common names : brown spotted pit viper , pointed-scaled pit viper , more .

chinese name : 龜殼花 trimeresurus mucrosquamatus is a venomous pit viper species endemic to asia .

no subspecies are currently recognized .

trimeresurus mucrosquamatus

trimeresurus mucrosquamatus <EOT> trigonocephalus mucrosquamatus cantor 1839 : 32 trimeresurus mucrosquamatus — günther 1864 : 390 trimeresurus mucrosquamatus — fischer 1886 : 66 trimeresurus mucrosquamatus — boulenger 1890 : 428 lachesis mucrosquamatus — boulenger 1896 : 552 trimeresurus mucrosquamatus — stejneger 1907 : 467 trimeresurus mucrosquamatus — smith 1943 : 507 protobothrops mucrosquamatus — hoge & romano - hoge 1983 protobothrops mucrosquamatus — kraus et al . 1996 protobothrops mucrosquamatus — tu et al . 2000 protobothrops mucrosquamatus — ziegler 2002 : 282 protobothrops mucrosquamatus — gumprecht et al . 2004 trimeresurus mucrosquamatus — sharma 2004 protobothrops mucrosquamatus — guo et al . 2006 protobothrops mucrosquamatus — wallach et al . 2014 : 573

edema - producing proteins isolated from trimeresurus mucrosquamatus snake venom . - pubmed - ncbi

single chain antibody fragment with serine protease inhibitory property capable of neutralizing toxicity of trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom .

crystal structure of a trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom metalloproteinase providing new insights into the inhibition by endogenous tripeptide inhibitors .

single chain antibody fragment with serine protease inhibitory property capable of neutralizing toxicity of trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom . - pubmed - ncbi

scientific names : craspedocephalus elegans , lachesis lutea , l . luteus , l . mucrosquamatus , trimeresurus elegans , t . luteus

crystal structure of a trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom metalloproteinase providing new insights into the inhibition by endogenous tripeptide inhi . . . - pubmed - ncbi

species taiwan habu ( trimeresurus mucrosquamatus ) , atrolysin e [ taxid : 103944 ] from d . 92 . 1 . 9 snake venom metalloprotease

trimeresurus xiangchengensis zhao 1978 trimeresurus xiangchengensis zhao , jiang & huang 1979 trimeresurus xiangchengensis — welch 1994 : 117 protobothrops xiangchengensis — kraus et al . 1996 trimeresurus xiangchengensis — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 348 trimeresurus xiangchengensis — peng & fiji 2000 protobothrops xiangchengensis — gumprecht et al . 2004 protobothrops xiangchengensis — malhotra & thorpe 2004 protobothrops xiangchengensis — wallach et al . 2014 : 573

the dangerously venomous trimeresurus popeiorum ( sometimes segregated into genus popeia as . . .

in taiwan , protobothrops mucrosquamatus is held responsible for half of all venomous snakebites ( sawai 1969 ) .

species taiwan habu ( trimeresurus mucrosquamatus ) , atrolysin e [ taxid : 103944 ] from d . 92 . 1 . 9 snake venom metalloprotease appears in the current release , scope 2 . 07

the ground - dwellers are usually of a brown colour with dark markings . among others , protobothrops flavoviridis and protobothrops mucrosquamatus belong to this group and are found in wooded or open regions , but also often in agricultural areas and inhabited regions . other ground - dwellers are the smaller mountain species ovophis monticola , trimeresurus malabaricus and trimeresurus strigatus .

maslin , t . paul 1942 . evidence for the separation of the crotalid genera trimeresurus and bothrops , with a key to the genus trimeresurus . copeia 1942 ( 1 ) : 18 - 24 - get paper here

the genus protobothrops was described to accommodate two species previously placed in the genus trimeresurus , t . jerdonii and t . mucrosquamatus . in a later revision of protobothrops , guo et al . ( 2007 ) placed 10 species in this genus .

this disintegrin is 100 % identical to the disintegrin of ac e9nw27 , another disintegrin of the p - ii subfamily of protobothrops mucrosquamatus .

the originally species - rich genus trimeresurus has recently undergone comprehensive taxonomic revision , so that there are now only 10 species that are considered true trimeresurus spp . various of the formerly well - known trimeresurus species now no longer belong to this genus ( eg . former t . albolabris , t . elegans , t . erythrurus , t . flavoviridis , t . kanburiensis , t . macrops , t . mucrosquamatus , t . okinavensis , t . purpureomaculatus , t . stejnegeri , t . tokarensis , t . trigonocephalus or t . wagleri )

common names : taiwan habu , tortoise snake scientific name : trimeresurus mucrosquamatus distinguishing features : odd looking snake with large head . brown with numerous black spots . additional information : can be aggressive , attacking shadows and moving objects . found all over taiwan at lower elevations , near water and in forests .

zhao e m 1979 . a new snake of the genus trimeresurus from sichuan , china . acta zootaxonomica sinica 4 ( 4 ) : 422 - 424

lalremsanga , h . t . , lalbiakzuala and lalrinsanga 2017 . geographic distribution : protobothrops mucrosquamatus ( brown spotted pitviper ) herpetological review 48 ( 1 ) : 131 - get paper here

" characterization of three fibrinogenolytic proteases isolated from the venom of taiwan habu ( trimeresurus mucrosquamatus ) . " huang k . - f . , hung c . c . , chiou s . - h . biochem . mol . biol . int . 31 : 1041 - 1050 ( 1993 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]

ty - jour ti - note on a formosan viper ( trimeresurus mucrosquamatus ) from the north east frontier t2 - the journal of the bombay natural history society . vl - 33 ur - urltoken pb - bombay natural history society , cy - bombay : py - 1929 sp - 998 ep - 998 sn - 0006 - 6982 au - prater , s h er -

venomous ! synonymy : this species was suspected to be a synonym of trimeresurus mucrosquamatus ( indraneil das in mcdiarmid et al . 1999 ) . however , guo et al . ( 2006 ) and vogel ( pers . comm . 23 nov 2012 ) argue that it is a valid species . distribution : see map in guo et a . 2016 : 383 ( fig . 1 ) .

justification : protobothrops mucrosquamatus is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats including human - affected environments , and because there are no major widespread threats acting upon it .

zhao , e 1978 . trimeresurus xiangchengensis - a new species of the genus trimeresurus from china . proc . symp . china soc . zool . , china soc . entomol . chengdu [ meeting abstract ] ; also cited as mater . herpetol . res . chengdu 4 : 21 [ english translation by david & tong , 1997 , shis ( 112 ) : 7 ] .

peng g , fuji z . 2001 . comparative studies on hemipenes of four species of trimeresurus ( sensu stricto ) ( serpentes : crotalinae ) . amphibia - reptilia 22 ( 1 ) : 113 - 117 .

tu m - c et al . 2000 . phylogeny , taxonomy , and biogeography of the oriental pit vipers of the genus trimeresurus ( reptilia : viperidae : crotalinae ) : a molecular perspective . zoological science 17 : 1147 - 1157 .

peng , g . & fuji , z . 2001 . comparative studies on hemipenes of four species of trimeresurus ( sensu stricto ) ( serpentes : crotalinae ) . amphibia - reptilia 22 ( 1 ) : 113 - 117 - get paper here

@ article { bhlpart154252 , title = { note on a formosan viper ( trimeresurus mucrosquamatus ) from the north east frontier } , journal = { the journal of the bombay natural history society . } , volume = { 33 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder } , url = urltoken publisher = { bombay : bombay natural history society , 1886 - } , author = { prater , s h } , year = { 1929 } , pages = { 998 - - 998 } , }

tu , m . - c . et al . 2000 . phylogeny , taxonomy , and biogeography of the oriental pitvipers of the genus trimeresurus ( reptilia : viperidae : crotalinae ) : a molecular perspective . zoological science 17 : 1147–1157 - get paper here

creer s , malhotra a , thorpe rs , chou wh . 2001 . multiple causation of phylogeographical pattern as revealed by nested clade analysis of the bamboo viper ( trimeresurus stejnegeri ) within taiwan . molecular ecology 10 ( 8 ) : 1967 - 1981 .

smith , m . a . 1940 . the amphibians and reptiles obtained by mr . ronald kaulback in upper burma . records of the indian museum 42 : 465 - 486 . ( trimeresurus kaulbacki , p . 485 , plate viii , figure 5 . )

malhotra , anita ; thorpe , roger s . 2004 . maximizing information in systematic revisions : a combined molecular and morphological analysis of a cryptic green pit viper complex ( trimeresurus stejnegeri ) . biological journal of the linnean society 82 ( 2 ) : 219 .

bites from most species generally only cause local effects . the following species , however , also cause more serious consequences : cryptopelitrops albolabris ( rarely fatalities ) , cryptelytrops erythrurus , protobothrops flavoviridis ( few , but regular fatalities ) , popeia popeiorum , protobothrops mucrosquamatus ( known fatalities in taiwan ) and t . purpureomaculatus .

malhotra , anita & thorpe , roger s . 2004 . a phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for asian pitvipers ( trimeresurus and ovophis ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 : 83 –100 [ erratum p . 680 ] - get paper here

beolens b , watkins m , grayson m . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( trimeresurus stejnegeri , pp . 252 - 253 ) .

zhong , guanghui ; qin liu , cao li , peihao peng and peng guo 2017 . sexual dimorphism and geographic variation in the asian lance - headed pitviper protobothrops mucrosquamatus in the mainland china asian herpetological research 8 ( 2 ) : 118 - 122 , doi : 10 . 16373 / j . cnki . ahr . 160011 - get paper here

david , patrick ; tong , haiyan 1997 . translations of recent descriptions of chinese pitvipers of the trimeresurus - complex ( serpentes , viperidae ) , with a key to the complex in china and adjacent areas . smithsonian herp . inf . serv . ( 112 ) : 1 - 31 - get paper here

" crotalid venom vascular endothelial growth factors has preferential affinity for vegfr - 1 . characterization of protobothrops mucrosquamatus venom vegf . " chen y . - l . , tsai i . - h . , hong t . - m . , tsai s . - h . thromb . haemost . 93 : 331 - 338 ( 2005 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]

herrmann , h . - w . ; ziegler , t . ; malhotra , a . ; thorpe , r . s . & parkinson , c . l . 2004 . redescription and systematics of trimeresurus cornutus ( serpentes : viperidae ) based on morphology and molecular data . herpetologica 60 ( 2 ) : 211 - 221 - get paper here

seven edema - producing fractions were isolated from trimeresurus mucrosquamatus snake venom by cm - sephadex c - 50 chromatography and further purified by gel filtration on a sephadex g - 75 column . they were homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels . the mol . wts were estimated to be 26 , 900 ( fr . iv - 2 ) , 21 , 500 ( fr . x - 2 ) , 23 , 000 ( fr . xii - 2 ) , 21 , 800 ( fr . xiii - 2 ) , 24 , 600 ( fr . xiv - 2 ) , 80 , 000 ( fr . xviii - 1 ) and 22 , 500 ( fr . xxii - 2 ) . fraction iv - 2 had weak esterase activity , fractions x - 2 , xii - 2 , xiii - 2 and xiv - 2 possessed proteolytic activity toward casein and fibrinogen , while fractions xviii - 1 and xxii - 2 possessed phospholipase a2 activity . fractions with phospholipase a2 activity had greater edema - producing activity than those with protease and / or esterase activity . it is concluded that the edema caused by t . mucrosquamatus venom may be due to phospholipases a2 , proteases and esterases .

smith ma . 1943 . the fauna of british india , ceylon and burma , including the whole of the indo - chinese sub - region . reptilia and amphibia , vol . iii . —serpentes . secretary of state for india . ( taylor and francis , printers . ) london . xii + 583 pp . ( trimeresurus kaulbacki , p . 512 . )

common names : bamboo viper , chinese green tree viper scientific name : trimeresurus stejnegeri distinguishing features : brilliant green body , with a reddish head and tail . triangular head . additional information : primarily nocturnal . most commonly found in trees and bamboo groves . taiwan ' s most common poisonous snake , found under 1000m . can be dangerous to bikers as it often strikes from trees .

most species are arboreal , but ground - dwelling species do exist . the arboreal species are green ( see above ) , sometimes with markings ( e . g . cryptelytrops cantori , prothobothrops jerdoni , trimeresurus trigonocephalus or tropidolaemus wagleri ) , and possess a fairly well - formed prehensile tail . some arboreal species often live on the outskirts and in the green areas of larger cities .

colouring and pattern very variable . cryptelytrops albolabris , trimeresurus gramineus , cryptelytrops erythrurus , cryptelytrops macrops , popeia popeiorum and viridovipera stejnegeri are green , but without markings , or only faint ones . taxonomic differentiation of these green species , some of which are amongst the most medically important species of their genus , is difficult . morphological distinctions frequently only consist of minor differences in the head shields .

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bangladesh , india ( assam ; arunachal pradesh ( itanagar – papum pare district ) [ a . captain , pers . comm . ] , mizroam and many other regions ) , myanmar ( = burma ) , n / c vietnam , laos ,

note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .

holotype : unknown ; original description probably based on colored drawing no . 18 in bodleian library , oxford ) ( fide leviton et al . 2003 ) .

venomous ! distribution : possibly in bhutan ( lenz 2012 ) . see map in guo et a . 2016 : 383 ( fig . 1 ) .

barbour , thomas 1909 . notes on amphibia and reptilia from eastern asia . proc . new england zool . club 4 : 53 - 78 , 2 plates - get paper here

boulenger , g . a . 1896 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum , vol . 3 . london ( taylor & francis ) , xiv + 727 pp . - get paper here

boulenger , george a . 1890 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . reptilia and batrachia . taylor & francis , london , xviii , 541 pp . - get paper here

cantor , t . e . 1839 . spicilegium serpentium indicorum [ part 1 ] . proc . zool . soc . london 1839 : 31 - 34 - get paper here

cantor , t . 1840 . spicilegium serpentium indicorum . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 4 : 271 - 279 - get paper here

das , i . 2012 . a naturalist ' s guide to the snakes of south - east asia : malaysia , singapore , thailand , myanmar , borneo , sumatra , java and bali . oxford j , ohn beaufoy publishing - get paper here

dowling , h . g . , & jenner , j . v . 1988 . snakes of burma : checklist of reported species and bibliography . smithsonian herp . inf . serv . ( 76 ) : 19 pp . - get paper here

gawor , a . , c . t . pham , t . q . nguyen , t . t . nguyen , a . schmitz & t . ziegler 2016 . the herpetofauna of the bai tu long national park , northeastern vietnam . salamandra 52 ( 1 ) : 23 - 41 - get paper here

gumprecht , a . ; tillack , f . ; orlov , n . l . ; captain , a . & ryabow , s . 2004 . asian pitvipers . geitje books , berlin , 368 pp .

günther , a . 1864 . the reptiles of british india . london ( taylor & francis ) , xxvii + 452 pp . - get paper here

guo , p . ; jadin , r . c . ; malhotra , a . & li , c . 2009 . an investigation of the cranial evolution of asian pitvipers ( serpentes : crotalinae ) , with comments on the phylogenetic position of peltopelor macrolepis . acta zoologica 91 : 402 - 407

guo , peng ; lu , shunqing ; huang , song ; zhao , hui ; zhao , ermi 2006 . hemipenial morphology of five asian pitvipers , with a discussion on their taxonomy . amphibia - reptilia 27 ( 1 ) : 19 - 23 - get paper here

guo , peng ; qin liu , tao wen , rong xiao , ming fang , guanghui zhong , nguyen q . truong , fei zhu , robert c . jadin , cao li 2016 . multilocus phylogeny of the asian lance - headed pitvipers ( squamata , viperidae , protobothrops ) zootaxa 4093 ( 3 ) : 382–390 - get paper here

kraus , fred ; mink , daniel g . & brown , wesley m . 1996 . crotaline intergeneric relationships based on mitochondrial dna sequence data . copeia 1996 ( 4 ) : 763 - 773 - get paper here

lenz , norbert 2012 . von schmetterlingen und donnerdrachen - natur und kultur in bhutan . karlsruher naturhefte 4 , naturkundemuseum karlsruhe , 124 pp .

leviton , alan e . ; guinevere o . u . wogan ; michelle s . koo ; george r . zug ; rhonda s . lucas and jens v . vindum 2003 . the dangerously venomous snakes of myanmar illustrated checklist with keys . proc . cal . acad . sci . 54 ( 24 ) : 407–462 - get paper here

orlov , n . ; ananjeva , n . ; barabanov , a . ; ryabov , s . & khalikov , r . 2002 . diversity of vipers ( azemiopinae , crotalinae ) in east , southeast , and south asia : annotated checklist and natural history data ( reptilia : squamata : serpentes : viperidae ) . faun . abh . mus . tierk . dresden 23 : 177 - 218

orlov , nikolai l . ; sergei a . ryabov , and nguyen thien tao 2009 . two new species of genera protobothrops hoge et romano - hoge , 1983 and viridovipera malhotra et thorpe , 2004 ( ophidia : viperidae : crotalinae ) from karst region in northeastern vietnam . part i . description of a new species of protobothrops genus . russ . j . herpetol . 16 ( 1 ) : 69 - 82 - get paper here

pan , hujun ; basundhara chettri , daode yang , ke jiang , kai wang , liang zhang and gernot vogel 2013 . a new species of the genus protobothrops ( squamata : viperidae ) from southern tibet , china and sikkim , india . asian herpetological research 4 ( 2 ) : 109–115 - get paper here

sang , nguyen van ; ho thu cuc , nguyen , quang truong 2009 . herpetofauna of vietnam . chimaira , frankfurt , 768 pp .

sharma , r . c . 2004 . handbook indian snakes . akhil books , new delhi , 292 pp .

smith , m . a . 1943 . the fauna of british india , ceylon and burma , including the whole of the indo - chinese sub - region . reptilia and amphibia . 3 ( serpentes ) . taylor and francis , london . 583 pp .

song - mingtao 1987 . survey of the reptiles of southern shaanxi . acta herpetologica sinica 6 ( 1 ) : 59 - 64 - get paper here

stejneger , l . 1910 . the batrachians and reptiles of formosa . proc . us natl . mus . 38 : 91 - 114 - get paper here

stejneger , leonhard h . 1907 . herpetology of japan and adjacent territory . bull . us natl . mus . 58 : xx , 1 - 577 - get paper here

stuart , b . l . & heatwole , h . 2008 . country records of snakes from laos . hamadryad 33 : 97–106

wall , f . 1906 . the poisonous snakes of india and how to recognize them , part ii . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 : 299 - 334 - get paper here

wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .

yang , jian - huan ; nikolai l . orlov & ying - yong wang 2011 . a new species of pitviper of the genus protobothrops from china ( squamata : viperidae ) . zootaxa 2936 : 59–68 - get paper here

zhao , e . m . 2006 . the snakes of china [ in chinese ] . hefei , china , anhui sience & technology publ . house , vol . i , 372 pp . , vol . ii ( color plates ) , 280 pp .

ziegler , t . 2002 . die amphibien und reptilien eines tieflandfeuchtwald - schutzgebietes in vietnam . natur und tier verlag ( münster ) , 342 pp . - get paper here

ziegler , t . ; v . n . thanh , l . k . quyet , n . g . truong , j . hallermann ; l . v . khoi & t . m . hoang 2006 . neue verbreitungsnachweise einiger weniger bekannter vietnamesischer amphibien und reptilien . sauria 28 ( 2 ) : 29 - 40 - get paper here

this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .

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zug , g . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .

this species is widely distributed across southern asia , from india through viet nam , and is also found on taiwan . this species is found at altitudes of up to 2 , 000 m above sea level .

g . zug ( pers . comm . ) notes that in myanmar specifically , the few records suggest it is an uncommon species in that country .

this species has varied habitat preferences and occurs in grassland , shrublands , and forests . it is also found around human settlements and in agricultural land .

it is unlikely that this species is being impacted upon by any major threats across its range .

there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place , or needed , for this species . parts of this species ' distribution range coincide with protected areas .

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mcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . touré

snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .

over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .

the number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .

overall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .

the reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .

currently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .

the reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .

the reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .

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the center of translational medicine , taipei medical university , taipei , taiwan ; antibody and hybridoma core facility , taipei medical university , taipei , taiwan .

the school of chinese medicine for post baccalaureate , i - shou university , kaohsiung , taiwan ; department of chinese medicine , e - da hospital , kaohsiung , taiwan .

graduate institute of medical sciences , college of medicine , taipei medical university , taipei , taiwan .

national research institute of chinese medicine , ministry of health and welfare , taipei , taiwan .

center for research , diagnostics and vaccine development , centers for disease control , ministry of health and welfare , taiwan .

department of medical technology , jen - teh junior college of medicine , nursing and management , miaoli , taiwan .

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venom was separated into twenty fractions . the fibrinogenolytic activity was concentrated in fractions 8 , 10 , 12 , 13 and 14 . fractions 8 and 13 had the highest ratio of fibrinogenolytic and caseinolytic activities . fraction 8 possessed tosyl -

- arginine methyl esterase activity , while the others did not . the caseinolytic activities of fractions 10 , 12 , 13 and 14 were inhibited by edta , while that of fraction 8 was not . fractions 8 and 13 were further purified by cm - cellulose and gel filtration and were homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel and cellulose acetate membrane . the molecular weights of the purified fractions 8 and 13 were 26 000 and 22 400 , respectively . both were single peptide chains . the specific fibrinogenolytic activity of fraction 8 was 17 mg fibrinogen / min / mg protein , while that of fraction 13 was 100 mg fibrinogen / min / mg protein . fraction 13 digested specifically the α ( a ) chain of monomeric fibrinogen to yield two cleavage products . fraction 8 digested the β ( b ) chain first to yield four cleavage products . when the incubation time was prolonged , the α ( a ) chain was also partially digested by fraction 8 to yield two cleavage products .

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biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken

from d . 92 . 1 . 9 snake venom metalloprotease is new in scop 1 . 61

scop : structural classification of proteins and astral . release 1 . 61 ( november 2002 )

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total length 112 cm ( male ) , 116 cm ( female ) mm ; tail length 19 . 5 cm ( male ) , 20 . 5 cm ( female ) .

snout 2 - 3 times longer than eye diameter ; internasals rather small ; 5 - 10 times larger than adjacent scales ; separated by 3 - 4 small scales ; 2 large scales between internasal and supraocular ; upper head scales unequal ; obtusely keeled on posterior ; supralabial 9 - 11 ; first completely separated from nasal ; second forms anterior border of pit ; 2 - 3 series of scales between supralabials and subocular ; supraocular large , narrow and undivided ; 14 - 16 scales between them ; temporal scales smooth in 2 - 3 rows above supralabials ; above those other scales keeled .

76 - 91 ; paired . hemipenis extends to 12th caudal plate ; forked opposite the 6th .

ao j . m . , david p . , bordoloi s . , ohler a . ( 2004 ) notes on a collection of snakes from nagaland , northeast india , with 19 new records for this state . russian journal of herpetology , vol . 11 , no . 2 , pp . 155 – 162

boulenger g . a . ( 1890 ) the fauna of british india including ceylon and burma , reptilia and batrachia . london : taylor and francis .

boulenger g . a . ( 1896 ) catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) . vol . 3 , london : taylor and francis .

castoe t . a . , parkinson c . l . ( 2006 ) bayesian mixed models and the phylogeny of pitvipers ( viperidae : serpentes ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 39 , 91–110

fenwick a . m . , greene h . w . , parkinson c . l . ( 2011 ) the serpent and the egg : unidirectional evolution of reproductive mode in vipers ? j zool syst evol res doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1439 - 0469 , 00646

günther a . ( 1864 ) the reptiles of british india . london : published for the ray society by robert hardwicke

guo p . , malhotra a . , li p . p . , pook c . e . , creer s . ( 2007 ) new evidence on the phylogenetic position of the poorly known asian pitviper protobothrops kaulbacki ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalinae ) with a redescription of the species and a revision of the genus protobothrops . herpetological journal 17 : 237–246

huang x . , pan t . , han d . , zhang l . , hou y . , yu l . , zheng h . , zhang b . ( 2012 ) a new species of the genus protobothrops ( squamata : viperidae : crotalinae ) from the dabie mountains , anhui , china . asian herpetological research , 3 ( 3 ) : 213–218

leviton a . e . , wogan g . o . u . , koo m . s . , zug g . r . , lucas r . s . , vindum j . v . ( 2003 ) the dangerously venomous snakes of myanmar illustrated checklist with keys . proc . cal . acad . sci . 54 ( 24 ) : 407–462

liu q . , myers e . a . zhong g . h . , hu j . , zhao h . , guo p . ( 2012 ) molecular evidence on the systematic position of the lance - headed pitviper protobothrops maolanensis yang et al . zootaxa 3178 : 57–62

malhotra a . , creer s . , pook c . e . , thorpe r . s . ( 2010 ) inclusion of nuclear intron sequence data helps to identify the asian sister group of new world pitvipers . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 54 , 172–178

orlov n . l . , ryabov s . a . , shiryaev k . a . , sang n . v . ( 2001 ) on the biology of pit vipers of protobothrops genus ( serpentes : colubroidea : viperidae : crotalinae ) . russian journal of herpetology vol . 8 , no . 2 , pp . 159 – 164

pan h . , chettri b . , yang d . , jiang k . , wang k . , zhang l . , vogel g . ( 2013 ) a new species of the genus protobothrops ( squamata : viperidae ) from southern tibet , china and sikkim , india . asian herpetological research , 4 ( 2 ) : 109–115

sawai y . ( 1998 ) venomous snakes and snakebite treatment in asia . russian journal of herpetology vol . 5 , no . 2 , pp . 103 – 112

smith m . a . ( 1943 ) the fauna of british india , ceylon and burma including the whole of the indo - chinese sub - region , reptilia and amphibia . vol 3 serpentes . taylor & francis , london .

stuart b . l . , heatwole h . ( 2008 ) country records of snakes from laos . hamadryad vol . 33 , no . 1 , pp . 97 – 106

wüster w . , peppin l . , pook c . e . , walker d . e . ( 2008 ) a nesting of vipers : phylogeny and historical biogeography of the viperidae ( squamata : serpentes ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 49 , 445–459

this nocturnal pitviper lives on mountainsides and farmland , often in abandoned houses . it preys on frogs , lizards , birds , mice or bats . females produce 3 - 15 eggs of about 3 . 5x2 cm per clutch in summer and habitually protect them . hatchlings measure about 22 cm in total length . it is the most fearless of the common venomous snakes in taiwan and can be aggressive , attacking shadows and moving objects . the bite leaves obvious marks on the victims ; the venom contains hemorrhagic toxins , and the wound often swells with bruises and bloody blisters . especially in the countryside , even the smallest medical facility carries habu antivenom .

is a genus of pitvipers found in central and south america . the generic name derived from the greek words

( eye or face ) ; an allusion to the heat - sensitive loreal pit organs .

the chinese name 龜殼花 ( gui1ke3hua1 ) means " turtle shell ( 龜殼 ) pattern ( 花 ) " .

< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .

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< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

snake venom metalloproteinase tm - 3 : fibrin ( ogen ) olytic protease which cleaves the aalpha chain of fibrinogen ( fga ) first followed by the bbeta chain ( fgb ) and shows relatively low activity on the gamma chain ( fgg ) .

disintegrin trimucrin : inhibits platelet aggregation induced by adp , thrombin , platelet - activating factor and collagen . acts by inhibiting fibrinogen interaction with platelet receptors gpiib / gpiiia ( itga2b / itgb3 ) .

< p > this subsection of the ‘function’ section provides information relevant to cofactors . a cofactor is any non - protein substance required for a protein to be catalytically active . some cofactors are inorganic , such as the metal atoms zinc , iron , and copper in various oxidation states . others , such as most vitamins , are organic . < p > < a href = ' / help / cofactor ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘function’ section describes an enzyme regulatory mechanism and reports the components which regulate ( by activation or inhibition ) the reaction . < p > < a href = ' / help / enzyme _ regulation ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > manually curated information for which there is published experimental evidence . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences # eco : 0000269 " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘function’ section indicates at which position the protein binds a given metal ion . the nature of the metal is indicated in the ‘description’ field . < p > < a href = ' / help / metal ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘function’ section is used for enzymes and indicates the residues directly involved in catalysis . < p > < a href = ' / help / act _ site ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > the < a href = " urltoken " > gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href = " urltoken " > controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section describes post - translational modifications ( ptms ) and / or processing events . < p > < a href = ' / help / ptm _ processing _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘ptm / processing’ section denotes the presence of an n - terminal signal peptide . < p > < a href = ' / help / signal ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > ptm / processing < / a > section describes a propeptide , which is a part of a protein that is cleaved during maturation or activation . once cleaved , a propeptide generally has no independent biological function . < p > < a href = ' / help / propep ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘ptm / processing’ section describes the extent of a polypeptide chain in the mature protein following processing . < p > < a href = ' / help / chain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ptm / processing " : / help / ptm _ processing _ section section describes the positions of cysteine residues participating in disulfide bonds . < p > < a href = ' / help / disulfid ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mrna or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms . < p > < a href = ' / help / expression _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘expression’ section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mrna or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms . by default , the information is derived from experiments at the mrna level , unless specified ‘at protein level’ . < br > < / br > examples : < a href = " urltoken " > p92958 < / a > , < a href = " urltoken " > q8tdn4 < / a > , < a href = " urltoken " > o14734 < / a > < p > < a href = ' / help / tissue _ specificity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes . < p > < a href = ' / help / interaction _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > ' interaction ' < / a > section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes ( with the exception of physiological receptor - ligand interactions which are annotated in the < a href = " urltoken " > ' function ' < / a > section ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / subunit _ structure ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / structure _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘structure’ section is used to indicate the positions of experimentally determined beta strands within the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / strand ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > manually validated information inferred from a combination of experimental and computational evidence . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences # eco : 0000244 " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘structure’ section is used to indicate the positions of experimentally determined helical regions within the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / helix ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘structure’ section is used to indicate the positions of experimentally determined hydrogen - bonded turns within the protein sequence . these elements correspond to the dssp secondary structure code ‘t’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / turn ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > manual validated information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences # eco : 0000255 " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section describes a short ( usually not more than 20 amino acids ) conserved sequence motif of biological significance . < p > < a href = ' / help / motif ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href = " urltoken " > length < / a > and < a href = " urltoken " > molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href = " urltoken " > canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href = " urltoken " > canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is in its mature form or if it represents the precursor . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ processing ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class = " publication " > press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href = " urltoken " > numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section reports difference ( s ) between the canonical sequence ( displayed by default in the entry ) and the different sequence submissions merged in the entry . these various submissions may originate from different sequencing projects , different types of experiments , or different biological samples . sequence conflicts are usually of unknown origin . < p > < a href = ' / help / conflict ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href = " urltoken " > uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called ‘primary ( citable ) accession number’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( ‘last modified’ ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href = " urltoken " > canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section contains any relevant information that doesn’t fit in any other defined sections < p > < a href = ' / help / miscellaneous _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href = " / help / sequence - searches " > more . . < / a > < / p >

we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .

activates the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor - 1 ( vegfr - 1 / flt1 ) , and consequently promotes the proliferation and tissue factor production of endothelial cells , the neovascularization in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane , and increases vascular permeability . also stimulates tissue - factor production and human monocyte chemotaxis .

nucleotide sequence [ mrna ] , function , subunit , subcellular location , interaction with flt1 and kdr .

< p > manually curated information which has been propagated from a related experimentally characterized protein . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences # eco : 0000250 " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > inferred from direct assay < / p > < p > used to indicate a direct assay for the function , process or component indicated by the go term . < / p > < p > more information in the < a href = " urltoken " > go evidence code guide < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘ptm / processing’ section specifies the position and type of each modified residue excluding < a href = " urltoken " > lipids < / a > , < a href = " urltoken " > glycans < / a > and < a href = " urltoken " > protein cross - links < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / mod _ res ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

homodimer ; disulfide - linked ( by similarity ) . interacts with high affinity with vegfr - 1 / flt1 , and with lower affinity with vegfr - 2 / kdr . does not bind to vegfr - 3 / flt4 and neuropilin - 1 ( nrp1 ) .

the prevalent condition due to each bacterial type of typhoid bacilli and its epidemiological observation . - nlm catalog - ncbi

the prevalent condition due to each bacterial type of typhoid bacilli and its epidemiological observation .

author ( s ) : shimojo , kumaichi title ( s ) : the prevalent condition due to each bacterial type of typhoid bacilli and its epidemiological observation . series : gyōseki , gō 167 country of publication : china ( republic : 1949 - ) publisher : [ taihoku , 1933 ] description : 2 , 57 p . ill . language : english nlm id : 0243007r [ book ]

type locality : qianjinxiang , xiangcheng county , hengduan mountains , sichuan , elevation 3100 m .

guo , p . , f . j . zhang , and y . y . chen . 1999 . catalogue of type specimens of reptiles in the herpetological collections of chengdu institute of biology , the chinese academy of sciences . asiatic herpetological research 8 : 43 ~ 47 - get paper here

guo , peng ; pang , junfeng ; zhang , yaping ; zhao , ermi 2006 . a re - analysis of the phylogeny of the genus protobothrops ( reptilia : viperidae ) , with particular reference to the systematic position of p . xiangchengensis . amphibia - reptilia 27 ( 3 ) : 433 - 439 - get paper here

mcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & touré , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists’ league , 511 pp .

urutu or yarara parker ' s pit viper andean pit viper terciopelo * barba amarilla * caissaca * barbour ' s pit viper barnett ' s pit viper bocourt ' s pit viper amazonian tree - viper brazil ' s pit viper st . lucia pit viper cotiara dunn ' s pit viper fonseca ' s pit viper godmann ' s pit viper island jararaca jararaca jararacussu fer - de - lance lansberg ' s hog nose viper yellow - lined pit viper black - tailed pit viper hog - nosed pit viper jararaca pintada or wied ' s lance - head black spotted pit viper jumping viper western hog - nosed pit viper peruvian pit viper piraja ' s pit viper , jararacucu eyelash viper yucatan pit viper

: pope ' s tree viper , [ 4 ] pope ' s bamboo pitviper . . . .

kanburi pitviper , [ 4 ] kanburian pit viper , tiger pit v . . .

common names : taiwan cobra , chinese cobra scientific name : naja naja atra distinguishing features : has typical large cobra appearance ; raises head when agitated , and neck appears like a scoop ; yellow - brown in colour additional information : can be found all around taiwan , at lower elevations , in grassy and hilly areas . poisonous though generally not aggressive .

common names : hundred pacer , sharp - nosed pit viper scientific name : deinagkistrodon acutus distinguishing features : large brown or light coloured snake with dark diamonds / triangles . additional information : highly poisonous . more rare than before ; is more commonly found in southern parts of taiwan . found below 1300m in mountains , forests and bamboo groves .

common name : taiwan banded krait scientific name : bungarus multicinctus distinguishing features : black body with white bands from head to tail . round head . additional information : can be found all over taiwan at lower elevations , commonly near water and rice paddies . excellent swimmer . serious bites can cause death within two hours if not treated . primarily active at night .

common names : russell ' s pit viper , chain snake scientific name : vipera russelli formosensis distinguishing features : brown body with black / yellow diamonds running down the back . additional information : worldwide , this snake is believed to be responsible for more human deaths than any other snake . it is irritable and can strike very quickly . found in forests and grasslands .

© formosan fat tire association 2000 - 2011 . all rights reserved . site design by dennis flood .

distinctive characteristics of sakishimahabu : skin is brown , overlaid with a dark brown zig - zag pattern . originally found in the yaeyama islands , but has since moved to itoman city and the southern part of okinawa .

medium - sized , fairly stout - bodied , pitviper , adults usually 50 - 90 cm long ( max . 100 + cm ) . usually resembles the okinawan habu , p . flavoviridis , in general color & pattern but is much smaller . okinawan form often has a more grayish dorsal background color , w / a distinct orange - ish tinge to its alternating dorsal blotches .

found mainly in moist or wet forest edges , by openings or paths , often near cultivated crops & human habitations . limited to the ryukyu islands of japan ( irimoke , ishigaki & miyako ) .

mainly nocturnal , mainly terrestrial , but will climb > 1 m up into bushes , bamboo or sugar cane stalks . mainly feeds on small mammals , & possibly on lizards or frogs . oviparous ( clutch size not reported ) .

not much known . probably mainly hemotoxic w / hemorrhagin & procoagulants . human envenomations have been reported , but rare reports of human fatalities caused by this species have not been well - document .

indian subcontinent and southeast asia , taiwan . see link " distribution " at the top of the page for detailed information .

mostly smaller snakes under 1 m . protobothrops flavoviridis can grow to up to 2 m . triangular head clearly distinct from the body .

there are several hundred bites each year due to protobothrops flavoviridis on the ryukyu islands of japan . of these , approx . 50 % occur in people working in the fields and approx . 20 % in living quarters . around 25 % of cases have a severe course , with local necroses or systemic envenoming , and on average 8 patients die each year ( sawai et al . 1970 , 1971b ) .