the sharpsnout stingray or wingfin stingray ( dasyatis geijskesi ) is a species of stingray in the family dasyatidae , found from off venezuela to northern brazil .

it inhabits shallow , brackish water , shifting towards the coast in the dry season and away from it in the rainy season .

typically measuring 70 cm ( 28 in ) across , this dark brown ray is easily identifiable by its long , projecting snout and elongated , acutely pointed pelvic fins .

its diet consists of bottom-dwelling invertebrates .

reproduction is aplacental viviparous , with females bearing one to three pups annually .

naturally uncommon and slow-reproducing , the sharpnose stingray is under pressure by both artisanal and commercial fisheries , leading the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) to assess it as near threatened .

sharpsnout stingray

sharpsnout stingray <EOT> wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article " sharpsnout stingray " .

glenn , c . r . 2006 . " earth ' s endangered creatures - sharpsnout stingray facts " ( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed

; the roughtail stingray , d . centroura ( mitchill , 1815 ) ; the wingfin stingray , d . geijskesi boeseman , 1948

facts summary : the sharpsnout stingray ( dasyatis geijskesi ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group " fishes " and found in the following area ( s ) : brazil , french guiana , guyana , senegal , trinidad and tobago , venezuela . this species is also known by the following name ( s ) : wingfin stingray .

dasyatis guttata bloch & j . g . schneider , 1801 ( longnose stingray )

dasyatis margaritella compagno & t . r . roberts , 1984 ( pearl stingray )

bennett ' s stingray , dasyatis bennetti ( müller & henle , 1841 ) .

pale - edged stingray , dasyatis zugei ( müller & henle , 1841 ) .

; the longnose stingray d . guttata ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) ; the brazilian large - eyed stingray , d . marianae gomes , rosa & gadig , 2000

dasyatis parvonigra last & w . t . white , 2008 ( dwarf black stingray )

short - tail stingray or bull ray , dasyatis brevicaudata ( hutton , 1875 ) .

round stingray , taeniura grabata ( é . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1817 ) .

stingray city in grand cayman allows swimmers , snorkelers , and divers to swim with and feed the stingrays .

historical and anecdotal evidence strongly suggest that the once - abundant estuary stingray has declined substantially across its range .

meyer , p . 1997 . stingray injuries . wilderness environ med 8 ( 1 ) : 24 - 8 .

requirements of the estuary stingray appear to be rather stringent , as significant numbers are only found at particular locations .

a stingray buried in the sand in saba . stingrays can be hard to see when they cover themselves with substrate .

^ estuary stingray ( 31 august 2007 ) . queensland department of environment and resource management . retrieved 6 november 2011 .

have been reported for the southwestern atlantic ( in brazilian waters ) : the southern stingray , d . americana hildebrand & schroeder , 1928

the queensland government has listed the estuary stingray on the back on track species prioritisation framework , to facilitate the development of conservation measures .

a stingray in dark waters . stingrays are dangerous for humans because it is hard to see them when they ' re in dark waters .

while not independently valuable as a food source , the stingray ' s capacity to damage shell fishing grounds can lead to bounties being placed on their removal .

martin , r . a . 2008 . biology of sharks and rays : stingray city limits . reefquest centre for shark research . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .

passarelli , n . , and a . piercy . 2008 . atlantic stingray . florida museum of natural history , ichthyology department . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .

habitat degradation is another major threat to the estuary stingray , especially given its habitat specificity . its range encompasses some of the most urbanized areas in australia , where there is extensive

dasyatis ( greek " dasys " meaning rough or dense and " batus " meaning skate ) is a genus of stingray . the members of the genus neotrygon were formerly included in dasyatis .

, and the bluntnose stingray , d . say ( lesueur , 1817 ) . the other dasyatid stingrays known from brazil are : the pelagic stingray , pteroplatytrygon violacea ( bonaparte , 1832 ) and the chupare stingray , himantura schmardae ( werner , 1904 ) ( dasyatidae ) ( ribeiro , 1907 , 1923 ; figueiredo , 1977 ; charvet - almeida et . al . , 2000 , gomes & gadig , 2003 ) . the atlantic stingray d . sabina ( lesueur , 1824 ) , according to garman ( 1913 ) , has been recorded from north carolina ( usa ) to brazil . bigelow & schroeder ( 1953 : 376 ) , cited the brazilian record of this species , referring to it as " . . . probably not on good evidence " . herein we describe a new species of dasyatis

↑ t . r . roberts , makararaja chindwinensis , a new genus and species of freshwater dasyatidid stingray from upper myanmar , the natural history bulletin of the siam society 54 ( 2006 ) : 285–293 .

flint , d . , and w . sugrue . 1999 . stingray injuries : a lesson in debridement . new zealand med j 112 ( 1086 ) : 137 - 8 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .

although edible , stingrays are not a dietary staple and are not considered a high - quality food . however , they are consumed , including fresh , dried , and salted ( mceachran 2004 ) . stingray recipes abound throughout the world , with dried forms of the wings being most common . for example , in singapore and malaysia , stingray is commonly barbecued over charcoal , then served with spicy sambal sauce . generally , the most prized parts of the stingray are the wings , the " cheek " ( the area surrounding the eyes ) , and the liver . the rest of the ray is considered too rubbery to have any culinary uses .

the estuary stingray ( dasyatis fluviorum ) , also called the estuary stingaree or brown stingray , is a species of stingray in the family dasyatidae . endemic to eastern australia , it typically inhabits shallow , mangrove - lined tidal rivers , estuaries , and bays in southern queensland and new south wales . this yellow - brown to olive ray grows to at least 93 cm ( 37 in ) across . it has a diamond - shaped pectoral fin disc and a mostly smooth , whip - like tail bearing both dorsal and ventral fin folds . it can additionally be identified by its long , narrow nostrils and the row of thorns along the midline of its back .

the estuary stingray has a diamond - shaped pectoral fin disc about as wide as long , with gently convex anterior margins and broadly rounded outer corners . the snout is wide and triangular , and tapers to a point . the small , widely spaced eyes are immediately followed by the

hugo ricardo secioso santos , ulisses leite gomes , patricia charvet - almeida ( 2004 ) : a new species of whiptail stingray of the genus dasyatis rafinesque , 1810 from the southwestern atlantic ocean ( chondrichthyes : myliobatiformes : dasyatidae ) . zootaxa 492 , 1 - 12 : 1 - 1 , urltoken

in the cayman islands , there are several dive sites called stingray city , grand cayman , where divers and snorkelers can swim with large southern stingrays ( dasyatis americana ) and feed them by hand . there is also a " stingray city " in the sea surrounding the caribbean island of antigua . it consists of a large , shallow reserve where the rays live , and snorkeling is possible . in belize , off the island of ambergris caye there is a popular marine sanctuary called hol chan . here divers and snorkelers often gather to watch stingrays and nurse sharks that are drawn to the area by tour operators who feed the animals .

↑ p . r . last , b . m . manjaji , and g . k . yearsley , pastinachus solocirostris sp . nov . , a new species of stingray ( elasmobranchii : myliobatiformes ) from the indo - malay archipelago , zootaxa 1040 ( 2005 ) : 1 - 16 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .

santos , h . r . s . and m . r . de carvalho . 2004 . description of a new species of whiptailed stingray from the southwestern atlantic ocean ( chondrichthyes , myliobatiformes , dasyatidae ) . boletim do museu nacional do rio de janeiro , nova série . zoologia no . 516 : 1 - 24 .

stingray is the common name for any of the various cartilaginous fish comprising the family dasyatidae , characterized by enlarged and flat pectoral fins continuous with the side of the head , no caudal fin , eyes on the dorsal surface , and narrow , long , and whip - like tail , typically with one or more venomous spines . marine , brackish water , and freshwater species are known .

stingrays are popular targets of ecotourism . dasyatids are not normally visible to swimmers , but divers and snorkelers may find them in shallow sandy waters . usually very docile , their usual reaction being to flee any disturbance . nevertheless , certain larger species may be more aggressive and should only be approached with caution by humans , as the stingray ' s defensive reflex may result in serious injury or even death .

dasyatids generally do not attack aggressively or even actively defend themselves . when threatened , their primary reaction is to swim away . however , when attacked by predators or stepped on , the barbed stinger in their tail is whipped up . this attack is normally ineffective against their main predator , sharks . the breaking of the stinger in defense is non - fatal to the stingray , as it will be regrown .

some adult rays may be no larger than a human palm , while other species , like the short - tail stingray , may have a body of six feet in diameter , and an overall length , including their tail , of fourteen feet . stingrays can vary from gray to bright red in color and be plain or patterned . dasyatids are propelled by motion of their large pectoral fin ( commonly mistaken as " wings " ) .

depending on the size of the stingray , humans are usually stung in the foot region . surfers or those who enter waters with large populations of stingrays have learned to slide their feet through the sand rather than stepping , as the rays detect this and swim away . stamping hard on the bottom as one treads through murky water will also cause them to swim away . humans who harass stingrays have been known to be stung elsewhere , sometimes leading to fatalities . contact with the stinger causes local trauma ( from the cut itself ) , pain and , swelling from the venom , and possible later infection from bacteria . immediate injuries to humans include , but are not limited to , poisoning , punctures , severed arteries , and possibly death . fatal stings are very rare . on september 4 , 2006 , australian wildlife expert and television personality steve irwin was pierced in the chest by a stingray barb while snorkeling in australia and died shortly after .

while the estuary stingray has gained infamy for consuming farmed shellfish such as oysters , it mainly feeds on crustaceans and polychaete worms . it is aplacental viviparous , with the unborn young sustained to term by maternal histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) . once common , this species has apparently declined across much of its range , likely from a combination of habitat degradation , mortality from commercial and recreational fishing , and persecution by shellfish farmers . as a result , the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has assessed it as vulnerable .

this stingray is caught as a bycatch ( hooking , netting and entanglement ) in artisanal and industrial fisheries aimed at large catfish that are present in the amazon estuary . this species is also taken regionally as a secondary option subsistence food source . fishery industries tend to show an interest in large dasyatids as a source of minced fish products , implying that exploitation pressure and population depletion may increase in the future . intrinsic factors probably also represent a threat for this species as to most other elasmobranchs species ( camhi et al . 1998 ) , particularly given this species ' large size and low fecundity .

justification : this is an amended version of the 2006 assessment to accommodate the change in genus name . a large , relatively uncommon , stingray that is found on the northern coast of south america in the western central and southwest atlantic , mainly in estuarine and coastal areas near the amazon river mouth . very limited data are available about the habitat and ecology of this species . pregnant females are observed with only one to three pups per litter . population trends and dynamics are completely unknown . the species is taken as bycatch by both artisanal and industrial fisheries , which continue to be unregulated . it is used regionally as a subsistence food source but as a secondary option due to its dark ( reddish ) coloured flesh . fishery industries tend to show an interest in large dasyatids as a source of minced fish products , implying that exploitation pressure and population depletion may increase in the future . base - line studies and fishery monitoring are required for this species , but given its inshore occurrence in fished regions , relatively restricted range and habitat , biology and apparent interest to industrial fisheries , the species is assessed as near threatened .

treatment for stings includes application of near - scalding water , which helps ease pain by denaturing the complex venom protein , and antibiotics . immediate injection of local anesthetic in and around the wound is very helpful , as is the use of opiates such as intramuscular pethidine . local anesthetic brings almost instant relief for several hours . any warm to hot fluid , including urine , may provide some relief . vinegar and papain are ineffective . ( urine is a folk remedy for box jellyfish stings but is ineffective for such , whereas vinegar is effective for box jellyfish stings . ) pain normally lasts up to 48 hours , but is most severe in the first 30–60 minutes and may be accompanied by nausea , fatigue , headaches , fever , and chills . all stingray injuries should be medically assessed ; the wound needs to be thoroughly cleaned , and surgical exploration is often required to remove any barb fragments remaining in the wound . following cleaning , an ultrasound is helpful to confirm removal of all the fragments ( flint and sugrue 1999 ) . not all remnants are radio - opaque ; but x - ray radiography imaging may be helpful where ultrasound is not available .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

eschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds ) . 2016 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 29 september 2016 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 29 september 2016 ) .

last et al . ( 2016 ) placed dasyatis colarensis , d . garouaensis , d . geijskesi , d . margarita , d . margaritella , and urogymnus ukpan within their newly described genus fontitrygon . the two western atlantic species ( f . colarensis and f . geijskesi ) differ significantly from the other taxa in this genus and may prove to be non - congeneric with the four species from western african ( last et al . 2016 ) .

this species has a relatively restricted geographic range ( northern atlantic coast of south america ) , ranging from northern brazil to the venezuelan coast , including french guiana , guyana , suriname and trinidad and tobago ( cervigón et al . 1992 , uyeno et al . 1983 ) . it is found mainly in the region of influence of the amazon river discharge . during the dry season it is found closer to the shore and is present in the marajó bay region ( authors ' observations ) .

this species is not very common as other dasyatid species throughout its distribution range . population size , trends and dynamics remain unknown for this species .

research actions are required for this species . preliminary base - line studies are in progress to obtain further data on the biology , ecology , uses and fishery data of this species . captures should also be monitored to observe if they are within a sustainable range and to verify if there are tendencies of increase . industries that recently began processing minced fish products are very likely to show an interest for this species as for other dasyatids . habitat maintenance and conservation are desired for most coastal species that are likely to be susceptible to environmental changes . education and public awareness could also contribute to the understanding that future increases in catches should be carefully studied and monitored . the development and implementation of management plans ( national and / or regional e . g . , under the fao international plan of action for the conservation and management of sharks : ipoa - sharks ) are required to facilitate the conservation and sustainable management of all chondrichthyan species in the region . see anon . ( 2004 ) for an update of progress made by nations in the range of f . geijskesi .

charvet - almeida , p . & de almeida , m . p . 2016 .

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marine ; brackish ; demersal ; depth range 5 - 80 m ( ref . 114953 ) , usually 5 - 25 m ( ref . 5217 ) . tropical

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 150 cm wd male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 ) ; common length : 70 . 0 cm wd male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 )

disc is narrowly projecting to snout , pelvic fins with long anterior margins . narrowly pointed falcate outer corners . upper surface dark brown , lower surface pale with darker margins and teeth as yellowish white ( ref . 6902 ) .

found in shallow waters on sandy bottoms generally between 5 and 25 m depth . reported from a depth of 810 m ( ref . 13608 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) .

exhibit ovoviparity ( aplacental viviparity ) , with embryos feeding initially on yolk , then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus , fat or protein through specialised structures ( ref . 50449 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .

cervigón , f . , r . cipriani , w . fischer , l . garibaldi , m . hendrickx , a . j . lemus , r . márquez , j . m . poutiers , g . robaina and b . rodriguez , 1992 . fichas fao de identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca . guía de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de sur américa . fao , rome . 513 p . preparado con el financiamento de la comisión de comunidades europeas y de norad . ( ref . 5217 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5156 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00646 ( 0 . 00274 - 0 . 01522 ) , b = 3 . 11 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 32 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming fecundity < 100 ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 90 of 100 ) .

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2 . land / water management - > 2 . 1 . site / area management 3 . species management - > 3 . 1 . species management - > 3 . 1 . 1 . harvest management 3 . species management - > 3 . 1 . species management - > 3 . 1 . 2 . trade management 4 . education & awareness - > 4 . 1 . formal education 4 . education & awareness - > 4 . 3 . awareness & communications

5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 3 . unintentional effects : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ] ♦ timing : ongoing 5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 4 . unintentional effects : ( large scale ) [ harvest ] ♦ timing : ongoing

0 . root - > 100 . 1 . old 1 . 1 . 1 - policy - base actions - > management plans - > development 1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 6 . actions 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 1 . population trends

anonymous . 1979 . groot surinaams kookboek met exotische creoolse , hindoestaanse , indonesische , chinese en europese recepten . stichting eerste surinaamse huishoud en nijverheidsschool te paramaribo .

anonymous . 2004 . report on the implementation of the un fao international plan of action for sharks ( ipoa–sharks ) . ac20 inf . 5 . twentieth meeting of the cites animals committee , johannesburg ( south africa ) , 29 march–2 april 2004 .

boesman , m . 1948 . some preliminary notes on surinam sting rays , including the description of a new species . zoologische mededeelingen 31–47 .

bor , p . h . f . 2002 . nederlandse naamlijst van de recente haaien en roggen ( chondrichthyes : elasmobranchii ) van de wereld . urltoken

camhi , m . , fowler , s . , musick , j . bräutigam , a . and fordham , s . 1998 . sharks and their relatives : ecology and conservation . occasional paper of the iucn species survival commission 20 .

cervigón , f . , cipriani , r . , fischer , w . , garibaldi , l . , hendrickx , m . , lemus , a . j . and claro , r . 1994 . características generales de la ictiofauna . in : r . claro ( ed . ) ecología de los peces marinos de cuba . pp : 55–70 . instituto de oceanología de la academia de ciencias de cuba y centro de investigaciones de quintana roo .

cervigón , f . , cipriani , r . , fischer , w . , garibaldi , l . , hendrickx , m . , lemus , a . j . , márquez , r . , poutiers , j . m . , robaina , g . and rodriguez , b . 1992 . fichas fao de identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca . guía de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de sur américa . preparado con el financiamento de la comisión de comunidades europeas y de norad . food and agricultural organization of the united nations ( fao ) , rome , italy .

charvet - almeida , p . 2001 . ocorrência , biologia e uso das raias de água doce na baía de marajó ( pará , brasil ) , com ênfase na biologia de plesiotrygon iwamae ( chondrichthyes : potamotrygonidae ) . masters dissertation . belém , museu paraense emílio goeldi & universidade federal do pará .

compagno , l . j . v . 1999 . checklist of living elasmobranchs . in : w . c . hamlett ( ed . ) sharks , skates , and rays : the biology of elasmobranch fishes . john hopkins university press , maryland . p . 471 - 498 .

iucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .

iucn ssc shark specialist group . specialist group website . available at : urltoken .

last , p . r . , naylor , g . j . p . and manjaji - matsumoto , b . m . 2016 . a revised classification of the family dasyatidae ( chondrichthyes : myliobatiformes ) based on new morphological and molecular insights . zootaxa 4139 ( 3 ) : 345 - 368 . urltoken

uyeno , t . , matsuura k . and fujii , e . ( eds ) 1983 . fishes trawled off suriname and french guiana . japan marine fishery resource research center , tokyo , japan .

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the tasmanian devil is endemic to australia . although this species is called tiger ( named for its stripes ) and wolf ( due to its canid - like appearance ) , it is not a member of the cat or wolf family . it is a member of the marsupial family . other members of this family include kangaroos and koala bears .

the last known tasmanian tiger died in a zoo in hobart , tasmania in 1936 , but there have been hundreds of unconfirmed sightings , and a reserve has been set up in southwestern tasmania in the hopes that possible surviving individuals can have adequate habitat .

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there are around 69 species in this family . most species are found in shallow tropical and subtropical oceans around the world , although some species in africa and south america are found in rivers and lakes .

they have rounded or oval shaped pectoral fins and long , whip - like tails with one or more poisonous barbed spines on the near the base of their tails . they have small mouths , no anal fin , and no caudal fin .

most of the species in this family spend their time partially buried under the sand or mud on the ocean floor . they use their pectoral fins to stir up worms , crustaceans , and mollusks . they are viviparous . that means they give birth to live young .

least concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in the wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist . if no status is listed , there is not enough data to establish status .

disc very thin , rhomboidal , about as wide as long , angular at front , outer and rear corners abruptly rounded or angular ; snout long , protruding beyond front margin of disc , its length > 4 times distance between eyes ; pelvic fins very wide and pointed laterally ; nostrils with a large fringed curtain between them and the mouth ; floor of the mouth has fleshy papillae ; teeth with low oval or angular crowns ; tail long and slender , ending in a point ; tail base broad , depressed ; 1 large , serrated , venomous spine on top of tail ; no tail fin or dorsal fins , tail without dorsal keel behind the spine and with a ventral fleshy ridge , height of the ventral ridge ½ that of height of the tail above it ; a single row of tubercles along the midline of the back from the nape to the tail base .

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this study proved the illegal commercialization of pristis perotteti , a critically endangered sawfish species in brazil .

dna sequences of two mitochondrial genes were highly effective to discriminate 12 ray and eight shark species .

this molecular approach can be used in authenticity and forensics of food products derived from this fish group .

pristis perotteti , the largetooth sawfish , is one of most endangered elasmobranchs because of fisheries and habitat degradation . its commercialization in brazil is prohibited , but fresh or salted fillets of this fish can be found in markets , labeled as “sharks” . in this study we performed genetic analyses on “shark” samples from two important fishery - trading ports in northern brazil ( vigia and bragança ) . based on partial dna sequences of the mitochondrial 16s and cyt b genes , 24 ( 55 % ) out of 44 samples were unequivocally identified as p . perotteti while the others comprised eight species of the families carcharhinidae and ginglymostomatidae . these results show that fishing surveillance and monitoring have not been effective to prohibit the commercialization of this highly endangered species .

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comprises 37 species and occurs worldwide ( compagno , 1999a , b and gomes et al . 2000 ) . six species of dasyatis

depth range based on 2708 specimens in 28 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 963 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 479 temperature range ( °c ) : 7 . 337 - 28 . 215 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 072 - 19 . 966 salinity ( pps ) : 31 . 668 - 37 . 612 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 1 . 746 - 6 . 538 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 047 - 1 . 601 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 756 - 35 . 349 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 479 temperature range ( °c ) : 7 . 337 - 28 . 215 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 072 - 19 . 966 salinity ( pps ) : 31 . 668 - 37 . 612 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 1 . 746 - 6 . 538 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 047 - 1 . 601 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 756 - 35 . 349 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .

depth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 4 - 4 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .

sepkoski , jack ( 2002 ) . " a compendium of fossil marine animal genera ( chondrichthyes entry ) " . bulletins of american paleontology 364 : 560 .

froese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2013 ) . species of dasyatis in fishbase . august 2013 version .

last , p . r . & white , w . t . ( 2013 ) : two new stingrays ( chondrichthyes : dasyatidae ) from the eastern indonesian archipelago . zootaxa , 3722 ( 1 ) : 1–21 .

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) : 27 - 28 . 3 , mean 27 . 6 ( based on 302 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00646 ( 0 . 00274 - 0 . 01522 ) , b = 3 . 11 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 32 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .

) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming fecundity < 100 ) .

some preliminary notes on surinam sting rays , including the description of a new species .

( boeseman , 1948 ) : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018

disc is narrowly projecting to snout , pelvic fins with long anterior margins . narrowly pointed falcate outer corners . upper surface dark brown , lower surface pale with darker margins and teeth as yellowish white

demersal ; brackish ; marine ; depth range 5 - 25 m ( ref .

host - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !

ecologically , stingrays are important components of aquatic food chains , consuming mollusks , crustaceans , tube anemones , amphipods , and small fish , while being preyed upon by a multitude of sharks , such as the white , tiger , and bull sharks , and even alligators in the case of freshwater species ( passarelli and piercy 2008 ) . while they provide some culinary value for humans , one of their chief values may be more internal—the wonder and beauty provided by their unique form , swimming behavior , and colors .

stingrays are members of the chondrichthyes or " cartilaginous fishes , " a major class of jawed fish that includes the sharks , rays , and skates . members of chondrichthyes are characterized by skeletons made of rubbery cartilage rather than bone , as in the bony fishes . the chondrichthyans have jaws , paired fins , paired nostrils , scales , and two - chambered hearts . two subclasses of chondrichthyes are recognized , elasmobranchii ( sharks , rays , and skates ) and holocephali ( chimaera , sometimes called ghost sharks ) .

taxonomy for levels between elasmobranchii and genera is unsettled , with diverse taxonomies . for example , some classifications consider the sharks a sister group with the rays and skates , placing these two groups into different superorders , while other classifications place the rays and skates as a subsection of the sharks ( mceachran 2004 ) . that is , some view sharks and rays together forming a monophyletic group , and sharks without rays a paraphyletic group , while others see sharks sharing a common ancestor with rays and skates as sister groups ( nelson 2004 ) .

the same taxonomic diversity is apparent at the level of the family dasyatidae . dasyatidae is variously placed in the order rajiformes ( agbayani 2004 ) , or in the order myliobatiformes ( passarelli and piercy , 2008 ) . this is because in some classifications the order rajiformes is split into two or three orders , with myliobatiformes being an extra order and including the traditional rajiformes families of dasyatidae ( stingrays ) , gymnuridae ( butterfly rays ) , mobulidae ( manta rays ) , myliobatidae ( eagle rays ) , and others ( itis 2004 ) .

furthermore , what genera and families are included in dasyatidae vary with taxonomic scheme . nelson ( 1994 ) recognizes two subfamilies , dasyatinae ( stingrays or whiprays ) and potamotrygoninae ( river sitngrays ) , and he recognizes nine genera , as does agbayani ( 2004 ) . itis ( 2004 ) elevates the second subfamily of river stingrays ( which are the freshwater rays in south america ) to the family level as potamotrygonidae , recognizing six genera .

unless otherwise stated , this article will follow the narrower view of dasyatidae of itis ( 2004 ) , which will be equivalent to subfamily dasyatinae of nelson ( 1994 ) .

in stingrays , as with all rays in the traditional order rajiformes , the anterior edge of the pectoral fin , which is greatly enlarged , is attached to the side of the head anterior to the gill openings ( nelson 1994 ) . they also have ventral gill openings , and the eyes and spiracles are on the dorsal surface ( nelson 1994 ) . in addition , they lack an anal fin and lack a nictitating membrane with the cornea attached directly to the skin around the eyes ( nelson 1994 ) .

in members of dasyatidae—subfamily dasyatinae , in nelson 1994—the disc is less than 1 . 3 times as broad as it is long ( nelson 1994 ) . they lack a caudal fin and the tail is long , with the distance from the cloaca to the tip much longer than the breadth of the disc ( nelson 1994 ) .

dasyatids are common in tropical coastal waters throughout the world , and there are fresh water species in asia ( himantura sp . ) , africa , and florida ( dasyatis sabina ) . nelson ( 1994 ) reports that several tropical species of dasyatidae ( subfamily dasyatinae ) are known only from freshwater , and some marine species are found in brackish and freshwater on occasion .

their stinger is a razor - sharp , barbed , or serrated cartilaginous spine , which grows from the ray ' s whip - like tail ( like a fingernail ) , and can grow as long as 37 centimeters ( about 14 . 6 inches ) . on the underside of the spine are two grooves containing venom - secreting glandular tissue . the entire spine is covered with a thin layer of skin called the integumentary sheath , in which venom is concentrated ( meyer 1997 ) . the venom contains the enzymes 5 - nucleotidase and phosphodiesterase , which breakdown and kill cells ; and the neurotransmitter serotonin , which provokes smooth - muscle contractions ( layton 2008 ) . this venomous spine gives them their common name of stingrays ( a compound of " sting " and " ray " ) , but the name can also be used to refer to any poisonous ray .

stingrays may also be called the " whip - tailed rays , " though this usage is much less common .

a group or collection of stingrays is commonly referred to as a " fever " of stingrays .

the flattened bodies of stingrays allow them effective concealment in sand . smell and electro - receptors are used to locate prey , similar to those of sharks . some sting rays ' mouths contain two powerful , shell - crushing plates , while some species only have sucking mouth parts . rays settle on the bottom while feeding , sometimes leaving only their eyes and tail visible . coral reefs are favored feeding grounds and are usually shared with sharks during high tide .

mating season occurs in the winter . when a male is courting a female , he will follow her closely , biting at her pectoral disc . during mating , the male will go on top of the female ( his belly on her back ) and put one of his two claspers into her vent ( martin 2008 ) .

most rays are ovoviviparous , bearing live young in " litters " of five to ten . the female holds the embryos in the womb without a placenta . instead , the embryos absorb nutrients from a yolk sac , and after the sac is depleted , the mother provides uterine milk ( passarelli and piercy 2008 ) .

in addition to their ecological role in aquatic food chains , stingrays offer a number of values to humans , in terms of food , various products , and ecotourism .

the skin of the ray is rough and can be used as leather ( mceachran 2004 ) . the skin is used as an underlayer for the cord or leather wrap ( ito ) on japanese swords ( katanas ) due to its hard , rough texture that keeps the braided wrap from sliding on the handle during use . native american indians used the spines of stingrays for arrowheads , while groups in the indo - west pacific used them as war clubs ( mceachran 2004 ) .

many tahitian island resorts regularly offer guests the chance to " feed the stingrays and sharks . " this consists of taking a boat to the outer lagoon reefs then standing in waist - high water while habituated stingrays swarm around , pressing right up against a person seeking food .

while most dasyatids are relatively widespread and unlikely to be threatened , there are several species ( for example , taeniura meyeni , dasyatis colarensis , d . garouaensis , and d . laosensis ) where the conservation status is more problematic , leading to them being listed as vulnerable or endangered by iucn . the status of several other species are poorly known , leading to them being listed as data deficient .

himantura hortlei last , manjaji - matsumoto & kailola , 2006 . [ 1 ]

pacific chupare , himantura pacifica ( beebe & tee - van , 1941 ) .

white - edge freshwater whip ray , himantura signifer ( compagno & roberts , 1982 ) .

pastinachus solocirostris ( last , manjaji & yearsley , 2005 ) . [ 4 ]

↑ p . r . last , m . manjaji - matsumoto , and p . j . kailola , himantura hortlei n . sp . , a new species of whipray ( myliobatiformes : dasyatidae ) from irian jaya , indonesia , zootaxa 1239 ( 2006 ) : 19 - 34 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .

↑ m . manjaji - matsumoto and p . j . last , himantura lobistoma , a new whipray ( rajiformes : dasyatidae ) from borneo , with comments on the status of dasyatis microphthalmus , ichthyological research 53 ( 3 ) ( 2006 ) : 291ff . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .

agbayani , e . 2004 . family dasyatidae : stingrays . in r . froese and d . pauly ( eds . ) , fishbase . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .

integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 2003a . dasyatidae jordan , 1888 . itis taxonomic serial no . : 160946 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .

integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 2003b . rajiformes . itis taxonomic serial no . : 160806 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .

integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 2004 . myliobatiformes . itis taxonomic serial no . : 649685 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .

layton , j . 2008 . how do stingrays kill ? how stuff works . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .

mceashran , j . d . 2004 . rajiformes . in b . grzimek , s . f . craig , d . a . thoney , n . schlager , and m . hutchins . grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia , 2nd edition . detroit , mi : thomson / gale . isbn 0787657786 .

nelson , j . s . 1994 . fishes of the world , 3rd edition . new york : john wiley & sons . isbn 0471547131 .

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a long - snouted species of dasyatis with a broad , almost rounded disk . eyes and spiracle relatively small . tips of pectoral fins bluntly rounded . pre - orbital length much longer than distance between the spiracles ( > 35 % sl ) , with pronounced concave margins of snout . snout pointed and very long . the dorsal surface has a broad patch of medial denticles and a medial line of tubercles . additional denticles on the interorbital space are often present . pelvic fins very short but extremely broad in width , often extending beyond lateral disk margins . ventral finflap low but much more pronounced than dorsal finflap .

last , p . r . , naylor , g . j . p . , & manjaji - matsumoto , b . m . 2016 . a revised classification of the family dasyatidae ( chondrichthyes : myliobatiformes ) based on new morphological and molecular insights . zootaxa , 4139 ( 3 ) : 345 - 368 .

provisionally placed in the genus fontitrygon by last et al . ( 2016 ) with other large atlantic estuarine rays .

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

. between the long and narrow nostrils , there is a short and broad " skirt " of skin with a weakly fringed posterior margin . the small , bow - shaped mouth is surrounded by deep furrows and contains a row of five papillae across the floor , with the outermost pair tiny and set apart from the others . the teeth are small and arranged into pavement - like surfaces . there are five pairs of

the tail measures twice as long as the disc , and is broad and flattened at the base . on its upper surface is at least one , often two serrated stinging spines . past the spines , the tail quickly tapers to become whip - like and bears a well - developed keel above and a long , low fin fold beneath . there are wide patches of small

with flattened crowns between the eyes and over the middle of the back , along with a midline row of enlarged thorns that become progressively longer until they reach the base of the sting . aside from the thorns at the base , the tail is smooth . this species is yellowish to greenish brown above , lightening towards the disc margins and darkening past the tail spine , and white below . it grows to at least 93 cm ( 37 in ) across , and possibly reaches a width of 1 . 2 m ( 3 . 9 ft ) .

but recent observations have shown this is not the case . additional species records from the

and have sandy to muddy bottoms . this species is rarely found outside these sheltered areas , though it has been recorded to a depth of 28 m ( 92 ft ) in offshore waters . it inhabits marine and

as well as it has been known to swim upriver beyond the limit of high tide . surface water temperatures within its range vary from 24–29 °c ( 75–84 °f ) in the north to 17–23 °c ( 63–73 °f ) in the south .

sustained initially by yolk and later by histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) produced by the mother . females probably produce offspring every year .

the newborns measure around 11 cm ( 4 . 3 in ) across and 35 cm ( 14 in ) long .

and in hays inlet ; such fresh or brackish environments may serve as nurseries .

males mature at around 41 cm ( 16 in ) across and seven years of age , and females mature at around 63 cm ( 25 in ) across and 13 years of age .

this disparity in maturation size between the sexes is among the widest known for stingrays .

the maximum lifespan is estimated to be 16 years for males and 23 years for females .

although it is not commercially utilized , it faces a number of other threats . this species is captured incidentally by commercial bottom trawl and

mortality is exacerbated by the practice of " spiking " , in which the ray ' s cranium is pierced with a metal bar or sharpened stick so as to move it . it is also readily caught , and often killed , by

surveys in moreton bay have found fishing - related effects , such as embedded hooks and mutilated tails , in over 10 % of the population .

finally , this ray ' s reputation for damaging shellfish has led to persecution by commercial shellfish farmers .

( mpas ) are located within its range , but at present they lack adequate protection from fishing . as this ray remains locally abundant in hervey bay and parts of moreton bay , these areas may become important centers for preserving the species .

last , p . r . ; stevens , j . d . ( 2009 ) . sharks and rays of australia ( second ed . ) . harvard university press . pp . 435–436 . isbn 0674034112 .

last , p . r . ( 2002 ) . " freshwater and estuarine elasmobranchs of australia " . in fowler , s . l . , t . m . reed and f . a . dipper . elasmobranch biodiversity , conservation and management . iucn . pp . 185–193 . isbn 2831706505 .

ogilby , j . d . ( 25 august 1908 ) . " on new genera and species of fishes " . proceedings of the royal society of queensland 21 : 1–26 .

^ froese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2010 ) . " dasyatis fluviorum " in fishbase . january 2010 version .

pierce , s . j . ; scott - holland , t . b . ; bennett , m . b . ( april 2011 ) .

" reexamination of the trypanorhynch cestode collections of a . e . shipley , j . hornell and t . southwell , with the erection of a new genus ,

— conservation status data deficient ( iucn 3 . 1 ) [ 1 ] …

— conservation status near threatened ( iucn 3 . 1 ) [ 1 ] …


pasiphila excisa is a moth in the geometridae family .

it was described by butler in 1878 .

the larvae feed on the flowers of rhododendron species and eurya japonica .

pasiphila excisa

pasiphila excisa <EOT> no one has contributed data records for pasiphila excisa yet . learn how to contribute .

pasiphila excisa is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found in russia , japan and korea .

the green pug ( pasiphila rectangulata ) is a moth of the family geometridae .

the sloe pug ( pasiphila chloerata ) is a species of moth of the family geometridae .

pasiphila debiliata , the bilberry pug , is a species of moth of the geometridae family .

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !

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p . talyshensis ( nomen nudum ) - p . hyrcanica ( viidalepp & mironov , 2006 )

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eupithecia pantellata is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in spain , portugal , sicily and north africa and the canary islands .

the wingspan is 14 – 16 mm .

eupithecia pantellata

eupithecia pantellata <EOT> valter jacinto marked " borboleta / / moth ( eupithecia pantellata ) " as trusted on the " eupithecia pantellata " page .

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baez , m . - mariposas de canarias . in editorial rueda , alcorcon ( madrid ) , 216 pp . 1998

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the tongaland cannibal snail , scientific name natalina wesseliana , is a species of medium-sized predatory air-breathing land snail , carnivorous terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family rhytididae .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

tongaland cannibal snail

tongaland cannibal snail <EOT> have a fact about tongaland cannibal snail ? write it here to share it with the entire community .

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glenn , c . r . 2006 . " earth ' s endangered creatures - tongaland cannibal snail facts " ( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed

facts summary : the tongaland cannibal snail ( natalina wesseliana ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group " snails " and found in the following area ( s ) : south africa .

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named for their snail - eating habits ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , cannibal snails ( rhytididae ) feed using a rasping tongue - like structure known as a radula , which bears long , curved teeth , a specialisation for their carnivorous diet ( 4 ) . the orange - brown body of the maputaland cannibal snail is large and broad , and carries a thin brown shell with rapidly expanding whorls and a large opening ( 2 ) .

very little has been documented on this snail’s biology and behaviour , which remain poorly understood . like other cannibal snails , this species is carnivorous , feeding on other molluscs and probably also earthworms ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .

this species is endemic to south africa and is named after the natural region of tongaland . its natural habitat is temperate forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .

very little has been documented on this snail ' s biology and behaviour , which remain poorly understood . like other cannibal snails , this species is carnivorous , feeding on other molluscs and probably also earthworms ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .

carnivore flesh - eating . radula a flexible tongue - like organ in certain molluscs that has rows of horny teeth on the surface and is used to rasp at food . whorls in molluscs , the spiral coils of the shell of a snail .

the maputaland cannibal is threatened by ongoing habitat loss and degradation as a result of conversion to agricultural land , wood plantations and mining ( 2 ) , as well as ever increasing pressure from local communities on the few remaining pristine habitats ( 5 ) .

herbert , d . g . & moussalli a . 2010 . revision of the larger cannibal snails ( natalina s . l . ) of southern africa - natalina s . s . , afrorhytida and capitina ( mollusca : gastropoda : rhytididae ) . african invertebrates 51 ( 1 ) : 1 - 132 . [ 1 ]

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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .

the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .

a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .

ranges from central zululand north to maputo in southern mozambique , primarily near the coast ( 2 ) .

this species is known from dune , coastal lowland and scarp forest , but probably also occurs in other wooded habitats ( 2 ) .

classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) .

there are currently no conservation measures specifically targeting this species , although it is known to occur in conservation areas ( hluhluwe - imfolosi game reserve and the greater st lucia wetland park ) ( 5 ) .

herbert , d . g . & kilburn , r . n . ( 2004 ) field guide to the land snails and slugs of eastern south africa . 340pp . natal museum , pietermaritzburg .

authenticated ( 13 / 07 / 2006 ) by dr . dai g . herbert , chief curator : mollusca , natal museum , and member of the iucn / ssc southern african invertebrate , and mollusc specialist groups . urltoken

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occurs in south africa on the coastal plain of north zululand and south mozambique ( st . lucia - maputo ) .

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for the first time in history , a captive cheetah has successfully given birth to eight healthy cubs . it is said that only around 10 , 000 cheetahs remain in the wild in africa along with 100 or fewer in iran .

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the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 4 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .

below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .

herbert d . g . ( 2000 ) . natalina wesseliana . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 7 august 2007 .

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