the new zealand flatworm ( arthurdendyus triangulatus ) is a large land flatworm native to new zealand .

it can vary from 5 mm in length when hatched to approximately 17 centimetres ( 6.7 in ) in mature adults .

the ventral surface of the flatworm is a pale buff colour while the dorsal surface is dark brown .

young flatworms vary in colour from white to pale orange and develop their adult colouration as they grow .

during the day , flatworms can be found resting on the surface of soil underneath objects in close contact with the ground .

they may also be found beneath the soil surface hunting for earthworms .

reproduction involves the production of egg capsules of about 8 mm in length .

the capsules are shiny , flexible and cherry red in colour at first and later darken to black after several days .

after an unknown incubation period , several pale , tiny flatworms hatch out of the brittle capsule .

one egg capsule is produced at a time with the bulge clearly visible in the dorsum of the adult worm .

new zealand flatworm

new zealand flatworm <EOT> the new zealand flatworm was introduced into the uk in the 1960s and feeds on earthworms .

the ' new zealand flatworm ' , ( arthurdendyus triangulatus ) extended and showing its speckled underside .

the new zealand flatworm has a widespread distribution and is relatively common in scotland and northern ireland .

the ' new zealand flatworm ' , ( arthurdendyus triangulatus ) , as collected within a plastic jar .

the ' new zealand flatworm ' , ( arthurdendyus triangulatus ) , as typically found , under plastic sheeting .

the dispersal of the new zealand flatworm is mainly dependent upon movement of contaminated soil probably with containerised plants .

dendy a , 1894 . notes on new zealand land planarians . part 1 . transactions of the new zealand institute , 27 : 177 - 189 .

barker , g . m . 1989 . flatworm predation of terrestrial molluscs in new zealand and a brief review of previous records . new zealand entomologist 12 : 75 - 79 . [ links ]

close - up of a ' new zealand flatworm ' , ( arthurdendyus triangulatus ) extended and showing its speckled underside .

close - up of a ' new zealand flatworm ' ( arthurdendyus triangulatus ) , as collected within a plastic jar .

once established there are no known ways of eradicating the new zealand flatworm hence it is very important to stop its spread .

step 2 – explore your local outdoor space and look for new zealand flatworms .

trees ( new zealand ) hebes and their hybrids & cultivars ( photos ) .

boag b . ( 2000 ) the impact of the new zealand flatworm on earthworms and moles in agricultural land in western scotland .

trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names a to f with photo .

trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names g to l with photo .

trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names m to q with photo .

trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names r to z with photo .

you can also use the sightings form to submit a photo of the new zealand flatworm and its location without entering full survey data .

the new zealand flatworm eats native earthworms - which are a vital part of healthy soil - but also has a slime that can cause skin rashes .

no research has or is being specifically undertaken to quantify the deleterious impact the new zealand flatworm might have on vegetation and crop yield but anecdotal evidence from farmers has suggested that there has been an increase in flooding , the establishment of rushes and lower crop yields in areas that are infested with the new zealand flatworm .

there is evidence in scotland the new zealand flatworm spread form botanic gardens to nurseries and garden centres then to domestic gardens and only more recently to agricultural land .

boag , b . & g . w . yeates ( 2001 ) the potential impact of the new zealand flatworm , a predator of earthworms in western europe .

note : your results are important to us even if you didn ' t find any new zealand flatworms .

christensen om ; mather jg , 1998 . the ' new zealand flatworm ' , artioposthia triangulata , in europe : the faroese situation . pedobiologia [ oecd workshop on terrestrial flatworms , new zealand , 1998 . ] , 42 ( 5 / 6 ) : 532 - 540 .

the new zealand flatworm is a flat , ribbon - like organism , and has a dark purple - brown upper surface with pale margins and a creamy pale underside .

boag b ; neilson r , 2006 . impact of new zealand flatworm on agriculture and wildlife in scotland . proceedings crop protection in northern britain , 51 - 55 .

boag b . , h . d . jones , r . neilson ( 1997 ) the spread of the new zealand flatworm ( artioposthia triangulata ) within great britain .

while it is hard to control new zealand flatworm once present , learning more about their distribution can help target initiatives to prevent further introductions via gardens , soil movement etc .

is a free - living terrestrial flatworm . native to new zealand , it was found outside its natural habitat in belfast , northern ireland in 1963 ( ministry of agriculture ,

murchie ak ; moore jp , 1998 . hot - water treatment to prevent transference of the ' new zealand flatworm ' , artioposthia triangulata . pedobiologia , 42 : 572 .

containerised plants collected for edinburgh botanic gardens from new zealand and possibly initially taken to their benmore garden site near dunoon could be the initial source of infestation . however commercial traffic in containerised plants exported from new zealand from infested nurseries is possible e . g . rhododendrons from a garden centre on the banks penninsula , south island new zealand .

new zealand flatworms attack earthworms by wrapping their bodies around them and secreting digestive mucus to dissolve them before consuming them .

) . perhaps of particular risk is tasmania , which would be climatically similar to the south island of new zealand .

the new zealand flatworm arrived on british soil over half a century ago but researchers have struggled to survey the species as they are typically found in gardens . although new zealand flatworms eat earthworms , it is not known what influence this has on earthworm numbers or on other animals that consume earthworms like moles .

a new national open air laboratories ( opal ) survey launches this month to help find out how far the new zealand flatworm has spread and how big an influence it is having on the environment . the new zealand flatworm survey is the latest addition to the range of citizen science activities offered by opal , which is led by imperial college london and run by a range of organisations including universities , wildlife groups , and museums .

boag b ; yeates gw , 2001 . the potential impact of the new zealand flatworm , a predator of earthworms , in western europe . ecological applications , 11 : 1276 - 1286 .

murchie ak , 2008 . the problem of the ' new zealand flatworm ' : lessons for managing invasive alien species . proceedings crop protection in northern britain , 2008 : 51 - 56 .

boag b ; yeates gw ; johns pm , 1998 . limitations to the distribution and spread of terrestrial flatworms with special reference to the new zealand flatworm ( artioposthia triangulata ) . pedobiologia [ oecd workshop on terrestrial flatworms , new zealand , 1998 . ] , 42 ( 5 / 6 ) : 495 - 503 .

moore jp ; dynes c ; murchie ak , 1998 . status and public perception of the ' new zealand flatworm ' , artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) , in northern ireland . pedobiologia [ oecd workshop on terrestrial flatworms , new zealand , 1998 . ] , 42 ( 5 / 6 ) : 563 - 571 .

populations of new zealand and australian flatworms are already established in the uk and there are at least 18 flatworms that have been introduced in europe , including the new guinea flatworm , listed as one of the 100 worst invasive alien species in the world .

people with senstitive skin have reported a reaction when they have come in contact with the mucus on the surface of the new zealand flatworm and for this reason it is suggested that gloves be worn .

accidental introduction ( blackshaw and stewart , 1992 ) . first confirmed record of this species outside of its native range in new zealand

despite the initial hysteria over new zealand flatworms , ken thompson says we needn’t panic over this slimy kiwi critter and an earthworm shortage .

there are several native species and some non - native species of flatworm in the uk . the non - native australian and new zealand flatworms are two species that have become established . they feed on earthworms .

annie robinson , an opal community scientist also from the university of aberdeen added : “every record submitted is invaluable and will help inform the development of our response to and research of the new zealand flatworm . people can go to the opal website and access identification , survey resources and submit pictures of the new zealand flatworm . together we can learn a lot about where this species is and what it’s up to ! ”

haria ah , 1995 . hydrological and environmental impact of earthworm depletion by the new zealand flatworm ( artioposthia triangulata ) . journal of hydrology ( amsterdam ) , 171 ( 1 / 2 ) : 1 - 3 .

hogan rn ; dunne r , 1996 . the distribution of the new zealand flatworm artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) in the republic of ireland . irish naturalists ' journal , 25 ( 6 ) : 210 - 212 .

, d . sc . , f . l . s . , professor of biology in the canterbury college , university of new zealand .

boag b ; neilson r ; palmer lf ; jones hd , 1994 . a further record of the new zealand flatworm artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) in england . plant pathology , 43 ( 1 ) : 220 - 222 .

cannon rjc ; baker rha ; taylor mc ; moore jp , 1999 . a review of the status of the new zealand flatworm in the uk . annals of applied biology , 135 ( 3 ) : 597 - 614 .

christensen , o . m . & j . g . mather . 2001 . long - term study of growth in the new zealand flatworm arthurdendyus triangulatus under laboratory conditions . pedobiologia 45 : 535 - 549 . [ links ]

baird j ; murchie ak ; fairweather i , 2000 . hatch of new zealand flatworm egg capsules at different temperatures . in : proceedings of environ 2000 , biology and environment : proceedings of the royal irish academy 100b . 138 .

dynes c ; fleming cc ; murchie ak , 2001 . genetic variation in native and introduced populations of the ' new zealand flatworm ' , arthurdendyus triangulatus . annals of applied biology , 139 ( 2 ) : 165 - 174 .

stockdill smj , 1982 . effects of introduced earthworms on the productivity of new zealand pastures . pedobiologia , 24 ( 1 ) : 29 - 35 .

dr brian boag , one of the uks new zealand flatworm experts , based at the james hutton institute in dundee , said : “avid gardeners will know whether they have new zealand flatworms on their premise or not , but this understanding is not passed on . therefore , we would love to learn from people to get a clear picture of where these creatures are present and where not . ”

boag b , 2000 . the impact of the new zealand flatworm on earthworms and moles in agricultural land in western scotland . aspects of applied biology [ farming systems for the new millenium , 18 - 20 december 2000 , churchill college , cambridge , uk . ] , no . 62 : 79 - 84 .

scottish executive rural affairs department , 2000 . biological and ecological studies of the new zealand flatworm , arthurdendyus triangulatus : towards a comprehensive risk assessment for the uk . scottish executive rural affairs department , flexible fund project no . csl / 002 / 96 . biological and ecological studies of the new zealand flatworm , arthurdendyus triangulatus : towards a comprehensive risk assessment for the uk . scottish executive rural affairs department , flexible fund project no . csl / 002 / 96 . 125 pp .

it originated from new zealand where it is associated with native woodland in the canterbury area but also found throughout the south island in nurseries and garden centres .

boag b ; jones hd ; neilson r ; santoro g , 1999 . spatial distribution and relationship between the new zealand flatworm arthurdendyus triangulata and earthworms in a grass field in scotland . pedobiologia , 43 ( 4 ) : 340 - 344 .

jones , h . d . , g . santoro , b . boag & r . neilson ( 2001 ) the diversity of earthworms in 200 scottish fields and the possible effect of new zealand flatworm ( arthudendyus triangulatus ) on earthworm populations .

the australian flatworm is orange or pinkish orange and reaches 2 - 8cm in length . it was first detected in south west england in the 1960s and since then has become more widespread in southern england and wales . this species does not seem to have had such a big impact as the new zealand flatworm on earthworm populations .

the large anecic earthworm species , lumbricus terrestris and aporrectodea longa which aid drainage and are a source of food for animals and birds , are affected by the new zealand flatworm . additionally a survey of 59 fields in western scotland found that where the flatworm had been established its presence was strongly associated with the eradication of moles .

gibson ph ; cosens dj , 2004 . the predation of slugs by the new zealand flatworm , arthurdendyus triangulatus ( dendy ) ( terricola : geoplanidae ) . british journal of entomology and natural history , 17 ( 1 ) : 35 - 38 .

the only known invertebrate predator are ground beetles but their numbers are probably too small to have an impact on new zealand flatworm populations . ducks and geese are known to feed on them and there are records of robins , blackbirds and ferrets consuming them .

those of you who live in warmer parts of the country may not have new zealand flatworms , but you may have an australian relative , which turned up in the isles of scilly and south - west england in the eighties . it’s smaller than the new zealand variety , orange - brown in colour , and also eats earthworms .

once established there are no known ways of eradicating the new zealand flatworm hence it is very important to stop its spread . initially garden centres and nurseries were probably mainly responsible for the distributing flatworms but now it could be neighbours , relatives and friends exchanging potted plants . gardeners should inspect any containerised plants and if they have the flatworm try to only give away cuttings , seed or bare rooted plants replanted in a known flatworm free medium .

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the new zealand flatworm continues to spread in scotland but its detrimental impact on the environment and of below and above ground biodiversity is unknown . at present there is no systematic monitoring or research being undertaken to know what the situation or how it might be controlled .

the new zealand flatworm reproduces by producing an egg capsule ( which on average contains 6 - 7 small creamy coloured hatchlings ) and is whitecherry red and soft when expelled . this hardens and becomes shiny and black and probably more resistant than the adults to dessication .

the new zealand flatworm requires cool damp conditions to survive , it cannot tolerate temperatures below zero or above c . 20 c which is probably one of the reasons why they have becoming established in agricultural land in ireland , north and western scotland plus the faroe islands .

boag b ; deeks l ; orr a ; neilson r , 2005 . a spatio - temporal analysis of a new zealand flatworm ( arthurdendyus triangulatus ) population in western scotland . annals of applied biology , 147 ( 1 ) : 81 - 88 . urltoken ; = aab

gibson ph ; cosens d ; buchanan k , 1997 . a chance field observation and pilot laboratory studies of predation of the new zealand flatworm by the larvae and adults of carabid and staphylinid beetles . annals of applied biology , 130 ( 3 ) : 581 - 585 .

haria ah ; mcgrath sp ; moore jp ; bell jp ; blackshaw rp , 1998 . impact of the new zealand flatworm ( artioposthia triangulata ) on soil structure and hydrology in the uk . science of the total environment , 215 ( 3 ) : 259 - 265 .

amazingly , new zealand flatworms can survive for over a year by shrinking in size to as little as 10 % of their full - grown body mass until they find another earthworm .

murchie ak ; gordon aw , 2013 . the impact of new zealand flatworms arthurdendyus triangulatus on earthworm populations in the field . biological invasions , 15 ( 3 ) : 569 - 586 .

new zealand flatworms are usually found under pieces of wood , stone or polythene or lying on bare earth often curled up like a swiss roll . they leave slime circles where they’ve been resting .

blackshaw rp , 1996 . control options for the new zealand flatworm . in : brighton crop protection conference : pests & diseases - 1996 : volume 3 : proceedings of an international conference , brighton , uk , 18 - 21 november 1996 . farnham , uk : british crop protection council , 1089 - 1094 .

johns pm ; boag b ; yeates gw , 1998 . observations on the geographic distribution of flatworms ( turbellaria : rhynchodemidae , bipaliidae , geoplanidae ) in new zealand . pedobiologia , 42 : 469 - 476 .

taking an estimate that earthworms contribute 20 % towards grass yield and that a . triangulatus predation reduces earthworm biomass by 20 % , the effect of a . triangulatus colonisation could be a 4 % reduction in grass yield . boag and neilson ( 2006 ) calculated that the new zealand flatworm could conservatively cost scottish farmers c . £17m .

ducey , p . k . & s . noce . 1998 . succesful invasion of new york state by the terrestrial flatworm , bipalium adventitium . northeastern naturalist 5 ( 3 ) : 199 - 206 . [ links ]

an invasive flatworm from brazil that poses a threat to soil health and wildlife has made its way to mainland britain .

gardeners are invited to report sightings of new zealand flatworms ( date , number of flatworms and postcode location ) during the summer months . in the winter months live samples of flatworm can also be posted to the institute in a sealed plastic container ( for example an old - style photo film canister ) along with the same reporting information .

yeates gw ; boag b ; johns pm , 1998 . field and laboratory observations on terrestrial planarians from modified habitats in new zealand . pedobiologia , 42 ( 5 / 6 ) : 554 - 562 ; 30 ref .

the new zealand flatworm reaches 20cm ( 8in ) in length and is dark brown with a paler margin . it became established in britain during the 1960s and at first it was thought to be of no consequence . it was only when it had become widely distributed , that it was realised that it was feeding exclusively on earthworms , in some places reducing earthworm populations to a very low level . this has undesirable effects on soil structure and also denies earthworms as a food resource for those native animals that feed on them . this flatworm originates from new zealand and is now thriving , particularly in the wetter parts of britain , it is most common in scotland , northern england and northern ireland .

we need your help to find out how far this flatworm has spread and what influence it is having on the environment .

enhancing earthworm populations through provision of soil organic matter ( e . g . farmyard manure ) may mitigate against flatworm predation .

yeates , g . w . ; b . boag & p . m . johns . 1998 . field and laboratory observations on terrestrial planarians from modified habitats in new zealand . pedobiologia 42 : 554 - 562 . [ links ]

a survey of the new zealand flatworm in scotland showed that between 1965 and 1980 it was mainly recorded from garden centres and nurseries around glasgow and edinburgh . however by the 1990s it was mainly found in domestic gardens throughout scotland including some of the scottish islands with some records from farmland . a similar picture occurred in northern ireland but there surveys of farmland in 1991 and 19981999 found 3 % and 65 % respectively of farms infested . although the first record of the flatworm in england was in 1965 it was not until 1992 that it was again found and the rate of spread in england has been much slower than in scotland or northern ireland . the new zealand flatworm has also been recorded from the faroe islands in 1992 but never yet from continental europe or from any other part of the world even though climatic conditions would probably allow its establishment .

though most leeches live in fresh or saltwater environments new zealand has three known native species of terrestrial leeches that are adapted to live out of the water . they feed on the blood of seabirds , particularly penguins and shearwaters . to obtain blood the leeches after dark nestles into the webbing on the feet of ground - nesting birds . all new zealand’s terrestrial species are now endangered and confined to rat - free offshore islands except one specimen found under a log in fiordland .

all flatworms are predatory with some species feeding on slugs , others feed on earthworms . australian and new zealand flatworms are two species that have become established in the uk that feed on earthworms , in some areas earthworm populations have been affected .

alford dv , 1998 . potential problems posed by non - indigenous terrestrial flatworms in the united kingdom . pedobiologia [ oecd workshop on terrestrial flatworms , new zealand , 1998 . ] , 42 ( 5 / 6 ) : 574 - 578 .

a . triangulatus could be confused with other flatworm species but is considerably larger that the native microplana flatworms in ireland and gb . the ‘australian flatworm’ , australoplana sanguinea is similar in body shape but is orange . terrestrial leeches also have a cursory similarity but are segmented .

the new zealand flatworm requires damp , cool conditions to survive i . e . it cannot live in dry soils or where the temperature is below 0 or above c . 20 degrees celcius . its distribution in gb is probably limited to areas which have earthworms ( soils with ph levels above 4 ) . the new zealand flatworm is nocturnal and probably feeds on the earthworm species which come to the soil surface at night to feed . during the day it takes refuge under stones , pieces of wood and piece of polythene . it itself does not seem to have the ability to make burrows but when conditions are unfavourable it relies on earthworm tunnels , dead root channels or cracks in the soil surface to access the deeper soil horizons where it is cool and damp .

the new zealand flatworm ( arthurdendyus triangulatus ) was first recorded form scotland in 1965 and is now widely distributed throughout scotland ( boag et al . , 1994 ) . all major islands are infested , for example , arran , skye . harris and lewis , coll , orkney , shetland and even fair isle . it is an obligate predator of our native earthworms and has been shown to have the ability to decrease earthworm populations to below detectable levels in northern ireland ( blackshaw , 1990 ) . in new zealand it is confined to the south island but there are probably over 100 other species of flatworms in new zealand many of which a ) have not been described , b ) belong to the genus arthurdendyus , c ) are in the north island and better equipped to withstand higher temperatures and therefore , if introduced into the british isles , could become a greater problem than a . triangulatus .

murchie ak ; mac an tsaoir s , 2006 . high densities of ' new zealand flatworms ' , arthurdendyus triangulatus ( dendy ) , in experimental orchard plots in northern ireland and implications for thatch formation . tearmann , no . 5 : 23 - 28 .

“without any screening in place we’re playing a game of russian roulette with our countryside and native wildlife . the current guidance is utterly inadequate and without rigorous screening it’s not surprising that new invasive plants – and their alarming hitchhikers like the obama flatworm – are arriving . ”

while spreading the contents of my compost heap on the garden recently , i unearthed 10 new zealand flatworms , all of them now safely squashed . this worm has been in the garden for many years , but that’s the largest number i’ve come across at one time .

new zealand flatworms are spread by moving topsoil or rooted plants between places , which allows this species to move from garden to garden . current understanding of where all in the uk they exist is very limited , but knowing their distribution could help target initiatives to prevent further introductions .

jones hd ; boag b , 1996 . the distribution of new zealand and australian terrestrial flatworms ( platyhelminthes : turbellaria : tricladida : terricola ) in the british isles - the scottish survey and megalab worms . journal of natural history , 30 ( 7 ) : 955 - 975 .

fraser pm ; boag b , 1998 . the distribution of lumbricid earthworm communities in relation to flatworms : a comparison between new zealand and europe . in : pedobiologia , 42 ( 5 / 6 ) [ ed . by yeates , g . w . ] . 542 - 553 .

jones hd ; santoro g ; boag b ; neilson r , 2001 . the diversity of earthworms in 200 scottish fields and the possible effect of new zealand land flatworms ( arthurdendyus triangulatus ) on earthworm populations . annals of applied biology , 139 ( 1 ) : 75 - 92 .

turbellaria include the only free - living platyhelminthes , they are mainly aquatic , but there are a few terrestrial species inhabiting moist environments . a small number of terrestrial species have become pests where they have been unintentionally introduced in pot plants ( see the new zealand flatworm below ) . there are over 4000 species living on rock and sediments on water and in moist habitats on land , and they range in size from 1 mm - 50 cm .

boag b ; evans ka ; yeates gw ; johns pm ; neilson r , 1995 . assessment of the global potential distribution of the predatory land planarian artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) ( tricladida , terricola ) from ecoclimatic data . new zealand journal of zoology , 22 : 311 - 318 .

new zealand flatworms are quite remarkable creatures that eat earthworms by wrapping their bodies around them and secreting digestive mucus to dissolve and consume them . they can survive for over one year by shrinking in size to as little as 10 % of their full - grown body mass until they find another earthworm .

baird j ; fairweather i ; murchie ak , 2005 . long - term effects of prey - availability , partnering and temperature on overall egg capsule output of ' new zealand flatworms ' , arthurdendyus triangulatus . annals of applied biology , 146 ( 3 ) : 289 - 301 . urltoken ; = aab

blackshaw rp , 1995 . changes in populations of the predatory flatworm artioposthia triangulata and its earthworm prey in grassland . acta zoologica fennica , 196 : 107 - 110 .

a . triangulatus is mainly detected by visual inspection under plant pots , stones , wood , plastic sheeting and other debris on the soil surface ( eppo , 2001 ) . the flatworm may also be detected by use of the expulsion techniques ( e . g . formalin or mustard ) used to assess earthworm populations ( gunn , 1992 ; murchie et al . , 2003 ) . shelter traps may be placed on the soil surface , these can be pieces of wood , tiles or plastic bags filled with soil . a sampling strategy to quantify the detection of the new zealand flatworm was published by boag et al . ( 2010 ) .

is present here in new zealand . it has been found in taupo and auckland and its habitat is slow streams , irrigation ditches , drainage ditches . it is a small flat leech with a body length of 10–25 mm and can be easily recognized by its five lines of distinct conical black–tipped papillae of the dorsum .

researchers are eager to know of new sightings . should you discover a possible flatworm in your garden , please take a digital photograph and email it to mike . lole @ adas . co . uk . when taking photos , place an object such as a pencil , or a key , alongside the creature to provide scale .

this is where scientists at aberdeen university and the james hutton institute , a leading research centre on the new zealand flatworm , would like the public’s help . if you find one , in your garden or elsewhere , please take a photo and submit this along with its location to opal or get involved in a short survey of your outdoor space . this will give the team an idea of what influence these flatworms may have on earthworms across the uk , and other animals that consume earthworms like moles .

new zealand has a native blood sucking leech in the genus : richardsonianus with the scientific name of richardsonianus mauianus . it is commonly called the tiger leech and is easily recognised by its longitudinal stripes . it is a rare leech and is found in some slow - flowing weedy streams , ponds and lakes in northern new zealand and south to the waikato . they are common in the oruarangi creek in mangere and in lake puketirini , huntly . they will latch on to the bare legs of humans wading in their habitats . when removed they leave a distinctive triangular bite mark on the skin . it takes the leech about nine months to digest its food before it needs another meal .

boag b ; jones hd ; evans ka ; neilson r ; yeates gw ; johns pm , 1998 . the application of gis techniques to estimate the establishment and potential spread of artioposthia triangulata in scotland . pedobiologia [ oecd workshop on terrestrial flatworms , new zealand , 1998 . ] , 42 ( 5 / 6 ) : 504 - 510 .

wrona , f . j . & h koopowitz . 1998 . behavior of the rhabdocoel flatworm mesostoma ehrenbergii in prey capture and feeding . hydrobiologia 383 : 35 - 40 . [ links ]

their egg capsules look like blackcurrants , though smaller , and contain about 7 young flatworms , so it’s important to spot these and not move them to new locations .

the new zealand flatworm was first introduced to the uk in the 1960s , although it has never become as great a problem as was originally feared . it’s purple - brown on top , and flat and pointed at both ends . when resting it coils up , is covered in mucus , and is about 1cm wide by 6cm long , although when extended it can be up to 30cm long . it lives on earthworms , covering them in digestive juices to dissolve them before sucking them up . the larvae of ground beetles prey on flatworms .

little is known about the natural enemies of a . triangulatus in new zealand , although they are presumed to be ground beetles and other flatworms . planarivora insignis ( diptera : keroplatidae ) is a parasitoid of terrestrial flatworms in tasmania ( hickman , 1965 ) . it is possible that a similar species may exist in the native habitat of a . triangulatus .

boag b ; jones hd ; neilson r , 2006 . proceedings of the 10th international symposium on flatworm biology , innsbruck , austria , july 2006 . innsbruck , austria : the james hutton institute .

members of the public who are keen to embark on some ‘citizen science’ to see if there is any sign of the new zealand flatworm in their garden , are advised that the species is flat , dark purple - brown on top and creamy pale underneath and along the sides . they are usually 5 - 15 cm long and are pointed at both ends and covered in sticky mucus . they are found under pieces of wood , stone or polythene or lying on bare earth often curled up like a swiss roll and they leave slime circles where they’ve been resting .

a . triangulatus was first found outside of new zealand in belfast , northern ireland , in 1963 . exactly how this species came to be in belfast is unknown but it is thought to have been carried inadvertently with ornamental plants such as daffodils , roses or rhododendrons ( willis and edwards , 1977 ; blackshaw and stewart , 1992 ) . a similar situation is likely to have happened in scotland . the first record was from the royal botanic gardens in edinburgh , and many flatworm records have been associated with botanic gardens , garden centres and nurseries ( boag and yeates , 2001 ) . as an example , 22 live flatworms ( though not a . triangulatus ) were found within a dicksonia antarctica ( tree fern ) from australia ( parker et al . , 2005 ) . the spread of a . triangulatus to the relatively isolated faroe islands , was thought to have occurred via goods from scotland , although direct transmission from new zealand cannot be excluded ( mather and christensen , 1992 ) .

zaborski , e . r . 2002 . observations on feeding behavior by the terrestrial flatworm bipalium adventitium ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , terricola ) from illinois . american midland naturalist 148 : 401 - 408 . [ links ]

the flatworm is ribbon - flat , slimy , and pointed at both ends , growing up to 15cm long and 1cm wide , with purplish - brown on top with buff - coloured edge and a pale buff underside .

the james hutton research institute is the result of the merger in april 2011 of mluri and scri . this merger formed a new powerhouse for research into food , land use , and climate change .

sluys r ; kawakatsu m ; riutort m ; baguñà j , 2009 . a new higher classification of planarian flatworms ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) . journal of natural history , 43 : 1763 - 1777 .

rae rg ; robertson j ; wilson mj , 2005 . susceptibility of indigenous uk earthworms and an invasive pest flatworm to the slug parasitic nematode phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita . biocontrol science and technology , 15 ( 6 ) : 623 - 626 . urltoken

koopowitz , h . ; d . silver & g . rose . 1976 . primitive nervous systems . control and recovery of feeding behavior in the plolyclad flatworm , notoplana acticola . biological bulletin 150 : 411 - 425 . [ links ]

research in scotland has shown that while all native earthworms are eaten by the new zealand flatworm the large anecic species such as lumbricus terrestris are particularly at risk since they feed on the soil surface at night ( jones et al . , 2001 ) . in ireland a long term experiment by murchie and gordon ( 2012 ) have shown l . terrestris numbers reduced by 75 % and earthworm biomass down by 20 % in infested land . earthworms , particularly the anecic species have large , vertical burrows which open to the soil surface and therefore help soil drainage . research has shown that when earthworms are removed then drainage is impeded ( haria et al . , 1998 ) .

once in a garden there is nothing effective that can be done to reduce flatworm numbers . destroying any found underneath pots or stones will remove a few , but this is likely to be only a small proportion of the population in a garden

, 1964 ) . the species is harmful because it is a predator of earthworms and a decline in earthworms could reduce soil fertility and earthworm - feeding wildlife . the flatworm is found in ireland , great britain and the faroe islands . although capable of active movement the flatworm has been spread mainly by the trade in containerised plants . its tendency to shelter under debris on the soil surface and its sticky body , have facilitated inadvertent carriage on plant containers , agricultural equipment and soil . there have been several scientific reviews of the biology of

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a . triangulatus feeds on lumbricid earthworms in the invaded areas . little is known about its natural prey in new zealand , although it is assumed to be megascolecid earthworms ( johns et al . , 1998 ) . the matter is complicated because much of new zealand gardens and pasture have been colonised by european earthworm species ( stockdill , 1982 ) . in laboratory tests , where a . triangulatus was presented with earthworm prey in petri dishes , there was little evidence of direct preference for individual earthworm species ( stewart , 1993 ) . differential impacts on earthworm species observed in field sampling are likely due to earthworm niche characteristics , such as burrow width , which increase vulnerability to predation ( blackshaw and stewart , 1992 ; lillico et al . , 1996 ) . anecic earthworms , which come to the soil surface , are particularly at risk ( jones et al . , 2001 ) . when no earthworms are available , a . triangulatus may occasionally feed on slugs ( gibson and cosens , 2004 ) .

it was possibly introduced into gb in the 1950s probably is soil associated with plants brought to britain . in scotland it was first recorded from edinburgh botanic garden . it is likely it was then spread in soil around the roots of containerised plants to nurseries , and garden centres then into domestic gardens . the importance of garden centres and nurseries has probably diminished and most of the spread to domestic gardens is from neighbours , relatives and friends exchanging plants . the spread to farmland is occurring mainly in the west of scotland and has occurred in northern ireland where over 70 % of farms are infested . the spread between fields and farms may be associated with the movement of hay and silage bales . field observations of the new zealand flatworm in the west of scotland have shown it can travel at 1 metreday .

mcgee c ; wisdom gb ; fairweather i ; blackshaw rp ; mcilroy j ; walker b , 1998 . characterization of the proteins present in the mucus of the flatworm artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) . comparative biochemistry and physiology b - biochemistry & molecular biology , 119 : 293 - 298 .

ducey , p . k . ; m . messere ; k . lapoint & s . noce . 1999 . lumbricid prey and potential hepetofaunal predators of the invading terrestrial flatworm bipalium adventitium ( turbellaria : tricladida : terricola ) . american midland naturalist 141 : 305 - 314 . [ links ]

jones hd ; gerard bm , 1999 . a new genus and species of terrestrial planarian ( platyhelminthes ; tricladida ; terricola ) from scotland , and an emendation of the genus artioposthia . journal of natural history , 33 ( 3 ) : 387 - 394 .

the flatworm crept with the anterior extremity raised and waving slightly from side to side showing sensory behavior . in some observations on the process , the isopod , when exploring the environment , collided with the anterior or median regions of the body of the flatworm ( figs 2 , 6 - 7 and 10 ) , and was then very quickly captured ( see below ) . in other observations , the isopod moved close to the anterior extremity or the median region of the body of the flatworm , touching it softly ( figs 14 - 16 ) , then being quickly captured . in another observation , the isopod moved to the side of the planarian , apparently touching it slightly ( figs 21 and 22 ) . muscular wave - movements were observed on the margin of planarian body , and when the isopod was at the level of the posterior third of the planarian body , it was captured .

carbayo , f . & a . m . leal - zanchet . 2003 . two new genera of geoplanid land planarians ( platyhelminthes : tricladida : terricola ) of brazil in the light of cephalic specialisations . invertebrate systematics 17 : 449 - 468 . [ links ]

as highlighted by alford ( 1998 ) , one of the main economic effects of flatworm infestation could be limitations on trade . this applies to international trade and also to local trade in the sense that a garden centre , nursery or topsoil distributor may be held liable for distributing a harmful invasive species .

a 4 . 5cm obama flatworm ( obama nungara ) – not linked to the us president but named after the brazilian tupi words for leaf ( oba ) and animal ( ma ) – was discovered this summer crawling out of a heuchera plant imported from the netherlands at a garden centre in oxfordshire .

the new zealand is hermaphrodite and produces an egg capsule ( usually containing 6 - 7 young ) probably every 7 - 10 days in late spring and summer . the egg capsule ( usually 10 - 15 % of the adult flatworms weight ) can be white to cherry red and is extruded either through the reproductive opening on the ventral surface or through a slit opening up on the dorsal surface . this immediately heals up and leaves a small white scar . the young hatchlings initially are a creamy white but soon turn to the same colour as the adults .

many of our native mammals ( badgers , shrews , hedgehogs , moles etc . ) and birds rely on earthworms as their major source of food for at least some part of the year but there has been no investigation to quantify the deleterious impact the new zealand flatworm has on their populations . however , observations in an area between dunoon and loch eck ( where 55 of 59 fields were found to be infested with flatworms ) show that no moles can now be found even though they had been a problem there after world war ii . similarly in glen massan flatworms were found in seven fields none of which had moles while in another seven fields there were moles but no flatworms . since about 70 % of grass fields without flatworms in western scotland have moles it would seem that in the area south of loch eck flatworms have been responsible for the disappearance of moles ( boag , 2000 ) .

the worm , which has a broad , flattened , leaf - shaped body and can grow up to 7cm long , was first found in europe on guernsey in 2008 but has spread to france , italy and spain . it was only described as a new species last year .

when capture was achieved using the anterior portion of the body , after immobilizing the prey , the flatworm turned the ventral surface to the ground and glided over the prey ( fig . 19 ) , until the prey was at the level of the mouth , which is located on ventral surface approximately at the end of the median third of the body . when capture occurred with the posterior extremity , after immobilizing the prey , the flatworm , bending the body posteriorly , gradually moved the anterior extremity towards the prey , freeing the posterior end to regain contact with the ground ( figs 26 - 28 ) . afterwards , the flatworm crept over the prey ( fig . 29 ) to bring it into contact with its mouth . the time for bringing the prey to the mouth ranged from 10 s to 2 min 42 s ( 1 min 31 s ± 1 min 6 s , mean ± s . d . , n = 5 ) , with median of 2min3s .

new zealand flatworms are usually found during the day , often curled up like a swiss roll , under pieces of wood , stone or polythene lying on bare earth . they are relatively flat compared with earthworms , are pointed at both ends and covered with a sticky mucus . they can vary in colour but usually have a dark brown upper surface with a lighter beige speckled border which extends to cover the ventral surface . flatworms can also vary greatly in shape from long and narrow ( up to 15 cm ) to short and relatively fat . they produce egg capsules which look like small , shiny blackcurrants .

ducey , p . k . ; m . mccormick & e . davidson . 2007 . natural history observations on bipalium cf . vagum jones and sterrer ( platyhelminthes : tricladida ) , a terrestrial broadhead planarian new to north america . southeastern naturalist 6 ( 3 ) : 449 - 460 . [ links ]

presumably my flatworms arrived the same way they got into the country — with contaminated plants . they have a tendency to hide under objects during the day and their sticky mucus means they can easily be transported stuck to the bottoms of things like plant pots and garden ornaments . they’ve also been found among the roots of containerised plants , inside plant pots , in manure heaps and stuck to the bottom of silage bales . they are also extremely fond , as i can testify , of compost heaps . genetic analysis shows clearly that our flatworms are not the result of a single oversight ; they have been introduced from new zealand on several occasions .

it is possible to inoculate depleted sites with earthworms ( van der werff et al . , 1998 ) , although this would only be justified if a . triangulatus were removed and would be dependent on the scale of their impact on the earthworm population . given time and removal of flatworm predation , it is expected that earthworms will naturally recolonise infested areas .

ohbayashi , t . ; i . okoshi ; h . sato & t . ono . 2005 . food habit of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp , 1962 ( tricladida : terricola : rhynchodemidae ) , known as predatory flatworm of land snails in the ogasawara ( bonin ) islands , japan . applied entomology and zoology 40 : 609 - 614 . [ links ]

other stresses such as climate change and changes in land use have increased the risk of invasive species establishing themselves and spreading . the discovery of ash dieback in england in 2012 highlighted the risk posed to the uk’s plants from new pests and diseases . imports were banned and an independent taskforce set up to assess the threats .

prey capture was achieved by quickly moving the anterior or posterior region onto the prey , immediately enveloping it ( figs 3 and 23 ) . during entrapment the ventral surface of the flatworm made initial contact with the dorsum or side of the prey , pressing it against the substratum or against the median region of the planarian body ( figs 8 and 17 ) . in order to hold the prey against its body , the flatworm bent the anterior or the posterior third of the body laterally , so that the ventral surface was perpendicular to the ground . another type of capture was performed with the anterior region ( ca . 1 / 5 of the body length ) rapidly encircling the prey , so that it was lifted from the ground ( fig . 11 ) .

new zealand flatworms are hermaphrodite with the reproductive opening on the ventral surface . the egg capsules , which can contain between one and fourteen young but usually six to seven , are often white or cherry red when laid . observed births are usually through a spontaneous caesarean opening on the back of the flatworms which immediately heals over . the egg capsules are laid in summer under refugia similar to those where flatworms are found during the day . hatching , it is estimated , takes place about one month later , the hatchlings being creamy white but soon turn to the colour of the adults . probably one egg capsule is laid every seven to 10 days and can weigh 10 - 15 % of the adult weight .

for those of you who have yet to see one of these critters , nz flatworms are flattened and coated in a sticky mucus . the main colour is dark purple - brown , with a speckled buff / pale yellow margin and lower surface . they spend a lot of their time curled into a spiral , but when fully extended they can be up to 20cm ( 8in ) long . they first turned up in the uk in 1963 , in a couple of gardens in belfast , but very quickly spread to scotland . they are still much more common in the north of the uk , which fits with their distribution in new zealand , where they are confined to the cooler and damper parts of the south island .

classical biological control using the flatworm - parasitic fly , planarivora insignis , has been suggested ( blackshaw and stewart , 1992 ; blackshaw , 1996 ; cannon et al . , 1999 ) . however , there has been little work on p . insignis aside from the paper by hickman ( 1965 ) , who described the species and its basic biology . during 1962 , hickman ( 1965 ) collected 118 geoplana tasmaniana , of which 33 ( 28 % ) were parasitised by p . insignis . a . k . murchie ( agri - food and biosciences institute , northern ireland , personal communication , 2009 ) revisited the same site in tasmania and collected 37 terrestrial flatworms of various species in august 2004 , but found no evidence of parasitism . l . winsor ( james cook university , australia , personal communication , 2009 ) commented that parasitism of flatworms by p . insignis was relatively rare . the other problem is that it is not known whether p . insignis would parasitise a . triangulatus and to what extent . clearly more research is required in this area and especially whether a . triangulatus has a similar parasitoid attacking it in new zealand .

present contribution to our knowledge of the land planarians of new zealand deals exclusively with a number of specimens collected during a month ' s stay at springburn , at the foot of mount somers , in november and the early part of december of last year ( 1894 ) . in the immediate vicinity of the thick bush - scrub of the alford forest the locality appeared a good hunting - ground for cryptozoic animals , and experience showed that this was indeed the case . the very luxuriance of the vegetation , however , with its unlimited hiding - places for cryptozoic animals , made the task of collection more difficult than it would have been in a clearer neighbourhood , where the animals are concentrated , as it were , in a comparatively few spots .


agriades pyrenaicus , the gavarnie blue , is a palearctic butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

it is found in the asturias mountains of north-western spain , the pyrenees , the southern balkan peninsula , turkey , the caucasus and armenia .

the habitat consists of alpine grassy rocky meadows where it is found at altitudes ranging from 1,500 to 2,200 meters .

the wingspan is 22 – 28 mm .

the larvae feed on androsace species .

agriades pyrenaicus

agriades pyrenaicus <EOT> agriades pyrenaicus ergane ; [ bru2 ] , 185 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87

agriades pyrenaicus kudrnai koçak , 1980 ; nota lepid . 2 ( 4 ) : 142 ( repl . lycaena orbitulus rebeli tuleschkov , 1932 )

comparative notes on certain west - palearctic species of agriades , with description of a new subspecies of a . pyrenaicus from turkey ( lycaenidae )

agriades pyrenaicus erzurumensis eckweiler & hesselbarth , 1978 ; nachrbl . bayer . ent . 27 ( 4 ) : 65 ; tl : turkey , erzurum

habitat : polyommatus pyrenaicus mostly inhabits rocky nutrient - poor meadows and pastures on shallow ground in the mountains .

agriades pyrenaicus ( boisduval , 1840 ) from n . greece and notes on apatura metis ( freyer [ 1829 ] ) from n . e . greece ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae , nymphalidae )

agriades pyrenaicus ; [ h & r ; ] , 290 ; [ bow ] : pl . 9 , f . 1 ; [ bru2 ] , 185 ; talavera , lukhtanov , pierce & vila , 2013 , cladistics 29 : 187

remarks : polyommatus pyrenaicus occurs in nw - spain and the pyrenees . it also occurs in the ukraine and parts of s - russia . a very closely related taxon ( p . dardanus ) occurs locally in the balkans and more widespread in asia minor . this taxon is most probably only a subspecies of polyommatus pyrenaicus .

agriades glandon wosnesenskii ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87

agriades pheretiades lara ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88

agriades pheretiades sveta ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88

agriades orbitulus pheretes ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88

agriades orbitulus pheretimus ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88

agriades orbitulus sajana ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88

extremely local in the southern balkans . discussion about the status of this taxon as a full species or a subspecies of the gavarnie blue , a . pyrenaicus dardanus , is still not concluded .

= agriades glandon wosnesenskii ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87

= agriades glandon diodorus ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87

agriades diodorus ; [ bru2 ] : 184 , pl . 74 , f . 46 - 48

plebejus ( agriades ) podarce podarce ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270

plebejus ( agriades ) podarce cilla ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270

plebejus ( agriades ) podarce klamathensis ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270

plebejus ( agriades ) glandon franklinii ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269

plebejus ( agriades ) glandon rusticus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270

plebejus ( agriades ) gladon megalo ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270

plebejus ( agriades ) glandon bryanti ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269

plebejus ( agriades ) glandon lacustris ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269

agriades glandon centrohelvetica rezbanyai - reser , 1981 ; ent . berchte luzern 6 : ( 99 - 100 )

plebejus ( agriades ) glandon punctatus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270

plebejus ( agriades ) glandon cassiope ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270

plebejus ( agriades ) glandon kelsoni ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270

plebjus ( agriades ) glandon labrador ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269

albopraemargine ( verity , 1946 ) ( agriades ) ; le farfalle diurn . d ' italia 2 : 224

magnaglandon ( verity , 1947 ) ( agriades ) ; rev . franç . lépid . suppl . : 134

? agriades aquilo ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 44

agriades pheretiades tekessana ; [ nhm card ] ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88

agriades pheretiades micra ; [ nhm card ] ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88

agriades pheretiades pheretiades ; [ bru2 ] , 185 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88

agriades pheretiades pseudomicrus ; [ bru2 ] , 185 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88

= plebejus ( agriades ) ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269 ; [ fe ]

agriades pheretiades ishkashimensis charmeux & desse , 2011 ; bull . lép . parisiens 20 ( 48 ) : ( 7 - 13 )

deux nouveaux polyommatini du tadjikistan : turanana laspura panjensis ssp . nova et agriades pheretiades ishkashimensis ssp . nova ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae )

agriades pheretiades pheres ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bru2 ] , 185 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88

agriades ( group ellisi ) kurtjohnsoni bálint , 1997 ; [ nen40 ] : 47 , 17 ; tl : nepal , jargeng khola , 14 . 000ft

agriades pheretiades ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 74 ; talavera , lukhtanov , pierce & vila , 2013 , cladistics 29 : 187

agriades pheretiades forsteri sakai , 1978 ; atalanta 9 ( 1 ) : 111 , f . 1 - 4 ; tl : afghanistan , paghman mts . , 3300 - 3800m

agriades glandon labrador schmidt , scott & kondla , 2006 ; papilio ( n . s . ) 12 : 269 ; tl : smokey mtn , labrador city , labrador , canada

agriades janigena ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73 ( note ) ; talavera , lukhtanov , pierce & vila , 2013 , cladistics 29 : 187

agriades podarce klamathensis emmel & emmel , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 20 ) : 291 ; tl : california , humboldt co . , waterdog lake , north trinity mountain

agriades cassiope emmel & emmel , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 20 ) : 287 ; tl : california , el dorado co . , sierra nevada , lake tahoe region

agriades rusticus punctatus austin , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 45 ) : 561 ; tl : arizona , apache co . , white mtns , below greens peak , forest rd 117

agriades cassiope kelsoni emmel & emmel , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 20 ) : 289 ; tl : california , siskiyou co . , trinity alps , se above caribou lake , 7000 - 7100 '

agriades podarce ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 44 ; [ bow ] : pl . 19 , f . 8 ; talavera , lukhtanov , pierce & vila , 2013 , cladistics 29 : 187

agriades glandon ; [ baru , # 388 ] ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 9 , f . 1 ( text only ) ; [ h & r ; ] , 286 ; [ nhm card ] ; talavera , lukhtanov , pierce & vila , 2013 , cladistics 29 : 187

my comment yesterday was a general comment , few days before i had read of an " endemic " subspecies of agriades pyrenaicus in russia , lol . it ' s a very widespread species . anyway , now i looked at my books and the situation looks very complicated and i am not really happy about the taxonomic situation on these guys atm . so oxleyi is only found in south island and is having a hard time now since otis / labradus is introduced ? sorry for the confusion here , but some people say zizina labradus otis , and others apparently zizina otis labradus . . . if this competition by the other taxon is happening , it would be crucial to know if they only compete for resources or also do interbreed in a viable , or non viable manner . in the former case it would be good to call them zizina otis oxleyi , in the latter case zizina oxleyi . even without the latter , it might be good to call them zizina oxleyi ( which many people do at the moment ) based on other clear separations . very interesting case , i will look further into it . thank you dunc for sharing .

lycaena podarce c . & r . felder , [ 1865 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 2 ) : 282 , pl . 35 , f . 22 - 23 ; tl : calidornia

= plebejus podarce podarce ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270

lycaena cilla behr , 1867 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . 3 ( 4 ) : 281 ; tl : california

larva on androsace , soldanella [ h & r ; ] , saxifraga bronchialis , s . spinulosa , s . oppositifolia , androsace bungeana , a . septentrionalis , astragalus alpinus , diapensia , vaccinium [ baru ]

argus aquilo boisduval , 1832 ; icon . hist . lépid . europe 1 ( 7 - 8 ) : 62 , ( 5 - 6 ) pl . 12 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : north cape

larva on astragalus [ sprk ] , ( n . europe ) astragalus alpinus , ( yakutia , for wosnesenskii ? ) saxifraga bronchialis , s . spinulosa [ bru2 ] , 184

= plebejus glandon franklinii ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269

lycaena rustica edwards , 1865 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 4 : 203 ; tl : pikes peak

lycaena orbitulus aquilina staudinger , 1901 ; cat . lep . palaearct . faunengeb . 1 : 81 ; tl : norway

plebeius aquilo megalo mcdunnough , 1927 ; can . ent . 59 : 161 ; tl : mt mclean , lillooet , b . c .

= plebejus glandon bryanti ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269

plebeius aquilo var . lacustris freeman , 1939 ; can . ent . 71 : 180 ; tl : norway house , manitoba

lycaena diodorus bremer , 1861 ; bull . acad . imp . sci . st . petersb . 3 : 471 ; tl : [ lake baikal , russia ]

polyommatus ellisi marshall , 1882 ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 51 pt . ii ( 2 - 3 ) : 41 , pl . 4 , f . 4

lycaena dis errans riley , 1927 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 75 : 128 ; tl : tibet , phari , 14000

lycaena janigena riley , 1923 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 ( 3 - 4 ) : 475 , pl . 36 , f . 4 - 5 ; tl : tibet , nyenyam , 13000ft

lycaena morsheadi evans , 1923 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 478 ; tl : tibet , tazeng , 15500ft

lycaena aegagrus christoph , 1873 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 10 ( 1 ) : 24 , f . 3 - 4

600x800 ( ~ 75kb ) underside male an alpine meadow on the right bank terrace of the fourth tributary of the sargir river ( the usek river basin ) , altitude 3200 m , 47 km nen of zharkent , 21 km nen of village sarybel ' , the mountain massif tyshkantau , the southern dzhungarian alatau mountain chain ( ne part of tien shan ) , zharkent district , taldy - kurgan province , se kazakhstan . 27th of july 1994 , photo © oleg kosterin

458x450 ( ~ 50kb ) underside male an alpine meadow on the right bank terrace of the fourth tributary of the sargir river ( the usek river basin ) , altitude 3200 m , 47 km nen of zharkent , 21 km nen of village sarybel ' , the mountain massif tyshkantau , the southern dzhungarian alatau mountain chain ( ne part of tien shan ) , zharkent district , taldy - kurgan province , se kazakhstan . 27th of july 1994 , photo © oleg kosterin

ghissar , darvaz , alai , w . tian - shan , n . tian - shan

lycaena pheretiades var . tekessana alphéraky , 1897 ; in romanoff , mém . lép . 9 : 234 ; tl : " fleuve tékesse , dans le thian - chan "

lycaena pheretiades var . micra avinoff , 1910 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 39 : 244 , pl . 14 , f . 19

lycaena andarabi forster , 1937 ; mitt . münch . ent . ges . 27 ( 2 ) : 61

lycaena orbitulus walli evans , 1912 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 21 ( 2 ) : 558 , ( 3 ) : 983 ; tl : chitral , kashmir

polyommatus pheretiades ( pheretiades ) pseudomicrus tshikolovets , 1997 ; the butterflies of pamir : 156 , pl . 34 - 35 , f . 21 - 25

pheretiades lara churkin & zhdanko , 2001 ; tethys ent . res . 3 : 152 ; tl : kyrghyzstan , west tien - shan , chatkal mts , chapchama pass

pheretiades sveta churkin & zhdanko , 2001 ; tethys ent . res . 3 : 152 ; tl : n . tien - shan , zailyisky alatau , kaskelen r . , 3300 - 3500m

lycaena orbitulus pyrenaica boisduval , 1840 ; genera index eur . lepid . : 11 ; tl : pyrenees

c . asia ( mountains ) , c . himalayas . see [ maps ]

lycaena dis grum - grshimailo , 1891 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 25 ( 3 - 4 ) : 453 ; tl : amdo

lycaena luana evans , 1915 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 3 ) : 544 ; tl : s . e . tibet , lu , 15000ft

xinjiangia kumukuleensis huang & murayama , 1988 ; nature & insects 23 ( 12 ) : 28 ; tl : altun mts . ( e kunlun )

lycaena pheretes arcaseia fruhstorfer , 1916 ; ent . rundschau 33 ( 4 ) : 18 ; tl : kambajong , tibet

lycaena pheretes asiatica elwes , 1882 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1882 ( 4 ) : 402 ; tl : chumbi , high alpine sikkim

polyommatus lehanus moore , 1878 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 230 ; tl : ladak , leh ( 11538ft )

lycaena pheretes pharis fawcett , 1904 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1904 2 ( 1 ) : 138 , pl . 9 , f . 5 ; tl : khamba jong , 15000ft , thibet

albulina shahidulla yoshino , 2003 ; futao ( 43 ) : 7 , f . 9 , 13 , 35 ; tl : w kunlun mts . , near shahidulla 4500m , sw xinjian , china

lycaena pheretes armathea fruhstorfer , 1916 ; ent . rundschau 33 ( 4 ) : 18 ; tl : chotan meridionalis

albulina armathea ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73 ( note )

lycaena pheretes artenita fruhstorfer , 1916 ; ent . rundschau 33 ( 4 ) : 18 ; tl : yarkend , mus - tag - ata

albulina artenita ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73 ( note )

alps , s . norway , s . siberia ( mountains ) , mongolia , c . china , n . ural ( burmantovo ) , s . ural , . see [ maps ]

668x945 ( ~ 156kb ) upperside male se . jä . åre , storulvan , rn 132 / 701 , 5 june 2003 , photo © sami haapala

600x848 ( ~ 120kb ) upperside female se . jä . åre , storulvan , rn 132 / 701 , 5 june 2003 , photo © sami haapala

700x1001 ( ~ 117kb ) underside male se . jä . åre , storulvan , rn 132 / 701 , 5 june 2003 , photo © sami haapala

1300x962 ( ~ 143kb ) underside female china , qinghai prov . , caka nuo vill ( 3500m ) , 19 . 7 . 2010 , photo © a . timchenko leg .

1300x1199 ( ~ 261kb ) underside male china , qinghai prov . , caka nuo vill ( 3500m ) , 19 . 7 . 2010 , photo © a . timchenko leg .

= albulina orbitulus orbitulus ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 74 ( aberration )

polyommatus ( albulina ) orbitulus var . luxurians forster , 1940 ; mitt . münch . ent . ges . 30 : 880 ; tl : n . yunnan , likiang

albulina orbitulus luxurians ; [ nhm card ] ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73

albulina orbitulus lobbichleri forster , 1961 ; veröff . zool . stsamml . münch . 6 : 148

albulina orbitulus lobbichleri ; [ nhm card ] ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 72

lycaena pheretes tatsienluica oberthür , 1910 ; ètud . lépid . comp . 4 : 298 , pl . 41 , f . 300 ; tl : yunnan and tibet

albulina orbitulus tatsienluica ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73

lycaena pheretes major evans , 1915 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 3 ) : 544 ; tl : tibet , nyuksang , 9500ft

albulina orbitulus major ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73

nw . china ( kentei mts ) , transbaikalia , amur , ne . china

lycaena pheretes var . pheretimus staudinger , 1892 ; dt . ent . z . iris 5 ( 2 ) : 317 ; tl : kentei

528x744 ( ~ 75kb ) underside male an open pine forest on the hill just north of the chita sity , transbaikalia , siberia , russia . 28th june 1996 , photo © oleg kosterin

orbitulus sajana ( rühl , 1895 ) ( lycaena ) ; in heyne , palaearkt . grossschmett . 1 : 757

533x400 ( ~ 46kb ) underside male a montane tundra in a cirque in the sources of the argem ( direntai ) river , 2500 m above sea level , the eastern spurs of the katunskiy mountain range , kosh - agach district , central altai mts . , west siberia , russia . 19th july , 1988 , photo © oleg kosterin

1350x1212 ( ~ 255kb ) upperside male an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian } altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3rd july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin

918x1224 ( ~ 222kb ) underside male an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian } altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3rd july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin

581x717 ( ~ 120kb ) underside male an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian } altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3rd july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin

527x698 ( ~ 106kb ) underside male an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian } altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3rd july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin

polyommatus ( albulina ) orbitulus tyrone forster , 1940 ; mitt . münch . ent . ges . 30 : 881 ; tl : kansu

albulina orbitulus tyrone ; [ nhm card ] ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73

albulina orbitula shanxiensis ; [ mrs ] , 686 ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73

larva on allium sp . , ( [ really ? ] ) [ mrs ]

albulina orbitulus tibetana ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73

albulina orbitulus qinlingensis ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73

albulina orbitulus demulaensis huang , 2001 ; neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73 , pl . 3 , f . 19 - right , pl . 9 , f . 69 ; tl : demula , chayu area tibet

albulina orbitulus dongdalaensis huang , 2001 ; neue ent . nachr . 51 : 74 , pl . 3 , f . 19 - left , pl . 9 , f . 66 ; tl : dangdala , e of zuogong , e . tibet

albulina orbitulus litangensis huang , 2001 ; neue ent . nachr . 51 : 75 , pl . 3 , f . 23 - right , pl . 9 , f . 68 ; tl : litang , w . sichuan

vacciniina optilete f . basireducta lempke , 1955 ; tijdschr . ent . 98 : 307

600x742 ( ~ 56kb ) upperside female finland : ab : suomusjärvi , 669 : 31 , 13 . 7 . 1997 , photo © markku savela

567x500 ( ~ 43kb ) underside female finland : ab : suomusjärvi , 669 : 31 , 13 . 7 . 1997 , photo © markku savela

600x467 ( ~ 34kb ) upperside male finland : li : utsjoki ailigas , 775 : 50 , 14 . 7 . 1998 , photo © markku savela

540x645 ( ~ 33kb ) underside finland : li : utsjoki ailigas , 775 : 50 , 14 . 7 . 1998 , photo © markku savela

669x953 ( ~ 242kb ) underside male the aldan river right bank 1 km w of tommot town , aldan ulus , sakha republic - yakutia , e siberia , russia . 25th june 2002 , photo © oleg kosterin

carpathians , ceu , n . tian - shan , dzhungarsky alatau , w . siberia , s . urals

vacciniina medea hemming , 1934 ; stylops 3 : 98 ( repl . lycaena uralensis seitz , [ 1909 ] )

vacciniina optilete optilete ; [ bru2 ] , 180 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87

= vacciniina optilete sibirica ; [ nhm card ] ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87

vacciniina optilete sibirica ; [ nhm card ] ; [ baru , ( note ) ] ; [ bru2 ] , 181 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87

400x300 ( ~ 16kb ) underside female a mossy larch ( larix gmelinii ( rupr . ) rupr . ) taiga at the village akotuy , the junction of the mountain ranges uryumkanskii and kukul ' bei , aleksandrovskozavodskoi district , e chita province , e transbaikalia , siberia , russia . 23rd july 1997 , photo © oleg kosterin

611x616 ( ~ 96kb ) underside a very slight tundrous ridge surrounded with peat - moss marches few km of the western coast of the southernmost kamchatka at the abandoned settlement bol ' sheretsk . 6th august 1992 , photo © oleg kosterin

lycaena yukona holland , 1900 ; ent . news 11 : 416 ; tl : alaska

plebejus ( albulina ) optilete yukona ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269

= vacciniina optilete sachalinensis ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87

nemoptilete ( bryk , 1942 ) ( lycaena ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 56 : 19

optilete kingana ( matsumura , 1939 ) ( lycaena ) ; bull . biogeogr . soc . japan 9 ( 20 ) : 357

bavarica ( hörhammer , 1925 ) ( lycaena ) ; schmett . südbayerns 1 : 146

latiorina glandon dealbata verity , 1926 ; ent . rec . j . var . 38 : 105

lycaena orbitulus subv . oberthuri staudinger , 1901 ; cat . lep . palaearct . faunengeb . 1 : 81

lycaena ? leela de nicéville , [ 1884 ] ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 52 pt . ii ( 2 / 4 ) : 66 , pl . 1 , f . 3 ♂ , 3a ♀ ; tl : ladak

lycaena pheretes f . caeca courvoisier , 1911 ; ent . zs . 24 ( 20 ) : 107

elunata ( nordström , 1935 ) ( lycaena ) ; ark . zool . 27 a ( 7 ) : 33

lycaena optilete f . uralensis courvoisier , 1910 ; ent . zs . 24 ( 19 ) : 100

lycaena optilete f . uralensis ; courvoisier , 1911 , dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 9 ) : 104

lycaena empyrea gerhard , 1851 ; versuch mon . europ . schmett . ( 5 ) : 11 , pl . 17 , f . 2a - c ( kind . )

lycaena orbitulus var . aquila gerhard , 1851 ; versuch mon . europ . schmett . ( 5 ) : 11 , pl . 18 , f . 4a - c

lycaena atys gerhard , 1851 ; versuch mon . europ . schmett . ( 5 ) : 11 , pl . 19 , f . 3a - d

latimargo ( ebert , 1926 ) ( lycaena ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 35

pseudoborealis ( ebert , 1926 ) ( lycaena ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 35

checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;

the dates of e . j . c . esper ' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen . . . 1776 - [ 1830 ] ; archives of natural history ( 1981 ) 10 ( 2 ) : 251 - 254

butterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .

[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .

ergänzende bemerkungen zu higgins & riley " a field guide to the butterflies of britain and europe " , nebst beschreibung der lycaena pyrenaica latedisjuncta n . subsp .

icones historique des lépidoptères nouveaux ou peu connus . collection , avec figures coloritées , des papillons d ' europe nouvellement découverts ; ouvrage formant le complément de tous les auteurs iconographes

descriptions of certain species of diurnal lepidoptera , found within the limits of the united states and british america . no . 4

die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . fortsetzung . band 2

die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . supplement theil 1 . abschnitt 1

a list of butterflies caught by capt . f . m . bailey in s . e . thibet during 1913

a list of butterflies caught by major h . t . morshead during the mount everest expedition 1921

on some new and little - known butterflies , mainly from high elevations in the n . e . himalayas

reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera

neuere beiträge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 65 - 80 )

versuch einer monographie der europäischen schmetteringsarten : thecla , polyomattus [ sic ] , lycaena , nemeobius . als beitrag zur schmetterlingskunde

alphabetisches verzeichniss zu j . hübner ' s abbildungen der papilionen mit den beigefügten vorzüglichsten synonymen

report of h . huang ' s 2000 expedition to se . tibet for rhopalocera

a new lycaenid butterfly from mt . altin of kunlun range from xinjiang prov .

[ a catalogue of butterflies ( lepidoptera : papilioformes ) of the former ussr . second edition , reformatted and updated ] ( in russian )

the butterflies from jehol ( nekka ) manchoukuo , collected by marqis y . yamashina

descriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873

a natural history of the british lepidoptera . a text - book for students and collectors

züllich , 1928 lycaena nevadensis n . sp . zs . öst . entver . 13 : 73 - 75 , pl . 5

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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a discrete butterfly , found locally in the asturias mts of nw spain and the pyrenees .

with which it may fly in the pyrenees . the current species has bold black submarginal spots on the underside forewing and none on the hindwing .

only from nw spain and the pyrenees in spain and france at alpine levels ( 1500 - 2200m ) . it flies in june and july .

alpine grassy rocky meadows . males take water and salts during hot weather , often at quite some distance from where females can be found . mating occurs in the early afternoon .

two subspecies are generally recognised . from the asturias mts of nw spain , the blue colour of

is brighter and silvery and the females often have white markings on the upperside . in the pyrenees ,

males are a more powdery blue and the females , apart from the cell spot , generally lack any upperside markings .

the underside forewing spots are bold . it lacks the black chevrons in the hindwing margin area .

in 2004 it was extremely satisfying to discover a thriving colony of this rare and extremely local butterfly in bulgaria . we probably saw 30 or 40 individuals in the very tiny area they were flying over .

from a limited number of mountains in the southern balkans from north greece , south bulgaria , fyrom , bosnia where it is very local . flies in july .

our bulgarian colony was on a small rocky ridge with a great variety of plants and sparse grasses at roughly 1900m . it was my father who found them - we had both spent an hour wandering fruitlessly across similar looking areas nearby without finding a single specimen .

it is a very small and inconspicuous butterfly . it flies low over the ground stopping frequently on rocks or to take nectar from low plants .

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taxa believed likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the causal factors continue operating . superseded by new iucn categories in 1994 , so no longer in use .

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life cycle : the butterflies occur between june and august . the males often aggregate on wet spots . the larva hibernates .

popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more

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come on guys , subspecies are not endemics of a country or place . nice selection of l . boldenarum . i am still wondering if i should take off some months in 2017 to further study this species .

are you sure about that . countries can have endemic subspecies - meaning those subspecies are only found in that country . " another term for a species that is endemic is precinctive , which applies to species ( and subspecific categories ) that are restricted to a defined geographical area . " from wikipedia .


brachinus plagiatus is a species of ground beetle from the brachininae subfamily that can be found in albania , bulgaria , france , greece , hungary , italy , moldova , slovakia , southern part of russia , all states of former yugoslavia ( except for macedonia ) , and in western europe .

it can also be found on some islands such as the balearic islands , corsica , sardinia and sicily .

in asia , it can be found on cyprus , in iraq and syria .

it can also be found in north african countries such as algeria , morocco and tunisia .

they were also found and described in georgia in 2004 .

the species is identical in colour to the following species from the same genera : brachinus crepitans , brachinus efflans , and brachinus ejaculans .

brachinus plagiatus

brachinus plagiatus <EOT> maintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .

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© carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018

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corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .

the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;

the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .

this point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :

this status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .

particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as " no probable or definite " ) .

in the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .

warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .

national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .

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ambienti costieri ( spiagge sabbiose , scogliere , foci , paludi costiere , stagni salmastri etc . )

forum entomologi italiani viene aggiornato in maniera casuale e assolutamente non periodica . pertanto , ai sensi della l . 7 marzo 2001 , n . 62 sull ' editoria , questo portale non può essere in alcun modo una testata giornalistica .

copyright © 2009 - 2017 forum entomologi italiani , ove non diversamente specificato . tutti i diritti degli autori sono riservati .

hristovski , slavčo & guéorguiev , borislav , 2015 , annotated catalogue of the carabid beetles of the republic of macedonia ( coleoptera : carabidae ) , zootaxa 4002 ( 1 ) , pp . 1 - 190 : 42

material studied . osogovo , v . rajčani , 700m , ruderal site , 1 s . , 12 . 04 . 2008 , leg . s . hristovski ( csh ) . distribution . 83 .

no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .

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gastrotheca testudinea ( common name : espada 's marsupial frog ) is a species of frog in the family hemiphractidae .

it has a widespread latitudinal range along the eastern ( amazonian ) slopes of the andes of ecuador , peru , and bolivia .

an arboreal direct-development marsupial frog , g. testudinea dwells in foothill , low montane , and cloud forests at elevations from 700 – 2,775 m ( 2,297 – 9,104 ft ) above sea level .

despite its wide distribution , gastrotheca testudinea is seldom collected or recorded , probably due to its arboreal habits , and much remains to be known about its distribution and natural history .

habitat loss is a threat to it .

gastrotheca testudinea

gastrotheca testudinea <EOT> gastrotheca ( gastrotheca ) testudinea — duellman , 2015 , marsupial frogs : 389 .

gastrotheca ( opisthodelphys ) testudinea — dubois , 1987 " 1986 " , alytes , 5 : 31 .

gastrotheca testudinea — duellman , 1974 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 27 : 4 .

gastrotheca viviparum — peters , 1955 , rev . ecuat . entomol . parsitol . , 2 : 348 .

we present new information on the distribution of the marsupial frog gastrotheca testudinea ( jiménez de la espada , 1870 ) in ecuador . we provide the first record from the province of cañar , and the country’s southernmost locality ( which also corresponds to the third known report from the province of zamora - chinchipe ) . in addition , we discuss the validity of the locality of loreto for this species . based on this discussion , we review the elevation range of the species and propose to change the lowest elevation limit of gastrotheca testudinea from 1100 to 700 m .

this manuscript contains new information on the distribution of an amphibian species from ecuador . a version of this manuscript was submitted to a journal . however , this manuscript contains complete information for all data , and it will serve as a reference to other papers about frogs of the genus gastrotheca .

in the gastrotheca ovifera group of duellman , maxson , and jesiolowski , 1988 , copeia , 1988 : 527 - 543 . see de la riva , köhler , lötters , and reichle , 2000 , rev . esp . herpetol . , 14 : 30 , for bolivian record . see brief account by köhler , 2000 , bonn . zool . monogr . , 48 : 93 . in the gastrotheca marsupiata group of castroviejo - fisher , padial , de la riva , pombal , silva , rojas - runjaic , medina - méndez , and frost , 2015 , zootaxa , 4004 : 1–72 . see detailed account by duellman , 2015 , marsupial frogs : 389–394 . urgilés , sánchez - nivicela , and cisneros - heredia , 2017 , check list , 13 ( 4 ) : 121–125 , provided notes on the distribution in ecuador .

* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .

will find all uses of " hyl . . . " anywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .

will find all uses of " . . . hyla " anywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla

will find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor

interprets this as " lithobates or pipiens " so will find the union of all records that contain either " lithobates " or " pipiens " : e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens

interprets this as " lithobates and pipiens " so will return all records that have the character string " lithobates pipiens " anywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .

nototrema testudineum jiménez de la espada , 1870 , j . sci . math . phys . nat . , lisboa , 3 : 62 . holotype : not stated ; given as mncn 155 by duellman , 1977 , das tierreich , 95 : 20 ; now mncn 3510 according to gonzález - fernández , garcía - díez , and san segundo , 2009 , spixiana , münchen , 32 : 273 . type locality : " in ecuador ; prope a monti olim ignivomo sumaco " ; given as " san josé de moti , provincia napo , ecuador " , by duellman , 1977 , das tierreich , 95 : 20 .

nototrema viviparum andersson , 1945 , ark . zool . , 37a ( 2 ) : 82 . holotype : nhrm 1964 ( 10 specimens ) , according to duellman , 1977 , das tierreich , 95 : 20 . type localities : " baños , rio pastaza " , cerro tungurahua , and " watershed , rio pastaza " , eastern ecuador . synonymy by duellman and fritts , 1972 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 9 : 4 .

espada ' s marsupial frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 53 ) .

amazonian slopes of andes in ecuador , peru , and bolivia at elevations of 700–2275 m ; possibly extending into adjacent colombia .

please note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .

for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .

copyright © 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

frost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 march 2016 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .

this genus has recently been moved from the family hylidae ( faivovich , et al . , 2005 ) .

justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .

this species ' geographic range is on the amazonian slopes of andes in ecuador , perú ( departamentos : amazonas , san martín ) and bolivia . in ecuador it is found in the eastern cordillera real montane forests in the eastern subtropical altitudinal zone . its altitudinal range is 400m to 2 , 000m asl .

this is an arboreal frog found in primary forest of lowland and montane humid forest . at cordillera de cutucú , ecuador , one specimen was found in a flat area on a ridge with cloud forest that had a relatively open canopy and many tree falls ( duellman and lynch , 1988 ) . a direct development species , the eggs are carried in a pouch on the females back . it is not present in modified habitats .

in ecuador , its geographic range overlaps with parque nacional sumaco napo - galeras , reserva ecológica antisana , parque nacional llanganates , and parque nacional sangay . it is known from three protected areas in bolivia .

javier icochea , luis a . coloma , santiago ron , steffen reichle , ariadne angulo , diego cisneros - heredia . 2004 .

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verónica l . urgilés conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .

juan carlos sánchez - nivicela conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .

diego f cisneros - heredia conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .

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specimens deposited at mzua were collected under permits 065 - dpa - ma - 2014 and 019 - ic - fau / flo - dpzch - ma issued by ministerio del ambiente , ecuador .

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research was conducted under permits 065 - dpa - ma - 2014 and 019 - ic - fau / flo - dpzch - ma issued by ministerio del ambiente , ecuador .

research funding was provided by universidad del azuay ( budget code fondos uda 2016 [ 39 , 2016 ] ) ; 2002 research training program ( national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution ) and the smithsonian women ' s committee ; programa “becas de excelencia” , secretaría de educación superior , ciencia , tecnología e innovación ( senescyt ) , ecuador ; universidad san francisco de quito usfq ( chancellor ' s grant ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .

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frost , darrel r . 2004 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 3 . 0 ( 22 august , 2004 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa

amphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )

frost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .

format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3

finds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .

finds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .

sometimes taxonomists create new names for groups that already have a name . they may do this because they are unaware of the original name , or they may think the organism before them belongs to a different group when in fact it does not . if two or more names are found to apply to the same group , they are considered synonyms . in most cases , the first name takes priority and is considered to be the valid or accepted name . however , there can be exceptions , and it ' s not always easy to determine which of a series of synonyms should be considered valid or accepted . here we list the synonyms provided to eol by our classification partners . we also include other versions of the name that most likely refer to the same group , for example , misspellings in the literature or different variations of the authorship associated with the name .