the common barbel , barbus barbus , is a species of freshwater fish belonging to the family cyprinidae .

it shares the common name ' barbel ' with its many relatives in the genus barbus , of which it is the type species .

in great britain it is usually referred to simply as the barbel ; similar names are used elsewhere in europe , such as barbeau in france .

the name derives from the four whiskerlike structures located at the corners of the fish 's mouth , which it uses to locate food .

common barbel

common barbel <EOT> barbel barbus mrena na uni uhvacena august 2011 , common barbel cached in river una . . fishing . . .

although classified as least concerned , both pollution and habitat loss threaten some common barbel populations .

the synergistic effect of temperature and hormonal stimulation on spawning efficiency of common barbel , barbus barbus l .

the scientific name of a common barbel is barbus barbus , and it is from the family cyprinidae , the family of carps and minnows .

common barbel ( barbus barbus ) as a bioindicator of surface river sediment pollution with cu and zn in three rivers of the danube river basin in serbia .

common barbels are a species of smaller - sized fish mainly native to various countries in europe .

the diet of common barbels consists primarily of fish , algae , larvae of insects and crustaceans .

common barbel ( barbus barbus ) as a bioindicator of surface river sediment pollution with cu and zn in three rivers of the danube river basin in ser . . . - pubmed - ncbi

barbel are long - lived fish and can grow to well over 10lb ( 4kg ) .

latin , squalidus = pale , weak + latin , barbus = barbel ( ref . 45335 )

effects of temperature on growth , survival and body composition in larvae of barbel , barbus barbus ( l . )

‘common barbels’ are also known as ‘barbels’ , the broad name of the genus ; and ‘pigfish’ , from an english legend .

condition , growth and food conversion in barbel , barbus barbus ( l . ) juveniles under different temperature / diet combinations

advice : when a barbel is hooked it will not give up easily and it will fight until it is exhausted . try to land and unhook the barbel quickly . when landed and unhooked , hold the barbel in the flowing water facing upstream until it is ready to swim away . this can sometimes take between a couple of minutes and 15 minutes or longer .

effect of different diets on body mineral content , growth , and survival of barbel , barbus barbus ( l . . . .

common barbels inhabit freshwater locations such as rivers and lakes , and they are generally found in the water , close to the stony ground .

" barbel are the most revered sporting fish . they are known as the prince of the river and are sleek and have a reputation for being fighting machine . in the last three months we have probably lost barbel over 14lbs . it is definitely down to otters .

condition , growth and food conversion in barbel , barbus barbus ( l . ) juveniles under different temperature / diet combinations | request pdf

1 it is believed that the “catch” in table 6 specified as “common carp” and “rainbow trout” represents cultivated fish ( see section 7 . 2 )

effect of different diets on body mineral content , growth , and survival of barbel , barbus barbus ( l . ) , larvae under controlled conditions

delattre p , giraudoux p , baudry j , musard p , toussaint m , et al . ( 1992 ) land use patterns and types of common vole (

common barbels grow to be 10 to 120 centimetres ( 4 to 47 inches ) in length and weigh 1 to 12 kilograms ( 2 to 26 pounds ) .

, barb are commonly kept in household aquariums worldwide . the most common barb kept in aquariums are the cherry barb ( pink / red in colour ) and the

common barbels have a lifespan of up to 15 years , and they are commonly fished for sport , commercially grown for food , and used in the pet industry .

common barbels can feature numerous small black spots , and they are generally coloured mainly brown or grey , with the addition of silver , white , and pink colours .

barbel have been introduced into some of the rivers of eastern wales - notably the wye , the dee and the upper severn - and they have done well there ( much to the annoyance of some of the game fishery owners , who perceive barbel as competing for food and for spawning area with salmon ) .

the british record barbel , caught at adams mill on the river great ouse in bedfordshire in 2006 , weighed 21lb 1oz . the captor was mr grahame king .

vindimian , e . , p . namour , b . migeon and j . garric , 1991 . in situ pollution induced cytochrome p450 activity of freshwater fish : barbel (

britain ' s biggest barbel fish has been killed by an otter , sparking renewed calls by the angling community for a clampdown on the aquatic animals that are now thriving in the countryside .

hugla , j . l . , p . kremers and j . p . thome , 1993a . effects of natural and experimental pcb contamination on the mixed - function oxidases in the barbel ,

the number of eggs produced by common barbels at one time is said to be in the thousands , for every kilogram of fish weight , due to the large quantity that are initially eaten by other water creatures .

he said : " we have lost our huge barbel , the big lady . one of our bailiffs saw it happen . the fish was dragged up the bank with its throat missing and eaten alive .

most of austria ' s streams are clear , cold and rapid . they are generally - good waters for trout and grayling and at least almost always in the barbel ( barbus barbus ) zone . .

taylor a , britton j , cowx i ( 2004 ) does the stock density of stillwater catch and release fisheries affect the growth performance of introduced cultured barbel ? j fish biol 65 : 308–313 . doi :

in recent years , a prized 50lbs - plus carp worth about £8 , 000 was killed in an otter attack along with the country ' s previous biggest barbel , known as the traveller , which weighed 21lbs .

to evaluate the impact of pcbs on a wild population of a regressing fish species , we have measured the levels of these toxicants in common barbel ( barbus barbus ) from the belgian part of the river meuse . we have expressed these levels in terms of the most suitable composition of commercial pcb mixture ( aroclor 1254 and 1260 20 / 80 ; v / v ) , and related them to hepatic xenobiotic - metabolising enzyme activities and to hepatocyte ultrastructure .

citation : tougard c , renvoisé e , petitjean a , quéré j - p ( 2008 ) new insight into the colonization processes of common voles : inferences from molecular and fossil evidence . plos one 3 ( 10 ) : e3532 . urltoken

the streamlined barbel can hug the river bed in fast flows while feeding on passing invertebrates . freshwater shrimps , nymphs and caddis larvae are their staple diet , but they will also take small fishes , crayfish and swan mussels .

nachev m , schertzinger g , sures b ( 2013 ) comparison of the metal accumulation capacity between the acanthocephalan pomphorhynchus laevis and larval nematodes of the genus eustrongylides sp . infecting barbel ( barbus barbus ) . parasite vecto 6 ( 21 ) : 1–8

the record specimen weighed more than 20lbs and was believed to be the largest living barbel in uk waters . six more large coarse fish from the same river , the ivel in bedfordshire , have also fallen victim to otter predation in the last three months .

" specimen fish aren ' t immortal . as much as anglers love to fish for large barbel , and even given them names , sooner or later they will die from disease , in a flood event or be eaten by an otter or other predator .

it is a small size barbel ( < 220 mm ) . it occurs in the upper and middle courses of mountainous rivers with clear , flowing and well oxygenated waters . sensitive to pollution . reproduction takes place between may and july . it can hybridize with barbus barbus and barbus haasi .

artificial reproduction of common barbel ( barbus barbus ) under controlled conditions usually did not exceed 10 % of ovulation success . the aim of the study was to optimise the process of artificial reproduction of the barbel ( cultured generation f4 ) with thermal and hormonal stimulation the first experiment examined the effect of stimulation with thermal conditions on the ovulation and the embryos survival rates . after the optimum conditions of thermal stimulation in barbel reproduction were determined , another experiment was conducted which examined how the effectiveness of reproduction is affected by four selected hormonal preparations ( cph , hcg , ovaprim and ovopel ) . thermal stimulation for 58 days was found to be the most effective ( 748 degree - days ) . the second experiment examined the synergistic effects of different hormonal preparations under the optimal thermal conditions as , determined in the first experiment . among the hormones evaluated as part of this study , cph and ovaprim were yielded the best results as compared to control . the use of the preparations resulted in the percentage of ovulations of 90 - 100 % and the embryo survival rate at the hatching stage was about 90 % . the study concludes that thermal stimuli and hormonal applications have a synergistic effect on artificial reproduction in b , barbus .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 48 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 111347 ) ; common length : 12 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35840 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 6 kg ( ref . 111347 )

luncheon meat , sausage meat , cheese and cubes of cheese , worms , dendrobaena worms , red worm , brandlings , grubs , bread ( either crust , flake or paste ) , casters , hemp and caster , maggots , pinkies and sweetcorn and boilies have all proved to be successful in catching barbel .

" we know they have been here before but we have coped with it but there is one that is almost a resident here and has acquired a taste for barbel . they might have this image of being a nice , fluffy creature but they are also a sleek killing machine , a bit like mink .

sunjog k , gačić z , kolarević s , visnjić - jeftić ž , jarić i , knežević - vukčević j , vuković - gačić b , lenhardt m ( 2012 ) heavy metal accumulation and the genotoxicity in barbel ( barbus barbus ) as indicators of the danube river pollution . sci world j . doi :

critics say the conservation scheme was ill - thought out as there is not enough food in our waterways to sustain their booming numbers . as a result , otters - which have no natural predator - are said to have been picking off expensive , cumbersome fish like carp and barbel from fisheries and putting businesses in jeopardy .

conceived and designed the experiments : ct . performed the experiments : ct er ap . analyzed the data : ct . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : ct er . wrote the paper : ct . conceived the project : ct . identified some fossil remains of microtus arvalis : er . conceived the project and collected specimens of common vole : jpq .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 120 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 31730 ) ; common length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 556 ) ; max . published weight : 12 . 0 kg ( ref . 31730 ) ; max . reported age : 15 years ( ref . 59043 )

. . . somatic growth of barbel is temperature dependent and seasonal , with growth primarily limited to the summer period ( hunt and jones , 1975 ) . the optimum temperature for juvenile growth is 21–25 @ bullet c ( kaminski et al . , 2010 ) , and , in this range , increased temperatures tend to result in increased growth rates ( penaz and stouracova , 1991 ) . estimates of barbel ages derived from their scales have reported fish surviving to at least 18 years old ( taylor et al . , 2004 ) , although maximum ages vary between rivers , with no fish recorded over the age of 9 years in the upper river warta , poland ( przybylski et al . , 2004 ) . . . .

barbel can be caught using various methods including float , ledger or feeder but the feeder is considered the best method . barbel inhabit strong , fast flowing waters , so a good rod with a fixed spool reel fitted with a minimum of 6lb line should be used . hook size will depend on the size of the fish and the size of the bait used but hook sizes between 12 and 4 are ok . i use barbless hooks because they cause less damage to the fish and are easier to unhook . it is important if legering to use a weight or feeder heavy enough so that it will hold the bait close to the riverbed . the weight will be determined by the strength of flow of the water . a typical approach when barbel fishing is to use a swimfeeder or blockend feeder on the 6lb . mainline with a 24 inch 4lb hook length and size 10 hook baited with a large piece of luncheon meat . when float fishing in faster waters try using a big avon or a loafer that carries a lot of shot . fix the shot near the hook to keep it closer to the river bed .

six feeding groups of 60 early juveniles ( 0 . 6 g ) of a rheophilic cyprinid barbel barbus barbus were reared in triplicate in 18 glass aquaria . fish fed a commercial formulated dry diet aller futura were compared with those on natural food—commercially available frozen chironomidae larvae at 17 , 21 and 25°c . daily food rations were adjusted according to fish biomass , differences in hydration . . . [ show full abstract ]

the current list of fish species recognised as susceptible to svc as listed by the oie has a number of significant omissions relevant to the uk . the increasing interest in large fish increases the prospect of businesses or individuals seeking to import barbel and chub into the uk , which in turn increases the risk of the introduction of svc into our aquatic environment . it is therefore important that the susceptibility of these two species to svc is established .

spring viraemia of carp ( svc ) is a rhabdovirus infection that causes acute haemorrhagic and contagious viraemia in a range of species of fish . the disease is listed by the oie and , whilst the disease is widespread in continental europe , it is controlled in a number of eu member states through national measures . the principle host is common carp cyprinus carpio , however a range of other cyprinid species , and some non - cyprinid species are known to be susceptible to infection .

a few other fishes are cultivated in austria , primarily tench , grass carp ( ctenopharyngodon idella ) , pike - perch , and the coregonids , coregonus lavaretus . as most of these fish are produced in conjunction with common carp , it is difficult to obtain good figures on their yield . bruschek ( 1971 ) stated that the total production in austrian carp ponds in 1970 was about : 550 t of common carp , 12 t of tench , 10 t of coregonus , 4 t of pike - perch , and 3 t of rainbow trout . brown ( 1977 , 1983 ) states that in addition to carp and trout , annual production in austria is about as follows : 30 t of tench , 20 t of grass carp , and 5 t of coregonids . it requires between two and three years to raise the tench to market size of 200–300 g and between three and four years to raise grass carp to market size of 3 000–4 000 g . some pike and grayling for stocking are exported .

the shaded zone ( a ) corresponds to the distribution range of the common vole [ 25 ] , [ 31 ] . european ( b ) and french ( c ) populations are listed in table s1 . fossil localities studied are : ( a ) miesenheim i , germany [ 29 ] ; ( b ) la baume de gigny , france ( gigny , jura ) [ 49 ] ; ( c ) le taillis des coteaux , france ( antigny , vienne ) [ 52 ] . numbers are french zip codes .

numbers at nodes ( b to k ) of the simplified bayesian tree ( a ) are times to most recent common ancestors ( with 95 % confidence ) estimated from cytochrome b gene sequences with beast . numbers at node ( a ) are the divergence time estimate by beast ( above branch ) based on the fossil calibration point ( below branch ; miesenheim i , germany ) [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] . small letters allow one to locate the possible lineage appearance on the δ d curve ( b ) from epica dome c ( modified from [ 75 ] ) .

time to most recent common ancestor for several clades was estimated from cytb dataset using ba with beast 1 . 4 . 6 [ 74 ] under a gtr + i + g model . runs were performed with an uncorrelated lognormal clock assuming constant population size ( 20 , 000 , 000 generations with the first 2 , 000 , 000 discarded as burn - in ) . the date of 0 . 475±0 . 025 myr for the origin of m . arvalis lineages ( late cromerian ; miesenheim i , germany ) [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] was used as calibration point .

the major fishes cultivated in austria are rainbow trout and common carp . a personal communication from dr j . hemsen ( 21 january 1980 ) states that all of the trout and carp “catches” shown in table 6 as made during the 1970–78 period were actually produced through aquaculture . it will be noted , however , that there is almost no agreement of these table 6 figures with those in table 7 which provides estimates of the production of cultivated trout and carp in austria derived from other “official” or standard sources . this , and other inconsistencies even within the same table 7 make it difficult to accept most of the figures .

the phylogeographic structure of the common vole in europe was investigated from cytb ( 1044 bp ) and cr ( 304 bp ) fragments ( figures 1b–1c and tables s1 , s2 ) . these fragments were not concatenated for phylogenetic reconstructions because they concern different specimens . instead , the cr dataset ( french populations ) was analyzed mainly for correlation with the cytb dataset ( european populations ) on the genetic structure of the lineages potentially involved in postglacial colonization . the cytb sequences specified 209 variable sites defining 116 haplotypes ( table s3 ) , and 113 of these polymorphic sites were phylogenetically informative ( cr = 141 variable and 105 informative sites ) .

voles were euthanized by cervical dislocation as recommended by our institutions ( urltoken ) and mills et al . [ 64 ] . one of the authors ( jpq ) has an authorization to experiment on living vertebrate animals ( certificate n° 34 . 107 ) . phylogeographic inferences are based on agreement in analysis of 131 control region and 75 cytochrome b gene sequences from common voles , sampled from 35 french localities ( 1 to 9 individuals / population ; figure 1 and tables s1 , s2 ) . our molecular dataset was complemented with genbank sequences including m . arvalis from other european localities and m . rossiaemeridionalis used as outgroup ( figure 1 and tables s1 , s2 ) .

ecology and biology . the barbel is present in all watercourses running in the foothills and valley floors of italy , in “rheophil ciprinidae” areas , where it often is the most abundant species . this species features a good ecological adaptability and can be found in several stretches of a watercourse – also small ones – provided they are oxygen - rich waters ; however , the species prefers upper and middle courses of rivers featuring fast - flowing clear waters and gravel - beds . the body is spindle - shaped , with elongated head and can be quite long , even over 50 cm . sexual maturity is reached between 2 or 3 years of age for males , and 4 and 5 years of age for females ; there is no obvious sexual dimorphism . the breeding season is between mid - april and july . at 16 ° c hatching takes place after about 8 days .

as a consequence of the mismatch distribution analysis for the whole dataset , divergence dates of the main clades ( figure 4 ) were calculated under a bayesian relaxed - clock method assuming constant population size . with the first occurrence of m . arvalis at 0 . 475±0 . 025 myr ( miesenheim i , germany ) [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] , the mutation rate was estimated at 4 . 8 substitutions / site / myr . the w lineage showed the oldest divergence time ( 0 . 317 myr ; 95 % confidence 0 . 199–0 . 440 myr ) , while the f lineage showed the most recent one ( 0 . 075 myr ; 95 % confidence 0 . 012–0 . 163 myr ) . however , this latter result should be considered with caution because the tree topology was not in agreement with such a recent divergence time . the two f sequences are probably insufficient for inferring reliable time estimates . as for the spanish clade ( data not shown ) , the most recent common ancestor was 0 . 086 myr old ( 95 % confidence 0 . 037–0 . 144 myr ) .

on closer examination of lineage composition , individuals from germany , france and switzerland are found in nearly all lineages . german individuals belong to the w , f , c and e lineages , while individuals from switzerland are from the w , c and i lineages . particular attention should be paid to populations from eastern france , because some individuals from the vittel and monthureux populations belong not only to both w sublineages , but also to the c lineage ( figures 2 and s1 ) [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] . therefore , the m . arvalis lineages meet in an area including eastern france , southwestern germany and northern switzerland . moreover , the fossil site of miesenheim i , where the oldest m . arvalis remains were found ( 0 . 500–0 . 450 myr ) [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] , is located in southwestern germany ( figure 1 ) . for these reasons , we consider the origin of m . arvalis to be located in western central europe . from this area , populations of the common vole certainly spread out through europe during the holsteinian ( 0 . 430–0 . 300 myr ) , first southwestwards and then northeastwards ( figure 5 ) . western central europe was not only the cradle of the m . arvalis lineages , it was also a dispersal centre for this rodent .

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the large freshwater fish , nicknamed the big lady and which was hugely popular with anglers , was seen to be dragged out of a river by a marauding otter that then tore its throat out and partially ate it .

otters are enjoying a comeback after they were re - introduced into british waterways by conservationists in the 1980s after once being on the brink of extinction .

' they might have this image of being a nice , fluffy creature but they are also a sleek killing machine , a bit like mink . . . '

despite their fluffy appearance and association with henry williamson ' s much - loved children ' s book , tarka the otter , the marine animals are carnivourous and ferocious hunters .

in 2013 , fishery owner brian dodson unsuccessfully tried to sue the environment agency after he lost £250 , 000 of fish to the furry mammals after an otter haven was set up nearby .

otters are one of the most protected animals in europe . under the wildlife and countryside act , it is an offence to kill one or interfere with their habitat and is punishable by a £5 , 000 fine or six months in prison .

some fisheries have erected otter - proof fencing around their lakes at great cost to protect their stock that are caught and released by anglers , but that is not appropriate for rivers , like the ivel .

graham palmer , the secretary of the ivel protection agency , is calling for fishery bailiffs to be allowed to humanely trap offending otters so they can be moved away from waters stocked with expensive fish .

" there is a place for otters in our countryside , but there is also no danger of them becoming extinct - they are everywhere in southern england . "

several fisheries have gone out of business in recent years because their fish stocks have been decimated by otter predation .

a spokesman for the environment agency defended otters , saying that waters dominated by large coarse fish did not make for a healthy eco - system .

he said : " the environment agency does not see the return of the otter as a cause for alarm or a major threat to fish numbers . if you look at rivers that never lost otters like in scotland , they have healthy fish populations containing a good age range of fish . it has not resulted in fish being ' wiped out ' .

" large specimen fish tend to dominate rivers , which is not a healthy state for a river . you need diversity in age , not just big fish . this wouldn ' t have occurred in the past when otters were more numerous and would have eaten some of the larger fish .

" otters also eat ' pest ' species such as the signal crayfish , an invasive species that has caused a crash in numbers of our native white - clawed crayfish . "

freshwater ; benthopelagic ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 10 - ? m . temperate ; 10°c - 24°c ( ref . 2060 ) ; 57°n - 42°n , 5°w - 36°e

europe : north of the pyrénées and alps , from adour ( france ) eastward to neman ( lithuania , russia ) drainages , in rivers draining to atlantic , north sea and southern baltic sea ; danube to dniepr drainages in northern black sea basin ; southeastern england north to yorkshire . found almost throughout mediterranean drainages of france . locally introduced in northern and central italy , rivers wear , tees and medway and most western drainages of england .

dorsal spines ( total ) : 3 - 4 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 - 9 ; anal spines : 2 - 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 - 6 ; vertebrae : 46 - 47 . diagnosed from its congeners in france , great britain , black , north , baltic and adriatic sea basins and apennine peninsula by having the following characters : lower lip thick with a median swollen pad ; tip of dorsal pointed ; posterior margin of dorsal concave ; last simple dorsal ray spinous , serrated along entire posterior edge ; flexible segmented part of last simple dorsal ray about 20 - 24 % of its length ; fine dark spots ( or no spots ) in individuals larger than 10 cm sl ; 53 - 63 total scales on lateral line ; 12 - 14 scale rows between dorsal origin and lateral line ; pelvic origin about below dorsal origin ; scales with free posterior part pointed ; scales on back with 1 - 5 well developed median longitudinal epithelial crests ( ref . 59043 ) . caudal fin with 19 - 20 rays ( ref . 2196 ) .

" individual females spawn with several males . males assemble at spawning grounds and follow ripe females , often with much splashing , to shallow riffles . males may exhibit courting or sneaking tactics in spawning site . courting males follow females to spawning site and , during the spawning act , one male swims head to head with the female . sneaking males , waiting in the spawning site , then join the couple and try to fertilize eggs . up to 130 males have been reported to be involved in a single spawning act . females deposit non - sticky eggs in 2 - 3 portions into excavations made in the gravel " ( ref . 59043 ) .

bianco , p . g . , 1998 . diversity of barbinae fishes in southern europe with description of a new genus and a new species ( cyprinidae ) . ital . j . zool . 65 : 125 - 136 . ( ref . 31730 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00676 ( 0 . 00386 - 0 . 01183 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 11 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 ±0 . 39 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( tm = 3 - 5 ) .

prior r = 0 . 3 , 2 sd range = 0 . 11 - 0 . 82 , log ( r ) = - 1 . 2 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 51 , based on : 2 k , 8 tgen , 1 tmax , 4 fec records

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 70 of 100 ) .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

the species has a very wide distribution . however it is locally threatened by water pollution and river regulation , especially in the baltic drainages , elbe , south bug and dniepr . sharp declines due to construction of large reservoirs and pollution occurred during 20th century . however has since stabilized at a moderate level . was heavily impacted by pollution in central europe but populations have mostly recovered .

north of the pyrénées and alps , from adour ( france ) eastward to neman ( lithuania , russia ) drainages , in rivers draining to atlantic , north sea and southern baltic sea ; danube to dniepr drainages in northern black sea basin ; southeastern england north to yorkshire . in almost all mediterranean drainages of france . locally introduced in northern and central italy , rivers wear , tees and medway and most western drainages of england .

when the 2010 assessment of this species was published in 2011 , a 2013 citation reference was accidentally attached to the account and hence the previous version of the assessment showed it as being published in 2013 when it should have been 2011 . the error is corrected here and is therefore given a 2016 citation date ; the 2011 reference that should have been used in the citation is under the references .

( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2011 : e . t2561a97789324 .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers

if you found this information helpful , you would probably find the new 2017 edition of our bestselling book matching the hatch by pat o ' reilly very useful . get an author - signed copy here . . .

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morina a 1 , morina f 2 , djikanović v 3 , spasić s 2 , krpo - ćetković j 4 , kostić b 5 , lenhardt m 3 .

faculty of biology , university of belgrade , studentski trg 16 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia . arian _ morina @ yahoo . com .

institute for multidisciplinary research , university of belgrade , kneza višeslava 1 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia .

institute for biological research " siniša stanković " , university of belgrade , despota stefana 142 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia .

faculty of biology , university of belgrade , studentski trg 16 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia .

faculty of mining and geology , university of belgrade , djušina 7 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia .

the research was partly supported by project oi173045 funded by the ministry of education , science , and technological development of the republic of serbia .

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hara t ( 2006 ) feeding behavior in some teleosts is triggered by single amino acids primarily through olfaction . j fish biol 68 ( 3 ) : 810–825 . doi :

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hauser - davis r , goncalves r , ziolli r , de campos r ( 2012 ) a novel report of metallothioneins in fish bile : sds - page analysis , spectrophotometry quantification and metal speciation characterization by liquid chromatography coupled to icp - ms . aquat toxicol 116–117 : 54–60 . doi :

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l . in the river severn , england iii . growth . j fish biol 7 : 361–376

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) assessed by mitochondrial dna variation . mol ecol 10 : 2177–2185 . doi :

lapointe d , pierron f , couture p ( 2011 ) individual and combined effects of heat stress and aqueous of dietary copper exposure in fathead minnows ( pinephales promelas ) . aquat toxicol 1–2 : 80–85 . doi :

, a riverine cyprinid fish : implications for river management . j appl ecol 33 : 1345–1358 . doi :

mcintyre j , baldwin d , beauchamp d , scholz n ( 2012 ) low - level copper exposures increase visibility and vulnerability of juvenile coho salmon to cutthroat trout predators . ecol appl 22 ( 5 ) : 1460–1471

morina a , morina f , djikanović v , spasić s , krpo - ćetković j , lenhardt m ( 2015 ) seasonal variation in element concentration in surface sediments of three rivers with different pollution input in serbia . j soils sediments . doi :

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morina , a . , morina , f . , djikanović , v . et al . environ sci pollut res ( 2016 ) 23 : 6723 . urltoken

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annexes of birds and habits directives listing the area of occupancy of the species . the species is present in annexes ii and v of habitats directive ; in this annex it is indicated as barbus spp .

did you know ? all our dictionaries are bidirectional , meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time .

part of the english - arabic dictionary contains translations of arabeyes . thank you !

brown trout ( potočna pastrmka ) 93 cm ( 36 , 6 inches ) - una , bosnia . mp4

carmona , j . & darwall , w . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )

justification : b . meridionalis has a large but fragmented distribution with an area of occupancy ( aoo ) of nearly 2 , 000 km² as it is present in only parts of streams and not the main rivers , it is also threatened by hybridisation with other barbus species in addition it has undergone a population decline of nearly 30 % ( crivelli , a . pers comm ) .

it is restricted to the southern part of the rhône river basin and to several coastal streams in france , and to few coastal streams in northern catalonia , spain .

habitat alteration , dams , water extraction and pollution are the main factors threatening this species .

it is listed in the annexes ii and v of the european union habitats directive and in the appendix iii of the bern convention .

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copyright : © 2008 tougard et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .

funding : cnrs ( french government ) provided financial support for the experiment realization . the funder has no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .

individual labels are detailed in table s1 . the numbers at nodes refer to ml bootstrap percentages ( above branches ) and ba posterior probabilities ( below branches ) . the five main evolutionary lineages as previously mentioned [ 34 ] are indicated on the right .

observed mismatch distributions ( blue line ) for the whole dataset ( a ) as well as the western ( b ) , eastern ( c ) and central ( d ) lineages are compared to expected distributions under a population growth - decline model ( red line ) . numbers of pairwise differences are on the x - axis , while relative frequencies are on the y - axis .

the 95 % confidence ranges of divergence time estimates are wide , making it difficult to correlate formation events of m . arvalis lineages to quaternary climatic events . however , bayesian posterior probability densities ( data not shown ) of these estimates are unimodal , indicating that mean estimates should provide a reasonable basis for inferences about the evolutionary history of m . arvalis [ 41 ] .

the divergence time estimates among the five evolutionary lineages of m . arvalis covered several glacial and interglacial periods in the middle and late pleistocene . this pattern is congruent with a pre - lgm origin , split and evolution of the lineages , although some previously published divergence times are much younger than the present molecular dating [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] . each of our estimates corresponds to warm or pre - and postglacial periods ( figure 4 ) .

before ( a ) , during ( b ) and after ( c ) the lgm .

the black star locates the most likely origin of the species from fossil and genetic evidence . solid arrows indicate the southwestward and northeastward gradual range expansion during warm periods , while dotted arrows are for more or less irregular expansion ( ù glacial survival in isolated populations or ä bottleneck events ) during cold periods . shaded areas ( b ) correspond to the estimated extension of ice cover .

from a palaeontological standpoint , the whole european fossil record of m . arvalis was considered [ 30 ] . kowalski [ 30 ] listed m . arvalis remains in two categories : m . arvalis / m . agrestis assemblages and m . arvalis localities . in the present study , only the second category with well - determined specimens is taken into account . two continuous and well - studied sequences located in france were also examined ( figure 1 ) : la baume de gigny ( gigny , jura ; 0 . 060–0 . 015 myr ) [ 49 ] – [ 51 ] and le taillis des coteaux ( antigny , vienne ; 0 . 030–0 . 015 myr ) [ 52 ] . in the former locality , m . arvalis and m . agrestis were identified [ 49 ] , while m . arvalis remains of the latter locality were determined by one of us ( er in [ 52 ] ) .

best - fitting models of sequence evolution were determined using modeltest 3 . 7 [ 68 ] for ml reconstructions and mrmodeltest 2 . 2 [ 69 ] for ba . these models are : k81uf + i + g ( ml ) and gtr + i + g ( ba ) for cr ; trn + i + g ( ml ) and k80 + i , gtr , gtr + g ( respectively , first , second and third codon positions ; ba ) for cytb ( for details about models , see urltoken ) . ml analyses were conducted using the software phyml 2 . 4 . 4 [ 70 ] , and nodal robustness was estimated after 1000 bootstrap replicates . alternative topologies to the best ml tree were evaluated with the test of shimodaira & hasegawa [ 39 ] as implemented in paup * 4 . 010b [ 71 ] . mixed models under ba using mrbayes 3 . 0b4 [ 72 ] was performed with five markov chain monte carlo chains that were simultaneously run for 2 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 100 th generation , and after removing the first 2000 trees as the burn - in stage .

nucleotide and haplotype diversities within evolutionary lineages , as well as total and net dna divergence were calculated using dnasp 4 . 20 . 2 [ 73 ] . mismatch distribution analyses among individuals [ 40 ] were carried out under a population growth - decline model in dnasp . demographic stability is illustrated by multimodal distributions , while a unimodal pattern is consistent with sudden expansion [ 46 ] .

labels , geographic distribution and references / sources of microtus arvalis samples . accession numbers for original and genbank data of the cytochrome b gene and the control region are also listed . colours refer to the five lineages : western ( red ) , central ( blue ) , eastern ( orange ) , freiburg ( green ) and italian ( pink ) .

haplotype list for each microtus arvalis lineage . the positions of changes in the amino acid sequence are given according to the cytochrome b model by howell [ 79 ] and degli esposti et al . [ 80 ] .

alternative topologies nonsignificantly different ( 5 % confidence level ) including the five lineages of microtus arvalis . the topology in bold is the previously published topology [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] , while the topology in red corresponds to the present topology based on cytochrome b gene sequences ( figure 2 ) .

bayesian tree reconstructed from control region sequences of microtus arvalis . individual labels are detailed in table s1 . the numbers at nodes refer to ml bootstrap percentages ≥50 % ( above branches ) and ba posterior probabilities ≥0 . 50 ( below branches ) . the five main evolutionary lineages as previously mentioned [ 34 ] are indicated on the right .

avise jc , arnold j , ball mr , bermingham e , lamb t , et al . ( 1987 ) intraspecific phylogeography : the mitochondrial dna bridge between population genetics and systematics . ann rev ecol syst 18 : 489–522 .

bennett kd ( 1997 ) evolution and ecology : the pace of life . cambridge : cambridge university press .

taberlet p , fumagalli l , wust - saucy a - g , cossons j - f ( 1998 ) comparative phylogeography and postglacial colonization routes in europe . mol ecol 7 : 453–464 .

hewitt g ( 2000 ) the genetic legacy of the quaternary ice ages . nature 405 : 907–913 .

hewitt g ( 2004 ) genetic consequences of climatic oscillations in the quaternary . phil trans r soc lond b 359 : 183–195 .


adoxophyes aurata is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found on the island of luzon in the philippines .

the wingspan is 14 – 15 mm for males and 17 – 19 mm for females .

the forewings are whitish yellow , with a golden gloss and with tawny lilac markings , edged with dark brown or entirely dark brown .

the costal edge is suffused with bright yellow ochreous .

the hindwings are semitransparent , pale yellow with a pinkish-golden gloss .

adoxophyes aurata

adoxophyes aurata <EOT> dana campbell set " image of adoxophyes furcatana " as an exemplar on " adoxophyes furcatana walker 1863 " .

dana campbell marked the classification from " irmng " as preferred for " adoxophyes furcatana walker 1863 " .

the neem tree , azadirachta indica , is attacked by a number of pest species but most of them are only slightly harmful . some scale insect species , such as pinnaspis strachani and aonidiella orientalis , may be very numerous but are usually kept in check by natural enemies . leaf cutting ants ( acromyrmex sp . ) damage young trees in latin america . the tortricid moth adoxophyes aurata and loboschiza sp . attack neem leaves in se - asia and w - africa , respectively . the former may cause considerable damage to leaves of chinaberry whereas pseudalacaspis pentagona may kill twigs and branches of the same plant during outbreaks in tonga

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

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aristotelia eldorada is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by keifer in 1936 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california .

aristotelia eldorada

aristotelia eldorada <EOT> aristotelia impunctella ( caradja , 1920 ) , described as xystophora impunctella ( nom . nud . )

aristotelia is a genus of moth in the family gelechiidae . well - known species are food plant specialists , and diverse hosts are used - salicaceae , solanaceae , rosaceae , fagaceae , fabaceae , asteraceae .

photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by " , + " and the number of omitted authors .

attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .

all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .

created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .


helcystogramma microsema is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1911 .

it is found on the seychelles , where it has been recorded from mahé .

the wingspan is about 15 mm .

the forewings are dark purplish-fuscous , the stigmata black , with the plical beneath the first discal , edged anteriorly by a small whitish dot .

there is an ochreous-whitish dot on the costa at three-fourths .

the hindwings are grey .

helcystogramma microsema

helcystogramma microsema <EOT> brachmia microsema meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 274 ; tl : seychelles

helcystogramma amethystias ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3

helcystogramma augusta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4

helcystogramma compositaepictum ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 5

helcystogramma cyanozona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6

helcystogramma gradatum ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6

helcystogramma helicopis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3

helcystogramma heterostigma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7

helcystogramma heterotoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7

helcystogramma immeritellum ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7

helcystogramma rhabducha ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9

helcystogramma tristellum ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9

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helcystogramma adaequata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 271 ; tl : british guiana

helcystogramma symbolica meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 270 ; tl : british guiana

helcystogramma chalyburga meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 103 ; tl : brazil , para

helcystogramma cyanozona meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 26 ; tl : sidapur , coorg

helcystogramma sertigera meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 27 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas

helcystogramma claripunctella ponomarenko , 1998 ; far east . ent . 67 : 4 ; tl : russia , primorskii krai , 16km sw partizansk

helcystogramma gypsaspis meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 163 ; tl : java , tegal simpar , 3000ft ; pekalongan

helcystogramma klimeschi ponomarenko & huemer , 2001 ; stud . trentini sci . nat . acta bol . 76 : ( 7 - 15 )

helcystogramma lithostrota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 578 ; tl : perak , gunong hijan , 5000ft

helcystogramma clarkei rose & pathania , 2003 ; panjab univ . res . j . ( sci . ) 53 : ( 81 - 90 )

helcystogramma thesmiopa ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]

helcystogramma uedai rose & pathania , 2003 ; panjab univ . res . j . ( sci . ) 53 : ( 81 - 90 )

helcystogramma virescens ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]

helcystogramma flavilineolella ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1042 , 1037 ( list )

helcystogramma infibulata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 577 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya ; s . india , coimbatore

helcystogramma flavilineolella ponomarenko , 1998 ; far east . ent . 67 : 2 ; tl : russia , primorskii krai , pogranichii distr . , barabash - levada

helcystogramma hassenzanensis park & hodges , 1995 ; korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 229 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan

gelechia ( helcystogramma ) ribbeella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 369 , f . 126a - b ; tl : chiriqui

helcystogramma arulensis ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1042 ( note ) ; [ fe ]

helcystogramma carycastis meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 104 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas ; british guiana , bartica

helcystogramma klimeschi ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1042 ( note ) ; [ fe ]

helcystogramma lineolella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ]

helcystogramma simplex ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]

= helcystogramma melanocarpum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 130 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 33

helcystogramma armatum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4

helcystogramma balteatum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4

helcystogramma crypsinomum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 5

helcystogramma engraptum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6

helcystogramma fuscomarginatum ueda , 1995 ; jpn . j . ent . 63 ( 2 ) : 385 ; tl : japan , kyushu , kagoshima pref . , yakushima is . , onoaida

helcystogramma hoplophorum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7

helcystogramma infibulatum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7

helcystogramma leucoplectum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8

helcystogramma lithostrotum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8

helcystogramma obscuratum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8

helcystogramma philomusum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8

helcystogramma aruritis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4

helcystogramma badium ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 128 , pl . 3 , f . 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32

helcystogramma brabylitis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4

helcystogramma delocosma ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6

helcystogramma ectopon hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 131 , pl . 3 , f . 35 ; tl : fort niobrara national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska

helcystogramma hapalyntis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6

helcystogramma idiastis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7

helcystogramma lochistis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8

helcystogramma phryganitis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9

helcystogramma xerastis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 10

helcystogramma bicuneum ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1055 , 1039 ( list )

helcystogramma cascum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 127 , pl . 3 , f . 28 - 29 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32

helcystogramma epicentra ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1057 , 1039 ( list )

helcystogramma fuscomarginatum ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1065 , 1039 ( list )

helcystogramma hassenzanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1071 , 1040 ( list )

helcystogramma perelegans ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1062 , 1039 ( list )

helcystogramma rufescens ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9 ; [ fe ]

helcystogramma flavifuscum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1062 , 1039 ( list ) ; tl : guangxi , jinxiu ( 24°08 ' n , 110°11 ' e ) , 550m

helcystogramma hystricella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 129 , pl . 3 , f . 33 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 33

helcystogramma rectangulum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1040 ( list ) ; tl : china , shaanxi , nighshan ( 33°19 ' n , 108°20 ' e ) , 880m

= helcystogramma trijunctum ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 227 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1072

helcystogramma albilepidotum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1074 , 1040 ( list ) ; tl : china , sichuan , wolong ( 30°59 ' n , 103°08 ' e ) , 1900m

helcystogramma fernaldella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 126 , pl . 3 , f . 25 - 27 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 33

helcystogramma imagibicuneum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1060 , 1039 ( list ) ; tl : shaanxi , chenhe , zhouzhi ( 34°10 ' n , 108°12 ' e ) , 700m

helcystogramma melantherella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 128 , pl . 3 , f . 31 - 32 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 33

helcystogramma furvimaculare li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1040 ( list ) ; tl : china , guizhou , huixiangping , mt fanjing ( 27°55 ' n , 108°41 ' e ) , 1700m

helcystogramma imagitrijunctum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1080 , 1040 ( list ) ; tl : china , jiangxi , mt wuyi ( 26°54 ' n , 116°42 ' e ) , 800m

helcystogramma angustum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1075 , 1040 ( list ) ; tl : china , hubei , shayuyan , hefeng ( 29°53 ' n , 110°02 ' e ) , 1260m

helcystogramma flavistictum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1077 , 1040 ( list ) ; tl : china , shaanxi , xinjianshan , fengxian ( 33°55 ' n , 106°31 ' e ) , 1600m

helcystogramma brevinodium li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1077 , 1039 ( list ) ; tl : china , hebei , mt xiantai , jingxing ( 38°01 ' n , 114°01 ' e ) , 1200m

helcystogramma chambersella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 131 , pl . 4 , f . 14 - 15 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32

helcystogramma trijunctum ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 227 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1072 , 1040 ( list )

helcystogramma ineruditum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 10 ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 281

helcystogramma lutatella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1066 , 1039 ( list ) ; [ fe ]

helcystogramma hibisci ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 225 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1059 , 1039 ( list ) ; [ afromoths ]

helcystogramma triannulella ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 230 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1067 , 1039 ( list ) ; [ fe ]

helcystogramma convolvuli ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 133 , pl . 4 , f . 16 - 17 ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 5 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; [ fe ]

helcystogramma arotraeum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ueda , 1995 , jpn . j . ent . 63 ( 2 ) : 383 ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 226 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1064 , 1039 ( list )

helcystogramma ( dichomeridinae ) ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ; ueda , 1995 , jpn . j . ent . 63 ( 2 ) : 377 ; [ nhm card ] ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 281 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1036 ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ] ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

[ south africa , limpopo ] , zoutpansberg district , wylie ' s poort .

janse a . j . t . 1954 . the moths of south africa . v . gelechiadae . - — 5 ( 4 ) : 301–464 , pls . 137–202 .

= onebala ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 208 ; [ aucl ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 224 ; ueda , 1995 , jpn . j . ent . 63 ( 2 ) : 377 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1036

= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ; ueda , 1995 , jpn . j . ent . 63 ( 2 ) : 377 ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 224 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1036 ; [ afromoths ]

= ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1036

= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ; ueda , 1995 , jpn . j . ent . 63 ( 2 ) : 377 ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 224 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1037 ; [ afromoths ]

= ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 224 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1037

= ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1037

dichomeris abortiva walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 98 ; tl : guatemala , las mercedes , 3000ft

nothris albinervis gerasimov , 1929 ; ezheg . zool . mus . 30 : 37

zalithia amethystias meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 140 ; tl : peradeniya , ceylon

tricyanaula anthistis meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 508 ; tl : puttalam , ceylon

helcystograme anthistis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4

onebala archigrapha meyrick , 1929 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 76 : 508 ; tl : colombia

strobisia armata meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 728 ; tl : khasis

japan , taiwan , burma , thailand , ne . india , ceylon , malaysia , java , china ( hainan , jiangxi , yunnan ) . see [ maps ]

cladodes arotraea meyrick , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . 1894 ( 1 ) : 15 ; tl : koni , burma

larva on zizania latifolia , oriza sativa ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4

brachmia arulensis rebel , 1929 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 79 : 52

brachmia aruritis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 723 ; tl : maskeliya , matale , puttalam and trincomali , ceylon

strobisia augusta meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 727 ; tl : khasi hills , assam

brachmia badia braun , 1921 ; ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 12 ; tl : freadlba , california

strobisia balteata meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 732 ; tl : khasis

assam , china ( anhui , guizhou , hainan , hong kong , hubei , hunan , xizang , yunnan ) . see [ maps ]

strobisia bicunea meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 731 ; tl : khasi hills , assam

strobisia brabylitis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 729 ; tl : n . coorg , india

s . saskatchewan , british columbia - utah , colorado , oregon . see [ maps ]

brachmia casca braun , 1925 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 51 ( 3 ) : 196 ; tl : logan canyon near cottonwood canyon , utah

brachmia cerinura meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 47 ; tl : brazil , obidos

chalybea ( felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ) ( simaethis ) ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 140 , f . 4

pennsylvania , florida , oklahoma , missouri , texas , arizona , california . see [ maps ]

= ; [ nacl ] , # 2265 ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 132 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32

larva on ambrosia artemisiifolia , ambrosia confertifolia , a . ptilostachya hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 133

schemataspis compositaepicta omelko & omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr : 216 ; tl : verkhnii pereval , primorskii krai , russia

brachmia conturbata meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 359 ; tl : sierra leone

= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 133 ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 5 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; [ afromoths ]

= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 133 ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 5 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 33

larva on ipomoea , i . batatas hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 133 , solanum tuberosum ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 5

dichomeris cornuta busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 20 ; tl : corozal and trinidad river , panama

brachmia craticula meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 90 ; tl : portuguese east africa , magude ; iynack is .

brachmia cricopa meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 274 ; tl : seychelles

brachmia crypsinoma meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 527 ; tl : siam , bangkok

dichomeris daedalea walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 100 , pl . 3 , f . 17 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa

onebala delocosma meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 46 ; tl : telawa , java

zalithia deltophora janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 397 ; tl : s . africa

brachmia engrapta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 114 ; tl : lahore , punjab , india

larva on ipomoea batatas ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6

ceylon , china ( fujian , hong kong , huan , zhejiang ) . see [ maps ]

strobisia epicentra meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 730 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon

sw . newfoundland , s . canada , south dakota , alaska , yukon . see [ maps ]

trichotaphe fernaldella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 915 ; tl : orono , maine

brachmia fiscinata meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 26 ; tl : zululand , nkwaleni

se . siberia , china ( henan , liaoning , shaanxi , sichuan , zhejiang ) . see [ maps ]

larva on oplismenus undulatifolius ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6

brachmia gradata meyrick , 1910 ; rec . ind . mus . 5 : 221 ; tl : shillong , khasi hills

brachmia graphicodes meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 194 ; tl : new hanover

brachmia hapalyntis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 724 ; tl : dibidi , n . coorg

strobisia helicopis meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 101 ; tl : brazil , para , obidos ; peru , jurimaguas

brachmia hemiopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 90 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali , sawmills

hypatima heterostigma diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 154 ; tl : luzon , benguet , baguio , 5000ft

brachmia heterotoma diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 158 ; tl : luzon , los baños

china ( anhui , guizhou , hong kong , hubei , xizang , zhejiang ) , taiwan , thailand , vietnam , india , ceylon , sumatra , java , australia ( queensland ) . see [ maps ]

= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 208 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 225 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7

= ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 225 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7

larva on hibiscus spp . , abelmoschus spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7

helcystrogramma hoplophora meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 577 ; tl : upper burma , myitkyina

brachmia hystricella braun , 1921 ; ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 11 ; tl : cincinnati , ohio

larva on hystrix patula braun , 1921 , ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 12

brachmia idiastis meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 577 ; tl : pusa , bengal

larva on panicum sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7

china ( guizhou , jiangxi , zhejiang ) , taiwan . see [ maps ]

gelechia immeritella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 634 ; tl : ceylon

brachmia inerudita meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 290 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk

strobisia leucoplecta meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 729 ; tl : madulsima , ceylon

brachmia lochistis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 723 ; tl : maskeliya and puttlam , ceylon ; n . coorg , 3500ft

ceu , seu , uralsk , transbaikalia , china ( fujian , gansu , guizhou , hebei , heilongjiang , henan , hubei , jiangxi , shaanxi , sichuan , xizang , xinjiang ) . see [ maps ]

anacampsis lutatella herrich - schäffer , 1854 ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 5 ( 65 ) : 201 ; tl : europe

larva on calamagrostis epigeios , agropyrum repens ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8

dichomeris lyrella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 101 , pl . 3 , f . 19 ; tl : guatemala , alta ver par , panima , 1800ft

brachmia malacogramma meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 14 , pl . 5 , f . 2 ; tl : pretoria

trichotaphe meconitis meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 176 ; tl : argentina

nova scotia , new brunswick - south carolina - texas . see [ maps ]

trichotaphe melantherella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 232 , pl . 1 , f . 7 ; tl : palm beach , florida

larva on calyptocarpus vialis , cynara scolymnus , melanthera nivea , xanthium strumarium hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 129

dichomeris melissia walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 97 ; tl : panama , tabernilla

brachmia musicopa meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 727 ; tl : transvaal

brachmia nesidias meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 273 ; tl : seychelles

brachmia neurograpta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 91 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali

gelechia obseratella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 371 , pl . 5 , f . 127

brachmia octophora meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 25 ; tl : natal , stella bush

brachmia pantheropa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 296 ; tl : barberton

dichomeris perceptella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 19 ; tl : la chorrera and cabima , panama

se . siberia , korea , japan , china ( hunan , tianjin ) . see [ maps ]

tricyanaula perelegans omelko & omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr : 218 ; tl : andreevka , primrskii krai , russia

brachmia philomusa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 114 ; tl : puttalam , ceylon

brachmia phryganitis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 722 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya and madulsima

china ( guizhou , hunan , shaanxi , sichuan ) . see [ maps ]

strobisia rhabducha meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 730 ; tl : maskeliya , cyelon

gelechia rusticella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 621 ; tl : ega

strobisia scintillula walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 81 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa

gelechia selectella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 614 ; tl : ega

onebala simplex walsingham , 1900 ; bull . liverpool mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 2 ; tl : sokotra , adho dimellus , 3500ft

brachmia spilopis meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 356 ; tl : rhodesia , mazoe

dichomeris stellatella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 20 ; tl : taboga island , panama

gelechia subvectella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 610 ; tl : ega

dichomeris thesmiopa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 114 ; tl : brazil , obidos

onebala thiostoma meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 509 ; tl : kanara , haliyal

ceu , seu , sw . siberia , caucasus , transcaucasia , kazakhstan , se . siberia , kore , japan , china , n . india . see [ maps ]

= ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 230

= ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 230 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1067

larva on ipomoea batatas , convolutus aroensi , calystegia sepium , calystegia japonica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9

brachmia trichocyma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 47 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas , teffé ; british guiana , bartica

china ( anhui , gansu , guangxi , guizhou , hubei , huna , shaanxi , sichuan , yunnan ) , taiwan . see [ maps ]

ceratophora tristella snellen , 1901 ; tijdschr . ent . 44 : 85 , pl . 6 , f . 2 ; tl : java , batavia

brachmia verberata meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 68 ; tl : haenertsburg ; woodbush village

strobisia victrix meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 727 ; tl : n . coorg , 3400ft

brachmia virescens walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 84 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft

torodora xerastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 599 ; tl : punjab , india

[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013

[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera

lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes

die schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten

systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )

the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae

in gardiner , no . xii . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905

zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

[ south africa , kwazulu - natal ] , zululand , nkwaleni , i , leg . a . j . t . janse .

meyrick e . 1918a . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . - annals of the transvaal museum 6 ( 2 ) : 7–59 .

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