anarsia tortuosella is a moth in the family gelechiidae .

it was described by amsel in 1967 .

it is found in pakistan and afghanistan .

anarsia tortuosella

anarsia tortuosella <EOT> this is the place for tortuosella definition . you find here tortuosella meaning , synonyms of tortuosella and images for tortuosella copyright 2017 © urltoken

here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word tortuosella . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word tortuosella and , of course , tortuosella synonyms and on the right images related to the word tortuosella .

ananarsia tortuosella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53

anarsia tortuosella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 ; tl : chingi , salt range , w pakistan

anarsia chiangmaiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54

anarsia conica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54

anarsia lewvanichae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

anarsia melanoplecta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

anarsia procera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56

anarsia spatulana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56

anarsia eleagnella kuznetsov , 1957 ; zool . zhurn . 36 ( 7 ) : 1096

anarsia ulneongensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; korean j . ent . 26 : 343

anarsia asymmetrodes park , 2014 ; ent . res . 44 : 18 ; tl : baengnyeongdo

anarsia callicosma janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 214

anarsia pinnata meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 69

anarsia pustulata janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 32

anarsia ulneongensis ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 275

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anarsia amegarta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 360 ; tl : java

anarsia hippocoma meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : queensland

anarsia sibirica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]

anarsia vinsonella viette , 1957 ; mém . inst . sci . madagascar ( e ) 8 : 163

anarsia altercata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54

anarsia amegarta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54

anarsia eburnella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54

anarsia ephippias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54

anarsia epotias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

anarsia eutacta meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 163 ; tl : java , pekalongan

anarsia eutacta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

anarsia geminella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

anarsia halimodendri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

anarsia libanoticella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

anarsia longipalpella rebel , 1907 ; denksch . akad . wiss . wien . 71 ( 2 ) : 124

anarsia melanchropa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

anarsia nuristanella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

anarsia omoptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56

anarsia sthenarota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56

anarsia veruta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56

anarsia aleurodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : mesopotamia , museyib

anarsia altercata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa

anarsia crassipalpella legrand , 1966 ; mém . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 78

anarsia ephippias meyrick , 1908 ; ent . mon . mag . 44 : 197 ; tl : pusa , bengal

anarsia euphorodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 503 ; tl : china , shanghai

anarsia inserta [ sic , recte incerta ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

anarsia luticostella chrétien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 332 ; tl : biskra

anarsia nigrimacula janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 29 ; tl : umkomaas

anarsia reciproca meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 300 ; tl : madras , coimbatore

anarsia retamella chrétien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 331 ; tl : gafsa

anarsia sthenarota meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 153 ; tl : mt murud , 6500ft

anarsia triglypta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : pusa , bihar

anarsia veruta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa

anarsia didymopa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa

anarsia epotias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa

anarsia idioptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa

anarsia mitescens meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton

anarsia sagmatica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa

anarsia albibasella janse , 1963 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 3 ) : 253 ; tl : sw . africa

anarsia amalleuta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 298 ; tl : three sisters

anarsia anthracaula meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 512 ; tl : new hebrides , efate

anarsia beitunica li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )

anarsia bimaculata ponomarenko , 1989 ; ent . obozr . 68 ( 3 ) : 635 ; tl : gomotaezhnoe , primorskii krai

anarsia choana park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan

anarsia decora li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )

anarsia elongata park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 64 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan

anarsia eximia li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )

anarsia largimacularis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )

anarsia magnibimaculata li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )

anarsia melanchropa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 281 ; tl : india , dehra dun

anarsia novitricornis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )

anarsia omoptila meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore

anarsia sibirica park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 78 ; tl : novosibirsk

anarsia squamerecta li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )

anarsia balioneura meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali

anarsia eburnella christoph , 1887 ; in romanoff , mém . lépid . 3 : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 14

anarsia libanoticella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ; tl : lebanon

anarsia sciotona meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : cape colony , east london

anarsia spartiella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]

anarsia spicata meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria

anarsia subfulvescens meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , umkomaas

anarsia acaciae walsingham , 1896 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 278 ; tl : sw . arabia , aden

anarsia anisodonta diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 14

anarsia arachniota meyrick , 1925 ; bull . soc . ent . egypte 9 ( 1 - 3 ) : 210 ; tl : egypt

anarsia carbonaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton , waterval onder

anarsia chaonella park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taiwan , tapei co . , taihoku

anarsia incerta ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : ryukyus , japan

anarsia permissa meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 331 ; tl : sw . africa , windhoek

anarsia triaenota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : gooty

anarsia citromitra meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : portuguese east africa , magude

anarsia geminella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 18 ; tl : herat , afghanistan

anarsia nigricana park , 1991 ; jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 494 ; tl : suweon , gyunggi prov .

anarsia vectaria meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , sarnia ; umkomaas

anarsia aspera park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 57 ; tl : taiwan , orchid is . , 4km sw hungta

anarsia isogona meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : nilgiris , 3500ft

anarsia melanoplecta meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal

anarsia pensilis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon

anarsia sagittaria meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal

anarsia nimbosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 300 ; tl : three sisters , pretoria , waterval onder

anarsia nimbosa ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]

anarsia acerata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft

anarsia acrotoma meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft

anarsia lechriosema bradley , 1982 ; j . nat . hist . 16 ( 3 ) : 375 ; tl : norfolk i . , mt bates , 290m

anarsia stylota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya and patipola , ceylon

anarsia semnopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali ; portuguese east africa , magude

anarsia psammobia falkovitsh & bidzilya , 2003 ; proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ . 1 ( 1 ) : ( 113 - 147 )

anarsia tricornis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , perdeniya and haldamulla , ceylon

anarsia arsenopa meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 72 ; tl : british east africa , nairobi forest

anarsia epiula meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 418 ; tl : sydney , new south wales

anarsia gajiensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : mt gaji - san , gyungnam prov . , korea

anarsia leucophora meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales

anarsia ovula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )

anarsia paraisogona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )

anarsia protensa park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 60 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m

anarsia tortuosa ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 90 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56

anarsia halimodendri christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 297 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 69 ; tl : turkmenistan

anarsia inculta walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 112 , pl . 5 , f . 49 ; tl : bathurst , gambia

anarsia nigricana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )

anarsia nuristanella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : nuristan , afghanistan

anarsia silvosa ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 88 ; tl : japan , honshu , oita pref . , shonai town , shiramiz

anarsia minutella ; sattler , 1976 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 34 ( 2 ) : 140 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]

anarsia stepposella ponomarenko , 2002 ; far east . ent . 115 : 2 ; tl : russia , tuva republic , 50°44 ' n 93°08 ' e , east tannu ola mts , irbitei , 1000m

anarsia taurella bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 14 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara

anarsia ulmarata bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 15 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara

anarsia phortica meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 167 ; tl : maskeliya , kegalle , haldamulla and undugoda , ceylon ; n . coorg ; kuching , borneo

anarsia malagasyella viette , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : madagascar , env maroantsetra , forest station farankaraina , route navana , km 16 , 5 , antoroka valley , 100m

anarsia choana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 272 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )

anarsia molybdota meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : toowoomba , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; carnarvon , perth and york , west australia

anarsia bimaculata ; park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 496 ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 113

larva on ( in seed pods ) acacia edgworthii , a . farnesiana walsingham , 1896 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 279

ananarsia acerata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 50

ananarsia acrotoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51

ananarsia aleurodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51

larva on albizzia sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54

chelaria antisaris meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : barberton

ananarsia arachniota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51

ananarsia aspera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51

chelaria austerodes meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 22 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria

ananarsia belutschistanella amsel , 1959 ; stuttgart . beitr . naturk . 28 : 33 ; tl : baluchistan , iran

ananarsia belutschistanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51

japan , korea , primorye , china ( jilin ) . see [ maps ]

larva on maackia amurensis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54

chelaria bipinnata meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : gifu , japan

ananarsia bipinnata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51

larva on elaeagnus multiflora , e . umbellata , acer ginnala , quercus sp . ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 83

nothris centrospila turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 165 ; tl : qeensland , brisbane

ananarsia didymopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51

romania , s . ukraine , seeu , altai , transcaucasia , turkmenistan , kazakhstan , afghanistan . see [ maps ]

ananarsia eleagnella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51

ananarsia elongata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51

larva on arachis hypogaea ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54

chelaria eriozona meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : british s . e . africa , bela vista ; portuguese east africa , magude

ananarsia euphorodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52

ananarsia gajiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )

guiera bradley , 1969 ; bull . ent . res . 59 ( 1 ) : 79

larva on halimodendron eichvaldii ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55

ananarsia idioptila ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52

s . india , laos , china ( zhejiang , yunnan ) , taiwan , japan . see [ maps ]

larva on schima sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52

ceu , seu , asia minor , n . africa , syria , caucasus , transcaucasia , afghanistan , china , india , australia , . . . . see [ maps ]

larva on prunus spp . , p . avium , p . spinosa , p . domestica , p . insititia

larva on prunus spinosa , malus spp . , amerniaca spp . , persica spp . , cerasus spp . , amygdalus spp . , acer tataricum ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52

nothris minutella turati , 1929 ; boll . lab . zool . portici 23 : 124 , f . 4

larva on glycine max park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 495

larva on cajanus indicus meyrick , 1918 , exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147

s . india , ceylon , laos , thailand , shanghai , taiwan , queensland . see [ maps ]

gelechia patulella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 635 ; tl : ceylon

larva on prunus salicina , nephelium sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52

ananarsia pensilis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52

s . india , ceylon , thailand , laos , borneo . see [ maps ]

ananarsia protensa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53

larva on elaeagnus pungens ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53

ananarsia reciproca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53

ananarsia sagittaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53

ananarsia sagmatica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53

chelaria sciograpta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria

larva on ( in fruit ) mimusops capensis meyrick , 1927 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353

seu , ceu , sw . siberia , transbaikalia , libya , asia minor , mongolia . see [ maps ]

larva on sarothamnus scoparius , genista tinctoria , lembotropis nigrans , ulex spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56

ananarsia stylota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53

chelaria tortuosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : matale , ceylon

ananarsia triaenota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53

ananarsia triglypta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53

larva on inga dulcis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56

[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

microlepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54

microlepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv

voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . résultats scientifique . insectes lépidoptères . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,

in la faune entomologique de i ' ile de lar réunion . lépidoptères ( excepté les tordeuses et les géométrides )

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

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the bleeding toad , fire toad , or indonesia tree toad ( leptophryne cruentata ) is a species of true toad endemic to java , indonesia .

it is listed as a critically endangered species due to a drastic population decline , caused in part by habitat loss due to global climate change and the eruption of mount galunggung in 1987 .

chytridiomycosis has been identified as a possible threat , but no positive identification has been made .

it is possible that the chemical cocktail secreted by the toads provides them with some resistance to the fungus .

bleeding toad

bleeding toad <EOT> bleeding toad ( iskandar , 1998 , amph . java bali : 43 ) .

the bleeding toad is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

information on the bleeding toad ( leptophryne cruentata ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .

the specific name " cruentata ' is derived from the latin word for bleeding .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - bleeding toad ( leptophryne cruentata ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - bleeding toad ( leptophryne cruentata ) " title = " arkive species - bleeding toad ( leptophryne cruentata ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive photo - bleeding toad on moss covered rock " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive photo - bleeding toad on moss covered rock " title = " arkive photo - bleeding toad on moss covered rock " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

part of the range of bleeding toad is located in gunung gede pangrango national park . future conservation actions should include population surveys and possible captive breeding plans .

the bleeding toad , leptophryne cruentata , is listed as ‘critically endangered’ on the iucn red list of threatened speciestm . it is endemic to west java , indonesia , specifically around mount gede , mount pangaro , and south of sukabumi . this toad is most commonly found near small creeks in the mountains . the female lays her eggs in clutches in the creeks . the bleeding toad’s scientific name , cruentata , is from the latin word meaning “bleeding” because of the frog’s overall reddish - purple appearance and blood - red and yellow marbling on its back .

the bleeding toad , leptophryne cruentata , is listed as ‘critically endangered’ on the iucn red list of threatened species tm . it is endemic to west java , indonesia , specifically around mount gede , mount pangaro , and south of sukabumi . this toad is most commonly found near small creeks in the mountains . the female lays her eggs in clutches in the creeks . the bleeding toad’s scientific name , cruentata , is from the latin word meaning “bleeding” because of the frog’s overall reddish - purple appearance and blood - red and yellow marbling on its back .

fire toad ( iskandar , 1998 , amph . java bali : 43 ) .

revised critical habitat for the arroyo toad ( anaxyrus californicus ) : proposed rule .

veterinarian ' s assistant : i ' m sorry to hear that . the veterinarian will know what to do about this bleeding . i ' ll connect you asap . is there anything else important you think the veterinarian should know about there ?

the short - horned lizard is often referred to as a “horned toad” or “horny toad” because its squat , flattened shape and short , blunt snout give it a toad - ish look . there are over a dozen recognized horned - lizard species found in the deserts and semi - arid environments of north and central america , from southern canada to guatemala .

a number of studies suggest that cane toad tadpoles may impact on the growth and survival of native species through competition for food . cane toad tadpoles appear to significantly affect tadpoles of the ornate burrowing frog , limnodynastes ornatus , probably as a result of the superior competitive ability of cane toad tadpoles , rather than predation of early life stages of the species ( crossland 1997 ) .

the population declined drastically after the eruption of mount galunggung in 1987 . it is believed that other declining factors may be habitat alteration , loss , and fragmentation . although the amphibian chytrid fungus has not been recorded in this area , the sudden decline in a creekside population is reminiscent of declines in similar amphibian species due to the presence of this pathogen . only one individual bleeding toad was sighted from 1990 to 2003 .

large scale research efforts to control toad populations , such as researching biological control solutions , have not yielded sufficiently encouraging results to justify their continuation or implementation . similarly , efforts to stop or limit toad incursion by physical barriers or removal , despite having some success at a very local scale , do not provide a broad scale solution and protection for the key biodiversity assets impacted by the cane toad .

the population declined drastically after the eruption of mount galunggung in 1987 . it is believed that other declining factors may be habitat alteration , loss , and fragmentation . although the amphibian chytrid fungus has not been recorded in this area , the sudden decline in a creek - side population is reminiscent of declines in similar amphibian species due to the presence of this pathogen . only one individual bleeding toad was sighted from 1990 to 2003 .

indonesia tree toad ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 44 ) .

any assessment of the northern quoll ' s eligibility for listing as a threatened species as a direct result of cane toad poisoning is complicated by the species having been in the process of decline prior to the arrival of the cane toad and the likelihood that other factors are also contributing to the decline . it is possible that the impact of the cane toad has accelerated a gradual decline , into a more sudden and catastrophic one .

species of native snakes are also known to survive cane toad invasion . to what extent they are susceptible to cane toad toxin and whether observed impacts on individuals translates into population or species decline is uncertain . it is also not known whether these observed declines are short term or long term .

i have a gulf coast toad that appears to be shedding skin for over a week now . much of it has come off . she soaked in

i have a gulf coast toad that appears to be shedding skin for over a week now . much of it has come off . she soaked in her bowl , and it looks slimy . there is one part where the skin came off , and it looks reddish , like it was almost bleeding . i put on latex gloves and picked her up , but it seems to have stopped and is no longer red . she also has not been eating for three days now .

straughan , i . r . ( 1966 ) . the natural history of the cane toad in queensland . australian natural history 15 , 230 - 232 .

larval cane toads are algal , detritus and suspension feeders . while it has been shown that cane toad tadpoles readily prey upon anuran eggs , in laboratory tests in northern queensland cane toad tadpoles were not found to be significant predators of native anuran eggs , hatchlings or tadpoles . this study suggested that native tadpoles are often likely to have a greater impact on the survival of early life history stages of native anurans via predation than are cane toad tadpoles ( crossland 1998 ) .

freeland , w . j . ( 2004 ) . a review of the cane toad ' s ( bufo marinus lineaus ) impacts on the native australian fauna .

seabrook , w . ( 1991 ) . range expansion of the introduced cane toad bufo marinus in new south wales . australian zoologist 27 , 58 - 62 .

northern quoll populations demonstrate a normal fluctuation in numbers involving a slight decline through the dry season . they eat several species of native frogs and are known to mouth cane toads causing the release of poison from the cane toad ' s parotoid glands ( the swellings on each shoulder behind the eardrum ) . the poison is then ingested by northern quolls . symptoms of death from cane toad toxin can include bright red lips and or gums and can also include a red roof of mouth or bright red nose and nose bleeds , red ears , bleeding from the ears , a red eye , red skin pouch , bright purple teats and faeces around the anus ( oakwood 2003 ) .

large bodied goannas are known to undergo initial population declines following the invasion of the cane toad . in queensland , anecdotal evidence exists of severe population declines in gould ' s goanna , varanus gouldii ; merten ' s monitor , varanus mertensi , varanus panoptes and the spotted tree monitor , varanus timorensis , in almost immediate response to cane toad colonisation ( burnett 1997 ) . however a lack of systematic surveys of these species in northern queensland precludes comparisons of pre and post cane toad abundances . eight of the twenty monitor species whose distributions overlap potential cane toad distribution were considered to be at high risk from cane toads due to their micro habitat preferences , distribution and diet ( burnett 1997 ) .

a study of native frog species from the darling downs area of southern queensland that undertook competition trials found that cane toad tadpoles may affect the growth of native anuran tadpoles under some circumstances . trials conducted in artificial ponds indicated that cane toad larvae reduced the growth of three native species , limnodynastes tasmaniensis , limnodynastes terraereginae , and notaden bennettii ( williamson 1999 ) .

freeland , w . j . ( 1986 ) . populations of cane toad , bufo marinus , in relation to time since colonization . australian wildlife research 13 , 321 - 329 .

proposed designation of critical habitat for the arroyo toad ( bufo californicus ; revisions to proposed critical habitat , reopening of public comment period , and notice of availability of draft economic analysis .

other possible impacts have been suggested for ground feeding geckos , fish and bird species . in addition , there are reports of freshwater crocodiles , crocodylus johnstoni , dying after ingestion of cane toad toxin in the borroloola and beswick communities and numerous anecdotal reports of freshwater crocodiles dying following cane toad consumption ( begg et al . 2000 , van dam et al . 2002 ) .

there are a number of anecdotal reports and more recently , experimental data , on the impacts of ingestion of the cane toad by native species . studies have been , and are continuing to be , undertaken on the northern quoll , vertebrate fauna in kakadu national park , reptiles , snakes , and crocodiles to determine the impact of lethal toxic ingestion of the cane toad on these species .

over the next 10 years , the rest of the mainland top end population is expected to also disappear , along with much of the kimberley mainland population . these areas are estimated to constitute a further 30 % of the species ' pre - toad distribution . with the exception of some of its island locations , an almost total cane toad colonisation of the northern quolls range is expected .

more recent studies on reptiles , frogs , and the vertebrate fauna of kakadu national park are instructive and in particular recent population crashes in northern quolls provides compelling evidence that the invasion of the cane toad into new environments can cause local populations of the northern quoll to decline catastrophically . some local populations of the northern quoll persist in queensland post the introduction of the cane toad , but little information exists concerning the numbers that persist , why they persist , and there is no indication that the species is recolonising its former range habitat , or that recovery is occurring or likely to occur in the presence of the cane toad . there is no evidence that northern quolls , which are generally solitary hunters , learn to live successfully with the cane toad . the lethal ingestion of cane toad toxin poses a significant risk to the northern quoll and is a threatening process which could cause this species to become eligible for listing as extinct , extinct in the wild , critically endangered , endangered or vulnerable .

crossland , m . r . ( 1998 ) . a comparison of cane toad and native tadpoles as predators of native anuran eggs , hatchlings and larvae . wildlife research 25 : 373 - 81 .

recent studies in kakadu national park have demonstrated that local extinction of northern quolls is occurring following cane toad invasion . over the last two years this work has shown a significant decline in northern quoll populations with declines considered to be a direct result of lethal ingestion of cane toad toxin . two recent studies are notable : one involving dedicated surveys of the northern quoll at two sites and another that undertook broad scale fauna surveys .

translocation of northern quolls from mainland northern territory ( i . e . as part of the island arks program ) : approximately sixty northern quolls have been translocated to toad - free astell and pobasso islands from the mainland as a safeguard against advancing cane toads severely impacting mainland populations . this program is also attempting to improve the quarantining of islands to reduce the chance of cane toad invasion and to maintain the biodiversity present there ;

the study concluded that 75 species are potentially at risk from the invasion of the cane toad . these represent both species of crocodile , all 14 species of tortoise , 37 of 63 species of agamid and 22 of 26 species of varanid . of these 75 at risk species , 34 were considered likely to have their range totally encompassed by the cane toad ( under predicted 2030 climate change models ) and seven have already had their range totally encompassed .

anecdotal evidence suggests that queensland northern quoll populations have survived in small , high altitude areas associated with extremely rocky habitats . these populations would have survived cane toad invasion for over fifty years . however , there appear to be no studies documenting the size or extent of these populations or the factors that have led to the survival of these remnant populations following cane toad invasion . while northern quolls may still be present in a number of localised areas in queensland in which cane toads have been present for many years , they do not appear , to date , to be recolonising their former locations and to date there is little evidence that any substantive recovery has occurred following cane toad invasion .

studies have demonstrated that cane toad eggs , hatchlings and tadpoles are toxic to many native aquatic predators . it has also been suggested that there are possible impacts from cane toads on a proteocephalid tapeworm of the python , ataresia maculosus .

since its introduction to australia , the cane toad has spread south and west across the continent and now occurs in queensland , northern territory and new south wales . from their introductory site near cairns , the cane toad has spread throughout queensland , being recorded in brisbane in the 1940s , and was considered to occupy approximately 50 % of the state by the late 1990s ( sutherst et al . 1995 ) . during the early 1960s , the cane toad was recorded in north eastern new south wales and is now considered to occur on the north coast of new south wales as far south as the clarence river / yamba . the only confirmed breeding colony south of this area being at lake innes , near port macquarie .

while this species is one of the 49 species considered to be potentially at risk from lethal ingestion of cane toad toxin ( phillips et al . 2003 in press ) , and it is likely that this is a factor in the decline of the species , there is lack of quantitative evidence that the species is declining , or has declined , as a direct result of lethal toxic ingestion of cane toad such that it would become eligible to be listed at a higher level of endangerment . nor can it be established that the cane toad is having an adverse affect on the species . additional research is needed to identify whether lethal toxic ingestion is contributing to a decline of the ornamental snake at a population or species level .

the most common result of low vitamin a in the diet is a condition called short tongue syndrome , first described in the wyoming toad ( anaxyrus [ bufo ] baxteri ) . the low vitamin a levels create a condition called squamous metaplasia , which results in the animal’s inability to produce proper sticky mucus on the tongue . when a toad or frog tries to grasp prey , it doesn’t stick to the tongue when it is retracted into the mouth , and the prey gets away .

williamson , i . ( 1999 ) . competition between the larvae of the introduced cane toad bufo marinus ( anura : bufonidae ) and native anurans from the darling downs area of southern queensland . australian journal of ecology 24 : 636 - 643 .

the cane toad is a highly invasive species which has colonised substantial areas of the australian continent , occupying the habitats of many native species . as a result , a number of native species are considered to have experienced impacts from cane toads , most notably in relation to lethal ingestion of cane toad toxin . much of the research to date remains inconclusive at a species and population level ; is complicated by other factors of decline ; and it is uncertain to what degree species may survive short term crashes into the longer term . more recent research on the impact of lethal ingestion of cane toad toxin is compelling , particularly in relation to recent population crashes of the northern quoll in kakadu national park , northern territory . due to the symptoms and the absence of any other known cause of mortality , the deaths have been directly attributed to lethal toxic ingestion of cane toad poison . while the northern quoll is considered to have survived in isolated populations in queensland , there is little information on how successful this persistence is and no evidence that the species is recovering , or likely to recover . it is estimated that the cane toad will , in the foreseeable future , colonise almost the entire mainland range of the northern quoll and the species will continue to decline as a result .

the cane toad is a native of central and south america with a natural range extending from southern united states to tropical south america . cane toads have proven to be highly effective invaders of new ecosystems with their distribution now extending to over twenty new countries .

it is evident that a major decline of the northern quoll has occurred in kakadu national park , and will continue to occur , and that northern quolls may disappear from kakadu national park altogether within the foreseeable future due to the invasion of the cane toad .

sutherst , r . w . , floyd , r . b . , and maywald , g . f . ( 1995 ) . the potential distribution of the cane toad , bufo marinus l . in australia . conservation biology 10 , 294 - 299 .

crossland , m . r . ( 1997 ) . impact of the eggs , hatchlings and tadpoles of the introduced cane toad , bufo marinus ( anura : bufonidae ) on native aquatic fauna in northern queensland , australia . phd thesis , james cook university , townsville .

cane toads eat a wide variety of prey , breed opportunistically , have a far greater fecundity than native anurans and develop rapidly particularly in warmer waters . they are considered to be an extreme generalist with a tolerance for a broad range of environmental and climatic conditions and able to potentially occupy many habitats . there is considerable concern over the impact of the cane toad on native species and in particular , invertebrate communities , through predation and competition . most significantly , they possess highly toxic chemical predator defences and many scientific and anecdotal reports exist of deaths of native predators that have attempted to consume cane toads . historically , reports on the impacts of cane toads have been largely anecdotal with little quantitative data available since the cane toad ' s introduction in the 1930s . more recent studies have been undertaken to quantify the impacts of the cane toad and include :

two species listed as threatened under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 may be potentially affected by the cane toad . these species are the ornamental snake , denisonia maculata , and the green and golden bell frog , litoria aurea , both of which are listed as vulnerable under the act .

the green and golden bell frog has been recorded as being in decline since the 1960 ' s . the factors leading to the decline are not well understand but are likely to include predation of the tadpoles by introduced fish such as gambusia , loss of habitat through clearing and drainage , and diseases such as chytridiomycosis . the cane toad may also be a factor in the decline as the historical distribution of the green and golden bell frog has retracted to the south , such that its northern extent almost exactly correlates with the southern extent of the southern continuous distribution of the cane toad into new south wales .

population declines or evolutionary responses have been recorded for varanus panoptes and varanus gouldii . one expert noted that historically , such declines have been temporary , with recovery occurring in the following year and complete population recovery being noted in the third year post invasion and that many monitor species continue to survive following cane toad invasion .

she is half burrowed and hiding behind a plant right now . i don ' t want to disturb her again . no areas that appear to be raw and bleeding now . it was when i picked her up and some skin came off on my glove that i noticed a thin line of pink near the top of her head . i would liken it to when you get an abrasion on your skin and the blood comes up , but i don ' t see it now and there does not appear to be any redness or blood . her eyes are bright , although the last few days i noticed her eyes half shut . she has not accepted any food in three days now .

there is insufficient data on the diversity of queensland ' s frog populations before cane toad invasion to determine if there has been a resulting change in frog diversity or density . in the northern territory , where the cane toad is still colonising , baselines studies have been undertaken to monitor the calling activity of native frogs to determine changes in frog communities in response to cane toad incursion . these studies , which commenced in 1996 in the roper river valley and in 1998 in kakadu national park are based on the identification of the calls of more than twenty species of frogs as well as cane toads . to date there is insufficient data from the kakadu sites to support analysis . however , initial analysis of the roper river valley provides some indication of a decline in calling rates which correlates with the incursion of cane toads . in particular , the number of frog species calling per station declined markedly between the beginning of the study in 1997 / 98 and 2001 / 02 .

in northern queensland , the northern quoll appears to have undergone a decline during the past two decades . anecdotal evidence exists suggesting severe population declines in almost immediate response to cane toad colonisation of their habitat in three widely distributed areas of northern queensland ( burnett 1997 ) . however , lack of systematic surveys in northern queensland precludes any useful comparison between pre and post cane toad abundances of the species . despite other potential impacts , including the impacts of a rapidly expanding agricultural industry and human population growth in north east queensland , quoll species were considered to be at high risk from cane toads due to their habitat preferences , distribution and diet ( burnett 1997 ) .

while there is limited quantitative information on the declines of many of these reptiles in response to cane toads , the vertebrate fauna surveys undertaken in kakadu national park do give an indication of potential impact on these species with substantial declines in cane toad invaded sites recorded for the gilbert ' s dragon and goannas ( watson and woinarski 2003a + b ) .

this work was based on ecoclimatic predictions of the likely eventual distribution of cane toads across australia and identified those species that will come , or have come , into contact with cane toads . the percentage of the species ' range currently encompassed by the cane toad was estimated along with the percentage of their range that is likely to become affected as cane toads reach their full extent .

one study undertaken in the western gulf of carpentaria , northern territory , reported that the abundance of beetles was significantly lower , in the short term , in sites colonised by cane toads compared to cane toad free sites ( catling et al . 1999 ) . apart from this study , there have been no studies to investigate the impact of cane toads on invertebrate prey communities in australia or elsewhere .

over the last 10 years , the population has almost entirely been lost from the north east top end , northern territory ; cape york peninsula ; and the einasleigh uplands of northern queensland . these areas have been estimated to constitute approximately 30 - 40 % of the northern quoll ' s pre - toad distribution . the viability of these remnant populations in the wild is , at this stage , unknown .

all stages of the cane toad ' s life cycle : eggs , tadpoles , toadlets and adult toads , are poisonous . cane toads have venom - secreting poison glands ( known as parotoid glands ) or swellings on each shoulder where poison is released when they are threatened . if ingested , this venom can cause rapid heartbeat , excessive salivation , convulsions and paralysis and can result in death for many native animals .

many native snakes prey on frogs using their mouths to capture and consume cane toads entirely and cannot avoid direct exposure to toxins in the cane toad ' s body . frog eating snakes are known to be susceptible to impacts ( e . g . northern death adder , acanthophis praelongus , king brown or mulga snake , pseudechis australis , western brown snake , pseudonaja nuchalis , red - bellied black snake , pseudechis porphyriacus ) .

it appears that cane toads are more likely to have an adverse impact on terrestrial ground frogs or larger species such as the giant frog ( cyclorana australis ) and the marbled frog ( limnodynastes convexiusculus ) due to competitive interaction and in some circumstances , high densities of cane toad tadpoles in isolated pools could out compete native aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates for food resources . however there is limited quantitative data to adequately support a conclusion on such impacts .

in the northern territory , preliminary data from an intensive radio tracking study of goannas , initiated in september 2002 , kakadu national park , has estimated an initial mortality rate of around 50 - 70 % coincident with the arrival of cane toads . it was estimated that a 50 % plus decline occurred in populations of varanus panoptes within an approximately seven month period ( late oct 2003 to late may 2004 ) coincident with the arrival and build up of cane toad numbers ( holland 2004 ) . there is evidence that most goannas died following attempted ingestion of cane toads . there is little quantitative data yet on whether or not recovery of goanna populations is likely to occur in the northern territory as it has in queensland . some species are known to persist in areas of queensland that have had cane toads present from a few to many decades but there are no quantitative data on pre - toad population sizes .

it is evident that many species continue to maintain populations throughout their range , even in the presence of the cane toad , and there are some anecdotal reports that the wildlife impacts of cane toads may diminish over time . alternatively , a substantial body of anecdotal evidence , and more recent experimental evidence , suggests that some predator species undergo dramatic and potentially threatening declines in abundance as a result of fatal poisoning by cane toads , immediately following colonisation of their habitat .

cane toads attain high population densities after colonisation and consume large volumes of invertebrates . while larval cane toads are algal , detritus and suspension feeders , metamorphling , juvenile and adult cane toads feed on a broad variety of small prey items , predominantly ground dwelling arthropods . cane toads are thought to consume approximately 200 food items per night , far more prey than most native frogs ingest in the same period . the bulk of the diet is usually ants , beetle and termites , although they can eat anything that fits in their mouth including a wide variety of insects , frogs , small reptiles , mammals and birds . in addition , cane toads have the potential to compete with native species for food and shelter sites . the ability of the cane toad to rapidly expand both its range and density and to consume relatively large numbers of a wide variety of prey has led to concern that the cane toad is a key factor in the decline in of many native species .

while northern quolls are still present in a number of localised areas in queensland in which cane toads have been present for many years , they do not appear , to date , to be recolonising their former locations and to date there is little evidence that any substantive recovery has occurred following cane toad invasion . more recent experimental evidence from the northern territory supports anecdotal reports from cape york peninsula and other areas of queensland that northern quoll populations have been , and continue to be , severely affected by the presence of cane toads .

radio tracking of northern quolls commenced at the mary river ranger station , northern territory in 2002 , shortly before the arrival of cane toads later that year . the mary river population declined dramatically between october and december 2002 and by march 2003 appeared to be extinct with no northern quolls being caught in the subsequent may and july trapping trips . in contrast , northern quolls at the cane toad free control site at east alligator were still abundant . six subsequent trapping sessions at the mary river site , southern kakadu , have caught no northern quolls .

leptophryne cruentata is a small and slender toad named after its characteristic red tinge and red spots or marbling . females of this species have a snout - vent length of 25 - 40 mm , while males have a snout - vent length of 20 - 30 mm . the skin is covered with small tubercles . the parotoid gland is small and sometimes indistinct . no bony ridges are present on the head . finger and toe tips are slightly swollen . the toes are webbed , with the webbing reaching up to the final subarticular tubercles on toes iii and v .

there is , to date , insufficient data quantifying the impacts from cane toad predation ( e . g . on aquatic invertebrates , insects , worms , snails etc ) and the competition effects that may occur on native species through the presence of cane toads in their habitats . it is likely that cane toads compete with native species for food and shelter but little is known of these competition effects . while it is suspected that predation and competition may play significant roles in reducing biodiversity of native species , and altering ecosystems , data concerning such impacts is neither complete or comprehensive .

public awareness campaigns . in 2000 , new south wales launched a new campaign to ; prevent cane toads establishing outside their existing range ; raise community awareness of cane toads including impacts on biodiversity ; increase community ownership and involvement of the cane toad issue ; and raise community awareness of native frogs and their conservation requirements . the northern territory has also undertaken public awareness campaigns to alert residents and communities to the pending arrival of cane toads , notably around darwin and rural communities . this campaign highlighted the biology and impact of cane toads ; their identification , and outlined safe methods of collection and disposal .

for the most part , amphibian skin is delicate ( an obvious exception would be something like a bufo toad with thick , leathery skin ) . even the act of a human hand touching the skin can cause damage . abrasive nets or transport bags can also harm the slime layer and the skin . when handling amphibians , one should wear wet latex gloves , rinsed with chlorine - free water before touching the amphibian . cage furniture , such as rocks , plants , substrate , etc . , can cause abrasions to the feet , belly , rostrum ( nose ) and skin . once the skin is damaged , the risk of infection increases dramatically .

the northern quoll is likely to continue to disappear over most of its mainland , and some of its island , range . based on evidence from cape york peninsula and more recently kakadu national park ( and allowing for persistence in the existing pockets in queensland and in some offshore islands ) , this reduction is estimated at about 95 % of the range ( and hence total population ) as it was in 1980 , by about 2010 . over the next 10 years , it is likely that the rest of the mainland top end population will also disappear , as will much of the kimberley mainland population , estimated to represent a further loss of approximately 30 % of the species ' pre - toad distribution .

whilst not likely to be the sole cause of the northern contraction in range of the green and golden bell frog , competition and predation interactions between the cane toad and the green and golden bell frog are likely to have operated in concert with other threatening processes such as frog chytrid infection , gambusia predation , and habitat loss in the decline of the green and golden bell frog in the northern parts of its range . despite these observations , at this stage there is insufficient quantitative data to indicate that cane toads are causing the green and golden bell frog to decline . such that it would become eligible to be listed at a higher level of endangerment or that it is having an adverse affect on the species .

lethal ingestion of cane toads is thought to also pose a threat to many species of australian reptiles . both snakes and varanids prey upon frogs and have few options for prey manipulation . one study has estimated that 59 % of ' agamids ' ( dragons ) , 85 % of the ' varanids ' ( monitors ) and all of australia ' s crocodiles and freshwater turtles are potentially at risk from cane toads . this study reviewed published information on the distributions and dietary habits of australian reptiles and tested the ability of eleven ' at risk ' reptile taxa for their susceptibility to cane toad toxin ( one python , one freshwater turtle , two crocodiles , two dragons and five monitor species ) ( smith and phillips in prep ) .

research sites have been established to the west of kakadu national park and it is hoped that these studies will provide information directly relevant to the management of cane toad impacts in kakadu national park as well as much of northern australia . coordination of these various studies to assess available results , identify gaps and provide support funding if required , and to consider their implications will require ongoing attention . to this end , a national approach to address cane toads is being developed by the natural resource management ministerial council . it has directed the vertebrate pests committee to review the current threat posed by cane toads ; review the state of research to abate those threats ; identify gaps in current approaches ; and assess the costs and benefits of various options for national action .

to date , there is insufficient information to adequately quantify the likely extent of declines of many affected species . for some native species , cane toad impacts may be minor and inconsequential in the longer term , despite marked short term responses . alternatively , species may experience little immediate response but be either directly or indirectly impacted on in the longer term . most fauna populations undergo population fluctuations of varying magnitude and it is difficult to interpret changes from a baseline to a single subsequent re - sampling period . longer term population trends can only be discerned from natural fluctuations by a series of monitoring periods . it is considered that further research on the precise nature of both short and longer term impacts of cane toads on native species is required , including the impacts that are likely to come from predation and competition .

it is considered that , at this stage , there is insufficient data to adequately quantify the exact level of impact that cane toads pose to any listed threatened species , including the ornamental snake and the green and golden bell frog . while it is likely that cane toads are having a detrimental effect , this effect is , to date , insufficiently quantified . there are also currently no data on the impact of the cane toad on a listed threatened ecological community . there is insufficient quantitative data to indicate that the threatening process could cause a listed threatened species or a listed threatened ecological community to become eligible to be listed in another category representing a higher degree of endangerment . in addition , it can not be adequately demonstrated that any listed threatened species or listed threatened ecological community is adversely affected by the threatening process .

cane toads are large ground dwelling amphibians with a dry warty skin . they have a bony head with bony ridges over their eyes , sit upright and move in short rapid hops . their colour ranges from grey to olive brown and they have a pale belly with dark irregular spots . the average size of an adult is 10 - 15cm long but females have been recorded growing up to and over 23cm . they breed in still or slow - flowing water and can tolerate salinity levels up to 15 % . adult cane toads are active at night during the warm months of the year and can survive temperatures ranging from 5 - 40 degrees celsius . cane toad spawn occurs in long gelatinous strings with double rows of black eggs with females laying between 8 - 35 000 eggs at a time . cane toads have a life span of about five years , breed twice a year , and take between 6 - 18 months to reach sexual maturity .

a series of broad scale fauna surveys were conducted in kakadu at sites that had been surveyed up to 25 years previously . the monitoring and re - sampling of the terrestrial vertebrate fauna of kakadu national park was undertaken initially to provide some assessment of the short term impacts of colonising cane toads . the project sought to provide some assessment of the change in abundance of wildlife species in kakadu national park in the first year following the arrival of cane toads and was an assessment of short term responses only . changes in fauna abundances were examined since the last surveys and again after the arrival of cane toads . this survey also used control sites , monitored over the same period to eliminate the influence of factors other than cane toads ( e . g . fluctuations in northern quoll numbers between years due to levels of rainfall ) . while northern quolls declined to zero at the cane toad invaded sites , there was no decline at the control sites .

analysis of climatic variables and the adaptive abilities of the cane toad suggests that cane toads may eventually permanently inhabit the wet coastal areas of the eastern and northern parts of the continent at least as far south as port macquarie in the east of the continent and south to broome in western australia . temperature range analysis has indicated that cane toads , in warm years , could overwinter as far south as bega near the victorian border . conversely , a drop of 2 - 2 . 5 degrees celsius in mean temperature would result in a shrinkage of the suitable overwintering area to the far north coast of nsw . it was estimated , based on this model , that cane toads will further increase their range primarily throughout coastal and near coastal regions of tropical australia to encompass an area of approximately two million km2 ( sutherst et al . 1995 ) . in addition , cane toads have now been recorded well inland , at least as far south as dunmarra , northern territory .

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frost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 27 january 2014 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 january 2014 ) .

justification : listed as critically endangered because of a drastic population decline , estimated to be more than 80 % over the last ten years , inferred from the apparent disappearance of most of the population .

this species occurs only on mount pangrango , mount gedeh and curug luhur , jawa barat , java , indonesia , at altitudes between 1 , 000m and 2 , 000m asl .

in 1976 , this species was abundant within its small range . in 1987 , it was very rare following the eruption of mount galunggung . there were no records from the early 1990s until 2003 , when one individual was sighted from the cibeureum waterfall . it appears to have undergone a major decline .

it lives in the boundary zone between moist lowland and montane forest . it breeds in very slow - moving , intermittent streams in forest where the larvae also develop .

it appears to have declined drastically due to a volcanic eruption . however , its decline is also reminiscent of similar disappearances of montane stream - breeding amphibians in other parts of the moist tropics , and so chytridiomycosis cannot be ruled out ( although this disease has not so far been recorded in this region ) .

this species occurs in the gunung gede pangrango national park . surveys are needed to locate this species and a captive - breeding programme might need to be established .

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bufo cruentatus tschudi , 1838 , classif . batr . : 52 . syntypes : rmnh 2130 ( 2 specimens ) according to m . s . hoogmoed in frost , 1985 , amph . species world : 67 ; given as rmnh 2130 - 31 by gassó miracle , van den hoek ostende , and arntzen , 2007 , zootaxa , 1482 : 32 , who noted that 2131 could not be located . type locality : " india orient . " ; given as java [ indonesia ] by duméril and bibron , 1841 , erp . gen . , 8 : 666 ; iskandar , 1998 , amph . java bali : 43 , noted that the types came from cibodas , java , indonesia .

bufo montanus werner , 1897 , zool . anz . , 20 : 265 . holotype : nhmw 22864 , according to häupl and tiedemann , 1978 , kat . wiss . samml . naturhist . mus . wien , 2 : 14 , and häupl , tiedemann , and grillitsch , 1994 , kat . wiss . samml . naturhist . mus . wien , 9 : 18 . type locality : " tijibodas ( java ) " , indonesia . synonymy by van kampen , 1923 , amph . indo - austral . arch . : 78 .

cacophryne cruentata — brongersma , 1935 , zool . meded . , leiden , 18 : 257 - 259 .

known only from mount pangrango , mount gedeh , and curug luhur , jawa barat , java , indonesia , 1000 - 2000 m elevation .

see comment under leptophryne borbonica . see accounts by liem , 1973 " 1971 " , philipp . j . sci . , 100 : 137 ( as cacophryne cruentata ) , and iskandar , 1998 , amph . java bali : 43 - 44 . see identification table by manthey and grossmann , 1997 , amph . rept . südostasiens : 26 , to compare this species with others in the sunda shelf region . see photograph , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 195 .

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submit your observations of this species to inaturalist and they will appear on this map . learn more about this species on amphibiaweb .

outlined below are the roles and responsibilities for the 4 different levels of involvement for potential partners . if your organization would like to be a part of the amazing amphibians program in either of these capacities please email amazing @ urltoken .

senior partner – these partners will help with multiple aspects of the program , help facilitate the completion of several species profiles , publicize each amazing amphibian and will likely have a landing page for the program on their website . this level of partner will be leading in using their communication channels to gather additional information for the program such as images and data points for inaturalist .

strategic partner – these partners will play an active role in creating species profiles , submitting at least three species profiles per year and actively use their social network to publicize each amazing amphibian . this level of partner will be active in using their communication channels to gather additional information for the program such as images and data points for inaturalist .

focal partner – partners tend to be active in a limited geographic area . this partner will submit at least one regional species profile per year and use their social network to publicize each amazing amphibian . this level of partner will be involved in using their communication channels to gather additional information at a regional level for the program such as images and data points for inaturalist .

affiliate – these partners are interested in promoting the program but might not be in a position to provide profiles . these partners will publicize each amazing amphibian through the social media outlets .