invasor ( foaled august 3 , 2002 ) is a thoroughbred racehorse bred in argentina by haras clausan ( haras santa ines ) .

the winner of the 2005 triple crown in uruguay , he was later purchased by sheik hamdan bin rashid al maktoum , who paid approximately us$ 1.4 million for the horse .

his two biggest wins were the 2006 breeders ' cup classic , in which he defeated heavily favored bernardini and highly fancied lava man , and the 2007 dubai world cup , the world 's richest horse race .

he finished racing with a record of eleven wins in twelve starts and career earnings of $ 7,804,070 .

he was voted the eclipse award for american horse of the year and led the year-end world thoroughbred racehorse rankings in 2006 .

in 2013 he was inducted into the national museum of racing and hall of fame in saratoga springs , new york .

invasor ( horse )

invasor ( horse ) <EOT> discreet cat is the only horse to have defeated invasor , finishing seven lengths ahead in the uae derby last march . invasor was fourth .

invasor wins the 2007 dubai world cup . ( trevor jones / blood - horse library )

invasor wins the 2006 breeders ' cup classic . ( alexander barkoff / blood - horse library )

the word " invasor " for his 2006 horse of the year is stitched in white lettering .

topics : barb clark , cobra , horse breed , horse breed profiles , horse breeds , p . r . e , p . r . e horses , pura raza española , pura raza española horse breed , pure spanish horse , pure spanish horse breed , pure spanish horses , spain , the foundation for the pure spanish horse

horse of the year and champion older horse invasor will stand at uruguay ' s haras cuatro piedras for three years , beginning with the 2015 southern hemisphere season .

invasor is the first thoroughbred to have won horse of the year honors in both the northern and southern hemispheres .

the horse illustrated article goes on to explain ( somewhat contradictory if the two horses are supposed to be a single breed ) how the lusitano developed from bullfighting and the spanish horse developed from a driving horse and a horse of beauty .

both argentinians and uruguayans saluted invasor as the “horse of the rio plata” ( the river that forms the border between argentina and uruguay ) .

the same three had captured the belmont stakes with a colt named jazil . now they probably have the horse of the year in invasor .

invasor , the 2006 horse of the year , will arrive in uruguay in time for the start of the southern hemisphere breeding season in august .

original blog post : great galloper invasor and fondly remembered as the second best horse of his generation behind the phenomenal deep impact . pinkline jones obe

invasor was inducted into the national museum of racing’s hall of fame in 2013 .

kiaran mclaughlin , invasor ' s trainer , didn ' t share those concerns .

the expected showdown between invasor and the godolphin - owned discreet cat never materialised .

hallandale beach , fla . - - invasor is ready for his 2007 debut .

dr . fager recorded one of the greatest campaigns in the annals of american racing when he was named horse of the year , champion older horse , champion grass horse and champion sprinter in 1968 .

blog reply : i ' d rate invasor higher than ghostzapper . in fact he ' s probably the best - performed us older horse since cigar .

dubai ( reuters ) - invasor lived up to his billing as the world’s best horse by landing the dubai world cup at nad al sheba on saturday .

" he was just a neat horse , " mclaughlin said . " he was a fabulous horse for our family and our people . "

third place finisher premium tap in the paddock . his trainer john kimmel said , " honestly , i figured bernardini was the horse to beat . i never thought invasor would win off that layoff . he ( invasor ) proved that he ' s no fluke . my horse ran an a - race and it just shows that he belongs . " jockey edgar prado added , " honestly , i figured bernardini was the horse to beat . i never thought invasor would win off that layoff . ( invasor ) proved that he ' s no fluke . my horse ran an a - race and it just shows that he belongs . "

but that was not the last time pablo would see invasor . he traveled to dubai to watch him run in the uae derby , and , of course , he was at churchill downs to witness his horse and the pride of uruguay become an international superstar and horse of the year on two continents . when invasor added the dubai world cup the following year , he was crowned horse of the world .

the training of racehorses , simply expressed , is maintaining a horse in the best condition to run . exercise and feeding programs and knowledge of the individual horse are factors involved . a good trainer selects a jockey who suits the horse and , perhaps more important , enters the horse in suitable races . a trainer of a horse for a classic race not only must develop the horse into peak condition but must time the development so that the horse reaches its peak on a certain day , which is the most difficult art of all .

in his previous races , bernardini had never been looked in the eye by another horse . fernando jara , the jockey on invasor , intended his mount to do so .

horse of the year and champion older horse invasor will stand at uruguay’s haras cuatro piedras for three years , beginning with the 2015 southern hemisphere season . the daily racing form reports that shadwell stud near lexington , ky . , will partner with haras cuatro piedras on his ongoing career . invasor began his racing career in uruguay , capturing [ … ]

blog reply : invasor = suzuki hayabusa gsx1300r . deep impact = mulga bill ' s bicycle .

in june 2007 , the horse illustrated magazine , a national u . s . horse magazine , featured a beautiful photograph of a white spanish horse in traditional tack on the front cover . the front cover reads “pure majesty andalusian & lusitano horses” .

as , is decorated with a bust of invasor , still considered the greatest racehorse in uruguayan history .

invasor , ridden by fernando jara , surprised bernardini in the stretch to win the breeders cup classic .

invasor has won nine of 10 career races , with his only loss coming in dubai , in the uae derby . however , the horse is owned by dubai ' s sheik hamdan , and invasor ' s next stop will be the $ 6 million dubai world cup on march 31 .

but are horses from hong kong and japan ready to beat the world ? yes . and is invasor , the american - uruguayan - argentine super - horse , for real ? absolutely .

for his achievements , invasor was voted horse of the year and champion older male at the 2006 eclipse awards . in 2007 , he returned as strongly as ever and won the donn handicap at

jockey fernando jara gives the thumbs up in the winner ' s circle after winning the classic aboard invasor .

invasor was last seen winning the breeders ' cup classic in november at churchill downs in louisville , ky .

heading into the 2006 breeders’ cup classic , invasor wasn’t favored to win the classic or horse of the year honors—bernardini and lava man had both compiled impressive records and were the preferred choices , but when invasor beat them both in the classic , he was an undeniable choice for horse of the year , a huge rise given that he had started the year by finishing fourth in the uae derby .

but the biggest race of his career—the breeders’ cup classic at churchill downs —was still to come . invasor’s preparations didn’t go as smoothly as hoped ; plans to run invasor in the jockey club gold cup had to be scrapped when the colt developed a fever , meaning that invasor would enter the classic having not raced in nearly three months .

trainer kiaran mclaughlin will see invasor inducted into the hall of fame . ( smith , bryan , freelance nydn )

invasor , bred in argentina , won his first five races in uruguay before he was purchased by sheik hamdan .

sword dancer was champion 3 - year - old and horse of the year for 1959 .

" we ' re giving up weight to each horse , but he ' s the horse of the year and he just won at 124 pounds , " trainer kiaran mclaughlin said .

described as a “once in a lifetime” horse by trainer kiaran mclaughlin , invasor defined himself as an elite thoroughbred by winning in three countries , at seven tracks and in some of the world’s most prestigious races .

to date , invasor has been a great disappointment with only four stakes winners to his credit as of october 2016 .

horse racing : school ' s out in dubai as asian and u . s . horses star

previously unbeaten and the only horse to have been beaten invasor when he triumphed in the uae derby on world cup night last year , discreet cat proved a major disappointment and trailed in last of seven under frankie dettori .

nowadays , invasor resides as a stallion at haras cuatro piedras in uruguay , located just a half - hour away from maronas racetrack , where invasor first lit up the racing world with his brilliance . ten years after his u . s . exploits earned him horse of the year , he’s back home again , and remains a living legend .

bred and owned by christopher t . chenery , hill prince won six of seven starts as a juvenile before a horse of the year campaign at age 3 and further success as an older horse .

retired with 11 wins from 12 starts for earnings of more than $ 7 . 8 million , invasor was named horse of the year and champion older male in 2006 and was inducted into racing’s hall of fame in 2013 .

tom fool was champion 2 - year - old in 1951 and horse of the year in 1953 .

in one book . . . insiders tips . . . history of the spanish horse . . .

blog reply : " invasor = ferrari deep impact = volkswagen beetle " why even bother ? i ' m sure in uruguay they are claiming invasor as their best ever galloper pink . . . both champions , a pity to see invasor ' s career curtailed through injury . at least deep impact may get to make ( insert his name ) with many mares during his retirement !

after a quick introduction , we hopped into his truck to take the short drive over to invasor’s paddock . with pockets loaded full of peppermints , we disembarked from the truck to visit with the horse i had missed so dearly .

this entry was posted in bloodstock and tagged blushing groom , candy stripes , haras cuatro piedras , horse racing , invasor , shadwell farm , shadwell stud , thoroughbred , uruguay , uruguay breeding by paulick report staff . bookmark the permalink .

" we were very pleased and happy , " mclaughlin said of invasor ' s induction . " it was great to have the privilege of training such a great horse , probably the best horse i ' ll ever train . i hope there ' s another one , but it ' s going to be difficult to duplicate his career . "

2005 triple crown winner , champion 3 - year - old colt & horse of the year in uruguay .

french - bred filly all along won four major races in the span of 41 days during 1983 en route to becoming the first foreign - based horse to be voted horse of the year in the united states .

named after the guns of war , ack ack was the final horse bred and raced by harry guggenheim .

horse racing at the galway race course , ballybrit , county galway , connaught ( connacht ) , ireland .

invasor won 11 of 12 career starts , including six grade 1 or group 1 events , while becoming a champion on two continents .

invasor , with fernando jara around , drew the inside no . 1 post position for the 1 1 / 8 - mile race .

fernando jara , riding invasor of argentina , rides to win the dubai world cup march 31 , 2007 . the dubai world cup , with a cash prize of 3 million pounds , is horse racing ' s richest prize . reuters / ahmed jadallah

an 11 - year - old son of candy stripes , invasor was bred by haras clausan in argentina . invasor won his first five starts in south america during 2005 , including a sweep of uruguay’s triple crown : the uruguayan 2000 guineas , gran premio jockey club , and uruguayan derby . he was honored as uruguay’s horse of the year and champion 3 - year - old colt .

“sheik mo , ” as he is known in the bluegrass , also sustained a setback — although a far lesser one . when invasor rushed past bernardini in the stretch for an emphatic length victory , sheik mohammed saw bernardini’s six - race winning streak snapped and his bid for horse of the year honors dashed . to compound matters , invasor is owned by his brother , sheik hamdan .

when invasor crossed the line at the head of affairs in the dubai world cup ( gr . 1 ) recently , with discreet cat trailing many lengths in his wake , there were those who thought that , knowing his comprehensive defeat of bernadini in the breeders cup classic gr . 1 back in november , invasor might have staked his claim to being the best horse in the world .

bred in argentina and born in 2002 , invasor’s ancestors hailed from all over the world . his sire , candy stripes , was born in the united states but was a son of the french - bred stallion blushing groom . furthermore , invasor’s dam , quendom , was an argentinean - bred with argentinean ancestors of her own , and farther back in invasor’s pedigree were horses that hailed from great britain and france .

barb clark : the spanish horse has been bred for centuries to be the perfect horse . their origins came about in a time when lives depended upon having an athletic , willing , functional and sturdy breed that looked majestic and beautiful . no other horse has been selected for these traits throughout centuries . if you ask anyone who owns a pure spanish horse how they would change the breed chances are you will get this answer ; “how can you change perfection ? ” this horse is unique and once you have one it is difficult to consider any other breed .

invasor’s achievements soon caught the attention of shadwell stable , which purchased the unbeaten colt for $ 1 . 5 million and transferred him from trainer anibal san martin to kiaran mclaughlin . in his first race outside of uruguay , invasor disappointed when fourth in the uae derby at nad al sheba in dubai , but the disappointment was only temporary . as things would turn out , the uae derby would mark invasor’s only defeat .

as a 4 - year - old , invasor won the eclipse awards for horse of the year and champion older male thanks to grade 1 victories in the pimlico special , suburban handicap , whitney handicap and breeders’ cup classic . in the breeders’ cup classic , invasor defeated the favored bernardini , winner of that year’s preakness and travers , as well as standout lava man and european champion george washington .

winner of nine of 10 starts , invasor , owned by sheikh hamdan bin rashid al maktoum ' s shadwell stable and trained by kiaran mclaughlin , will be the first horse of the year to race the following year since ghostzapper won the title in 2004 .

who is invasor ? invasor was the top rated horse in the world in 2006 . he was u . s . horse of the year in 2006 . he was top rated horse in the world until retirement in 2007 . he is the sire to both our pennsylvania and new york offering . invasor was unquestionably one of the best racehorses in the world over the past ten years . one could argue the case for him being the best racehorse in the past ten years . what did he do ? invasor won 11 of 12 lifetime races and earned $ 7 . 8 million dollars . he raced in 9 grade 1 races world - wide , winning all nine . from may of 2006 to march of 2007 he won 6 grade 1 races at 6 different racetracks . horses left in his wake included : bernardini , discreet cat , premium tap , lawyer ron , sun king , flower alley , lava man , perfect drift , george washington , suave , david junior , wilko , wanderin boy , west virginia , ap arrow . he was rated best horse in the world . he was voted u . s . horse of the year .

left : sheikh mohammed bin rashid al maktoum presents the trophy to his older brother sheikh hamdan bin rashid al maktoum , the owner of invasor .

invasor covered the course in 1 minute , 59 . 97 seconds , just off the record of 1 : 59 : 50 set by dubai millennium in 2000 . it was only the second time a horse had run the world cup in less than 2 minutes .

- an interactive social network game that allows horse racing fans and social gamers to train and care for thoroughbred horses .

invasor was privately purchased by shadwell in december 2005 . in his first start for sheikh hamdan bin rashid al maktoum and trainer kiaran mclaughlin , the horse suffered his only loss , finishing fourth to discreet cat in the group 2 u . a . e . derby .

now at horseracingfans . net . invasor wins the breeders cup classic championship , ending preakness winner bernardini ' s six - race winning streak . the argentina - bred horse was previously raced in uruguay where he won that country ' s triple crown . invasor ' s jockey fernando jara is the youngest to win the belmont stakes ( on jazil this year ) , and now the youngest to win the breeders cup classic .

yet despite facing a terrific field that included preakness stakes winner bernardini and california superstar lava man , invasor prevailed . racing much farther off the pace than usual , invasor unleashed a huge rally around the far turn then kept on surging in the homestretch to reel in bernardini and triumph by a length .

invasor won nine top - level grade 1 races during his career ; three in uruguay , five in the united states , and one in dubai .

invasor’s clocking of 1 : 59 . 97 in the 2007 dubai world cup is the second - fastest winning time in the history of the race .

shipped to the united states , invasor won three consecutive grade 1 stakes during spring and summer of 2006 : the pimlico special , suburban handicap , and whitney handicap . a fever forced him to miss his final planned prep for the breeders’ cup classic . but despite entering north america’s richest race off a three - month layoff , invasor handily defeated bernardini , locking down honors as horse of the year and champion older male .

organizations have long criticized horse racing . activists have sought to expose horse doping , institute a ban on horse whipping by jockeys , limit the number of races a horse ( especially three years old and younger ) can run in a season , and eliminate dirt tracks in favour of safer synthetic surfaces . two notable tragedies in the early 21st century helped propel calls for reform : the shattering of bones in one of kentucky derby champion barbaro’s legs just seconds after the start of the preakness stakes in 2006 ( the horse was euthanized eight months later ) and the death of three horses during production of the tv series

horse racing : school ' s out in dubai as asian and u . s . horses star - the new york times

“he’s a special horse , if i made a mistake or fernando did he would overcome it - he’s that good . ”

bred in argentina by haras clausan , invasor was a bay son of candy stripes out of the interprete mare quendom . after breaking his maiden in his career debut in uruguay as a 3 - year - old in february of 2005 , invasor went on to win the uruguayan triple crown that year , capturing the polla de potrillos , gran premio jockey club and the gran premio nacional , all group 1 events . trained as a 3 - year - old by anibal san martin , invasor won all five of his starts in 2005 and was named horse of the year in uruguay .

bred by haras clausan ( now haras santa ines ) , invasor was owned by pablo hernandez and brothers juan luis and luis alberto vio bado , who purchased invasor for the equivalent of us $ 20 , 000 . after invasor ' s sweep of the uruguayan triple crown , they sold the colt to shadwell stable ( sheikh hamdan bin rashid al maktoum ) for a reported us $ 1 . 4 million . invasor was trained in uruguay by anibal san martin and in north america by kiaran mclaughlin . retired june 23 , 2007 , after fracturing a sesamoid while training at belmont park for the suburban handicap ( g1 ) ; he had previously injured the same ankle as a young horse in uruguay , requiring surgery . invasor entered stud in 2008 in kentucky at shadwell farm . he began a three - year deal to stand the southern hemisphere season at haras cuatro pietras , uruguay , in 2015 .

invasor remained in training the following season , and fans showed their appreciation as he arrived on the scene for the grade 1 donn handicap at gulfstream park .

when the moment of truth arrived on saturday , invasor took charge , moving into the lead in the final bend and turning back a challenge from premium tap to win by a length and three - quarters . discreet cat ran last for most of the race and eventually finished there , 23 lengths behind invasor .

bred and owned by sam riddle , crusader was sired by man o’ war out of the star shoot mare star fancy . crusader was recognized as horse of the year in 1926 and became the first horse to win consecutive runnings of the suburban handicap .

leaving shadwell that day , my heart was full and empty at the same time . you wouldn’t imagine a horse to invoke such an emotional reaction , especially not a horse you only meet a handful of times . that’s horse racing , though . there’s something about our hallowed sport that summons such feelings that cannot be replicated any other way or be explained . invasor was that to me , and i hope for as great things to come from his return to uruguay as those that came when he left his native land to invade america .

2006 hoty and champion older male in the usa - - only american horse of the year to win six consecutive g1 races .

turn the page one more time and you’ll see “breed of the month ; andalusians and lusitanos . check out an exclusive photo gallery of these beautiful horses from spain and portugal . chat with other andalusian and lusitano horse enthusiasts in the horse talk forums ! ”

after his championship 2006 season , invasor won the 2007 donn handicap and ended his career in style with a victory in the $ 6 million dubai world cup .

hall of famer invasor will return to his south american roots to stand at uruguay’s haras cuatro piedras for three years , beginning with the 2015 southern hemisphere season .

urltoken - invasor wins the dubai world cup at nad al sheba race course , avenging his only career loss at the same track in the 2006 uae derby .

invasor sent off as the slight 5 - 4 favorite over godolphin hope discreet cat at 11 - 8 . discreet cat defeated invasor a year ago in the uae derby , but the pair has not faced each other again until now . also in the field was 7 - 1 third choice premium tap , third in the

france galop is the organization governing french horse racing . the organization was created in 1995 from the merger of three horse racing authorities : the société d’encouragement et des steeple - chases de france , the société de sport de france , and the société sportive d’encouragement .

horse of the year and champion 3 - year - old male in 1994 , holy bull was bred in florida by rachel carpenter’s pelican stable . he was owned and trained by jimmy croll after carpenter died prior to the horse’s career debut in 1993 at monmouth park .

in france the first documented horse race was held in 1651 as the result of a wager between two noblemen . during the reign of

as you browse through the magazine , keep an eye out for the gorgeous friesian horse used as an advertising model on page 73 .

jara , 18 , had broken from the no . 11 post but moved inside almost immediately to save ground and his horse’s energy . when he turned him loose at the quarter pole , invasor catapulted from fifth place to second , and then was nose to nose with bernardini at the 16th pole .

invasor won 11 of 12 career races , including the breeders ' cup classic in 2006 and the dubai world cup and the donn handicap ( above ) in 2007 .

winning jockey calvin borel said , " i knew they were going to go a little quick , but he ' s a push - button horse . when he ' s right and you ask him , he ' ll take you there . " trainer carl nafzger added , " this is our prep for the derby . this horse is taking us every step . this horse has been brought here on his own . he ' s learning , he ' s growing , he ' s maturing . he ' s an exceptional horse . "

invasor began his racing career in uruguay , capturing the 2005 uruguayan triple crown and earning horse of the year honors in that country . he was purchased by shadwell and went on to win six consecutive grade / group 1 races , highlighted by the 2006 breeders ' cup classic and 2007 dubai world cup .

bred in argentina , invasor won 11 of 12 starts , more than $ 7 . 8 million in his career and was voted horse of the year and champion older male in 2006 in a season that saw him win the breeders ' cup classic , the pimlico special and the suburban and whitney handicaps .

equitrekking interviews barb clark , executive director of the foundation for the pure spanish horse , an international resource center for the pura raza española ( p . r . e . ) horse . she shares the history and legacy of this highly - developed and talented equine breed .

invasor , along with lure , housebuster , mcdynamo and tuscalee , will be inducted into racing ' s hall of fame on friday morning , along with jockey calvin borel .

dance smartly was the second filly to win the canadian triple crown and the first canadian - bred horse to win a breeders’ cup race .

affirmed became america’s 11 th triple crown winner in 1978 during the first of his back - to - back horse of the year campaigns .

knowledge of the first horse race is lost in prehistory . both four - hitch chariot and mounted ( bareback ) races were held in the

invasor , who completed his year with a victory over bernardini and lava man in the breeders ' cup classic , is considered the front - runner for both horse of the year and champion older male . invasor also won the pimlico special , suburban handicap , and whitney handicap . the other finalists for champion older male are lava man , who had a brilliant season in california , where he won four grade 1 races , and premium tap , who won the woodward and clark handicap .

" shadwell already has a working relationship with haras cuatro piedras as they have been standing awzaan for us for the last three years . cuatro piedras lies only about 30 minutes from maronas racetrack , where invasor won the triple crown en route to champion 3 - year - old colt and horse of the year awards .

…from the late 18th century , horse racing in kentucky has roots as deep as those of the hardy perennial bluegrass that has long nurtured the thoroughbreds raised on the state’s famous horse farms , especially in the lexington area . frontiersman daniel boone was responsible for introducing colonial legislation in 1775 “to…

the article then turns its attention to andalusians and lusitanos in modern day dressage . barb clark of the foundation for the pure spanish horse promotes the pre by saying “the pre horse has proven itself in the dressage arena time and time again both internationally and here in the usa . ”

invasor is scheduled to arrive in uruguay in july . he is advertised to stand the upcoming northern hemisphere season at shadwell for a fee of $ 4 , 000 live foal .

blog reply : invasor and deep impact great animals . perhaps the defining distinction is that impacto is widely considered the very best galloper japan has ever produced and they have had some great ones including : symboli rudolph , symboli kris s and narita brian to mention a few . i don ' t believe that invasor is being similarly considered . pinkline jones obe

last year . 18 - 1 forty licks , 22 - 1 kandidate , 33 - 1 vermilion , and 40 - 1 bullish luck rounded out the field , but clearly the event was billed as a two horse race between horses owned by two of the maktoum brothers , discreet cat owned by sheikh mohammed and invasor racing for sheikh hamdan . invasor was attempting to become the third breeders ' cup classic winner to win the dubai world cup , following in the footsteps of cigar and pleasantly perfect .

bred in maryland by william l . brann and robert s . castle , challedon was recognized as horse of the year in 1939 and 1940 .

a discussion concerning the museum at the racetrack in saratoga springs , new york , from the documentary horse power : the national museum of racing .

according to jp , the portuguese wanted to call the horses “puro luso / espanol” while the spaniards wanted to call them “pura raza espanola” . disagreement ensued . in 1911 , the official name for the spanish horse became “pura raza espanola” or pre and the portuguese horse became puro sangue lusitano .

before arriving in america , invasor won the uruguayan triple crown in 2005 for trainer anibal san martin , and was purchased by sheikh hamdan bin rashid al maktoum for owner shadwell stable .

bidding farewell to invasor : very few things get me out of bed at 6 : 30 in the morning – an extravagant breakfast maybe , or perhaps a pressing issue that needs to be handled before too late in the day . but , only visiting invasor would cause me to hop out of bed full of excitement rather than of disgust for the early hour .

the first horse in more than 20 years to win consecutive division championships as a sprinter , housebuster was known for decimating his competition by wide margins .

the first horse to win both the kentucky derby and preakness stakes while undefeated , majestic prince also achieved fame as a record - priced auction yearling .

from 1791 provided a standard for judging a horse’s breeding ( and thereby , at least to some degree , its racing qualities ) . in france the

“just total class , ” said rick nichols , vice president and general manager of shadwell farm , when reflecting upon invasor’s career . “he was just such an easy horse to do anything with . when we flew him to dubai , he took everything in stride . he went on the plane , took a bite of hay , and fell asleep . that’s what it takes for a horse to fly around the world and compete – they’ve got to have a great attitude about life . ”

invasor made two starts as a 5 - year - old in 2007 , winning the donn handicap before concluding his career with a victory in the dubai world cup . invasor’s time of 1 : 59 . 97 for the 1¼ miles at nad al sheba was the second - fastest in the race’s history behind only dubai millennium’s time of 1 : 59 . 50 in 2000 .

invasor suffered a career - ending injury while preparing for a second start in the suburban in june 2007 and was retired to stud . he is based at shadwell in lexington , ky .

what could be the best card of the young year will take place today at gulfstream park . the stakes - heavy lineup will feature a reigning horse of the year , invasor ; a turf champion , miesque ' s approval , and a colt many feel is the best 3 - year - old in the country , nobiz like shobiz .

invasor , who clinched horse - of - the - year honors with a victory over bernardini in the breeders ' cup classic on nov . 4 at churchill downs , will begin what his handlers hope will be a defense of that title in the $ 500 , 000 donn handicap , one of six graded stakes in hallandale beach , fla .

despite his mount stumbling at the start , fernando jara stayed cool , and was able to get invasor to recover enough to pip the luckless sun king ( by charismatic ) by a nose , although clearly the former would have won with ease had that incident not occurred . last year ' s travers winner flower alley ( by distorted humor ) was amongst invasor ' s victims .

a three - time horse of the year and winner of eight eclipse awards , forego was one of the most accomplished and popular horses of the 1970s .

the pure spanish horse was unified as a breed in the sixteenth century ( between 1567 and 1593 ) by the spanish king felipe ii who formally established the standards for the breed , which we recognize today as the pure spanish horse . during these years king felipe ii decided to bring to life the universally idealized horse that has been so long pictured in history , in bronze , in paintings . he looked at the basic horse bred in spain , selected the best of those examples which came closest to the idealized animal he desired , and directed that the idealized horse be produced . concurrent with his breeding program , the humanistic approach was spreading through spain and the teachings of the ancient greek xenophon were put into practice for the treatment and training of these carefully bred horses .

invasor is already well known in south america , as the argentinean - bred won the 2005 uruguayan triple crown to earn horse of the year honors in that nation . he was subsequently purchased by shadwell and went on to win six consecutive grade / group 1 races for that operation , including the 2006 breeders’ cup classic and 2007 dubai world cup .

after winning the uruguayan triple crown , invasor was sold for $ 1 . 4 million to sheikh hamdan bin rashid al maktoum to run for shadwell stable and kiaran mclaughlin took over training duties .

unfortunately , the dubai world cup would be invasor’s last race . while training for a defense of his suburban handicap title , invasor injured his right hind ankle during a workout and was retired to shadwell farm to begin his stallion career . as a sire , he achieved mild success from limited opportunities , with ausus , winner of the 2013 modesty handicap , among his most successful foals .

three - time kentucky derby - winning jockey calvin borel and the racehorses housebuster , invasor , lure , mcdynamo , and tuscalee have been elected to the national museum of racing and hall of fame . borel , housebuster , invasor , and lure were selected in the contemporary category , while mcdynamo and tuscalee were chosen by the museum’s steeplechase review committee . the electees will be [ … ]

invasor completed a hat - trick of victories for american - trained challengers on world cup night , following wins for spring at last ( godolphin mile ) and kelly’s landing ( golden shaheen ) .

almost forgotten in the hoopla surrounding the anticipated “east versus west” breeders ' cup classic ( usa - i ) duel between the top 3 - year - old colt bernardini and the top california campaigner lava man , invasor reminded everyone why it is unwise to overlook a horse beaten only once in his career and coming in off three consecutive grade i wins with impressive speed figures . already a horse of the year in uruguay , invasor nailed down american horse of the year honors with an inexorable drive that took him past bernardini to finish with his ears pricked . he began the following year in championship style with wins in the 2007 donn handicap ( usa - i ) and dubai world cup ( uae - i ) before a training injury forced him into retirement . unfortunately , his stud career has so far failed to come close to matching his racing career .

showcasing remarkable talent and versatility , invasor swept through his next four races like a whirlwind , winning them all by a minimum of 2 ½ lengths while handling longer distances , tougher competition , and even a muddy track on one occasion . by winning the uruguayan two thousand guineas , the gran premio jockey club , and the uruguayan derby , invasor successfully completed a sweep of the uruguayan triple crown .

as impressive as invasor was , the most eye - catching display came from asiatic boy who routed his rival to win the uae derby by almost 10 lengths for south african trainer mike de kock .

after the donn , invasor is scheduled to make a return trip to the united arab emirates for another encounter with unbeaten discreet cat in the $ 6 - million dubai world cup on march 31 .

for many years , the breeders’ cup classic and the dubai world cup have reigned as the two richest dirt races in the world . winning both has been the mark of a great horse ; only four horses have achieved the feat , and three of them are members of the national museum of racing’s hall of fame , including the amazing international traveler invasor .

7 . invasor the 2006 horse of the year had won the uruguayan triple crown as a three - year - old in 2005 before being sold to sheikh hamdan bin rashid al maktoum . his 2006 season included four grade i victories , culminating with the breeders ' cup classic , in which he ran down favored bernardini in the home stretch at churchill downs .

apart from aragorn , lava man - who has yet to perform well outside california - will also have to conquer a summit named invasor if he is to wrest horse of the year honours . the latter , a hardy argentinian - bred , remained undefeated in the americas when eking out victory in the gr . 1 whitney handicap at saratoga on august 5th .

legendary jockey tod sloan , who rode hundreds of good horses in america and europe , stated flatly : “hamburg was the only great horse i ever rode . ”

the horse of the year is the 6 - 5 favorite in a field of nine for saturday ' s $ 500 , 000 donn handicap at gulfstream park .

longfellow was referred to as the “king of the turf” during the 1870s . racing historian walter vosburgh said longfellow was “beyond question the most celebrated horse of the 1870s . no other horse of his day was a greater object of public notice . his entire career was sensational ; people seemed to regard him as a superhorse . ”

barb clark : the style of rider is not as important as the dedication to the horse’s well being since spanish horses can easily adapt to most styles of riders . the p . r . e . horse is revered by its owners no matter how they are used . the spanish horse deserves a caring , committed owner who can provide the love and partnership these horses desire . they are best suited to be owned and ridden by individuals who really like them and consider their needs first .

at the time of his retirement in 1959 , round table was the sport’s all - time leading money earner . he had been named horse of the year in 1958 , grass champion three consecutive years ( 1957 through 1959 ) and handicap champion twice ( 1958 and 1959 . he was also the horse that literally saved claiborne farm .

named horse of the year for five consecutive years from 1960 through 1964 , kelso was one of the most accomplished and unique thoroughbreds in the annals of american racing .

—involve jumping . this article is confined to thoroughbred horse racing on the flat without jumps . racing on the flat with horses other than thoroughbreds is described in the article

skyhorse ranch - andalusian horse breeder in texas with andalusian horses for sale . breeders of pre pura raza espanola horses with cartas from spain . selling black , grey , and bay andalusians . recommend andalusian stallions at stud . pictures , history , facts , and info . spanish andalusian horse farm . bloodlines from spain in the usa .

the predominant color of the pure spanish horse is gray or white . many people don’t realize that the gray or white horses are born black or very dark brown . this change to white is a gradual fading and can take as long as 12 years to accomplish , so that every year you have a horse of a different color .

in a partnership between shadwell and cuatro piedras , invasor is scheduled to stand in uruguay from 2015 - 17 . he is expected to arrive around july to settle in before their breeding season begins in august .

had pablo hernandez not been diverted from a planned trip to haras la biznaga by airplane engine trouble , he would never have come to own invasor in partnership with the vio bado brothers . because of the plane trouble , a friend offered to drive hernandez to visit several farms in the buenos aires area—among them , haras clausen , where invasor was bred and raised and where hernandez fell in love with the colt on sight .

colourful racing silks are a familiar element of horse racing , and their introduction dates to the formal organization of the sport in the 18th century . though they primarily serve an aesthetic purpose in the modern sport , their original use in racing was to allow spectators to distinguish one horse from another during races in an age before television and public - address systems . to this day horse owners must register a unique pattern and set of colours ( worn on the jockey’s jacket and helmet cover ) with a regulatory board .

( 2011–12 ) , a drama about horse racing . ( the deaths and subsequent outcry among many viewers helped lead to the abrupt cancellation of the show after just one season . ) such events—augmented by the changing interests of the global sporting public—contributed to the continuing decline in the popularity of horse racing through the first decades of the 21st century .

saeed bin suroor , trainer of discreet cat ( behind the horse on the right ) said , " it doesn ' t look like discreet cat stays the distance and we will drop him back to a mile . it was a disappointing performance tonight and we will see how the horse comes out of the race before making firm plans . "

invasor , horse of the year in the united states , strode to the head of the world class with his victory in the big event at nad al sheba racecourse , the $ 6 million dubai world cup . while the field , with seven runners , was the smallest since the race began in 1996 , it was also one of the best , with champions from five countries .

recognized as horse of the year in 1936 — the first year of formal voting — granville was a son of triple crown winner gallant fox out of the sarmatian mare gravita .

alysheba was a champion as a 3 - year - old , horse of the year at age 4 and retired with the highest purse earnings in the history of the sport .

invasor , bernardini , barbaro , and lava man - four of the marquee names from last year - on wednesday were among 28 horses and 13 people announced as finalists for 2006 eclipse awards by the national thoroughbred racing association .

credit : courtesy of ancce and diane e . barber entertainer and world - class rider clemence faivre delighted the crowd with her horse , gotan , and bridless dressage at the espectaculo .

mcdynamo , who won the breeders ' cup steeplechase and colonial cup , is considered the overwhelming favorite to be named champion steeplechase horse over fellow finalists mixed up and sur la tete .

with a record of 11 - 0 - 0 from 12 starts and earnings of $ 7 , 804 , 070 , invasor was retired in june of 2007 . nine of his 11 victories were in group / grade 1 races .

barb clark : there are many historical figures that rode spanish horses but proving that can be difficult . recently there are several pure spanish horses in dressage that have reached a level of international notoriety , such as evento , who competed in the atlanta olympics , invasor , fuego de cárdenas , norte lovera , are others who have olympic credits . the most famous spanish horse is the one that is in your barn !

the 2013 class will be inducted into the national museum of racing hall of fame friday morning . the ceremony is set to begin at 10 : 30 a . m . this year’s inductees include three - time kentucky derby - winning jockey , calvin borel ; 2006 horse of the year invasor ; two - time breeders’ cup mile winner lure ; two - time eclipse award winning sprinter , housebuster ; multiple [ … ]

a winner of 16 graded stakes races and four eclipse awards , including horse of the year in 1998 , skip away was one of the most popular and accomplished horses of the 1990s .

swaps was the best horse to come out of california in years . he set five world records at a mile or more , three track records , and equalled an american turf record .

the top horse in america in 1889 and 1890 , salvator won 16 of his final 17 career starts to secure his legacy as one of the finest thoroughbreds of the 19 th century .

all winners , including horse of the year , will be announced at the 36th annual eclipse awards dinner jan . 22 at the beverly wilshire four seasons hotel in beverly hills , calif .

" i ' m not worried when he looks back , because he does that when he knows he ' s got a lot of horse under him , " mclaughlin said of jara .

jockey weichong marwing proclaimed asiatic boy as the “best horse i have ridden” and the bookmakers were suitably impressed , earning a 10 - 1 quote from william hill for the breeders’ cup classic .

he led the now thirteen - year - old stallion out of his paddock and into the walking path so that we could greet him , and the memories of his dominating performances came rushing back to me . it was the fact that invasor was a triple crown winner in uruguay that attracted me to him in the first place , but his subsequent performances would ensnare me into a love affair with the south american invader . in fact , i credit my love of the entire sport to invasor , this horse who simply eclipsed older horses and colts in the pimlico special , suburban , whitney , breeders’ cup classic , donn , and dubai world cup until an untimely injury forced him into retirement . i think that’s how it is with many fans ; finding one horse to unwaveringly follow eventually allows the sport as a whole to consume the individual .

blog reply : a class horse he was . would love to have seen him race against aussie horses , and thus we would have a much better gauge on where our horses rank . he is the best in the world , but sometimes i think the rating system that is used favours horses from north america . the next champion will be asiatic boy . was more impressive than invasor during the dubai meeting , bolting up in the uae derby , and unlike many other top horses , he runs on turf and dirt , and will campaign in europe as well . i think he is better than invasor . like to know peoples thoughts on asiatic boy .


the greater short-horned lizard ( phrynosoma hernandesi ) , also commonly known as the mountain short-horned lizard , is a species of lizard endemic to western north america .

like other horned lizards , it is often wrongly called a " horned toad " or " horny toad " , but it is not a toad at all .

it is a reptile , not an amphibian .

it is one of seven native species of lizards in canada .

greater short - horned lizard

greater short - horned lizard <EOT> greater short - horned lizard , santa rita mtns , az . photo by jim rorabaugh

greater short - horned lizard , rancho los fresnos , sonora . photo by jim rorabaugh

hodges , w . l . 2009 . greater short - horned lizard . pages 178–181

greater short - horned lizard , rancho los fresnos , sonora . photo by jim rorabaugh .

hatchling greater short - horned lizard , sierra la purica , sonora . photo by jim rorabaugh .

greater short horned lizard - bighorn canyon national recreation area ( u . s . national park service )

no information currently exists regarding the migration patterns of greater short - horned lizards in montana .

short spines on head , body , and tail relative to texas horned lizard .

colorado parks and wildlife . short - horned lizard . natural diversity information source .

greater short - horned lizards have a surprising self - defense mechanism . they shoot their own blood at their enemies !

the gulf coast horned lizard ( phrynosoma wigginsi ) is a horned lizard species native to baja california , mexico .

murray , ian w . and hilary m . lease . 2013 . phrynosoma hernandesi ( greater short - horned lizard ) predation . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 327

short - horned lizard - bryce canyon national park ( u . s . national park service )

martin , d . 2006 . the blood - squirting short - horned lizard . pages 35 - 37

cairns , k . a . , babineau , j . & cairns , n . a . 2017 . phrynosoma hernandesi ( greater short - horned lizard ) . herpetological review 48 ( 4 ) : 853

activist spotlight - kade wilson and the " horny toad " texas horned lizard . | environmental stuff | pinterest | horned lizard , toad and lizards

short - horned lizard adults weigh less than a quarter . a yearling is about the weight of a dime .

moll , e . o . 2004 . patronyms of the pioneer west . ix . phrynosoma hernandesi ( girard , 1858 ) greater short - horned lizard . sonoran herpetologist 17 ( 6 ) : 58 - 61 .

moll , e . o . 2004 . phrynosoma hernandesi ( girard , 1858 ) greater short - horned lizard . patronyms of the pioneer west . sonoran herpetologist 17 ( 6 ) : 58 - 61 . - get paper here

horned lizard bowl , indicated subtly on the top of the skull between the eyes .

there is nothing cuter than a tiny baby horned lizard . nothing , i say !

milner , b . j . 1979 . northern short - horned lizard in southeastern alberta . alberta naturalist 9 : 90 - 92 .

adult female short - horned lizard being consumed by plains hog - nosed snake , weld county , colorado . note the lizard is inflated to hinder consumption . photo : amy yackel adams .

adams , a . a . y . , r . d . adams , s . k . skagen and d . j . martin 2016 . phrynosoma hernandesi ( greater short - horned lizard ) commensalism . herpetological review 47 ( 3 ) : 467 .

short - horned lizards will shoot blood from their eyes when threatened by a predator .

what they eat : short - horned lizards eat ants , beetles and small pebbles .

powell , g . l . 1980 . diet of the short - horned lizard in alberta . american zoologist 20 ( 4 ) : 842 .

goldberg , s . r . 1971 . reproduction in the short - horned lizard , phrynosoma douglassi in arizona . herpetologica 27 : 311 - 314 .

the greater short - horned lizard in the next five shots is apparently of the subspecies known as hernandez ' s short - horned lizard ( p . h . hernandesi ) . this individual was on the brett gray ranch , a nature conservancy property , in lincoln co . , colorado , in july , 2011 . these shots were taken with a canon eos 1d mark iv and a sigma 50 - 500mm lens and canon 580 flash .

guyer , c . 2006 . phrynosoma douglasii ( pigmy short - horned lizard ) copulatory position . herpetological review 37 ( 1 ) : 91 - 92 .

taylor , b . n . 2003 . short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma hernandesi hernandesi ) . alberta species at risk report 72 : 154 - 160 .

the short - horned lizard is often referred to as a “horned toad” or “horny toad” because its squat , flattened shape and short , blunt snout give it a toad - ish look . there are over a dozen recognized horned - lizard species found in the deserts and semi - arid environments of north and central america , from southern canada to guatemala .

they are the only species of horned toads that give birth to the young live . other species of horned lizards lay eggs . in the short - horned lizard , the eggs are retained within the mother until the live young are born .

click the range map to learn more about the distribution of short - horned lizards in washington .

goldberg , s . r . 1971 . reproduction in the short - horned lizard phrynosoma douglassi in arizona . herpetologica 27 ( 3 ) : 311 - 314 .

the short - horned lizard is a one - reptile wrecking crew with a bizarre self - defense strategy . when defending its own life , this lizard squirts blood from the thin blood vessels around its eyes that rupture under pressure .

montanucci , r . r . 1984 . breeding , captive care and longevity of the short - horned lizard phrynosoma douglassi . international zoological yearbook 23 : 148 - 156 .

i’m currently making horned lizard bowls representing two species , both native to arizona and other parts of the southwest : short - horned lizards and regal horned lizards . you can tell them apart by their horn configuration : regals have an even corona of ten longish horns on the back of their skull , and short - horns have 6 very short horns divided by a deep notch .

what they look like : short - horned lizards are small , flat , round lizards that have short , stubby horns . the " horns " are actually a crown of short pointed scales on the back of the head .

linder , a . d . 1989 . short - horned lizard phrynosoma douglassi . rare , sensitive , and threatened species of the greater yellowstone ecosystem . tim w . clark , ann h . harvey , robert d . dorn , david l . genter , and craig groves , editors . pp . 50 - 51 .

laird , m . and r . leech . 1980 . observations on the short - horned lizard in southeastern alberta . blue jay 38 ( 4 ) : 214 - 218 .

short - horned lizards emerge from hibernation from late march into june . mating occurs soon after the emerge .

with a valid arizona hunting license , four greater short - horned lizards can be collected per year or held in possession , alive or dead , although collection is prohibited in protected areas such as national park service units without special permits . it is a species of least concern on the 2014 iucn red list . in the 100 - mile circle , the forested montane habitats of this lizard are vulnerable to the effects of climate change and wildfire . most of the higher mountain ranges in southeastern arizona where this species occurs have experienced extensive stand - replacing wildfires in the last three decades , although the effects of these fires on the greater short - horned lizard have not been studied .

description : short - horned lizards are small , flat , round lizards that have short , stubby horns . the " horns " are actually a crown of short pointed scales on the back of the head . like other horned lizards , they have a series of pointed scales along the edge of the body . the short tail is thin and pointed .

corn , p . s . and l . j . gingerich . 1987 . phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ( eastern short - horned lizard ) . herpetological review 18 ( 1 ) : 20 .

powell , g . l . , a . p . russell , and p . fargey . in prep . the distribution of the eastern short - horned lizard in saskatchewan , canada .

they are the only species of horned toads that give birth to the young live . other species of horned lizards lay eggs . in the short - horned lizard the eggs are retained within the mother until live young are born about two months later ( august to mid - september ) .

guyer , c . and a . d . linder . 1985a . growth and population structure of the short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassi ) and the sagebrush lizard ( sceloporus graciosus ) in southeastern idaho . northwest science 59 ( 4 ) : 294 - 303 .

ashton , k . g . and k . l . ashton . 1998 . phrynosoma douglasii ( short - horned lizard ) . reproduction . herpetological review 29 ( 3 ) : 168 - 169 .

sherbrooke , w . c . and m . d . greenfield . 2002 . phrynosoma hernandesi ( short - horned lizard ) . defensive hiss . herpetological review 33 ( 3 ) : 208 - 209 .

sherbrooke , w . c . and f . mendoza - quijano . 2001 . phrynosoma braconnieri ( short - tailed horned lizard ) . defensive behavior . herpetological review 36 ( 1 ) : 65 - 66 .

guyer , c . and a . d . linder . 1985b . thermal ecology and activity patterns of the short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassi ) and the sagebrush lizard ( sceloporus graciosus ) in southeastern idaho ( usa ) . great basin naturalist 45 ( 4 ) : 607 - 614 .

pack , h . j . 1918 . some habits of the pygmy horned lizard . copeia 1918 ( 63 ) : 91 - 92 .

schowalter , d . b . 1976 . new distribution records of the horned lizard in alberta . blue jay 37 : 26 - 27 .

powell , g . l . 1982 . the eastern short - horned lizard in alberta : basic field ecology of northern marginal populations . unpublished m . s . thesis , university of calgary , calgary , alberta .

montanucci , r . r . , and b . e . baur . 1982 . mating and courtship behaviors of the short - horned lizard , phrynosoma douglassi . copeia 1982 ( 4 ) : 971 - 974 .

montanucci , r . r . and b . e . baur . 1982 . mating and courtship - related behaviors of the short - horned lizard , phrynosoma douglassi . copeia 1982 ( 4 ) : 971 - 974 .

reeve , w . l . 1952 . taxonomy and distribution of the horned lizard genus phrynosoma . kansas university science bulletin 34 : 817 - 960 .

lahti , m . e . , and d . d . beck . 2007 . ecology and ontogenetic variation of diet in the pigmy short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglasii ) . american midland naturalist 159 : 327 - 339 .

new , e . r . 1991 . drilling in short - horned lizard country . abstract presented at the cade / caodc spring drilling conference , april 10 - 12 , 1991 . cade / caodc conference publications , calgary , ab .

powell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1985 . field thermal ecology of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre ) in southeastern alberta . canadian journal of zoology 63 : 228 - 238 .

like other horned lizards , they have a series of pointed scales along the edge of the body . the short tail is thin and pointed .

powell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1993a . the range and status of the eastern short - horned lizard in the canadian prairies . provincial museum of alberta natural history occassional paper 19 : 279 - 290 .

powell , g . l . , a . p . russell , and p . j . fargey . 1998 . the distribution of the short - horned lizard phrynosoma hernandesi in saskatchewan , canada . northwestern naturalist 79 : 19 - 26 .

hammerson , g . a . and h . m . smith . 1991 . the correct spelling of the name of the short - horned lizard of north america . bulletin of the maryland herpetological society 27 ( 3 ) : 121 - 127 .

powell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1992b . the staus of the short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassii ) in canada . committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada , ottawa , on . 22pp .

powell , g . l . , and a . p . russell . 1991 . distribution of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglasi brevirostre ) in alberta , canada . northwestern naturalist . 72 ( 1 ) : 21 - 26 .

short - horned lizards give birth to 7 - 10 babies . the newborn are very small - measuring about 25 mm ( 1 inch ) long .

sherbrooke , w . c . , e . r . brown , and j . l . brown . 2002 . phrynosoma hernandesi ( short - horned lizard ) . successful open - mouthed threat defense . herpetological review 33 ( 3 ) : 208 .

greater short - horned - lizards are lizards that look a bit like toads . in fact , they are frequently referred to as “ horny toads “ . of course , they are not toads , which are amphibians , they are in fact , lizards . they are a member of the genus phrynosoma ( which means “toad - bodied” ) of which there are 15 species .

i contacted you some time ago about a horned toad bowl . i am now ready to purchase one of the short - horned with babies . i am looking for a smaller one . do you currently have any available ?

over recent decades short - horn lizard populations have been in decline throughout their range . destruction of their native habitat , efforts to eradicate ants—their staple food—and the pet trade have all contributed to this .

powell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1985 . growth and sexual size dimorphism in alberta ( canada ) populations of the eastern short - horned lizard , phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre . canadian journal of zoology 63 ( 1 ) : 139 - 154 .

both eat ants , so i depict harvester ants in their bellies . the short - horned is a live - bearer , so some have young lizards shown inside .

powell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1984 . the diet of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre ) in alberta and its relationship to sexual size dimorphism . canadian journal of zoology 62 ( 3 ) : 428 - 440 .

extreme southern alberta , canada , to southern durango , mexico ; western nebraska ( few historical records from western kansas ) to southeastern oregon . widest geographic distribution of any horned lizard .

hornbeck , g . e . and j . e . green . 1990 . a reconnaissance field survey of the eastern short - horned lizard and its habitat in samedan manyberries 9 - 13 - 4 - 5 w4m . delta environmental management group ltd . calgary , ab . 27pp .

diet : short - horned lizards are insectivores . they eat ants , beetles and small pebbles . neonates prefer ants , yearlings like beetles and adults eat both ants and beetles .

mathies , t . , and d . j . martin . 2008 . overwintering site selection by short - horned lizards in northeastern colorado . journal of herpetology 42 : 163–171 .

hornbeck , g . e . and j . e . green . 1991 . year two of a reconnaissance field survey of the eastern short - horned lizard and its habitat in samedan manyberries 9 - 13 - 4 - 5 w4m . delta environmental management group ltd . calgary , ab . 17pp .

behavior : these lizards are often highly sessile , sit - and - wait predators that feed almost exclusively on ants . crypsis is the primary form of defense of this species , but spines and inflating behaviors can prevent them from being consumed by predators . additionally , greater short - horned lizards possess the ability to shoot blood from the ocular sinus ( next to the eye ) to deter predators such as coyotes , foxes , and dogs .

powell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1992a . a preliminary survey of the distribution and abundance of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ) in alberta . a report submitted to the recreation , parks , and wildlife foundation , edmonton , alberta . 135pp .

where they live : short - horned lizards live throughout the columbia basin and the cascades foothills in a variety of habitats including sagebrush plains , short - grass prairies and open pine forests . always found near patches of loose soil or sand for burrowing . this species is found near ant hills .

habitat and territory the greater short - horned lizard can be found in a variety of habitats including semiarid plains , shortgrass prairies , sagebrush deserts , shrubby plateaus , juniper , pine or fir forests , and up into the mountains , such as the pryor mountains . they are more tolerant of cooler temperatures than most other reptiles , often emerging from hibernation in april and returning to their dens in october . they range from most of montana , wyoming and colorado except for the highest elevations above 10 , 000 feet or so and extend down through much of utah , arizona and new mexico .

behavior : they are normally active between 60 - 80 degrees f . during hot weather , short - horned lizards are most active during the morning hours , with less activity in the afternoon .

james j . d . , a . p . russell , and g . l . powell . 1997 . status of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ) in alberta . alberta environmental protection , wildlife management divison , wildlife status report no . 5 , edmonton , ab . 1 - 20 .

smith , w . 1993 . an assessment of short - horned lizard habitat and use . manyberries badlands , alberta . a report submitted to the fish and wildlife branch , alberta forestry , lands and wildlife , 7th floor , o . s . longman building , 6909 - 116th st . , edmonton , alberta t6h 4p2 .

lahti , m . the status of dwarfed populations of short - horned lizards and great plains toads in the san luis valley , colorado . 2010 . dissertation , utah state university . 201 pp .

manaster , jane , horned lizards , 1997 : university of texas press , austin .

powell , g . l . , a . p . russell . 1998 . the status of short - horned lizards , phrynosoma hernandesi in saskatchewan , canada . northwestern naturalist 79 : 19 - 26 .

this species is an invertivore . the diet of greater short - horned lizards includes mostly ants and beetles , as well as other insects , spiders , snails , sowbugs , and other invertebrates . individuals may sometimes gorge themselves on a single type of prey ( hammerson 1999 ) . the diet in montana is virtually undescribed ; stomach contents of three individuals from coulees near the marias river in toole county included mostly ants with a few beetles , grasshoppers , and spiders ( mosimann and rabb 1952 ) .

short - horned lizards range throughout short and mixed - grass prairies , pinõn - juniper , sagebrush , open conifer woodland , and mountain shrubland . they can be found at elevations up to around 3 , 353 m ( 11 , 000 ft ) , in sandy or otherwise well - drained soils and usually in areas with sparse vegetation .

short - horned lizards are primarily diurnal from april to september . they are not active when hibernating between october and march ( see mathies & martin 2009 for more information on hibernation site selection in weld county ) .

roger repp was making us all look bad when he found this young horned lizard after previously finding the first and second snakes on this hike . there were five other people out looking for interesting herps at the same time , jeez .

short - horned lizards can be found throughout much of the eastern plains , front range , san luis valley , and west slope ( after hammerson 1999 , shipley & reading 2006 , and colorado parks & wildlife ) .

they prefer soft , sandy soils , near rocks where they can blend in with the background . short - horned lizards can quickly burrow into loose soil to hide . they use their small claws for digging and climbing .

adults can handle cold and partially freeze . they are normally active between 60 - 80 degrees f . during hot weather , short - horned lizards are most active during the morning hours , with less activity in the afternoon . they prefer soft , sandy soils , near rocks where they can blend in with the background . short - horned lizards can quickly burrow into loose soil to hide . they use their small claws for digging and climbing .

common name : short - horned lizard scientific name : phrynosoma douglassi size ( length ) english & metric : 2 ½ - 5 7 / 8 " ( 6 . 3 - 14 . 9cm ) habitat : from rocky or sandy plains to forested areas . diet : insects ( primarily ants ) predators : coyotes , foxes , hawks , ravens , large snakes and lizards

herpetologists currently recognize 13 species of horned lizards , 8 in the us and 5 in mexico .

primarily insectivorous . in weld county , short - horned lizards are known to feed on a variety of ant and beetle species , ground - dwelling bees , true bugs ( hemiptera ) , and other arthropods ( d . martin ,

mountain short - horned lizards can be found throughout the summer both above and below the rim . they blend in so well to their natural surroundings , that you have to look close or you might not see them at all .

account compiled by : danny martin and tom mathies reviewed by : ben fisher ( text ) and lauren livo ( map ) last updated : 23 mar . 2014 by d . martin suggested citation colorado partners in amphibian and reptile conservation . 2013 . species account for short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma hernandesi ) . compiled by danny martin and tom mathies . urltoken [ accessed date here ] .

eric pianka and wendy hodge ' s excellent article on horned lizards , from the university of texas .

) . similar to other horned lizards , this species is a sit - and - wait predator .

powell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1991b . parturition and clutch characteristics of short - horned lizards ( phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ) from alberta . canadian journal of zoology 69 ( 11 ) : 2759 - 2764 .

lahti , m . e . 2010 . the status of dwarfed populations of short - horned lizards ( phrynosoma hernandesi ) and great plains toads ( anaxyrus cognatus ) in the san luis valley , colorado . dissertation , utah state university , logan .

powell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1994b . movement , thermal ecology , seasonal activity , and overwintering behavior in an alberta population of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ) . a report submitted to alberta environmental protection , fish and wildlife division , 7th floor , o . s . longman building , 6909 - 116th st . , edmonton , alberta t6h 4p2

powell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1998 . the status of short - horned lizards ( phrynosoma douglasi ) and ( p . hernandezi ) in canada . canadian field naturalist 112 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 .

zamudio , k . r . , k . b . jones , and r . h . ward . 1997 . molecular systematics of short - horned lizards : biogeography and taxonomy of a widespread species complex . systematic biology 46 : 284 - 305 .

( 1996 ) list maximum size in new mexico as 83 mm svl for males and 98 mm svl for females . short - horned lizards in the san luis valley are known to be smaller than those outside the valley ( see lahti 2010 ) .

powell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1993b . a radiotelemetric study of movement and thermal ecology in an alberta population of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ) . a report submitted to the fish and wildlife branch , alberta forestry , lands and wildlife , 7th floor , o . s . longman building , 6909 - 116th st . , edmonton , alberta t6h 4p2 .

powell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1994a . a radiotelemetric study of movement , thermal ecology , and hibernation site selection in an alberta population of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ) . a report submitted to alberta environmental protection , fish and wildlife division , 7th floor , o . s . longman building , 6909 - 116th st . , edmonton , alberta t6h 4p2 .

the body of the greater short - horned lizard is broad and flattened . the back is spiny , with an especially noticeable single row of scales fringing each side of the body . the spines at the back of the head are about as long as they are wide at the base . the coloration of the back usually blends cryptically with the soil and can vary somewhat from region to region and at single localities . the maximum total length is about 15 centimeters . in males , there is a swelling at the base of the tail , and the tail is proportionally longer than in females . newborn young have the broad and flattened body shape , and are about 2 . 0 to 2 . 5 centimeters snout - vent length and up to 3 . 8 centimeters by the time of first hibernation .

flat , wide body , and a tail of moderate length . it has a relatively broad head for a horned lizard , the back of which is armed with short horns separated by a deep and relatively wide notch in which the notch between the occipital ( central ) horns is wider than the length of either horn . the two occipital horns are very short and do not extend back as far as the temporal horns on each side . the ventral scales are smooth and sharply pointed at the rear . one row of enlarged fringed scales lies at the margin of the abdomen and dorsum .

powell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1996b . short - horned lizards ( phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ) in grasslands national park : a report on the 1995 field season . unpublished report , parks canada , val marie , sk . 74pp .

zamudio , kelly r . , jones , k . bruce & ward , ryk h . 1997 . molecular systematics of short - horned lizards : biogeography and taxonomy of a widespread species complex . systematic biology 46 ( 2 ) : 284 - 305 - get paper here

chandler , j . d . 1965 . horned toad record . the blue jay 23 ( 2 ) : 92 .

you can download a printable pdf with 8 different species of horned lizards found in the u . s . here .

photos above used by permission of wade sherbrooke from his book , " introduction to horned lizards of north america " .

despite their spiky features , short - horned lizards are preyed upon by a number of creatures , including hawks , roadrunners , snakes , lizards , dogs , wolves , and coyotes . consequently , beyond their natural camouflage , they have adapted a pair of remarkable talents . in order to ward off hungry predators , short - horned lizards are capable of inflating their bodies up to twice their size , resembling a spiny balloon . and if this proves insufficient , some species employ one of the animal kingdom’s most bizarre defensive mechanisms : they shoot blood from their eyes .

i was somewhat puzzled by the near - complete - absence of reptiles we saw on this pleasant may morning . it was a little too cool to expect many lizards , but i did expect at least a few . instead , an hour and a half of scenic beauty passed by with nary a lizard or snake to be seen . fortunately , the herping day was saved by this cute little guy . any day with a horned lizard in it is a good day , after all .

habitat : these lizards can be found in a variety of habitats including short - grass prairies , sagebrush , and open forests . loose soils are necessary for thermoregulation .

sherbroke , w . c . 2003 . introduction to horned lizards of north america . university of california press , berkeley .

we were passing through southern utah on our big summer trip , so we made sure to stop at beautiful navajo lake so i could visit my horned lizard friends . the first afternoon we were there i searched for an hour or so and had almost given up when i discovered this saurian marvel . what a face !

zamudio , k . r . 1996 . ecological , evolutionary , and applied aspects of lizard life histories . ph . d . dissertation . university of washington , seattle , wa . 167 p .

nero , r . w . 1957 . records of the horned toad in saskatchewan . blue jay 15 : 119 - 120 .

horned lizards favor ants , especially of the genus pogonomyrmex , harvester ants , which comprise a generous portion of their food intake .

sherbrooke , w . c . , e . beltran - sanchez , f . mendoza - quijano , b . baur , and g . a . middendorf , iii . 2004 . is there an antipredator blood - squirting defense in the bull horned lizard , phrynosoma taurus ? herpetological review 35 ( 4 ) : 345 - 347 .

sherbrooke , wade c . 2003 . introduction to horned lizards of north america . university of california press , berkeley , 178 pp .

general description : small ( 6 to 16 cm ) dorso - ventrally compressed lizard with sharp spines on their body . most other horned lizards have large , conspicuous spines along the head , but spines in this species are greatly reduced . limbs and tails are relatively short and lateral spines are present along the lateral edge of the body . dorsal coloration is variable ranging from gray to shades of brown with small flecks of white , red , or yellow interspersed . six to eight larger dark blotches are often present on the dorsum .

( state secure ) . general threats to conservation include habitat loss and fragmentation , and vehicle traffic on and off road . this species is also vulnerable to illegal collection . if you find yourself with a horned lizard ( e . g . , your child brings one home ) , and you cannot immediately return it to the location of collection , please contact

desert horned lizard ( phrynosoma platyrhinos ) desert horned lizards have a widespread range from oregon and idaho , south through utah , nevada , western arizona , southern california and into northeastern baja and northwestern sonora , mexico . they occur at elevations from below sea level to about 6 , 600 feet throughout the great basin , mojave , and sonorandeserts . the species can be found nearwoody shrubs , cacti , rocks and yuccas in alluvial fans , flats , washes , and valleys . phrynosoma platyrhinos has two long central horns and shorter side horns . desert horned lizards have a single row of abdominal fringe scales and a smooth back with a few scattered , larger spines .

their bodies are kinda chubby with short legs . they generally are a greyish , yellowish , or red - brownish color and have rows of pointed scales along its sides ( see pic above ) .

these are small and light weight animals . large adults can be about 10 cm ( 4 inches ) long , but many specimens are smaller . an adult lizard can easily fit in the palm of a child ' s hand .

of the many varieties of lizard in the family phrynosomatidae , only a few have a unique adaption not seen in any other species in response to predators . they shoot a stream of blood at their enemies , from their eyes !

hubbard , kaylan a ; anna d chalfoun , and kenneth g gerow 2016 . the relative influence of road characteristics and habitat on adjacent lizard populations in arid shrublands journal of herpetology 50 ( 1 ) : 29 - 36 . - get paper here

this tiny horned lizard shows again how well these lizards adapt to match the local colors . we never would have seen this little tyke except that we had stopped for awhile to coax a nightsnake into posing for some pictures . while my friend john mccaffrey and i were wrangling the little snake , brenda mccaffrey noticed one of the rocks moving , only to realize that it wasn ' t really a rock .

this is the only species of lizard in colorado to give live birth , an adaptation for the relatively cool environments where this species resides . sexual reproduction has been noted in march and april in weld county ( d . martin & t . mathies ,

sherbrooke , w . c . 2003 . introduction to the horned lizards of north america . university of california press , berkeley and los angeles , california . 191 pp .

horned lizards are decreasing . urban encroachment , radiation , and pesticides are among the factors hurting the species . legislation has been enacted to prevent collection as pets in many states . as in all national parks , the collecting of wild animals at bryce canyon is illegal . monitoring and acting on recorded observations is crucial to survival of horned lizards .

failing camouflage and flight , their ultimate defense from harassment is to shoot blood from their eyes . this isn’t an old wives’ tale like bats getting snarled in long hair — they really do it . it works pretty well , often startling the lizard’s captor into dropping it .

defenses from predation : short - horned lizards primarily use cryptic behavior and coloration as a defense against predation . when discovered , they may flee for cover or stand their ground . they will readily inflate their lungs to appear larger or more difficult for a predator to swallow . in some cases , they will eject blood from their orbital sinus ( the corner of the eye ) , effectively squirting blood at a predator .

montanucci , r . r . 1979 . notes on systematics of horned lizards allied to phrynosoma orbiculare ( lacertilia : iguanidae ) . herpetologica 35 ( 2 ) : 116 - 124 .

zamudio et al . ( 1997 ) examined mtdna variation in short - horned lizards throughout western north america and concluded that the pacific northwest segment of the population should be recognized as a species ( p . douglasii ) distinct from the species ( p . hernandesi ) represented in the remainder of the range . in addition , there was no support for the recognition of any of the nominal subspecies ; thus each species is best regarded as monotypic .

while camping at nearby valley of fires state park , my sister and i drove out at night to look for snakes on the road nearby . after half an hour or so without seeing anything interesting , we noticed a little white blob in the road as we passed by . it certainly didn ' t look like a snake , but we went back to check it out anyway . we found this little horned lizard hunkered down in the middle of the road , which is not exactly what we expected .

pianka , e . r . and w . s . parker . 1975 . ecology of horned lizards : a review with special reference to phrynosoma platyrhinos . copeia 1975 ( 1 ) : 141 - 162 .

howard , c . w . 1974 . comparative reproductive ecology of horned lizards ( genus phrynosoma ) in the southwestern united states and northern mexico . journal of the arizona academy of science 9 : 108 - 116 .

parker , w . s . , and e . r . pianka . 1975 . ecology of horned lizards : a review with special reference to phrynosoma platyrhinos . copeia 1975 ( 1 ) : 141 - 162 .

sherbrooke , wade c . 2017 . antipredator nest guarding by female horned lizards ( phrynosoma ) : iguanian parental care herpetologica dec 2017 , vol . 73 , no . 4 : 331 - 337 . - get paper here

these bowls are handmade from stoneware , and fired to cone 5 . each bowl is different , and each scale is done individually by hand , as is the slip - painting in their bellies . there is no glaze on these pieces , but the mineral - pigmented slips are fired in place , and are indelible . because of the lack of glaze , i don’t recommend them for frequent food use , or storing liquids . primarily they are meant to be gazed at adoringly . click here to see a picture of horned lizard bowls on threestarowl . com .

phillips , j . a . and h . j . harlow . 1981 . elevation of upper voluntary temperatures after shielding the parietal eye of horned lizards ( phrynosoma douglassi ) . herpetologica 37 ( 4 ) : 199 - 205 .

prieto , a . a . , jr . and w . g . whitford . 1971 . physiological responses to temperature in the horned lizards , phrynosoma cornutum and phrynosoma douglassii . copeia 1971 ( 3 ) : 498 - 504 .

meyers , j . j . ; herrel , a . & nishikawa , k . 2006 . morphological correlates of ant eating in horned lizards ( phrynosoma ) . biological journal of the linnean society 89 : 13–24 - get paper here

reeder , t . w . and r . r . montanucci . 2001 . phylogenetic analysis of the horned lizards ( phrynosomatidae : phrynosoma ) : evidence from mitochondrial dna and morphology . copeia 2001 ( 2 ) : 309 - 323 .

phillips , j . a . , h . j . harlow , and c . l . ralph . 1980 . set - point shifts of behavioral thermoregulation in horned lizards after parietal eye manipulation . american zoologist 20 ( 4 ) : 732 .

reeder , t . w . & montanucci , r . r . 2001 . phylogenetic analysis of the horned lizards ( phrynomomatidae : phrynosoma ) : evidence from mitochondrial dna and morphology . copeia 2001 ( 2 ) : 309 - 323 - get paper here

my wife and i checked for horned lizards again on the morning after i had seen only one in the afternoon . morning was better ; we ended up seeing one adult and four youngsters . horned lizards rely strongly on camouflage , so it ' s often the case that the local population will be colored to closely match the ground . you can see that from the first one pictured here . the second one had run from the rust - colored ground to some mossy ground when it heard us stomping about .

habitats of this lizard range from semi - arid plains to high mountains ; usually the species is in open , shrubby , or openly wooded areas with sparse vegetation at ground level ; soil may vary from rocky to sandy ( degenhardt et al . 1996 , hammerson 1999 , stebbins 2003 , werner et al . 2004 ) . when not active on the surface , the lizards burrow into the soil or occupy rodent burrows .

leaché , adam d . and jimmy a . mcguire 2006 . phylogenetic relationships of horned lizards ( phrynosoma ) based on nuclear and mitochondrial data : evidence for a misleading mitochondrial gene tree . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 39 ( 3 ) : 628 - 644 - get paper here

phrynosoma douglasii commonly occurs throughout the columbia basin and the cascades foothills in a variety of habitats including sagebrush plains , short - grass prairies and occasionally in open pine forests . always found near patches of loose soil or sand for burrowing . the substrate ( soil layer ) is always well - drained . however , this species is uncommon in steppe and intermountain forest . this species is found near ant hills .

lara - reséndiz rafael a . , arenas - moreno diego m . , beltrán - sánchez elizabeth , gramajo weendii , verdugo - molina javier , sherbrooke wade c . et al . 2015 . selected body temperature of nine species of mexican horned lizards ( phrynosoma ) rev . mex . biodiv . 86 ( 1 ) : 275 - 278 . - get paper here

if threatened by predators , horned lizards will squirt blood from the eyes . the squirting blood comes from ducts in the corners of their eyes and can travel a distance of up to three feet ( one meter ) . it ' s meant to confuse would - be predators including birds , coyotes and snakes . the photo shows an adult with blood around the eyes .

food sources ants provide the bulk of this lizard’s food , but it also eats beetles , grasshoppers , spiders , young snakes , snails , sowbugs and a variety of other insects and invertebrates . often they will wait for their prey to come by and snap up the unsuspecting prey whole . they rely heavily on their camouflage to avoid their many predators which include hawks , owls , roadrunners , snakes , lizards , wolves and coyotes . if spotted by a predator they can inflate their bodies up to twice their normal size and with the horns protruding appear to be a very unappetizing meal .

toads , but flat - bodied lizards with short spines crowning the head . the trunk is fringed by one row of pointed scales , while the belly scales are smooth . the color is gray , yellowish , or reddish - brown , and there are two rows of large dark spots on the back . when threatened or aggressive , its ' colors become more intense . the mountain subspecies is primarily reddish with prominent horizontal spines , and ranges from southern utah and western colorado through arizona , new mexico , and mexico .

these three young horned lizards were the highlight of a nice hike through the piney forest near tonto creek . i saw the first one when one of our dogs happened near enough to it that it ran a few inches . i saw the second when another of our dogs noticed it moving and stopped to sniff in its general direction . but the third one i actually saw without any canine assistance .

habitat use in montana is poorly described , but appears to be similar to other regions . reports mention individuals on ridge crests between coulees , and in sparse , short grass and sagebrush with sun - baked soil ( mosimann and rabb 1952 , dood 1980 ) . on the southern exposures of the pryor mountains , carbon county , individuals occur among limestone outcrops in canyon bottoms of sandy soil with an open canopy of limber pine - utah juniper , and are also present on flats of relatively pebbly or stony soil with sparse grass and sagebrush cover ( paul hendricks , personal observation ) .

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species are distinguishable by the formidable crown of horns adorning their head and the numerous spines across their back . their coloring can be yellowish , gray , or reddish - brown depending on the environment they inhabit , and , combined with their shape , affords them considerable camouflage on the surface . they feed primarily on ants , waiting for one to unsuspectingly crawl by before snapping it in and swallowing it whole . they are also known to eat grasshoppers , beetles , and spiders .

the ominous squirting blood emanates from ducts in the corners of their eyes and can travel a distance of up to three feet . it’s meant to confuse would - be predators , but also contains a chemical that is noxious to dogs , wolves , and coyotes .

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we request that if you make use of the textual contents of this site in reports , publications , etc . that you cite and credit the author ( s ) and photographer ( s ) . all photos on this website are copyrighted . however , those found in the species account and habitat sections may be used for any noncommercial scientific , educational , or conservation purposes provided that photographs are not altered and continue to bear the copyright symbol and name of the photographer . please contact the photographer regarding commercial use of copyrighted photographs .

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using personal observations and reviewing literature that summarize the breeding , overwintering , or migratory habitat requirements of each species ( dobkin 1992 , hart et al . 1998 , hutto and young 1999 , maxell 2000 , foresman 2012 , adams 2003 , and werner et al . 2004 ) ;

calculating the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of montana covered by each ecological system to get a measure of " observations versus availability of habitat " .

species that breed in montana were only evaluated for breeding habitat use , species that only overwinter in montana were only evaluated for overwintering habitat use , and species that only migrate through montana were only evaluated for migratory habitat use . in general , species were listed as associated with an ecological system if structural characteristics of used habitat documented in the literature were present in the ecological system or large numbers of point observations were associated with the ecological system . however , species were not listed as associated with an ecological system if there was no support in the literature for use of structural characteristics in an ecological system ,

point observations were associated with that system . common versus occasional association with an ecological system was assigned based on the degree to which the structural characteristics of an ecological system matched the preferred structural habitat characteristics for each species as represented in scientific literature . the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of montana covered by each ecological system was also used to guide assignment of common versus occasional association . if you have any questions or comments on species associations with ecological systems , please contact the montana natural heritage program ' s senior zoologist .

species associations with ecological systems should be used to generate potential lists of species that may occupy broader landscapes for the purposes of landscape - level planning . these potential lists of species should not be used in place of documented occurrences of species ( this information can be requested at :

) or systematic surveys for species and evaluations of habitat at a local site level by trained biologists . users of this information should be aware that the land cover data used to generate species associations is based on imagery from the late 1990s and early 2000s and was only intended to be used at broader landscape scales . land cover mapping accuracy is particularly problematic when the systems occur as small patches or where the land cover types have been altered over the past decade . thus , particular caution should be used when using the associations in assessments of smaller areas ( e . g . , evaluations of public land survey sections ) . finally , although a species may be associated with a particular ecological system within its known geographic range , portions of that ecological system may occur outside of the species ' known geographic range .

adams , r . a . 2003 . bats of the rocky mountain west ; natural history , ecology , and conservation . boulder , co : university press of colorado . 289 p .

dobkin , d . s . 1992 . neotropical migrant land birds in the northern rockies and great plains . usda forest service , northern region . publication no . r1 - 93 - 34 . missoula , mt .

foresman , k . r . 2012 . mammals of montana . second edition . mountain press publishing , missoula , montana . 429 pp .

hart , m . m . , w . a . williams , p . c . thornton , k . p . mclaughlin , c . m . tobalske , b . a . maxell , d . p . hendricks , c . r . peterson , and r . l . redmond . 1998 . montana atlas of terrestrial vertebrates . montana cooperative wildlife research unit , university of montana , missoula , mt . 1302 p .

hutto , r . l . and j . s . young . 1999 . habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region , usda forest service , rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32 . 72 p .

maxell , b . a . 2000 . management of montana ' s amphibians : a review of factors that may present a risk to population viability and accounts on the identification , distribution , taxonomy , habitat use , natural history , and the status and conservation of individual species . report to u . s . forest service region 1 . missoula , mt : wildlife biology program , university of montana . 161 p .

werner , j . k . , b . a . maxell , p . hendricks , and d . flath . 2004 . amphibians and reptiles of montana . missoula , mt : mountain press publishing company . 262 p .

cope , e . d . 1879 . a contribution to the zoology of montana . american naturalist 13 ( 7 ) : 432 - 441 .

dood , a . r . 1980 . terry badlands nongame survey and inventory final report . montana department of fish , wildlife , and parks and bureau of land management , helena , mt . 70 pp .

hammerson , g . a . 1999 . amphibians and reptiles in colorado . university press of colorado & colorado division of wildlife . denver , co . 484 p .

hendricks , p . 1999 . amphibian and reptile survey of the bureau of land management miles city district , montana . montana natural heritage program , helena , mt . 80 p .

maxell , b . a . , j . k . werner , p . hendricks , and d . l . flath . 2003 . herpetology in montana : a history , status summary , checklists , dichotomous keys , accounts for native , potentially native , and exotic species , and indexed bibliography . society for northwestern vertebrate biology , northwest fauna number 5 . olympia , wa . 135 p .

mosimann , j . e . and g . b . rabb . 1952 . the herpetology of tiber reservoir area , montana . copeia ( 1 ) : 23 - 27 .

nussbaum , r . a . , e . d . brodie , jr . and r . m . storm . 1983 . amphibians and reptiles of the pacific northwest . university of idaho press . moscow , id . 332 pp .

russell , a . p . and a . m . bauer . 1993 . the amphibians and reptiles of alberta . university of calgary press . calgary , alberta . 264 p .

st . john , a . d . 2002 . reptiles of the northwest : california to alaska , rockies to the coast . lone pine publishing , renton , wa . 272 p .

stebbins , r . c . 2003 . a field guide to western reptiles and amphibians . 3rd edition . houghton mifflin company , boston and new york . 533 p .

[ oea ] olson elliot and associates research . 1985 . 1983 - 1984 wildlife monitoring report for the cx ranch project . olson elliot and associates research . helena , mt .

[ presi ] powder river eagle studies incorporated . 1998b . spring creek mine 1997 wildlife monitoring studies . powder river eagle studies incorporated . gillete , wy .

[ usfws ] us fish and wildlife service . 1994 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; animal candidate review for listing as endangered or threatened species . federal register 59 ( 219 ) : 58982 - 59028 .

[ vtnwi ] vtn wyoming incorporated . no date . second year ' s analysis of terrestrial wildlife on proposed mine access and railroad routes in southern montana and northern wyoming , march 1979 - february 1980 . vtn wyoming incorporated . sheridan , wy . 62 p .

[ wesco ] western ecological services company . 1983b . wildlife inventory of the southwest circle known recoverable coal resource area , montana . western ecological services company , novato , ca . 131 p .

allen , j . a . 1874 . notes on the natural history of portions of dakota and montana territories , being the substance of a report to the secretary of war on the collections made by the north pacific railroad expedition of 1873 . proceedings of the boston society of natural history . pp . 68 - 70 .

baxter , g . t . and m . d . stone . 1985 . amphibians and reptiles of wyoming . second edition . wyoming game and fish department . cheyenne , wy . 137 p .

benson , k . r . 1978 . herpetology of the lewis and clark expedition 1804 - 1806 . herpetological review 9 ( 3 ) : 87 - 91 .

brunson , r . b . 1955 . check list of the amphibians and reptiles of montana . proceedings of the montana academy of sciences 15 : 27 - 29 .

bureau of indian affairs , department of the interior . 1981 . draft environmental impact statement . unpublished report for the crow / shell coal lease , crow indian reservation , montana .

burroughs , r . d . 1961 . natural history of the lewis and clark expedition . michigan state university press , east lansing . 340 p .

carlson , j . ( coordinator , montana animal species of concern committee ) . 2003 . montana animal species of concern . helena , mt : montana natural heritage program and montana fish , wildlife , and parks . in press . 12p .

cooper , j . g . 1869 . notes on the fauna of the upper missouri . american naturalist 3 : 294 - 299 .

cooper , j . g . 1869 . the fauna of montana territory . ii . birds . american naturalist 3 : 31 - 35 , 73 - 84 .