aequidens is a genus of fish in the family cichlidae found in south america .

formerly a wastebasket genus , as presently defined aequidens is largely restricted to the amazon basin , orinoco basin and river basins in the guianas .

the only exceptions are a. plagiozonatus which also occurs in the paraná basin , and a. tetramerus which also occurs in the parnaíba river .

aequidens

aequidens <EOT> aequidens plagiozonatus , live specimen collected near cuiabá , brazil . photo : a . kullander

matt clarke on aequidens patricki , a beautifully marked and rarely seen south american cichlid .

morphological aspects of henneguya aequidens n . sp . ( myxozoa : myxobolidae ) in aequidens plagiozonatus kullander , 1984 ( teleostei : cichlidae ) in the amazon region , brazil .

aequidens is a genus of the subfamily cichlasomatinae , tribe cichlasomatini , most similar to cichlasoma .

morphological aspects of henneguya aequidens n . sp . ( myxozoa : myxobolidae ) in aequidens plagiozonatus kullander , 1984 ( teleostei : cichlidae ) in the . . . - pubmed - ncbi

a new species of tripartiella ( ciliophora : trichodinidae ) from aequidens tetramerus ( perciformes : cichlidae ) in north brazil .

a new species of tripartiella ( ciliophora : trichodinidae ) from aequidens tetramerus ( perciformes : cichlidae ) in north brazil . - pubmed - ncbi

aequidens was long a catch - all group for south american cichlids with three anal fin spines and lacking conspicuous characters . the genus was reviewed by kullander ( 1983 ) , who distinguished a number of species groups . most of these species groups have since been recognized as genera : bujurquina , tahuantinsuyoa and laetacara in kullander ( 1986 ) , and krobia and cleithracara in kullander & nijssen ( 1989 ) . also guianacara species have traditionally been included in aequidens . nonetheless , aequidens ' sensu stricto ' , remains vaguely diagnosed .

despite this considerable splitting aequidens as currently recognised continues to present taxonomical problems , with recent phylogenetic analyses failing to agree on how best to resolve them . musilová et al . ( 2009 ) recovered the a . tetramerus group as sister to cichlasoma with the a . didema group sister to that clade and recommended synonymising aequidens with cichlasoma while moving two species , a . potaroensis and a . paloemeuensis , into krobia .

availability : this aequidens is very rarely seen in the aquarium trade . these ones were imported by maidenhead aquatics @ iver . captive bred fish are sometimes available from europe , but they are normally wild caught .

( of otolithus aequidens cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

i hadn ' t heard of ' ae . ' sapayensis before , so my first step was to pull out my copy of die buntbarsche der neuen welt : südamerika . sure enough , there they were , in the chapter entitled " der buntbarsche der . . aequidens " - pulcher - gruppe . " there was a page of text , and pair of pictures , no less . all this told me three things : ( 1 ) sapayensis is valid species , ( 2 ) they are ' aequidens ' sapayensis until they are assigned to some genus ( as aequidens has been restricted to exclude this group of species ) , and ( 3 ) my fish resembling blue acaras as they did , stood a chance of being ' ae . ' sapayensis .

aquarium : i \ ' ve never kept patricki , but if it \ ' s anything like its close relatives in the aequidens genus , it could get a little feisty as it matures . most are pretty simple to keep , but should only be mixed with fish of equal size or larger who are capable of sticking up for themselves . many of the similar - looking aequidens can also be wife - beaters , so make sure you provide plenty of hiding places , or consider bringing the female into condition and then reintroducing the male to her tank using a divider .

eigenmann , c . h . & w . l . bray . 1894 . a revision of the american cichlidae . ann . n . y . acad . sci . 7 : 607 - 624 . kullander , s . o . 1986 . cichlid fishes of the amazon river drainage of peru . swedish museum of natural history , stockholm , 431 pp . kullander , s . o . 1995 . three new cichlid species from southern amazonia : aequidens gerciliae , a . epae and a . michaeli . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 6 : 149 - 170 . kullander , s . o . & e . j . g . ferreira . 1991 . a new aequidens species from the rio trombetas , brasil , and redescription of aequidens pallidus . zool . scr . 19 : 425 - 433 . kullander , s . o . & h . nijssen . 1989 . the cichlids of surinam . e . j . brill , leiden and other cities , xxxiii + 256 pp .

the genus aequidens itself also has a complex history , having previously comprised a much larger grouping which contained members of the currently valid genera andinoacara , bujurquina , krobia , cleithracara and laetacara . all of these are usually placed within the subfamily cichlasomatinae alongside members of cichlasoma , ivanacara , nannacara , tahuantinsuyoa and acaronia following kullander ( 1998 ) and subsequent works .

further , the published meristics for the various species are quite similar ; the dorsal and anal fm spine / ray counts of ' ae . ' ; coeruleopunctatus and ' ae . ' sapayensis overlap entirely . ( see table . ) the case is probably even worse than suggested by the numbers in the original descriptions . now that many more specimens are generally examined when describing a species , it is recognized that spine and ray counts can vary widely within a species . in the recently described ' ae . ' patricki , to chose an example from the true aequidens , specimens are recorded with dorsal counts of 14 - 18 hard spines and 10 - 12 soft rays . 2 if these sorts of variances are found in species of ' aequidens ' as well , it might well be impossible to assign an individual fish to any of these species on the basis of spine and ray counts alone .

this is the type species of the genus aequidens and has the widest distribution of any member species . it exists in various colour forms depending on locality with variants from ecuador and peru being particularly sought after since they develop striking red ( ecuador ) or orange ( peru ) colouration on the lower part of the jaw , head and anterior portion of the belly whereas those from brazil tend to have an overall grey / blue / green colouration , for example .

nonetheless , i examined photos of two specimens of gold acaras ( a female from the original purchase and a male from two generations later ) to obtain dorsal and anal counts . the counts of these two fish agreed with each other ( not surprisingly ) but do not match those from the descriptions of any similar ' aequidens ' species . ( see table . ) they are closest to those of ' ae . ' latifrons but ( as per the discussion above ) this may well be insignificant .

a new species of tripartiella is described from the gills of the wild saddle cichlid aequidens tetramerus in north brazil . wet smears of skin and gills of examined fish were air - dried at room temperature and impregnated with klein ' s dry silver method for examination of the adhesive disc ' s structures and denticles . total prevalence of parasitism was 65 % . this ciliate is characterized as a small - sized trichodinid , body diameter 37 . 03 ± 4 . 9 μm , adhesive disc 30 . 50 ± 2 . 71 μm , denticulate ring 13 . 28 ± 0 . 8 μm and 24 ± 2 . 0 denticles . taxonomic and morphometric data for the new species are discussed .

the auctioneer took my bid , looked for another , and sold me the fish . i don ' t remember exactly how much i paid , but i thought they were quite the bargain . they could have been $ 200 . 00 , for all i knew when i bid on them , but fortunately they weren ' t . they were more along the lines of what you might pay for blue acaras in a store . interestingly enough , that ' s just what they looked like : three young blue acaras . ( blue acaras are supposedly ' aequidens ' pulcher , but they have been bred commercially for so long that it is difficult to ascertain what wild stock they might have originated from . ) hmmn .

" aequidens sapayensis . probable trio , " the bag read . well , one was larger than the other two , but it seemed a bit premature to be sexing them at 1 " long . still , if these really were what they were said to be , i hoped that the size difference really did reflect a sex difference as well . the auction was in chicago , so it was late the next evening before they were placed in a tank at my home in minneapolis . i had changed some of their water at the hotel the evening of the auction and again the next morning , but the water looked rather foul in their bag when i got them home . the seemed to adjust well to their new tank , however .

no change in behavior was noted when the divider was removed , but a couple of weeks later the male was found dead . i imagine that he was killed by the female , but this is only speculation . in any case , this ended my attempts at spawning ' aequidens ' sapayensis , for the time being . i still have the female and the one of her offspring that grew up beside her . the remaining fry were all sold or given away to friends , local aquarists , or those attending the 1994 aca convention . i know that at least one aquarist has bred the gold acaras he got from me ( vinny kutty , pers . comm . ) and now has fry from them . also , considering the information provided by dr . wayne leibel ( above ) , it might be worthwhile to look for " green terrors " that really aren ' t .

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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .

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, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .

cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013

latin , aequus , equal , equally + latin , dens , dentis = teeth ( ref . 45335 )

freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 4 . 9 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : 1 - 13 . 5 . tropical ; 24°c - 26°c ( ref . 1672 )

south america : widely distributed in the amazon river basin in peru , colombia , ecuador , brazil and bolivia . also in the tocantins and parnaíba rivers , french guiana , suriname , guyana , and in the orinoco river basin of venezuela and colombia .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 16 . 2 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36377 )

one of the most colorful species of the genus , especially during its reproductive period . frequently occurs in zones with little current and over a substrate covered with vegetal debris ( ref . 27188 ) . caught frequently but not abundantly in most varied biotopes - in small creeks and flooded zones with clear , shallow and slow flowing water . feeds primarily on insects , secondarily on fishes and plants . very territorial . during reproduction , males attain a deeper coloration . about 1 , 000 eggs are released during spawning . spawning takes place on stone or wood . parents take care of juveniles ( ref . 35237 ) . maximum length 25 cm tl ( ref . 1672 ) .

kullander , s . o . and h . nijssen , 1989 . the cichlids of surinam : teleostei , labroidei . e . j . brill , leiden , the netherlands . 256 p . ( ref . 26372 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01622 ( 0 . 00890 - 0 . 02956 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 50 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( fec = 1 , 000 ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .

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in naked dorsal and anal fins and long caudal peduncle including 2 - 3 vertebrae instead of none .

the type species , a . tetramerus , which attains 160 mm sl , is one of the most widespread south american cichlids , and is recorded from most of the amazon , tocantins , and orinoco basins , and guianan rivers . it was recently redescribed by kullander ( 1986 ) on the basis of western amazonian material , by kullander & nijssen ( 1989 ) on surinamese material , and by kullander ( 1995 ) on specimens from the aripuanã drainage . the other species reach 100 - 120 mm sl and are much more limited in distribution .

there is no published key available . please refer to kullander ( 1986 ) , kullander & nijssen ( 1989 ) , kullander & ferreira ( 1991 ) , and kullander ( 1995 ) for identification guides . more than half a dozen undescribed species are known from museum material .

tropical cis - andean south america , including the guianas , the orinoco drainage , the tocantins drainage , the parnaíba drainage , the amazon drainage and the uppermost paraguay drainage .

described from the rio branco in northern brazil but as currently recognised is widely - distributed throughout much of northern south america including the amazon system in peru , colombia , ecuador , brazil ( where it’s also been recorded from the rio tocantins and rio parnaiba ) and bolivia , plus various drainages in french guiana , suriname and guyana , and the rio orinoco basin in venezuela and colombia .

this species is essentially a habitat generalist exhibiting a preference for biotopes containing slow - moving or still water with well - structured substrates including submerged tree roots , branches , leaf litter , etc . like many species it often moves into flooded zones during periods of high water and can also be found in flood plain lakes and oxbows . it’s more frequently recorded in quieter tributary drainages than major river channels and at some localities aquatic plants grow thickly . the water itself may be black , clear or white though the former pair are apparently favoured .

in the belmont stream , a tributary of the lower rio madeira in rondônia state , western brazil a . tetramerus has been recorded to occur sympatrically alongside numerous other fish species including laemolyta taeniata , leporinus fasciatus , triportheus angulatus , tetragonopterus argenteus , mylossoma aureum , semaprochilodus taeniurus , biotodoma cupido , cichla monoculus , crenicichla johanna , centromochlus heckelii , hypoptopoma gulare , peckoltia bachi , squaliforma emarginata , sorubim lima and leiarius pictus .

a tank with base dimensions of 120 cm x 45 cm should be the smallest considered and something significantly larger is likely to be required should you wish to maintain more than a single pair .

ideally a soft , sandy substrate should be employed though it is not essential . additional furnishings are as much a case of personal taste as anything else but the most favoured set - ups tend to feature relatively dim lighting plus some chunks of driftwood and scattered roots / branches . one or two flattish , water - worn rocks can also be included to provide potential spawning sites if you wish .

water quality is of the utmost importance since these cichlids are susceptible to deteriorating water quality and should never be introduced to a biologically immature aquarium . the best way to achieve the desired stability is to over - filter the tank using a combination of external canister filters and / or a sump system and perform minimum weekly water changes of 50 - 70 % . if the maintenance regime and / or diet is insufficient individuals may develop health problems such as head and lateral line erosion or exhibit stunted growth . mechanical filtration should be tailored to trap small particles stirred up by the fish as sand can cause blockages / wearing issues with filter mechanisms if allowed to continually run through the system . high flow rates should be avoided so position filter returns accordingly .

ph : 4 . 5 – 7 . 5 depending on collection locality . wild specimens collected from black water regions may require acidic water on a mandatory basis .

omnivorous but the diet of wild specimens is apparently dominated by invertebrates . in the aquarium offer good quality , sinking dry foods as staple alongside regular meals of live or frozen bloodworm , artemia , etc .

males are territorial , particularly when spawning , while very small tankmates may be predated upon . can be maintained alongside other cichlids provided there is sufficient space available .

males grow larger than females and usually develop extensions to the unpaired fins as they mature . when in spawning condition they are also much the more colourful gender .

biparental substrate spawner and relatively simple to breed . the most proven method is to buy a group of 6 or more young specimens to be grown on together , removing the excess once pairs begin to form .

despite its type status it’s long been hypothesised that a . tetramerus as currently recognised is likely to represent a group of related fishes rather than a single taxon , meaning if a detailed analysis were to be conducted some of the populations may be described as distinct species .

these conclusions have not achieved general acceptance to date with the results of subsequent molecular research by h . lópez - fernández et al . suggesting that the a . diadema and a . tetramerus groups in fact form a putatively monophyletic groupings . both sets of authors agree that additional research is required in order to diagnose which species belong where .

kullander , s . o . 1986 - department of vertebrate zoology , research division , swedish museum of natural history , stockholm , sweden , 394 p . cichlid fishes of the amazon river drainage of peru .

kullander , s . o . and h . nijssen . 1989 - e . j . brill , leiden , the netherlands . 256 p . the cichlids of surinam : teleostei , labroidei .

lópez - fernández , h . , k . o . winemiller and r . l . honeycutt . 2010 - molecular phylogenetics and evolution 55 : 1070–1086 multilocus phylogeny and rapid radiations in neotropical cichlid fishes ( perciformes : cichlidae : cichlinae ) .

musilová , z . , o . říčan and j . novák . 2009 - journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research 47 ( 3 ) : 234 - 247 phylogeny of the neotropical cichlid fish tribe cichlasomatini ( teleostei : cichlidae ) based on morphological and molecular data , with the description of a new genus .

origin : this species is only known from a couple of river systems in peru - the rio aguaytia and rio pachitea .

size : males can reach around 12cm / 5 \ " , but females are a little smaller .

water : i \ ' ve heard of these being kept in hard water without problems , but if you want to get them looking at their best , soft and slightly acidic water is best . i \ ' d keep them warm at about 27 - 29c .

identification : according to sven kullander , who described it , a . patricki is a member of the \ " true acaras \ " group . a few other representatives such as diadema , tetramerus , metae and pallidus also enter the trade , but there are about another seven or eight rarer species , and several that haven \ ' t been described yet .

notes : this species is named after patrick de rham , a swiss fishkeeper who is perhaps best known for his work on malagasy cichlids .

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special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

eschmeyer , w . n . 2013 . catalog of fishes . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 9 sep 2013 ) .

this species is recorded from arguin bank ( mauritania ) and from the gulf of guinea southwards to cape agulhas ( south africa ) , and eastward to southern mozambique and the gulf of aden . in the western pacific ocean , it occurs off the coasts of new south wales and southern queensland , australia ( griffiths and hecht 1995 ) . the distribution of this species is very disjunct occurring in three oceans and two continents ( sasaki 2001 , hoese et al . 2006 , scandol et al . 2008 ) .

both south african and australian stocks are significantly depleted ( hutton et al . 2001 , scandol et al . 2008 ) . in south africa the spawning component of the stock has been reduced by approximately 95 % from pristine levels . catch per boat / year in the 1980s had declined to approximately 3 % of the catches ( of equivalent unit ) in the 1900s ( hutton et al . 2001 ) . total catch along the south african coastline for the period 1985 - 1997 reported total catch landings of 500 t . however , it does not indicate the current status of the stock ( hutton et al . 2001 ) . in australia , annual commercial catches have been moderate and sporadic , but have declined ( e . g . from over 200 t in the 1950s to 35 t in 1989 - 90 ) and the recreational catch is significant ( annual harvest in nsw alone is of 70 - 110 tonnes ) ( kailola et al . 1993 , scandol et al . 2008 ) . historical data are lacking . this species status of exploitation is considered ' depleted ' by the fao review of the state of world marine fishery resources .

this species is an important food fish throughout most of its distributional range . in south africa , it is considered a premier commercial and recreational linefish species along the entire east coast ( cape point to natal ; grififths and hecht 1995 ) . it is ranked as the sixth most important in the linefishery of south africa since it was started in the 1800s ( hutton et al . 2001 ) .

in south africa , current catch restrictions include bag limits of 10 fish day for recreational anglers ( introduced in 1984 ) and a minimum size limit ( 60cm tl ) for both recreational and commercial fishers ( hutton et al . 2001 ) . a recent analysis of trends in cpue of linefish species in south africa indicated that many were severely overexploited during the 20th century . in order to address this and to allow the depleted stocks to recover , south africa is aiming to achieve a 70 % reduction in commercial effort in the linefishery , accompanied by stringent regulations to recreational fishing ( fao 2005 ) . in australia , with the purchase of a license , there is a minimum bag limit of five fish and a minimum legal length of 38 cm tl ( nsw dpi 2006 / 2007 ) . also this species distribution overlaps several marine reserves within its australian range ( wood 2007 ) .

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i wasn ' t paying much attention to the auction , like most cichlid auctions , this one was dominated by overpriced african , rift - lake cichlids . the few " south american " cichlids being sold were mostly discus and angels , which had been selectively bred for many generations so that they would not resemble their beautiful ancestors . so , i was talking quietly with a friend sitting beside me while the auctioneer ran through the fish .

two days later i found one of the smaller fish dead . i couldn ' t tell if the stress of the trip or one of its siblings killed it , but my probable trio was now a probable pair . i kept the label from the bag , which listed the seller ' s name and phone number , in case my probable pair turned into a definite loner .

that was pretty much where i let matters sit until i decided to write this article . two years had past , the fish had bred successfully ( see keeping and breeding , below ) , and i had accepted that my fish were , indeed . ' ae . ' sapayensis . as adults they still resembled blue acaras quite strongly , although they had horizontal rows of golden dots instead of the bluish dots of blue acaras . i had taken to referring to them as my " gold acaras , "

as i prepared to write this article , however , i became curious as to how the seller in chicago had identified his fish . while there are a few small differences between these gold acaras and the blue acaras of the aquarium hobby , these differences are assuredly not striking . i doubt that i would notice anything unusual if i came across these fish while perusing sellers ' tanks for rare fish . i doubted even more that most importers , wholesalers , or retailers would have noticed anything either .

fortunately . i had kept the seller ' s tag from the auction , although i hadn ' t had to call him for more fish . mike brousil , the seller , told me that he got his fish from steve covolo . he also told me that steve had either received his fish from , or at least had them identified by dr . wayne leibel .

wayne was unsure of the details ( it had been four or five years now since his role in this saga ) , but was able to confirm that he had probably identified the ancestors of my fish somewhere along the route . he told me that ' ae . ' sapayensis were sometimes found in pet shops at small sizes being sold as green terrors , having been brought in from the wild misidentified . he said that based on the fact that they were found in green terror territory and that they matched closely with good color photos published in the german aquarium literature , he was convinced they were ' ae . ' sapayensis .

good photos and collecting data probably provide as accurate an identification as can be reasonably had with these fish . the description of ' ae . ' sapayensis was done ninety years ago and the descriptions of the species most likely to be confused with ' ae . ' sapayensis ( which are ' ae . ' pulcher . ' ae . ' coeruleopunctatas , and ' ae . ' latifrons ) were made twenty - five to fifty years before that . as was the general case for descriptions of the time , these descriptions are brief and are made from a small number of specimens ( one in the case of ' ae . ' sapayensis ) . all but one of them lacks drawings and , of course , all of them lack photographs .

table . spine and ray counts from the original descriptions of ' ae . ' pulcher , ' ae . ' coeruleopunctatus . ' ae . ' latifrons , and ' ae . ' sapayensis and from two " gold acaras . "

one might tend to wonder given the similarity of meristics and general overall appearance , whether or not the species mentioned above are all valid species . this is a question that i am not qualified to answer and will not attempt to . perhaps the best that we aquarists can do is wait for a modern review of these species by an ichthyologist .

gold acaras resemble blue acaras not only in appearance , but also in behavior and in their requirements for successful keeping and breeding . like most acaras ( but notably unlike the sympatric green terrors ) , gold acaras have a moderate temperament for a cichlid .

mike brousil reports ( pers comm . ) that his pair were quite timid and would not spawn if there were other fish in the tank . if isolated , however , they would spawn , at which point they would become very aggressive towards ( ie : kill ) any new fish introduced into their aquarium .

my own pair held their own in a tank with south american cichlids such as acarichthys heckelii and cichlasoma taenia which were at the time of similar size . when they matured they were placed alone in a thirty gallon aquarium with an undergravel filter which had been cichlid proofed " by placing a piece of plastic window screen on top of the bottom two inches of gravel . several rocks , pieces of driftwood and bark , and some homemade , plastic plants were present in the tank for hiding places and / or spawning sites . the tank was lit only by the ambient room light . a rather defective heater varied the water temperature between 70° and 85° f . the water was very soft ( approx . 3 dh ) , and the ph ranged from about 7 down to nearly 4 . no attempt was made to record the temperature and ph fluctuations and correlate them with behavior .

the larger of the fish staked out a territory at one end of the tank and the smaller fish spent most of its time hiding near the other end . the fish were fed primarily doro - min with a supplement of frozen blood worms . the larger fish ate greedily , but the smaller only caught an occasional food stick that floated near its hiding place or ventured cautiously forth after blood worms . both fish grew at about the same pace , but the larger fish grew much more robust , even fat . then one day the larger fish showed a female breeding tube .

i was a bit surprised to see that the probable male of my probable pair was actually a female . i began to worry that i either did not have a pair ( as i thought that the smaller fish was unlikely to be a male ) or if idid have a pair , that they wouldn ' t successfully spawn ( as i doubted that such a timid male would leave hiding long enough to fertilize the eggs ) . so , i wasn ' t all that excited when i finally saw eggs . many captive female cichlids will lay eggs by themselves if a suitable mate is not available .

the eggs were laid on a nearly vertical piece of rock at the female ' s end of the tank . the spawning was not observed , but the behavior of the other fish on the day the eggs were found did not differ from its previous behavior . it continued to hide on the far end of the tank from the larger fish ; this helped to convince me that i did not have a breeding pair of fish .

i was surprised then when the eggs , roughly 100 in number , did not fungus on the following days . after 3 days they hatched , but the fry soon disappeared , never to be seen again . still , i now knew i had a pair and i began to condition them with more feedings of blood worms in hopes of another spawn .

on the next spawning , there were approximately 300 eggs laid in the same location as before . this time , after the eggs hatched , the number of fry began to dwindle and the male became increasingly beaten - up . i suspected that the male was eating the fry and being attacked by the female as she attempted to defend them . i siphoned a couple of dozen fry out of the tank and set them up in a ten gallon aquarium with a sponge filter in order to raise them away from the parents . i also separated the male from the female using a piece of " eggcrate " light grating placed in the middle of the tank .

the fry in the thirty gallon with the parents grew much more quickly than those in the ten gallon tank , but their numbers continued to dwindle , although at a much slower rate than before . my guess is that now and then one of the fry in the parents ' tank would find its way to the male ' s side of the tank and be eaten by him , but i never actually witnessed this . the presence of the divider did not significantly change the general behavior of either adult fish ; the male continued to spend most of his time in hiding even though he was separated from the more outgoing female .

i decided to remove the remaining fry ( now down to about a dozen ) from the parents ' tank . they were too big to place in with the fry previously removed from the thirty gallon , so i put them in a ten gallon tank of their own . a couple of days later i observed that there was still one young fish in the parents ' tank , but i decided to leave it there .

in the next couple of weeks the growth of the single juvenile remaining in the parents ' tank greatly outpaced those of its siblings in the fry tanks . i decided that it could probably fend for itself with the barrier removed and i was anxious to have the adults spawn again , so i took out the egg - crate divider .

conkel , d . 1990 . " fishes of the balboan jungle . " tropical fish hobbyist , 38 ( 8 ) : 74ff .

gill , t . 1858 . " synopsis of the fresh water fishes of the western portion of the island of trinidad . w . r . " annals of the lycewnofnaturalhistory of new york . 6 : 363 - 430 .

kner . r . and f . steindachner . 1866 . " neue gattungen und arten von fischen aus centralamertka . " abhandlungen der mathematisch - phy sikalischen classe der koniglichbayerischen akademie der wissenschaften . 10 : 1 - 61 .

regan . c . 1903 . " descrtptions of new south amertcan fishes in the collection of the british museum . " annals and magazine of natural history . ser . 7 . vol . 12 : 621 - 630 .

stawikowski . r . and u . werner , 1988 . die buntbarsche der neuen welt : siidamertka . essen , west germany .

steindachner . f . 1878 . " zur fisch - fauna des magdalenenstromes . . . denkschriften der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften . mathematischnaturwissenschajtliche classe . wien . 39 : 19 - 78

u . s . office of geography , department of interior . 1957 gazetteer no . 36 : ecuador . washington , d . c .

warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .

videira m 1 , velasco m , azevedo r , silva r , gonçalves e , matos p , matos e .

laboratório de morfofisiologia e sanidade animal , universidade do estado do amapá ( ueap ) , macapá , ap , brazil .

description found in coastal waters , over sandy and sandy mud bottom . juveniles enter estuaries . adults feed on pelagic fishes at . . .

description found in coastal waters , over sandy and sandy mud bottom . juveniles enter estuaries . adults feed on pelagic fishes at night . often caught with @ umbrina canariensis @ . marketed fresh and is considered an important foodfish ( ref . 9772 ) . [ details ]

the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license

froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of otolithus atelodus günther , 1867 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of otolithus teraglin macleay , 1880 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of atractoscion stelodus ( günther , 1867 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

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taxon name is the " namestring " or " scientific name , " the " data " that is used to form identifications and the core of every taxonomy record .

taxon term is the data value of either a classification term ( " animalia " ) or classification metadata ( such as name authors ) .

term type is the rank ( " kingdom " ) for classification terms , in which role it may be null , and the label for classification metadata ( " author text " ) .

source indicates the source of a classification ( not a taxon name ) . some classifications are local ; most come from globalnames .

common names are vernacular term associated with taxon names , and are not necessarily english , correct , or common .

inhabit streams . is rare in the aquarium trade but has been imported on occasion ( ref . 12251 ) .

eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .

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the largest specimen collected was less than 15 cm long ( ref . 12251 ) .

smith - vaniz , b , robertson , r . , dominici - arosemena , a . , molina , h . , salas , e . & guzman - mora , a . g .

justification : this deep - water species is widespread in the eastern pacific . it is not targeted by fisheries due to its small size . there are no major threats known to this species , and no indication of widespread population decline . it is listed as least concern .

this species is endemic to the eastern pacific , and is found from southern california and the western gulf of california to western panama , including the galapagos and cocos island .

this demersal species lives on soft substrata at depths of 75 to 265m . it feeds on mobile benthic crustaceans , octupus , squid , cuttlefishes , and bony fishes .

there are no known species specific conservation measures . however , this species ' distribution includes a number of marine protected areas in the eastern pacific region .

smith - vaniz , b , robertson , r . , dominici - arosemena , a . , molina , h . , salas , e . & guzman - mora , a . g . 2010 .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

martins ml 1 , marchiori n 2 , bittencourt ls 3 , tavares - dias m 3 .

departamento de aquicultura , universidade federal de santa catarina , florianópolis , sc , brazil .

empresa de pesquisa agropecuária e extensão rural de santa catarina , campo experimental de piscicultura de camboriú , camboriú , sc , brazil .

laboratório de aquicultura e pesca , embrapa amapá , macapá , ap , brazil .

ortega torres , h . , correa , e . & chuctaya , j .

justification : this species is listed as least concern because its population is presumed to be stable and there are no known major threats affecting it .

this species is known from the peruvian amazon ( ortega et al . 2012 ) , and its type locality is a small brook from a drying pool , tributary of the aguaytia river ( 9°02 ' s , 75°31 ' w ) , in the coronel portillo province , peru ( kullander 1984 ) . the elevation range is between 190 and 600 m ( quezada - garcia 2009 ) .

this species inhabits slow to moderate streams of clear and white waters with sand , gravel or rocky bottoms ( quezada - garcia 2009 ) .

there are no conservation measures in place for this species . it is not present in protected areas .

ortega torres , h . , correa , e . & chuctaya , j . 2016 .


trichomycterus is a genus of pencil catfish , the largest genus of the family trichomycteridae with over 160 species currently described .

this genus is native to freshwater habitats in central and south america .

these fish are generally small , usually about 5 to 15 cm ( 2 – 6 in ) sl , although the largest , t. rivulatus , can reach more than twice this size .

species differ from one another primarily in body proportions , fin ray counts , and colouration .

despite their relatively small size , some , such as t. punctulatus , support fisheries and are important in the local cuisine .

trichomycterus

trichomycterus <EOT> de novo assembly and analysis of the chilean pencil catfish trichomycterus areolatus transcriptome . - pubmed - ncbi

type locality of trichomycterus ytororo ; tabay waterfalls , tabay stream , jardín américa , misiones , argentina .

comparative characters among the species assigned to the trichomycterus stawiarski group and its possible sister taxon t . perkos .

morphometric data for holotype and paratypes of trichomycterus balios . sd = standard deviation ; n = number of specimens .

morphometric data for holotype and paratypes of trichomycterus diatropoporos . sd = standard deviation ; n = number of specimens .

morphometric data for holotype and paratypes of trichomycterus poikilos . sd = standard deviation ; n = number of specimens .

morphometric data for holotype and paratypes of trichomycterus brachykechenos . sd = standard deviation ; n = number of specimens .

a new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from south brazil and redescription of t . iheringi ( eigenmann )

eukaryotic orthologous groups ( kog ) characterization of trichomycterus areolatus transcripts . putative transcript functions were assessed and transcriptome completeness was evaluated using kog analysis . the trichomycterus areolatus transcriptome and mrna nucleotide entries from ncbi of cyprinus carpio , salmo salar , and danio rerio were assigned kog terms . the three transcriptomes have similar distributions , supporting the completeness of the trichomycterus areolatus transcriptome .

trichomycterus sp . 2 . becker et al . ( 2013 : table 1 , listed , taquari - antas river basin ) .

trichomycterus sp . 1 . becker et al . ( 2013 : table 1 , listed , taquari - antas river basin ) .

trichomycterus sp . 3 . becker et al . ( 2013 : table 1 , listed , taquari - antas river basin ) .

about bullockia gen . nov . , trichomycterus mendozensis n . sp . and revision of the family trichomycteridae ( pisces , siluriformes )

seven new species of the catfish genus trichomycterus ( teleostei : siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from southeastern brazil and redescription of t . brasiliensis

this study revealed an astonishing undescribed diversity of trichomycterus in a relatively small region with four undescribed species , along with one species recently described in 2011 . we expect that the revision of other understudied basins in southern brazil will reveal new and undescribed species of trichomycterus .

a new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from south brazil and redescription of t . iheringi ( eigenmann ) | wosiacki | zootaxa

trichomycterus maracaya , a new catfish from the upper río paraná , southeastern brazil ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) , with notes on the t . brasiliensis species–complex

in the present study the trichomycterus in the laguna dos patos system are reviewed through an extensive analysis of large collections of specimens . four new species are recognized in addition to t . tropeiro . comments on distributions and an identification key are given for the species of trichomycterus from the laguna dos patos system .

paratypes of trichomycterus poikilos ( ufrgs 14992 , 40 . 5 - 92 . 5 mm sl ) with ontogenetic variation in coloration . specimens represented in scale .

1 . pelvic fins absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trichomycterus tropeiro

trichomycterus ytororo , holotype , ci–fml 7240 , 94 . 2 mm sl ; argentina , misiones province , jardín américa , tabay stream , paraná river basin .

trichomycterus anhanga , a new species of miniature catfish related to t . hasemani and t . johnsoni ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the amazon basin , brazil

six troglobitic species are in the genus trichomycterus : t . chaberti , t . itacarambiensis , t . santanderensis , t . spelaeus and t . uisae .

trichomycterus brachykechenos , holotype , mcn 18929 , 61 . 1 mm sl , brazil , rio grande do sul state , municipality of caraá , rio do sinos .

trichomycterus diatropoporos , holotype , mcp 46947 , 58 . 8 mm sl , brazil , rio grande do sul state , municipality of nova prata , rio da prata at passo do despraiado .

autopalatine of trichomycterus brachykechenos , paratype , ufrgs 16245 , 41 . 9 mm sl , dorsal view . arrow indicates the concavity of mesial margin . scale bar = 0 . 5 mm .

trichomycterus balios , holotype , ufrgs 16229 , 82 . 0 mm sl , brazil , rio grande do sul state , municipality of são francisco de paula , rio santa cruz , rio caí basin .

o gênero trichomycterus é revisado no sistema da laguna dos patos e cinco espécies são reconhecidas . trichomycterus tropeiro ferrer & malabarba tem distribuição restrita , ocorrendo somente na porção mais superior do rio das antas . trichomycterus balios , sp . n . , distribui - se na porção superior das bacias dos rios das antas e caí . trichomycterus diatropoporos , sp . n . , é endêmica da bacia do rio da prata , tributário do rio das antas . trichomycterus poikilos , sp . n . , é amplamente distribuída nos cursos superiores da bacia do rio jacuí e tributários dos rios taquari - antas . trichomycterus brachykechenos , sp . n . , é endêmica do curso superior do rio dos sinos . as espécies novas distinguem - se de grande parte de seus congêneres pelo baixo número de raios na nadadeira peitoral ( i + 5 - 6 ) e o primeiro raio da nadadeira peitoral não prolongado como filamento , exceto de t . davisi , t . mboycy , t . naipi , t . papilliferus , t . payaya , t . perkos , t . plumbeus e t . tropeiro , distinguindo - se destas por outros caracteres . a distribuição do gênero no sistema da laguna dos patos é discutida e uma chave taxonômica é fornecida

castellanos - morales , c . a . 2007 . trichomycterus santanderensis : a new species of troglomorphic catfish ( siluriformes , trichomycteridae ) from colombia . zootaxa , 1541 : 49 - 55 . [ links ]

representative photo of organism - trichomycterus areolatus organism photos of unspecified sex taken from two different locations in chile , the maule river ( top ) and pangue river ( bottom ) . trichomycterus areolatus displays intimate contact with both sediment and the water column . morphology and behavior is typical of fish who dwell in fast - moving streams . photos were provided by courtesy of pablo reyes , fundación ictiológica ( chile ) .

geographic distribution . the review of a large number of lots of the trichomycteridae collected in practically all portions of laguna dos patos system revealed that trichomycterus is restricted to the northern portion of that basin along the middle and upper stretches of the rio jacuí and middle and upper stretches of its large tributaries , the rio do sinos , rio caí , rio taquari - antas , and rio pardo ( fig . 8 ) . the few lots of trichomycterus listed in fish collections as having originated in the southern portion of the laguna dos patos system proved to be ituglanis , a genus which has an external morphology very similar to trichomycterus .

arratia , g . 1998 . silvinichthys , a new genus of trichomycterid catfishes from the argentinian andes , with redescription of trichomycterus nigricans . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 9 : 347 - 370 . [ links ]

species of trichomycterus inhabit a diversity of habitats throughout south and central america from costa rica in the north to patagonia in the south and from lowland atlantic rainforest in the east to andean streams in the west . a number of species of trichomycterus are known from various mid - to high - elevation localities in western argentina ; in these upland regions the species of trichomycterus are among the few , or sometimes only , fishes occupying water bodies at middle to higher elevations . about 60 nominal species are endemic to the river basins draining the andes and hills of the guianan shield and about 30 species are endemic to river basins draining the brazilian shield .

the species of the genus trichomycterus inhabiting the laguna dos patos system are reviewed and five species are recognized . trichomycterus tropeiro ferrer & malabarba has a restricted range and is endemic to the uppermost portion of the rio das antas . trichomycterus balios , n . sp . , is distributed in the upper portion of the rio das antas and rio caí basins . trichomycterus diatropoporos , n . sp . , is endemic to the rio da prata basin , a tributary of the rio das antas . trichomycterus poikilos , n . sp . , is widely distributed in the upper portion of the rio jacuí basin and tributaries of the rio taquari - antas . trichomycterus brachykechenos , n . sp . , is endemic to the upper portion of the rio dos sinos . the new species are distinguishable from most congeners , except for t . davisi , t . mboycy , t . naipi , t . payaya , t . papilliferus , t . perkos , t . plumbeus , and t . tropeiro by the lower number of pectoral - fin rays ( i + 5 - 6 ) and by the first pectoral - fin ray not prolonged as a filament . other characters distinguish the new taxa from these eight species . the distribution of the genus in the laguna dos patos system is discussed and a taxonomic key is provided .

ardila rodríguez , c . a . 2008 . trichomycterus cachiraensis ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) , nueva especie del río cachira , cuencia del río magdalena , colombia . dahlia , 10 : 33 - 41 . [ links ]

castellanos - morales , c . a . 2010 . trichomycterus sketi : a new species of subterranean catfish ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the andean cordillera of colombia . biota colombiana 11 : 33 - 41 . [ links ]

costa , w . j . e . m . ( 1992 ) description de huit nouvelles espèces du genre trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) , du brésil oriental . revue française d ' aquariologie et herpétologie , 18 , 101–110 .

fernández , l . & vari , r . p . ( 2000 ) new species of trichomycterus ( teleostei : siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) lacking a pelvic fin and girdle from the andes of argentina , copeia , 4 , 990–996 .

ferrer , j . & malabarba , l . r . ( 2011 ) a new trichomycterus lacking pelvic fins and pelvic girdle with a very restricted range in southern brazil ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . zootaxa , 2912 , 59–67 .

trichomycterus poikilos , holotype , ufrgs 16239 , 63 . 3 mm sl , brazil , rio grande do sul state , municipality of júlio de castilhos , arroio passo dos buracos or tipiaia on road br - 158 , upper rio jacuí basin .

garcia - melo lj , villa - navarro fa , donascimiento c . a new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the upper río magdalena basin , colombia . zootaxa . 2016 . 4117 ( 2 ) , 226 . pmid : 27395171

trichomycterus brachykechenos is apparently endemic to the upper course of the rio do sinos . one sample tentatively identified as t . poikilos was found in other stretch of the upper basin of the rio dos sinos , but not syntopic with t . brachykechenos .

trichomycterus ytororo is so far known only from its type locality , the tabay waterfalls in the tabay stream ( fig 5 ) , a tributary of the left bank of the paraná river , province of misiones , northeast of argentina ( fig 4 ) .

costa , w . j . e . m . 1992 . description de huit nouvelles espèces du genre trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) , du brésil oriental . revue française d ' aquariologie et herpétologie , 18 : 101 - 110 . [ links ]

ferrer , j . & l . r . malabarba . 2011 . a new trichomycterus lacking pelvic fins and pelvic girdle with a very restricted range in southern brazil ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . zootaxa , 2912 : 59 - 67 . [ links ]

de pinna , m . c . c . 1992b . trichomycterus castroi , a new species of trichomycterid catfish from the rio iguaçu of southeastern brazil ( teleostei : siluriformes ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 3 : 89 - 95 . [ links ]

a new species of the genus trichomycterus is described from the rio uruguai drainage , rio grande do sol state , brazil , with a single paratype from the rio paranapanema basin , são paulo state . both rivers are tributaries within the rio paraná watershed .

the non - monophyletic nature of the group and the long and complicated taxonomic history has placed trichomycterus the most formidable problem in the systematics of the tricomycteridae [ 3 ] . many species of trichomycterus have uninformative descriptions and are associated to old type material , limiting the applicability of the name only to the types [ 24 ] . currently , the genus contains over 170 species [ 6 ] , however , its known diversity remains increasing along the recent years . even with these obstacles , species groups within trichomycterus were defined based on morphological characteristics [ 11 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ] , some of them constantly redefined and re - diagnosed , such as the trichomycterus brasiliensis species complex [ 14 , 32 , 33 ] , which , to date , its monophyly could not be consistently assessed [ 34 ] . besides , these characters and all species included on these groups were not placed into a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis , therefore with the possibility of representing artificial groups due to possible parallelisms .

barbosa , m . a . & costa , w . j . e . m . ( 2003a ) trichomycterus potschi ( siluriformes : loricarioidei ) : a new trichomycterid catfish from coastal streams of southeastern brazil . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 14 , 281–287 .

geographic distribution of species of trichomycterus in the laguna dos patos system . some symbols represent more than one collection locality . stars represent type localities . trichomycterus balios ( green symbols ) , t . brachykechenos ( red symbols ) , t . diatropoporos ( brown symbols ) , t . poikilos ( yellow symbols ) , trichomycterus cf . poikilos ( yellow lozenge ) and t . tropeiro ( blue symbols ) , abbreviations : 1 , rio dos sinos ; 2 , rio caí ; 3 , rio das antas ; 3 ' , rio taquari - antas ; 4 , rio da prata ; 5 , rio carreiro ; 6 , rio guaporé ; 7 , rio forqueta ; 8 , rio pardo ; 9 , rio jacuí ; 10 , laguna dos patos ; and 11 , rio mampituba basin .

fernández , l . & r . q . chuquihuamaní . 2007 . a new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the andean cordillera of peru , with comments on relationships within the genus . zootaxa , 1545 : 49 - 57 . [ links ]

fernández , l . & k . osinaga . ( 2006 ) a new trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from aguarague national park of the bolivian preandean region , with comments on relationships within of the genus . environmental biology of fishes , 75 , 385–393 . urltoken

trichomycterus cachiraensis possess the posterior cranial fontanel reduced to a small round opening restricted to the parieto - supraoccipital - condition identical to that reported for ituglanis ( costa & bockmann , 1993 ) - and the anterior cranial fontanel variable ( ardila rodríguez , 2008 : fig . 4 ) . trichomycterus sketi has three openings with triangle shape : the anterior cranial fontanel between frontals , and the posterior cranial fontanel divided in one orifice between frontals and the other in the parieto - supraoccipital ( castellanos - morales , 2010 : fig . 3 ) .

lima , s . m . q . & costa , w . j . e . m . ( 2004 ) trichomycterus giganteus ( siluriformes : loricarioidea : trichomycteridae ) : a new catfish from the rio guandu basin , southeastern brazil . zootaxa , 761 , 1–6 .

comparative material examined . nematogenyidae : nematogenys inermis ; 1 ( c & s ) ufrgs 3955 . trichomycteridae . copionodontinae : copionodon pecten , 6 ( c & s ) mzusp 42462 . trichogeninae : trichogenes longipinnis , 3 ( c & s ) mzusp 63478 . trichomycterinae : eremophilus mutisii , 1 ( c & s ) mzusp 35409 - 1 ( c & s ) amnh 56092 ; e . candidus ( paratypes ) , 5 ( 2 c & s ) mzusp 11762 ; trichomycterus n . sp . a , 7 ( c & s ) mzusp 25022 ; trichomycterus n . sp . b , 2 mzusp uncat . ; trichomycterus naipi mpeg 6699 ( holotype ) ; ( paratypes ) , 2 mzusp 38788 - trichomycterus papilliferus mpeg 6692 ( holotype ) ; trichomycterus mboycy ( holotype ) mpeg 6695 ; trichomycterus taroba mpeg 6689 ( holotype ) ; trichomycterus plumbeus mpeg 6686 ( holotype ) ; t . nigricans , 1 ( c & s ) mcp 10649 ; t . castroi , 1 ( c & s ) mhnci 7881 - 1 mhnci 7643 ; t . iheringi , 8 ( 1c & s ) mhnci 7916 ; t . davisi , 2 ( c & s ) mcp 10646 - 34 mzusp 38783 ; t . brasiliensis , 15 ( 2c & s ) mzusp uncat . ; t . mimonha , 4 mzusp 34344 - 5 mcp 18021 ; t . stawiarski , 44 ( 3c & s ) mzusp uncat . ; t . rivulatus , 6 ( 1c & s ) rom 403409 ; bullockia maldonadoi , 1 ( c & s ) mzusp 36958 ; hatcheria macraei , 2 ( c & s ) mzusp 35687 ; scleronema minutum , 13 ( c & s ) mcp 11169 ; s . operculatum , 1 ( c & s ) mcp 9315 ; ituglanis sp . , 13 ( 5 c & s ) mnrj 11489 ; ituglanis proops , 7 mzusp 36502 - 2 muzsp 46902 - 2 mzusp 39027 .

3 . maxillary barbel extending beyond posterior margin of interopercular patch of odontodes , usually reaching or extending beyond posterior margin of the pectoral - fin insertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trichomycterus brachykechenos

barbosa , m . a . & w . j . e . m . costa . 2003 . trichomycterus potschi ( siluriformes : loricarioidei ) a new trichomycterid catfish from coastal streams of southeastern brazil . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 14 : 281 - 287 . [ links ]

wosiacki , w . b . & j . c . garavello . 2004 . five new species of trichomycterus from the rio iguaçu ( paraná basin ) , southern brazil ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 15 : 1 - 16 . [ links ]

wosiacki , w . b . & de pinna , m . c . c . ( 2008 ) trichomycterus igobi , a new catfish species from the rio iguaçu drainage : the largest head in trichomycteridae ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . neotropical ichthyology , 6 , 17–23 . urltoken

alencar , a . r . & w . j . e . m . costa . 2006 . trichomycterus pauciradiatus , a new catfish species from the upper rio paraná basin , southeastern brazil ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . zootaxa , 1269 : 43 - 49 . [ links ]

wosiacki , w . b . & m . c . c . de pinna . 2008 . trichomycterus igobi , a new catfish species from the rio iguaçu drainage : the largest head in trichomycteridae ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . neotropical ichthyology , 6 : 17 - 23 . [ links ]

datovo , a . , carvalho , m . & ferrer , j . ( 2012 ) a new species of the catfish genus trichomycterus from the la plata river basin , southern brazil , with comments on its putative phylogenetic position ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . zootaxa , 3327 , 33–44 .

garcia - melo , l . j . , villa - navarro , f . a . & donascimiento , c . ( 2016 ) a new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the upper río magdalena basin , colombia . zootaxa , 4117 ( 2 ) , 226–40 . urltoken

citation : terán ge , ferrer j , benitez m , alonso f , aguilera g , mirande jm ( 2017 ) living in the waterfalls : a new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from tabay stream , misiones , argentina . plos one 12 ( 6 ) : e0179594 . urltoken

lima , s . m . q . , h . lazzarotto & w . j . e . m . costa . 2008 . a new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from lagoa feia drainage , southeastern brazil . neotropical ichthyology , 6 : 315 - 322 . [ links ]

this genus is defined by the lack of specializations found in other trichomycterids and is certainly polyphyletic . although known to contain many species , trichomycterus is poorly known with many of the known species based on brief descriptions . many species have been described recently and many more are waiting to be described .

several species of trichomycterus have the deeper skin layer ( = inner skin layer ) usually composed of larger blotches and spots , formed by densely grouped chromatophores ( bockmann & sazima , 2004 ) . among the species from laguna dos patos system , trichomycterus balios , t . diatropoporos , and t . tropeiro share this pattern of the inner skin layer . both t . balios and t . tropeiro possess black circular blotches variable in size on the dorsal and lateral surface of body over a lighter background , while t . diatropoporos has black blotches variable in size and shape coalescent dorsally on a lighter background .

bockmann , f . a . & i . sazima . 2004 . trichomycterus maracaya , a new catfish from the upper rio paraná , southeastern brazil ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) , with notes on the t . brasiliensis species - complex . neotropical ichthyology , 2 : 61 - 74 . [ links ]

barbosa , m . a . & costa , w . j . e . m . ( 2010 ) seven news species of catfish genus trichomycterus ( teleostei : siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) : from southeastern brazil and re - description of t . brasiliensis . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 21 , 97–122 .

datovo , a . , m . carvalho & j . ferrer . 2012 . a new species of the catfish genus trichomycterus from the la plata river basin , southern brazil , with comments on its putative phylogenetic position ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . zootaxa , 3327 : 33 - 44 . [ links ]

barbosa , m . a . & w . j . e . m . costa . 2010 . seven new species of the catfish genus trichomycterus ( teleostei : siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from southeastern brazil and redescription of t . brasiliensis . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 21 : 97 - 122 . [ links ]

pelvic girdle of trichomycterus diatropoporos , paratype , ufrgs 16237 , 57 . 8 mm sl , dorsal view . abbreviations : bs , basipterygium ; ep , external process ; ip , internal process ; mp , medial process ; pr , pelvic - fin rays ; ps , pelvic splint . scale bar = 1 mm .

in this paper , we present a new species assignable to the genus trichomycterus which is markedly distinct from all other forms so far described . a number of conspicuous morphological characteristics set it apart from all others species as yet known in the genus . for instance , its very large head distinguishes it at once from all other species so far known in trichomycterus , and in fact from all other trichomycterid . other characters of external and internal morphology also unambiguously support its specific distinctiveness . the new form is the tenth species of trichomycterus described from the rio iguaçu , a drainage that contains an impressive radiation of the genus , which only recently received attention from fish systematics ( wosiacki & garavello , 2004 ; wosiacki & de pinna , in press ) . character evidence indicates that the new species is closely related to t . stawiarski and to a second new species , t . sp . c ( wosiacki & de pinna , in press ) , also from the rio iguaçu .

4 ' . lateral surface of body mottled or with stripes , i + 5 pectoral - fin rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trichomycterus poikilos

color pattern . trichomycterus balios , t . diatropoporos , and t . poikilos shares the two distinct layers of pigmentation in the skin of large specimens as reported for t . castroi by de pinna ( 1992b ) , t . brasiliensis , t . iheringi , t . maracaya , t . mimonha , t . potschi , and undescribed species of the t . brasiliensis complex by bockmann & sazima ( 2004 ) , and t . crassicaudatus , t . diabolus , t . giganteus , t . igobi , t . perkos , t . stawiarski , and t . tropeiro by datovo et al . ( 2012 ) . among the species from laguna dos patos system , only trichomycterus brachykechenos lacks the two distinct layers . the distribution of these patterns across trichomycterus species , however , is mostly unknown because it is missing in most species descriptions or because it is difficult to recognize the two skin layers in specimens preserved for a long period of time ( datovo et al . , 2012 ) .

arratia , g . , a . chang , s . menu - marque & g . rojas . 1978 . about bullockia gen . nov . , trichomycterus mendozensis n . sp . and revision of the family trichomycteridae ( pisces , siluriformes ) . studies on neotropical fauna and environment , 13 : 157 - 194 . [ links ]

the cranial fontanel of trichomycterus megantoni is illustrated and described as " reduced between frontals and supraoccipital " ( fernández & chuquihuamaní , 2007 : fig . 3 ) , a shape very similar to t . brachykechenos , which is absent or restricted to a very small opening anteriorly and elongate and restricted to the parieto - supraoccipital posteriorly ( fig . 2d ) . fernández & chuquihuamaní ( 2007 ) stated that the peculiar cranial fontanel of trichomycterus megantoni is probably an autopomorphy , but cannot be ascertained as unique in trichomycterinae because some species are rare or do not have their anatomy examined . indeed , the discovery of t . brachykechenos confirms that the condition is not unique in the subfamily trichomycterinae .

dutra , g . m . , wosiacki , w . b . & de pinna , m . c . c . ( 2012 ) trichomycterus anhanga , a new species of miniature catfish related to t . hasemani and t . johnsoni ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the amazon basin , brazil . neotropical ichthyology , 10 , 225–231 . urltoken

there is little doubt that closest relatives of t . igobi are to be found among other taxa now included in trichomycterus . the new species shares all synapomorphies for the clade including all trichomycterids except copionodontinae and trichogeninae , while lacking those that support the distal group composed of glanapteryginae , sarcoglanidinae , tridentinae , stegophilinae and vandelliinae ( de pinna , 1998 ) . taxa that fit neither of those clades are currently allocated in the trichomycterinae , demonstrably non - monophyletic ( costa & bockmann , 1993 ; wosiacki , 2002 ) . within that subfamily , t . igobi lacks the known synapomorphies for each of bullockia , eremophilus , hacheria , rhizosomichthys , and scleronema ( arratia , 1990 ) , ituglanis ( costa & bockmann , 1993 ) , and silvinichthys ( arratia , 1998 ; fernández & de pinna , 2005 ) . that leaves the genus trichomycterus as a default alternative for the inclusion of the new species . that genus is currently undiagnosable by synapomorphies and is the one that includes the majority of trichomycterine species . despite that , we consider that the inclusion of the new species in trichomycterus is the most reasonable course of action . we would not defend a new genus for t . igobi unless srictly required by phylogenetic criteria , which is not presently the case . inclusion in trichomycterus is further strengthened by evidence indicating that t . igobi is related to a subgroup of species currently allocated in that genus .

4 . lateral surface of body with blotches , i + 6 pectoral - fin rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trichomycterus diatropoporos

dutra , g . m . , w . b . wosiacki & m . c . c . de pinna . 2012 . trichomycterus anhanga , a new species of minature catfish related to t . hasemani and t . johnsoni ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the amazon basin , brazil . neotropical ichthyology , 10 : 225 - 231 . [ links ]

trichomycteridae is a monophyletic group comprising seven monophyletic subfamilies ( copionodontinae , glanapteryginae , sarcoglanidinae , stegophilinae , trichogeninae , tridentinae , and vandelliinae ) and the recognized non–monophyletic subfamily trichomycterinae as presently conceived [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] . among the eight genera of trichomycterinae , bullockia arratia , chang , menu - marque & rojas , eremophilus humboldt , hatcheria eigenmann , and rhizosomichthys miles , are monotypic based on autapomorphies ; scleronema eigenmann is a monophyletic group including three psamophyly species ; ituglanis costa & bockmann and silvinichthys arratia were proposed to allocate species previously included in trichomycterus valenciennes ; and lastly , trichomycterus lacks any diagnostic character being demonstrably non - monophyletic assemblage of species [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] .

a new species assigned to the genus trichomycterus from the area of the waterfalls of tabay stream , paraná river basin , misiones , argentina , is described . trichomycterus ytororo sp . nov . is distinguished from all other species in the genus by the presence of 31–35 dorsal procurrent caudal - fin rays and the combination of some external characters such as : coloration , number of pectoral–fin rays and pores of the laterosensory canals . the new taxon belongs to a presumably monophyletic group of species composed of t . crassicaudatus , t . igobi , and t . stawiarski based on the presence of 24 or more thickly ossified and rigid procurrent caudal - fin rays with a slender distal tip extending along the tips of at least ten neural spines .

for further information see the paper : datovo , a . , m . carvalho , and j . ferrer . 2012 . a new species of the catfish genus trichomycterus from the la plata river basin , southern brazil , with comments on its putative phylogenetic position ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . zootaxa 3327 : 33 - 44 , of which the abstract is available here .

transcript coverage of two model organisms . coverage of salmo salar and danio rerio predicted proteins by trichomycterus areolatus predicted proteins . predicted polypeptide sequences produced in this study were blasted against publically available non - redundant salmo salar proteins ( count = 112 , 089 ) and danio rerio proteins ( count = 81 , 931 ) . the length of the local alignment region reported by the blastp algorithm was subsequently divided by the length of the query sequence . compilation of these results indicated that a vast majority of trichomycterus areolatus predicted protein sequences exhibited greater than 90 % coverage of both danio rerio ( 64 . 7 % ) and salmo salar ( 68 . 9 % ) protein sequences , suggesting that the assembly produced a high degree of full - length transcripts .

during recent samplings in northeastern argentina we collected specimens of a remarkable new species of trichomycterus from waterfalls in the paraná river basin , which are described herein as a new species . the new taxon exhibits conspicuous characters that indicate a close relationship with t . crassicaudatus wosiacki & de pinna , t . igobi wosiacki & de pinna , and t . stawiarski ( miranda ribeiro ) .

barbosa , m . a . & w . j . e . m . costa . 2008 . description of a new species of catfish from the upper rio paraíba do sul basin , south - eastern brazil ( teleostei : siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) and re - description of trichomycterus itatiayae . aqua , international journal of ichthyology , 14 : 175 - 186 . [ links ]

kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes ( kegg ) transcriptomic analysis . kegg analysis was performed to functionally describe transcript functions and evaluate transcriptome completeness . to serve as comparisons mrna sequences for danio rerio , salmo salar , and cyprinus carpio were retrieved from ncbi and characterized into kegg pathways . the percent distribution shows a similar proportion among compared species indicating a complete transcriptome for trichomycterus areolatus .

the analysis of comparative material from adjacent drainages to the north and northeast of laguna dos patos system ( rio uruguay , rio tramandaí , and rio mampituba basins ) allow us to propose that three among the four new species are endemic to the laguna dos patos system , excepting t . balios , which occurs also in the headwaters of rio mampituba . however , their degree of endemism is variable . trichomycterus balios is distributed in the upper courses of rio das antas , rio caí , and rio mampituba basins ; t . poikilos is widely distributed in the upper courses of the rio jacuí basin and tributaries of the rio the taquari - antas ; t . brachykechenos and t . diatropoporos are known only from few localities in the rio dos sinos and the rio da prata basin respectively . trichomycterus tropeiro is also endemic to the laguna dos patos drainage and has a very restricted range , occurring only in headwaters of rio das antas ( ferrer & malabarba , 2011 ) . endemism and restricted ranges seem typical among species of trichomycterus , which is the dominant genus in the compilation of species with restricted - ranges in nogueira et al . ( 2010 ) , with 45 species .

right lower jaw of ( a ) trichomycterus diatropoporos , paratype , ufrgs 16237 , 57 . 8 mm sl in lateral view and ( b ) t . poikilos , paratype , mcp 22699 , 79 . 0 mm sl , in medial view . abbreviations : ar , anguloarticular ; cp , coronoid process ; de , dentary ; mc , meckel ' s cartilage . scale bar = 1 mm .

nevertheless , the several differences between the two species ( see diagnosis ) lead us to believe that they are not closely related and that this reduction is homoplastic among the two species . it reinforces the assumption of fernández & chuquihuamaní ( 2007 ) that cranial fontanel reduction must be interpreted as homoplastic among trichomycterus species , ituglanis , glanapterygines and stegophilines , according to the current understanding of the trichomycterid phylogeny .

2 . lateral surface of body with circular black blotches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trichomycterus balios

diagnosis . trichomycterus igobi is distinguishable from all other species currently in trichomycterus by its large head ( 23 . 8 - 26 . 8 % sl ) , which is proportionally the largest head in any trichomycteridae . other diagnostic features that distinguish the new species from most or all of its congeners include an almost entirely cartilaginous second hypobranchial ( with only vestigial ossification ) ; a mesially expanded palatine ossification ; a narrow cleithrum , falciform in shape ; and the lack of a proximal posterior concavity on the third ceratobranchial . the rigid spine - like morphology of individual procurrent rays of the caudal fin , the extension of the dorsal caudal - fin procurrent ray series ( extending for ten neural spine tips ) , and the presence of ten or eleven branchiostegal rays each distinguish t . igobi from all congeners except t . stawiarski and t . sp . c ( see discussion ) . other characters shared with various other species of trichomycterus yet useful for identification include a dorsal fin located on a concavity on dorsal profile of trunk ; the short caudal peduncle ( 15 . 4 - 19 . 7 % sl ) ; and the first anal - fin ray base posterior to the vertical through the base of the last dorsal - fin ray .

uma nova espécie de trichomycterus é descrita para a bacia do rio iguaçu , sul do brasil . trichomycterus igobi , nova espécie , é facilmente distinguida das outras espécies atualmente no gênero por sua cabeça extremamente grande ( 23 . 8 - 26 . 8 % sl ) , que é proporcionalmente a maior em trichomycterinae e talvez em trichomycteridae . esta característica , em combinação com o corpo relativamente alto , resulta em um aspecto geral atacarracado que é o mais extremo no gênero trichomycterus . outras características que distinguem a nova espécie da maioria ou todas as outras espécies do gênero incluem o curto pedúnculo caudal ( 15 . 4 - 19 . 7 % sl ) ; segundo hipo - branquial quase inteiramente cartilaginoso ( somente com ossificação vestigial ) ; palatino expandido medialmente ; cleitro estreito , de formato falciforme ; e ausência de uma concavidade posterior no terceiro ceratobranquial . a nova espécie parece formar um grupo monofilético com t . stawiarski e outra espécie não descrita ( t . sp . c ) , também endêmicas do rio iguaçu . como potenciais sinapomorfias , as três espécies compartilham uma morfologia rígida dos raios procurrentes caudais , que são semelhantes a espinhos ; área estendida de distribuição de raios procurrentes caudais dorsais ; e raios branquiostégios numerosos ( 10 ou 11 ) .

a new species of trichomycterid catfish , trichomycterus pascuali , is described from paranapanema basin and is distinguished from all congeners by the possession of five pectoral - fin rays and the absence of pelvic fin , girdle , and muscles . additional features further differentiate the new species from the other congeners lacking pelvic fins , t . candidus , t . catamarcensis , and t . tropeiro . the identification of t . pascuali is additionally corroborated by genetic divergence based on dna - barcode analysis . osteological and myological data unequivocally support the inclusion of the new species in the trichomycterinae and molecular analyses justify its allocation to the genus trichomycterus rather than eremophilus , a trichomycterine taxon traditionally diagnosed by the lack of pelvic fins . our genetic analysis further indicates that pelvic fins were independently lost in e . mutisii , t . candidus , and t . pascuali .

the monophyly of trichomycterinae was proposed by arratia ( 1990 ) based on four putative synapomorphies , but these were demonstrated invalid by datovo & bockmann ( 2010 ) , even with the exclusion of trichomycterus hasemani ( eigenmann , 1914 ) , and t . johnsoni ( fowler , 1932 ) . these two species , along with t . anhanga , are more closely related to other subfamilies of trichomycteridae ( de pinna , 1989 ; wosiacki , 2002 ; dutra et al . , 2012 ) . the new species , however , lack the diagnostic features of the subfamilies tridentinae , stegophilinae , vandelliinae , sarcoglanidinae , and glanapteryginae ( so - called tsvsg clade by costa & bockmann , 1993 ; de pinna , 1998 , datovo & bockmann , 2010 ) and the trichomycterine genera bullockia , eremophilus , hatcheria , rhizosomichthys , scleronema , and silvinichthys ( cf . eigenmann , 1918 ; arratia et al . , 1978 ; arratia , 1990 , 1998 ; wosiacki , 2002 ) . the new species also lack the three synapomorphies proposed by costa & bockmann ( 1993 ) for the genus ituglanis - except trichomycterus brachykechenos ( discussed below ) - which leads us to include them in the non - monophyletic genus trichomycterus ( de pinna , 1989 , 1998 ; datovo & bockmann , 2010 ) .

bockmann & sazima ( 2004 ) cited for t . brasiliensis species complex the superficial skin layer ( = outer skin layer ) formed by chromatophores gradually denser and organized in well - defined patches in progressively larger specimens , sometimes covering so intensely that hides the deeper skin layer ( bockmann & sazima , 2004 : fig . 11b ) . this superficial pigmentation in the largest specimens is distinct from that observed in trichomycterus balios , t . diatropoporos , and t . poikilos , which is composed by small spots and similar to the " freckled " pattern reported to trichomycterus perkos in datovo et al . ( 2012 ) , as well as for t . brasiliensis , t . castroi , t . crassicaudatus , t . diabolus , t . giganteus , t . igobi , t . maracaya , t . mimonha , t . stawiarski , and t . tropeiro .

trichomycterus areolatus is an endemic species of pencil catfish that inhabits the riffles and rapids of many freshwater ecosystems of chile . despite its unique adaptation to chile ' s high gradient watersheds and therefore potential application in the investigation of ecosystem integrity and environmental contamination , relatively little is known regarding the molecular biology of this environmental sentinel . here , we detail the assembly of the trichomycterus areolatus transcriptome , a molecular resource for the study of this organism and its molecular response to the environment . rna - seq reads were obtained by next - generation sequencing with an illumina® platform and processed using prinseq . the transcriptome assembly was performed using trinity assembler . transcriptome validation was performed by functional characterization with kog , kegg , and go analyses . additionally , differential expression analysis highlights sex - specific expression patterns , and a list of endocrine and oxidative stress related transcripts are included .

despite the broad distribution of the genus , most species have limited distributions and usually are restricted to only one river . wide - ranging species are most likely complexes of species that are difficult to differentiate , such as the t . brasiliensis species - complex . trichomycterus gorgona , from a small stream on gorgona island located west of the pacific coast of colombia , is the first known trichomycterid to be endemic to an offshore island .

da silva , c . c . f . , s . l . s . f . da matta , a . w . s . hilsdorf , f . langeani & a . p . marceniuk . 2010 . color pattern variation in trichomycterus iheringi ( eigenmann , 1917 ) ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from rio itatinga and rio claro , são paulo , brazil . neotropical ichthyology , 8 : 49 - 56 . [ links ]

the tabay stream basin through 192 km from its headwaters at campo viera to its mouth on the paraná river , at jardín américa ( fig 4 ) . the stream bed is mainly composed of basaltic bedrock , in which sections with waterfalls and pools alternates all along its run . at the type locality ( tabay waterfall ; fig 5 ) , the stream is surrounded by remnants of the paranaense riparian forest , with its left margin degraded due to a camping site . this waterfall consists of three consecutive falls , the main one is 10m high and 20–50m wide , which drains into a narrow gorge . all specimens of trichomycterus ytororo were captured above the waterfalls at shallow areas ( about 1 meter depth or less ) or in rapids witha predominantly rocky bottom and strong current . trichomycterus davisi was the single congener recorded at the type locality , which was not collected syntopically with t . ytororo .

despite the high number of described species within trichomycterus , ferrer & malabarba ( 2011 ) highlighted the lack of taxonomic studies of this genus in the laguna dos patos and uruguay basins in southern brazil . notwithstanding the common occurrence of the genus in these basins , t . tropeiro ferrer & malabarba , 2011 endemic to the headwaters of rio das antas in laguna dos patos system is so far the only member of the genus recognized for that drainage .

trichomycterus crassicaudatus , t . igobi , and t stawiarski are endemic to the iguazú ( or iguaçu , in brazil ) river basin , a left bank tributary of the paraná river , while t . ytororo inhabits a downstream section of the same basin ( fig 5 ) . curiously , all these species are known from few collecting sites or only from their type localities ( as t . ytororo ) , possibly indicating some ecological constraints in their distributions .

dorsal view of urohyal of ( a ) trichomycterus balios , paratype , ufrgs 6831 , 81 . 7 mm sl ; ( b ) t . diatropoporos , paratype , ufrgs 16237 , 57 . 8 mm sl ; ( c ) t . poikilos , paratype , mcp 22699 , 79 . 0 mm sl ; and ( d ) t . brachykechenos , paratype , ufrgs 16245 , 41 . 9 mm sl . scale bar = 0 . 5 mm .

even so , the aforementioned presumably derived character states shared by the species herein proposed as belonging to the trichomycterus stawiarski group ( table 1 ) suggest their close relationship and the reduced number of branchiostegal rays in t . ytororo could be interpreted as a homoplastic feature . however , a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the genus is still needed to assess if those character states are more parsimoniously attributed to common ancestry or parallelisms and to test the monophyly of this putative clade .

gene ontology ( go ) analysis of the trichomycterus areolatus transcriptome . go functional analysis was performed on assigned proteins in order to evaluate transcript function and the overall completeness of the isolated transcriptome . go terms were given for each of the t . areolatus predicted proteins as well as the proteomes of salmo salar , cyprinus carpio , and danio rerio ( retrieved from ncbi ) . the distribution of protein functions closely match one another , suggesting the assembled transcriptome is complete .

morphological data for species are based on literature , personal observations and photographs from image database of the all catfishes species inventory ( morris et al . , 2006 ) , muséum national d ' histoire naturelle urltoken and california academy of sciences urltoken trichomycterus santaeritae ( eigenmann , 1918 ) and the species from t . hasemani group were not included in comparisons due to their reported relationship with non - trichomycterine taxa ( de pinna , 1989 ; dutra et al . , 2012 ) .

the new species proposed herein is allocated in the genus trichomycterus ( subfamily trichomycterinae ) due to the presence of all the synapomorphies for the clade that includes all the trichomycterids excepting the copionodontinae and trichogeninae and lacks those derived characters that support the clade comprising the subfamilies glanapteryginae , sarcoglanidinae , stegophilinae , tridentinae , and vandelliinae [ 3 ] . the presence of the levator internus 4 muscle originating from the neurocranial floor and the dorsal face of the posttemporo - supracleithrum , a synapomorphy for trichomycterinae latu sensu [ 13 ] , in the new taxon also supports its inclusion in the subfamily . among the trichomycterinae , the new taxon also lacks the diagnostic characters of bullockia , eremophilus , hatcheria , ituglanis , rhizosomichthys , scleronema , and silvinichthys [ 3 , 4 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ] . in view of these facts , the inclusion of the new species in the genus trichomycterus is the most plausible action for the moment .

besides both t . balios and t . poikilos occur in the rio taquari - antas drainage , they also show disjoint distributions . trichomycterus balios occurs to the east , in the rio da prata , a tributary in the right margin of the rio das antas , and tributaries of the rio das antas above the mouth of the rio da prata in both right and left margins . trichomycterus poikilos occurs to the west in the rio carreiro , rio guaporé and rio forqueta , all right margin tributaries of the rio taquari - antas , below the rio da prata , but is also widely distributed in the upper tributaries of the rio jacuí basin that are geographically close to the rio taquari - antas tributaries ( fig . 8 ) . the occurrence of t . poikilos in close proximity in the upper portions of the tributaries of two sub - drainages ( rio taquari - antas and upper rio jacuí ) may indicate headwater capture events among these small tributaries .

trichomycterus ytororo is distinguishable from all congeners by the presence of 31–35 dorsal caudal procurrent rays ( fig 3 ; vs . 29 or less ) . in addition , trichomycterus ytororo exhibits two characters shared only by three congeners ( table 1 ; t . crassicaudatus , t . igobi , and t . stawiarski ) : the procurrent caudal - fin rays thickly ossified and rigid with a slender distal tip and the dorsal procurrent caudal - fin rays extending along the tips of 10–13 neural spines ( fig 3 ; vs . procurrent caudal - fin rays thin and flexible with the dorsal ones extending for less than eight neural spines tips ) . trichomycterus ytororo can be further distinguished from t . crassicaudatus , t . igobi , and t . stawiarski by the number of branchiostegal rays ( 9 vs . 10–11 ) . trichomycterus ytororo can be further distinguished from t . igobi by the smaller head length ( 19 . 7–22 . 5 % vs . 23 . 8–26 . 8 % of sl ) , longest caudal peduncle ( 20 . 3–23 . 4 % vs . 15 . 4–19 . 7 % of sl ) and 4–7 pores in the trunk canal of the laterosensory system ( vs . two pores ) ; from t . crassicaudatus by the caudal - fin distal margin rounded in adults ( vs . forked ) , higher number of vertebrae ( 37–38 vs . 35–36 ) , lower number of ventral procurrent caudal - fin rays ( 13 vs . 17–18 ) , and the dorsal procurrent caudal - fin rays extending over the tips of 13 neural spines ( vs . dorsal procurrent caudal - fin rays extending over the tips of 12 neural spines ) ; and from t . stawiarski by the lower number of ventral procurrent caudal - fin rays ( 13 vs . 17 ) , the higher number of pectoral - fin rays ( i , 7 vs . i , 6 ) , and lower number of vertebrae ( 37–38 vs . 39 ) .

costa & bockmann ( 1993 ) suggest that ituglanis and scleronema are closely related to tsvsg clade based in two synapomorphies ( reduction of the interopercular patch of odontodes and urohyal thin and elongate ) , and de pinna ( 1998 ) reinforced the monophyly of this clade based on shared three or fewer abdominal vertebrae by its members . however , datovo & bockmann ( 2010 ) listed a unique derived character shared by at least five genera of the subfamily trichomycterinae ( bullockia , hatcheria , ituglanis , scleronema and trichomycterus ) , the posterior portion of the levator internus 4 originating from the dorsal face of the posttemporo - supracleithrum , and contested the utility of the characters that corroborated the monophyly of the clade scleronema + ituglanis + tsvsg ( costa & bockmann , 1993 ; de pinna , 1998 ) . according to datovo & bockmann ( 2010 ) , the reduction of the interopercular patch of odontodes and the thinness and elongation of urohyal lateral processes is present in many other trichomycterines ( e . g . , trichomycterus stawiarski and silvinichthys bortayro fernández & de pinna , 2005 ) and seem to be developed to varying degrees with a continuum of intermediate states between the more extreme conditions . trichomycterus balios , t . diatropoporos , and t . poikilos present the urohyal with lateral processes with wide bases and decreasing in width distally with rounded tips , but t . brachykechenos possesses the lateral processes of urohyal thin and elongate with pointed tips ( fig . 5 ) , corroborating the statements of datovo & bockmann ( 2010 ) .

in the trichomycterus species the cranial fontanel is normally divided in two openings separated by epiphyseal bar : the anterior fontanel which is a small rounded opening situated between frontals , and the posterior fontanel which is long and narrow extending from posterior portion of frontals to parieto - supraoccipital . a reduced cranial fontanel is present in at least other three species of the genus : t . cachiraensis ardila rodríguez , 2008 , t . sketi castellanos - morales , 2011 from colombia , and t . megantoni from peru .

ecological data . specimens of trichomycterus igobi were collected in the same general locality as t . sp . c in the rio jordão , and presumably occupy the same kind of fast water , rocky - substrate environment reported for that species ( cf . wosiacki & de pinna , in press ) . the details of its microhabitat , however , are as yet unknown . the stomach of the cleared and stained specimen contained larvae of diptera ( simulidae ) , ephemeroptera , and trichoptera , indicating benthic feeding habits .

upper caudal plates of trichomycterus balios , lateral view , anterior to left . ( a ) = paratype , mcp 41292 , 64 . 7 mm sl ; ( b ) paratype , mcp 41292 , 72 . 3 mm sl . abbreviations : hu3 , hypural 3 ; hu4 + hu5 , complex plate formed by co - ossification of hypurals 4 and 5 ; hu3 + hu4 + hu5 , complex plate formed by co - ossification of hypurals 3 , 4 and 5 . scale bar = 0 . 5 mm .