the elopiformes / ᵻˌlɒpᵻˈfɔːrmiːz / are the order of ray-finned fish including the tarpons , tenpounders , and ladyfish , as well as a number of extinct types .

they have a long fossil record , easily distinguished from other fishes by the presence of an additional set of bones in the throat .

they are related to the order of eels , although the adults superficially resemble very large or giant herrings in appearance .

the larvae , however , are leptocephali , looking very similar to those of eels .

elopiformes

elopiformes <EOT> no one has contributed data records for elopiformes yet . learn how to contribute .

kento furui added the japanese common name " カライワシ目 " to " elopiformes " .

" elopiformes ( ladyfish and tarpon ) . " grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken

the order elopiformes includes two small families of medium to large - sized fishes found in coastal marine , estuarine and freshwater environments . elopiformes have well - developed gular plates , or extra bones in the throat between the lower jaws , found only in some primitive bony fishes .

" elopiformes ( ladyfish and tarpon ) . " grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken

order elopiformes is one of four orders that make up the superorder elopomorpha , a group considered to be one of the most primitive of bony fishes ( infraclass teleostei ) . the other living orders in the superorder include the anguilliformes ( eels ) , saccopharyngiformes ( bobtail eels , swallowers , and gulpers ) , and albuliformes ( bonefish ) . most taxonomists divide order elopiformes into the families elopidae ( ladyfishes ) and megalopidae ( tarpons ) .

recent molecular work has shown that the order elopiformes is basal to other groups within the subdivision elopomorpha , which also contains the true eels ( order anguilliformes ) and the bonefishes ( order albuliformes ) . like their relatives , tarpons and tenpounders have a leptocephalus larval stage , that unlike most elopomorph fishes , has a forked caudal fin .

placement of the fossil taxa remains particularly problematic . much work remains to be done to understand the limits and relationships among the fossil and living elopomorph fishes . for example , members of the suborder crossognathoidei are considered to be part of order elopiformes by some authorities , such as british paleontologist john g . maisey , and more derived by others , such as british paleontologist colin patterson and american ichthyologist donn rosen .

smith , d . g . 1999 . order elopiformes , pp . 1619 - 1622 . in carpenter , k . e . & v . h . niem . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . volume 3 . batoid fishes , chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae ) . rome , fao . 1999 . pp . 1397 - 2068 .

the order elopiformes contains two families : the elopidae and the megalopidae . the family megalopidae contains the single genus megalops . two species of tarpon exist worldwide . the atlantic tarpon occurs in the eastern and western atlantic , and the oxeye tarpon occurs in the indian and pacific oceans . morphologically the two species are quite similar ; however , the atlantic tarpon reaches a much larger size and can exceed 220 lb ( 100 kg ) and a length of over 6 . 6 ft ( 2 m ) . the oxeye tarpon is smaller and seldom exceeds 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) .

previously , the elopiforms and albuliforms had been classified together as suborders in an enlarged order elopiformes . the albuliforms are now placed in their own order ( albuliformes ) . the association between elopiforms and albuliforms was based on only negative evidence—that is , the two groups were elopomorph fishes that lacked the eel - like characters of the two other orders ( anguilliformes and saccopharyngiformes ) in the superorder elopomorpha . limits among these orders vary from taxonomist to taxonomist . for example , british ichthyologist peter l . forey , one of the principal elopomorph taxonomists , and coworkers classify the anguilliforms and saccopharyngiforms together in an expanded angulliformes .

an order of teleost fishes , comprising the ladyfishes , tenpounders , and tarpons , in the superorder elopomorpha . the members of the order elopiformes ( elopiforms ) are actinopterygian ( ray - finned ) fishes and are characterized by the following features : a slender body with abdominal pelvic fins and a deeply forked caudal fin supported by seven hypurals ( flattened bones along the ventral side of the urostyle ) ; a large mouth , terminal or superior , bordered by premaxillae and toothed maxillae ; teeth also present on the parasphenoid and mesopterygoid bones and the tongue ; mesocoracoid and postcleithra bones ; a well - developed gular plate ; and cycloid scales . in addition , all elopomorphs , including the elopiforms , share a distinctive type of larvae , namely , the leptocephalus - type larvae ( elliptical , slender , transparent larvae ) . elopiforms have small leptocephali , about 5 cm ( 2 in . ) in length , with a well - developed , forked caudal fin and strong teeth ( in contrast , eel leptocephali lack a caudal fin ) . there are two families of elopiforms : elopidae and megalopidae . see also : actinopterygii ; osteichthyes ; scale ( zoology ) ; teleostei

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forey , p . , d . littlewood , p . ritchie and a . meyer , 1996 | helfman , g . , b . collette and d . facey , 1997

pelvic fins abdominal ; body slender , usually compressed ; gill openings wide ; caudal fin deeply forked ; caudal fin with seven hypurals ; scales cycloid ; mesocoracoid and postcleithra present ; gular plate well developed ( median ) ; branchiostegal rays 23 - 35 ; mouth bordered by premaxilla and toothed maxilla ; upper jaw extending past eye ; tip of snout not overhanging mouth ( mouth terminal or superior ) ; no sensory canal extending onto the small premaxilla . leptocephali small , maximum length about 5 cm , with a well - developed , forked , caudal fin , a posterior dorsal fin ( pelvic fins in older larvae ) , and about 53 - 86 myomeres .

greek aktis = ray , thunderbolt , beam + greek pterygion , diminutive of pteryx = wing , fin . ref . 45335 .

greek , ellops = a kind of serpent + latin , forma = shape ( ref . 45335 ) .

tarpon , along with bonefish and ladyfish , are primitive fishes , and while tarpon and ladyfish are considered to be more closely related to each other than to any other elopomorph group , their distinct lineages extend more than 100 million years back in the fossil record . the structure of the skull , fin placement , and large thick scales are characteristic of ancient fishes .

tarpon and ladyfish are united by the common possession of a leptocephalus larvae and a variety of primitive features . the leptocephalus larvae is shared with a diverse group of other elopomorph fishes including the eels ; however , the leptocephalus larvae of tarpon and ladyfish are the smallest of all leptocephali and possess a forked tail . leptocephali of some albuliformes also have a forked tail .

the family elopidae contains the single genus elops , which occurs worldwide . as many as six morphologically similar species of elops are thought to exist . the genus is in need of revision , and the total number of species is unclear .

these are silver , elongate herring - like fishes with large upturned mouths , large eyes , and deeply forked tails . an important structural character is the presence of a long , bony gular plate between the branches of the lower jaw , a feature that the ladyfish shares with the tarpon but not with herring .

tarpon and ladyfish are coastal in habitat and often occur in estuarine waters . both tarpon and ladyfish are quite tolerant of low salinities . tarpon commonly enter freshwater and often travel far up freshwater rivers and enter lakes far from sea .

tarpon and ladyfish are pelagic predators that feed principally on mid - water prey . both have small sandpaper - like teeth , and their prey is swallowed whole . they often occur in large schools in shallow coastal and inshore waters .

small tarpon feed predominantly on cyclopoid copepods , fishes , caridean shrimp , and mosquito larvae . no detailed studies have examined the feeding habits of large tarpon , but anecdotal information suggests that a wide variety of fishes are consumed . ladyfish feed principally in midwater on pelagic prey . feeding is mainly on fish , but decapod crustaceans also are consumed .

ladyfish are probably preyed upon by a wide variety of inshore predators including sharks , porpoises , snook , and tarpon . they are occasionally used as bait by recreational anglers for tarpon and other species . juvenile tarpon are also likely preyed upon by a variety of species such as gar , snook , and larger tarpon . because juvenile tarpon are most often found in poorly oxygenated waters , they are probably vulnerable to a more limited suite of predators than ladyfish . large tarpon are preyed upon only by large coastal sharks including bull sharks and hammerheads .

both tarpon and ladyfish spawn offshore in high salinity oceanic waters . precise spawning areas are unknown , and fertilized eggs are undescribed . tarpon and ladyfish are broadcast spawners that produce large numbers of buoyant eggs that float in the surface waters of the ocean . the eggs hatch into the distinctive leptocephalus larvae characterized by an elongate , laterally compressed body consisting principally of an acellular mucinous material , large well - developed eyes , and large fang - like teeth . larvae of tarpon and ladyfish reach a length of from 1 . 0 to 2 . 0 in ( 25–50 mm ) before metamorphosis . metamorphosis occurs as the larvae enter coastal waters and pass through inlets into the inshore waters where juveniles are found . recruitment of tarpon through inlets appears to be pulsed and related to storm events .

tarpon and ladyfish are abundant , and there is no evidence that stocks of these species have been depleted by overfishing . it is unknown to what extent habitat loss has affected stocks .

tarpon support important recreational fisheries in florida and the caribbean . ladyfish are a food fish of minor importance in some areas .

megalops atlanticus valenciennes , 1847 , guadeloupe , santo domingo , martinique , and puerto rico .

anglers have long believed that the tarpon in some areas were different and larger than in other areas , but there is no genetic basis for this belief . while some areas may attract larger fish , these fish are not different genetically from those found elsewhere in the western atlantic , and they all appear to interbreed freely . however , the tarpon of the eastern atlantic do appear to be genetically distinct from their western atlantic cousins . these populations have probably been isolated by the vast expanse of the atlantic ocean , and there is little or no interbreeding with western atlantic tarpon . in is not known if the exceptionally large sizes attained by african tarpon have a genetic or environmental basis , but the isolation of the two stocks indicates that the differences could be genetically based .

elongate and highly compressed body . eye large . mouth oblique with a prominently projecting lower jaw . large , thick , prominent scales . teeth small and feel like sandpaper when touched . all fins are soft rayed . a single dorsal fin is located behind the pelvic fins but entirely before the anal fin ; the dorsal fin has a distinctive and greatly prolonged final ray . the final ray of the anal fin is also somewhat elongate , but much less so than that of the dorsal fin . deeply forked caudal fin . tarpon are bright silvery all over , and the back is darker than the sides or belly .

both sides of the tropical and subtropical atlantic ocean . in the western atlantic , tarpon regularly occur from the eastern shore of virginia to central brazil and throughout the caribbean sea and gulf of mexico , as well as off central and south america . at least seven records exist from as far north as nova scotia , where a few large tarpon have been captured between august and october . tarpon also are present in the eastern atlantic off the coast of tropical africa and are occasionally found as far north as portugal and france . there is a single record of a tarpon from ireland . african tarpon are known to reach exceptionally large sizes , and many recent world records have come from this area , including some unconfirmed reports of 330 . 7 - lb ( 150 - kg ) fish . tarpon are sexually dimorphic , and females reach much larger sizes than males .

young - of - the - year tarpon occur in small stagnant pools and sloughs of varying salinity and have been reported from north carolina , georgia , florida , texas , caribbean islands , costa rica , and venezuela . in tropical areas , juvenile tarpon typically occur in mangrove habitats , often in water with low dissolved oxygen levels . tarpon occur in salinities ranging from freshwater to more than 45 parts per thousand and are capable of surviving temperatures of at least 105°f ( 65 . 6°c ) , but they suffer mortalities at temperatures of 50–55°f ( 10–12 . 8°c ) . large numbers of tarpon die during severe cold fronts off florida .

anglers often detect the presence of schools of tarpon by observing individuals " rolling " at the surface . the tarpon ' s habit of rising to the surface and breathing air is unusual among marine species , although this practice is common among tropical freshwater swamp - dwelling fishes . breathing air is accomplished by way of a highly vascularized swimbladder that functions as an air - breathing organ . the swimbladder is an elongate , balloon - like sac located above the viscera and just below the backbone . in most fish species , the swimbladder acts as a buoyancy control mechanism . the fish can adjust the volume of air in the bladder and remain neutrally buoyant . in tarpon , this swimbladder is connected to the gut by a duct enabling the tarpon to gulp air and ventilate the swimbladder . young tarpon , when held in experimental chambers from which all of the dissolved oxygen has been removed , are able to meet their oxygen needs by breathing air . this adaptation allows tarpon to survive in water with low dissolved oxygen concentrations such as commonly encountered by juveniles in hot , stagnant mangrove marshes . experimental work also suggests that tarpon are facultative air - breathers , and in well - oxygenated waters are able to meet their oxygen requirements without breathing air . young tarpon can survive in well - oxygenated water when deprived of the opportunity to reach the surface and breathe air . however , after several unsuccessful attempts to reach the surface they have emptied their swimbladders and become negatively buoyant until allowed access to the surface again .

small tarpon ( 0 . 6–3 . 0 in [ 16–75 mm ] ) feed predominantly on cyclopoid copepods , fishes , caridean shrimp , and mosquito larvae . no detailed studies have examined the feeding habits of large tarpon , but anecdotal information suggests that a wide variety of fishes are consumed , including mullet ( mugil spp . ) , pinfish ( lagodon rhomboides ) , ariid catfishes , and clupeids , as well as crabs and shrimp .

female tarpon are larger than males regardless of capture location , and average fish size varies geographically . sexually mature florida females average about 110 lb ( 50 kg ) and can exceed 220 lb ( 100 kg ) . in contrast , sexually mature florida males average only 66 lb ( 30 kg ) , and they rarely exceed 110 lb ( 50 kg ) .

tarpon from costa rican waters are year - round spawners , unlike tarpon from other areas . inactive or resting ovaries are rare in costa rica females , suggesting that females spawn repeatedly throughout the year and have no extended period of inactivity . in florida , tarpon spawning is seasonal and peaks between may and july . by august , most females are finished spawning . in the southern hemisphere , off the northeast coast of brazil , researchers have reported that tarpon spawn from october to january—during the southern hemisphere ' s spring and summer .

ripe tarpon ovaries are large and can contain up to 20 million maturing oocytes and many more small resting oocytes . " oocyte " is the proper name of a developing egg that has not ovulated and is not yet ready to be spawned . although hundreds of mature female tarpon have been examined during the spawning season , none have been caught in the act of spawning . this is probably because spawning occurs in areas not typically fished . even though the number of eggs released by a female in a single spawning event is unknown , the numbers of developing oocytes in the ovary suggests that their reproductive output is immense .

tarpon are relatively long lived and can live more than 50 years . by age one , tarpon are about 1 . 5 ft ( 450 mm ) long and are common in rivers and the upper reaches of estuaries , where they remain until reaching sexual maturity . in florida , sexual maturity is reached at an age of about 10 years . after attaining sexual maturity , tarpon become more coastal in habitat and are most numerous around inlets and off beaches . large tarpon targeted by anglers in florida are typically from 15 to 35 years old .

florida ' s fishery is intensely regulated , and anglers must purchase a $ 50 permit before harvesting a fish . since the establishment of the permit system in 1989 , the harvest of tarpon in florida has declined to fewer than 100 fish per year , and the fishery is now mostly catch - and - release . encouraging catch - and - release fishing for tarpon has been an effective management strategy , because the vast majority of released fish survive to be caught again . the sale of tarpon in florida is prohibited , but in most of their range tarpon have never been considered a desirable food fish .

in central america and south florida , tarpon are the basis of economically important recreational fisheries . tarpon occur in a variety of habitats ranging from freshwater lakes and rivers to offshore marine waters , but large tarpon targeted by florida ' s fishery are most abundant in estuarine and coastal waters . in florida , the fishery is seasonal ; most tarpon are caught between may and july , although some fish are caught in all months . tarpon are known for their spectacular leaps from the water when hooked and for their willingness to enter shallow water and eat artificial baits . probably more than any other species , tarpon offer anglers in small boats an opportunity to pursue a large gamefish . tarpon are pursued by a large for - hire charter boat fleet in florida .

elops saurus linnaeus , 1766 , " carolina . " the taxonomic status of elops saurus is unclear , and this name may be applied to more than one species .

abundant from north carolina south through the gulf of mexico and into the caribbean .

ladyfish have a single , soft - rayed dorsal fin that originates about midway along the back . the pelvic fins are located midway between the tip of the snout and the fork of the deeply forked caudal fin . scales are small and thin . ladyfish are silvery all over ; the back is bluish , and the lower parts of the sides and the belly are yellowish .

common in estuaries and coastal waters of tropical and subtropical latitudes . often occur in large schools . tolerant of a wide range of salinities but seldom occur in freshwater .

little is known other than general descriptions of feeding habits and reproductive migrations . ladyfish can be extremely abundant and most often occur in large schools . they are voracious predators .

ladyfish feed principally in midwater on pelagic prey . feeding is mainly on fish , but decapod crustaceans also are consumed .

spawning appears to occur offshore . larvae are common in the gulf of mexico and off the southern united states , where they have been reported as far north as virginia . fertilized eggs are undescribed . spawning may occur throughout the year but probably peaks during fall in florida and in the gulf of mexico .

ladyfish are often caught by recreational anglers but are seldom a targeted species . ladyfish are voracious predators and will attack a variety of lures and baits . the species is fished commercially in florida and sold both for human consumption and as bait to recreational anglers .

hildebrand , s . f . " family elopidae . " in fishes of the western north atlantic , edited by h . b . bigelow . new haven , ct : sears foundation for marine research , 1963 .

andrews , a . , e . burton , k . coale , g . cailliet , and r . e . crabtree . " radiometric age validation of atlantic tarpon , megalops atlanticus . " fishery bulletin 99 ( 2001 ) : 389–398 .

crabtree , r . e . , e . c . cyr , r . e . bishop , l . m . falkenstein , and j . m . dean . " age and growth of larval tarpon , megalops atlanticus , in the eastern gulf of mexico with notes on relative abundance and probable spawning areas . " environmental biology of fishes 35 ( 1992 ) : 361–370 .

crabtree , r . e . , e . c . cyr , d . chacon , w . o . mclarney , and j . m . dean . " reproduction of tarpon , megalops atlanticus , from florida and costa rican waters and notes on their age and growth . " bulletin of marine science 61 ( 1997 ) : 271–285 .

geiger , s . p . , j . j . torres , and r . e . crabtree . " air - breathing and gill ventilation frequencies in juvenile tarpon , megalops atlanticus : responses to changes in dissolved oxygen , temperature , hydrogen sulfide , and ph . " environmental biology of fishes 59 ( 2000 ) : 181–190 .

zale , a . v . and s . g . merrifield " species profiles : life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates ( south florida ) —ladyfish and tarpon . " u . s . fish and wildlife service biological report 82 ( 1989 ) .

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van der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . zootaxa . 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

the elopiform fossil record dates back 135 million years ago to the upper cretaceous period , with fossils resembling tarpons .

forey , p . , d . littlewood , p . ritchie & a . meyer . 1996 . interrelationships of elopomorph fishes . p . 175 - 192 . in m . stiassny , l . parenti & g . johnson ( eds . ) interrelationships of fishes . academic press , new york . 496 p .

helfman , g . , b . collette & d . facey . 1997 the diversity of fishes . blackwell science , malden , ma . 528 pp .

inoue , j . g . , m . miya , k . tsukamoto & m . nishida 2004 . mitogenomic evidence for the monophyly of elopomorph fishes ( teleostei ) and the evolutionary origin of the leptocephalus larva . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 ( 1 ) : 274 - 286

mccosker , j . f . 1998 . eels and their allies , pp . 85–86 . in paxton , j . r . & w . n . eschmeyer ( eds . ) encyclopedia of fishes . 2nd ed . san diego : academic press .

nelson , j . s . 2006 . fishes of the world . new york : john wiley & sons 601 pp .

a taxonomic order within the class actinopterygii – ray - finned fish including tarpons , tenpounders , and ladyfish .

ruggiero ma , gordon dp , orrell tm , bailly n , bourgoin t , brusca rc , et al . ( 2015 ) a higher level classification of all living organisms . plos one 10 ( 4 ) : e0119248 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0119248 . pmid : 25923521

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kento furui added the japanese common name " イセゴイ科 " to " megalopidae " .

kento furui added the japanese common name " カライワシ科 " to " elopidae " .

kento furui added the japanese common name " ソトイワシ科 " to " albulidae " .

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banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes

checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

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) . elopiforms live in marine and brackish water habitats . a few are prized game fishes , but only the pacific tarpon ( or oxeye ) is of economic importance as food ; it supports a major fishery in

. as is usual with primitive groups , the elopiforms have an extensive fossil record—with many more fossils than modern species .

elopiforms are coastal fishes , and adults are able to enter brackish or fresh water . adult ladyfishes ( several species of

) are typical predators of coastal waters , feeding mainly on other fishes . tarpons grow to adult lengths of up to 2 . 5 metres ( approximately 8 feet ) , whereas ladyfishes average about 1 metre ( about 3 feet ) . the silverfish , or atlantic tarpon , (

) and ladyfishes behave similarly , “rolling” at the surface . the purpose of this behaviour seems to be the

, and air that is taken in at the mouth can be passed into it .

in tarpons the swim bladder is lunglike , partially compartmented and highly vascularized . tarpons are obligate air breathers , dying from asphyxiation if prevented from reaching the surface , an unusual condition for a species in which adults normally inhabit well - oxygenated waters . such an adaptation , however , is certainly advantageous in the stagnant pools where postlarval life is spent . the tarpons exhibit a further modification of the swim bladder , a pair of forward outgrowths that contact the auditory region of the braincase and are partially enclosed in bony bullae , a modification that presumably improves the sense of hearing .

tarpons and ladyfishes spawn close to shore , and the eggs are shed and fertilized in shoal water , sinking to the bottom . in addition , they are prolific breeders . for example , a large atlantic tarpon ( tarpon atlanticus ) was estimated to contain more than 12 million eggs , about seven times as many as in the proverbially fecund cod .

involving shrinkage to about half the maximum larval size . the newly hatched leptocephali may be carried out to sea by offshore currents , but metamorphosis only occurs close inshore , and it is probable that larvae carried far out to sea die . during or immediately after their metamorphosis , the postlarvae migrate inland and accumulate in brackish pools or creeks , often connected with open water only at extreme high tide . such

are stagnant and low in oxygen , and air breathing is an important aid to survival . the juvenile

feed on small crustaceans , insect larvae , and other small animals , moving back to the sea as young adults .

the family elopidae is the only extant teleostean family whose fossil record extends back into the jurassic period ( 199 . 6 million–145 . 5 million years ago ) . the late jurassic genus anaethalionis is included in this family on the basis of some forms that were extremely similar to the modern elops . the genera notelops , from the early cretaceous ( 145 . 5 million–99 . 6 million years ago ) of brazil , and osmeroides , widely distributed in the seas of the late cretaceous ( 99 . 6 million–65 . 5 million years ago ) , were probably true elopids . at present the allocation of numerous little - known cretaceous genera , such as notelops and osmeroides , to the family elopidae , often on the basis of negative evidence , must be considered tentative .

the earliest known member of the tarpon family appears to be the fossil sedenhorstia , from the upper cretaceous of europe and lebanon . fossils assigned to megalops appear in eocene deposits . the earliest member of the extinct suborder pachyrhizodontoidei is rhacolepis ( from the lower cretaceous of brazil ) . rhacolepis was small and resembled the ladyfishes , but later ( upper cretaceous ) members of this group become considerably more specialized . pachyrhizodus , from the cretaceous chalks of europe and north america , exceeded 3 metres ( about 10 feet ) in length and superficially resembled a tuna . pachyrhizodontoids may well have been large fast - swimming predators of the open sea , a niche which is now filled by the tunas ( thunnus ) .

leptocephalus larva ( ribbonlike and translucent , unlike the adult and typically longer ) ; hypurals , when present , on 3 or more centra ; branchiostegal rays usually more than 15 .

mouth terminal and snout unmodified ; 2 supramaxillaries ; many branchiostegal rays ( 23–35 ) ; teeth small ; large gular plate between the lower jaws ; 7 hypural bones .

very generalized fish , the living forms having 32–35 branchiostegal rays and the swim bladder unmodified . length to 0 . 9 metre ( about 3 feet ) ; weight to about 13 kg ( 28 . 5 pounds ) . 1 living genus (

) with 5 or 6 species ; circumtropical . numerous fossil genera . late jurassic to present .

swim bladder partially cellular , lunglike , and connected with the ear ; scales large ; 23–25 branchiostegal rays . length to 2 . 5 metres ( about 8 feet ) and weight to 150 kg ( about 330 pounds ) in

order elopiform es ( tarpons and ten - pounders ) body fusiform , typical fishlike shape ; bone - enclosed ethmoid commissure present ; roofed post - temporal fossae ; primary bite a tongue - parasphenoid type . 2 families , 2 genera , and 8 species . marine ; worldwide in temperate and tropical zones . late jurassic to present . order…

fish , any of more than 30 , 000 species of vertebrate animals ( phylum chordata ) found in the fresh and salt waters of the world . living species range from the primitive , jawless lampreys and hagfishes through the cartilaginous sharks , skates , and rays to the abundant and diverse bony fishes . most fish species are…

tarpon , any of certain marine fish of the family megalopidae ( order elopiform es ) , related to the bonefish and the ladyfish and identified by the elongated last dorsal fin ray and the bony throat plate between the sides of the protruding lower jaw . the scales are large , thick , and silvery . …

bony fish , any member of the superclass osteichthyes , a group made up of the classes sarcopterygii ( lobe - finned fishes ) and actinopterygii ( ray - finned fishes ) in the subphylum vertebrata , including the great majority of living fishes and virtually all the world’s sport and commercial fishes . the scientific term pisces has also been used…

eel , ( order anguilliformes ) , any of more than 800 species of teleost fishes characterized by elongate wormlike bodies . anguilliforms include the common freshwater eels as well as the voracious marine morays . …

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animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…

dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…

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banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes , 2003 : null . checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada .

eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version .

nelson , joseph s . , 1994 : null . fishes of the world , third edition . xvii + 600 .

nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds . , 2004 : common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico , sixth edition . american fisheries society special publication , no . 29 . ix + 386 .

shiino , sueo m . , 1976 : list of common names of fishes of the world , those prevailing among english - speaking nations . science report of shima marineland , no . 4 . 262 .

van der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . < em > zootaxa . < / em > 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 .

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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 335115f7 - cf42 - 45a1 - 8e8c - 2f225ac37668

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6bd0ed94 - bd19 - 4fa4 - a6ab - 0c106eeee8c5

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 954dc00c - ed1b - 48a8 - a21f - 4f56fff85419

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f2b40f9a - fb9b - 4e22 - ba18 - c19d286708de

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 266588

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rahy 's attorney ( foaled in 2004 in ontario ) is a canadian thoroughbred champion racehorse .

a turf specialist , he is a grade 1 winner and has won the bunty lawless stakes on three occasions .

trained by ian black , as at may 26 , 2011 rahy 's attorney has earned more than $ 2 million .

in 2011 , the seven-year-old gelding is still racing and won the march 26 pan american stakes at gulfstream park in hallandale beach , florida .

he officially retired after a leg injury .

he will recover in ottawa .

rahy ' s attorney

rahy ' s attorney <EOT> however , a race two weeks ago marked rahy ' s attorney ' s last run .

rahy ' s attorney was the little horse that could . and he did .

wilson pulled up rahy’s attorney on the backstretch , and the horse was vanned off .

rahy’s attorney is also owned in part by read peters , and jean and jim maclellan .

rahy’s attorney ( right ) was injured during his second - place finish in saturday’s grade 1 sword dancer at saratoga .

rahy ' s attorney and emma - jayne wilson take the pan american at gulfstream . order this photo

but more than that , maclellan said that rahy ' s attorney has brought his family closer together .

an ontario homebred of ellie boje farm , rahy’s attorney has now earned $ 1 , 957 , 090 from his 37 starts . trained by ian black , he is out of the rahy mare rahy’s hope .

rahy’s attorney was back in his stall at woodbine on sunday and seemed to be none the worse for his experience .

joe’s mother , jean maclellan ; brother , jim maclellan ; and friends mitch peters and jim reid joined them in the ownership of rahy’s attorney .

etobicoke , ontario – rahy’s attorney , a very game second in last saturday’s grade 1 sword dancer at saratoga , was injured during the running and has been retired .

loiselle called all of rahy ' s attorney ' s wins at the toronto track , including his most impressive win , the $ 1 million woodbine mile in 2008 .

rahy’s attorney began his career in anonymity here in the fall of 2006 , finishing third for $ 32 , 000 in his second career start .

submitted photo - jockey emma - jayne wilson rides rahy ' s attorney to a win in the pan american handicap at gulfstream park earlier this year .

the next morning , after being examined by a veterinarian , rahy’s attorney was cleared to be shipped to woodbine . black didn’t discover the filling in gelding’s left pastern until the morning of aug . 15 .

rahy’s attorney was the first woodbine horse to have a facebook page and lots of fans . he loved being at the racetrack so much that even when he was retired he spent time as keeneland’s racetrack pony .

rahy’s attorney will go home with an overall record of 14 wins , 10 seconds , and 4 thirds from 41 starts for earnings of more than $ 2 . 2 million .

under regular rider emma - jayne wlson , rahy’s attorney led through every step of the 1 1 / 2 - mile turf race before being overtaken by winchester in the final yards .

but the ontario - sired rahy’s attorney showed dramatic improvement the following season when winning five races , including the restricted vice regent and bunty lawless , both over one mile of turf .

when there was some heavy construction at woodbine , rahy ' s attorney never made a fuss about it . but he ' d watch the curious undertakings for hours , if he could .

at 6 : 1st with approval s [ r ] , bunty lawless s [ r ] ; 2nd king edward s [ g2 ] , appleton s [ g3 ] , tropical turf h [ g3 ] , phta president ' s cup s .

rahy’s attorney went on to win the grade 2 king edward , the grade 2 nijinsky , and the bunty lawless here in 2009 and finished second in the sovereign award balloting for his division .

it ' s the stall of rahy ' s attorney , and he has come home . the grooms on the shedrow are welcoming him back . he ' s the main attraction , the cock of the walk , the star of the barn . and he had been missed .

. prince will i am , who defeated rahy’s attorney by a half length in the feb . 19 mac diarmida ( gr . iit ) , settled for third this time in a tight finish .

and what a fairy tale it was : when the maclellans bred their mare rahy ' s hope to locally - bred - and - owned stallion , crown attorney , they had no allusions of grandeur .

winx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .

as a racehorse , rahy ' s attorney was an easy - going , curious sort . " he was never a run - off horse , " bowen said . " he was never hard to gallop . "

but now now he ' s back , and he ' s happy and where he wants to be . when rahy ' s attorney left his stall last fall , it sat empty for weeks . " it just didn ' t seem right to put somebody else in it , at first , " bowen said .

but hours after the race , rahy ' s attorney was cooling out as normal and everything seemed fine . yet , upon returning to his stall at woodbine racetrack , trainer ian black noticed swelling in the left front leg .

as for rahy ' s attorney , once he recuperates , the plan is for him to return to the track to become a pony horse for his trainer , because , says maclellan , " he loves the life . "

the son of crown attorney is best known for his victory in the 2008 woodbine mile .

at 7 : 1st pan american s [ g3 ] 2nd sword dancer inv . s ( g1 , 12ft ) , mac diarmida s [ g2 ]

the year 2008 will be remembered as rahy’s attorney’s finest as he won the grade 1 woodbine mile and the grade 3 connaught cup and wound up his campaign with a ninth - place finish , beaten just 3 3 / 4 lengths , in the grade 1 mile championship at japan’s kyoto racecourse . he was canada’s champion turf male that season and runner - up in the horse of the year balloting .

the day before a race , when others might get a little fired up , rahy ' s attorney would stand at trackside for an hour , watching . he ' d see loose horses barge past him . he wouldn ' t turn a hair .

black said rahy’s attorney , who won two of his six starts this year , including the march 26 pan american ( gr . iiit ) at gulfstream park , would recover at ellie boje near ottowa , canada , after which he may become a track pony .

rahy ' s attorney even has his own facebook page with more than 250 members . when news spread that he was injured , and his retirement announced , fans flooded the page with get - well wishes and heartfelt messages of appreciation for the horse as an athlete .

he was also known as the underdog that just would not quit . " nothing bugs this horse , except for losing , " said jeff ( skippy ) bowen , the assistant trainer to his father - in - law ian black . if a horse ever managed to pass him late in the stretch , rahy ' s attorney would barrel along , and pass the horse after the wire . " i ' m sure he thought he had won , " black once said . rahy ' s attorney refused to allow horses to pass him .

“apart from the woodbine mile , the sword dancer was one of the bravest , best races ( rahy ' s attorney ) had ever run , ” black said . “it looked as though they were getting to him and going to pass him , but he just said , ‘no . ’ that’s the type of horse he is . ”

black and bowen always thought rahy ' s attorney would make a good stable pony . he had the right mentality . they do not know what he will do when he catches sight of the racetrack . for the next couple of weeks , he will be walked and ridden around woodbine ' s backstretch , but he won ' t see the oval .

rahy’s atttorney was bred by the husband and wife team of joe and ellen macclellan at their elle - boje farm in spencerville , ontario , about 50 miles south of ottawa .

he ' s a popular eight - year - old gelding , who has returned to woodbine just in time to celebrate the fourth anniversary of his upset win in the $ 1 - million woodbine mile . the 2012 race goes on sunday . a long shot , rahy ' s attorney showed his heels to a couple of the continent ' s best milers , kip deville and ventura , in the 2008 running of the race .

last year , rahy’s attorney added more laurels , with wins here in the restricted with approval and bunty lawless and second - places finishes in gulfsteam’s grade 3 appleton , the king edward , the ptha presidents cup in philadelphia , and the grade 3 tropical turf handicap at calder . again , he was the runner - up in the sovereign award turf male vote .

sky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .

“the vet decided to ultrasound it and there was a lesion in his digital tendon , ” said black . “with a young horse , if you give them time off , they’ll probably come back . but as good as rahy’s attorney has been to everybody , and the fact he’s almost 8 , no one wanted to bring him back and have something worse happen to him . ”

nobody knows how rahy ' s attorney will adapt to his new life . he ' s in the early stages of learning it . he will have to be broken to western tack , and he will have to learn that he can lead a horse to the track , but he can ' t go with him to work . " you have to take the racehorse out of him , " bowen saw .

when i think of highcroft , the first thing that comes to mind is how much heart he had ( and of course my tattoo ) . when i think of rahy’s attorney , the first thing to come to mind is the wonderful friendship that developed with his owners joe and ellen maclellan ( and family ) that continues long after his retirement .

. those two opened up five lengths on the rest of the field while beckham bend was pressed by the winner through fractions of : 24 . 41 , : 48 . 12 , 1 : 12 . 12 , and 1 : 37 . 17 . around the final turn , rahy’s attorney took the lead and then held off musketier down the stretch .

there was still more in store , however , as rahy’s attorney found a new niche as a long - distance runner this season and won the grade 3 pan american over 1 1 / 2 miles at gulfstream and the 1 3 / 8 - mile prep for the singspiel here at woodbine before almost pulling off another grade 1 win in the sword dancer .

last august , rahy ' s attorney was forced into retirement after suffering an injury in the 1 1 / 2 mile sword dancer invitational at saratoga race course in saratoga springs , n . y . , giving up the lead in the final strides . best wishes flooded his facebook page . after all , he was the people ' s horse , the result of a small breeder ' s dream to have a horse just good enough to race at woodbine . he ' s the product of a $ 3 , 000 mating , but he won $ 2 . 2 - million in his career .

“for now , he’ll stay here until i see that he’s okay , ” black said . “then he’ll go to kinghaven and eventually to the maclellans’s farm . ”

he ' s taken them to florida , kentucky and japan , and he ' s ranked in the top 10 all - time of horses produced in canada .

he ' d have this education already , except that while he was turned out last fall , he suffered a paddock accident and a hairline fracture of a hind leg . he had just nicely recovered from his other injury , a small tear on a tendon , but this one required three months of stall rest . rahy ' s attorney handled it , but he was bored .

it’s hard to pick just one horse , so i’m going to give you two .

was bred in ontario by joe and ellen maclellan ' s ellie boje farms and was campaigned by that operation in partnership with joe ' s mother jean maclellan , mitch peters , and dean read .

" he became the people ' s horse . he showed a lot of courage , grit and determination and he always ran his heart out , " said woodbine racetrack ' s announcer , dan loiselle .

rahy ' s attorney ended his career with earnings of $ 2 , 120 , 208 , and was named the canadian male turf champion in 2008 . he also counts the 2008 connaught cup ( can - iii ) , and 2009 nijinsky ( can - iit ) and king edward handicap ( can - - iit ) among his victories . he set the 1 1 / 8 - mile woodbine course record in the king edward , running the distance in 1 : 44 . 73 .

inglorious , winner of the la lorgnette , woodbine oaks , and the queen’s plate in her three starts at the woodbine meeting , shipped out for saratoga on tuesday morning for her engagement in saturday’s grade 1 alabama .

woodbine’s annual thoroughbred handicapping challenge will be held on the weekend of aug . 27 - 28 in the trackside tent .

“he’s been a good horse at middle distances throughout his career , including a grade i win at woodbine ( woodbine mile in 2008 ) , ” black said . “he’s seven years old and we thought we’d try him in the longer races this season .

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racing achievements and top 100 rankings include north american ( u . s . , canada and puerto rico ) thoroughbred races only .

“what i’ll always associate him with is his complete and utter consistency and honesty , ” said black . “he’s such a pleasure . ”

“i’ve watched this horse run many times at woodbine and was very confident in him today , ” wilson said . “one thing ian black told me that was really profound to me was he said ‘rahy runs the entire stretch at woodbine . ’ that’s a three - eighths - mile stretch . i knew the horses were going to have to do some running to get by us and they didn’t . ”

“but he’s done so much for everybody involved . it was hard enough to see him vanned off in one piece . you’d hate to see something really serious happen . ”

rahys attorney ( can ) b . g , 2004 { 4 - r } dp = 4 - 0 - 11 - 1 - 0 ( 16 ) di = 1 . 46 cd = 0 . 44 - 41 starts , 14 wins , 10 places , 4 shows career earnings : $ 2 , 120 , 208

the black stable plans to see stakes action here this weekend with fifty proof slated for sunday’s grade 2 , $ 250 , 000 sky classic over 1 1 / 4 miles of turf .

" it ' s a big loss to a little stable , but we ' ll keep trying , keep being interested . i can ' t imagine doing anything else , " said maclellan .

what they got was a horse that ' s amassed more than $ 2 million in career earnings , holds the woodbine track record on turf and was voted champion turf horse in canada in 2008 .

worried , jockey emma - jayne wilson jumped off and called for a horse ambulance as the maclellans , sitting in the grandstand , had their jubilation quickly tampered by worry for their horse ' s health .

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as for fondest memories of the horses away from the racetrack , for highcroft it’s simple : he taught me that with hard work and dedication ( and a little luck ) that horses are truly amazing animals and can overcome almost anything .

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all entry fees will be returned as prize money , and the top three finishers , provided that they are current members of the national handicapping tour , will qualify for berths in next year’s $ 2 million daily racing form / national thoroughbred racing association handicapping championship in las vegas .

" people would always ask me , ' he ' s seven years old , when are you going to retire him ? ' i wanted a good indication . i always thought , ' he ' ll tell us , ' " recalls maclellan . " to be told in saratoga after finishing second in a grade 1 race is the perfect end to the walt disney story . "

other locals expected for the sky classic include windward islands , hailstone , and musketier ; the respective first - , third - , and fifth - place finishers in the nijinsky over 1 1 / 4 miles of turf here last time out ; kara’s orientation , coming off a sharp win here in a first - level allowance race at 1 1 / 8 miles of turf ; and laureate conductor , who was claimed for $ 62 , 500 here june 12 and finished eighth when debuting for his new interests in the grade 3 dominion day over 1 1 / 4 miles of polytrack here july 1 .

highcroft ( devil boy ) was probably the first horse i ever had real emotions for . he was trained by al quanbeck and when he was a two year old , ran through three fences and into an iron gate , and to date had one of the worst leg injuries that i had to care for . when he finally made it back into training , we were in new orleans and they have schooling races there . mickey walls rode him and he won by six lengths . in his next start at the dueling grounds , with robbie albarado up , he won again . after that start , i got a tattoo of a baby devil so i would always remember him . his next start was at woodbine racetrack so it brought me home . his start was on halloween and he ran second to barb minshall’s arachnaphobia .

the 7 - year - old gelding downed musketier and favored prince will i am .

the final time for 1 1 / 2 miles on the firm turf course was 2 : 25 . 85 .

“he’ll spend the spring at keeneland . i don’t know whether we’ll run him in that race at the end of the meet ( sycamore stakes ) , but there will be plenty of opportunities for him up north during the season ( woodbine ) . ”

sent off as the third choice in a field of seven , the winner paid $ 12 . 60 , $ 4 . 80 , and $ 3 . the exacta ( 5 - 2 ) returned $ 39 . 20 . the trifecta ( 5 - 2 - 7 ) with even - money favorite prince will i am in third was worth $ 39 . 40 for $ 1 .

, best known for his upset win in the 2008 woodbine mile ( can - it ) , has been retired from racing with a career record of 14 - 10 - 4 from 41 starts .

the gelding , who was pulled up and vanned off following a runner up effort in the aug . 13 sword dancer ( gr . it ) at saratoga , sustained a minor leg injury , but is expected to make a full recovery , according to trainer ian black .

“turning down the backside , ( jockey ) emma - jayne ( wilson ) said he took a funny step , so she pulled him up and called for the horse ambulance , ” said black . “he seemed to cool out fine , and the longer he walked , the better he seemed to get . ”

“he would make a lovely pony , ” said black . “he loves to go out on the racetrack and stand and watch . even when he was training , he’d stand there forever if you’d let him before he galloped . so there is a possibility we could do something like that with him , because he does love the racetrack life . ”

the subject who is truly loyal to the chief magistrate will neither advise nor submit to arbitrary measures .

the shedrow in barn 15 is quiet on a sunny morning at woodbine racetrack , except for the gaggle of people surrounding one stall .

he is not returning to race . he ' ll be starting a new career as a pony for the stable , and his job will be to escort nervous two - year - olds to the track , and anyone else that needs a calming influence .

he likes the action of a racetrack . owners ellen and joe maclellan always knew he wouldn ' t be content to live his life out on a farm .

finally , young excaper earned his spot in the stall , having finished second in the breeders ' cup turf juvenile last fall . but on wednesday , excaper had to move out . " he was only renting it , " bowen said .

" it feels great to have him back , " bowen added . " the barn now feels complete . "

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t . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .

“emma thought something was not right , ” said ian black , who has trained the 7 - year - old gelding throughout his career . “but he cooled out okay . ”

“when we got him out monday morning , he had a little filling in his left pastern , ” black said . “we decided to ultrasound it and found a lesion on his superficial digital tendon .

“if it was somebody a little younger , you could probably give him six months off and bring him back .

“he’ll get another life , either as a pony or a riding horse , ” black said .

trainer christophe clement has expressed an interest in returning to woodbine with grassy , who finished second behind musketier in the grade 3 singspiel here june 26 and was scratched from the sword dancer .

smart bid , who is based at fair hill in maryland with graham motion , also is a possibility .

owned by the donver stable of donna and verne dubinsky and trained by josie carroll , inglorious will have her regular rider , luis contreras , in the irons , for the 1 1 / 4 - mile alabama . the dubinskys and carroll won the 2009 alabama with careless jewel , who was ridden by robert landry .

advance registration will be available daily , through aug . 26 , from 11 a . m . to 11 p . m . at the second - floor player services desk here at woodbine and through sue clark at ( 416 ) 675 - 3993 , ext . 2513 , or at sck @ urltoken until 4 p . m . aug . 26 .

entries also will be taken at the contest venue from 10 a . m . to 1 p . m . aug . 27 .

contestants must ante up $ 330 , comprised of a $ 250 entry fee plus an $ 80 bankroll to cover 10 $ 2 win - place bets on each day of the contest , including three mandatory races . woodbine , saratoga , and monmouth will be the contest tracks , with fort erie added sunday . entries are limited to two per person .

in his five - year career , the seven - year - old racehorse - bred and part - owned by joe and ellen maclellan of spencerville - captured the imagination of thousands of horse racing fans around the globe for his brilliance on the track and as living proof that great racehorses can come at any price tag .

steps after running a brave second place in the grade 1 sword dancer invitational at historic saratoga racecourse in saratoga springs , new york , against some of the best turf horses in north america , he took a bad step .

" we know this is a sport of highs and lows , but they aren ' t supposed to be nano - seconds apart , " said joe maclellan of the moments after the race . " it was pretty scary . "

an ultrasound showed a tear in his tendon , an injury that requires six months to heal .

" we just wanted to make the cut . we wanted a horse that would be competitive enough to race at woodbine , " admits maclellan .

" there was real emotion from people we ' ve never even met before . i can ' t believe our little horse from spencerville had such a big impact on people , " said maclellan , clearly touched by all of the support .

after he was born , the maclellans sold part interest of the horse to his mother , jean , of westport , and his brother , jim , who lives in calgary ( the partnership also includes dean reade and mitch peters of calgary ) . races became a meeting place for the maclellans , who on some days would have dozens of family and friends in attendance .

and for the maclellan family , they ' re going to keep breeding and racing horses . they currently have two racing at woodbine , a three - year - old at home , a weaning foal and two babies due next spring .

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they had decidedly different racing careers , but a similar impact on the man who watched them give their all .

hi . my name is jeff “skippy” bowen . i work at woodbine racetrack as assistant trainer to ian black .

) , who won the woodbine mile and was trained by ian black , my father - in - law . he was the first horse who really put us on the map and was the first stable star . he was a very honest horse and he could compete with the best in the world , including a trip to japan . he finished his career winning 10 stakes and $ 2 . 3 million , which is the most of any ontario - sired horse , ever .

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retired after suffering a tendon injury on 8 / 13 / 11 ( as of 2014 he is an outrider mount at keeneland race course ) . ( close )


phylomictis lintearia is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by edward meyrick in 1921 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland and new south wales .

the wingspan is about 20 mm .

the forewings are whitish irrorated fuscous , with the stigmata cloudy , light brownish , the plical rather beyond the first discal .

there is an oblique series of two or three small spots of dark grey irroration from the costa to the first and second discal respectively , and a strongly curved subterminal series of similar spots .

the hindwings are pale grey .

phylomictis lintearia

phylomictis lintearia <EOT> this is the place for lintearia definition . you find here lintearia meaning , synonyms of lintearia and images for lintearia copyright 2017 © urltoken

here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word lintearia . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word lintearia and , of course , lintearia synonyms and on the right images related to the word lintearia .

phylomictis lintearia meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 445 ; tl : brisbane , queensland

phylomictis lintearia ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]

phylomictis idiotricha meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 446 ; tl : brisbane , queensland

phylomictis sarcinopa meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 11 ) : 322 ; tl : brisbane , queensland

phylomictis decretoria lucas , 1900 ; proc . r . soc . qd 15 : 160 ; tl : brisbane , queensland

phylomictis decretoria ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]

phylomictis eclecta ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]

phylomictis leucopelta ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]

phylomictis monochroma ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]

phylomictis palaeomorpha ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]

phylomictis maligna meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 75 ; tl : melbourne , victoria

phylomictis idiotricha ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]

phylomictis maligna ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]

phylomictis sarcinopa ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]

the adult moths reach a wingspan of about 1 cm . the forewings are grey with lots of little brown chevrons . the hindwings are white shading to pale brown at the margins . the wingspan is about 2 cms .

comoscotopa leucopelta lower , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 240 ; tl : mount gambier , south australia

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

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attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .

all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .

created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .

© 2002–2012 mdi biological laboratory . all rights reserved . © 2012–2018 mdi biological laboratory & nc state university . all rights reserved . data updated june 26 , 2018 revision 15488


the yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni ) is a species of bird in the family tyrannidae , the tyrant flycatchers .

it is , as suggested by its common name , restricted to humid and semi-humid forest in the yungas of north-western bolivia and far south-eastern peru .

although discovered in the early 1990s , it was only formally described in 2008 .

the yungas tyrannulet resembles the planalto tyrannulet , but has a different voice .

being recently described it has not yet been rated by birdlife international ; however , it has been suggested it should be considered vulnerable , because it occurs in low densities within a small range that is subjected to extensive habitat destruction .

yungas tyrannulet

yungas tyrannulet <EOT> the yungas tyrannulet is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

information on the yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .

the yungas tyrannulet is rare on the east slope of the extreme southeast andes at elevations ranging between 900 - 1200 m . it also occurs in

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni ) " title = " arkive species - yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

but is distinguished by having wing coverts broadly edged with olive - brown . the yungas tyrannulet is known to forage in the canopy of humid montane forest . also , see the

the recently described yungas tyrannulet is known solely from the lower yungas of bolivia and peru , where it is to date known from fewer than ten localities , most of them in bolivia , and the only locality in peru is extremely close to the bolivian border . it inhabits the upper canopy of evergreen foothill and lower montane forest within a relatively narrow elevational band ( 700–1200 m ) , but has also been observed in shade - coffee plantations and remnant forest . given its potentially tiny , and patchy , range , the new species is already considered to be vulnerable to extinction by birdlife international . almost nothing is known concerning its behaviour . in plumage , the yungas tyrannulet most closely resembles the planalto tyrannulet ( phyllomyias fasciatus ) .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive photo - pair of yungas tyrannulets " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive photo - pair of yungas tyrannulets " title = " arkive photo - pair of yungas tyrannulets " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

. the yungas tyrannulet has olive back with a grayish crown . it has a pale and thin eyebrow . the bill is black . the wing coverts are gray and broadly edged with olive - brown . the throat is grayish and grades to yellow towards the rest of the underparts . it is similar to the

vulnerable . restricted - range species : present in bolivian and peruvian lower yungas eba . estimated population small , thought to number far fewer than 10 , 000 mature . . .

fjeldså , j . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

herzog , s . k . , kessler , m . and balderrama , j . a . ( 2008 ) a new species of tyrannulet ( tyrannidae : phyllomyias ) from andean foothills in northwest bolivia and adjacent peru . auk 125 : 265 - 276

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .

this species is listed as vulnerable as it is estimated to have a small population which is declining due to habitat destruction . further surveys are needed to precisely establish the population size and trends , and the ability for the species to persist in mosaics of coffee plantations and forest .

. in bolivia , it is known from three localities in la paz department , one locality in beni department , and a further locality in cochabamba department . in peru , it is known from puno department , 1 - 1 . 5 km from the bolivian border .

. 2010 ) . the population has been estimated at well below 10 , 000 mature individuals based on low density and patchy distribution , hence the band 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals seems appropriate . this equates to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals in total , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . more accurate surveys are required to precisely quantify the population size .

this species inhabits the upper canopy of evergreen andean foothill and lower montane forest . it has been observed in mosaics of shade - coffee plantations and remnant forest patches , although it is not known whether this habitat can sustain a viable population . little is known about its behaviour . it has almost always been observed in pairs , except in early march in southeast peru . foraging appears to comprise of short aerial sallies to catch flying insects

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cryptic species , previously overlooked or included under p . fasciatus ; thought to be closest to p . fasciatus # r , and may eventually be found to be related to p . griseiceps . monotypic .

e andean foothill ridges in extreme se peru ( extreme se puno ) and nw bolivia ( la paz , sw beni , w cochabamba ) .

c . 11–11·5 cm . forehead to nape dark olive - grey with drab feather centres ( giving slightly mottled appearance ) ; upperparts yellow - olive , becoming slightly paler . . .

song a slightly accelerating series of 3–5 whistled notes successively dropping in pitch , . . .

upper canopy of humid and semi - humid foothill and lower montane forest , at 700–1200 m . prefers . . .

foraging appears to consist of short aerial sallies to catch flying insects . usually seen in pairs .

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highly speciose family , herein divided into nine subfamilies ( with ten tribes ) ; recent studies # r # r suggest that the first four listed ( platyrinchinae , pipritinae , tachurisinae , pipromorphinae ) are sister to rest of family , and may merit treatment as 1–4 separate families .

probably polyphyletic , as presently constituted ; objective phylogenetic analysis required , using both molecular and anatomical characters . anatomical evidence suggests that p . fasciatus ( and presumably p . weedeni ) , p . griseocapilla and p . griseiceps may be unrelated to others in genus , some or all of which might be better placed in a resurrected tyranniscus ( type of phyllomyias is p . fasciatus brevirostris ) .

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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :

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dr joseph tobias edward grey institute department of zoology university of oxford south parks road oxford ox1 3ps united kingdom tel : + 00 44 ( 0 ) 1865 271244 joseph . tobias @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken

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taurocottus bergii is a species of sculpin native to the northwestern pacific ocean .

it occurs at depths of from 40 to 120 metres ( 130 to 390 ft ) .

this species grows to a length of 20 centimetres ( 7.9 in ) sl .

this species is the only known member of its genus .

taurocottus bergii

taurocottus bergii <EOT> . . . on the basis of trawl catches in 1982–2013 , data on occurrence , distribution , size - age and sex composition , as well as feeding of berg’s longhorn sculpin taurocottus bergii in the northwestern part of the sea of japan are provided . it is shown that this species was erroneously included into the red data book of primorskii krai , since it is common over the most part of the water area . bathymetric r . . .

greek , tauros = bull + greek , kottos = a fish ( ref . 45335 )

marine ; demersal ; depth range 40 - 120 m ( ref . 56557 ) . temperate

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 )

masuda , h . , k . amaoka , c . araga , t . uyeno and t . yoshino , 1984 . the fishes of the japanese archipelago . vol . 1 . tokai university press , tokyo , japan . 437 p . ( text ) . ( ref . 559 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00871 ( 0 . 00342 - 0 . 02217 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 35 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .

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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license

froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

original russian text © v . v . panchenko , o . i . pushina , p . g . milovankin , v . a . nuzhdin , 2015 , published in voprosy ikhtiologii , 2015 , vol . 55 , no . 3 , pp . 313–322 .

amaoka , k . , nakaya , k . , and yabe , m . ,

( annotated check - list of fishes from far eastern seas ) , vladivostok : tinro - tsentr , 2000 .

chuchukalo , v . i . and napazkov , v . v . , the method of determination of diurnal diets and rate of food digestion by raptorial and benthos - feeding fishes ,

dudarev , v . a . , izmyatinskii , d . v . , and kalchugin , p . v . , some aspects of spatial and timely variability of bottom communities of fishes of northern primorye ,

dudarev , v . a . , zuenko , yu . i . , il’inskii , e . n . , and kalchugin , p . v . , new data on structure of communities of bottom and near - bottom fishes on shelf and slope of the depths of primorye ,

, froese , r . and pauly , d . , eds . , 2014 .

( complex studies of marine hydrobionts and conditions of their habitat ) , vladivostok : tikhookean . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr . , 1998 , vol . 123 , pp . 82–88 .

kim , i . - s . and yoon , c . - h . , synopsis of the family cottidae ( pisces : scorpaeniformes ) from korea ,

( the red data book of primorskii krai : animals ) , vladivostok : abk apel’sin , 2005 , vol . 1 .

( fishes of the sea of japan and adjacent part of okhotsk and yellow seas ) , leningrad : nauka , 1987 , part 5 .

( methodological manual on analysis of feeding and food relationships of fishes in natural conditions ) , moscow : nauka , 1974 .

( seismosensory system and classification of cottidae fishes ) , leningrad : nauka , 1979 .

novikov , n . p . , sokolovsky , a . s . , sokolovskaya , t . g . , and yakovlev , yu . m . ,

panchenko , v . v . and zuenko , yu . i . , distribution of gobies of family cottidae in the peter the great bay , sea of japan , during summer ,

( determination of mature rate and sexual cycles of fishes ) , magadan : polar . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr . , 1968 .

sokolovsky , a . s . , dudarev , v . a . , sokolovskaya , t . g . , and solomatov , s . f . ,

( fishes of russian waters of the sea of japan : annotated and illustrated catalogue ) , vladivostok : dal’nauka , 2007 .

( fishes of the peter the great bay ) , vladivostok : dal’nauka , 2009 .

sokolovskaya , t . g . , sokolovsky , a . s . , and sobolevskii , e . i . , list of fishes from the peter the great bay ( sea of japan ) ,

soldatov , v . k . and lindberg , g . u . , review of fishes from far eastern seas ,

( energy of depp water pelagic communities ) , moscow : nauka , 1986 .

vdovin , a . n . , mizyurin , m . a . , and park , a . , possible use of biomaterial for direct registration of hydrobionts ,

( complex studies of marine hydrobionts and conditions of their habitat ) , vladivostok : tikhookean . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr . , 1994 , pp . 20–39 .

this translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .

journal : journal of ichthyology / publication year : 2015 / source : 2015 v . 55 no . 3 - pubag search results

. . . the structure of skeleton of bathylutichthys balushkini was studied and comparative analysis of it with representatives of other families of the suborder cottoidei was performed . it was found that bathylutichthyidae are characterized by the presence of a great number of original characters supporting its family status . they include : absence of mesethmoideum ; bony canals of seismosensory system on . . .

. . . analysis of the morphobiological and genetic characteristics of the gadus genus has been performed , the peculiarities of the genus evolution are discussed , and the resettlement has been reconstructed for the period of 5 . 5 - 5 . 4 million years until the present . the genus gadus comprises two polytypic species , atlantic cod g . morhua and pacific cod , and both species form several subspecies combined in . . .

. . . otolith morphology and microstructure of the sagitta are described in freckled goatfish upeneus tragula . the first increments ( from the second to sixth or eighth ) are the most well defined , and subsequent zones of less contrasting increments are bounded by increments with more contrasting borders . these borders are less expressed close to the edge of the sagitta . the width of the majority of incre . . .

. . . the concentration of organochlorine pesticides in pink salmon oncorhynchus gorbusha and chum salmon o . keta has been studied for the fish sampled in the sea of okhotsk and along the pacific coast of the kuril islands during the spawning migrations . chum salmon accumulates much more pollutants ( 180 ng / g of wet weight ) than pink salmon does ( 70 ng / g of wet weight ) . the total bulk of the toxicants tr . . .

. . . results are provided of a 7 - year study of biological parameters in females of three pacific salmons of the genus oncorhynchus ( pink salmon o . gorbuscha , chum salmon o . keta , and sockeye salmon o . nerka ) in the olyutorsky and karaginsky gulfs , bering sea . abundance of the pink salmon is identified as the main determining factor of the interannual dynamics of maturity index in female pacific salmon . . .

. . . results of the study on the structure of scales in pink salmon , oncorhynchus gorbuscha performed in 1997 and 2011 in six reproduction regions on sakhalin and kuril islands are presented . the study revealed no statistically significant correlation between the fish body length and number of sclerites on scales , but the correlation between gain of the body length and width of intersclerite distance i . . .

revision of the genus melamphaes ( melamphaidae ) : 2 . oligo - raker species : m . longivelis parr , m . inconspicuus sp . n . , m . kobylyanskyi sp . n .

. . . redescription of the melamphaes longivelis is presented . two new species related to it are described : m . inconspicuus sp . n . and m . kobylyanskyi sp . n . m . longivelis inhabits the northern part of the atlantic ocean , from the equatorial waters up to 50° n ; the species has not been confirmed to occur in the southern atlantic . m . inconspicuus is described from the tropical waters of the northern atla . . .

. . . feeding of different - age juveniles of salmonidae with a long freshwater period of life ( coho salmon oncorhynchus kisutsch , cherry salmon o . masou , king salmon o . tschawytscha , dolly varden char salvelinus malma , east siberian char s . leucomaenis , and kamchatka steelhead parasalmo mykiss ) in the basin of the kol river ( western kamchatka ) in the summer - autumn period was studied . comparative analysis . . .

. . . the qualitative and quantitative composition of ichthyoplankton in the waters of senegal and guinea - bissau during the winter period of 2012–2013 are considered . approximately 120 species of pelagic eggs and larvae of fishes belonging to 64 families are identified in the ichthyoplankton samples . the eggs and larvae of clupeidae , carangidae , scombridae , myctophidae , sparidae , bothidae , scianidae , an . . .

. . . seasonal ( summer and autumn ) and diurnal ( day and night ) distribution of fish in lake glubokoe ( moscow oblast ) was analyzed using vertical and horizontal scanning research hydroacoustic systems . at the beginning of summer the distribution of the fish in lake is broad and homogeneous whereas in autumn it is more compact . pelagic aggregations of the fish are aggregated mostly in the central part of . . .

rafrafi - nouira , s . ; reynaud , c . ; boumaïza , m . ; el kamel - moutalibi , o . ; capapé , c .

. . . a survey conducted off the northern tunisian coast allow to collect specimens belonging to species rarely captured in the area , such as longjaw snake eel ophisurus serpens ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , bluntsnout snake eel echelus myrus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , mediterranean parrot fish sparisoma cretense ( linnaeus , 1758 ) and sharksucker echeneis naucrates ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . all specimens are shortly described in the . . .

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cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013

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