the chiricahua leopard frog ( lithobates chiricahuensis syn . rana chiricahuensis ) is a species of frog in the family ranidae , the true frogs .

it is native to mexico and arizona and new mexico in the united states .

its natural habitats are temperate forests , rivers , intermittent rivers , swamps , freshwater lakes , intermittent freshwater lakes , freshwater marshes , intermittent freshwater marshes , freshwater springs , ponds , and open excavations .

it is threatened by habitat loss and chytrid fungus to such an extent that it has been eliminated from 80 % of its former habitat .

the phoenix zoo , arizona 's department of game and fish , and the usfws are trying to mitigate threats through captive breeding and reintroduction efforts .

chiricahua leopard frog

chiricahua leopard frog <EOT> u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2006 . chiricahua leopard frog (

chiricahua leopard frog egg masses , huachuca mtns , az . photo by jim rorabaugh

chiricahua leopard frog , santa cruz co . , az . photo by jim rorabaugh .

sonoran whipsnake eating chiricahua leopard frog , dragoon mtns , az . photo by jim rorabaugh

figure 2 . chiricahua leopard frog , huachuca mountains , az . photo by jim rorabaugh

figure 1 . chiricahua leopard frog , coconino county , az . photo by jim rorabaugh .

figure 6 . chiricahua leopard frog egg mass , huachuca mountains , az . photo by jim rorabaugh

figure 3 . chiricahua leopard frog thigh pattern , santa cruz county , az . photo by jim rorabaugh

figure 4 . late stage chiricahua leopard frog tadpole , huachuca mountains , az . photo by jim rorabaugh

chiricahua leopard frogs can darken their abdominal skin under certain conditions , a camouflaging ability .

may 2009 - wildearth guardians and the u . s . fish and wildlife service reach a settlement in the chiricahua leopard frog case

reproductive interference . male chiricahua leopard frog in amplexus with a female bullfrog . pieper hatchery spring , tonto nat forest . photo by abi king

figure 5 . distribution of the chiricahua leopard frog . the distribution south of chihuahua is not well known . the type locality for the vegas valley leopard frog is not included ( it is off the map to the northwest ) .

april 2008 - wildearth guardians files lawsuit challenging the u . s . fish and widllife service’s failure to designate critical habitat for the chiricahua leopard frog

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203 mm svl ) and lack dorsolateral folds . the chiricahua leopard frog is known to hybridize with the northern leopard frog and lowland leopard frog . in wild populations , rates of hybridization are low ( 0 - 7 % , platz and mecham 1979 ) , although green and delisle ( 1985 ) noted two of four frogs were hybrids at a site with northern and chiricahua leopard frogs in coconino county , az . frost and bagnara ( 1977 ) found no evidence for hybridization between the chiricahua and plains (

diet : the chiricahua leopard frog presumably feeds upon a wide variety of invertebrates as well as some small vertebrates ( including juveniles of their own kind ) .

variations in the expressed antimicrobial peptide repertoire of northern leopard frog ( rana pipiens ) . . .

u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2002 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; listing of the chiricahua leopard frog ( rana chiricahuensis ) . federal register : 40790 - 4081 .

goldberg , c . s . , field , k . j . and sredl , m . j . 2003 . ramsey canyon leopard frog identity crisis : mitochondrial dna analyses support designation as chiricahua leopard frog . arizona game and fish department , nongame and endangered wildlife program technical report 218 , phoenix , arizona .

platz and mecham , 1979 ; chiricahua leopard frog . in : lanoo mj ( ed ) amphibian declines ; the conservation status of united states species . university of california press , berkeley , pp 546–549

u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2000 . proposal to list the chiricahua leopard frog as threatened with a special rule . federal register ( 14 june 2000 ) : 37343 - 3735 .

nighttime in the white mountains of arizona , and the sound of heavy snoring echoes down a sluggish stream . but there are no sleeping campers here ; this is the sound of an imperiled male chiricahua leopard frog , calling for a mate . despite many challenges to its survival , the chiricahua leopard frog is lucky . in a world where frogs are rapidly disappearing , this frog is one of eight listed as “threatened” or “endangered” under the endangered species act ( esa ) .

none of the other five leopard frogs in arizona , or other three leopard frogs in the 100 - mile circle , ever exhibit a salt and pepper pattern on the rear of the thigh . the chiricahua leopard frog is also the only leopard frog species in our area likely to have a dorsum that is entirely green ( although many chiricahua leopard frogs lack green in the dorsal pattern ) . the upturned eyes are also diagnostic . in all other leopard frogs in our area the eyes are positioned lower down , so the angle of view is more or less lateral to the head , rather than upturned . these characters combined with a preponderance of small , dark spots on the dorsum and relatively rough skin are usually enough to distinguish this species from other southwestern leopard frogs . the advertisement call of the chiricahua leopard frog is also diagnostic ( see activity and reproduction ) . american bullfrogs (

jennings , r . d . 1988 . ecological studies of the chiricahua leopard frog , rana chiricahuensis , in new mexico . report to share with wildlife , new mexico department of game and fish , santa fe .

usfws ( u . s . fish and wildlife service ) . 2007 . chiricahua leopard frog ( rana chiricahuensis ) recovery plan . region 2 , u . s . fish and wildlife service , albuquerque , nm .

christman , b . l . , and m . r . cummer . 2006 . stomach contents analysis of the chiricahua leopard frog ( rana chiricahuensis ) and plains leopard frog ( rana blairi ) in new mexico . final report to the new mexico department of game and fish . share with wildlife contract 05 - 516 . 0000 . 051 .

in the laboratory , crayfish ( orconectes virilis ) can kill and consume tadpole , metamorph , and adult chiricahua leopards frogs , and their presence has been linked to the disappearance of chiricahua leopard frog populations ( fernandez and rosen 1996 , 1999 ) . sredl and howland ( 1995 ) found that chiricahua leopard frogs were almost always absent from sites with american bullfrogs and non - native predatory fishes , such as bluegill and other sunfishes , largemouth bass , and carp ( including koi ) . tiger salamanders ( ambystoma mavortium ) likely prey upon chiricahua leopard frog tadpoles and juvenile frogs . chiricahua leopard frogs coexist with a number of native fishes , and in some sites persist with mosquitofish ( gambusia affinis , usfws 2007 ) . the likelihood of coexisting with predators , especially non - native species , is likely correlated with habitat complexity and the presence of escape cover . chiricahua leopard frogs typically jump into water when threatened , but do not emit an alarm call ( sredl and jennings 2005 ) .

jennings , r . d . activity and reproductive phenologies and their ecological correlates among populations of the chiricahua leopard frog , rana chiricahuensis . unpublished report for new mexico department of game and fish , santa fe , new mexico .

jennings , r . d . 1988 . ecological studies of the chiricahua leopard frog , rana chiricahuensis , in new mexico . report to share with wildlife , new mexico department of game and fish , santa fe , new mexico .

via phylogenetic placement of archival specimens highlights the utility of museum collections to provide evidence of pre - anthropogenic - disturbance conditions and better defines paths toward recovery of several imperiled leopard frogs in southwestern north america . although the chiricahua leopard frog may remain a valid taxon in southern ( goldberg et al .

a wide variety of vertebrates and invertebrates likely prey upon chiricahua leopard frogs and their tadpoles and eggs , including aquatic insects , fishes , snakes , birds , american bullfrogs and possibly other anurans , and a variety of mammals ( sredl and jennings 2005 ) . however , predation in the wild has rarely been reported . eric enderson has a picture on the tucson herpetological society website of a black - necked gartersnake ( thamnophis cyrtopsis ) eating a metamorph chiricahua leopard frog . rorabaugh and jones ( in press ) observed a sonoran whipsnake ( coluber bilineatus ) with an adult chiricahua leopard frog in its mouth in the dragoon mountains , az . tom deecken ( pers . comm . 2014 ) watched a mexican gartersnake ( t . eques ) feeding on young chiricahua leopard frogs in the huachuca mountains , az .

the u . s . fish and wildlife service listed the chiricahua leopard frog as a " threatened " species in 2002 . listing prompted numerous efforts to protect and restore habitat for the frog and control exotic species on both public and private land . although the species has continued to decline in new mexico , populations and occupied sites have increased in arizona since 2002 . designation of critical habitat , as required under the esa , will help ensure long - term recovery of the chiricahua leopard frog . protecting the frog and its habitat will provide for a safer , healthier environment for both frogs and people . and that’s nothing to snore at .

fernandez , p . j . and p . c . rosen . 1999 . efforts to eradicate introduced crayfish in a stream habitat of the chiricahua leopard frog in the white mountains , arizona . sonoran herpetologist 12 ( 8 ) : 87 .

boykin , k . g . , and k . c . mcdaniel . 2008 . simulated potential effects of ecological factors on a hypothetical population of chiricahua leopard frog ( rana chiricahuensis ) . ecological modelling 218 ( 2008 ) : 175 - 181 .

rorabaugh , j . 2010 . a comparison of the status of the chiricahua leopard frog ( lithobates chiricahuensis ) in arizona from 2002 to 2009 . u . s . fish and wildlife service . ecological services . tucson , arizona . january 2010 .

the chiricahua leopard frog was proposed for federal listing as a threatened species in a federal register notice published on 14 june 2000 ( 65 fr 37343 ) . the final rule was published 13 june 2002 ( 67 fr 40794 ) and included a special rule promulgated under section 4d of the esa that excluded livestock operations and maintenance at cattle tanks on non - federal lands from the esa’s section 9 take prohibitions . collection of the species is prohibited by arizona game and fish commission order 41 , except with special permits . collection is similarly prohibited in mexico where the chiricahua leopard frog is listed as a threatened species by the mexican government . chiricahua leopard frogs are not protected by state regulations in new mexico . in a 20 march 2012 federal register notice , 10 , 346 acres ( 4 , 187 hectares ) in 39 units in arizona and new mexico were designated as critical habitat for the chiricahua leopard frog ( 77 fr 16347 ) .

jennings , r . d . 1990 . activity and reproductive phenologies and their ecological correlates among populations of the chiricahua leopard frog , rana chiricahuensis . report to endangered species program / share with wildlife , new mexico department of game and fish , santa fe .

—an extinct species—to advance recovery planning for leopard frog populations in southwestern north america . phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mtdna sequence variation among century - old specimens placed

fernandez , p . j . 1996 . a facility for captive propagation of chiricahua leopard frogs ( rana chiricahuensis ) . herpetoculture , pp . 7 - 12 . international herpetological symposium .

clarkson et al . ( 1986 ) were the first to report declining populations of chiricahua and other leopard frog species in arizona . elaborating on that earlier report , clarkson and rorabaugh ( 1989 ) found chiricahua leopard frogs at only two of 36 sites in arizona that supported the species in the 1960s and 1970s . they suggested that predation by introduced american bullfrogs and fishes , as well as habitat alteration were likely contributing factors in observed leopard frog declines in arizona , but that disappearances of chiricahua leopard frogs were often in places that lacked introduced predators and significant habitat disturbance . in a status assessment of mexican and narrow - headed gartersnakes ( thamnophis eques and t . rufipunctatus , respectively ) , rosen and schwalbe ( 1988 ) noted that american bullfrogs prey upon and had replaced leopard frogs at some sites in southern arizona . they suggested that non - native predatory fish may have the same effect .

platz , j . e . 1997 . status survey of the ramsey canyon leopard frog , rana subaquavocalis . report to the arizona game and fish department , phoenix .

canyon , huachuca mountains , az that they keyed out to r . montezumae of mexico , which was among the first recognition of a frog that would later be named lithobates chiricahuensis . mecham ( 1968 ) quantified the morphological differences between the “southern form” ( = l . chiricahuensis ) and the northern leopard frog ( l . pipiens ) in the white mountains of arizona . he stated that this southern form resembled frogs from southwestern new mexico and southeastern arizona . employing electrophoresis of frog hemoglobin , platz and platz ( 1973 ) presented evidence for three species of leopard frogs in arizona , including the northern form ( = l . pipiens ) , mecham’s southern form , and the lowland form . platz and mecham ( 1979 ) subsequently described the southern form as the chiricahua leopard frog ( rana [ = lithobates ] chiricahuensis ) and platz and frost ( 1984 ) described the lowland form as the lowland leopard frog ( rana [ = lithobates ] yavapaiensis ) . the type locality for the chiricahua leopard frog is herb martyr reservoir in cave creek of the chiricahua mountains , az . frost et al . ( 2006 ) proposed the genus name lithobates for all leopard frogs and other related ranid frogs , which was subsequently adopted by the society for the study of reptiles and amphibians ( crother 2008 , 2012 ) , but remains controversial ( see pauly et al . 2009 ) .

rosen , p . c . , c . r . schwalbe , and s . s . sartorius . 1996 . decline of the chiricahua leopard frog in arizona mediated by introduced species . report to heritage program , arizona game and fish department , phoenix . iipam project no . i92052 .

fernandez , p . j . , and j . t . bagnara . 1995 . recent changes in leopard frog distribution in the white mountains of east central arizona . page 4

rorabaugh , j . , m . kreutzian , m . sredl , c . painter , r . aguilar , j . c . bravo , and c . kruse . 2008 . inching towards recovery : the case of the chiricahua leopard frog . endangered species bulletin 33 ( 1 ) : 11 - 14 .

some other ranid frogs ( e . g . northern leopard frog ) use different habitats seasonally , and move among those habitats as the seasons change . no marked seasonal use has been noted in the chiricahua leopard frog , except that when the summer rains come , the frogs often spread out along drainages into ephemeral reaches and likely use the uplands to a greater degree than during the dry foresummer . based on our anecdotal observations , juveniles may use shallow water and marshy areas more than adults , as well . during drought , when water is scarce , chiricahua leopard frogs concentrate into the last remaining pools . at dry cattle tanks , they have been found in cracks in the mud where conditions remain moist .

jennings , r . d . 1995 . investigations of recently viable leopard frog populations in new mexico : rana chiricahuensis and rana yavapaiensis . new mexico game and fish department , santa fe .

jennings , r . d . and scott , jr . 1993 . ecologically correlated morphological variation in tadpoles of the leopard frog , rana chiricahuensis . journal of herpetology : 285 - 293 .

christman , b . l . , c . g . kruse , and s . debrott . 2003 . survey and monitoring of chiricahua leopard frog ( rana chiricahuensis ) populations on the ladder ranch and adjacent gila national forest lands : sierra county , new mexico . turner endangered species fund , ladder ranch , nm .

goldberg et al . ( 1998 ) documented six species of trematodes and one species of nematode in chiricahua leopard frogs from arizona . a generalized discussion of amphibian parasites and their effects is found in usfws ( 2007 ) .

goldberg , c . s . , k . j . field , and m . j . sredl . 2004 . ramsey canyon leopard frogs’ ( rana subaquavocalis ) identity crisis : mitochondrial sequences support designation as chiricahua leopard frogs ( rana chiricahuensis ) . journal of herpetology 38 ( 3 ) : 313 - 319 .

description : this leopard frog grows to about 4 . 3 inches in length , and is a green or brown frog with dorsolateral folds and numerous , relatively small dark spots . in southeastern arizona , frogs are often green , or have green on the head . the chiricahua leopard frog is distinguished from other arizona leopard frogs by a combination of characters , including a distinctive salt and pepper pattern on the rear of the thigh of adults and some juveniles , dorsolateral folds that are interrupted and inset towards the rear ; stocky body proportions ; eyes that are relatively high and upturned on the head ; and relatively rough skin on the back and sides . compared to other leopard frogs , the tadpoles are relatively dark , mottled , and stocky . tadpoles grow to > 3 inches . distribution : the chiricahua leopard frog occurred historically in the mountains and valleys along the mogollon rim east of camp verde and the verde river , but also in southeastern arizona south of the gila river from the baboquivari mountains east to peloncillo mountains . although still fairly well distributed through this range , the species has disappeared from about 88 % of its historical localities in arizona .

christman and cummer ( 2006 ) examined stomach contents of 56 chiricahua leopard frogs from new mexico . the most common prey items were insects ( coleoptera , hemiptera , and diptera – 75 . 2 % by frequency ) . vertebrates were uncommon in the diet , and included one cyprinid fish and remnants of a frog or late stage tadpole . both terrestrial and aquatic prey were taken in similar proportions ( 44 . 6 and 37 . 3 % , respectively ) . incidental material in the stomachs included plant material , wood , and stones . the authors concluded that the chiricahua leopard frog is a prey generalist , taking what is available . however , they suggested bombardier beetles ( brachinus sp . ) are avoided . those beetles were common at frog collection sites but were not found in stomachs .

) . the declining leopard frog species ( family ranidae ) from southwestern north america present an example of how uncertain taxonomic status can impede or complicate conservation strategies ( e . g . jaeger et al .

fernandez , p . j . , and j . t . bagnara . 1993 . observations on the development of unusual melanization of leopard frog ventral skin . journal of morphology 216 : 9 - 15 .

platz , j . e . , and j . s . frost . 1984 . rana yavapaiensis , a new species of leopard frog ( rana pipiens complex ) . copeia 1984 : 940 - 948 .

platz , j . e . and mecham , j . s . 1979 . rana chiricahuensis , a new species of leopard frog ( rana pipiens complex ) from arizona . copeia : 383 - 390 .

in new mexico , randy jennings did not consider the chiricahua leopard frog in jeopardy based on surveys from 1983 - 87 ( pers . comm . in clarkson and rorabaugh 1989 ) , but in a subsequent report , he found the species at only 6 of 33 sites that had supported the species during the previous 11 years ( jennings 1995 ) .

the chiricahua leopard frog is typically green with namesake dark , leopard - like patterning and golden eyes . they are stocky animals that can grow up to 4 . 3 inches long , and are most active at night . for successful reproduction , these frogs need permanent water 15 to 35 cm deep . they lay their eggs in masses near the shore on vegetation growing close to the water’s surface . after metamorphosis , the frogs eat an array of invertebrates and small vertebrates .

frost , j . s . and bagnara , j . t . 1977 . sympatry between rana blairi and the southern form of leopard frog in southeastern arizona ( anura : ranidae ) . southwestern naturalist : 443 - 453 .

the chiricahua leopard frog is a species of high valleys and mountains , from about 1 , 034 m elevation in the altar valley , pima county , to 2 , 709 m in the white mountains , az . vegetation communities in these areas include chihuahuan desertscrub , semi - desert grassland , plains grassland , oak woodland , pinyon - juniper woodland , pine - oak woodland , and mixed conifer forest . within these communities , the chiricahua leopard frog is typically found at or near ciénegas , pools , livestock tanks , mine adits , wells , lakes , reservoirs , streams , and rivers with permanent or nearly permanent surface water . this species is rare or absent in high gradient , shallow flowing water , and more likely to be found in deep , still pools .

platz , j . e . 1993 . rana subaquavocalis , a remarkable new species of leopard frog ( rana pipiens complex ) from southeastern arizona that calls under water . journal of herpetology 27 ( 2 ) : 154 - 162 .

platz , j . e . , and j . s . mecham . 1979 . rana chiricahuensis , a new species of leopard frog ( rana pipiens complex ) from arizona . copeia 1979 ( 3 ) : 383 - 390 .

rand , a . s . 1950 . leopard frogs in caves in winter . copeia 1950 : 324 .

field , k . j . , t . l . beatty sr . , and t . l . beatty jr . 2003 . rana subaquavocalis ( ramsey canyon leopard frog ) ; diet . herpetological review 34 ( 3 ) : 235 .

remarks : the range of the chiricahua leopard frog in arizona is split into southeastern and east - central ( mogollon rim ) disjunct populations that may be different species or subspecies . in addition , some authors consider frogs from the eastern slope of the huachuca mountains to be a separate species ( ramsey canyon leopard frog , rana subaquavocalis – see platz 1993 , but also goldberg et al . 2004 ) . the chiricahua leopard frog ( not including the “ramsey canyon leopard frog” ) is listed as a threatened species under the endangered species act . causes of decline include chytridiomycosis ( a fungal disease ) , predation by non - native species , habitat loss and degradation , and other factors . a recovery team has prepared a draft recovery plan . by jim rorabaugh federally protected rana chiricahuensis is listed as threatened under the endangered species act . it is against federal law to harass , harm , pursue , hunt , shoot , wound , kill , trap , capture , or collect this animal or to attempt to engage in any such conduct . more information on federal listing here : urltoken protected in az it is against arizona state law to harass , harm , pursue , hunt , shoot , wound , kill , trap , capture , or collect this animal or to attempt to engage in any such conduct .

jennings , r . d . 1995 . investigations of recently viable leopard frog populations in new mexico : rana chiricahuensis and rana yavapaiensis . report submitted to new mexico department of game and fish , endangered species program , santa fe , new mexico .

the chiricahua leopard frog historically occurred in cienegas , lakes , ponds and riparian zones at elevations between 3 , 281 to 8 , 890 feet in central and southeastern arizona , west - central and southwestern new mexico , and the sky islands and sierra madre occidental of northeastern sonora and western chihuahua , mexico . but it has now vanished from over 80 percent of its former habitat in arizona . although less is known about the new mexico population , the frog appears to have disappeared from over 80 percent of its habitat in that state , as well .

fernandez , p . j . , and j . t . bagnara . 1991 . effect of background color and low temperature on skin color and circulating ά - msh in two species of leopard frog . general and comparative endocrinology 83 : 132 - 141 .

frost , j . s . , and j . t . bagnara . 1977 . sympatry between rana blairi and the southern form of leopard frog in southeastern arizona ( anura : ranidae ) . the southwestern naturalist 22 ( 4 ) : 443 - 453 .

platz , j . e . , a . lathrop , l . hofbauer , and m . vradenburg . 1997 . age distribution and longevity in the ramsey canyon leopard frog , rana subaquavocalis . journal of herpetology 31 ( 4 ) : 552 - 557 .

jennings , r . d . 2005 . rana fisheri stejneger , 1893 , vegas valley leopard frog . pages 554 - 555 in m . lannoo ( ed ) , amphibian declines , the conservation status of united states species . university of california press , berkeley .

though they rarely exceed five inches in length , male chiricahua leopard frogs are scrappy for their size – they’ll engage in frog - fisticuffs with other males to secure the best territories during the mating season . females are otherwise occupied : they lay as many as 6 , 000 eggs during each mating season of their 18 - year lifespan . chiricahua leopard frogs need permanent water for reproduction , but that’s increasingly hard to come by ; the riparian areas they live in are often destroyed by livestock grazing , groundwater pumping , water diversion , and dams . the center for biological diversity fought for protection for this species , and in 2002 it was officially listed under the endangered species act – but without protected habitat , these frogs are still at risk .

: evidence for phylogenetically distinct leopard frogs from the border region of nevada , utah , and arizona . copeia 2001 : 339–354

goldberg , s . r . , c . r . bursey , and h . cheam . 1998 . helminths in two native frog species ( rana chiricahuensis , rana yavapaiensis ) and one introduced frog species ( rana catesbeianus ) ( ranidae ) from arizona . journal of parasitology 84 : 175 - 177 .

suggestions that the extinct vegas valley leopard frog ( rana fisheri = lithobates fisheri ) may have been synonymous with one of several declining species have complicated recovery planning for imperiled leopard frogs in southwestern united states . to address this concern , we reconstructed the phylogenetic position of r . fisheri from mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data obtained from century - old museum specimens . analyses incorporating representative north american rana species placed archival specimens within the clade comprising federally threatened chiricahua leopard frogs ( rana chiricahuensis = lithobates chiricahuensis ) . further analysis of chiricahua leopard frogs recovered two diagnosable lineages . one lineage is composed of r . fisheri specimens and r . chiricahuensis near the mogollon rim in central arizona , while the other encompasses r . chiricahuensis populations to the south and east . these findings ascribe r . chiricahuensis populations from the northwestern most portion of its range to a resurrected r . fisheri , demonstrating how phylogenetic placement of archival specimens can inform recovery and conservation plans , especially those that call for translocation , re - introduction , or population augmentation of imperiled species .

streicher , j . w . , c . m . sheehy iii , o . flores - villela , and j . a . campbell . 2012 morphological variation in a polychromatic population of chiricahua leopard frogs ( lithobates chiricahuensis ) from durango , mexico . journal of herpetology 46 ( 3 ) : 387 - 392 .

davidson , c . 1996 . frog and toad calls of the rocky mountains . library of natural sounds , cornell laboratory of ornithology , ithaca , ny .

sredl , m . j . , and r . d . jennings . 2005 . rana chiricahuensis : platz and mecham , 1979 , chiricahua leopard frogs . pages 546 - 549 in m . j . lannoo ( ed ) , amphibian declines : the conservation status of united states species . university of california press , berkeley .

to the south , populations occur or occurred from the baboquivari mountains in pima county , az eastward to the animas mountains and playas valley , hidalgo county , nm and south well into mexico . the northern - most records south of the gila river in arizona are two specimens from the base of the pinaleño mountains , graham county . the species is also known from the nearby galiuro mountains . in mexico , the chiricahua leopard frog occurs or occurred in eastern sonora , western chihuahua , and adjacent durango , mexico ( rorabaugh 2008 , lemos - espinal and smith 2007 , streicher et al . 2012 ) . the southern distributional limit is unclear . diaz and diaz ( 1997 ) reported the species from aguascalientes ; however , chiricahuensis - like frogs of mexico , including lithobates montezumae and l . lemosespinali could be confused with the chiricahua leopard frog , and the relationships of these similar frogs to each other and l . chiricahuensis need further work , particularly in regard to l . lemosespinali .

lemos - espinal et al . ( 2013 ) noted some differences in chiricahua leopard frogs from southwestern chihuahua as compared to those in sonora and the united states . the maximum svl is 58 mm , and they are dark gray - brown and have fewer spots on the dorsum . the authors suggest these differences may reflect taxonomic distinctiveness .

mecham , j . s . 1968 . evidence of reproductive isolation between two populations of the frog , rana pipiens , in arizona . southwestern naturalist : 35 - 44 .

field et al . ( 2003 ) noted a rufous or allen’s hummingbird taken by a chiricahua leopard frog in miller canyon of the huachuca mountains , az . captives readily take crickets , mealworm larvae and adults , silkworm larvae , other invertebrates , and small fish ( demlong 1997 , usfws 2007 ) . cannibalism of larger frogs on smaller frogs occurs in captive colonies and likely occurs in the wild ( jennings 1988 ) . the tadpoles are probably mostly herbivorous . marti and fisher ( 1998 ) listed the following likely tadpole food items in ramsey canyon , huachuca mountains : bacteria , diatoms , phytoplankton , filamentous algae , water milfoil , duckweed , and detritus . we have observed wild chiricahua leopard frog tadpoles feeding upon floating algal mats . large tadpoles have been observed consuming the gelatinous envelopes of conspecific egg masses ( platz 1997 ) . in captivity , tadpoles have been fed rabbit pellets suspended in agar - gelatin blocks , boiled spinach , romaine lettuce , cucumber slices , frozen trout , duckweed , and spirulina fish food ( frost 1982 , demlong 1997 ) .

sredl , m . j . and jennings , r . d . 2005 . rana chiricahuensis ( platz and mecham , 1979 ) chiricahua leopard frogs . in : lannoo , m . j . ( ed . ) , status and conservation of u . s . amphibians . volume 2 : species accounts , university of california press , berkeley , california .

the zoo’s head - start program , dedicated to raising native frogs for release to supplement wild populations , is housed in the arthur l . and elaine v . johnson foundation conservation center . at the johnson center , you have the ability to see the leopard frog colonies and our staff as they work with them .

mecham , j . s . 1968 . evidence of reproductive isolation between two populations of the frog , rana pipiens , in arizona . southwestern naturalist 13 : 35 - 44 .

sredl , m . j . , and j . m . howland . 1995 . conservation and management of madrean populations of the chiricahua leopard frog . pages 379 - 385 in l . f . debano , g . j . gottfried , r . h . hamre , c . b . edminster , and p . f . ffolliott ( tech . eds . ) , biodiversity and management of the madrean archipelago : the sky islands of the southwestern united states and northwestern mexico . usda forest service , general technical report rm - gtr - 264 .

brennan , t . c . , & a . t . holycross . 2006 . a field guide to amphibians and reptiles in arizona . arizona game and fish department . phoenix , az . goldberg , c . s . , k . j . field , and m . j . sredl . 2004 . mitochondrial dna sequences do not support species status of the ramsey canyon leopard frog ( rana subaquavocalis ) . journal of herpetology 38 ( 3 ) : 313 - 319 . platz , j . e . 1993 . rana subaquavocalis , a remarkable new species of leopard frog ( rana pipiens complex ) from southeastern arizona that calls under water . journal of herpetology 27 ( 2 ) : 154 - 162 . sredl , m . j . , and r . d . jennings . 2005 . rana chiricahuensis platz and mecham , 1979 , chiricahua leopard frog . pages 546 - 549 i n m . j . lannoo ( ed ) , amphibian declines : the conservation status of united states species . university of california press , berkeley . sredl , m . j . , j . m . howland , j . e . wallace , and l . s . saylor . 1997 . status and distribution of arizona ' s native ranid frogs . pages 45 - 101 in m . j . sredl ( ed ) . ranid frog conservation and management . arizona game and fish department , nongame and endangered wildlife program , technical report 121 .

the center ' s public lands program will watchdog activities that could degrade this frog ' s habitat in our last desert rivers — including arizona ' s san pedro river and fossil creek .

it might be surprising to many that in a state known for its arid environments that among the animals comprising arizona’s rich biodiversity are 25 species of native amphibians , including 24 frog species ( i . e . , both frogs and toads ) and only one species of salamander ( the tiger salamander ) . indeed , several of these amphibians are only found in some of the most arid parts of the deserts that make up much of arizona . what might not be surprising is that the aquatic habitats that support many of arizona’s amphibians have been diverted or destroyed because of the high demand for water in the state . many of our amphibians have suffered serious population declines and some , such as the chiricahua leopard frog and sonoran tiger salamander , are protected under the endangered species act .

specimens , we needed to provide a comparative sequence library for representative southwestern and western ranid frog species . we used a combination of genbank accessioned sequences ( dataset i ( gi55418335–gi55418396 ) from hillis and wilcox

the chiricahua leopard frog recovery plan ( usfws 2007 ) is the primary document guiding conservation activities for this species . it includes recommended recovery actions to reduce or eliminate threats , an implementation schedule for those actions , measurable criteria to gauge recovery success , and much other information needed to conserve the species . recovery criteria need to be met in each of eight recovery units . the primary recovery actions include 1 ) protecting remaining populations , 2 ) identifying , restoring or creating , and protecting unoccupied sites as necessary to support viable chiricahua leopard frog populations and metapopulations , 3 ) establishing new or reestablishing former populations , 4 ) augmenting populations as needed to increase persistence , 5 ) monitoring populations and recovery , 6 ) conducting research that promotes recovery , 7 ) developing support for the recovery program , 8 ) developing cooperative projects with non - federal landowners , 9 ) amending land use plans as needed , 10 ) working with tribal partners , 11 ) working with mexican partners , and 12 ) practicing adaptive management . the recovery program is guided by a recovery team , three regional steering committees , and numerous local recovery groups , most of which meet on a regular basis . the recovery plan and other documents pertaining to the species can be downloaded from the following site :

from century - old archival museum specimens to address alternative taxonomic hypotheses , and in so doing , to advance the recovery planning of imperiled leopard frogs across southwestern north america .

cunjak , r . a . 1986 . winter habitat of northern leopard frogs , rana pipiens , in a southern ontario stream . canadian journal of zoology 64 : 255‑257 .

hale , s . f . 1992 . a survey of the historic and potential habitat for the tarahumara frog , ( rana tarahumarae ) in arizona . report to the arizona game and fish department , phoenix .

most of the southwestern streams the chiricahua leopard frog calls home have shrunken or disappeared . groundwater pumping , damming , and water diversion have dried up streams and interrupted pool creation . cattle destroy vegetation , trample banks , and pollute water with silt and droppings . some leopard frogs , particularly males , will travel long distances ( more than two miles ) along connected riparian habitat in search of food or mates , highlighting the importance of habitat corridors for this species . but now their routes are dry or home to dangerous introduced predators and competitors such as bullfrogs , game fish , and crayfish , leaving the frogs stranded in isolated pockets . weakened by stresses like pollution , pesticides , and increased uv radiation , the species is being devastated by chytrid fungus , which is killing frogs worldwide and is linked to global warming .

the northern leopard frog ( rana pipiens or lithobates pipiens ) is historically found in most of the provinces of canada and the northern and southwest states of the united states . in the last 50 years , populations have suffered significant losses , especially in the western regions of the species range . using a peptidomics approach , we show that the pattern of expressed antimicrobial skin . . . [ show full abstract ]

the relationships of anurans commonly called “leopard frogs” or “meadow frogs” have baffled herpetologists for over 100 years ( moore 1975 , hillis 1988 ) . from the mid - 1920s through the early - 1960s , most authorities listed only one to three species of leopard frog in the southwestern united states ( moore 1944 , wright and wright 1949 , stebbins 1951 ) , including the broad - ranging rana pipiens , as well as r . fisheri and r . onca of southwestern nevada and adjacent portions of utah and arizona ( although some considered the latter two to be subspecies of pipiens , or to be synonyms – see pace 1974 ) . wright and wright ( 1949 ) recognized considerable variation within r . pipiens in north america , even singling out questionable frogs in a section of their book called “arizona puzzles . ” in addition , they were among the first authorities to refer to the leopard frogs as the r . pipiens complex . interestingly , they noted large leopard frogs from carr

zweifel , r . g . 1995 . rana revisited : some r . chiricahuensis sites in the chiricahua mountains then and now . page 12 in program and abstracts of the first annual meeting of the southwestern working group of the declining amphibian populations task force , phoenix , az .

hekkala , e . r . , r . a . saumure , j . r . jaeger , h . - w . heermann , m . j . sredl , d . f . bradford , d . drabek , and m . j . blum . 2011 . resurrecting an extinct species : archival dna , taxonomy , and conservation of the vegas valley leopard frog . conservation genetics 12 : 1379 - 1385 .

emery , a . r . , a . h . berst ; k . kodaira . 1972 . under - ice observations of wintering sites of leopard frogs . copeia 1972 : 123 - 126 .

pace , a . e . 1974 . systematic and biological studies of the leopard frogs ( rana pipiens complex ) of the united states . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan 148 .

it occurs in coconino , tonto , apache , sitgreaves , gila , and coronado national forests ( jennings 1995 ; sredl et al . 1997 ) . both the northern and southern populations of r . chiricahuensis are listed as threatened under the endangered species act in 2002 , and a recovery team was established in 2003 . conservation actions will include both short - term interim actions to prevent further deterioration of the species’ status , and longer - term planning for eventual recovery of the species . arizona game and fish commission order 41 prohibit the collection of this species from the wild in arizona . it is included as wildlife of special concern in arizona ( arizona game and fish department 1996 ) . priority research topics include identification of the importance of disease , pesticides and other contaminants , climate change , uv radiation , fire management , and possibly other threats to the status and recovery potential of the chiricahua leopard frog . also , research is needed on key aspects of the frog’s status , distribution , and ecology .

clarkson , w . r . and rorabaugh , j . c . 1989 . status of leopard frogs ( rana pipiens complex : ranidae ) in arizona and southeastern california . southwestern naturalist : 531 - 538 .

frost , j . s . and platz , j . e . 1983 . comparative assessment of modes of reproductive isolation among four species of leopard frogs ( rana pipiens complex ) . evolution : 66 - 78 .

scott jr , n . j . and jennings , r . d . 1985 . the tadpoles of five species of new mexican leopard frogs . occasional papers for the museum of southwestern biology : 1 - 21 .

scott , n . j . , and r . d . jennings . 1985 . the tadpoles of five species of new mexican leopard frogs . occasional papers for the museum of southwestern biology 3 : 1 - 21 .

clarkson , r . w . , and j . c . rorabaugh . 1989 . status of leopard frogs ( rana pipiens complex ) in arizona and southeastern california . southwestern naturalist 34 ( 4 ) : 531 - 538 .

frost , j . s . , and j . e . platz . 1983 . comparative assessment of modes of reproductive isolation among four species of leopard frogs ( rana pipiens complex ) . evolution 37 : 66 - 78 .

jennings , r . d . , and n . j . scott . 1991 . global amphibian population declines : insights from leopard frogs in new mexico . report to the new mexico department of game and fish , albuquerque .

skeletochronology of frogs from the east side of the huachuca mountains , cochise county , az revealed that 47 percent of sampled adults were age six or older . the oldest frogs were estimated at 10 years post - metamorphosis ( platz et al . 1997 ) . however , this area may be anomalous , as durkin ( 1995 ) found no evidence of chiricahua leopard frogs living longer than six years . platz et al . ’s work in the huachuca mountains was before the onset of periodic disease - related die offs . longevity at that site is probably much less now .

as part of the association of zoos and aquariums , and in cooperation with arizona game and fish department ( agfd ) and the u . s . fish and wildlife service , the phoenix zoo has been involved in local , regional and international efforts to save and protect numerous wildlife species , including the amphibian population . because of high mortality rates in the wild of chiricahua leopard frog eggs , and small tadpoles , captive head - starting provides a greater chance of survival for late - stage tadpoles or small frogs . in the wild , approximately five percent or less of the eggs in a mass survives to metamorphosis . in captivity , more than 90 percent of an egg mass survives to be released as froglets or late - stage tadpoles . by releasing a large number of animals back into a site , chances are greatly increased that more will survive to adulthood and reproduce , as well as preserving valuable genes .

80 mm total length prior to metamorphosis . small tadpoles are a dark velvety olive dorsally and on the sides , and white to pale gray with bronze patches ventrally . large tadpoles are generally dark gray or olive dorsally with pale venters and heavy mottling on the tail fin ( scott and jennings 1985 , fig . 4 ) . mouth parts are illustrated in scott and jennings ( 1985 ) . lateral lines of southwestern us leopard frog tadpoles may be diagnostic ( fritts et al . 1984 ) , but these differences need to be more fully explored .

this species is known from arizona and new mexico in the united states , and from mexico ( platz and mecham 1979 ) . the range of this species is divided into two areas . the first includes northern montane populations along the southern edge of the colorado plateau ( = mogollon rim ) in central and eastern arizona and west - central new mexico . the second includes southern populations located in the mountains and valleys south of the gila river in south - eastern arizona and south - western new mexico , and extends into mexico along the eastern slopes of the sierra madre occidental ( platz and mecham 1979 ) . populations in the northern portion of the range might soon be described as a new species ( platz pers . comm . ) . elevations of chiricahua leopard frog localities range from 1 , 000 - 2 , 710m asl ( platz and mecham 1979 ; sredl et al . 1997 ; smith and chiszar 2003 ) .

platz , j . e . , and t . grudzien . 1999 . the taxonomic status of leopard frogs from the mogollon rim country of central arizona : evidence for recognition of a new species . proceedings of nebraska academy of sciences 109 : 51 .

behavior : can be found active day or night , although they are easier to find and observe at night with a headlamp or flashlight . this is probably the most aquatic of the native leopard frogs , but can move overland and along drainages during summer monsoons .

fritts , t . h . , r . d . jennings , and n . j . scott , jr . 1984 . a review of the leopard frogs of new mexico . report to the new mexico department of game and fish , santa fe , nm .

olah - hemmings v , jaeger jr , sredl mj , schlaepfer ma , jennings rd , drost ca , bradford df , riddle br ( 2010 ) phylogeography of declining relict and lowland leopard frogs in the desert southwest of north america . j zool 280 : 343–354 . doi :

activity depends primarily on water temperature . as water temperature drops to 12 - 13 0 c or below , frogs are rarely seen . at water temperatures of 14 0 c and above usually some frogs are found active . active frogs have been found year - round in warm springs in new mexico , but where water temperature varies with ambient air temperature , frogs are most active from april through september . chiricahua leopard frogs are easiest to approach and identify at night with a flashlight or headlamp , but they are active day and night . juveniles are perhaps more active by day , and adults more active at night ( jennings 1988 ) . winter retreats have not been identified ; however , northern leopard frogs are known to overwinter at the bottom of well - oxygenated ponds or lakes , they may dig shallow depressions or bury themselves in mud , and they have been found during the winter in caves ( rand 1950 , emery et al . 1972 , nussbaum et al . 1983 , cunjak 1986 , harding 1997 ) .

many of arizona’s native frogs , particularly the five species of leopard frogs and the tarahumara frog , might be considered “typical” stream - dwelling frogs ; never being found too far from permanent water where they lay eggs , develop as tadpoles , and live as adult frogs . but , some of the most astonishing adaptations to desert life are exhibited by a number of frogs and toads that live much of their lives buried underground , only to emerge briefly to breed and grow during the summer rains . this group includes “typical” toads like the sonoran green toad , couch’s spadefoot , the tiny narrow - mouthed toad , and even a “true” treefrog , the lowland burrowing treefrog . perhaps one of the most unusual frogs in arizona is the barking frog , which is found in rocky outcrops where it lays its eggs in relatively dry crevices , and the young develop entirely within the egg and skip the tadpole stage . thus , despite the relatively few species overall , arizona can claim to have a richly diverse amphibian fauna .

in addition to the 25 species of native amphibians , arizona has become home to four types of exotic amphibians : bullfrogs , rio grande leopard frogs , african clawed frogs and barred tiger salamanders . bullfrogs have become so numerous and widespread that they are now seriously threatening native aquatic wildlife populations , particularly amphibians and reptiles .

sredl , m . j . , howland , j . m . , wallace , j . e . and saylor , l . s . 1997 . status and distribution of arizona’s native ranid frogs . in : sredl , m . j ( ed . ) , ranid frog conservation and management , pp . 37 - 89 . arizona game and fish department , phoenix , arizona .

sredl , m . j . , j . m . howland , j . e . wallace , and l . s . saylor . 1997 . status and distribution of arizona’s native ranid frogs . pages 45 - 101 in m . j . sredl ( ed ) . ranid frog conservation and management . arizona game and fish department , nongame and endangered wildlife program , technical report 121 .

peptidomic analysis of an extract of the skins of specimens of dybowski ' s brown frog rana dybowskii gunther , 1876 , collected on tsushima island , japan led to the identification of 10 peptides with differential antibacterial and hemolytic activities . the primary structures of these peptides identified them as belonging to the brevinin - 1 ( 5 peptides ) and brevinin - 2 ( 5 peptides ) families of . . . [ show full abstract ]

rosen , p . c . , schwalbe , c . r . , parizek , d . a . j . , holm , p . a . and lowe , c . h . 1995 . introduced aquatic vertebrates in the chiricahua region : effects on declining ranid frogs . in : debano , l . f . , gottfried , g . j . , hamre , r . h . and edmi , c . b . ( eds ) , biodiversity and management of the madrean archipelago : the sky islands of southwestern united states and northwestern mexico , rocky mountain forest and range experimental station , fort collins , colorado .

balancing selection is common on many defense genes , but it has rarely been reported for immune effector proteins such as antimicrobial peptides ( amps ) . we describe genetic diversity at a brevinin - 1 amp locus in three species of leopard frogs ( rana pipiens , rana blairi , and rana palustris ) . several highly divergent allelic lineages are segregating at this locus . that this unusual pattern . . . [ show full abstract ]

similarly barred or have dark spots . dorsal spots and crossbars often fade with age and are absent in some very large frogs . the rear of the thigh in adults from southern populations typically is a salt and pepper pattern consisting of a very dark background overlain with numerous white - tipped pustules that are most prominent near the urostyle ( fig . 3 ) . juveniles may exhibit a dark reticulation on the rear of the thigh or have the salt and pepper pattern . the salt and pepper pattern is also present in many northern frogs , but some juveniles and adults exhibit a dark and light reticulate pattern . there is no discernible light upper lip stripe anterior to the eyes , although that area may be a green that is somewhat lighter in color than surrounding pigment . the venter is cream to yellowish cream , often with grayish mottling on the chin and throat ( platz and mecham 1979 , degenhardt et al . 1996 , dodd 2013 , pers . obs . ) . individual chiricahua leopard frogs can darken their skin color in response to low water temperature and reduced reflectance off the water’s surface ( fernandez and bagnara 1991 , 1993 ) .


isostola nigrivenata is a moth of the family erebidae .

it was described by hering in 1925 .

it is found in colombia and costa rica .

isostola nigrivenata

isostola nigrivenata <EOT> isostola nigrivenata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437

isostola felder , 1874 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 4 ) : pl . 103 , f . 15 ; ts : isostola rhodobroncha felder

isostola vicina butler , 1876 ; cist . ent . 2 : 115 ; tl : south america

isostola thabena dognin , 1919 ; hét . nouv . am . sud 15 : 7 ; tl : colombia

isostola superba ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ]

isostola dilatata hering , 1925 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 6 ( pericopinae ) : 434 ; tl : panama , chiriqui

isostola tenebrata hering , 1925 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 6 ( pericopinae ) : 434 ; tl : puerto santa rosa

isostola flavicollaris hering , 1925 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 6 ( pericopinae ) : 434 ; tl : panama , chiriqui

isostola rhodobroncha felder , 1874 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 4 ) : pl . 103 , f . 15 ; tl : brazil

isostola divisa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 436

isostola dilatata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 436

isostola tenebrata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 436

isostola flavicollaris ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437

isostola philomela ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437

isostola albiplaga ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437

isostola vicina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437

isostola thabena ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437

isostola superba druce , 1885 ; biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 115 , 3 pl . 12 , f . 5 ; tl : guatemala , teleman in polochic valley

isostola rhodobroncha ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 , f . 22 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437

this system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3 . 0 - portal version 1 . 0

this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 united states license .

dioptis divisa walker , 1854 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 2 : 329 ; tl : south america ; pará

eucyane philomela druce , 1893 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1893 : 286 ; tl : colombia

calodesma albiplaga hering , 1925 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 6 ( pericopinae ) : 433 ; tl : colombia

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera

biologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera

watson & goodger , 1986 catalogue of the neotropical tigermoths occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 1 - 71

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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the source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .

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i use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .

of perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .

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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook


trichopsocus clarus is a species of psocoptera from trichopsocidae family that can be found in united kingdom and ireland .

it can also be found on azores , canary islands , in finland , france , germany , italy , latvia , madeira , poland , portugal , spain , sweden , switzerland , and the netherlands .

the species are either yellow or orange coloured .

it is also found in australia and new zealand

trichopsocus clarus

trichopsocus clarus <EOT> trichopsocus clarus , based on range . would have to see up cose to be 100 % sure .

lienhard & courtenay smithers . 2002 . psocoptera ( insecta ) world catalogue and bibliography > > note : catalog > > trichopsocus clarus

golub , n . v . 2003 . entomologicheskoe obozrenie 82 ( 1 ) > > note : anat . > > trichopsocus clarus

trichopsocus clarus . one can almost make out the " areola postica long and low " as opposed ( t . dalii ) " semi - circular " .

saville , b . , alexander , dolling & p . kirby . 2005 . entomologist ' s record 117 > > note : great britain > > trichopsocus clarus

saville , r . e . , alexander & m . oldfield . 2008 . entomologist’s record 120 > > note : great britain : ( fig . ) > > trichopsocus clarus

golub , n . v . & nunes . 2007 . comparative cytogenetics 1 ( 2 ) > > note : madeira : ( cytol . , anat . ) > > trichopsocus clarus

alexander . 2009 . devonshire association for the advancement of science literature and the arts report and transactions 141 : 359 - 360 > > note : new record . > > trichopsocus clarus

lienhard . 2003 . in klausnitzer . gesamtübersicht zur insektenfauna deutschlands . entomologische nachrichten und berichte 47 ( 2 ) : ( pp . 54 - 71 ) > > note : germany > > trichopsocus clarus

new . 2005 . handbooks for the identification of british insects vol . 1 , part 7 : iv + 146 pp . , 334 figs . > > note : great britain > > trichopsocus clarus

saville , b . [ = r . e . ] , alexander , bratton , clemons & g . m . e . oldfield . 2007 . entomologist’s record 119 > > note : great britain > > trichopsocus clarus

baz & zurita . 2001 . in izquierdo , j . l . martin , zurita & arechavaleta [ ed . ] . lista de especies silvestres de canarias ( hongos , plantas y animales terrestres ) ( pp . 179 - 180 ) > > note : canary islands > > trichopsocus clarus

baz & zurita . 2004 . in izquierdo , j . l . martin , zurita & arechavaleta [ ed . ] . lista de especies silvestres de canarias ( hongos , plantas y animales terrestres ) 2004 ( pp . 188 - 190 ) > > note : canary islands > > trichopsocus clarus

baz . 2008 . in borges , abreu , a . m . f . aguiar , p . carvalho , jardim , melo , oliveira , sergio , serrano & p . vieira [ ed . ] . a list of the terrestrial fungi , flora and fauna of madeira and selvagens archipelagos . ( pp . 296 - 297 ) > > note : madeira > > trichopsocus clarus

banks , n . 1908 . transactions of the american entomological society 34 : 258 > > note : usa > > caecilius clarus urn : lsid : psocodea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 5259

baz & borges . 2005 . in borges , cunha , gabriel , a . f . martins , l . silva & v . vieira [ ed . ] . a list of the terrestrial fauna ( mollusca and arthropoda ) and flora ( bryophyta , pteridophyta and spermatophyta ) from the azores . direcção regional do ambiente and universidade dos açores , horta , angra do heroismo and ponta delgada ( p . 189 ) > > note : azores > > trichopsocus clarus

chapman , p . j . 1930 . journal of the new york entomological society 38 ( 4 ) : 334 > > note : usa > > pseudocaecilius clarus urn : lsid : psocodea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 5260

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

summary : has been found mainly on branches of conifers / evergreens but also found on deciduous trees and bushes ( no records from trunks ) .

deciduous branches : alder , beech , blackthorn , elder , oak and sallow .

conifer / evergreen branches : cedar , holly , holm oak , ivy , nutmeg - tree ( torreya ) , pine , rhododendron , yellow - wood ( podocarpus ) and yew .

upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

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contributed by edward l . ruden on 3 december , 2017 - 6 : 09pm

technical reports of the australian museum , no . 2 , pp . 1 - 82 , 1990

contributed by edward l . ruden on 18 february , 2017 - 10 : 23pm

if you are really interested in " psocoptera " this book is very useful . even though it is in french , the illustrations are extremely good and very helpful with difficult identifications . i could not function without it .

google books link : urltoken publisher ' s description : north american psocoptera provides a complete review of the 28 families , 78 genera and 287 species of the order psocoptera found in the united states and canada . this comprehensive book contains keys to all of the known taxa of psocoptera which have been found in the study area , including three genera named as new . not only are the native and established species included , but also those which have been taken at ports of entry in human commerce . the book contains differential diagnoses of the taxa above species level .

contributed by john f . carr on 29 january , 2009 - 1 : 08pm

to be released august 11 , 2018 . promises to be a great book !

riley c . v . , 1886 . miscellaneous insects : the cottony cushion - scale ( icerya purchasi maskell ) , order hemiptera ; family coccidae . report of the commissioner of agriculture : report of the entomologist , 1886 : 466 - 492

british museum ( natural history ) . department of zoology , 1 : 1 - 658 , 1852

valley center , san diego county , california , usa june 20 , 2017 size : apx . 4 mm

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scooped out of pond water , this insect is on my left pinky finger . it looks like a green lacewing . flowing joyce ' s suggestion i ' ve been looking at order psocoptera . the closest thing i can see looks is tom murray ' s excellent photo of a green - eyed barklouse - xanthocaecilius quillayute , which is not identicle . see the comments below !

just wanted to give a public thank you for all you have done for our barklice images ! we are very appreciative of your expertise . let us know how we can return the favor : - )

thanks eric that is really kind though i do feel the pleasure is largely mine . these images are helping to get me though a cold gray winter . there are many species here that i would never see if it was not for bug guide and its users . all i ask it that people keep submitting the neat things they discover .

philip , and john . it ' s interesting to see how you approached the identification , i will try to incorporate these ideas in the future . it seems like seeing the differences is at least as important as recognizing the similarities of different species . it may be a long time before i get a feel for it , but that ' s what makes it interesting . i ' m really thankful for the id . this one was very hard for me !

i ' m new to this so i am trying to judge wing veins and stuff like that . notice in tom ' s image where the wing connects to the body , there are 3 cells that meet like slices of pie . as the center slice of pie goes away from the connection in tom ' s image it curves up to the top of the wing , making a shape like " ye olden time plow " . on this image as the center slice of pie goes away from the wing connection it just rounds off makeing a shape like " ye olden slice of pie " . : - )

i thought i noticed some differences too , but i will have to look more closely at the one you pointed out . it would be a wild stroke of luck if i found the right genus , even . barklice are completely new to me . probably i should stay away from such insects , as their size makes them tricky to photograph , but when you see something new and different . . . who can resist ?

they ' re good pictures and they will likely get a more specific id . actually , if you look at your second image , the veins i was talking about look to curve up to the wing edge making a plow shape , similar to tom ' s image . it probably is tricky , for us non - experts , trying to figure out what belongs to the front wing and what belongs to the hind wing . i was just trying to add to the discussion , not to discourage you ! philosophical side though - it ' s funny though , everyone tries to fit their image into one of the species that already exists , when in fact the real jackpot is when it doesn ' t and you have something new ! like the cool fly you added a couple of days ago . i don ' t know which you have , but i bet one of the experts will .

i believe you are right , though . there seemed to be more than one of them in the water , and they did not appear to be there by choice as the could not swim or walk on the surface . it really is similar ( aside from size ) to a green lacewing i encountered not too long ago . there was also an interesting insect that hopped on the surface , several inches at a time , however it was less than 0 . 5mm , and beyond my ability to get a picture of .

i think it is possible that what i saw was a type of globular springtail . it was frustrating not getting a single good picture of one in ( on ) the water . it was a surprise to see them hop !

; long established in ca ( ed mockford , pers . comm . to = v = 12 / 01 / 09 )

johnson k . p . , smith v . s . ( 2013 ) psocodea species file online . version 5 . 0

psocodea species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki

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medem . 1951 . zoologische jahrbücher ( abteilung systematik ) 79 : 591 - 613 > > note : germany ( in greenhouse ) other references : ( biol . )

obr . 1959 . in kratochvil [ ed . ] . klic zvireny csr iii . 229 - 241 > > note : czechoslovakia

broadhead . 1964 . a check list of british insects . 2nd ed . > > note : great britain

wlodarczyk . 1968 . gryzki - psocoptera . part xviii : 40 pp . , 1 map . > > note : poland

günther . 1974 . die tierwelt deutschlands . 61 : 314 pp . , 437 figs . > > note : germany

martini , julitta . 1975 . klucze do oznaczania owadow polski . ( keys for the identification of polish insects ) . xiv . gryzki - psocoptera . 85 : 56 pp . , 76 figs . > > note : poland

badonnel . 1976 . annales du musée royal de l ' afrique centrale , sciences zoologiques 215 > > note : saint helena ( morph . ) .

obr . 1977 . acta faunistica entomologica musei nationalis pragae 15 , suppl . 4 > > note : czechoslovakia

badonnel . 1977 . bulletin du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle ( 3 ) ( 478 ) , zool . 335 > > note : mascarene islands

badonnel . 1977 . bulletin de la société entomologique de france 82 ( 5 - 6 ) > > note : other references : ( morph . )

schneider , n . 1979 . bulletin et annales de la société royale belge d ' entomologie 115 > > note : other references : ( not belgium ! ) .

meinander . 1984 . in hulden [ ed . ] . notulae entomologicae 64 : 12 - 13 > > note : finland

baz . 1989 . los psocopteros ( insecta : psocoptera ) del sistema iberico meridional . 230 pp . , figs i . 1 - v . 8 > > note : portugal spain

baz . 1989 . boletim da sociedade portuguesa de entomologia 4 ( ( 4 ) ( no . 106 ) ) > > note : azores madeira

martini , julitta . 1990 . in razowski [ ed . ] . wykaz zwierzat polski tom . 1 , czesc 32 / 1 - 20 . : 59 - 61 > > note : poland

smithers , courtenay & o ' connor . 1991 . irish naturalists’ journal 23 ( 12 ) > > note : ireland

mockford . 1993 . north american psocoptera ( insecta ) . 10 : xviii + 455 pp . , 953 figs . > > note : widespread in coastal regions , sometimes in greenhouses . review usa peru

baz . 1993 . rivista del museo civico di scienze naturali e . caffi , bergamo 16 > > note : italy

schneider , n . & lienhard . 1995 . in minelli , a . , ruffo & la posta [ ed . ] . checklist delle specie della fauna italiana . > > note : italy

smithers , courtenay , o ' connor & j . v . peters . 1999 . irish naturalists journal 26 ( 7 / 8 ) > > note : ireland

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borges , paulo a . v . , gaspar , clara , crespo , luis carlos fonseca , rigal , francois , cardoso , pedro , pereira , fernando , rego , carla , 2016 , new records and detailed distribution and abundance of selected arthropod species collected between 1999 and 2011 in azorean native forests , biodiversity data journal 4 , pp . 10948 - 10948 : 10948

no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .

aromas , san benito county , california , usa august 31 , 2008 size : ~ 2mm .

collected in our yard from arctostaphylos tomentosa crustacea by using a sweeping net . a slightly smaller specimen , collected at the same time and likely the same species as . ( live oak / chaparral habitat ) .

for the confirmation . i ' ve corrected the date , the 31 dec 1969 date is the default that appears if the date is entered incorrectly .

aromas , san benito county , california , usa august 31 , 2008 size : ~ 3mm .

collected in our yard from arctostaphylos tomentosa crustacea by using a sweeping net . looks very similar to . ( live oak / chaparral habitat ) .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en " " urltoken "

all identifications on this page have been made as accurately as possible . corrections ? please contact me . . .

seperated into two distinct sub - orders . those you find on walls or trees , or even leaf - litter , are likely to be

' link below each article to return here to choose another species , or continue scrolling up and down for others .

almost certain id by bob saville , though as he suggests an underside shot would confirm , though apparently wing veins help .

- a good find ! i actually found four all on the same day . id by bob saville who runs the uk ' s recording scheme . my images represet this species on the site ' s gallery .

loensia sp . can be little difficult to id . wing veins help , but in some cases the density of the pattern obscures it .