tupinambis is a lizard genus which belongs to the family teiidae , and contains seven described species .

these large lizards are commonly referred to as tegus ( teiús in portuguese ) ; t. merianae ( argentine black and white tegu ) , t. rufescens ( red tegu ) , and t. teguixin ( gold tegu ) are popular in the pet trade .

they are primarily found in south america , although t. teguixin also occurs in panama .

tegus that have escaped or have been illegally released have adapted and are increasing in several florida counties including rural and suburban ( especially south miami-dade and hillsborough ) counties , agricultural areas ( especially homestead and unincorporated miami-dade county , florida ) and publicly owned conservation areas ( especially southern glades environmental and wildlife area and southeast margin of everglades national park ) of south florida see invasive species website ( www.ive-got-1.org ) for details with specific locations of credible observations and voucher specimens .

in 2012 a number of tegu species were reclassified from tupinambis to the previously used genus salvator .

the newly proposed classification comes from a restructuring of the teiidae family based upon the study of 137 morphological characteristics .

the new classification is as follows : salvator duseni ( yellow tegu ) , salvator rufescens ( red tegu ) , salvator merianae ( black and white tegu ) , tupinambis teguixin ( gold tegu ) , tupinambis longilineus ( rhondonia tegu ) , tupinambis palustris ( swamp tegu ) , tupinambis quadrilineatus ( four-lined tegu ) .

tupinambis

tupinambis <EOT> tupinambis longilineus avila - pires 1995 : 547 tupinambis longilineus — pianka & vitt 2003 : 200 tupinambis longilineus — harvey et al . 2012

maggie whitson marked " tupinambis merianae " as trusted on the " tupinambis merianae " page .

lacertus tupinambis lacépède 1788 salvator merianae duméril & bibron 1839 : 85 teius teguixim — gray 1845 : 16 tupinambis teguixin — boulenger 1885b : 335 tejus tejuexin — camp 1923 : 377 tupinambis rufescens — presch 1973 : 743 ( part ) tupinambis merianae — dirksen & de la riva 1999 tupinambis merianae — vrcibradic et al . 2011 salvator merianae — harvey et al . 2012 tupinambis merianae — avila et al . 2013 tupinambis merianae — crother et al . 2017 salvator merianae buzioensis ( müller 1968 ) tupinambis teguixin buzioensis müller 1968 tupinambis teguixin buzioensis — böhme 2010 salvator merianae buzioensis — harvey et al . 2012 ( by implication ) salvator merianae sebastiani ( müller 1968 ) tupinambis teguixin sebastiani müller 1968 tupinambis teguixin sebastiani — peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 272 tupinambis teguixin sebastiani — böhme 2010 salvator merianae sebastiani — harvey et al . 2012 ( by implication )

lacerta teguixin linnaeus 1758 : 208 seps marmoratus laurenti 1768 : 59 laacerta tupinambis lacépède 1788 lacerta monitor — shaw & nodder 1790 : plate 21 lacerta monitor latreille 1801 : 220 tupinambis monitor daudin 1802 : 20 agama teguixin — link 1807 : 58 monitor meriani blainville 1816 monitor ( tutor ) americanus goldfuss 1820 : 168 teius monitor — wied 1824 tupinambis nigropunctatus spix 1825 : 18 monitor teguixin fitzinger 1826 podinema teguixin wagler 1830 lacerta teguixin — cuvier 1831 : 113 tupinambidibus daudini — ranzoni 1836 ( synonymy unclear ) teius teguixin — gray 1838 : 276 salvator nigropunctatus — duméril & bibron 1839 : 90 teius nigropunctatus — gray 1845 : 16 teius teguexim — bates 1864 : 233 podicnema teguixin — brühl 1886 tejus teguexin [ sic ] — dollo 1884 : 68 tejus tequexin [ sic ] — cope 1885 : 189 tupinambis teguixin — boulenger 1885 : 335 tupinambis nigropunctatus — boulenger 1885 : 337 tupinambis tegnixin [ sic ] — müller 1912 : 24 tupinambis teguixin — peters et al . 1970 : 272 tupinambis teguixin nigropunctatus — müller 1971 : 24 tupinambis teguixin nigropunctatus — mertens 1972 tupinambis teguixin — presch 1973 : 741 ( part ? ) tupinambis nigropunctatus — hoogmoed & lescure 1975 tupinambis teguixin — duellman 1978 : 223 tupinambis nigropunctatus — rese 1983 tupinambis teguixin — rese 1983 tupinambis teguixin — cei 1993 tupinambis teguixin — dirksen & de la riva 1999 tupinambis teguixin — mcnish 2011 tupinambis teguixin — harvey et al . 2012

macroscopic description of the limb muscles of tupinambis meriana . . . : ingenta connect

a new species of tupinambis daudin , 1802 ( squamata : teiidae ) from brazil .

reptilia , squamata , teiidae , tupinambis quadrilineatus : distribution extension and geographic distribution map .

a new species of tupinambis daudin , 1803 from southeastern brazil ( squamata , teiidae ) .

here we describe three cryptic species related to tupinambis teguixin on the basis of morphology and genetics .

primeira ocorrência de tupinambis quadrilineatus manzani , abe , 1997 ( squamata : teiidae ) no bioma amazônia .

hibernation and emergence pattern of tupinambis merianae ( squamata : teiidae ) in the taim ecological . . .

maggie whitson marked " file : téiu . jpg " as trusted on the " tupinambis merianae " page .

these findings expand the geographic distribution of tupinambis quadrilineatus is northwards , and encompass the the region between the states of piauí and maranhão , which is dominated by cerrado sensu strictu and / or forested patches of the cerrado–amazon ecotone . in this region , tupinambis quadrilineatus also occurs in syntopy with salvator merianae , which was previously classified as a member of the genus tupinambis .

maggie whitson marked the classification from " the reptile database " as preferred for " tupinambis merianae duméril & bibron 1839 " .

maggie whitson marked " file : salvator merianae - necrophilia . jpg " as trusted on the " tupinambis merianae " page .

rese , r . 1983 . die grosstejus der gattung tupinambis . sauria 5 ( 2 ) : 15 - 17 - get paper here

road ecology blog : tegu lizard ( tupinambis merianae ) roadkill , south of capivari do sul , rio grande do sul , brazil .

right hemipenis of tupinambis quadrilineatus ( chnufpi 0036 ) . a sulcate surface b asulcate surface c lateral region . scale bar = 1 cm .

a new species of tupinambis ( squamata : teiidae ) from central brazil , with an analysis of morphological and genetic variation in the genus .

köhler , g . 1989 . tupinambis teguixin ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . sauria 11 ( 1 ) suppl . : 133–136 - get paper here

presch w ( 1973 ) a review of the tegus , lizard genus tupinambis ( sauria : teiidae ) from south america . copeia 4 : 740–746

comparisons . tupinambis teguixin is distinguished from the sympatric tupinambis cryptus sp . n . by two supraciliaries contacting the last supraocular ( three in t . cryptus sp . n ) ; usually three occipitals in contact with the interparietal ( usually one in t . cryptus sp . n ) . tupinambis teguixin differs from t . cuzcoensis sp . n . in having the first supraocular the longest ( the second is the longest in cuzcoensis ) ; first pair of chinshields are distinctly longer than the postmental ( in t . cuzcoensis sp . n . the first pair of chinshields are about as long or shorter than the postmental ) . tupinambis teguixin differs from tupinambis zuliensis sp . n . by having the first supraocular the longest ( the second is longest in t . zuliensis ) .

schreitmüller , w . 1924 . endotheliom bei tupinambis teguixin l . ( gemeiner teju . ) . archiv für naturgeschichte 90a ( 8 ) : 114 - 116

maggie whitson marked the classification from " species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 " as preferred for " tupinambis merianae duméril & bibron 1839 " .

castro erde ; galetti m , 2004 . frugivory and seed dispersal by the tegu lizard tupinambis merianae ( reptilia : teiidae ) . ( frugivoria e dispersão de sementes pelo lagarto teiú tupinambis merianae ( reptilia : teiidae ) . ) papéis avulsos de zoologia ( sâo paulo ) , 44 ( 6 ) : 91 - 97 .

de castro er ; galetti m , 2004 . frugivory and seed dispersal by the tegu lizard tupinambis merianae ( reptilia : teiidae ) . ( frugivoria e dispersão de sementes pelo lagarto teiú tupinambis merianae ( reptilia : teiidae ) ) papéis avulsos de zoologia ( sâo paulo ) , 44 ( 6 ) : 91 - 97 .

the hemipenis of tupinambis quadrilineatus is also described here for the first time . the hemipenial morphology of teiid lizards is poorly known ( harvey et al . 2012 ) . cope ( 1896 ) analyzed the hemipenis of the genera dracaena , tupinambis , ameiva , and cnemidophorus and concluded that the morphology of these typical teiid species consist of numerous delicate , imbricate , transverse laminae , which are closely attached to one another . dowling and duellman ( 1978 , figure 83 . 2 ) published an illustration of the sulcate surface of the hemipenis of a species referred to as tupinambis nigropunctatus spix , 1825 , however they did not provide a museum number , nor did they describe the organ . presently , tupinambis nigropunctatus is considered as a synonym of tupinambis teguixin ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , and its drawing exihibited a slightly bilobed and relatively long hemipenis , with distal laminae . in addition , the hemipenial morphology of 13 teiid species was described by böhme ( 1988 ) , but the author did not examine nor describe the hemipenis of tupinambis .

müller , p . 1969 . über eine neue subspezies vom teju , tupinambis teguixin buziosensis n . ssp salamandra 5 ( 1 - 2 ) : 32 - 35 - get paper here

size . the largest tupinambis teguixin measured was a male , 279 mm svl with a 491 mm tail . the smallest was a neonate 84 mm svl and a 134 mm tail .

confusion over the use of tupinambis teguixin ( linnaeus ) and tupinambis nigropunctatus spix is a long standing problem and closely tied to the salvator merianae entanglement [ 10 ] . hoogmoed and lescure [ 19 ] and hoogmoed and gruber [ 20 ] considered lacerta teguixin linnaeus and tupinambis nigropunctatus spix distinct , but presch [ 21 ] considered them conspecific due to overlapping characters . the nomenclatural problems have been discussed and clarified by avil - pires [ 10 ] and we have little to add to her discussion . using photographs of type material , museum specimens and molecular analysis we conclude the following .

chamut s , jahn ga , arce oea , manes me ( 2012 ) testosterone and reproductive activity in the male tegu lizard , tupinambis merianae . herpetol conserv biol 7 ( 3 ) : 299–305

köhler , g . 1989 . lebensweise , haltung und nachzucht von tupinambis teguixin ( linnaeus 1758 ) ( sauria : teiidae ) . salamandra 25 ( 1 ) : 25 - 38 - get paper here

kiefer , mara cíntia & ivan sazima 2002 . diet of juvenile tegu lizard tupinambis merianae ( teiidae ) in southeastern brazil . amphibia - reptilia 23 ( 1 ) : 105 - 108 - get paper here

lema , thales de 1983 . bipedalia em tupinambis teguixin ( linneaeus , 1758 ) . ( suaria , teiidae ) . iheringia . série . zool . , porto alegre 62 : 89 - 119 - get paper here

lima , a . c . de ; pimenta , f . e . 2008 . reptilia , squamata , teiidae , tupinambis longilineus : distribution extension . check list 4 ( 3 ) : 240–243 - get paper here

the results of the cluster analysis [ s2a fig ] and pca [ s2b fig ] are in based on the genetic and morphological analyses describe above , we split the species currently recognized as tupinambis teguixin into four morphologically distinct species , three of which are new . considering the morphological data collected for this study , it is clear why these lizards have been confused for more than two centuries . differences are subtle , the coloration and pattern are variable , complex and have an ontogenetic component . table 1 summarizes the morphology for the four species of the tupinambis teguixin group discussed here , and table 2 compares the known species in the genus tupinambis .

few data are available on the morphology of the hemipenis of teiid lizards , especially those of the recently - defined genus tupinambis , a widely - distributed group of large - bodied lizards . this study provides an illustrated description of the hemipenis of tupinambis quadrilineatus , which is similar to that of other representatives of the tupinambinae subfamily . new records of the species from the state of piauí , in northeastern brazil , are also presented .

scale counts of the specimens of tupinambis quadrilineatus analyzed in the present study and the known range of values for the species , according to manzani and abe ( 1997 ) and colli et al . ( 1998 ) .

fitzgerald , lee a . , joseph a . cook and a . luz aquino 1999 . molecular phylogenetics and conservation of tupinambis ( sauria : teiidae ) . copeia 1999 ( 4 ) : 894 - 905 - get paper here

etymology ( genus ) : the generic name tupinambis is a masculine latin noun in the nominative singular apparently referring to the tupinambá indigenous tribe , one of several tupi ethnic groups that inhabited brazil at the time of the conquest .

benicio , ronildo alves ; gonçalves fonseca , mariluce 2014 . first record of tupinambis teguixin linnaeus , 1758 ( squamata : teiidae ) for the state of piauí , northeastern brazil cuad . herpetol . 28 : - get paper here

hagmann g . die eier von gonatodes humeralis , tupinambis nigropunctatus und caiman sclreops . 3 . beitrag zur kenntnis der lebens und fortpflanzungsweise der brazilianischen reptilien . zoo jahrb jenna , abt f syst . 1907 24 , 1906 307–316 .

unexpectedly , we found a substantial amount of confusion still exists between members of the tupinambis teguixin group and the salvator merianae group . müller [ 49 ] named t . teguixin sebastiani and t . t . buzioensis based on island populations in southeast brazil . böhme [ 50 ] recognized these as belonging to t . ( = salvator ) merianae , not t . teguixin , and reallocated the names appropriately . a recently published paper on exotic reptiles in the philippine pet trade lists tupinambis teguixin , however the accompanying photograph clearly shows a species of salvator [ 51 ] . fig 12 compares profiles of salvator merianae and tupinambis teguixin . data for the number of tupinambis teguixin group members involved in the novelty leather trade are apparently unknown . while large numbers of tegus are taken from the wild each year for the leather industry , most of these appear to be salvator merianae , or another member of the salvator clade . members of the tupinambis teguixin group are likely more often consumed as bush meat or enter the pet trade . the confusion between t . teguixin group members and s . merianae is on - going and basal to the confusion .

manzani , paulo roberto & abe , augusto shinya 2002 . a new species of tupinambis daudin , 1803 from southeastern brazil ( squamata , teiidae ) . arquivos do museu nacional rio de janeiro 60 ( 4 ) : 295 - 302

for this work we examined 335 extant museum specimens for morphological data [ s2 table ] . three previous works [ 8 , 10 , 18 ] provide detailed descriptions for tupinambis . however , some clarification as well as challenges regarding scale and scale arrangement terminology for tupinambis are needed . while we use the terms and characters provided in these papers , we made some adjustments . some scale counts and characters were found to contain information for distinguishing taxa , but most did not .

etymology . named cryptus for it similarity to tupinambis teguixin . on trinidad it is commonly known as the matte , on tobago it is called the salempenta . we propose the cryptic golden tegu as the common english name for this species .

péres jr ak ( 2003 ) sistemática e conservação de lagartos do gênero tupinambis ( squamata , teiidae ) . d . sc . thesis . brasília : universidade de brasília , programa de pós - graduação em biologia animal , p . 193

winck , g . r . and cechin , s . z . 2008 . hibernation and emergence pattern of tupinambis merianae ( squamata : teiidae ) in the taim ecological station , southern brazil . journal of natural history 42 : 239 - 247

distribution . tupinambis teguixin appears to be widespread in the amazon and present on the guiana shield , ranging from the caribbean coast of the guianas to roraima and para , brazil southward to mato grosso and goias and into western amazonas , brazil .

a lacerta teguixin paralectotype , the seps marmoratus holotype , and a tupinambis nigropunctatus paralectotype examined for this study all clearly lack the divided loreal , the small rows of granular scales between the supraoculars and ciliaries and the other traits associated with the genus salvator .

one of the two largest terrestrial lizards in the new world , the argentine black and white tegu , tupinambis merianae , is one of the seven currently recognized species of tegu lizards ( genus tupinambis , all south american ) . its sister species , the red tegu ( tupinambis rufescens ) rivals its size ; both can reach a total length of 145 cm ( 57 inches ) , with large heads and jaws . the argentine black and white tegu is an abundant species , found in a wide breadth of habitat types from ocean beaches to savannahs and disturbed areas such as forest edges , clearings , and roadsides up to elevations of 1250 m ( 4100 ft ) . it is a terrestrial animal but also a good swimmer ( embert et al . 2010 ; enge 2006 ) .

gols - ripoll , ariana ; emilio a . herrera & jazzmín arrivillaga 2015 . genetic structure of tupinambis teguixin ( squamata : teiidae ) , with emphasis on venezuelan populations rev . biol . trop . 63 ( 4 ) : 1235 - 1249 - get paper here

garcía - valdez , maría valeria ; silvia chamut , gonzalo valdez jaen , osvaldo e . a . arce , mario e . manes 2011 . dynamics of ovarian follicles in tupinambis merianae lizards . acta herpetologica 6 ( 2 ) : 303 - 313 - get paper here

kaiser , bernard w . , kimberly j . osorio , kevin m . enge and richard m . engeman . 2013 . tupinambis merianae ( argentine giant tegu ) ; pantherophis guttatus ( red cornsnake ) non - predatory killing . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 329

vega parry , harold ; elisa vintiñi ; osvaldo e . a . arce ; mario e . manes 2009 . nutritional perfomance of tupinambis merianae lizards fed with corn starch as source of energy . acta herpetologica 4 ( 1 ) : 29 - 36 - get paper here

jansen , m . & g . köhler : reptilia , squamata , amphisbaenidae , amphisbaena cegei montero , 1997 , and reptilia , squamata , teidae , tupinambis rufescens ( günther , 1871 ) : vertical range extension . checklist 6 ( 4 ) : 503 - 504 .

examination of photographs of type material including one of the paralectotypes of lacerta teguixin linnaeus ( nrm 121 ) as well as seps marmoratus laurenti , and tupinambis nigropunctatus spix ( zma 629 ) allowed for some comparison of the type material to the data collected from the specimens examined .

type species : tupinambis monitor daudin 1802 is the type species of the genus tupinambis daudin 1802 . tupinambis is also the type species of the subfamily tupinambinae bonaparte 1831 ( not established by estes et al . 1988 as is often cited ; see costa et al . 2016 for historical details ) . distribution : not in uruguay ( m . hoogmoed , pers . comm . , 19 feb 2013 ) . not in panama fide lotzkat 2015 ( pers . comm . , 23 dec 2015 ) ; see map in silva et al . 2018 . nomenclature : the name t . teguixin was for a long time applied for the species here named t . merianae , while the species here under discussion was called t . nigropunctatus . for a detailed discussion of nomenclature see avila - pires ( 1995 ) . synonyms partly from cei 1993 .

gudynas , e . 1985 . notas sobre teiidos del uruguay ( lacertilia : teiidae ) , i . nuevos registros y distribución geográfica de tupinambis teguixin , teius teyou , cnemidophorus lacertoides y pantodactylus schreibersii schreibersii . centro de estudios don orione , contribuciones en biología 12 : 9 - 17 .

caldeira - costa , henrique ; são pedro , v . de a . ; péres , a . k . & neves feio , r . 2008 . reptilia , squamata , teiidae , tupinambis longilineus : distribution extension . check list 4 ( 3 ) : 267–268 - get paper here

juri , guadalupe lópez ; sergio naretto , ana carolina mateos , margarita chiaraviglio , and gabriela cardozo 2015 . influence of life history traits on trophic niche segregation between two similar sympatric tupinambis lizards south american j . herp . 10 ( 2 ) : 132 - 142 . - get paper here

althaus , r l . ; maunskas , g . ; gasparotti , < br / > m . l . l ; miouet a , c . 1994 . caracteristicas comestibles de la carne de tupinambis teguixin . bol . asoc . herp . argentina 10 ( 1 ) : 19 - 21

here , we provide a taxonomic revision to bring taxonomy into concordance with the molecular and morphological results for the tupinambis teguixin complex . the confusion of names presented in these lizards is discussed and illustrated in s3 , s3a and s3b fig . first , we provide a re - description of :

cecchetto , nicolas rodolfo ; naretto , sergio 2015 . do sex , body size and reproductive condition influence the thermal preferences of a large lizard ? a study in tupinambis merianae journal of thermal biology , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . jtherbio . 2015 . 09 . 001 - get paper here

first , the shape and size of the scales on the anterior surface of the femur : ( a ) t . cuzcoensis ; ( b ) t . cryptus ( c ) t . teguixin ( d ) t . zuliensis . second , the upper labial under the anterior corner of the orbit ( e , f ) . the inside corner of the orbit is over the third upper labial in tupinambis teguixin , and the fourth upper labial in t . cryptus . the supratemporals are numbered . tupinambis teguixin ( e ) usually has two supratemporals and t . cryptus ( f ) usually has three supratemporals .

silva , marcélia b . ; marco a . ribeiro - júnior , and teresa c . s . ávila - pires 2018 . a new species of tupinambis daudin , 1802 ( squamata : teiidae ) from central south america . journal of herpetology 52 ( 1 ) : 94 - 110 - get paper here

tupinambis cerradensis colli , péres & cunha , 1998 : 479 ( adult male holotype deposited in the coleção de herpetologia of the universidade de brasília , chunb 00468 , type - locality : rosário oeste , mato grosso , brazil ( 14°50 ' s , 56°25 ' w , sad69 ) , not examined ) .

( a ) importance of meristic counts in predicting individual assignments to four species of tupinambis lizards based on mean decrease in gini accuracy as revealed by 100 replicates of 10 - fold cross - validation of guided regularized random forests ( grrf ) . the higher the mean decrease in gini accuracy , the higher the predictor importance . ( b ) prediction error of grrf models based on reducing number of predictors ranked by importance , as revealed by 100 replicates of 10 - fold cross - validation . ( c ) variation in vertebral rows and scales around midbody , the two best predictors of differences among four species of tupinambis lizards .

tupinambis quadrilineatus manzani & abe , 1997 : 2 ( adult male holotype deposited in the museu de zoologia of the universidade estadual de campinas , zuec 1963 , type - locality : fazenda bandeirantes , municipalty of baliza , goiás , brazil ( 16°13 ' s , 51°25 ' w , sad69 ) , not examined ) .

seps marmoratus laurenti is most likely based upon zmb 849 [ 23 ] a juvenile specimen ( fig 3 ) . the name has long been considered a junior synonym of tupinambis teguixin . the dorsal pattern is composed of wide dark bands separated by narrow light bands and four rows of white spots on the dorsum . it has five supraoculars , first is the longest , the second is the largest in area and the last one contacts two ciliaries . also , it has 115 or 116 vertebral rows . all are in agreement with our clade two . here we retain this name as a junior synonym of tupinambis teguixin based upon the data we have .

moraes carvalho , andréa de ; ayrton klier péres júnior , maria auxiliadora andrade , and valéria de sá jayme 2013 . prevalence of enterobacteriaceae in tupinambis merianae ( squamata : teiidae ) from a captive facility in central brazil , with a profile of antimicrobial drug resistance in salmonella enterica . phyllomedusa 12 ( 1 ) : 57 - 67

adult male tupinambis quadrilineatus . a specimen collected in the palmares national forest , altos , piauí ( chnufpi 0036 ; scale 5cm ) b specimen collected with pit - fall traps at guadalupe , piauí ( chnufpi 0038 ) c lateral view of the head and d dorsal view of the anterior region of the body ( chnufpi 0036 ) .

tupinambis nigropunctatus spix was based upon five syntypes and all are extant . hoogmoed and gruber [ 20 ] designated zma 629 the lectotype , making zma 627 , 628 , 630 , 3208 paralectotypes . they note spix was unsure of his own classification when it came to distinguishing it from t . teguixin , and thought it to be either a different species or a female t . teguixin . vanzolini [ 25 ] interpreted the spix type locality to be belém , para , brazil . photos of zma 627 ( a male ) illustrate morphology that agrees relatively well with our clade two ( fig 4 ) . here we retain tupinambis nigropunctatus spix as a junior synonym of t . teguixin .

citation : murphy jc , jowers mj , lehtinen rm , charles sp , colli gr , peres ak jr , et al . ( 2016 ) cryptic , sympatric diversity in tegu lizards of the tupinambis teguixin group ( squamata , sauria , teiidae ) and the description of three new species . plos one 11 ( 8 ) : e0158542 . urltoken

species illustrated : top - tupinambis cuzcoensis sp . n . , clade 1 . photo credit mike pingleton . second from top t . teguixin , clade 2 . photo credit armida madngisa . bottom photo t . cryptus ( clade 4 ) . photo credit jcm . nodes with bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 95 are represented by asterisks ( * ) .

there is considerable pattern variation in tupinambis cryptus . mainland venezuelan specimens tend to have bands that are indistinct and short longitudinal stripes that beebe [ 2 ] termed “dashes . ” a few are almost uniform in coloration . none of the adults from trinidad and tobago have this pattern , although we have seen a few individuals in the field with indistinct bands .

distribution . tupinambis cryptus is known from trinidad and tobago , venezuela , the guianas , and as far south as the confluence of the rio negro and rio branco in brazil , but its range may be more extensive . it ranges as far west as falcon , venezuela , and appears to range into the andes in the vicinity of bucaramango , colombia .

tupinambis quadrilineatus is endemic to the cerrado savannas of central brazil . the species was described in 1997 , based on four specimens from goiás , mato grosso , and tocantins ( manzani and abe 1997 , silveira 2009 ) . almost simultaneously , colli et al . ( 1998 ) described the same form under the junior - synonym tupinambis cerradensis . a number of other specimens were collected subsequently in the brazilian states of goiás , minas gerais , mato grosso , maranhão , tocantins , piauí , pará and the distrito federal ( barreto et al . 2007 , ferreira et al . 2009 , silveira 2009 , dal vechio et al . 2013 ) . the geographic range of the species is extended further in the present study .

chiarello , adriano g . ; srbek - araujo , ana c . ; del - duque jr . , hermano j . ; coelho , eduardo de r . ; rocha , carlos f . d . 2010 . abundance of tegu lizards ( tupinambis merianae ) in a remnant of the brazilian atlantic forest . amphibia - reptilia 31 ( 4 ) : 563 - 570 - get paper here

the emergence period and winter aggregations of a population of tupinambis merianae from southern brazil as well as some behavioural aspects from its post‐emergence period are examined . fifty‐six individuals were captured and marked in 64 days ( 640 h ) of field study . most of the hibernacula identified were beneath human constructions . the first individuals emerged in august and the last active . . . [ show full abstract ]

tupinambis is distributed from the chocó of colombia eastward to northern venezuela , ( including the isla de margarita , trinidad and tobago ) and the guianas southward into amazonia , and the cerrados of eastern bolivia [ 8 ] . three of the four species , tupinambis longilineus [ 10 ] , t . palustris [ 11 ] , and t . quadrilineatus [ 12 ] have poorly understood distributions centered in brazil . one species , t . longilineus , is known to use open , sub - montane tropical rainforest along rivers as well as disturbed areas . another , t . palustris is apparently restricted to wetlands in the vicinity of the type locality at usina hidréletrica três irmãos , in the lower tiete river , between aracatuba and pereira barreto in the state of são paulo , brazil . tupinambis quadrilineatus is endemic to the savannas of central brazil [ 13 , 14 , 15 ] , however langstroth [ 16 ] suggested it may also occur in bolivia . these three species have all been described since 1995 . the range of t . teguixin is thought to overlap the distribution of all three congeners , and has a range that encompasses that of the entire genus , or nearly so [ 8 ] .

passos , d . c . ; f . lima - araujo ; a . c . b . melo ; d . m . borges - nojosa . 2013 . new state record and distribution extension of the golden tegu tupinambis teguixin ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( squamata : teiidae ) to the caatinga biome , northeastern brazil . check list 9 ( 6 ) : 1524 - 1526 - get paper here

fig 1 illustrates some of the varied patterns and coloration present in the tupinambis teguixin group . here , we present a range - wide analysis of molecular and morphological data , strongly supporting the existence of four species - level taxa within what is currently considered t . teguixin . morphological data suggest the potential presence of additional species . we discuss the phenomenon and impact of cryptic , widespread species , and offer perspectives for future research .

tupinambis quadrilineatus ; taylor 2003 : 44 , langstroth 2005 : 106 , silva jr . et al . 2005 : 81 , vitt et al . 2005 : 8 , werneck and colli 2006 : 1987 , guimarães et al . 2007 : 353 , recoder and nogueira 2007 : 270 , silveira 2009 : 442 , ferreira et al . 2009 : 355 , moreira et al . 2009 : 187 , recoder et al . 2011 : 275 .

the genus tupinambis contained seven species until harvey et al . [ 8 ] revalidated salvator duméril and bibron for s . duseni , s . merianae , and s . rufescens . the generic split was subsequently supported by molecular work [ 9 ] . salvator inhabits much of south america east of the andes , and they share a suite of traits ( a complete row of supraocular granules , divided caudal annuli alternating with complete annuli , a round pupil , keeled proximal subcaudals , and usually a divided loreal ) distinguishing them from the sometimes sympatric tupinambis . thus , four species , t . longilineus , t . palustris , t . quadrilineatus , and t . teguixin , remain in daudin’s genus . one of these , t . palustris , is poorly known and its status seems uncertain . two of us ( grc , ap ) are currently working to clarify its relationship to the other species in the genus .

natural history . because this species has been long confused with other species of the t . teguixin group comments on its natural history are difficult to make because they are deeply entangled in the literature with the other cryptic species in the group as well as members of the genus salvator . considering that tupinambis teguixin and t . cryptus sp . n . have been collected within 3 km of each other further investigation of these taxa would be of ecological interest .

tupinambis quadrilineatus : maranhão : mpeg 16817 ( rio matões , right bank tributary of the rio balsas , balsas ) , mpeg 30140 ( são raimundo das mangabeiras ) , piauí : chnufpi 0036 ( palmares national forest , altos ) , chnufpi 0037 ( monsenhor gil ) , chnufpi 0038 ( fazenda são pedro , guadalupe ) , mpeg 16845 ( lagoa alegre ) , mpeg 30139 ( ribeiro gonçalves ) , mpeg 30141 ( estação ecológica de uruçuí - una , uruçuí ) .

comparisons . tupinambis zuliensis sp . n . can be distinguished from t . teguixin and t . cryptus by having the second supraocular the longest and the largest in area ( the other two species have the first supraocular the longest and the second is largest in area ) . it can be distinguished from t . cuzcoensis by having the post mental longer than the first pair of chin shields ( it is shorter than the first pair of chin shields in t . cuzcoensis ) .

with a maximum body length of 400 mm [ 8 ] , tupinambis teguixin is one of the largest terrestrial , and as previously noted one of the most exploited , neotropical lizards . yet , its systematics and nomenclature remain poorly resolved , with some authors [ 3 ] describing the taxonomy as “tortuous . ” discussing genetic data fitzgerald et al . [ 3 ] wrote , “…the split among t . teguixin from cuyabeno , ecuador and roraima , brazil was comparable to differences between t . teguixin and t . longilineus and even to that between t . rufescens and t . merianae . ” this would be expected in species composed of multiple lineages and given the two localities are separated by more than 1500 km . however , tupinambis teguixin has been used in hundreds of phylogenetic , ecological , morphological , and physiological studies given its abundance , size , and availability in museum collections and the pet trade , without the systematic work to clarify the status of various populations .

we gathered tissue samples from existing museum collections from 40 tupinambis and salvator , including 31 t . teguixin . using standard pcr and sanger - sequencing methods , we sequenced fragments of three mitochondrial genes ; the 12s rdna using primers 12sa 5′ - aaactgggattagataccccactat - 3′ and 12sb 5′ - gagggtgacgggcggtgtgt - 3′ from kocher et al . [ 26 ] , 16s rdna using primers 16sl : 5′ - gcctgtttatcaaaaacat - 3′ and 16sh 5′ - ccggtctgaactcagatcacgt - 3′ from palumbi et al . [ 27 ] , and nd4 using primers nd4 5’ cac cta tga cta cca aaa gct cat gta gaa gc 3’ and leu 5’ cat tac ttt tac ttg gaa ttt gca cca 3’ from arévalo et al . [ 28 ] . these data were combined with all available , vouchered individuals from genbank for those genes for crocodilurus , dracaena , tupinambis , and salvator , representing the subfamily tupinambinae , with callopistes representing callopistinae , following harvey et al . [ 8 ] and ameiva ameiva as the outgroup .

anecdotally , an internet search for photographs of tupinambis teguixin produces nearly as many photographs of salvator merianae labeled t . teguixin as it does t . teguixin photographs . websites such as the encyclopedia of life , i - naturalist , and the reptile database have photographs of both s . merianae and the t . teguixin group labeled t . teguixin . the confusion of these two tegu lizards has been on - going for centuries and carries into their life history descriptions and ultimately into conservation polices .

the bayesian inferences ( bi ) analyses converged very quickly , with psrf ~ 1 . 0 and ess > 200 for all parameters . our results are similar to previous phylogenies of tupinambinae [ 3 , 9 , 41 ] . the subfamily is strongly supported as monophyletic ( pp = 100 ) , as are the genera callopistes ( 100 ) , salvator ( 100 ) and tupinambis ( 98 ) . the placement of the genera dracaena and crocodilurus is not strongly supported , likely due to the small amount of mitochondrial data available for those species . we find weak support for a clade consisting of , respectively , dracaena , crocodilurus , and tupinambis . we also find strong support for all sampled species , with possible paraphyly of s . rufescens , which includes two specimens of s . duseni [ 3 ] , though this could potentially be specimen mis - identification . multi - locus nuclear datasets and deeper phylogeographic investigation will be needed to resolve deeper relationships in tupinambinae and species limits in salvator .

tupinambis teguixin has been given two common names , the golden tegu ( t . teguixin and t . cryptus ) and the black and white tegu . salvator merianae is also mostly black and white [ 18 ] . the two species of golden tegus , t . teguixin and t . cryptus , both have adult patterns of black , brown and gold / yellow / white , with adult male t . teguixin tending to be darker than t . cryptus males based upon our relatively small sample of live specimens .

natural history . the co - occurrence of this species with t . teguixin on the guiana shield suggests the previous natural history accounts [ 2 ] are likely a mixture of these two species . however , t . teguixin is unknown from trinidad and tobago and natural history descriptions from the islands’ populations can be attributed to t . cryptus alone . our observations of this lizard suggest they use secondary forest , savannas , and human modified habitats . we have not observed them in primary forests proper , but at the forest edge . it may avoid dense forest because of the reduced number of basking sites . like other species of tupinambis , t . cryptus is a dietary generalist . we have observed this lizard investigating caiman nests , foraging along streams on the floor of secondary forests and in mangroves . usually their tongue is flicking and they are probing the leaf litter with their head . tupinambis cryptus is most readily observed foraging under the bird feeders at the asa wright nature center ( trinidad ) were they scavenge pieces of fruit .

tupinambis teguixin and t . cryptus eggs incubate until the first heavy rains in june or july . incubation time is thus on the order of 150–180 days compared to incubation times of about 60 days in salvator merianae which places its nests in the ground [ 57 ] . there is some anecdotal evidence that female t . teguixin group members may use communal nests and that the incubation time of eggs laid in captivity may be as long as 170 days which supports the 150–180 incubation period suspected in nature [ 10 ] .

five tupinambis quadrilineatus specimens were examined in the collection of the goeldi museum . in 1993 , specimen mpeg 16817 was collected in balsas , maranhão ( reported by barreto et al . 2007 ) , and specimen mpeg 16845 was captured in the municipality of lagoa alegre , piauí . in 2009 , three specimens were collected during the parnaiba project in ribeiro gonçalves ( mpeg 30139 ) , and uruçuí ( mpeg 30141 ) , in the state of piauí , and são raimundo das mangabeiras ( mpeg 30140 ) , in maranhão .

the two species have been long confused in the literature . both specimens were in the pet trade and are from unknown localities . diagnostic characters are obvious . a . tupinambis teguixin lacks granular scales separating the supraoculars from the ciliaries , it has a single loreal scale , and the head is slightly compressed ( dorsoventrally ) . b . salvator merianae has granular scales between the supraocualars and the cillaries , a divided loreal , and a deep head . also note the tall and horizontally divided lower labials . photographs by jcm .

the grrf analyses indicated that prediction accuracy ranged from 13 % , when using the single most important predictor , to 7 % , when using all predictors ( fig 9a ) . vertebral rows and scales around midbody were the best predictors of the four species , with a prediction accuracy around 87 % based on 100 replicates of 10 - fold cross - validation ( fig 9b ) . with the exception of tupinambis zuliensis , which was represented by only four individuals , these two variables permit a fairly good separation of the three other species ( fig 9c ) .

tegu lizard ( tupinambis merianae ) belongs to the teiidae family . it is distributed throughout the americas , with many species , including brazilian ones . they are from the tupinambis genus , the largest representatives of the teiidae family . for this study three animals ( run over ) coming from donation were used . the dissected lizards were fixed in 10 % , formaldehyde , and the macroscopic analysis was carried out in a detailed and photo documented way , keeping the selected structures “in situ” . this paper had as its main aim contributing to the macroscopic description of the chest myology , as well as the thoracic and pelvic limbs of the lizard t . merianae . the results obtained from this research were compared to authors who have studied animals from the same reptilia class . thus , we conclude that our macroscopic results are similar to those already described by the researchers hildebrand ( 1995 ) , moro and abdala ( 2004 ) and abdala and diogo ( 2010 ) . we should highlight that the knowledge on anatomy has importance and applications to various areas within biology , contributing in a substantial way to the areas of human health and technology .

tupinambis cuzcoensis is the most basal clade and its andean foothills—western amazon distribution suggests the andean uplift may have been involved in its origin . the rise of the mérida andes likely isolated t . zuliensis from the other populations and the eastward shifts of the orinoco river are likely to have influenced the evolution of the t . cryptus and t . teguixin . the absence of t . teguixin in venezuela may suggest that the orinoco or a marine incursion separated the eastern and western populations and allowed speciation with the subsequent eastward dispersal of t . cryptus to the guyanas and brazil .

known localities for tupinambis quadrilineatus in brazil . distrito federal ( df ) : brasília , gama ( 1 ) . goiás ( go ) : iaciara ( 2 ) minaçu ( 3 ) mara rosa ( 4 ) santa terezinha de goiás ( 5 ) pirenópolis ( 6 ) aragarças ( 7 ) baliza ( 8 ) . maranhão ( ma ) : balsas ( 9 ) são raimundo das mangabeiras ( 10 ) . mato grosso ( mt ) : primavera do leste ( 11 ) chapada dos guimarães ( 12 ) rosário oeste ( 13 ) cáceres ( 14 ) . minas gerais ( mg ) : chapada gaúcha ( 15 ) joão pinheiro ( 16 ) . piauí ( pi ) : guadalupe ( 17 ) lagoa alegre ( 18 ) altos ( 19 ) monsenhor gil ( 20 ) amarante ( 21 ) , ribeiro gonçalves ( 22 ) uruçuí ( 23 ) . pará ( pa ) : santa maria das barreiras and redenção ( 24 ) . tocantins ( to ) : gurupi ( 25 ) mateiros ( 26 ) . the localities recorded in the present study are represented by red squares . the type - locality of tupinambis quadrilineatus is shown as an asterisk , the type - locality of its junior - synonym ( tupinambis cerradensis ) is shown as a star and remaining records from the literature are shown as blue circles ( manzani and abe 1997 ; colli et al . 1998 ; guimarães et al . 2007 ; silva jr . et al . 2005 ; vitt et al . 2005 ; mesquita et al . 2006 ; recoder and nogueira 2007 ; ferreira et al . 2009 ; silveira 2009 ; recoder et al . 2011 ; dal vechio et al . 2013 ) . the cerrado savanna biome is highlighted in gray .

distribution . tupinambis cuzcoensis appears to be relatively widespread in the foothills of the andes and the western amazon . in peru it is known from quincemil ( the type locality ) , cuzco at about 750 m and goes to at least 827 m ( fmnh 81378 is from villa carmen , peru ) . in ecuador it occurs in the vicinity of canelos , near the rio bobanasa at about 200 m and , at zancudo , napo , ecuador at about 600 m . it ranges westward into the amazon basin as far as humaita , amazonas , brazil and cuiaba , mato grosso , brazil .

after convincing flor to expand her research into freshwater fishes , she has enjoyed working with me on our byu - stri collaborative project with alda and bermingham on the phylogeny , species delimitation , and phylogeography of the poecilia sphenops species complex ( see above ) ! ! we are also collaborating on comparative phylogeography projects , including a project testing for shared evolutionary responses and predicted patterns of genetic diversity among one species of toad ( rhinella schneideri ) and two species of lizards ( iguana iguana and tupinambis merianae ) codistributed across the “arc of deforestation” ecotone at the interface of the amazon and cerrado biomes .

recently , gols - ripoll et al . [ 42 ] examined the genetic structure of venezuelan tupinambis in different bioregions using nucleotide diversity , haplotype diversity and number of polymorphic sites . they found genetic structuring with all three measures and suggest it is the result of historic biogeographic events , the mérida andes orogeny and the shifts in orinoco river ( which accounted for 71 . 2 % of the molecular variance ) as barriers . they considered the zulia population ( now tupinambis zuliensis ) an evolutionary significant unit . since we have not found evidence of t . teguixin in venezuela , all of their comments likely apply t . cryptus ( and t . zuliensis ) . we did find morphological differences between several of the venezuela t . cryptus populations which supports the genetic structure found by gols - ripoll et al . [ 42 ] . specimens from amazonas tended to be dark , almost melanistic with very little yellow pigmentation , and differed from other t . cryptus populations in having three occipitals contacting the interparietal and a complete fold at the interangular sulcus . the orinoco populations tend to have a dorsal pattern of distinct transverse bands interrupted by longitudinal lines . however , both populations share the other traits typical of t . cryptus .

on the positive side , many of the genera they recognize are monophyletic and are not nested in other genera in our tree , including their ameivula ( cnemidophorus ocellifer ) , aspidoscelis ( unchanged from previous definitions ) , cnemidophorus ( excluding c . ocellifer , c . lacertoides , and c . longicaudus ) , holcosus ( ameiva undulata , a . festiva , and a . quadrilineatus ) , kentropyx ( unchanged from previous definitions ) , salvator ( tupinambis rufescens , t . duseni , and t . merianae ) , and teius ( unchanged from previous definitions ) . we did not sample ameiva edracantha ( their medopheos ) .

. . . nesta sentença , a espécie popularmente conhecida como " tejo " ( provavelmente , tupinambis merianae , duméril & bibron , 1839 ) é referida como de hábitos noturnos . entretanto , isto não condiz com a bibliografia científica , uma vez que esta espécie é diurna , realizando suas atividades durante as horas mais quentes do dia ( van sluys ; rocha , 1999 ; vitt , 1995 ; winck ; blanco ; cechin , 2011 ) . quanto aos aspectos comportamentais , também houve registro de equívocos de cunho biológico : " quando o lagarto perde o rabo , ele só tem três dias de vida " . . . .

imagine , however , that one of these species , tupinambis teguixin , was in reality a collection of cryptic species some of which are living in sympatry at some locations . by definition , cryptic species are morphologically similar to the human eye , but genetically distinct . such populations have commonly been historically classified as a single species . the phenomena of cryptic species is well known and frequently encountered when detailed studies involving morphology , genetics and ecology are undertaken [ 7 ] . therefore their discovery should not be unexpected , except perhaps for the fact that these lizards are extensively used by humans and have been the subject of hundreds of scientific studies .

size . the largest tupinambis cryptus sp . n . measured was a male 391 mm svl with a 530 mm tail . the smallest was a neonate that was 85 mm svl and a 42 mm tail . fourteen males svl 216–391 mm , x = 281 . 71 mm , sd = 41 . 11 ; seven had undamaged tails 463–635 , x = 448 . 56 mm , sd = 60 . 62 . eleven female svls 183–284 mm , x = 231 . 0 mm , sd = 39 . 73 ; only three had unbroken tails 384–605 , x = 481 . 0 mm , sd = 79 . 87 . smallest individual measured 85 mm svl .

we reviewed the literature and examined illustrations and specimens said to be tupinambis teguixin and t . nigropunctatus in an attempt to understand the characters various authors have attributed to each name . we also consulted researchers with extensive taxonomic knowledge for their opinions on the status of some names . taxonomic decisions are best made on the basis of recognizable morphological characters and concordant molecular evidence [ 33 ] . thus , we reconcile geographic genetic variation with meristic and mensural characters from specimens to produce a robust taxonomic estimate with diagnostic evidence from both molecular and morphological data . this integrates all available data , using the general lineage species concept to delimit evolutionarily distinct clades as independent species [ 34 ] .

large circular markers denote the localities of specimens sampled for dna . smaller circular markers denote localities of specimens identified using morphology : green is clade 1 ( t . cuzcoensis sp . n . ) , blue is clade 2 ( t . teguixin ) , purple is clade 3 , ( t . zuliensis sp . n . ) , and red is clade 4 ( t . cryptus sp . n . ) . the two most northern red circles represent the islands of tobago and trinidad respectively . the other markers denote other species of tupinambis not in the teguixin group . red x = t . palustris . black x = t . longilineus . aqua blue circles = t . quadrilineatus .


ligiidae is a family of woodlice , the only family in the infraorder diplocheta .

its members are common on rocky shores , in similar habitats to those inhabited by species of the bristletail petrobius and the crab cyclograpsus .

the family contains the following genera : caucasoligidium borutzky , 1950 ligia fabricius , 1798 ligidioides wahrberg , 1922 ligidium brandt , 1833 tauroligidium borutzky , 1950

ligiidae

ligiidae <EOT> ligiidae brandt & ratzeburg , 1831 : xxx . - roman & dalens , 1999 : 297 .

boyko , c . b ; bruce , n . l . ; hadfield , k . a . ; merrin , k . l . ; ota , y . ; poore , g . c . b . ; taiti , s . ; schotte , m . & wilson , g . d . f . ( eds ) ( 2008 onwards ) . world marine , freshwater and terrestrial isopod crustaceans database . ligiidae leach , 1814 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 146997 on 2018 - 07 - 09

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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]

martin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

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kento furui added the japanese common name " キタフナムシ " to " ligia cinerascens budde - lund , 1885 " .

kento furui added the japanese common name " ミヤケフナムシ " to " ligia miyakensis nunomura , 1999 " .

kento furui added the japanese common name " アシナガフナムシ " to " ligia yamanishii nunomura , 1990 " .

kento furui added the japanese common name " ヒメフナムシ " to " ligidium japonicum verhoeff , 1918 " .

kento furui added the japanese common name " ハチジョウフナムシ " to " ligia hachijoensis nunomura , 1999 " .

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without loss or gross modification of appendages on one side of the body ; in dorsal view without peduncular articles of antenna 1 or 2 contiguous with coxal margins .

not capable of lateral rotation ( laterally encompassed , abutting or fused to pereonite 1 ) .

inserting on head directly between and in same horizontal plane as antenna 2 , usually minute ; not as follows : reduced to 2 articles with second article expanded and scalloped .

extending ventrally and laterally to overhang the coxa - basis articulation of the pereopods .

6 - 7 pairs readily apparent ; 1 - 3 or 1 - 7 not prehensile .

not arranged as follows : pleonites 1 - 5 fused but with conspicuous lateral sutures , pleotelson fused to pleonites 1 - 5 ; pleonites 1 - 5 fused but with conspicuous lateral sutures , pleotelson not fused to pleonites 1 - 5 ; pleonites 1 - 5 fused without conspicuous sutures , pleotelson not fused to pleonites 1 - 5 ; pleonites 2 - 5 fused but with partial ( usually lateral ) sutures , pleotelson wholly or partly fused with pleonites 2 - 5 ; pleonites 3 - 5 fused without lateral sutures , pleotelson fused with pleonites 3 - 5 , pleonites 1 and 2 free but may be only small rings or cuticular bars visible ventrally .

not consisting of an enlarged peduncle with a geniculate endopod and a small muscular exopod .

positioned distally on pleotelson ; distinct from pleopods , not forming operculum over pleopodal chamber ( although may be folded ventrally below pleotelson ) ; not folded ventrally to form operculum over anus , usually projecting beyond pleotelson , attaching along posterior margin of pleotelson . peduncle not forming an elongate clavate article with rami reduced or absent . endopod not claw - like ( acute and recurved ) andor posteroventral in position . exopod not folded dorsally over pleotelson .

cite this publication as : ' s . j . keable , g . c . b . poore & g . d . f . wilson ( 2002 onwards ) . ' australian isopoda : families . version : 2 october 2002 . urltoken ' .

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< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

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the common sea slater is a sea - shore relative of woodlice that can grow up to 3 cm in length . it has a flattened , oval - shaped body that is…

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all the photos displayed here are believed to be correctly identified . select a family in the listing on the left in order to see images of species in that family . if a family name has no link then we have no photos for any members of that family . click on a thumbnail image to see the picture at a large size .

this gallery is work in progress , and many species ( often of similar appearance ) are not yet depicted .

for some species groups it is difficult to make reliable identifications from a photograph alone .

often it is necessary to dissect , or clear , specimens to reveal relevant structures for identification .


the stippled darter ( etheostoma punctulatum ) is a species of darter found in missouri and white river drainages in ozark uplands of missouri and arkansas .

isolated population occurs in upper castor river of southeastern missouri .

it inhabits rocky pools of headwaters and creeks .

this species can reach a length of 10.0 cm ( 3.9 in ) .

stippled darter

stippled darter <EOT> this is a correction made after further review . please add stippled darter and arkansas saddled darter can be deleted . thanks .

" early development of the stippled darter , etheostoma punctulatum and a " by kathleen m . allen

allen , kathleen m . , " early development of the stippled darter , etheostoma punctulatum and arkansas darter , etheostoma cragini " ( 1988 ) . msu graduate theses . 191 . urltoken

early developmental stages of the stippled darter ( etheostoma punctulatum ) and the arkansas darter ( e . cragini ) were compared . the arkansas darter had a smaller egg ( 1 . 5 mm average diameter ) and prolarva at hatching ( 4 . 0 mm ) than the stippled darter , which had an average egg diameter 1 . 7 mm and newly hatched prolarvae 5 . 4 and 6 . 0 mm tl . the smallest stippled darter juvenile was 14 . 6 mm tl and the smallest arkansas darter juvenile measured 13 . 5 mm tl . several characters were found that helped separate the larvae in field samples . larval habitats were sampled and darter larvae were found to be distributed throughout the habitats sampled . a hybrid was produced and raised to the juvenile stage . lateral line length and number of dorsal fin spines in the hybrid were intermediate relative to the parent species .

hotalling , d . r . , and c . a . taber . 1987 . aspects of the life history of the stippled darter etheostoma punctulatum . american midland naturalist 117 : 428 - 434 .

hubbs , c . 1985 . darter reproductive seasons . copeia 1985 : 56 - 68 .

diet primarily crustaceans and aquatic insect larvae ( hotalling and taber 1987 ) . mainly ephemeropteran naiads and chironomid larvae in oklahoma ( sunburst darter ) ( vives 1987 ) .

data on dispersal and other movements generally are not available . though larvae of some species may drift with the current , turner ( 2001 ) found no significant relationship between a larval transport index and gene flow among several different darter species . separation distances are arbitrary but reflect the likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of aquatic habitat would represent truly independent populations . because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat , especially with respect to dispersal , and to simplify the delineation of occurrences , a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality . occupied locations that are separated by a gap of 10 km or more of any aquatic habitat that is not known to be occupied generally represent different occurrences . however , it is important to evaluate seasonal changes in habitat to ensure that an occupied habitat occurrence for a particular population does not artificially separate spawning areas and nonspawning areas as different occurrences simply because there have been no collections / observations in an intervening area that may exceed the separation distance .

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justification : listed as least concern in view of the fairly large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations , large population size , apparently stable trend , and lack of major threats .

this species is represented by a large number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . total adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10 , 000 . this species is common ( page and burr 2011 ) . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable .

habitat might be characterized as small , spring - fed creeks with a gravel or rubble substrate , generally with some leaf litter or debris . individuals were captured in both riffles and pools , and were occasionally captured from emergent aquatic vegetation or beneath undercut banks . ( mayden 2010 ) .

currently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action .

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greek , etheo = to strain + greek , stoma = mouth ; rafinesque said " various mouths " , but jordan and evermann suggest the name might have been intended as " heterostoma ( ref . 45335 )

north america : found in missouri and white river drainages in ozark uplands of missouri and arkansas in the usa . isolated population occurs in upper castor river ( mississippi river tributary ) of southeastern missouri .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) ; common length : 5 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . reported age : 4 years ( ref . 12193 )

occurs in rocky pools of headwaters , creeks , and less often in small rivers ; near springs and debris .

page , l . m . and b . m . burr , 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston . 432 p . ( ref . 5723 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00501 ( 0 . 00201 - 0 . 01253 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 36 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tmax = 4 ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 22 of 100 ) .

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mayden , r . l . 2010 . systematics of the etheostoma punctulatum species group ( teleostei : percidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia 2010 : 716 - 734 .

mayden ( 2010 ) redescribed e . punctulatum and described two new species ( e . autumnale and e . mihileze ) that formerly were included in e . punctulatum .

due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to

trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable .

( 5000 - 200 , 000 square km ( about 2000 - 80 , 000 square miles ) ) range includes drainages of the missouri river system in missouri : osage ( sac , pomme de terre , niangua ) and gasconade river systems and massie creek , a northern tributary of the missouri river in warren county , missouri ( mayden 2010 ) . the record of e . punctulatum from the castor river system in bollinger county , missouri , has been reidentified by w . f . pflieger as e . caeruleum ( mayden 2010 ) .

beaver reservoir ( 11010001 ) , james ( 11010002 ) , bull shoals lake ( 11010003 ) , middle white ( 11010004 ) , buffalo ( 11010005 ) , north fork white ( 11010006 ) , current ( 11010008 ) , eleven point ( 11010011 ) , little red ( 11010014 ) , lake o ' the cherokees ( 11070206 ) , spring ( 11070207 ) , elk ( 11070208 ) , lower neosho ( 11070209 ) , illinois ( 11110103 ) , robert s . kerr reservoir ( 11110104 ) , frog - mulberry ( 11110201 ) , dardanelle reservoir ( 11110202 )

spawns february - may in missouri and arkansas , late winter - early spring in oklahoma . missouri : males mature at 1 year , females also at 1 year if larger than 49 mm ; eggs hatch in 11 days at 16 c ; apparently 2 clutches per year ; maximum lifespan about 3 - 4 years ( hotalling and taber 1987 , vives 1987 , hubbs 1985 ) . age range of breeding females is 2 - 4 years ( bart and page 1992 ) .

occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals ( including eggs and larvae ) in appropriate habitat .

use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .

zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .

bart , h . l . , jr . , and l . m . page . 1992 . the influence of size and phylogeny on life history variation in north american percids . pages 553 - 572 in r . l . mayden , editor . systematics , historical ecology , and north american freshwater fishes . stanford university press , stanford , california . xxvi + 969 pp .

kuehne , r . a . , and r . w . barbour . 1983 . the american darters . university press of kentucky , lexington , kentucky . 177 pp .

lee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , north carolina . i - x + 854 pp .

nelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .

page , l . m . , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .

page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .

page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . second edition . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston . xix + 663 pp .

pflieger , w . l . 1997a . the fishes of missouri . revised edition . missouri department of conservation , jefferson city . vi + 372 pp .

robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .

vives , s . p . 1987 . life history of etheostoma punctulatum ( pisces : percidae ) in northeastern oklahoma . southwestern naturalist . 32 : 439 - 447 .

page , l . m . 1983a . handbook of darters . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune city , new jersey . 271 pp .

pflieger , w . l . 1975 . the fishes of missouri . missouri department of conservation . columbia , missouri . viii + 343 pp .

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research curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa

banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes

checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada

nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .

full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams

robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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taygete altivola is a moth in the autostichidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1929 .

it is found in peru .

the wingspan is about 12 mm .

the forewings are grey-whitish with a dark grey basal patch somewhat mixed pale ochreous occupying one-fifth of the wing , the edge rather inwards-oblique from the costa .

there is an elongate grey mark on the costa beyond this and a triangular dark grey blotch somewhat tinged ochreous on the costa rather beyond the middle reaching more than half across the wing , its apex truncate , some slight grey suffusion in the disc preceding this .

the stigmata are small and black , the plical suffused yellowish , rather obliquely before the first discal .

there is a small blackish dorsal spot beneath the second discal , and a blackish dot between these .

the apical fifth is suffused grey and ochreous , with some dark fuscous scales , a blackish dash on the tornal edge , dark fuscous marks around the remainder of the edge .

the hindwings are grey .

taygete altivola

taygete altivola <EOT> this is the place for altivola definition . you find here altivola meaning , synonyms of altivola and images for altivola copyright 2017 © urltoken

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epithectis altivola meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 486 ; tl : peru , cocopata , 12000ft

taygete citrinella ; [ nacl ] , # 1843 ( mispl . ) ; [ nhm card ]

taygete decemmaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 1844 ( mispl . ) ; [ nhm card ]

taygete gallaegenitella ; [ nacl ] , # 1845 ( mispl . ) ; [ nhm card ]

taygete saundersella ; [ nacl ] , # 1846 ( mispl . ) ; [ nhm card ]

taygete sylvicolella ; [ nacl ] , # 1847 ( mispl . ) ; [ nhm card ]

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taygete chambers , 1873 ; can . ent . 5 ( 12 ) : 229 , 231 ; ts : evagora difficilisella chambers

epithectis balsamopa meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 16 ; tl : brazil , teffé

epithectis barydelta meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 15 ; tl : brazil , para

epithectis citranthes meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 15 ; tl : brazil , para ( prata )

epithectia citrinella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 224 ; tl : palmerlee , arizona

epithectis consociata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 232 ; tl : british guiana , bartica

epithectis critica walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 48 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft

gelechia ( euteles ? ) ignavella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 368 , pl . 5 , f . 125 ; tl : ubaque ( 6000 ' ) ; bogota

epithectis lasciva walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 47 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ; tl : panama , canal zone , tabernilla

epithectis notospila meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 15 ; tl : brazil , manaos

epithectis platysoma walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 47 ; tl : mexico , durango , milpas ; vera cruz , las vegas , 8000ft

gelechia saundersella chambers , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 9 ) : 173 ; tl : kentucky

sphecophila ( meyrick , 1936 ) ( epithectis ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 20 ) : 624

epithectis sylvicolella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 818 ; tl : new york

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

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zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6

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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .

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altivolant al * tiv " o * lant , a . [ l . altivolans . see volant . ] flying high . [ obs . ] - - blount .

noctule noc " tule ( ? ; 135 ) , n . [ f . , fr . l . noctua a night owl , fr . nox , noctis , night . ] ( zo [ " o ] l . ) a large european bat ( vespertilio , or noctulina , altivolans ) .