the gambian sun squirrel ( heliosciurus gambianus ) is a species of rodent in the family sciuridae .

it is found in angola , benin , burkina faso , central african republic , chad , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , eritrea , ethiopia , gambia , ghana , guinea , guinea-bissau , kenya , liberia , nigeria , senegal , sierra leone , sudan , tanzania , togo , uganda , and zambia .

its natural habitat is wooded savanna .

gambian sun squirrel

gambian sun squirrel <EOT> gambian sun squirrels bask in the sun ( that’s where they get their name ) .

inside one of the out - buildings , the gambian sun squirrel is racing around his cage .

gambian sun squirrels are primarily arboreal ( spend most of their time in the trees .

a young / baby of a gambian sun squirrel is called a ' pup , kit or kitten ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a gambian sun squirrel group is called a ' dray or scurry ' .

gambian sun squirrels are adorable . we love that they spend their time basking in the sun to keep warm ! we wonder if they use sunscreen .

, differ from typical gambian sun squirrels only because they are paler and there is a little bit of pink under the tail .

the gambian sun squirrel is listed as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species

gambian sun squirrel . heliosciurus gambianus . feeding in some kind of wild fig tree , locals , called it sotho tree , i think . ( just a short video clip for a blog post about squirrels . )

there are at least seven different sub - species of gambian sun squirrels , and all are distinguished almost solely by differences in color . because of this variety , it is difficult to describe the appearance of these animals except in broad terms and in comparison to other species of sun squirrel .

little is known about the reproductive habits of sun squirrels . however , the genus

eastern gray squirrel ( video for dogs and cats to watch . . . )

bolivian squirrel monkeys are arboreal ( spend most of their lives in trees ) .

bolivian squirrel monkeys live in large troops , with up to 40 - 50 individuals .

thanks machi and injica for your comments and id suggestion . indeed it looks like the subspecies of gambian .

like most squirrels , gambian sun squirrels are confident climbers and leap with agility between trees . on the ground , their gait is a series of small leaps , the two hindfeet and two forefeet alternating as pairs .

this experiment examines combining " ultrascatter advanced instancing for daz studio " and " look at my hair " in daz studio and iray . i had to convert the lamh fur to an object and then i could use ultrascatter to generate 40 gambian sun squirrel ' s . no post work . 30 min render

is known to coexist quite peacefully with humans as well as other species of squirrels , and as a result is quite common in the tropics of africa . gambian sun squirrels are currently not listed as threatened or endangered .

khodakevich l , jezek z , kinzanzka k . isolation of monkeypox virus from wild squirrel infected in nature .

i spent a long morning walking through the forest with robert . again it was fairly quiet . we saw a green squirrel or two , and a red - legged sun squirrel . we heard a giant squirrel along with another squirrel that , from robert’s description , was presumably a fire - footed rope squirrel . we also another cusimanse , saw lowe’s monkeys and heard geoffroy’s pied colobus quite near to the visitor centre in the late morning . at about 10am something bolted through the undergrowth close to where we stood . robert saw it better than me and identified it as a brush - tailed porcupine . all i saw was a blur of brown that , even i , with my dodgy ethics for counting new mammals , couldn’t in all conscience add to my life list .

gambian sun squirrels have been seen eating everything from fruits , seeds , and the pods of acacia species to insects , eggs , and young birds . they have even been recorded eating geckos , lizards , and nestlings . rosevear infers that if the opportunity should arise , small mammals would also be killed and eaten .

most observed communication has been recorded in captivity . gambian sun squirrels emit a high - pitched squeak when they are eating and are afraid that they will be disturbed . the tail flicks when they sense danger , but this may simply be a reaction rather than a type of signal . they also squeak constantly when running around a room .

goodness these bolivian squirrel monkeys adorable . can you imagine hearing a whole troop of these monkeys in the trees ? that would be so fun !

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - grey squirrel ( sciurus carolinensis ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - grey squirrel ( sciurus carolinensis ) " title = " arkive species - grey squirrel ( sciurus carolinensis ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

nowak , r . 1997 . " sun squirrels " ( on - line ) . walker ' s mammals of the world . accessed february 12 , 2004 at urltoken .

gambian sun squirrels prefer to live in tall , dense woodland savanna . they are arboreal , and are slowly expanding into the rainforests . although they prefer staying in the upper branches of trees , they will also feed on lower branches and even on the ground . in addition to the savannas and rainforests , they are found in woody water courses and thickets .

although a familiar mammal in many parts of great britain , the grey squirrel ( sciurus carolinensis ) is non - native , having been first introduced from the eastern usa in 1876 ( 3 ) . it is responsible for the decline in populations of the uk ' s native red squirrel ( sciurus vulgaris ) ( 3 ) . the introduced species is larger than the red squirrel , has largely grey fur with touches of russet - brown , and white underparts ( 2 ) . unlike the red squirrel , this species never has ear tufts ( 2 ) . the sexes are similar in appearance ( 4 ) .

although populations can be quite dense , gambian sun squirrels are for the most part solitary creatures . occasionally a family group ( the parents and one or two young ) will be seen together . they are diurnal animals , and at night they sleep in holes lined with freshly gathered leaves . for the most part they are arboreal , preferring the higher strata of the trees to the lower strata or the ground .

1 . red - legged sun squirrel heliosciurus rufobrachium 2 . forest giant squirrel protoxerus stangeri ( heard only ) 3 . green bush squirrel paraxerus poensis 4 . fire - footed rope squirrel funisciurus pyrropus ( heard only ) 5 . nagtgla’s dormouse graphiurus nagtglasii 6 . brush - tailed porcupine atherus africanus 7 . long - tailed pangolin uromanis tetradactyla 8 . long - nosed ( common ) cusimanse crossarchus obscurus 9 . straw - colored fruit bat eidolon helvum 10 . egyptian tomb bat taphozous perforatus 11 . demidoff’s galago galago demidoff 12 . potto perodicticus potto 13 . geoffroy’s colobus colobus vellerosus ( heard only ) 14 . olive colobus procolobus verus 15 . olive baboon papio anubis 16 . lowe’s monkey cercopithecus lowei 17 . mona monkey cercopithecus mona 18 . lesser spot - nosed monkey cercopithecus petaurista 19 . green monkey chlorocebus sabaeus ( heard only ) 20 . kob kobus kob 21 . western tree hyrax dendrohyrax dorsalis ( heard only )

the invasive alien species project ( march , 2008 ) http : / / 138 . 253 . 199 . 114 / iaap % 20web / iaapwebsite / factsheet / squirrel . doc

interviews with the u . s . importer and the licensed commercial ghanaian exporter indicated that in march–april 2003 collections of multiple ghanaian mammal species were made by local persons . these animals were subsequently shipped to the united states . the shipment included several rodent species including gambian rats (

the grey squirrel is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . it is an introduced invasive species to the uk , south africa and italy ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .

a very adaptable species , the grey squirrel prefers mature broadleaved woodlands with a rich understorey layer ( 4 ) . it also occurs in conifer woodlands , urban areas where there are mature trees , as well as gardens and parks ( 5 ) .

ghana , 2017 : romain bocquier , 7 days & 28 species including a range of nice bats ( including a hammer bat ) , pel’s anomalure , olive colobus , african palm civet and a slender - tailed squirrel . further discussion on the bat ids is here .

squirrels are hunted for their meat and pelts . squirrel pelts were also once used as a form of currency . the modern word for money in finland actually comes from a root word that means squirrel skins . since their diets consist of mainly fruits and seeds , squirrels become very useful in seed dispersal . squirrels that eat flowers or drink nectar may also aid in pollination . squirrels are used in medical and scientific research . a research project at the institute of arctic biology at the university of alaska , fairbanks has been studying hibernation in

also live in moist forests and are colored similarly to punctate sun squirrels except that the crown , neck , and mid - dorsum are redder , and the tail bands are not as distinct . what sets this sub - species apart is the unusual red tinge on the insides of the thighs and the root of the tail .

there are no threats to the grey squirrel ( 1 ) . it is a serious pest in britain , and its habit of removing tree bark is extremely damaging . in addition to out - competing red squirrels , it also carries a disease called parapox virus , which affects the native species ( 7 ) .

there are a few other mammals in the forest . squirrels are quite common , especially in the early morning when they feed in palm trees in the village . after an hour of looking in the afternoon i saw a red - legged sun squirrel and then a couple of squirrels , most probably a different species , run along a fallen tree . after considerable debate with the locals looking in my field guide , i gave up trying to work out which other species occurred in the forest , though it seems several do . the day before my visit , a lord derby’s anomalure had been in a tree by the visitors’ office at 11am . red river hogs were also apparently findable but with a considerable amount of effort .

introductions of this species to the uk continued up until 1915 . between 1930 and 1945 it underwent a huge expansion in range ; it is now common throughout central and southern england , wales and the central lowlands of scotland ( 3 ) , and is still increasing in terms of range and numbers ( 5 ) . the grey squirrel has also been introduced to south africa , australia ( 3 ) and italy ( 6 ) . in italy the grey squirrel has extended its range into the alps and piedmont , and it seems likely that it will now spread throughout much of europe ( 6 ) . its native range extends throughout the eastern usa reaching as far north as canada , and south to the mississippi river ( 4 ) .

genovesi , p . and bertolino , s . ( 2001 ) human dimension aspects in invasive alien species issues : the case of the failure of the grey squirrel eradication project in italy . in : mcneely , j . a . ( ed ) the great reshuffling human dimensions of invasive alien species . iucn biodiversity policy coordination division , gland , switzerland . available at : urltoken

this squirrel has little impact on its human neighbors . at times their skins were made into small bags , but it is now rarely done . they were also once considered a food source , but that was only for a brief period . perhaps their greatest contribution to humans is by becoming pets . squirrels make good pets , as long as they are taken before they are weaned .

genets and palm civets are noted as an adults squirrel ' s most likely predator . the young are likely to fall prey to rats , snakes , and driver ants . parents are known to cover the entrance to their nest with loose twigs and leaves , but this is easily bypassed . the parents may sometimes save the young from ants by carrying them in their mouth to a safer place .

. tree and flying squirrels are also essential in the regeneration of forests around the world through their seed dispersal activities . this is not only because seeds are left in the feces of these animals but also because of the caching habits of many squirrels . squirrels are also important in dispersing the spores of fungi that they eat , including ecologically important underground endorhyzal fungi . squirrels serve as host to a number of parasites such as fleas , mites and ticks . these parasites are known for causing the transfer of a number of diseases , such as plague , from squirrel to squirrel and to other mammals , including humans . some species have also been identified as playing the role of a keystone species in their ecosystem . one study conducted by kotiliar et al . ( 1999 ) confirmed that prairie dogs acted as a keystone species in the great plains of the united states . not only were prairie dogs an important food source for predators such as

the natural cycle of mpx within its native range is poorly understood , as is the route of transmission to humans in the tropical forest setting . the only mpx virus isolated from a wild - caught mammal was obtained from a single moribund rope squirrel ( funisciurus anerythrus ) collected during an outbreak investigation in zaire . 5 primary human ( and non - human primate ) infections are hypothesized to result from contact with an infected sylvan animal , although this reservoir host species is currently unknown .

. like in all mammals , the pregnant female invests her energy in producing the young , and the litters are typically small . when just born , the neonates are basically helpless , and are completely dependent upon the parents . the mother will nurse them , but sun squirrels grow fast , and will reach adult age fairly quickly . as the young are growing , the mother offers food and protection , as well as teaches them what is good for consumption and what is better left alone . the role of males in parental care of this species has not been documented .

at about 1pm , just back on the main trail we stopped to look for a squirrel that robert had seen . while scanning the bushes he got a glimpse of movement and saw about 2cm of something brown sticking out of a thicket . this turned into a long - tailed pangolin . even when i could see the tail through the binoculars ( all we could see was the size and texture of a pine cone ) i still wasn’t convinced that it wasn’t just a couple of strange leaves . and so i have simply no idea how robert spotted it .

squirrels have distinct vocalizations for particular situations , such as infants calling to their mothers and adults vocalizing during aggression . males vocalize during the mating season to attract mates . many squirrel species use distinctive alarm calls to warn conspecifics of dangers , including alarm calls that warn of specific threats , distinguishing between aerial and terrestrial predators . squirrels also use posture and movement as a form of communication , with messages carried by tail position , stomping of the feet , or body posture . as in most mammals , olfaction is very important in communication . females indicate sexual receptiveness through pheromones and social position or relatedness may also be inferred through chemical cues .

the most common tactics of sciurids for avoiding predators is camouflage and escape . squirrels typically have coats with color that matches their surroundings . tree squirrels often have lighter coloration on the ventral side compared to the dorsal , allowing them to blend in with the light sky to a predator that is looking at the squirrel from below and at to blend in with the dark ground when being stalked by an aerial predator . squirrels also avoid capture by quickly darting away from predators , remaining vigilant , biting , clawing , hiding in burrows or nests and sounding alarm calls . squirrels that are commonly attacked by snakes take on a completely different defense tactic known as mobbing . especially common in communal prairie dogs (

most squirrels eat mainly tree seeds and fruit , but their diet is diverse , including insects , eggs , fungi , lichens , and small vertebrates . while some squirrels consume fungi as a secondary component of their diet , it makes up nearly half of the diet of other species . many species opportunistically take animal prey , such as the young and eggs of birds or other mammals . foods such as buds , shoots , flowers , bark , lichens , and green plant material have generally low energy content per unit weight and make up a smaller portion of the diet . but the amount of each type of food consumed is determined mainly by its availability and accessibility . for this reason , diet composition changes from region to region , season to season , and year to year . many squirrel species cache or hoard food as well .

gestation ranges from 29 to 65 days , depending on the size of the species , with smaller squirrels having shorter gestation periods . for squirrels that hibernate , mothers must wean their young in enough time to gain winter weight for hibernation . all sciurids give birth to their young in a nest . although a single male can fertilize an entire litter , usually a litter has varying paternity , so a single litter could have multiple fathers . a typical litter consists of four offspring that are born naked , with closed eyes and ears . development and sexual maturity varies from species to species , with some squirrels being able to leave the nest after 26 days , and reaching sexual maturity by 87 days , to squirrels that are fully developed after 42 days , but don’t reach sexual maturity until they are 3 years old . hibernating squirrels tend to develop more quickly , with lactation times averaging 38 days . in tree and flying squirrels , lactation averages 70 days , longer than most other squirrel groups . african tree squirrels tend to be born at larger birth weights and have relatively shorter times to independence .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en " " urltoken "

thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

this is almost certainly a complex of several similar species . the form occurring east of the nile river ( multicolor ) is likely to be distinct ( p . grubb pers . comm . ) .

justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , it occurs in a number of protected areas , has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .

this species has been widely recorded over subsaharan africa . it ranges from senegal and the gambia eastwards through west africa to cameroon , through southern chad and central african republic , to southern sudan ( with an isolated population on jebel marra ) , ethiopia , and northwards to eritrea with a southerly extension into uganda and northwestern kenya . in the south of its range , the species occurs in central angola , zambia , southern democratic republic of the congo and southwestern tanzania . it has been recorded to elevations of up to 2 , 000 m asl .

this is considered to be a common and widespread savanna species ( grubb et al . 1998 ) .

this species is typically associated with savanna woodland . populations have also been observed within riparian forest and in savanna areas . it is generally absent from closed forest habitats . this species is commonly found in agriculural areas , especially oil palm plantations . animals are diurnal , solitary and predominantly arboreal .

this species is present in a number of protected areas . heliosciurus gambianus probably represents a complex of several similar species . further studies are needed to clarify the taxonomic status of populations currently allocated to this species .

this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .

( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t9830a115094544 .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

, are found only in the tropical regions of africa . the range of this species range stretches from nigeria and senegal on the west coast , across to the eastern coasts of sudan , uganda , kenya , and ethiopia . a few populations have been found in angola , the congo , and zambia .

has a small head coming to a bluntly pointed muzzle . the ears are round , and the eyes are large and bright . these animals weigh between 250 and 340 g , and measure in at 153 to 210 mm . the sexes are reported to be the same size , and to possess the same pelage .

is duller than other squirrels found in western africa . its dorsal pelage and flanks are grey , grey - brown or honey - colored and can have black speckling . there is a distinct black line that travels from the head to the tail , flanked on either side by a wide honey colored band . the tail has a black tip and the throat , chest , and ventral pelage are white . the tail is ringed with alternating black and tan rings .

, live in moister forest climates and have darker pelage , with some intermingled honey - colored hairs . the ventral pelage is more grey than white , and is a little longer and softer than the typical

, have very distinct rings on the tail , because the honey colored rings are a lighter , almost beige tone .

, live mainly in forests on the banks of streams . the tail rings are faint and the flanks of this sub - species are lighter due to interspersed white hairs . there is some red in the dorsal pelage .

, are a dark reddish sub - species . the tail is distinctive because of the greyish - black hair at the base of the back , leading into a long band of rusty - red thena long black ring , a short pale ring , and a short black tip .

, except that they have no dorsal reddish hairs . this subspecies also has fainter rings on the tail and the tips of the tail hairs are very long and white .

the more arboreal the subspecies is , the softer and longer the hairs are , especially in relation to the dorsal pelage .

is often found in pairs . it is not known if these represent stable mating pairs , however , it raises the prospect that these squirrels could be monogamous .

is reported to have two breeding seasons in west africa , july through september and november through january . the young of

were collectd in february , and two pregnant females had one and five embryos . it has been noted that most squirrels in west africa tend to have one to two young in each litter . it is not known how these data pertain to

breeding season the breeding season is apparently bimodal , with breeding occuring between july and september , then again between november and january .

has never been measured in the wild . there is one recording of its lifespan in captivity as eight years and eleven months .

have been in captivity , and their behavior is interestingly divergent from their behavior in the wild . for example , in captivity they are prone to sleeping with other animals , and other species if their own is not available . also , they do not make nests in captivity .

in the wild , these animals make other noises , such as a long note , " ker , ker , " a short trill , and a chatter . the meanings of these calls are yet to be determined . it can be inferred that their hearing is quite good because of their medium sized external ear conch and sensitivity to dangerous sounding noises .

in addition to vocal communications , it is likely that these animals use some visual and tactile communication , especially between mates , or between parents and offspring . chemical communication has not been documented in this species .

especially likes oil palm nuts , and prefers the husk to the kernal . the foraging behavior of these animals helps to wear down their ever - growing incisors . gnawing through tree bark and the tough husks of some fruits apparently helps their teeth .

the most significant impact that this species has on its ecosystem is most likely the result of its eating habits . its daily diet of nuts and fruits plays a role in the destruction and dispersal of seeds . they are small mammals , and therefore probably have voracious appetites . even though their diet is , for the most part , varied , their presence is surely felt by the insects and birds they prey on .

on humans . predators abound in the tropics , so they have little chance of becoming pests . they eat palm oil nuts , and sometimes cocoa pods , but not in enough numbers to be a nuisance .

alice park ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor , instructor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .

living in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .

young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .

having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .

animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .

forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .

offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .

the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .

the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .

rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .

referring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody ( usually , but not always , a river or stream ) .

the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .

a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .

a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .

a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .

reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .

to cite this page : park , a . 2004 . " heliosciurus gambianus " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name " gambianaurinko - orava " to " heliosciurus gambianus ( ogilby , 1835 ) " .

eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .

to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !

if you have a question about vimeo , chances are we’ve already answered it in our faq . take a look - see .

items in open research are protected by copyright , with all rights reserved , unless otherwise indicated .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

project noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .

dark brown - grey animal with cream colored underparts ( chest , neck and belly ) ; with a long barred tail . approx 22 to 25 length for the body , and the same , if not a bit more , for the tail .

this subspecies is found mainly in eastern africa , from north - east congo dr , up to forested regions of ethiopia and eritrea . this one was seen in forested area between the town of awassa , and lake awassa . the forest is swampy and very rich in wildlife , in particular birds as it is one of stops on the main migratory routes .

this subspecies is currently treated as separate species , with three subspecies , by some authors ; and it would be named " the cepape " - it can also be found under the scientific synonyms h . multicolor or sciurus multicolor . it was finally identified thanks to this photo , urltoken .

1st i thought it could be a dassie rat ( petromuridae ) but the habitat definitely does not fit - they like arid locations , and its tail is too thick anyway . this is a mystery indeed , i also don ' t think is any herpestidae . . . it has to be a rodent but i don ' t know any that looks like this one .

english german online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en " " urltoken "

about birding africa birding africa is a specialist birding tour company customising tours for both world listers and more relaxed holiday birders , and combining interests in mammals , butterflies , dragonflies , plants and other natural history . our guides know the continents birds like few others ; we ' ve written two acclaimed guide books on where to find southern africa ' s and madagascar ' s best birds and will guide you to africa ' s and madagascar ' s most diverse birding destinations . birding is more than our passion , it ' s our lifestyle and we are dedicated to making professional best value trips filled with endemic species and unique wildlife experiences . since 1997 , we ' ve run bird watching tours in south africa and further into africa for individual birders , small birding groups and top international tour companies . we ' ve run conservation tours in association with the african bird club and work with and consult for a number of other top international tour companies and the bbc natural history unit . for feedback from our guests , please see our tour information pages . for trip reports , please see our trip reports page .

this website is maintained by birding africa . copyright © 1997 - 2012 birding africa

please do not use any text , images or content from this site without permission . black harrier photograph courtesy of keith offord . © birding africa 1997 - 2012 info @ urltoken

[ african tailorbirding cc ( ck2003 / 020710 / 23 ) trading as birding africa ] 4 crassula way , pinelands 7405 , cape town , south africa .

warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .

mary g . reynolds , * † darin s . carroll , † victoria a . olson , christine hughes , jack galley , anna likos , joel m . montgomery , richard suu - ire , mubarak o . kwasi , j . jeffrey root , zach braden , jason abel , cody clemmons , russell regnery , kevin karem , and inger k . damon

* address correspondence to mary g . reynolds , division of viral and rickettsial diseases , centers for disease control and prevention , 1600 clifton road ne , mailstop g - 43 atlanta , ga 30333 . e - mail : vog . cdc @ 6rzn

this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the american society of tropical medicine and hygiene ' s re - use license which permits unrestricted non - commercial use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .

human monkeypox has never been reported in ghana , but rodents captured in forested areas of southern ghana were the source of the monkeypox virus introduced into the united states in 2003 . subsequent to the outbreak in the united states , 204 animals were collected from two commercial trapping sites in ghana . animal tissues were examined for the presence of orthopoxvirus ( opxv ) dna using a real - time polymerase chain reaction , and sera were assayed for antibodies against opxv . animals from five genera ( cricetomys , graphiurus , funiscirus , and heliosciurus ) had antibodies against opxv , and three genera ( cricetomys , graphiurus , and xerus ) had evidence of opxv dna in tissues . additionally , 172 persons living near the trapping sites were interviewed regarding risk factors for opxv exposure , and their sera were analyzed . fifty - three percent had igg against opxv ; none had igm . our findings suggest that several species of forest - dwelling rodents from ghana are susceptible to naturally occurring opxv infection , and that persons living near forests may have low - level or indirect exposure to opxv - infected animals , possibly resulting in sub - clinical infections .

the first case of human monkeypox ( mpx ) was identified in 1970 in the basankusu district of the democratic republic of the congo ( former zaire ) during the intensification phase of the smallpox eradication campaign . 1 in that same year , five additional mpx cases were reported in west africa , four in liberia and one in sierra leone . 2 , 3 however , during the subsequent 13 years , only 11 of the 155 mpx cases identified in africa were reported from west africa countries ( côte d ' ivoire , liberia , nigeria , sierra leone ) ; 4 most cases occurred in the democratic republic of the congo .

most of the previous field investigations designed to identify the sylvatic reservoir of mpx virus were confined to relatively short - term outbreak responses and involved general broad spectrum collections of a wide variety of mammalian taxa . the taxa and animals examined were mostly composed of those species that can be purchased from local hunters and collectors . such taxonomically broad surveys yield large numbers of samples , but usually do not sufficiently sample any individual taxon given the likelihood of a low incidence of active infections in presumptive reservoir species . 6 – 8

to determine the precise geographic origin of the infected animals and to assess whether one or more of the three implicated species might harbor mpxv in nature , we traveled to the area in which the animals were originally trapped and collected additional specimens ( from the same time of year ) , which could then be tested for mpxv . furthermore , we examined residents of nearby communities for serologic evidence of orthopoxvirus ( opxv ) exposure to determine to what extent persons living near these animals might be exposed to the virus . the findings of these investigations are detailed below .

the origin of the mpxv - infected animals imported into the united states on april 21 , 2003 , was traced to a single facility in accra , ghana . a description of husbandry practices at the facility was undertaken by officials from the ghanaian wildlife division in cooperation with the owner , focusing on animal housing , turnover , shipping , and other practices that could have influenced virus transmission among captive animals .

two localities outside accra were identified by the facility owner as being the areas from which the original animals from the april 2003 shipment had been collected . one site ( 5 . 98125n , 0 . 58489e ) was near the town of sogakofe , in the volta region and the other site ( 5 . 78562n , 1 . 01410w ) was near the city of oda in the eastern region . in march–april , 2004 , animals representing several of the species contained in the 2003 consignment and others commonly found in the two source areas were collected and evaluated for the presence of mpxv and for serologic evidence of prior or current infection .

the collection and processing of animals followed methods for trapping and sampling small mammals for virologic testing published by the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) . live animals were handled according to guidelines and recommendations of the cdc institutional animal care and use committee and as outlined in the institutional animal care and use committee protocol field collections in zoonoses investigations . small rodents were either trapped live by using live traps ( h . b . sherman traps , tallahassee , fl ) and locally produced live traps or were captured live by hand . gross pathologic examinations were followed by a complete necropsy in which blood , heart , liver , kidney , lung , spleen , and skin samples were collected and immediately frozen at −20°c before being transferred to dry ice coolers . specimens were split , with half remaining at the noguchi memorial institute for medical research in accra and half sent to cdc laboratories in atlanta .

the cdc laboratories in atlanta evaluated tissue specimens for evidence of opxv and mpxv ( by using a polymerase chain reaction [ pcr ] and virus culture ) and assayed blood specimens for antibodies ( by using an enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay [ elisa ] ) .

residents living in villages near the two original trapping sites were contacted by ghanaian ministry of health officials and cdc investigators and asked to participate in a research study to evaluate human exposure to opxv species . local ministry of health workers explained the purpose of the study and read the consent form to prospective enrollees , translating from english when necessary . parental consent was obtained for persons less than 18 years of age . adolescents ( age = 11–17 years ) and children ( age = 7–10 years ) were asked to provide their assent to participate in the study .

persons who consented to participate were asked to provide basic demographic information ( e . g . , age , occupation ) and to answer several questions pertaining to illness history , smallpox vaccination status , and exposure to wildlife . in addition , one blood specimen was collected from each study participant . blood for serologic testing was collected in standard marble - top vacutainer™ tubes and stored refrigerated for not more than 48 hours before being centrifuged . centrifugation and collection of serum was conducted at the noguchi memorial institute for medical research . serum specimens were divided and frozen ; one aliquot was kept at the ministry of health laboratories and one was sent to cdc for analysis of opxv - reactive igg and igm .

persons who participated were compensated for their time and effort . the protocol for this study was reviewed and approved by institution review boards at the cdc in atlanta ( cdc protocol # 4043 ) and at the noguchi memorial institute for medical research in accra .

detailed methods for preparation and analysis of tissues using real - time pcr are described elsewhere . 11 all processing of animal tissues was performed under biosafety level 3 conditions . solid tissues ( pooled or individual ) were placed in disposable dounce homogenizers ( kendall large tissue grinders ; kendall company catalog no . 3500sa ; tyco healthcare , mansfield , ma ) . one milliliter of phosphate - buffered saline was added to each measured tissue sample before grinding to enable creation of slurries . genomic dna was prepared from an aliquot of each slurry ( kit catalog no . 732 - 6340 ; bio - rad , hercules , ca ) . remaining tissue slurries were stored for future virus isolation ( see below ) .

nucleic acid samples prepared from pooled tissues were tested by real - time pcr for opxv dna before testing individual tissues . the primer / probe sequences were selected from the dna polymerase gene ( e9l ; genbank accession no .

) with primer express version 1 . 5 ( applied biosystems , foster city , ca ) . these sequences included opx forward primer ( 5′ - tca aat att gat cgt cca acg a - 3′ ) , opx reverse primer ( 5′ - tgg atg aat ttc tca ata tta gtt gg - 3′ ) , and opx probe ( 5′fam - taa cat ccg tct gga gat atc ccg tta ga - bhq1 - 3′ ) . primers and probe were synthesized in the biotechnology core facility ( cdc ) by using standard phosphoramidite chemistry . each reaction ( 25 μl ) contained 5 μl of template dna , 0 . 5 μl of each primer , 0 . 5 μl probe added to the lightcycler faststart dna master hybprobe ( 2 . 5 μl vial 1 [ dna polymerase ] , 3 μl vial 2 [ 25 mm mgcl

] , and 10 . 25 μl vial 3 [ water ] ; roche , indianapolis , in ) and taqman exogenous internal positive control ( 2 . 5 μl 10× internal positive control mix and 0 . 25 μl 50× internal positive control dna ; applied biosystems ) . thermal cycling conditions for the abi7900 apparatus ( applied biosystems ) were one cycle at 95°c for 10 minutes and 45 cycles at 95°c for 15 seconds and 60°c for 1 minute . the pcr amplification is based on fluorescent emission after annealing / elongation ( 60°c ) .

human serum samples were assessed for igg and igm reactive with opxv antigen in accordance with published methods . 14 antibody positivity was measured and compared with reference standards . any reading that was three standard deviations above the mean of the negative controls was inferred to be positive .

epidemiologic and demographic variables and qualitative laboratory findings were analyzed by using parametric and nonparametric statistical tests . nonparametric statistical tests were used when analyzing subsets of data that were not normally distributed . the mantel - haenszel common odds ratio ( or ) and fisher ' s exact tests ( two - tailed ) were used for categorical variables , and the student ' s t - test was used for comparison of means derived from continuous variables . a p value < 0 . 050 was used to measure significance of associations .

) . these collections were made gradually over a period of a few weeks . while awaiting shipment , the pouched rats were stored together in concrete enclosures and the squirrels were housed in contiguous wire mesh cages with several individuals per cage . all animals were grouped with members of their own species . most of the squirrels , and pouched rats were collected in a forest zone northwest of accra (

) could not be ruled out by the ghanaian exporter . the dormice were collected from a lowland scrub vegetation area near the volta river northeast of accra . these two sites are separated by approximately 200 miles (

the animal shipments were packed into multi - tiered wooden crates with wire - lined compartments . members of each of the smaller species ( lemniscomys and graphiurus ) were shipped with approximately 25 animals per compartment . the exporter reported seeing nothing unusual as far as overt disease in the animals before shipment , nor were any unusual animal die - offs seen at his facility before shipment . the shipment was sent as freight aboard a commercial airline and entered the united states through dallas , texas .

to determine which species of interest might be capable of harboring mpxv in nature , members of the ghanaian division of wildlife services , cdc , the u . s . department of agriculture , and local trappers collected 204 animals over nine nights during march 24–april 2 , 2004 . approximately 28 % ( 57 animals ) were collected in the eastern region and the remaining from the volta region (

* pcr = polymerase chain reaction ; elisa = enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay .

† the orthopoxvirus dna detection threshold for the orthopoxvirus generic e9l polymerase real - time pcr assay is ≥ 2 fg of purified vaccinia dna .

result replicated in independent assay ; represents finding from liver , spleen , skin , and / or pooled organ specimens . details are shown in

¶ female dormice were significantly more likely to have opx - reactive titers at 1 : 50 than males ( p = 0 . 030 , by fisher ' s exact test , 2 - sided ) .

spp . ( at a reciprocal dilution of 200 ) , and seven others had low levels of antibodies .

* pcr = polymerase chain reaction ; elisa = enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ; nd = not determined .

tissues from the nine animals that showed positive results by real - time pcr specific for opxv ( generic ) polymerase ( e9l ) dna signatures were also assayed for a secondary opxv dna target ( 14 - kd fusion protein ) . three of the nine animals were also positive for this secondary opxv (

) . all animals were subsequently screened for mpxv - specific signatures by using a real - time pcr designed to detect sequences corresponding to the mpxv envelope protein ( b6r ) . the mpxv - specific dna signals were not reproducibly detected in any of the specimens . however , the mpxv - specific assay is slightly less sensitive than the opxv generic a27l assay ( 10 genomes versus 4 genomes , respectively ) .

a cytopathic effect caused by opxv was not observed in virus cultures prepared from the tissues of any animals , nor was culturable virus obtained after serial passage . ( in our hands , virus culture is typically 10–100 - fold less sensitive than the most sensitive real - time pcr in detecting opxv in clinical specimens . )

one graphiurus spp . ( animal number 431 ) had a low level of antibodies against opxv in its serum and opxv dna signatures in its spleen . two funisciurus spp . with antibodies against opxv had equivocal opxv dna findings in pooled organ specimens in the pcr screening .

to investigate whether persons working closely with sylvan animals and humans living near animal trapping sites might be at enhanced risk for exposure to opxvs , we conducted a serosurvey among residents of several villages within walking distance of where the animals implicated in the u . s . outbreak had been originally collected . for purposes of this study , these villages will be referred to as villages a / b ( eastern region ) and village c ( volta region ) . in all , 65 residents of village c ( approximately 92 % of the total village population ) , 100 residents of villages a / b ( approximately 33 % and 85 % of the total village populations , respectively ) , and 7 persons who were directly involved in the exotic animal trade consented to participate in the serosurvey (


the diamantina tapaculo ( scytalopus diamantinensis ) is a species of bird in the rhinocryptidae family .

it was described as a new species in 2007 , and is endemic to chapada diamantina in bahia , brazil .

in the same region , another species , the sincorá antwren , was described in 2007 .

the diamantina tapaculo is closely related to the very similar espinhaço tapaculo and planalto tapaculo .

the three differ mainly by their calls .

diamantina tapaculo

diamantina tapaculo <EOT> this entry was posted in archive , south america and tagged bahia , brazil , diamantina tapaculo . bookmark the permalink .

this is the recently described diamantina tapaculo ( scytalopus diamantinensis ) , see the formal description on - line : urltoken neornithes / 12 % 20 - % 20rbo . pdf

possibly responding to playback of mouse - colored tapaculo ( s . speluncae ) , which i had played a few minutes before .

bornschein , m . r . ; maurício , g . n . ; belmonte - lopes , r . ; mata , h . ; bonatto , s . l . 2007 . diamantina tapaculo , a new scytalopus endemic to the chapada diamantina , northeastern brazil ( passeriformes : rhinocryptidae ) . revista brasileira de ornitologia 15 ( 2 ) : 151 - 174 .

. the remaining forest fragments in the chapada diamantina are described as very disturbed . large - scale governmental projects and unsustainable ecotourism are also listed as threats ( bornschein

endangered . restricted - range species : present in central brazilian hills and tablelands eba . has moderately small range , limited to chapada diamantina region of bahia , in . . .

c . 10–11 cm ; c . 15 g . a mouse - grey tapaculo with buff or rufous flanks conspicuously barred blackish , and relatively short tail . male is dark grey above , some brown and . . .

fjeldså , j . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . diamantina tapaculo ( scytalopus diamantinensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

diamantina tapaculo is known only from the chapada diamantina , bahia , brazil ( bornschein et al . 2007 ) . the species is listed as near threatened , approaching the thresholds for b1ab ( iii ) . the species’s extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is estimated to be 21 , 200 km 2 , to be revised to 31 , 500 km 2 following changes to the standardised method for eoo calculation . the species’s population size has not been quantified . the population is suspected to be in decline owing to the continued loss and degradation of its forest habitat , as driven by the expansion and shifting of agriculture , charcoal production and use of fires in pasture management ( bornschein et al . 2007 ) .

the species ' s range is partly protected by chapada diamantina national park , marimbu / iraquara state environmental protection area , and possibly morro do chapu state park . forest clearance is reported to be ongoing in the national park ( bornschein

i agree with uplisting this species from nt to en and am sending andy symes separately more information on this species based on research by brazilian ornithologists in 2013 funded by american bird conservancy that found this species at 17 of 34 search sites in and around chapada diamantina national park .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en " " urltoken "

thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .

, being small , predominantly grey in colouration , with a relatively short tail . males have blackish grey crown , nape , upper neck and back , with some brown and black barring on the blackish grey rump and uppertail coverts . chin light grey ; throat and breast slightly darker grey . belly medium grey , becoming paler to whitish in the centre of the lower belly . flanks and extreme lower belly brown to cinnamon , barred blackish . undertail coverts barred blackish and cinnamon . iris dark brown . bill black , with some brown areas . legs and feet brown with yellowish - brown undersides to the toes . the upperparts are washed dark brownish olive and the belly is slightly paler in subadult males , with some variation in barring . a presumed subadult female had brownish upperparts and cinnamon rump , the feathers having blackish edges and central dots ; throat grey and upper breast washed buffy .

call , which is distinctive among its congeners . its song is generally faster - paced and lower - pitched compared to congeners , although with some overlap , and its accelerating song is slower paced compared with closely related species .

belmonte - lopes , r . , bornschein , m . & lebbin , d .

sharpe , c j , taylor , j . , wheatley , h . & ashpole , j

this species has a very small range with fewer than five locations and its habitat is declining owing to the replacement of natural vegetation by coffee and banana plantations , collection of firewood for domestic and industrial use and unregulated tourism . for these reasons , this species is evaluated as endangered .

vegetation . it favours patches of dense vegetation such as bamboo stands , masses of dead fern leaves and fallen stems . the species has been observed to move around at ground level and in the lower vegetation strata , up to 2 m above the ground ( bornschein

carry out surveys to find new locations and obtain a population estimate . monitor population trends . monitor the extent and condition of suitable habitat . promote sustainable ecotourism practices . protect more forest fragments in the species ' s known range , perhaps partly through encouragement of private reserve designation ( bornschein

. 2007 ) . provide alternatives to local people to reduce pressure on habitats .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

probably sister to s . petrophilus # r ; see also s . novacapitalis and s . speluncae ( below ) . monotypic .

song composed of long ( often more than a minute ) and fast repetition of one simple note , series . . .

a nest found in jan 2016 , containing two nestlings , was in a rock crevice 50 cm above the ground ; the bowl - shaped nest was made of grasses . . .

only subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !

only members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !

recent phylogenetic study recommends division into two subfamilies , rhinocryptinae and scytalopodinae # r .

get access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .

also available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 € ( instead of 59 . 90 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 € ( instead of 89 . 85 € )

supporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .

view more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .

also available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 € ( instead of 89 . 9 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 € ( instead of 134 . 85 € )

there is a registration fee of 20€ . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .

if you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .

this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .

distance to mic . 4m . middle of long typical song phrase ( cut due to road noise at start and end ) . different individual from others recorded at this site .

distance to mic . 3m . short song phrase , then calls , then very short song phrase , all from apparent male in view , near top ( 1 . 0m ) of fern vegetation near river . different individual from other recs .

distance to mic . 3m . female in view 1 . 5m above ground on top of dense fern vegetation . note female song has rapid descent at end ( just like female s . novacapitalis ) .

distance to mic . ( nearer bird ) 6m . songs after playback of two males , one already singing more distantly at start of cut .

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

there are many ways to contribute—we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !

) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : scytalopus diamantinensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

in the brazilian red list assessment for birds ( mma 2014 ) this species is listed as endangered under b2ab ( iii ) . its area of occupancy ( aoo ) is estimated to be 32 km 2 and it is estimated to occur at only five locations . a continuing decline in habitat quality is inferred owing to the replacement of natural vegetation by coffee and banana plantations , collection of firewood for domestic and industrial use and unregulated tourism . the species’s assessment on the brazilian red list can be accessed here .

up - to - date information is requested on the species’s geographic range . confirmation that the species is found at less than or equal to five locations or is severely fragmented , with a continuing decline in area / extent and / or quality of habitat and an aoo of < 500 km 2 would likely qualify the species for endangered under criterion b2ab ( iii ) . comments on the proposed uplisting are welcome . references :

mma ( 2014 ) lista nacional oficial de espécies da fauna ameaçadas de extinção . portaria no 444 , de 17 de dezembro de 2014 . diário oficial da união – seção 1 . nº 245 , quinta - feira , 18 de dezembro de 2014 .

based on available information , our preliminary proposal for the 2016 red list would be to adopt the proposed classifications outlined in the initial forum discussion .

there is now a period for further comments until the final deadline of 28 october , after which the recommended categorisations will be put forward to iucn .

please note that we will then only post final recommended categorisations on forum discussions where these differ from those in the initial proposal .

the final 2016 red list categories will be published on the birdlife and iucn websites in early december , following further checking of information relevant to the assessments by both birdlife and iucn .

this year , to celebrate world migratory bird day , we wanted to do something really special . so we asked schools and birdlife partners across the african continent to send in videos of them singing songs about the wonders of bird migration . the results blew us away . the videos were amazing – and all but one were [ … ]

a major stopover site of europe’s great white pelicans has recently been discovered in turkey . a count conducted by our turkish partner doğa derneği showed that more than 15 , 000 pelicans stop off at the karacabey floodplain to roost and feed during their spring migration . the sea of marmara may be the smallest sea in the [ … ]

read the project press release here the micronesian scrubfowl megapodius laperouse is a genius at inventing ways to keep its eggs warm . those on the northern mariana islands burrow into volcanic cinder fields or use the geothermal heat beneath the ground to warm their unhatched young . across the palau archipelago , they bury their eggs in large [ … ]

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license .

we would like to invite participants of this ornithological congress of the americas to submit manuscripts to be considered for publication on a special volume of the brazilian journal of ornithology . we welcome review and case study manuscripts derived from the research exposed at the meeting . particularly , we would like to invite organizers of each symposium , as well as symposium´s participants , to submit a review manuscript on the topic of the symposium , which could have particular emphasis on the individual talks involved in the symposium . also , we would like to publish one study case per symposium . in addition to the manuscripts derived from symposia , we encourage other authors presenting their studies to submit manuscripts as a general submi

for this particular issue , the brazilian journal of ornithology will publish articles and reviews on ornithology in general , with emphasis on neotropical birds . it is indexed in databases zoological records , biological abstract , scopus , and isi . the current ( june 2017 ) impact factor is 0 . 414 ) . the journal o

nly publishes articles in english , with four volumes per year . this special issue is schedule to appear in full in mid - 2018 , with individual / accepted manus

cripts released before in the webpage . for this special volume authors should login into the journal´s webpage and to follow the editorial rules and guidelines of the journal for manuscript submission . please , refer to the following webpage for details .

marcos ricardo bornschein , giovanni nachtigall maurício , ricardo belmonte lopes , helena mata , sandro l . bonatto

myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .

there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .

there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .

howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :

you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .

avibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 665 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy

eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .

to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !


bebearia guineensis , the wide-banded palm forester , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .

it is found in nigeria , cameroon , the republic of the congo , the western part of the democratic republic of the congo and northern angola .

the habitat consists of primary , undisturbed forests .

bebearia guineensis

bebearia guineensis <EOT> have a fact about bebearia guineensis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .

have a definition for bebearia guineensis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .

euryphene guineensis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 430 ; tl : guinea , calabar vetus

bebearia ( bebearia ) aurora graueri hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 31

etude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe brunhilda kby

etude des bebearia ( note no . 7 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe severini aur .

bebearia mandinga beni hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 11

bebearia sophus monforti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 20

bebearia hassoni hecq , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 2 ) : 39

bebearia fontaineana intersecta hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 35

remarques sur quelques especes de nymphalidae africains des genres euphaedra , bebearia et euriphene .

etude des bebearia ( note no 4 ) . sous - genre apectinaria hecq groupe mardania

bebearia cocalioides hecqi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 46

revision du genre bebearia . note no . 1 . le groupe ' flaminia ' stgr .

bebearia dowsetti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 25 ; tl : rwanda

bebearia bouyeri van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 40

etude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . les groupes du sous - genre apectinaria hecq

bebearia ultima hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 38 ; tl : basse casmance

bebearia faraveli oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 35 ; tl : gabon

bebearia paludicola holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : cameroon

bebearia tini oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : lolo valley

bebearia cocalia insularis kielland , 1985 ; arnoliad zimbabwe 9 ( 19 ) : 271 ; tl : pemba i .

bebearia orientis malawiensis holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 56 ; tl : malawi

bebearia paludicola blandi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : ghana

bebearia aurora theia hecq , 1989 ; lambillionea 89 : 72 ; tl : shaba , riv . lulua , kapanga

bebearia flaminia leventisi hecq & larsen , 1997 ; lambillionea 97 ( 1 ii ) : 102 , f . 1

bebearia hemming , 1960 ; annot . lep . ( 1 ) : 12 - 17 ; ts : euryphene iturina karsch

bebearia improvisa ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 1

bebearia ivindoensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 36 ; tl : gabon

bebearia lopeensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : gabon

= bebearia senegalensis katera ; hancock , 1992 , j . lep . soc . 46 ( 1 ) : 60 ♂ only

bebearia aurora ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 15 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia kiellandi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia ikelemba kamituga ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia hargreavesi d ' abrera , 1980 ; butterflies of the afrotropical region : 302 ; tl : masisi , n . w . kivu , 5000ft

bebearia fontaineana fontaineana ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 7 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia fontaineana intersecta ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia amieti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 1 , pl . 2 , f . 7 , 10 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia dowsetti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia peetersi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia tessmanni innocuoides hecq , 2000 ; butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 7 ; tl : nigeria , okomu

bebearia ducarmei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia bioculata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 21 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia cutteri camiadei hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 2 , 5 ; tl : congo , bangui

bebearia baueri ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 7 - 8 , pl . 31 , f . 1 - 2

bebearia hargreavesi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 12 , f . 2 - 4 , 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia hassoni ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 7 , pl . 13 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia cottoni ; [ bafr ] , 301 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 9 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia fulgurata ; [ bafr ] , 303 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 9 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia fontainei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 13 , f . 3 - 4

bebearia raeveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 4 , pl . 30 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia allardi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 13 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia picturata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia cutteri cuypersi hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 4 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; tl : congo , lukolela

bebearia schoutedeni ; [ bafr ] , 316 ( text ) ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia ikelemba ; [ ebw ] ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia discors ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia oremansi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 29 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia liberti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 19 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia tini ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 23 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 30 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia chilonis ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 27 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 32 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia faraveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 24 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 30 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia makala ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia chloeropis ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia braytoni ; [ bafr ] , 304 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]

van de weghe , 2007 description de trois nouvelles especes de bebearia du cameroun et du gabon , et mise au point sur certaines especes ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , limenitinae ) ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 35 - 43

bebearia chriemhilda ; [ bafr ] , 302 ; [ bk ] : 308 , pl . 41 , f . 511 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia intermedia ; [ bafr ] , 314 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 22 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 2 ; [ afrl ]

bebearia cinaethon ; [ bow ] : pl . 92 , f . 23 ( text only ) ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]

euryphene tentyris hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] , pl . [ 22 ] , f . 21 - 22 ; tl : old calabar

euryphene tentyris var . seeldrayersi aurivillius , 1899 ; k . svenska vetenskakad . handl . 31 ( 5 ) : 201 ; tl : congo , momporo

guinea , sierra leone , libera , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]

ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , congo , zaire . see [ maps ]

sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , w . uganda , nw . tanzania . see [ maps ]

euryphene carshena hewitson , 1871 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene vii ) : [ 48 ] , pl . [ 24 ] , f . 31 - 32 ; tl : old calabar

euryphene tentyris var . languida schultze , 1920 ; ergeb . 2tn . dt . zent . afrika exp . 1 ( 14 ) : 724

papilio absolon fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 56

e . guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire

euryphene entebbiae lathy , 1906 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1906 ( 1 ) : 5 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : entebbe , uganda

nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire . see [ maps ]

sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda . see [ maps ]

aterica zonara butler , 1871 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1871 : 81 ; tl : fantee , cape coast

: pl . 92 , f . 20 ( text only , spell . ? )

aterica abesa hewitson , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : cape coast castle

guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire

euryphene oxione hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] ; tl : old calabar

cameroon , gabon , congo , angola , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda

euryphene oxione squalida talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : entebbe

cameroon , congo , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba , toro ) . see [ maps ]

euryphene comus ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons

euryphene cinaethon hewitson , 1874 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ix ) : [ 52 ] , pl . [ 26 ] , f . 40 - 41 ; tl : west africa

euryphene ikelemba aurivillius , 1901 ; ent . tidskr . 22 : 116 ; tl : ikelemba r .

guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]

papilio cocalia fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 250

zaire ( kivu ) , w . uganda , w . kenya , nw . tanzania

euryphene badiana rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 245 , pl . 20 , f . 23 - 24

e . nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , n . angola , zaire , w . uganda , w . tanzania , w . zambia

senegal , gambia , guinea bissau , n . guinea , n . sierra leone , n . ivory coast . see [ maps ]

euryphene senegalensis herrich - schäffer , [ 1850 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( ii ) 1 : 54 , 1 ( ? 6 ) pl . [ 23 ] , f . 95 - 98

euryphene orientis karsch , 1895 ; ent . nachr . 21 ( 18 ) : 277

euryphene mardania dealbata carcasson , 1958 ; occ . pap . coryndon mus . 5 : 8

nigeria , cameroon , congo , w . zaire , n . angola . see [ maps ]

papilio sophus fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 46

guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , . . . ?

euryphene phreone feisthamel , 1850 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 8 : 253 ( boisduval )

euryphene sophus audeoudi riley , 1936 ; mitt . schweiz . ent . ges . 16 ( 11 ) : 702 , pl . 7 , f . 2

eyryphene sophus ochreata carcasson , 1961 ; occ . pap . coryndon meml mus . ( 7 ) : 8

aterica barce doubleday , 1847 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 20 : 64 ; tl : sierra leone

euryphene barce maculata aurivillius , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 13 : 178 , pl . 40 a

euryphene staudingeri aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 199 ; tl : camerun , n ' dian

nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , angola , zaire , uganda , nw . tanzania , n . zambia . see [ maps ]

guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]

e . nigeria , cameroon , e . zaire , gabon . see [ maps ]

nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , c . a . r .

euryphene brunhilda kirby , 1889 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 3 ( 15 ) : 247 ; tl : cameroons

euryphene iturina karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 215

euryphene schoutedeni overlaet , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( n . s . ) sci . zool . 1 : 490

coastal areas ( e . kenya , e . tanzania ) . see [ maps ]

euryphene chriemhilda staudinger , 1896 ; dt . ent . z . iris 8 ( 2 ) : 370 , pl . 8 , f . 4

euryphene congolensis capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxii ; tl : kassai

euryphene phranza hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ii ) : [ 37 ] , pl . [ 19 ] , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : old calabar

euriphene phranza robiginosus talbot , 1927 ; rev . zool . afr . 15 : 267

cameroon - zaire ( mbandaka - ituri , kasai ) . see [ maps ]

euryphene severini aurivillius , 1898 ; öfvers . k . vetenskakad . förh . stockh . 54 : 280 , f . 2 ; tl : congo , beni - bendi

euryphene aurora aurivillius , 1896 ; öfvers . k . vetenskakad . förh . 53 : 433 ; tl : ubangi

euryphene wilverthi aurivillius , 1898 ; ent . tidskr . 19 : 177 ; tl : congo

aurora kayonza jackson , 1956 ; j . e afr . nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 1 ) : 74

euryphene tessmanni grünberg , 1910 ; s . b . ges . naturf . fr . berl . 1910 ( 10 ) : 471 ; tl : spanish guinea

euryphene flaminia staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 110 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons

e . nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , zaire , w . uganda ?

euryphene maximiana staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 112 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons

euryphene intermedia bartel , 1905 ; novit . zool . 12 : 144 ; tl : kamerun , barombi - station

euryphene nivaria ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons

nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , w . zaire

euryphene phantasiella staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : barombi station

euryphene phantasiella simulata van someren , 1939 ; j . e . afr . uganda nat . hist . soc . 14 ( 65 ) : 54 ; tl : katera

euryphene phantasiella var . ? phantasina staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : sierra leone

guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , e . nigeria

sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , w . nigeria , cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]

guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . nigeria

euryphene demetra obsolescens talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : bitje , ja river

euryphene makala bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 473 ; tl : makala , congo free state

euryphene chloeropis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala , congo free state

euryphene eliensis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 46 ] , pl . [ 23 ] , f . 23 - 26 ; tl : gaboon

zaire , s . cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r .

evena ceres var . unita capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxiv

euryphene luteola bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala - beni ; ituri forest , mawamba - makala

euryphene ashantina dudgeon , 1913 ; ent . mon . mag . 49 : 204 ; tl : ashanti , gold coast

romaleosoma cutteri hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( romaleosoma ii - iii ) : [ 31 ] , pl . [ 16 ] , f . 13 - 15 ; tl : old calabar

euphaedra cutteri harleyi fox , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 1248 ; tl : wanau forest

euryphene innocua grose - smith & kirby , 1889 ; rhop . exot . [ 2 ] 1 : ( euryphene ) 1 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : cameroons

e . nigeria , cameroon , congo , c . a . r . , sw . zaire . see [ maps ]

e . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo , w . zaire . see [ maps ]

euryphene castanea holland , 1893 ; can . ent . 25 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : kangwé , ogové valley

euryphene ducalis grünberg , 1912 ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 534

checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera

contribution a la faune du congo ( brazzaville ) . mission a . villiers et a . descarpentries lxviii . lepidopteres nymphalidae , danaidae et riodinidae

illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson

lepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species

new lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera

verzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge

wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

a diverse genus from african forests . species groups listed are based on larsen ' s ( 2005 ) treatment of the west african fauna .

ackery pr , smith cr , and vane - wright ri eds . 1995 . carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .

larsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .

correspondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at

. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the

each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .

for a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .

tree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .

sign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .

have a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .

simply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .