the eastern nicator ( nicator gularis ) is a species of songbird in the family nicatoridae .

it is found in kenya , malawi , mozambique , somalia , south africa , swaziland , tanzania , zambia , and zimbabwe .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , dry savanna , and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland .

it occurs south to around mtunzini in northern kwazulu-natal , south africa , and is regularly reported from lowland areas north through to east africa , including inland areas along the zambezi river .

this species was formerly called the " yellow-spotted nicator " although this is no longer the case , with that name now belonging solely to the central african western nicator .

eastern nicator

eastern nicator <EOT> eastern nicator ( previously called – yellow - spottted nicator ) geelvleknikator nicator gularis this eastern nicator made my day when i spotted it on a recent birding trip to the kruger . . . more

eastern nicator , kruger national park , south africa . [ photo trevor hardaker © ]

like bush - shrikes , eastern nicator has a hook to the tip of the upper mandible .

the eastern nicator , with its heavy bill and curved tip almost like a shrike , could possibly be closer to the shrikes as to the bulbuls .

h . chittenden and g . upfold . 2008 . eastern nicator . [ online ] ( updated 14 june 2008 ) available at : urltoken [ accessed 12 march 2009 ] .

the shy and elusive eastern nicator is one of the most interesting sand forest birds in lowland forest in southern africa . the status of the nicator family has been the subject of much debate and has been placed in both the shrike and bulbul families in the past . indeed , the name given to the southern african representative nicator gularis in the 1940 edition of the birds of south africa by austin roberts was yellow - spotted shrike ! it was subsequently moved from the shrike family to that of the bulbuls and given the name yellow - spotted nicator . with three different nicator species in africa , all with yellow spots , the current name eastern nicator is a far better one . the nicators are probably best placed in a family of their own as they have morphological and behavioral similarities to both the shrike and bulbul families .

this eastern nicator made my day when i spotted it on a recent birding trip to the kruger national park where it was foraging in the underbrush and thickets . i first recorded this bird when it was still called yellow - spotted nicator . i liked the name as it is quite an apt description of the bird . during this recent trip at punda maria , i spotted the bird now going by its new name – eastern nicator – and thus it is sort of also a first . the beautiful call of this bird is quite striking .

the eastern nicator ( nicator gularis ) , a member of the bulbuls family , is a shy and elusive bird that inhabits the lowland forest in southern africa . it was previously called the yellow - spotted shrike , then the yellow - spotted nicator and recently renamed the eastern nicator due to three different nicator species in africa , all with yellow spots . . . nicators are known to follow animals and catch prey as they are flushed out by the moving animals . the zulu name for the bird is ‘loosa’ which means ' the one that keeps watch over animals ' . view this sighting on tracking the wild here : urltoken subscribe for more interesting videos : urltoken follow us on : tracking the wild : urltoken facebook : urltoken twitter : urltoken google + : urltoken instagram : urltoken download our wildlife social media app : iphone app : urltoken android app : urltoken

fishpool , l . & tobias , j . ( 2018 ) . eastern nicator ( nicator gularis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

distribution of eastern nicator in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .

occurs in the lowlands of east africa , extending from kenya to northern mozambique and zambia , south to southern africa . here it is uncommon and retiring , silently descending to the undergrowth if disturbed although it sometimes perches prominently near its nest to call . it is found across mozambique , swaziland , northern and south - eastern zimbabwe , eastern limpopo province and kwazulu - natal . it generally prefers lowland secondary , evergreen and coastal forest , dense undergrowth of miombo ( brachystegia ) woodland , moist thornveld and riverine forest .

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : nicator gularis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

eastern nicator is one of those frustrating shy birds that sticks to dense vegetation and is more easily heard than seen , eluding many an experienced birder . on the 10th january 2008 , i ( gu ) was fascinated to witness a bird flapping on the ground like an injured butterfly . this species adapts this strategy when disturbed near a nest to distract and lure intruders away from any possible threat to their eggs or chicks . i was standing less than 2 m from the nest that had a young chick less than 4 days old . the nest was placed about half a meter above the ground on a lateral branch of a jackal - coffee tricalysia lanceolata shrub . the habitat was sandforest , in bonamanzi game reserve just south east of hluhluwe , kwazulu - natal , south africa .

the call of eastern nicator is loud and explosive , unlike that of any of the shrikes or bulbuls in the region so is an easy bird to locate in dense lowland woodland , their preferred habitat . they regularly use call posts , and these are normally in large emergent woodland trees . surprisingly , their nests are built down low , usually under one , or one and a half meters above the ground . they closely resemble the flimsy flat twig structures of telophorus bush - shrikes , and are unlike the cup - shaped nests of bulbuls . on finding a nest , one would be forgiven for thinking it could be that of a either a bush - shrike or wood - dove , so frail is the structure that one is frightened the eggs or small chicks would slip through the thin twig platform .

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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .

justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the global population size has not been quantified , but the population in southern mozambique has been estimated to number over 10 , 000 birds ( fry and keith 2004 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .

map updated : added a dot in munyati river ( zimbabwe ) ; enlarged shade in middle zambezi valley ( zambia ) and zambezi region ( namibia ) . eoo updated .

( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22713100a118717050 .

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bird glimpsed flying between perches , 5 - 7m high , in mature brachystegia woodland .

a surprisingly confiding individual , interspersing calling with foliage bathing . foliage bathing would be done whilst emitting a typical contact call . was one of two individuals .

was tape recording a large red colobus feeding party ( a few jumps and a few high pitched sounds can be heard ) , when i afterwards noted this species of bird ! a bradypterus ' s ' tick - click ' calls may be heard . towards the end a tauraco can be heard in the distance

some imitations - e . g . the square - tailed drongo ( the ' pitch ' - call ) which again resemble the call of the african goshawk

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .

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an adult bird typically skulking deep in the subcanopy cover of damp coastal forest .

lindsay hansch , paul van giersbergen , morten venas , steve garvie , markus lilje , mauriravasini .

often considered conspecific with n . chloris . populations of zambezi valley ( from zambia e to c mozambique ) described as race phyllophilus , based on paler and browner forecrown , more greyish - yellow hindcrown and neck , and brighter upperparts , but differences slight . monotypic .

s somalia , se kenya , ne & e tanzania ( including zanzibar , also scattered records farther w ) , s zambia , extreme ne namibia ( zambezi region ) # r , parts of n , e & se zimbabwe , and much of malawi and s mozambique s to ne south africa ( kwazulu - natal ) and e swaziland ; disjunct population in extreme se drcongo and adjacent nw zambia .

20–23 cm ; male 40–63 g , female 29–41 g . distinctive , shrike - like bulbul with relatively heavy hooked bill , conspicuous pale yellow spots on wings , . . .

song , from high well - concealed perch , less frequently from exposed one , starts with a few low notes . . .

coastal forest and lowland rainforest , riparian forest , evergreen and deciduous thickets , . . .

arthropods , including large orthopterans , beetles ( coleoptera ) and caterpillars . occurs singly or in pairs ; occasionally joins mixed - . . .

nesting recorded in jun and nov–dec in kenya and tanzania , and birds in breeding condition oct–may ( from beginning of short . . .

not globally threatened ( least concern ) . uncommon and locally common to common in different parts of range . population in s mozambique estimated to be at least 10 , 000 birds . . . .

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systematic position long debated ; traditionally classified within a broad family laniidae based on similarities in coloration and bill morphology , or placed with malaconotidae ( formerly part of laniidae ) or with pycnonotidae on morphological grounds . analyses of feather proteins and early studies of dna - dna hybridization both favoured placement in pycnonotidae , but genus unique in several morphological and other features ( including nest structure ) . recent dna studies place it in a separate family , probably close to alaudidae and panuridae # r # r # r # r .

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the source of much debate , it is has been placed with the bush - shrikes ( malaconotidae ) and with bulbuls ( pycnonotidae ) . as it resembles both of these families in many aspects , it might also be best to place it in its own family .

it eats insects , mainly foraging in the tree canopy , gleaning prey from leaves and branches while occasionally flicking its wings . it may also descend to the ground to feed , occasionally plucking ectoparasites from large mammals or hawking the insects they disturb . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :

adult at nest with a skink to give to the chick . [ photo hugh chittenden © ]

adult removing a faecal sack from the nest . [ photo guy upfold © ]

hockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .

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reference : vog . ost . - afr . [ finsch & hartlaub ] p . 360

howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :

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we photographed and watched the bird for most of the day . it was overcast and quite cool so the bird spent most of the time brooding the naked chick and occasionally feeding for short spells . food for the young chick consisted of mainly of invertebrates such as mantids and grasshoppers , but did also bring in caterpillars and an unidentified small skink .

distraction display by the female on the ground near the nest , and a young featherless chick on the nest .

photographing at a nest like this has its challenges . light , or rather the lack of light in the under canopy can either be an advantage or disadvantage . we used two large flashes to fill in shadows and light the bird , but also tried to use ambient light to get a natural looking background . later the dark undercanopy had the advantage of little ambient light so that flight and action shots were possible with flash as the only light source . with an hour of photographing at the nest , the bird became extremely tame and allowed us to enter or exit our hides without being frightened off its nest .

lizard prey fed to the young chick ; invertebrate prey was however most commonly brought to the nest .

nicators often follow animals such as warthog and nyala to catch prey flushed by these moving animals . the zulu name for the bird is an extremely apt one ‘loosa’ which means one that keeps watch over animals , describing the habit very well .

pilanesberg national park is a malaria free big 5 game reserve , located in north west province and is about two hours’ drive from johannesburg .

through the years , with intervals , i have successfully raised 3 orphaned southern fiscals / common fiscals – in those days still called fiscal shrikes . the last one a male , lived in my house per . . . more

there is a rich diversity of birdlife in southern africa and more than 850 bird species , which is roughly 8 % of the world’s bird population , can be found in south africa alone . the total bird sp . . . more

the spotted eagle - owl is a medium sized species of owl , one of the smallest of the eagle - owls and is a very successful hunter . it has a length of 45 centimetres , weight 480 – 850 g , a wingspan o . . . more


anarsia idioptila is a moth in the family gelechiidae .

it was described by meyrick in 1916 .

it is found in india ( bengal ) .

the wingspan is about 10 mm .

the forewings are grey , irregularly sprinkled with blackish , and irrorated with whitish towards the costa and on the posterior half .

there are five oblique dark fuscous marks on the costa from one-fifth to three-fourth , the median largest .

there is a blackish dot towards the costa near the base and a short subcostal line of black scales about one-third .

an indistinct blackish dash is found in the middle of the disc .

the hindwings are grey , thinly scaled and subhyaline except towards the apex and termen .

anarsia idioptila

anarsia idioptila <EOT> ananarsia idioptila ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52

anarsia idioptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa

anarsia chiangmaiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54

anarsia conica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54

anarsia lewvanichae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

anarsia melanoplecta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

anarsia procera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56

anarsia spatulana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56

anarsia eleagnella kuznetsov , 1957 ; zool . zhurn . 36 ( 7 ) : 1096

anarsia ulneongensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; korean j . ent . 26 : 343

anarsia asymmetrodes park , 2014 ; ent . res . 44 : 18 ; tl : baengnyeongdo

anarsia callicosma janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 214

anarsia pinnata meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 69

anarsia pustulata janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 32

anarsia ulneongensis ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 275

anarsia amegarta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 360 ; tl : java

anarsia hippocoma meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : queensland

anarsia sibirica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]

anarsia vinsonella viette , 1957 ; mém . inst . sci . madagascar ( e ) 8 : 163

anarsia altercata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54

anarsia amegarta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54

anarsia eburnella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54

anarsia ephippias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54

anarsia epotias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

anarsia eutacta meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 163 ; tl : java , pekalongan

anarsia eutacta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

anarsia geminella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

anarsia halimodendri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

anarsia libanoticella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

anarsia longipalpella rebel , 1907 ; denksch . akad . wiss . wien . 71 ( 2 ) : 124

anarsia melanchropa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

anarsia nuristanella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

anarsia omoptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56

anarsia sthenarota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56

anarsia veruta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56

anarsia aleurodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : mesopotamia , museyib

anarsia altercata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa

anarsia crassipalpella legrand , 1966 ; mém . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 78

anarsia ephippias meyrick , 1908 ; ent . mon . mag . 44 : 197 ; tl : pusa , bengal

anarsia euphorodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 503 ; tl : china , shanghai

anarsia inserta [ sic , recte incerta ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

anarsia luticostella chrétien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 332 ; tl : biskra

anarsia nigrimacula janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 29 ; tl : umkomaas

anarsia reciproca meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 300 ; tl : madras , coimbatore

anarsia retamella chrétien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 331 ; tl : gafsa

anarsia sthenarota meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 153 ; tl : mt murud , 6500ft

anarsia triglypta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : pusa , bihar

anarsia veruta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa

anarsia didymopa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa

anarsia epotias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa

anarsia mitescens meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton

anarsia sagmatica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa

anarsia albibasella janse , 1963 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 3 ) : 253 ; tl : sw . africa

anarsia amalleuta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 298 ; tl : three sisters

anarsia anthracaula meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 512 ; tl : new hebrides , efate

anarsia beitunica li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )

anarsia bimaculata ponomarenko , 1989 ; ent . obozr . 68 ( 3 ) : 635 ; tl : gomotaezhnoe , primorskii krai

anarsia choana park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan

anarsia decora li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )

anarsia elongata park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 64 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan

anarsia eximia li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )

anarsia largimacularis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )

anarsia magnibimaculata li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )

anarsia melanchropa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 281 ; tl : india , dehra dun

anarsia novitricornis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )

anarsia omoptila meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore

anarsia sibirica park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 78 ; tl : novosibirsk

anarsia squamerecta li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )

anarsia balioneura meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali

anarsia eburnella christoph , 1887 ; in romanoff , mém . lépid . 3 : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 14

anarsia libanoticella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ; tl : lebanon

anarsia sciotona meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : cape colony , east london

anarsia spartiella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]

anarsia spicata meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria

anarsia subfulvescens meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , umkomaas

anarsia acaciae walsingham , 1896 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 278 ; tl : sw . arabia , aden

anarsia anisodonta diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 14

anarsia arachniota meyrick , 1925 ; bull . soc . ent . egypte 9 ( 1 - 3 ) : 210 ; tl : egypt

anarsia carbonaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton , waterval onder

anarsia chaonella park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taiwan , tapei co . , taihoku

anarsia incerta ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : ryukyus , japan

anarsia permissa meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 331 ; tl : sw . africa , windhoek

anarsia triaenota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : gooty

anarsia citromitra meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : portuguese east africa , magude

anarsia geminella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 18 ; tl : herat , afghanistan

anarsia nigricana park , 1991 ; jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 494 ; tl : suweon , gyunggi prov .

anarsia vectaria meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , sarnia ; umkomaas

anarsia aspera park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 57 ; tl : taiwan , orchid is . , 4km sw hungta

anarsia isogona meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : nilgiris , 3500ft

anarsia melanoplecta meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal

anarsia pensilis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon

anarsia sagittaria meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal

anarsia nimbosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 300 ; tl : three sisters , pretoria , waterval onder

anarsia nimbosa ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]

anarsia acerata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft

anarsia acrotoma meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft

anarsia lechriosema bradley , 1982 ; j . nat . hist . 16 ( 3 ) : 375 ; tl : norfolk i . , mt bates , 290m

anarsia stylota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya and patipola , ceylon

anarsia semnopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali ; portuguese east africa , magude

anarsia tortuosella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 ; tl : chingi , salt range , w pakistan

anarsia psammobia falkovitsh & bidzilya , 2003 ; proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ . 1 ( 1 ) : ( 113 - 147 )

anarsia tricornis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , perdeniya and haldamulla , ceylon

anarsia arsenopa meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 72 ; tl : british east africa , nairobi forest

anarsia epiula meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 418 ; tl : sydney , new south wales

anarsia gajiensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : mt gaji - san , gyungnam prov . , korea

anarsia leucophora meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales

anarsia ovula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )

anarsia paraisogona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )

anarsia protensa park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 60 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m

anarsia tortuosa ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 90 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56

anarsia halimodendri christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 297 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 69 ; tl : turkmenistan

anarsia inculta walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 112 , pl . 5 , f . 49 ; tl : bathurst , gambia

anarsia nigricana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )

anarsia nuristanella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : nuristan , afghanistan

anarsia silvosa ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 88 ; tl : japan , honshu , oita pref . , shonai town , shiramiz

anarsia minutella ; sattler , 1976 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 34 ( 2 ) : 140 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]

anarsia stepposella ponomarenko , 2002 ; far east . ent . 115 : 2 ; tl : russia , tuva republic , 50°44 ' n 93°08 ' e , east tannu ola mts , irbitei , 1000m

anarsia taurella bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 14 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara

anarsia ulmarata bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 15 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara

anarsia phortica meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 167 ; tl : maskeliya , kegalle , haldamulla and undugoda , ceylon ; n . coorg ; kuching , borneo

anarsia malagasyella viette , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : madagascar , env maroantsetra , forest station farankaraina , route navana , km 16 , 5 , antoroka valley , 100m

anarsia choana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 272 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )

anarsia molybdota meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : toowoomba , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; carnarvon , perth and york , west australia

anarsia bimaculata ; park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 496 ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 113

larva on ( in seed pods ) acacia edgworthii , a . farnesiana walsingham , 1896 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 279

ananarsia acerata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 50

ananarsia acrotoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51

ananarsia aleurodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51

larva on albizzia sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54

chelaria antisaris meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : barberton

ananarsia arachniota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51

ananarsia aspera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51

chelaria austerodes meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 22 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria

ananarsia belutschistanella amsel , 1959 ; stuttgart . beitr . naturk . 28 : 33 ; tl : baluchistan , iran

ananarsia belutschistanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51

japan , korea , primorye , china ( jilin ) . see [ maps ]

larva on maackia amurensis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54

chelaria bipinnata meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : gifu , japan

ananarsia bipinnata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51

larva on elaeagnus multiflora , e . umbellata , acer ginnala , quercus sp . ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 83

nothris centrospila turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 165 ; tl : qeensland , brisbane

ananarsia didymopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51

romania , s . ukraine , seeu , altai , transcaucasia , turkmenistan , kazakhstan , afghanistan . see [ maps ]

ananarsia eleagnella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51

ananarsia elongata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51

larva on arachis hypogaea ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54

chelaria eriozona meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : british s . e . africa , bela vista ; portuguese east africa , magude

ananarsia euphorodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52

ananarsia gajiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )

guiera bradley , 1969 ; bull . ent . res . 59 ( 1 ) : 79

larva on halimodendron eichvaldii ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

s . india , laos , china ( zhejiang , yunnan ) , taiwan , japan . see [ maps ]

larva on schima sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52

ceu , seu , asia minor , n . africa , syria , caucasus , transcaucasia , afghanistan , china , india , australia , . . . . see [ maps ]

larva on prunus spp . , p . avium , p . spinosa , p . domestica , p . insititia

larva on prunus spinosa , malus spp . , amerniaca spp . , persica spp . , cerasus spp . , amygdalus spp . , acer tataricum ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52

nothris minutella turati , 1929 ; boll . lab . zool . portici 23 : 124 , f . 4

larva on glycine max park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 495

larva on cajanus indicus meyrick , 1918 , exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147

s . india , ceylon , laos , thailand , shanghai , taiwan , queensland . see [ maps ]

gelechia patulella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 635 ; tl : ceylon

larva on prunus salicina , nephelium sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52

ananarsia pensilis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52

s . india , ceylon , thailand , laos , borneo . see [ maps ]

ananarsia protensa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53

larva on elaeagnus pungens ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53

ananarsia reciproca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53

ananarsia sagittaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53

ananarsia sagmatica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53

chelaria sciograpta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria

larva on ( in fruit ) mimusops capensis meyrick , 1927 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353

seu , ceu , sw . siberia , transbaikalia , libya , asia minor , mongolia . see [ maps ]

larva on sarothamnus scoparius , genista tinctoria , lembotropis nigrans , ulex spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56

ananarsia stylota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53

chelaria tortuosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : matale , ceylon

ananarsia tortuosella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53

ananarsia triaenota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53

ananarsia triglypta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53

larva on inga dulcis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56

[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

microlepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54

microlepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv

voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . résultats scientifique . insectes lépidoptères . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,

in la faune entomologique de i ' ile de lar réunion . lépidoptères ( excepté les tordeuses et les géométrides )

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udea adversa is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by philpott in 1917 .

it is found in new zealand .

the wingspan is 20 – 21 mm for males and females .

the forewings are ferruginous , but brighter along the costa .

there is an irregular transverse outwardly-oblique white discal dot at the middle and a dark , obscurely indicated second line .

the hindwings are yellow with the discal dot and terminal band fuscous .

udea adversa

udea adversa <EOT> udea adversa is a moth in the crambidae family . it was described by philpott in 1917 . it is found in new zealand . [ 1 ]

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udea is a genus of moths of the family crambidae . they are mostly native to eurasia and the new world . there are over 200 species . about 41 are native to hawaii .

[ read before the otago institute , 5th september , 1916 , received by editors , 30th december , 1916 , issued separately , 16th july , 1917 . ]

♂ . 33–34 mm . head and thorax dark grey . palpi grey , stout , and rather short . antennae in ♂ moderately serrate , fasciculate - ciliated to apex . abdomen pale fuscous - grey . forewings rather short , costa almost straight , apex rounded , termen evenly rounded , oblique ; grey , rather bluish - tinted ; an irregular double interrupted black line at ⅓ ; orbicular moderate , rounded , open above and beneath , ringed with ochreous - white margined with black ; claviform irregularly rounded , touching first line , black ; reniform broad , ringed with ochreous - white , black - margined ; an obscure dentate median dark line passing between orbicular and reniform ; second line indicated by a chain of black lunules ; subterminal line parallel to termen , ochreous - white , anteriorly black - margined , serrate ; a series of black dots on termen : cilia fuscous with paler basal line . hindwings dark shining fuscous ; a black line round termen : cilia pale fuscous with a darker median line .

nearest to a . moderata ( walk . ) , but the stigmata , especially the prominent reniform , are quite different .

taken at waiouru in march by mr . h . w . simmonds . i am indebted to dr . j . a . thomson , of the dominion museum , for the opportunity of describing this form , two good examples having been forwarded by him for that purpose . type ( ♂ ) in coll . dominion museum .

♂ . 34 mm . head , palpi , and thorax grey slightly tinged with brown ; terminal joint of palpi rather elongate . antennae in ♂ very shortly ciliated . abdomen ochreous - brown . forewings , costa almost straight , apex rectangularly rounded , termen bowed , slightly oblique ; olive - grey ; veins marked with white interrupted by black dots ; lines almost obsolete , faintly indicated by white scales ; orbicular well defined , ovate , filled with white , finely margined with black ; reniform rather narrow , bluntly projecting at lower anterior corner , white - ringed , finely margined with black ; termen serrately margined with white : cilia brown . hindwings fuscous - grey - brown : cilia grey with darker median line .

the form of the stigmata differentiates this species from its allies . it has a peculiarly neat and smooth appearance .

titahi bay ( wellington ) , december . the type ( coll . m . o . pascoe ) is the only example at present known .

♂ . 17–20 mm . head , palpi , thorax , and abdomen dark reddish - brown sprinkled sparsely with grey and black . antennae black , annulated with

whitish , in ♂ ciliate - fasciculate , ciliations 4 . forewings triangular , costa slightly sinuate , apex obtuse , termen angulated at middle , subsinuate beneath ; dark dull - reddish - brown ; numerous obscure bluish - green and black transverse lines ; upper half or second line frequently more prominently greenish and followed by a rather broad reddish band , a thin waved bluish - green subterminal line usually present : cilia fuscous - grey , suffusedly barred and mixed with darker . hindwings in ♂ slightly but broadly projecting on middle of termen ; dark greyish - fuscous ; veins dotted with whitish scales , dorsal fasciae hardly indicated : cilia as in forewings .

near c . rivalis philp . , but much darker in appearance , the details of wing - shape also show considerable differences .

mount cleughearn , hunter mountains , in january . the male was found commonly in a restricted spot at about 3 , 250 ft . no females were obtained .

♂♀ . 22–25 mm . head , palpi , thorax , and abdomen grey sprinkled with black . palpi in ♀ 3½ , in ♂ slightly less . antennae in ♂ evenly ciliated , ¾ . forewings rather narrow , costa hardly arched , termen bowed , strongly oblique ; fuscous - grey , irrorated with black , sometimes with faint pink suffusion ; numerous waved white lines , more prominent on apical half of wing ; margin of the slightly darker basal portion of wing sharply and triangularly indented opposite discal spot ; a black line along termen : cilia whitish - grey with fuscous median line . hindwings , termen unevenly rounded , in ♂ deeply sinuate above middle ; greyish - white with numerous incomplete waved bluish lines : cilia grey , obscurely barred with fuscous .

nearest to c . sphragitis ( meyr . ) , but showing no greenish coloration .

queenstown and ben lomond discovered by mr . m . o . pascoe , who secured several examples of each sex in november and december . types : ♂ in coll . m . o . pascoe , ♀ in coll . a . philpott .

♂ . 30 mm . head , palpi , and antennae purplish - grey . thorax fuscous - brown mixed with grey . abdomen fuscous - grey with some reddish scales laterally . forewings moderate , triangular , costa moderately arched , apex subacute , termen sinuate , oblique ; whitish - grey with faint purplish tinge ; markings dark purplish - fuscous , basal line thick , evenly curved , projecting angularly at middle ; anterior margin of median band inwardly oblique beneath costa at ⅓ , thence broadly excurved to dorsum at ¼ ; posterior margin from ⅔ costa to ¾ dorsum , with strong broad apically - indented projection at middle ; traces of a thin waved white subterminal line ; an oblique suffused purplish - fuscous fascia from apex : cilia grey , obscurely barred with fuscous , tips whitish . hindwings elongate , termen angularly projecting at middle , purplish - grey ; basal half darker , being marked off by a median fascia parallel to termen : cilia as in forewings . undersides . forewings ochreous - reddish with the upper markings faintly reproduced , hindwings ochreous - reddish , terminal half suffused with whitish .

nearest to h . triphragma ( meyr . ) , from which it differs chiefly in the shape of the posterior margin of the median band .

discovered by mr . j . h . lewis at broken river , canterbury . seven or eight examples were taken , but i have not been able to ascertain the dates of capture .

in form of wing and markings this species approaches x . cedrinodes meyr . from the greenish forms of the genus it is at once distinguished by its much larger size .

mount cleughearn , hunter mountains , at about 3 , 250 ft . common in january at flowers of dracophyllum longifolium . the female appears to be rare ; out of nineteen specimens taken only one belonged to that sex .

♂♀ . 34 mm . head , thorax , and abdomen whitish - ochreous finely sprinkled with fuscous . antennae in ♂ , with rather short pectinations . forewings triangular , costa strongly arched , sinuate at middle , apex moderately sharp , termen subsinuate , oblique ; ochreous - grey - whitish ; termen broadly margined with greyish - fuscous ; costal edge very narrowly fuscous ; a thin curved brown line near base ; first line ( anterior edge of median band ) irregularly subdentate , curved , brown , from ⅓ costa to ⅓ dorsum ; second line ( posterior edge of median band ) irregular , slight triple projection at middle , excurved beneath , from ⅔ costa to ¾ dorsum , brown ; an obscure waved pale subterminal line : cilia greyish - ochreous . hindwings ochreous - grey - whitish ; a median fascia and a broad terminal band greyish - fuscous : cilia greyish - ochreous .

one of each sex taken at clarence river and coverham ( marlborough ) in february and march by dr . j . a . thomson and mr . h . hamilton . types ( ♂ and ♀ ) in coll . dominion museum .

♂ . 35–38 mm . head , palpi , and thorax ochreous - brown . antennae , stalk whitish , annulated with black , pectinations 2 mm . abdomen black , densely strewn with yellowish - white scales , anal tuft ochreous . forewings moderate , costa hardly arched , almost straight , termen bowed , oblique ; light ochreous - brown , often densely strewn with white scales ; markings white ; first line bent outwardly beneath costa , thence inwardly oblique to dorsum , posteriorly dark - margined , often obsolete on upper portion ; a suffused median shade sometimes present ; second line broad , inwardly

oblique , twice sinuate , anteriorly dark - margined ; a thin dark line parallel to second line , sometimes obsolete ; subterminal broad , waved , parallel to termen : cilia yellowish - white , barred with fuscous , and with a fuscous basal line . hindwings rather narrow ; brownish - fuscous , densely sprinkled with grey - whitish on basal ⅔ ; two parallel curved white fasciae beyond middle , second sometimes obsolete . cilia as in forewings . undersides ochreous - brown ; second and subterminal lines of forewings and post - median lines of hindwings usually indicated ; a dark discal spot on both wings .

♀ . 16 mm . semiapterous . forewings oblong , apex subacute , termen hardly rounded , oblique . hindwings oblong , slightly narrower than forewings , termen and dorsum slightly concave . legs and antennae normally developed . palpi small and not densely haired . legs fuscous , tarsal joints annulated with white . the rest of the insect is white minutely speckled with dark fuscous , and with a slight ochreous tint on head and anterior portion of thorax .

in this species the antennal pectinations reach their highest development , and it is significant that this is comcident with the semiapterous condition of the female . it is probable that n villosa is an offshoot from n . orphnaea ( meyr . ) , that species being attached to rocky and shingly ground , while the former has become adapted to areas covered with more ample vegetation .

common from december to february in well - grassed situations at from 3 , 000 ft . to 4 , 000 ft . the male was first met with on the hump ( waiau ) in 1910 , and was subsequently found on the hunter mountains . the female was not discovered till december , 1915 , when three specimens were taken by mr . c . c . fenwick on the hump . so far , the two localities mentioned are the only ones in which the species has been observed , but in all probability it also occurs on the intervening princess range .

♂♀ . 24–26 mm . head , palpi , and thorax dark ochreous - brown , in ♀ lighter . abdomen ochreous - grey - brown . forewings elongate , costa slightly arched at base , thence almost straight , apex rectangular , termen bowed , not oblique ; brownish - ochreous , finely sprinkled with black and , in ♀ , with grey ; a rather broad central ochreous - white streak from base to ⅖ , margined with blackish beneath and round apex , a suffused and interrupted whitish transverse fascia at ⅔ , second line prominent , white , shortly oblique towards termen , thence straight to before tornus , margined anteriorly with a series of black dashes : cilia fuscous - grey , tips and a series of obscure basal dots white . hindwings fuscous - grey , in ♀ slightly ochreous - tinged : cilia grey - whitish with a fuscous median line .

not far removed from o machaeristis meyr . , but differing in the presence of the well - defined second line , the basal streak is also much shorter .

discovered by mr . m . o . pascoe on cecil peak , wakatipu , at an altitude of about 6 , 000 ft . the examples ( two of each sex ) were secured early in january and on the 25th february . types in coll . m . o . pascoe .

♂ . 29–32 mm . head and palpi ochreous - brown . thorax brown with broad suffused ochreous - whitish central stripe . abdomen greyish - ochreous . forewings moderate , somewhat oblong , costa rather strongly and evenly

arched , apex subacute , termen subsinuate , oblique ; greyish - ochreous - brown ; a narrow whitish - ochreous stripe beneath costa from base to apex ; extreme costal edge brown , dilated on apical half ; a rather broad straight white central stripe , narrowly margined above and beneath with brown ; an obscure whitish - ochreous streak along dorsum : cilia grey - whitish , darker round tornus . hindwings dark brownish - fuscous : cilia whitish - ochreous with fuscous basal line .

nearest to c . oppositus philp . , but the forewings are not dilated posteriorly and there are several minor distinctions in the character of the pale stripes .

longwood range . five males amongst rough herbage on the open tops at about 2 , 700 ft . in december .

♂ . 20 mm . head and thorax ochreous - brown . palpi elongate , whitish beneath . antennae in ♂ moderately bipectinate ; brown . abdomen greyish - ochreous . forewings elongate - triangular , costa gently arched , apex obtuse , termen almost straight , slightly oblique ; pale ochreous - brown , darker basally ; first line whitish , slightly sinuate and inwardly oblique , broadly margined posteriorly with blackish - brown ; reniform 8 - shaped , upper half filled with blackish - brown , lower half brown - ringed , pale ; some dark suffusion beneath costa between first and second lines ; second line thin , indistinct , pale , clearly margined anteriorly with blackish - brown , broadly indented below costa and irregularly dentate on lower half : cilia ochreous with interrupted blackish - brown basal line . hindwings and cilia ochreous - grey ; lunule and subterminal line fuscous .

extremely similar to s . acompa meyr . , but somewhat broader - winged . the antennal structure of the male at once distinguishes it .

mount cleughearn , hunter mountains , in an open spot in the forest at about 2 , 750 ft . three specimens in december and january .

distinguished from m . notata ( butl . ) , its nearest ally , by the outwardly - oblique discal spot of forewings .

discovered by mr . g . w . howes at queenstown in the last week of february , 1912 . mr . c . e . clarke has since secured the species in the same locality about the middle of february .

♂ 25–28 mm . ; ♀ 22 mm . head and palpi ochreous - grey mixed with brown , palpi 3 . antennal ciliations of ♂ 1½ . thorax purplish - brown sprinkled with brown . abdomen ochreous - grey . forewings elongate - triangular in ♂ , suboblong in ♀ , costa almost straight , without fold , apex

obtuse , termen subsinuate , hardly oblique ; dull grey - brown with purplish gloss and numerous obscure strigulations of reddish or fuscous ; margin of basal patch usually indicated by a more pronounced irregular strigula ; median fascia from ⅓ costa , irregular , outwardly oblique , inner margin only marked : cilia grey mixed with brown . hindwings fuscous - grey , obscurely mottled with darker cilia grey with darker basal line .

in point of size comparable only with e elephantina ( meyr . ) , but that species appears to be widely dissimilar in colour and markings . in some specimens of e . tenebrosa the markings are almost entirely obsolete .

ben lomond , in february . discovered by mr . c . e . clarke , who has kindly placed at my service for description a series of six males and one female . types ( ♂ and ♀ ) in coll c . e . clarke .

♂ . 14 mm . head , palpi , and thorax white . antennae whitish , darker towards apex . abdomen fuscous - grey . forewings narrow , slightly dilated basally ; leaden - fuscous , beneath fold shining white ; median portion of fold margined with black , an obscure ochreous subcostal stripe from ¼ to ¾ ; some ochreous scales round tornus : cilia fuscous . hindwings and cilia fuscous .

an obscure form , nearest s . caminora meyr . , but the head in that species is yellowish .

rare . a single specimen taken at invercargill in november , 1906 . mr . c . e . clarke has recently secured a second example at broad bay , dunedin , also in november . this latter specimen , being in excellent condition , has been made the type .

♂ . 11 mm . head dark shining brown , with prismatic reflections palpi loosely scaled , fuscous - brown , mixed with shining grey - whitish internally except at apex . antennae dark fuscous . thorax dark brass - coloured . abdomen dark fuscous , anal tuft grey . forewings lanceolate ; shining brass - coloured , a snow - white stripe on costa from before middle to apex , attenuated anteriorly : cilia white on costa , grey on termen . hindwings and cilia fuscous - grey .

nearest g . cionophora ( meyr . ) in wing - shape ; in ground - colour resembling g . codonias meyr . and g . transversella walk . , but somewhat paler than either of these species .

the hump ( waiau ) , and mount burns , hunter mountains . from december to february at elevations of from 3 , 000 ft . to 3 , 500 ft .

♂ . 15 mm . head white , sprinkled with fuscous . antennae white , basal joints greenish . palpi whitish , second joint outwardly brownish - fuscous except at apex , terminal joint outwardly narrowly brownish - fuscous at base and apex . thorax greyish - green , with a pair of black posterior median dots . abdomen grey - whitish . legs , anterior pair fuscous annulated with whitish , posterior pair grey , tarsi annulated with fuscous .

forewings , costa subsinuate , apex broadly rounded , termen oblique beneath , dorsal half irregularly suffused with pink ; costal half irrorated with fuscous and black ; a rather prominent black dot on costa at ½ and a number of blackish strigulae on apical third ; a distinct black discal dot ; cilia brownish - pink ; a broad black bar on tornus preceded by a narrow fuscous bar and followed by two small black patches . hindwings elongate - ovate , with a ridge of long hairs on basal portion of vein 1 c directed towards lower median ; shining greyish - white : cilia white , round apex brownish - pink ; an obscure dark basal line .

near o . prasinodes meyr . , but that species is not described as having any pink suffusion in forewings , and there are other differences .

rowallan ( waiau ) , in coastal forest . a single specimen taken by mr . c . c . fenwick in december . type in coll . c . c . fenwick .

♂ . 15 mm . head fuscous , the loose hair - scales tipped with greyish . palpi comparatively elongate , second joint rough beneath , terminal joint rather pointed ; fuscous tipped with greyish . antennal . ciliations ½ . thorax and abdomen purplish - fuscous . forewings , costa subsinuate , apex round - pointed , termen bowed , oblique ; dull purplish - fuscous ; markings creamy white ; a large triangular patch on dorsum reaching from ¼ to ½ , its apex about middle of disc ; an obscure dot on costa above this , sometimes obsolete , an inwardly - oblique short fascia on costa beyond middle ; a similar but smaller one before apex and an outwardly - oblique one between these two ; a small triangular patch before tornus ; three or four minute dots in apical half of wing : cilia purplish - fuscous with a white bar beneath apex and at tornus , and a broad white patch at middle . hindwings and cilia light fuscous .

the hump , at about 3 , 000 ft . i have met with it rarely in december and february ; mr . c . c . fenwick has also a specimen taken in december at the same locality .

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walker , f . 1863 , " crambites & tortricites " , list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . 27 , pp . 1 - 286

meyrick , e . 1888 , " on the pyralidina of the hawaiian islands " , transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1888 , pp . 209 - 246

meyrick , e . 1884 , " on the classification of australian pyralidina " , transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1884 , pp . 277 - 350

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0000eb92 - 046e - 4663 - b9f3 - 6cd1e0f9918a

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 03cd495f - 98c6 - 46c6 - 8bd8 - b267f39a495c

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 286414b8 - e384 - 439a - a70c - d76ce4414540

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b9ad7a5b - 4135 - 4926 - a84e - 498d3bad5fc1

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 53e76ed9 - dab5 - 43eb - b70e - 05c5e4e96eb4

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 242500

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heppnerographa ecuatorica is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in ecuador .

the wingspan is about 12.5 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is yellowish brown , but paler beyond the end of the median cell near a whitish streak .

the hindwings are brownish cream , but more fuscous outwards .

heppnerographa ecuatorica

heppnerographa ecuatorica <EOT> this is the place for ecuatorica definition . you find here ecuatorica meaning , synonyms of ecuatorica and images for ecuatorica copyright 2017 © urltoken

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heppnerographa circinnata is a species of moth of the tortricidae family which is endemic to venezuela .

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the species described to this date from venezuela are listed . 34 new species and 9 new genera are described :

razowski & wojtusiak , sp . n . two species are new to venezuela :

se da un listado de las especies descritas de venezuela hasta la fecha . se describen 34 nuevas especies y 9

razowski & wojtusiak , sp . n . dos especies son nuevas para venezuela :

mentioned in the literature ( e . g . , boscán martínez & godoy 1990 ) , there has been no compre -

hensive or even summary treatment of the tortricid fauna of that country . even the most significant con -

tribution to our knowledge of the venezuelan fauna , amsel’s ( 1956 - 1957 ) listed only two tortricids .

the goal of the present paper is to provide the first general overview of the tortricidae of venezuela .

tities or taxonomic status . instead , the primary objective is to present a list of all species described from

work . where relevant , new data on some of the known species also are presented . although preliminary ,

this study represents a critical first step in understanding the tortricid fauna of venezuela .

of the 45 species described from venezuela , two are synonyms . in the descriptive part of this pa -

per we add 34 new species , bringing the total to 79 . in comparison to other south american countries ,

seen through a comparison of taxonomic studies on specific groups of neotropical tortricinae ( e . g . ,

thus any comparison among countries or regions is premature at present . however , even with our lim -

ited knowledge it appears that the most diverse tribes in the neotropics ( i . e . , cochylini , euliini ) also are

extremely species - rich in venezuela , but these are the groups that have received the greatest attention .

cordillera de mérida , province mérida , venezuela . two of them , monte zerpa and la culata , are situ -

ated in the central part of the massive called the serranía de la culata . the third , páramo el batallón , is

chama ( 8º 36’ n , 71º 10’ w ) on the southern slopes of the serranía de la culata . the site is at 3025 m

elevation near a trail leading from mérida to páramo de los conejos , in forest - paramo ecotone . the

cloud forest vegetation at the site is relatively undisturbed , largely exhibiting its primary character .

as follows : 2000 m , 14 . 8º c ; 2500 m , 11 . 8º c ; 3000 m , 8 . 7º c . mean precipitation in mérida is 1743

mm at 1600 m and 2025 mm at 2000 m ( veillon , 1989 ) . during the dry season , which extends from

january to the end of march , the slopes of the mountains are free of clouds only early in the morning .

later in the day clouds build up quickly , and the sun usually is completely obscured between 11 . 00 and

páramo zumbador to the south and by páramo la negra to the north . the collection site , quebrada de

cotíes facing southwards toward bailadores , about 300 m below the upper limit of the cloud forest .

zone between the cloud forest and subparamo vegetation . the climate of this part of the mountains is

characterized by high precipitation , low temperatures , strong winds , and limited sunshine .

powered by batteries . collections were made consistently between 19 . 00 and 22 . 30 hrs .

. – collection site in páramo el batallón on the road from bailadores to pregonero .

holotype , male : “venezuela , stan tachira , p . n . batallón , páramo el rosal , vía san josé de bolí -

var , 2900 m , 4 - iii - 1966 , leg . j . wojtusiak” ; gs 40 .

paratypes : male , venezuela , stan tachira , p . n . batallón , páramo el rosal , vía san josé de bolí -

var , 2900 m , 4 - iii - 1966 , leg . j . wojtusiak ; male : venezuela , páramo el batallón , quebrada de los píos ,

2950 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak .

description : male . wing span 24 mm ( 23 mm in one paratype ) . head cream , labial palpus 1 . 5 ,

dirty white sprinkled with brownish ; thorax brownish . forewing weakly expanding terminally , termen

basally and near dorsum , mixed with rust in posterior half of wing . costa tinged grey basally , costal

and terminal dots blackish . pattern brown in form of two elongate marks extending from median area

of costa connected in median cell by a paler mark ; some brownish dots at mid - termen . cilia cream ; a

few divisions brown . hindwing cream slightly tinged brownish at apex ; cilia pale cream .

holotype male : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , mérida , monte zerpa , 3250 m , 13 - ii - 1996 , leg .

description : male . wing span 21 mm . head grey , labial palpus over 2 , greyish sprinkled with dark

grey ; vertex and thorax brownish . forewing broadest at 2 / 3 where costa bent . ground colour cream

sprinkled dark brown . cilia cream with brown divisions . hindwing cream slightly tinged brownish to -

holotype male : “venezuela , tachira , p . n . batallón , páramo el batallón , san josé de bolívar , 4 -

iii - 1996 , 2950 m , leg . j . wojtusiak” ; gs 80 . allotype , female : venezuela , cordillera de mérida , vuelta

de lola , 23 - ii - 1996 , 1950 m , leg . j . wojtusiak ; gs 79 .

description : male . wing span ca 35 mm . labial palpus 4 , whitish sprinkled with brownish ; vertex

and thorax slightly browner . forewing pale brownish cream , densely sprinkled and suffused with

brownish especially along dorsum ; three brown dots at costa subapically . cilia concolorous with

ground colour . hindwing cream , slightly tinged with brownish apically , with fine brownish strigulation .

distinctly suffused with brown ; brown suffusion on vein cua1 . hindwing slightly darker than in male ,

female genitalia ( fig . 105 ) : papillae anales slender , tapering terminad , well sclerotized ; apophy -

etymology : the species name refers to the asymmetry of the sacculus ; greek : cholo - lame .

holotype male : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , mérida , monte zerpa , 3070 m , 20 - ii - 1996 , leg .

description : male . wing span 26 mm . head whitish , labial palpus whiter above , tinged pale

ochreous to middle laterally ; thorax white cream , base of tegula tinged brownish . forewing slightly ex -

panding terminally , termen fairly oblique . ground colour white cream , sprinkled and partially suffused

and costal markings pale brownish ; some brown dots along termen . cilia concolorous with ground

etymology : the species name refers to the asymmetry of the sacculus ; latin : claudia - lame .

description : female : wing span ca 26 mm . head and thorax whitish , labial palpus ca 2 . 5 .

brown spot and tornal spot ; broad subterminal brownish grey blotch extending from tornus to costa .

female genitalia ( fig . 106 ) : eighth tergite large , rounded proximally ; apophyses long ; sterigma ex -

posterior part rather small , armed with a pair of wing - shaped lateral plates ; corpus bursae small , spinose .

is much larger . the female genitalia differ from all known species of the tribe .

directed proximally ; vesica with three strong , capitate , spine - like cornuti .

etymology : the genus name is an anagram of the type - species . feminine .

holotype , male : “venezuela , páramo el batallón , quebrada de los píos , 2950 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg . j .

wojtusiak” ; gs 75 . allotype , female ( gs 74 ) and one paratype , male with same labels .

description : male . wing span ca 17 mm . head pale brownish cream , labial palpus ca 3 , browner

than head ; thorax slightly darker than head , tegula with postbasal brown strip . forewing expanding

posteriorly ; costa weakly convex ; apex fairly long ; termen oblique , sinuate . ground colour pale brown -

with brown proximal edges . cilia concolorous with ground colour . hindwing , browner in apical third .

hindwing cream , tinged yellowish in distal third , with weak strigulation . cilia cream . male paratype

female : as described for male , except darker , with distinct brown median fascia .

male genitalia ( figs 51 , 52 ) : as described for the genus .

sal thorns present on all but median portion ; juxta small ; aedeagus slender , vesica without cornuti .

in the broad uncus , broad gnathos arms , and thorny transtilla . the dorso - basal process of the

powell & brown , 1991 it differs in lack of sclerite of corpus bursae . they also are similar to

m , 4 - iii ; monte zerpa 3070 m , , 20 - ii ; la culata , 3400 m , 16 - ii .

description : male . wing span ca 20 mm . head brownish grey , labial palpus ca 3 , brownish lateral -

ly , greyish above ; thorax brownish , scaled with grey . forewing expanding terminally ; costa convex ;

apex rather short ; termen fairly oblique , slightly sinuate . ground colour reddish , densely sprinkled grey ,

strigulated rust - red ; costal half of underside tinged ferruginous . cilia brownish ochreous to mid - termen ,

concolorous with ground colour towards tornus . hindwing creamy white with grey strigulation in apex

area ; cilia whitish . forewing of paratype rubbed , much more grey than in holotype .

female : as described for male , except one paratype browner , with dense darker strigulation .

male genitalia ( fig . 53 ) : uncus broad ; socius slender ; gnathos arms broad , dentate latero - posteri -

female genitalia ( fig . 108 ) : papilla analis broad ; anteostial part of sterigma very large , rather

description : male . wing span 21 mm . head and thorax brownish grey , labial palpus ca 4 , brown -

suffused with purple rust , with darker strigulae and dots . trace of median marking and indistinct sub -

apical spots brown . cilia grey . underside brownish grey , orange rust in costal third . hindwing dirty

etymology : the species name refers to its type locality , mt . zerpa .

holotype female : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , la culata , 3400 m , 16 - ii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtu -

description : female . wing span 26 mm . head dirty cream , vertex slightly darker ; labial palpus ca

6 , browner ; thorax cream , tinged with brownish grey . forewing weakly expanding terminad ; costa con -

vex to before middle ; termen weakly oblique , somewhat sinuate . ground colour cream brown , suffused

with brown , sprinkled and dotted with dark brown . markings pale grey brown , dotted with blackish

terminal fascia parallel to termen , followed by terminal suffusion . underside tinged with brownish fer -

ruginous mainly in apex third and subcostally . hindwing cream ; strigulae and spots greyish ; cilia

female genitalia ( fig . 109 ) : papilla analis large , broadening proximally ; apophyses very slender .

holotype male : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , la culata , 3500 m , 4 - ii - 1996 , leg j . wojtusi -

description : male . wing span 29 mm . head and thorax chestnut brown , labial palpus ca 3 , brown -

er , tinged grey above . forewing slightly expanding terminally ; costa curved outward mostly in distal

third ; apex very short ; termen rather not oblique to 2 / 3 . wing chestnut brown , sprinkled brownish ;

strigulation and veins browner . cilia paler than wing , tinged with pinkish . hindwing cream , slightly

tinged brownish on periphery , with weak strigulation . cilia cream brownish , paler towards anal portion

male genitalia ( figs . 56 , 57 ) : uncus slightly convex postmedially ; socius slender in basal half ; ter -

holotype male : “venezuela , páramo el batallón , quebrada de los píos , 2950 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg j .

description : male . wing span ca 30 mm . head and thorax whitish scaled brownish ; labial palpus

ca 3 , dark brown , whitish dorsally . forewing broad , somewhat expanding terminally ; costa convex ,

mostly at middle ; apex rounded ; termen weakly oblique . ground colour whitish , sprinkled greyish rust

especially in dorsal half of wing , with pinkish grey in terminal third and in part at costa . markings grey

ly . cilia concolorous with ground colour , brownish grey in costal third . hindwing greyish cream ,

whiter towards base , densely strigulated cream grey ; cilia ( worn ) concolorous with wing .

diagnosis : this species is easily distinguished by it large size and distinct colouration . it likely is

etymology : the specific epithet refers to large size of the moth ; greek : colossos - gigantic .

gnathos broad , minutely bristled terminally ; terminal plate strong , short . costa of valva distinct ; disc

large lateral sclerites connected by membrane ; juxta simple ; aedeagus slender , bifid .

is distinct in the shapes of the transtilla , uncus , and eighth abdominal segment of the female .

etymology : the genus name is an anagram of the name of type - species .

holotype male : “venezuela , stan tachira , p . n . batallón , páramo el rosal , vía san josé de bolí -

var , 2900 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg j . wojtusiak” ; gs 25 . allotype , female from páramo el rosal , 3000 m , 3 -

description : male . wing span 24 mm ( in paratypes 24 - 26 mm ) . head ochreous cream , labial pal -

pus over 2 . 5 , darker ; thorax rusty ochreous . forewing somewhat expanding posteriorly ; costa gently

convex ; apex short , slightly oblique , weakly sinuate . ground colour yellow , tinged ochreous ; strigula -

tion , dots , and some veins brownish ochreous . markings brownish ochreous with some browner dots

fasciae ; apex tinged rust . cilia darker than ground colour , brown at apex , more ochreous cream at tor -

slender , dorsal arm one thirds as long , twice as broad ; coecum penis slender ; cornuti absent .

female genitalia ( fig . 110 ) : papilla analis rather well sclerotized ; apophyses posteriores long ;

apophyses anteriores very short ; ostium in a collar , open proximally ; antrum sclerite small . otherwise

var , 2900 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg j . wojtusiak” ; gs 27 .

paratypes : 4 males : venezuela , stan tachira , p . n . batallón , páramo el rosal , vía san josé de

description : male . wing span 26 mm . head and thorax creamy brownish ; labial palpus ca 2 ,

slightly browner . forewing broadest at middle ; termen oblique , almost straight . ground colour cream

brownish , sprinkled with brownish . markings brown , consisting of costal remnants of postbasal fascia

and median fascia , subapical suffusion and a curved row of dots representing subterminal fascia . cilia

concolorous with ground colour . hindwing cream , somewhat mixed with brownish on periphery ; cilia

cream . variation . some specimens with brownish ground colour and more complete brown markings .

male genitalia ( figs . 62 , 63 ) : uncus rather short , with strong lateral lobes ; gnathos simple ; valva

minal process ; vesica with a single , long cornutus ; anellus above aedeagus provided with bristles .

female genitalia ( fig . 111 ) : sterigma large , rather weakly sclerotized , with median postostial plate

and postero - lateral spinulate lobes ; antrum short , broad [ corpus bursae damaged ] .

seven specimens collected by j . wojtusiak , of which 4 from cordillera de mérida , mérida , monte

vuelta de lola , 22 - ii ; 1 from cordillera de mérida , mérida , monte zerpa , 3250 m , 13 - ii .

the species was known from a few specimens from different parts of venezuela . the male geni -

description : male . wing span 22 mm . head cream , thorax more yellow , with brown basal spot of

tegula ; labial palpus 1 . 5 , brownish along middle of outer side . forewing slightly expanding terminad ;

apex rather short ; termen somewhat oblique , weakly sinuate . ground colour yellowish cream ; costal

ed with one another by small prominences of subtornal and submedian parts of their edges . cilia con -

colorous with ground colour . hindwing whitish cream , slightly darker at apex , with traces of greyish

pecially in the possession of a strong process of the postbasal part of sacculus .

etymology : the name refers to the presence of a long terminal plate of the gnathos ; ceros - a horn .

description : male . wing span ca 20 mm . head and thorax snow white ; labial palpus ca 2 , tinged

tively straight , weakly oblique . ground colour white , with traces of grey dorsal dots , somewhat darker

darker marks . cilia whitish , browner at apex , with rust divisions medially . hindwing white , tinged

from ecuador , from which it can be distinguished by the broad distal part of the uncus . the colouration

is very distinct : ground colour of the forewing clear white , with the blotches brownish black .

holotype male : “venezuela , páramo el batallón , quebrada de los píos , 2950 m , 4 - iii - 1996 . leg . j .

description . male . wing span 16 mm . head dirty cream ; labial palpus ca 1 . 5 tinged brown espe -

cially dorso - laterally ; thorax cream tinged with brownish . forewing not expanding posteriorly ; costa

weakly convex ; apex short , rounded ; termen weakly oblique , rather straight . ground colour cream

tinged pale yellowish brown , darker in distal half , strigulated and partly suffused with brownish . mark -

minal fasciae indistinct , greyish brown . cilia concolorous with ground colour . hindwing cream , whiter

at base , more brownish yellow on periphery , with indistinct brownish strigulation . cilia concolorous

broadening terminally ; aedeagus broad to middle , with slender terminal part ; cornutus small .

etymology : the name refers to the type - locality , quebrada de los píos .

basal third ; in hindwing m3 - cua1 very close to one another at median cell .

membrane , each with a large apodeme of muscle ; aedeagus slender ; caulis small ; cornutus a single spine .

eral parts of the sterigma , the presence of distinct apodemes , and a broad aedeagus . in the shapes of un -

description : male . wing span 13 mm . head and thorax brown ; labial palpus ca 2 , creamy , brown

along middle of second joint and terminally . forewing weakly expanding terminally , broadest at 2 / 3 of

costa where distinctly bent . wing brown with indistinct darker transverse lines in posterior half ; cilia

brown . hindwing dirty whitish in basal part , brownish on periphery ; cilia pale brownish .

male genitalia ( figs . 70 , 71 ) : as described for the genus .

description : male . wing span 22 mm . head pale ochreous cream , thorax brownish grey , tegula

edged laterally with cream ; labial palpus 1 . 3 , pale brownish , cream terminally . forewing weakly ex -

panding terminally , termen rather not oblique , tolerably straight . ground colour cream , slightly tinged

ochreous , sprinkled and dotted with brown . markings brown , consisting of remnants of basal blotch ,

median fascia , and subterminal fascia . cilia cream ; divisions brown . hindwing brownish , cilia mostly

var , 2900 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak” ; gs 7 .

description : male . wing span 29 mm . head and thorax creamy brownish ; labial palpus ca 1 . 5 ,

straight ; apex triangular followed by distinct concavity of termen . ground colour cream brownish

veins ; distal part of wing more strongly suffused , with small cream spots . costa spotted brown ; sub -

apical blotch divided into three costal and one inner spots ; some brown dots present . median fascia

rudimentary , diffuse , brownish . cilia [ worn ] cream brown with brownish basal line . hindwing cream ,

tinged with brownish in apical third , with weak brownish strigulation . cilia cream , tinged with pale

etymology : the species name is derived from the name of type locality : batallón .

one specimen from venezuela , cordillera de mérida , mérida , monte zerpa , 3070 m , 20 - ii .

similar male genitalia from various countries from mexico to ecuador . an examination of the female

genitalia should resolve the conspecificity of the venezuelan specimens with those from costa rica .

m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak” , gs 35 .

description : male . wing span 20 - 23 . 5 mm , 2 mm in holotype . head pale brownish , thorax darker

brown , labial palpus brown , 1 . 5 . forewing slightly expanding terminally , termen fairly oblique , rela -

brownish scales and browner strigulation . markings chestnut brown , dark brown in costal and median

blotch accompanied by a subtornal spot . cilia ochreous , blackish at apex , greyer at tornus . hindwing

whitish , mixed with pale brownish cream in distal half , with indistinct brownish strigulation . cilia

cream brownish , whitish in anal area . variation . ground colour of forewing more or less dark , in some

female genitalia ( fig . 112 ) : cup - shaped part of sterigma large ; ductus bursae long with rather

fers in the rounded apical part of the uncus , the short cornuti , and the long ductus bursae .

etymology : the specific epithet is based on the spanish name “cordillera” or mountain range .

description : male . wing span 17 mm . head brownish , labial palpus ca 1 . 5 ; thorax brownish ,

weakly oblique , relatively straight . ground colour dirty pink , rather dark , with ill - defined strigulae .

markings dark brown , paler in basal and distal part of wing where tinged yellowish or grey . basal

to costal and subterminal parts ; terminal fascia ill - defined , best developed below apex . cilia pale rust .

tinguished by its much shorter uncus and smaller valva . the ventral aspect of the uncus is similar to

etymology : the name refers to colouration of forewing ; latin : ferrugineus - rusty .

leg . j . wojtusiak” ; gs 71 . paratype an identically labelled male .

pus ca 1 . 5 ; thorax concolorous with head , scaled with brown . forewing costa convex to middle then

ing mid - costa . ground colour pale brownish cream , sprinkled with brownish , with some brown suffu -

sions and costal dots . markings ill - defined , consisting of brown remnants of basal blotch , median fas -

cia , and subterminal fascia ; spot at apex . cilia brownish cream . hindwing cream , darker on periphery ;

similar externally and in the male genitalia . it is readily distinguished by the large , broad , terminally

description : male . wing span 19 mm . head cream , vertex tinged brownish , labial palpus over 2 ,

browner ; thorax brownish cream with browner suffusions . forewing distinctly expanding terminally , ter -

men oblique weakly concave towards middle . ground colour white cream , somewhat glossy in distal third

of wing ; suffusions pale ochreous . markings ochreous , browner at dorsum in form of transverse fasciae ,

dorsum where ochreous scaled with brownish black . cilia pale cream ; divisions light ochreous . hindwing

whitish cream tinged pale ochreous in distal area , with brownish ochreous strigulation . cilia white cream .

etymology : the name refers to the shape of end of socius ; circinnatus - rounded .

holotype male : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , la culata , 3400 m , 16 - ii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusi -

description : wing span ca 22 mm . head and thorax greenish , labial palpus ca 3 , white dorsally

and terminally , black laterally ; base of tegula black . forewing expanding posteriorly , costa weakly con -

ing mid - costa . ground colour greenish white along distal half of costa , edges of median blotch and sub -

large , black , greyer subcostally , atrophying at costa . cilia greenish white with some black scales at

apex and mid - termen . hindwing white tinged greyish brown in apex area ; cilia white .

etymology : the species epithet refers to colouration of forewing ; latin : chlorizans - verdant .

wing rs - m1 strongly approaching to one another in basal thorn ; m3 - cua1 on a very short stalk .

colliculum membranous ; cingulum weakly sclerotized extending distally ; cornuti two , funnel - shaped .

mini as the shape of cornuti , sterigma and signa show . its supposed autapomorphies are the shape of

3250 m , 20 - ii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak” ; 1 specimen : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , mérida , monte

zerpa , 3270 m , 24 - ii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak ; 1 specimen : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , la culata ,

description : wing span 19 - 20 mm . head greyish with slight brownish cream admixture ; labial

palpus ca 3 , broad terminally , brownish ; thorax slightly darker than head . forewing slender ; costa gen -

tly gradually convex ; termen somewhat oblique , slightly concaving towards middle . ground colour

of costa ochreous rusty . markings grey sprinkled or spotted with brownish grey ; basal blotch incom -

plete , darkest along middle , protruding as a median rust spot , marked with black at dorsum . median

ish . cilia whitish suffused with greyish , grey at apex and near middle distally . hindwing whitish tinged

male genitalia ( figs 86 , 87 ) : as described with the genus .

description : in male costal fold slender reaching mid - costa . venation : in forewing remnant of

costa ; termen oblique , distinctly concave at middle . ground colour creamy in basal half and in specu -

of wing black . cilia blackish grey . hindwing whitish tinged pale brownish creamy in distal third ; cilia

wojtusiak” ; gs 74 . paratypes : 1 male from stan tachira , p . n . batallón , páramo el rosal , vía san josé de

bolívar , 2900 m , 4 - iii and 1 male : venezuela , páramo el batallón , quebrada de los píos , 2950 m , 4 - iii .

description : wing span 17 mm . head , thorax and end of labial ( 1 . 5 ) palpus white the latter with

two black fasciae , head tinged sea - green . forewing slender , expanding terminad with costa hardly con -

vex ; termen oblique to beyond middle , then convex ; costal fold to beyond middle . ground colour white

sea - green , whitish along costa and inside speculum . costal and median areas black to termen beneath

colorous dots ; basal area strigulated with whitish . cilia black - grey with whitish interruptions near mid -

etymology : the species name refers to the geographic name quebrada de los píos .

iii ; 1 specimen in cordillera de mérida , la culata , 3400 m , 16 - ii .

this species was described and known to date only from colombia . the description of genitalia

female genitalia ( fig . 114 ) : ovipositor long ; cup - shaped part of sterigma long probably fusing

description : wing span ca 20 mm . head whitish , labial palpus over 2 concolorous dorsally ,

brownish laterally with two brown strips ; thorax creamy , base of tegula brown . forewing somewhat ex -

at middle ; costal fold slender reaching to beyond third of costa . ground colour whitish slightly sprin -

kled and strigulated with brown ; costal strigulae blackish , dorsal dots minute . markings brownish

accompanied by much lighter subdorsal part and terminal fascia . cilia whitish strongly mixed with

blackish , white at tornus . hindwing whitish tinged with grey in terminal third , with darker strigulation ;

termen more oblique , indistinctly concave . ground colour tinged pale ochreous especially toward apex ,

dotted brown - black throughout . markings brown - black , distinct ; median fascia beneath median cell

grey and pale ochreous ; terminal fascia rust ochreous brown edged between apex and mid - termen .

ly ; arms of henion slender , long ; aedeagus proportionally small , slender .

female genitalia ( fig . 115 ) : cup - shaped part of sterigma short , postostial part broad , straight ter -

minally ; cingulum sclerite long ; signa two , one smaller than the other .

disc bristled and hairy ; anellus forming a broad sclerite around aedeagus ; this last slender , simple .

is distinct by large dentate socii , the long , rod like uncus and the well sclerotized anellus .

etymology : the genus name is referable to the locality name , la culata in the cordillera de mérida .

description : wing span 18 mm . head pale ochreous creamy , thorax slightly darker ; labial palpus

ca 2 , creamy brown with two brown transverse fasciae . forewing slightly expanding terminad , costa

ta and obliquely from there to before tornus ; paler green suffusion in middle subterminally . strigulation

lines . dorsum brownish black to middle and towards tornus , paler from mid - costa to apex . cilia grey -

male genitalia ( figs 96 , 97 ) : uncus very long , slender , pointed ; socius very broad , dentate . other -

etymology : the species name refers to the shape of socii ; latin : asymmetricus - asymmetric .

description : wing span 20 mm . head and thorax greenish white ; labial palpus broad , greenish

above , black in ventro - lateral part . forewing slender , expanding terminally ; costal fold to middle ; apex

short , rounded ; termen oblique , concave just beneath middle . ground colour greenish , with white spots

before and beneath apex . markings and spots along costa and dorsum black ; median fascia tinged pale

by means of pale ochreous and greyish suffusions . cilia greenish , black at apex . hindwing whitish

description : wing span 16 mm . head whitish , brownish laterally , labial palpus ca 2 , analogically

coloured with whitish terminal joint ; thorax whitish , tegula brown . forewing slightly expanding termi -

middle of costa , brownish grey . ground colour whitish sprinkled and dotted with brownish ; costal

lum ; the latter without inner spots or refractive markings ; terminal area greyish brown , apex darker .

cilia whitish densely scaled with brown , brownish terminally . hindwing whitish tinged pale brownish

description : wing span ca 21 mm . head creamy brown , head paler , labial palpus ca 3 , rather con -

colorous , paler basally . forewing not expanding terminally , apex rounded , termen oblique , concave be -

neath middle . ground colour creamy brownish sprinkled with brown ; a few brown dots along dorsum .

cilia brownish grey , whitish at tornus . hindwing slender , creamy , tinged with brownish distally ; cilia

incision ; cucullus rather small , ovate , without pollex ; aedeagus slender , fairly long .

zeller , 1877 from colombia . it differs from it in much shorter uncus and more elongate extending ven -

description : labial palpus long , costal fold of forewing absent or rudimentary . venation : in forewing

site base of chorda ; in hindwing rs - m1 closely approaching basally , m3 - cua1 stalked to middle .

slender , ventral incision short ; cucullus slender , long ; aedeagus short ; henion short .

in olethreutini but the female genitalia are of the eucosmine type . two species included .

description : wing span 21 mm in holotype , 20 mm in female paratype . head and thorax creamy

sparcely scaled with brownish grey ; labial palpus 3 , white with brownish marks . forewing weakly ex -

minal markings indistinct ; speculum with a few brown dots . cilia ( worn ) , whitish . cilia creamy ,

female genitalia ( fig . 116 ) : sclerite of cingulum weak ; signa equal in size .

leg . j . wojtusiak” ; gs 117 . allotype an identically labelled female , gs 118 .

description : wing span 26 mm in holotype , 23 mm in paratype . forewing broad , costa convex ,

apex very short , rounded ; termen weakly oblique , somewhat concave beneath apex . ground colour

with similar suffusions between veins of posterior fourth of wing . costal strigulae blackish brown , con -

dots ; other markings ill - defined . cilia creamy with blackish median line and a few dividings . hindwing

female genitalia ( fig . 117 ) : cup - shaped part of sterigma fairly broad with rather differentiated

proximal portion ; sclerite of cingulum fairly well developed ; one signum large , one minute .

etymology : the species name refers to the number of species included in the genus .

one specimen from páramo el batallón , quebrada de los píos , 2950 m , 4 - iii .

the authors express special thanks to dr . john w . brown , washington , usa , who not only dis -

cussed some important systematic questions but also edited the text of this paper . we also thank dr .

joaquin baixeras , valencia , spain and mr . kevin r . tuck , london , england , for comparing specimens

with their material in their care and providing taxonomic suggestions . we also thank mr . artur czekaj

for digital arrangement of plates , dr . jolanta górska - andrzejak for preparation of the genitalia and mr .

for digital arrangement of the plates . we want to express our special thanks to dr .

tomasz pyrcz for his help and assistance in the field work . the field works were supported by the grant

ds - zoological museum of jagiellonian university , 1996 . we want also thank dr . angel l . viloria and

mr . jesús camacho , caracas , venezuela , for their assistance in the field , and mr . magaly quiroz , cara -

brown , j . w . , 1999 . – a new euliine genus from costa rica and venezuela ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . –

: 138 - 152 . checklist , part 2 , hyblaeoidea - pyraloidea - tortricoidea .

razowski , j . & becker , v . o . , 2000 . – a review of the new world chlidanotini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . –

razowski & wojtusiak , sp . n . , paratype ( gs 5 ) ;

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