces meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales

thiotricha prunifolivora ueda & fujiwara , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , takatsuki city , bochikoen

thiotricha parthenica meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; george ' s bay , tasmania

thiotricha angelica bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara

thiotricha eremita bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 , pl . 5 , f . 111 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara

thiotricha melanacma bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 133 , pl . 5 , f . 12 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara

thiotricha tethela bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara

thiotricha subocellea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 51 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75 ; [ fe ]

thiotricha synodonta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75

korea , china ( jilin ) , japan , se . siberia . see [ maps ]

chinochrysa diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 10

gelechia ( ptocheuusa ) cleodorella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 355 , pl . 5 , f . 120 ; tl : bogota

ptocheuusa coleella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 255 , pl . 10 , f . 16 ; tl : alpes - maritimes

polyhymno corylella ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 107

dissobola meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 561

gemmulans meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63

polyhymno ? godmani walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 525 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent

polyhymno indistincta ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108

polyhymno laterestriata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 78

lindsayi philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 84

herzegovina , croatia , n . italy , s . france ( alpes - maritimes ) , greece . see [ maps ]

ptocheuusa majorella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 ; tl : herzegovina

microrrhoda meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586

oleariae hudson , 1928 ; butt . & moths n . z . : 254

polyhymno pontifera ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )

larva on symplocos prunifolia ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 81

eu , european russia , china ( gansu , shaanxi , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]

syncentritis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586

mystax trapezoidella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 138 ; tl : kasakewitsch

mystax trichoma caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 136 ; tl : kasakewitsch

polyhymno tylephora meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 68

anacampsis wollastoni walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 545 ; tl : madeira

[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

microlepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54

microlepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv

systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )

zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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recorded in 22 ( 32 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1884 . last recorded in 2017 .

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the malabar large-spotted civet ( viverra civettina ) , also known as the malabar civet , is a viverrid endemic to the western ghats of india .

it is listed as critically endangered by iucn as its population size is estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals , with no subpopulation greater than 50 individuals .

in the 1990s , isolated populations still survived in less disturbed areas of south malabar but were seriously threatened by habitat destruction and hunting because they lived outside protected areas .

it is known as kannan chandu and male meru in kerala വെരുക ( veruk ) in malayalam , and in karnataka as mangala kutri , bal kutri and dodda punugina .

malabar large - spotted civet

malabar large - spotted civet <EOT> * * * the malabar large spotted civet is one of the world ' s rarest mammals .

the diet of the large spotted civet , viverra megaspila , which is closely related to the malabar large spotted civet and considered by some to be conspecific , includes small animals , eggs and some vegetable matter .

main characteristics malabar large - spotted civets have a body length between 76 and 85 cms ( 30 - 33 . 5 inches ) , a tail length between 33 and 40 cms ( 13 - 16 inches ) and they weigh between 8 and 9 kgs ( 18 - 20 lbs ) . they are grey in colour with large black spots and their tail is banded with black and has a black tip . habitat malabar large - spotted civets live in plantations and wooded areas in south malabar , india . they are solitary and active at night . diet malabar large - spotted civets mainly feed on small mammals , birds , snakes , frogs , fruit and eggs . breeding little in known about reproduction in malabar large - spotted civets . predators humans are predators of malabar large - spotted civets . subspecies there are no known subspecies of the malabar large - spotted civet . interesting facts malabar large - spotted civets are also known as : malabar civet jawad similar animals malayan civet otter civet large indian civet small indian civet large - spotted civet binturong

the weight of the large spotted civet , viverra megaspila , which is closely related to the malabar large spotted civet and considered by some to be conspecific , is 8 - 9 kg ( 18 - 20 lb ) .

malabar large spotted civets are aggressive towards members of their own species and have usually been observed alone .

glenn , c . r . 2006 . " earth ' s endangered creatures - malabar large - spotted civet facts " ( online ) . accessed

wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article " malabar large - spotted civet " .

extensive deforestation has reduced the forests in the malabar large spotted civet ' s original range to a series of isolated patches . habitat loss continues . cashew plantations , which probably hold most of the surviving populations of malabar civet ( see " habitat " below ) , are now threatened by large - scale clearance for planting rubber . the malabar large spotted civet also has been persecuted for raiding poultry . it is not selectively hunted but is captured and killed when encountered .

the malabar large - spotted civet ' s original habitat was found in the malabar coast moist forests belt below the western ghats , where it lived in wooded plains and adjoining hill slopes . it was once very common in the coastal districts of malabar and travancore . extensive deforestation has reduced the malabar forests to a series of isolated patches . cashew plantations are a refuge , which probably hold most of the surviving populations of the malabar large - spotted civet , and are now threatened by large - scale clearance for rubber plantations .

the malabar large spotted civet was once very common in the coastal districts of malabar and travancore in southwest india . by the late 1960 ' s it was thought to be nearing extinction . none were seen for a long period of time until 1987 , when it was rediscovered about 60 km ( 37 mi ) east of calicut on the southwest coast of india . a 1990 survey revealed that isolated populations of malabar large spotted civet still survive in less disturbed areas of south malabar . ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) extensive deforestation has reduced the forests in the malabar large spotted civet ' s original range to a series of isolated patches . habitat loss continues . cashew plantations , which probably hold most of the surviving populations of malabar civet , are now threatened by large - scale clearance for planting rubber . the malabar large spotted civet also has been persecuted for raiding poultry . it is not selectively hunted but is captured and killed when encountered .

* * * species of the genus viverra are sources of " civet " ( or " civet - musk " ) , a substance which is used in the production of perfume . the civet - musk of the malabar large spotted civet was apparently in widespread use 20 - 25 years ago ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) .

the original home of the malabar large spotted civet was in the western ghats , a mountain range in southwest india . the species lived in the wooded plains and natural forests surrounding the mountains . today the malabar large spotted civet is one of the rarest mammals of the world . in 1999 , it was estimated that there were less than 250 surviving adult animals in the wild . small , scattered populations are thought to exist in certain areas of south malabar .

the malabar large - spotted civet ( viverra civettina ) , is a civet . it is also known as the malabar civet and called jawadi veruku - ജാവാദി വെരുകു് in malayalam , the local language of kerala . the species was once common along the lowland coastal tracts of kerala and karnataka in south india . it became rare by the beginning of the 20th century , but was still often used for producing civetin musk in the 1960 ' s . in 1990 , isolated populations of the malabar large - spotted civet still survived in less disturbed areas of south malabar . in 1999 , fewer than 250 mature individuals were thought to survive in the wild .

information on the malabar civet ( viverra civettina ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .

☛ little is known about the species though the diet of the related large spotted civet , viverra megaspila , includes small animals , eggs and some vegetable matter .

although most civets resemble spotted , long - nosed cats , civets of the genus viverra are the most dog - like in appearance , with long legs and rather canine heads and muzzles . based on data for the large spotted civet , viverra megaspila , which is closely related to the malabar large spotted civet ( and considered by some to be conspecific ) , it probably weighs 8 - 9 kg ( 18 - 20 lb ) . oriental civet - viverra tangalunga the malabar large spotted civet ' s original habitat was found in the evergreen rain forest belt in the western ghats of southwest india , where it lived in wooded plains and adjoining hill slopes . most captures of this species in the last 30 years have been in valleys , around riparian areas . this suggests possible dependence on shallow waterways where the civet forages at night . ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) thickets in cashew plantations may also provide important cover . the diet of the related large spotted civet , viverra megaspila , includes small animals , eggs and some vegetable matter . the malabar large spotted civet has never been observed in trees and possibly forages almost entirely on the ground . species of the genus viverra stay in dense cover by day and come out into the open at night . malabar large spotted civets are aggressive towards members of their own species and have usually been observed alone .

☛ the population status of malabar civet is unknown . it was thought to be possibly extinct , then rediscovered but there is no further recent information and no recent sightings of live malabar civets .

the malabar large spotted civet ( viverra civettina blyth , 1862 ) was once a common species in the coastal districts of malabar and travancore in southwest india in the low elevation moist forests of the western ghats . by the late 1950s it was reported to be almost ' extinct ' . none were seen for a long period of time until 1987 , when it was rediscovered about 60 km east of calicut in kerala . extensive deforestation has reduced the malabar civet ' s .

the malabar large - spotted civet is considered by some authorities as viverra megaspila civettina , a subspecies of the large spotted civet viverra megaspila . based on data for the large spotted civet , considered by others to be conspecific , it probably weighs 8 - 9 kg ( 18 - 20 lb ) . the coat is greyish dull white with indistinct black spots that roughly form vague vertical stripes on the body . another distinguishing feature from the sympatric small indian civet ( viverricula indica ) , with which it might be confused , is its shorter tail when compared its body length and the presence of a crest of black erectile hairs on the back , which are characteristic of all the four species under the genus viverra .

the malabar large spotted civet is nearly identical to , or is in fact the same species as , the large spotted civet ( viverra megaspila ) . adults of this species usually weigh about 18 to 20 pounds ( 8 to 9 kilograms ) . their long gray coats are mottled with large black spots . they have long tails banded in black and a black crest of long fur down their backs . although most civets look like cats , the malabar large spotted civet more closely resembles a dog with its long legs and dog - like head . malabar civets stay hidden in the thickets during the day and forage for food at night . they have never been seen in trees , and probably obtain their food on the ground . they are thought to eat eggs , small mammals , and some vegetation . solitary animals , they can become aggressive when they encounter members of their own species . female malabar large spotted civets usually have from one to four offspring at a time , and they raise their young in the cover of thickets in the woods .

malabar civet was considered a subspecies of large - spotted civet v . megaspila by ellerman and morrison - scott ( 1951 ) . most standard sources , e . g . pocock ( 1939 ) , corbet and hill ( 1992 ) considered it a separate species , but purported morphological differences are slight and its taxonomy therefore needs re - evaluation . it is even possible that it is not a taxon at all , but a result of transport of large - spotted civet ( nandini and mudappa 2010 ) . for the present assessment , the precautionary stance is taken of assuming that malabar civet is a valid taxon , and that it is distinct at the species level .

* * * about 90 % of the people interviewed in a 1990 survey in the area where the malabar large spotted civet is found were not even aware of its existence . those who were aware of it were mainly hunters , trappers and civet rearers . scarcely anyone recognized it as a critically endangered species . ( ashraf et al . 1993 )

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - malabar civet ( viverra civettina ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - malabar civet ( viverra civettina ) " title = " arkive species - malabar civet ( viverra civettina ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

the malabar civet is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix iii of cites ( 2 ) .

☛ the malabar civet is listed in schedule i , part i of the indian wildlife ( protection ) act , 1972 and on cites appendix iii ( india ) .

the malabar large spotted civet has never been observed in trees and possibly forages almost entirely on the ground . evidence suggests that the young are raised in secluded thickets . species of the genus viverra stay in dense cover by day and come out into the open at night . ( ashraf et al . 1993 ; nowak 1999 )

at one time the malabar large spotted civet roamed about southwest india in the districts of malabar and travancore . as more and more humans moved into the area , clearing it for residential , industrial , and agricultural purposes , the forests have nearly disappeared . with the elimination of its habitat , the malabar large spotted civet population declined drastically . by the 1960s , the species was thought to be extinct . however , members of the species were found in the late 1980s , and some isolated groups are still known to exist . one of the reasons for the disappearance of the malabar civet was that they were once hunted as a source of “civet musk , ” a product used in perfumes . the largest threat to the species , however , is the deforestation of its original habitat in the western ghats , which forces the population into tiny isolated areas . the refuge of the last remaining malabar civets during the last decades of the twentieth century was the area’s cashew plantations , which are not weeded and therefore provide the dense thickets the animals can use as their homes . these are now being cleared for rubber plantations .

the malabar large spotted civet ' s original habitat was found in the evergreen rain forest belt in the western ghats of southwest india , where it lived in wooded plains and adjoining hill slopes . natural forests have almost completely disappeared in the entire stretch of the coastal western ghats due to human activities . the present vegetation consists mostly of plantations . the cashew plantations are the least disturbed . they are not weeded and have a dense understory of shrubs and grasses . for a terrestrial species such as the malabar large spotted civet , these thickets can provide important cover . however , it is likely that the cashew plantations are a refuge ' rather than a preferred habitat . furthermore , most captures of this species in the last 30 years have been in valleys , around riparian areas . this suggests possible dependence on shallow waterways where the civet forages at night . ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) the malabar large spotted civet lives in both the western ghats and sri lanka biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . 2005 ) and the western ghats moist forests global 200 ecoregion ( olson & dinerstein 1998 , olson & dinerstein 1999 ) .

the use of civet - musk is said to have been widespread within this species ' s range during 1965 - 1970 ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) . in the past , this species might have been used to collect civet oil , although there are no records to authenticate this claim . small indian civet is still illegally ‘farmed’ and kept in captivity to extract civet , and any remaining malabar civets are likely to be at risk for the same reason .

lynam , a . j . , maung , m . , po , s . h . t . and duckworth , j . w . ( 2005 ) . recent records of large - spotted civet viverra megaspila from thailand and myanmar . small carnivore conservation 32 : 8–11 .

malabar civet viverra civettina has sometimes been included in this species , but the two are usually recognised as separate species ( pocock 1939 , corbet and hill 1992 ) , albeit on thin grounds ( nandini and mudappa 2010 ) .

the masked palm civet or himalayan palm civet ( paguma larvata ) is a species of civet spread across the indian subcontinent and southeast asia , which in recent times was considered to be a likely vector of sars . in 2008 , the iucn classified the species as least concern as it occurs in many protected areas , is tolerant to some degree of habitat modification , and widely distributed with presumed large populations that are unlikely to be declining .

brown palm civet ( paradoxurus jerdoni ) also called the jerdon ' s palm civet is a civet endemic to the western ghats of india . the brown palm civet ' s distribution extends from the southern tip of western ghats in kalakkad mundanthurai tiger reserve to castle rock in goa to the north . brown palm civet is a solitary , nocturnal small carnivore . the brown palm civet is a key mammalian seed disperser in the western ghats rainforest by being predominantly frugivorous and dispersing a diverse array of plant species . their large range and presence within several protected areas have led them to be classified as being of low conservation concern . the brown palm civet occurs in fragmented landscapes containing remnants of tropical rainforest amid commercially exploited land patches such as tea and coffee plantations . their ability to persist in such landscapes depends on the occurrence of a diversity of fruit tree species in these areas ( e . g . , shade trees in coffee plantations ) . however , these areas often do not have large mammalian dispersers and birds like hornbills and large pigeons due to habitat loss and hunting . hence , the brown palm civet gains importance in such human - impacted landscapes as an important disperser and maintains biodiversity . ( source : wikipedia )

the large indian civet ( viverra zibetha ) is a member of the viverrid family native to southeast asia . in 2008 , the iucn classified the species as near threatened , mainly because of the known heavy trade as wild meat .

belt below the western ghats , where it lived in wooded plains and adjoining hill slopes . it was once very common in the coastal districts of malabar and

the small indian civet ( viverricula indica ) or rasse is a species of civet found across south and south - east asia as well as in the indonesian archipelago . in sri lanka ' s sinhala speaking community , this civet is known as kalawedda . the assamese name johamaal refers to its glandular odour similar to a scented rice variety called joha . the species has been introduced to madagascar . ( source : wikipedia )

much of the species ' s range , particularly viet nam and lao pdr but increasingly other areas , has seen very heavy market - driven hunting using often non - selective methods such snaring . this is resulting in huge declines and , evidently , widespread local extirpations of many ground - dwelling mammals ( e . g . , willcox et al . 2014 ) . moreover , there has been an increased demand for civets as luxury food in chinese and viet namese markets ( bell et al . 2004 , lynam et al . 2005 ) . although there has been no specific assessment of the extent to which large - spotted civet is taken , it is likely to be neither positively sought nor actively avoided . w . chutipong ( pers . comm . 2014 ) saw in an internet video of civet - coffee farming in thailand a large - spotted civet ; whether the animal was part of the coffee processing operations or was simply a quirky trophy - pet was not clear .

described the large - spotted civet as varying in colour from silvery - grey to golden - buff or tawny with a black to brown pattern and large or comparatively small spots , which are separated or sometimes fusing into blotches or into vertical stripes behind the shoulders . white bands on the tail are mostly restricted to the sides and lower surface but very seldom form complete rings . adults measure 30–30 . 5 in ( 76–77 cm ) in head and body with a 13–15 . 5 in ( 33–39 cm ) long tail . its weight ranges from 14 . 5–18 . 5 lb ( 6 . 6–8 . 4 kg ) .

the small - toothed palm civet ( arctogalidia trivirgata ) , also known as the three - striped palm civet , is a civet . it lives in dense forests of southeast asia . the diet is varied and omnivorous , and usually consist of insects , small mammals , nesting birds , fruits , frogs and lizards . matching the habits of other palm civets , this species is solitary , arboreal and nocturnal . it is threatened primarily by deforestation , as are many southeast asian forest animals . ( source : wikipedia )

malabar civet is possibly one of the rarest and most threatened species of western ghats . this small carnivore has been pushed to the brink of extinction by hunting and habitat loss . it has long legs with a long grey coat and there is a prominent black , bristly dorsal extending from neck up to the tip of the tail . there are large , black spots on the flanks which do not form any pattern . the tail has five white rings , the last one being only about two inches from the tip .

the rough - toothed dolphin ( steno bredanensis ) is a fairly large dolphin that can be found in deep warm and tropical waters around the world . the species is social . group sizes are commonly as large as fifty and groups as large as 100 have been reported . rough - toothed dolphins adapt well to captivity and have proven to be intelligent and creative . less than a dozen rough - toothed dolphins live in various dolphinariums around the world . ( source : wikipedia )

the asian palm civet ( paradoxurus hermaphroditus ) , also called toddy cat , is a small member of the viverridae family native to south and southeast asia . in 2008 , the iucn classified the species as least concern as it is tolerant of a broad range of habitats , is widely distributed with large populations that are unlikely to be declining . ( source : wikipedia )

there is no reliable information about malabar civet ' s habitat use or other aspects of its ecology . the several descriptions of habitat use are speculative or based in whole or part on confusion with other species . it seems that it once inhabited lowland forests , lowland swamp and riparian forests in the coastal plain districts of the western ghats . village reports suggested occurrence in thickets in cashew plantations and in highly degraded lowland forests in northern kerala ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) . it could possibly occur in lowland riparian forests in the coastal plain districts ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) . based on the natural history of congeners , the species is probably nocturnal , ground - dwelling and readily camera - trapped when present . natural forests have completely disappeared from the coastal western ghats . present vegetation is secondary in origin ( champion and seth 1968 ) , and is mostly plantations ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) . of these , cashew plantations are the least disturbed , because they are not weeded , providing a dense understorey of shrubs and grasses for this ground - living species to take refuge in ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) . the pelt records from 1980 - 1990 were in the region of river valleys , suggesting a possible association with shallow water courses ( ashraf et al , 1993 ) . the closely related large - spotted civet is strongly associated with the forested level lowlands ( e . g . , chutipong et al . 2014 ) ; whether this is also true of malabar civet , which occurs within a rather different small carnivore community ( notably , no other species of viverra overlaps with it ) is unknown .

☛ the main threat to this species is the loss and degradation of forest habitat . in the past , this species was widely used to collect civet oil . it is now threatened by habitat loss and retaliatory killings for raiding poultry .

the rusty - spotted cat ( prionailurus rubiginosus ) is the cat family ' s smallest member and found only in india and sri lanka . being one of the lesser studied south asian carnivores it has been listed as vulnerable by iucn only in 2002 . ( source : wikipedia )

the sri lankan spotted chevrotain or white - spotted chevrotain ( moschiola meminna ) is a species of even - toed ungulate in the tragulidae family . it has been proposed that the populations of moschiola meminna in india and sri lanka be split into two species - moschiola meminna and moschiola indica , however the current accepted name for both populations , according to itis and catalogue of life is still moschiola meminna . in sri lanka , this species is found in the dry zone of sri lanka and is replaced in the wet zone by the yellow - striped chevrotain moschiola kathygre . ( source : wikipedia )

large - spotted civet has been found in many protected areas , particularly in thailand and cambodia ( gray et al . 2014 , chutipong et al . 2014 ) . most of these are not well managed , with some level of hunting , and many comprise largely unsuitable terrain and altitude for the species . some of the pas supporting it in cambodia are afforded high ranking in conservation prioritisation , notably mondulkiri protected forest , and gray et al . ( 2010 ) called for large - spotted civet to be given specific consideration in management of this area . the species is nominally legally protected in most or all range states ( excepting china , apparently ) , but these laws are widely flouted and over large parts of the species ' s present range have no deterrent effect on hunting levels . recent great reductions in gun usage by civilians for hunting in lao pdr and perhaps other countries have led to increased snaring efforts ( in compensation ) ; the latter is probably the more damaging form of hunting for this species ( lynam et al . 2005 ) . the overwhelming need is to secure multiple protected areas across its range by reducing hunting and habitat encroachment to levels not detrimental to this species . a firm legal basis already exists to do this in lao pdr , cambodia , thailand and myanmar . such pas should include khao ang rue nai ws and , perhaps , huai kha khaeng ws , thailand ( the latter already one of the best - protected areas in south - east asia ; the former not ) , mondulkiri protected forest and preah vihear protected forest ( cambodia ) , some in myanmar ( currently with too little information to decide which ) , and perhaps xe pian npa in lao pdr ( although recent information is lacking and regional trends suggest it is quite likely the species will now be very rare there ) .

, this species should be readily snared . despite the massive levels of civet hunting , and the often - taken opportunities to check large numbers of civets in trade , this species is not recorded in the widespread trade in china ( lau et al . , 1997 ; kadoorie farm and botanic garden , 2004 ) and viet nam , which suggests that the populations are already reduced to overall extremely low levels ( scott roberton and wang ying - xiang , nguyen xuan dang , michael lau pers . comm . ) .

the chital or cheetal ( axis axis ) , also known as chital deer , spotted deer or axis deer is a deer which commonly inhabits wooded regions of sri lanka , nepal , bangladesh , bhutan , india , and in small numbers in pakistan . it is the most common deer species in indian forests . ( source : wikipedia )

the large - eared pika ( ochotona macrotis ) is a species of mammal in the ochotonidae family . it is found in afghanistan , china , india , kazakhstan , kyrgyzstan , nepal , pakistan , and tajikistan . ( source : wikipedia )

malabar civet is listed in schedule i , part i of the indian wildlife ( protection ) act , 1972 and on cites appendix iii ( india ) . this species is not known to occur in any protected area and the declaration of large new protected areas in its range is unlikely because of the dense human populations ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) . ashraf et a l . ( 1993 ) recommended the following conservation actions for this species : captive breeding ( with the possibility of reintroduction if suitable undisturbed areas are identified ) , field surveys ( to investigate whether this species occurs in protected areas ) and ecological studies ( to determine the threats to this species ) . an urgent conservation action plan is needed . given that recently it has been not possible to find the species at all , the option of captive breeding is not currently practical . reintroduction , assuming that some environmental threats have dissipated the populations , it would need considerable amount of work to nullify those threats having firstly established what they are . field survey should be continued , although many in the last decade have not yielded any positive results ( jayson et al . 2007 , rao et al . 2007 , ashraf et al . 2009 ) . as noted by nandini and mudappa ( 2010 ) in a detailed review of the knowledge of the malabar civet , none of the historical specimens have reliable provenance ; and even for the more recent ones it is fairly vague : not one has a precise wild locality of origin . it therefore is imperative to assess the status of the specimens in various museums and collections using advanced techniques of molecular genetics . this should consider whether the species is in fact a valid taxon native to india , or an incidental result of the wide trans - shipment of various civet species that occurred around the indian ocean counties for many centuries .

the dhole is highly social animal , living in large clans which occasionally split up into small packs to hunt . it primarily preys on medium - sized ungulates , which it hunts by tiring them out in long chases , and kills by disemboweling them . unlike most social canids ( but similar to african wild dogs ) , dholes let their pups eat first at a kill . though fearful of humans , dhole packs are bold enough to attack large and dangerous animals such as wild boar , water buffalo , and even tigers .

) , also called orca , or blackfish , is a toothed whale belonging to the oceanic dolphin family . killer whales are found in all oceans , from the frigid arctic and antarctic regions to tropical seas . killer whales as a species have a diverse diet including fish , sea lions , seals , walruses and even large whales . killer whales are regarded as apex predators , lacking natural predators and preying on even large sharks . being an apex predator , the killer whale is particularly at risk of poisoning from accumulation of toxins , including polychlorinated biphenyls

fraser ' s dolphin ( lagenodelphis hosei ) or sarawak dolphin is a cetacean in the family delphinidae found in deep waters in the pacific ocean and to a lesser extent in the indian and atlantic oceans . fraser dolphins ' swim quickly in large tightly packed groups of about 100 to 1000 in number . often porpoising , the group chop up the water tremendously . the sight of seeing a large group fleeing from a fishing vessels has been reported as " very dramatic " . it is also marked by having the smallest genitalia of any open sea dolphin . ( source : wikipedia )

a century ago because of extensive conversion of forest to agriculture . coastal plain forest was never extensive in its presumed range because the western ghats hill range run quite close to the coast along its length . natural forests have completely disappeared from the coastal western ghats ( champion and seth 1968 ) . land - use and habitat changes have not been too drastic in the last century within the assumed distribution range of the malabar civet . the records late in this period , if they were of wild animals , therefore suggest an ability to persist in today ' s habitat matrix , specifically in deforested areas and / or forest above the plains . in either case , many areas of potentially suitable habitat persist . thus , habitat factors alone are unlikely to have been an unlikely driver of

☛ natural forests have completely disappeared in the entire stretch of coastal western ghats , thus the present vegetation is of secondary origin , and is mostly plantations . however , cashew plantations , which may hold most of the surviving populations of this species , are threatened by large - scale clearance for planting rubber trees .

the onager ( equus hemionus ) is a large member of the genus equus of the family equidae ( horse family ) native to the deserts of syria , iran , pakistan , india , israel and tibet . it is sometimes known as the wild asian ass . onagers are a little larger than donkeys and they are notoriously untameable .

the pantropical spotted dolphin ( stenella attenuata ) is a species of dolphin found in all the world ' s temperate and tropical oceans . the species was beginning to come under threat due to the killing of millions of individuals in tuna purse seines . the 1980s saw the rise of " dolphin - friendly " tuna capture methods in order to save millions of the species in the eastern pacific ocean and it is now one of the most abundant dolphin species in the world . ( source : wikipedia )

the spotted linsang ( prionodon pardicolor ) is a linsang found in the forests of the central and eastern himalaya . it is short , light coloured , and has a slender body with a pointed head and small limbs . it stalks its prey by crawling on its belly , when it is often mistaken for a python or other heavy - built poisonous snakes due to its slender appearance . its diet consists of insects , rodents , lizards , birds and small mammals . it weighs less than 1 kilogram . ( source : wikipedia )

the population status is unknown but the lack of any even possible record since the advent of widespread camera - trapping suggests that very few animals , at most , persist . three recent attempts to find the species failed ( jayson et al . 2007 , rao et al . 2007 , ashraf et al . 2009 ) . this species was formerly believed to be very common in the districts of malabar and travancore in southwest india , based on jerdon ( 1874 ) . however , nandini and mudappa ( 2010 ) concluded that jerdon’s statements were a case of misidentification of the more common ( even now ) small indian civet , supporting pocock’s ( 1933 ) doubts about jerdon’s report . but by the late 1960s it was thought to be near extinction . no sighting was claimed until 1987 ; then , and subsequently , there have been no confirmed records of wild or captive animals : only equivocal sightings ( without any supporting evidence to confirm the species identification ) and dead animals plausibly from captivity ( nandini and mudappa 2010 ) .

the urial ( ovis orientalis ) , also known as the arkars or shapo , is a species of wild sheep . noticeable features are the reddish - brown long fur that fades during winter ; males are characterized by a black ruff stretching from the neck to the chest and large horns . it is primarily found in western central asia , but populations also exist in ladakh ( source : wikipedia )

bryde ' s whales are baleen whales , one of the " great whales " or rorquals . they prefer tropical and temperate waters over the polar seas that other whales in their family frequent . they are largely coastal rather than pelagic . bryde ' s whales are very similar in appearance to sei whales and almost as large . they inhabit tropical and subtropical waters worldwide . ( source : wikipedia )

the brown bear ( ursus arctos ) is a large bear distributed across much of northern eurasia and north america . it can weigh from 300 to 780 kilograms and its largest subspecies , the kodiak bear , rivals the polar bear as the largest member of the bear family and as the largest land - based predator . grizzly bears form a very small population in northern himalayas in india . ( source : wikipedia )

the markhor ( capra falconeri ) is a large species of wild goat that is found in northeastern afghanistan , pakistan , jammu and kashmir in india , southern tajikistan and southern uzbekistan . the species is classed by the iucn as endangered , as there are fewer than 2 , 500 mature individuals which continued to decline by an estimated 20 % over 2 generations . the markhor is the national animal of pakistan . ( source : wikipedia )

the snow leopard is perhaps the most endangered of the large cats , with an estimated population of only 400 to 700 individuals in five himalayan states in india . this species suffers from intense conflicts with rural communities , habitat degradation and depletion of natural prey base , poaching for its exquisite fur and valuable bones ( used in traditional chinese medicine ) . the state of jammu & kashmir has the distinction of harbouring a major portion of existing snow leopard population in india .

the sambar ( rusa unicolor ) is a large deer native to southern and southeast asia . although it primarily refers to r . unicolor , the name sambar is also sometimes used to refer to the philippine deer ( called the philippine sambar ) and the rusa deer ( called the sunda sambar ) . the sambar inhabits much of southern asia , from southern china to indonesia . genetic analysis shows that the closest living relative of the sambar is probably the javan rusa of indonesia . ( source : wikipedia )

the gaur ( pronounced / ˈɡaʊər / ) ( bos gaurus , previously bibos gauris ) is a large , dark - coated forest ungulate of south asia and southeast asia . the largest populations are found today in india . the gaur belongs to the bovinae subfamily , which also includes bison , domestic cattle , yak and water buffalo . the gaur is the largest species of wild cattle , bigger than the african buffalo , the extinct aurochs ( the ancestor of domestic cattle ) , wild water buffalo or bison .

the short - finned pilot whale ( globicephala macrorhynchus ) is one of the two species of cetacean in the genus globicephala . it is part of the oceanic dolphin family ( delphinidae ) , though its behaviour is closer to that of the larger whales . short - finned pilot whales are very sociable and are rarely seen alone . they are found in groups of ten to thirty , though some pods are as large as sixty . hey are known as the ' cheetahs of the deep ' for the high speed pursuits of squids at depths of hundreds of metres . ( source : wikipedia )

dugong ( dugong dugon ) is the only herbivorous mammal that is strictly marine and the only member of the order sirenia found in india . dugongs are restricted to coastal shallow marine habitats and grazes on the sea grass meadows in coastal waters and are therefore called as “sea cows” . in india , it is one of the most seriously endangered species of large mammals . dugongs are vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures as they are solely dependent on sea grasses in coastal areas , which now have been seriously damaged by mining , trawling etc . dugongs have also been hunted for their meat , oil , hides , bones and teeth .

the indian rhinoceros ( rhinoceros unicornis ) is also called greater one - horned rhinoceros and asian one - horned rhinoceros and belongs to the rhinocerotidae family . listed as a vulnerable species , the large mammal is primarily found in parts of north - eastern india and in protected areas in the terai of nepal , where populations are confined to the riverine grasslands in the foothills of the himalayas . the indian rhinoceros once ranged throughout the entire stretch of the indo - gangetic plain but excessive hunting reduced their natural habitat drastically . today , about 3 , 000 rhinos live in the wild , 2 , 000 of which are found in india ' s assam alone . ( source : wikipedia )

the indian pangolin ( manis crassicaudata ) is a pangolin that is found in many parts of india and some parts of pakistan and sri lanka . like other pangolins , it has large , overlapping scales on the body which act like armour . it can also curl itself into a ball as self defence against predators such as the tiger . it is an insectivore and feeds on ants and termites , digging them out of their mounds using its long claws that are as long as its forelimbs . it lives mainly in burrows and is known to climb trees . it is also considered to be a curious animal and has been killed for so - called medicinal value . ( source : wikipedia )

the dugong ( dugong dugon ) is a large marine mammal which , together with the manatees , is one of four living species of the order sirenia . it is the only living representative of the once - diverse family dugongidae ; its closest modern relative , steller ' s sea cow ( hydrodamalis gigas ) , was hunted to extinction in the 18th century . it is also the only sirenian in its range , which spans the waters of at least 37 countries throughout the indo - pacific , though the majority of dugongs live in the northern waters of australia . the dugong is the only strictly - marine herbivorous mammal , as all species of manatee utilize fresh water to some degree . ( source : wikipedia )

the fin whale ( balaenoptera physalus ) , also called the finback whale , razorback , or common rorqual , is a marine mammal belonging to the suborder of baleen whales . it is the second largest whale and the second largest living animal after the blue whale , growing to nearly 27 meters . like all other large whales , the fin whale was heavily hunted during the twentieth century and is an endangered species . almost 750 , 000 fin whales were taken from the southern hemisphere alone between 1904 and 1979 and less than 3 , 000 currently remain in that region . the international whaling commission ( iwc ) has issued a moratorium on commercial hunting of this whale , although iceland and japan have resumed hunting . ( source : wikipedia )

the yak ( bos grunniens ) , is a long - haired bovine found throughout the himalayan region of south central asia , the tibetan plateau and as far north as mongolia and russia . in addition to a large domestic population , there is a small , vulnerable wild yak population . in the 1990 ' s , a concerted effort was undertaken to help save the wild yak population . domesticated yaks are kept primarily for their milk , fibre and meat , and as beasts of burden . their dried dung is an important fuel , used all over tibet , and is often the only fuel available on the high treeless tibetan plateau . yaks transport goods across mountain passes for local farmers and traders as well as for climbing and trekking expeditions . ( source : wikipedia )

the sun bear ( ursus malayanus ) , sometimes known as the honey bear , is a bear found primarily in the tropical rainforests of southeast asia . adult sun bears have almost no predators except humans , due to their fierce reputation and formidable teeth . occasionally , they may be overwhelmed by tigers , or large reticulated pythons . the recent decline in the sun bear population can be largely attributed to the hunting of " nuisance bears " that destroy crops and widespread poaching driven by the market for their fur and for their bile , which is used in chinese medicine . sometimes , sun bears are captured or bred to be domestic pets . the iucn reclassified the sun bear from " data deficient " to " vulnerable " status in 2007 . ( source : wikipedia )

the sei whale ( pronounced / ˈseɪ / or / ˈsaɪ / ) , balaenoptera borealis , is a baleen whale , the third - largest rorqual after the blue whale and the fin whale . it inhabits most oceans and adjoining seas , and prefers deep offshore waters . it is among the fastest of all cetaceans , and can reach speeds of up to 50 kilometres per hour over short distances . following large - scale commercial whaling during the late - nineteenth and twentieth centuries , when over 238 , 000 whales were taken , the sei whale is now internationally protected , although limited hunting occurs under controversial research programmes conducted by iceland and japan . as of 2006 , its worldwide population was about 54 , 000 , about a fifth of its pre - whaling population . ( source : wikipedia )

the wild water buffalo ( bubalis bubalis arnee or ' bubalus arnee ) is a large ungulate , a member of the bovine subfamily and the ancestor of the domestic water buffalo . it is the second largest wild bovid , smaller only than the gaur . it is an endangered species , thought to survive in ( from west to east ) india , nepal , bhutan , myanmar and thailand . wild asian water buffalo are extinct in pakistan , bangladesh , laos and viet nam . ( source : wikipedia ) although domesticated water buffalo are thriving and are distributed well beyond their native range , true wild water buffalo are in jeopardy . it may be that no true wild water buffalo exist , but have been lost to interbreeding with domesticated or feral buffalo . ( source : encyclopedia of life through animal diversity web )

the humpback whale ( megaptera novaeangliae ) is a species of baleen whale . it is an acrobatic animal , often breaching and slapping the water . found in oceans and seas around the world , humpback whales typically migrate up to 25 , 000 kilometres each year . humpbacks feed only in summer , in polar waters , and migrate to tropical or sub - tropical waters to breed and give birth in the winter . like other large whales , the humpback was and is a target for the whaling industry . due to over - hunting , its population fell by an estimated 90 % before a whaling moratorium was introduced in 1966 . stocks have since partially recovered ; however , entanglement in fishing gear , collisions with ships , and noise pollution also remain concerns . there are at least 80 , 000 humpback whales worldwide . ( source : wikipedia )

the red fox ( vulpes vulpes ) is the largest of the true foxes , as well as being the most geographically spread member of the carnivora , being distributed across the entire northern hemisphere from the arctic circle to north africa , central america , and the steppes of asia . its range has increased alongside human expansion , having been introduced to australasia , where it is considered harmful to native mammal and bird populations . because of these factors , it is listed as least concern for extinction by the iucn . the species has a long history of association with humans , having been extensively hunted as a pest and furbearer for centuries , as well as being prominently represented in human folklore and mythology . because of its widespread distribution and large population , the red fox is one of the most important furbearing animals harvested for the fur trade . ( source : wikipedia )

nine species of vultures are recorded from india of which five belong to the genus gyps . three gyps vultures , namely the oriental rumped vulture ( owrv ) gyps bengalensis , long - billed vulture ( lbv ) gyps indicus and slender - billed vulture ( sbv ) gyps tenuirostris are residents , and the remaining two , the eurasian griffon vulture gyps fulvus and himalayan griffon vulture gyps himalayensis are largely wintering species . owrv and lbv were abundant across india until the 1990s . vultures are nature ' s most efficient scavengers . the gyps vultures are specialized to feed on the soft tissue of the large ungulate carcasses . they play a vital role in the ecosystem by cleaning up the rotten carcasses left in the open . the population of gyps vultures in the indian subcontinent has crashed since 1990s onwards . the populations of owrv , sbv and lbv had declined by around 97 % during the last two decades . veterinary use of the non - steroidal anti inflammatory drug ' diclofenac ' is the main cause attributed for this drastic population decline .

the snow leopard ( uncia uncia or panthera uncia ) is a moderately large cat native to the mountain ranges of south asia and central asia . the classification of this species has been subject to change and its exact taxonomic position will not be resolved until further studies are conducted . snow leopards live between 3 , 000 and 5 , 500 metres above sea level in the rocky mountain ranges of central asia . their secretive nature means that their exact numbers are unknown , but it has been estimated that between 3 , 500 and 7 , 000 snow leopards exist in the wild and between 600 and 700 in zoos worldwide . snow leopards cannot roar , despite possessing some ossification of the hyoid bone . this ossification was previously thought to be essential for allowing the big cats to roar , but new studies show that the ability to roar is due to other morphological features , especially of the larynx , which are absent in the snow leopard . snow leopard vocalizations include hisses , chuffing , mews , growls , and wailing . ( source : wikipedia )


gymnoscelis admixtaria is a moth in the geometridae family .

it was described by walker in 1862 .

it is found in sri lanka , india and japan .

gymnoscelis admixtaria

gymnoscelis admixtaria <EOT> gymnoscelis yurikae is a moth in the geometridae family that is endemic to japan .

gymnoscelis daniloi is a moth in the geometridae family that is endemic to cape verde .

the double - striped pug ( gymnoscelis rufifasciata ) is a moth of the family geometridae .

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

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eupithecia dentifascia hampson , 1891 , illustr . typical specimens lep . het . colln br . mus . , 8 : 117 .

bastelberger , 1905 , ent . zeits . ( guben ) , 19 : 76 , syn . n . eupithecia eupitheciata walker sensu holloway , 1976 : 67 .

both this and the next species have forewing facies as in the generic description . the anterior half of the forewing postmedial is straight in dentifascia , slightly concave distad in intentata walker . the hindwing of the male in the latter is reduced in size , rather triangular , grading from pale fawn basally to brown distally , without the fasciation seen in male dentifascia and females of both species . examination of the genitalia is recommended to confirm identity .

true m . eupitheciata walker appears to be restricted to the australasian tropics . the ductus bursa in the female is unsclerotised , the seventh segment unmodified and the boomerang signum narrow . in both bornean species the ductus is sclerotised and the seventh segment modified .

all bornean material seen was taken between 1200m and 2110m on g . kinabalu .

hampson , 1893 , illustr . typical specimens lep . het . colln . br . mus . , 9 : 154 .

the taxon malachitis is brought into synonymy with filicata as the new guinea race . the male genitalia differ little from those of himalayan filicata . the australian thalassia turner may also prove to be a race of filicata .

n . e . himalaya , borneo ; sulawesi ( ssp . mochleutes ) ; seram , new guinea ( ssp . malachitis ) .

the only bornean specimen seen is a female from 1930m on g . kinabalu .

a related , somewhat more strongly marked , undescribed species occurs in seram and new guinea .

most records are from g . kinabalu : 450m at poring hot springs to 1930m on the main ascent . one specimen was taken in a cocoa plantation at tuaran in 1997 .