westralunio carteri is a species of freshwater mussel in the family hyriidae .

it is endemic to western australia .

it is known by the common name carter 's freshwater mussel .

this is the only species of the genus westralunio found in australia .

westralunio carteri

westralunio carteri <EOT> ( 2011 ) . westralunio carteri . in iucn red list of threatened species .

recent references = westralunio carteri . — santos - neto et al . ( 2016 ) . = westralunio carteri . — graf et al . ( 2015 ) . = westralunio carteri iredale , 1944 [ sic ] . — iucn ( 2014 ) . = westralunio carteri ( iredale , 1934 ) . — walker et al . ( 2014 ) . = westralunio carteri iredale , 1934 . — zieritz et al . ( 2013 ) . = westralunio carteri iredale , 1934 . — bogan ( 2010 ) . = westralunio carteri iredale , 1934 . — graf & cummings ( 2007 ) . = westralunio carteri iredale . — walker et al . ( 2001 ) . = westralunio carteri iredale , 1934 . — b . j . smith ( 1992 ) . = westralunio carteri iredale , 1934 . — haas ( 1969 ) .

the june 2013 mussel of the month is westralunio carteri . westralunio is a genus of three species found in western australia and new guinea .

( 2012 ) . conservation status of westralunio carteri iredale ( bivalvia : hyriidae ) . in :

( 1934 ) . the freshwater mussels of australia . type species : westralunio ambiguus carteri iredale ,

( 1989 ) . the freshwater mussel , westralunio carteri iredale , as a biological monitor of organochlorine pesticides .

( 2011 ) . freshwater shrimp ( palaemonetes australis ) may be involved in glochidia release from the freshwater mussel westralunio carteri .

westralunio carteri is endemic to southwestern australia , and this freshwater mussel is the only species found in that area . intestestingly , the other two species of westralunio are far away in new guinea .

the occassion for crowning westralunio carteri as mussel of the month for june 2013 was inspired by the recent paper by klunzinger et al . ( 2013 ) . w . carteri , like other hyriids , has hooked - type glochidia .

( 2011 ) . westralunio carteri . in iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . available at http : / / www . iucnredlist . org .

( 2012 ) . host fishes for the glochidia of westralunio carteri iredale ( bivalvia : hyriidae ) . in : ‘molluscs 2012’ : triennial conference of the malacological society of australasia ,

michael klunzinger has moved our understanding of westralunio carteri forward a great deal with his dissertation on the ecology , life history , and conservation status of this species . good work , michael !

( 2008 ) . freshwater mussels ( westralunio carteri ) in the catchments of geographe bay , south - western australia . fish health unit ( murdoch university ) , report to the water corporation ,

iredale , 1943 , austral . zool . : 190 [ as ‘westralunio ambiguus’ ] [ in part ] .

original name : westalunio ambiguus carteri iredale , 1934 . iredale , t . ( 1934 ) . the freshwater mussels of australia . australian zoologist 8 : 57 - 78 .

klunzinger m . w . , beatty s . j . , morgan d . l . , pinder a . m . & lymbery a . j . ( 2015 ) . range decline and conservation status of westralunio carteri iredale , 1934 ( bivalvia : hyriidae ) from south - western australia australian journal of zoology 63 : 127 - 135 .

klunzinger , m . w . , thomson , g . j . , beatty , s . j . , morgan , d . l . , & lymbery , a . j . ( 2013 ) . morphological and morphometrical description of the glochidia of westralunio carteri iredale , 1934 ( bivalvia : unionoida : hyriidae ) . molluscan research 33 : 104 - 109 .

klunzinger m . w . , beatty s . j . , morgan d . l . , lymbery a . j . & haag , w . r . ( 2014 ) . age and growth in the australian freshwater mussel , westralunio carteri , with an evaluation of the fluorochrome calcein for validating the assumption of annulus formation . freshwater science 33 : 1127 - 1135 .

iredale , 1934 , austral . zool . : 62 , pl . 3 , fig . 8 ; pl . 4 , fig . 8 [ as ‘westralunio ambiguus’ ] [ in part ] .

klunzinger , m . w . , beatty , s . j . , morgan , d . l . , & lymbery , a . j . ( 2012 ) . distribution of westralunio carteri iredale , 1934 ( bivalvia : unionoida : hyriidae ) on the south coast of south - western australia , including new records of the species . journal of the royal society of western australia 95 : 77 - 81 .

klunzinger , m . w . , beatty , s . j . , morgan , d . l . , lymbery , r . , thomson , g . j . & lymbery , a . j . ( 2011 ) . discovery of a host fish species for glochidia of westralunio carteri iredale , 1934 ( bivalvia : unionoida : hyriidae ) . journal of the royal society of western australia 94 : 19 - 23 .

klunzinger , michael w . ; beatty , stephen j . ; morgan , david l . ; lymbery , alan j . ; haag , wendell r . 2014 . age and growth in the australian freshwater mussel , westralunio carteri , with an evaluation of the fluorochrome calcein for validating the assumption of annulus formation . freshwater science . 33 ( 4 ) : 1127 - 1135 . 9 p . doi : 10 . 1086 / 677815

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westralunio . shell more or less oblong ( ratio of maximum height of shell to its length > 50 % ) . pseudocardinal teeth erect , strongly serrated , shell small ( less than 70 mm in length ) . beaks smooth , shell rather thick , with concentric growth lines only . restricted to sw australia .

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introduced fishes : gambusia holbrooki ( girard , 1859 ) ; phalloceros caudimaculatus ( hensel , 1868 ) unsuitable host fish species : introduced fishes : carassius auratus linnaeus , 1758 * note : an additional seven introduced and three native fishes that occur in parts of the geographic range of w . carteri remain untested as host fishes . those listed above are the most widespread . age at sexual maturity : 3 - 6 years ( klunzinger et al . 2014a ) life expectancy : at least 36‑52 years ( klunzinger et al . 2014a ) habitat requirements :

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walker , k . f . , jones , h . a . and klunzinger , m . w . 2013 . bivalves in a bottleneck : taxonomy , phylogeography and conservation of freshwater mussels ( bivalvia : unionoida ) in australasia . hydrobiologia .

. 2013 ) . the evolutionary relationship between the three species is currently unknown and their description is based primarily on adult shell characters .

beatty , s . , keleher , j . , kirkendale , l . , lymbery , a . , morgan , d . , pinder , a . , robert , j . , slack - smith , s . & whisson , c .

current population size is not available . some subpopulations have declined from catastrophic mortality ( e . g . , salinity , physical destruction of habitat , exposure to air and possibly predation by introduced mammals ) . where suitable habitats remain in ‘good’ condition , the species can still be found in relatively dense patches ( 20 - 50 individuals / m² ) , but seldom > 100 mussels / m² overall population trend is decreasing as threats continue ( klunzinger et al . 2012b , 2014b ) .

following parasitic period , metamorphosed glochidia ( i . e . juveniles ) detach to begin life in the sediments ( no change in shell length while on the fish ) ;

adults capable of moving distances of 7 - 10 m over a long period of time , but generally sedentary .

( kendrick 1976 ; morgan et al . 2011 ; klunzinger et al . 2012a , b , 2013 , 2014a ; walker et al . 2013 ) host fish ( klunzinger et al . 2012a ) confirmed host fish species : native fishes : tandanus bostocki whitley , 1944 ; nannoperca vittata ( castelnau , 1873 ) ; afurcagobius suppositus ( sauvage , 1880 ) ; pseudogobius olorum ( sauvage , 1880 ) ; bostockia porosa castelnau , 1873 ; galaxias occidentalis ogilby , 1899 ; leptatherina wallacei ( prince , ivantsoff & potter , 1982 )

freshwater lakes , rivers and streams ( mean salinity < 1 . 6 ppt ) ;

patchy distribution in sandy / muddy sediments with greatest densities associated with exposed submerged tree roots ( eucalyptus rudis , melaleuca spp . and others ) , woody debris and overhanging riparian vegetation near stream banks and edges of lakes / dams ;

precise habitat requirements and quantification of density within habitat types are in the early stages of study for this species ; juveniles may require specific micro - habitats and are difficult to locate in the wild .

there have been a few select threat abatement actions in localized subpopulations undertaken through environmental consultancies for state government agencies . however , the success of translocation strategies to mitigate impacts is unknown . otherwise , there are currently no recovery or threat abatement / mitigation actions proposed or planned specifically for the species .

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mcmichael , d . f . & hiscock , i . d . 1958 , " a monograph of the freshwater mussels ( mollusca : pelecypoda ) of the australian region " , australian journal of marine and freshwater research , vol . 9 , pp . 372 - 508

iredale , t . 1934 , " the freshwater mussels of australia " , the australian zoologist , vol . 8 , no . 1 , pp . 57 - 78 pls iii - vi

storr , g . m . 1971 , " the genus lerista ( lacertilia : scincidae ) in western australia " , journal of the royal society of western australia , vol . 54 , pp . 59 - 75

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 524939ef - a9f1 - 4812 - 9a3e - cf1f04f34e04

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b348d75a - 5040 - 43b2 - b137 - d0f0f8eae483

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c6247ba8 - 3ed5 - 4af1 - b381 - 0d0a23780319

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : eeb0f478 - ed2a - 44f7 - 8ff7 - abb45490b29f

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4cecf607 - 52c6 - 4216 - bc29 - 3c65b81cc8fe

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 372160

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‘lamarck’ menke , 1843 , molluscorum novae hollandiae specimen : 38 , sp . 219 .

cotton & gabriel , 1932 , proc . roy . soc . victoria : 157 [ in part ] .

‘reeve’ e . a . smith , 1874 , the zoology of the voyage of h . m . s . “erebus” and “terror” : 3 , pl . 4 , fig . 2 .

‘philippi’ cotton & gabriel , 1932 , proc . roy . soc . victoria : 157 .

( selected by mcmichael & hiscock , 1958 ) , river avon , south australia .

( selected by mcmichael & hiscock , 1958 ) , victoria reservoir , darling range , 12 mls e of perth , western australia , australia [ - 32 . 05 , 116 . 067 ± 10 km ] .

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shell medium sized , oblong to ovate , solid to thin valves , sculpture of radial growth lines , umbos smooth but are often eroded , thick black periostracum , interior of valves nacreous bluish to bronze to white , hinge teeth with very strong grooved ( serrated ) pseudocardinal teeth , anterior retractor muscle scars deeply impressed .

anatomy : supra anal opening absent , larvae are brooded in the inner pair of demibranchs , inhalant and exhalant siphons are short but prominent and formed by the mantle edge which is open ventrally and fused posteriorly , branchial siphon larger than anal siphon bearing a variable number of prominent papillae and heavily pigmented .

hyridella . beak of young specimens at least sculptured with v - shaped ridges ; shell quadrate to elongate ( ratio of maximum height of shell to its length > 50 % ) , not markedly winged . hinge strong with grooved pseudocardinal teeth and simple ' lateral ' teeth . shell surface ( other than beaks ) more - or - less smooth except for concentric growth lines .

velesunio . beaks smooth , shell can be rather thick , rounded in outline ( ratio of maximum height of shell to its length > 50 % ) , often inflated , hinge lamellar , usually simple ( rarely serrated ) . shell surface with concentric growth lines only .

alathyria . shell typically large , elongate - ovate ( ratio of maximum height of shell to its length > 50 % ) , often distinctly winged , thick , hinge usually with heavy , pseudocardinal teeth grooved , ' lateral ' teeth smooth . shell surface more - or - less smooth , with concentric growth lines only .

cucumerunio . shell very elongate ( ratio of maximum height of shell to its length < 40 % ) , beaks sculptured with v - shaped ridges ; rest of shell surface with conspicuous nodules or ridges . hinge strong , pseudocardinal teeth grooved .

lortiella . shell elongate ( ratio of maximum height of shell to its length < 45 % ) , winged posteriorly , hinge simple , not well developed . beaks smooth and shell surface with concentric growth lines only . found in nw australia .

type locality : victoria reservoir in the darling ranges , 12 miles east of perth , western australia .

the last major taxonomic revision of australian freshwater mussels was by mcmichael and hiscock ( 1958 ) . based on the available molecular results , walker et al . ( 2014 ) pointed out that a re - assessment of australian hyriids is needed .

shallow burrower in silty sand / mud in streams and rivers . suspension feeder . larvae ( glochidia ) are brooded in the gills and , when released , become parasitic on fish gills before dropping to the sediment as young mussels .

mainly live in flowing freshwater rivers , streams and water supply reservoirs . infaunal , living two thirds to almost fully buried in sand and sediment . suspension feeders . dioecious . brood young in marsupia in the inner pair of demibranchs . larvae parasitic , using fish as hosts and dispersal agents .

additional information on the biology and ecology of members of this family can be found in fauna of australia , vol . 5a , p . 296 - 298 .

beesley , p . l . , ross , g . j . b . & wells , a . , eds . ( 1998 ) . mollusca : the southern synthesis . parts a & b . melbourne , csiro publishing .

haas , f . ( 1969 ) superfamilia unionacea ( in ) das terreich , lieferung 88 , de gruyter and co . berlin .

jones , h . a . & byrne , m . ( 2014 ) . changes in the distributions of freshwater mussels ( unionoida : hyriidae ) in coastal southeastern australia and implications for their conservation status . aquatic conservation : marine and freshwater ecosystems 24 : 203 - 217 .

iredale , t . ( 1934 ) . the freshwater mussels of australia . australian zoologist 8 : 57 - 78 .

iredale , t . ( 1943 ) . a basic list of the fresh water mollusca of australia . australian zoologist 10 : 188 - 230 .

klunzinger , m . w . , beatty , s . j . , morgan , d . l . , thomson , g . j . & lymbery , a . j . ( 2012 ) . glochidia ecology in wild fish populations and laboratory determination of competent host fishes for an endemic freshwater mussel of south - western australia . australian journal of zoology 60 : 26 - 36 .

lamprell , k . & healy , j . ( 1998 ) . bivalves of australia , volume 2 . leiden , backhuys publishers .

mcmichael , d . f . & hiscock , i . d . ( 1958 ) . a monograph of the freshwater mussels ( mollusca : pelecypoda ) of the australian region . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 9 : 372 - 508 .

smith , b . j . ( 1992 ) . non - marine mollusca . pp . i - xii , 1 - 408 in w . w . k . houston . zoological catalogue of australia , 8 . canberra , australian government publishing service .

walker , k . f . ( 2004 ) . a guide to the provisional identification of the freshwater mussels ( unionoida ) of australasia . albury , murray darling freshwater research centre .

walker , k . f . , byrne , m . , hickey , c . w . & roper , d . s . ( 2001 ) . freshwater mussels ( hyriidae ) of australasia . pp . 5 - 31 in g . bauer & wächtler , k . ecology and evolution of the freshwater mussels unionoida . ecological studies . berlin , springer - verlag .

walker , k . f . , jones , h . a . & klunzinger , m . w . ( 2014 ) . bivalves in a bottleneck : taxonomy , phylogeography and conservation of freshwater mussels ( bivalvia : unionoida ) in australasia . hydrobiologia 735 : 61 - 79 .

zieritz , a . , sartori , a . f . & klunzinger , m . w . ( 2013 ) . morphological evidence shows that not all velesunioninae have smooth umbos . journal of molluscan studies 79 : 277–282 .

to cite this resource : ponder , w . f . , hallan , a . , shea , m . and clark , s . a . 2016 . australian freshwater molluscs . urltoken

author ( s ) : klunzinger , michael w . ; beatty , stephen j . ; morgan , david l . ; lymbery , alan j . ; haag , wendell r . ;

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