mango mealybug ( drosicha mangiferae ) , is a pest of mango crops in asia .

the nymphs and females suck plant sap from inflorescences , tender leaves , shoots and fruit peduncles .

as a result , the infested inflorescences dry up , affects the fruit set , causing fruit drop .

these bugs also exude honey dew over the mango tree leaves , on which sooty mold fungus develops reducing the photosynthetic efficiency of the tree .

it is a polyphagous pest and is found on over 60 other plant species

mango mealybug

mango mealybug <EOT> the mango mealybug . first instars were less often encountered and were seldom parasitized . first

due to environmental pollution considerations , chemical control of mango mealybug , may be undertaken judiciously with care .

infested mango trees having indigenous predators declined from 42 . 3 % to 20 . 9 % . average mealybug

in this episode of annadata , viewers will get to know about the measures to control mealybug in mango crop .

insects suck the sap of infested plants . mealybug infestations , together with sooty mold , seriously

mango mealybug , an exotic pest of mango , was first observed in benin in 1986 . in a biological control programme , natural enemies were successfully released in the following years . the present study is the first attempt to measure the impact of the biological control of mango mealybug over a large area , through a survey of mango producers . most producers attributed the observed improvement of . . . [ show full abstract ]

ables , the duration of the parasitoid’s presence proved to be a major factor . it influenced mealybug

hussain si , saleem ma and freed s ( 2012 ) . " toxicity of some intsecticides to control mango mealybug , drosicha mangiferae , a serious pest of mango in pakistan " . pakistan journal of zoology 44 ( 2 ) : 353–359 .

mealybug was assessed at 72 % . from the first survey year to the third , the percentage of infested

ganta , r . allomasso , and i . okon . 1990 . biological control of the cassava mealybug ,

bokonon - ganta a , de groote h , neuenschwander p ( 2002 ) socio - economic impact of biological control of mango mealybug in benin . agric ecosyst environ 93 : 367–378

africa was insignificant ( butani , 1975 ; laroussihle , 1980 ) . in 1986 , however , a mealybug–later de -

341 _ 37 epiphytic survival of xanthomonas campestris pv . mangiferaeindicae on mango buds .

banda , a . chalabesa , t . bird , and t . haug . 1994 . biological control of the cassava mealybug ,

oriental region to west africa and causing damage to mango , citrus and other trees .

341 _ 39 pectic zymogram analysis for characterizing genetic diversity of the mango anthracnose pathogen .

341 _ 54 effect of ethephon on mango ( mangifera indica l . ) fruit quality

veys across different ecological zones of benin . the overall yield loss due to infestations by mango

341 _ 16 physiology of saline stress in one mango ( mangifera indica l . ) rootstock

341 _ 20 chemical pruning and induction of panicles in mango ( mangifera indica l . )

341 _ 31 effect of bottom heat temperatures on rooting of mango cuttings of different cultivars .

mango mealybug , an exotic pest of mango , was first observed in benin in 1986 . in a biological control programme , natural enemies were successfully released in the following years . the present study is the first attempt to measure the impact of the biological control of mango mealybug over a large area , through a survey of mango producers . most producers attributed the observed improvement of mango production to the success of biological control . based on production estimates by producers , the negative impact of the pest on plant production and the positive impact of the introduced natural enemy were demonstrated . interviewed mango producers gained on average us $ 328 per year by the biological control programme . extrapolated to all producers of benin , a yearly gain of us $ 50 million in mango production can be estimated . the present value of accrued benefits is estimated at us $ 531 million over a period of 20 years . the total cost of the biological control of mango mealybug is estimated at us $ 3 . 66 million , which includes initial costs in other african countries and the introduction of the natural enemy from india , resulting in a benefit–cost ratio of 145 : 1 for benefits in benin alone .

mango mealy bugs . ( photo by dr . sandeep singh , pau , ludhiana via nbaii )

neuenschwander , 1995 ) to fruit production . each mango farmer gained on average $ 328 per year

of energy and nutrients . mango is also a valuable ornamental shade tree and contributes to the protec -

tion of soil against erosion . until recently , damage to mango trees by insect pests and diseases in

agounké , d . and fischer , h . u . ( 1993 ) . biological control of the mango mealybug ( rastrococcus invadens ) in togo . acta hortic . 341 , 441 - 451 doi : 10 . 17660 / actahortic . 1993 . 341 . 49 urltoken

341 _ 23 influence of paclobutrazol on growth and leaf nutrient content of mango ( cv . blanco ) .

341 _ 26 comparison of manual and ethephon - induced deblossoming of mango cv . keitt in the canary islands

341 _ 27 vegetative growth analysis of mango ' manila ' trees grafted onto several interstock / rootstock combinations .

341 _ 32 mulching and irrigation effects on growth , cropping and fruit quality of the mango cv . sensation

mango mealybug is one of the most important insect pests of mango . the mealybug feeds on the tree , and produces droppings which make the leaves black and sticky . this lowers the strength of the tree , and its production of mangoes . during heavy attack , a whole part of the tree looks blackish in colour . this insect pest lowers the yield and quality of the mango and can go from one tree to another , if the trees are touching . young mealybugs are brown in colour . females are about half the size of your small nail , do not have wings and are covered with white wax . male adults are brick red , winged and smaller than the wingless female .

cultivation for over 6000 years ( hill , 1952 ) . today , mango is a fruit of great importance throughout

341 _ 12 mango ( mangifera indica l . ) introduction and evaluation in florida and its impact on the world industry

341 _ 21 control of vegetative growth and inductive of regular and early cropping in ' alphonso ' mango with paclobutrazol .

karar h , sayyed ah , arif mj , ashfaq m and aslam m ( 2010 ) . " integration of cultural and mechanical practices fro management of the mango mealybug drosicha mangiferae " . phytoparasitica 38 ( 3 ) : 223–229 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s12600 - 010 - 0094 - 8 .

densities declined steadily from 9 . 7 females per sampling unit in 1989 , with 3 . 2 % of all mango trees

nymphs to crawl up the stem of mango trees , by wrapping plastic sheets innovatively around the tree stem , ahead of attack .

mango trees declined from 31 . 0 % in 1989 to 17 . 5 % . during the same period , the mean percentage of

two specific endophagous parasitoids gyranusoidea tebygi and anagyrus mangicola , of indian origin , were mass‐reared at the international institute of tropical agriculture in cotonou and released against the mango mealybug rastrococcus invadens , in collaboration with national biological control programmes . g . tebygi was released in the following countries : benin , gabon , ghana , nigeria , sierra . . . [ show full abstract ]

341 _ 25 effect of growth regulator and media on in vitro shoot tip culture of different cultivars of mango ( mangifera indica l . ) rootstocks

in 1986 , it was described as rastrococcus invadens williams ( hemiptera : pseudoccocidae ) from india , where several cryptic species of rastrococcus infest mango , a native of this sub - . . .

young insects and adult females suck the sap from twigs , leaves , flowers and fruit from january to june . a single female mealybug will go from the tree to the soil and will lay many eggs in the soil , about as deep as your little finger under the tree canopy near the trunk during july to august . they hatch during december and january and then go to feed on the weeds . they can travel up the mango tree either via the trunk or using branches touching the ground .

williams dj ( 1986 ) rastrococcus invadens sp . n . ( homoptera pseudococcidae ) introduced from the oriental region to west africa and causing damage to mango , citrus , and other trees . bullet entomol res 76 : 695–699

this is one of many insects that came to the attention of science only after it had been inadvertently transported and established on a new continent , where it became an important pest . to date , most field data concerning this species are therefore from west africa . in the 1980s , mealybug infestations suddenly devastated mango , but also many ornamental and shade trees , around lomé , togo , and cotonou , bénin . from there , this new plague rapidly spread along the coast , west to ghana and côte d’ ivoire and east to nigeria . at the turn of the millennium , it had invaded most of west and central africa ( from senegal to r . d . congo ) . in benin , for instance , it was observed most often in and around large cities , being less abundant in commercial orchards and even less so on local mango varieties in farmers’ fields .

mealy bugs are sucking insects , soft bodied , oval shape and cottony in appearance . mealy bugs are found on leaves , stems , roots and fruits which are covered like whitish powder . this condition is very difficult to eradicate the mealy bugs . the mango mealy bugs suck a large amount of sap from all parts of the tree . recently in pakistan the mango fruit in punjab districts like multan , bahawalpur , muzzaffargarh , rahim yar khan is being seriously infested with mango mealy bugs . mealy bugs are found in moist warm climate and also act as a vector for several plant diseases . they attach themselves to the plant and secrete a powdery wax layer used for protection while they suck the plant juices . some species of mealy bug lay their eggs in the same waxy layer used for protection in the quantities of 50 - 100 ; other species are born directly from the female .

has a total lifecycle of 78–135 days . between april and may , purple - colored eggs are laid in egg - sacs comprising mass of wax threads , in the loose soil around ( within 2–3 m radius ) the infested mango trees . eggs hatch in december–january and nymphs start ascending the trees to succulent shoots and base of fruiting parts . nymphs go through stages of 1st instar ( 45–71 days ) , 2nd instar ( 18–38 days ) and 3rd instar ( 15–26 days ) . female and male appearance starts during march–april . males are winged and short - lived after mating , and do not cause damage to the trees .

scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .

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active during spring and monsoon season i . e . feb - april & june –august .

cause damage by sucking cell sap & by egg laying in the inflorescence and young leaves by injecting ovipositor .

both nymphs and adult damage the plant , but nymphs are more harmful due to voracious feeding .

spraying with confidor 200 sl @ 30 - 50 ml / 100 lit . of water

male - - winged while female - - wingless , flattened body with white powder .

lay eggs in clusters in fruit skin with its sharp ovipositor at the start of ripening .

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put slippery , 1 foot wide bands of polyethylene around the trunk , 3 feet above the ground . apply grease or any other sticky material on the band for better control of insects

check 100 leaves on 5 different trees in an acre . if mealybugs are found on 5 of the 100 leaves checked , chemical control should be applied : spray only the affected tree using pressure sprayers with carbosulfan and imidacloprid at the recommended dose

note : imidacloprid can have non - target effects . use protective clothing , goggles , mask and gumboots during the pesticide spray . do not eat and smoke during the spray . wash hands , eyes and exposed parts of the body after the spray .

when using a pesticide , always wear protective clothing and follow the instructions on the product label , such as dosage , timing of application , and pre - harvest interval .

juvenile mealy bugs can crawl from an infected plant to non - infected plant . the other mode of transfer is the small ‘crawlers’ are transferred by wind , rains , birds , ants , clothing and vehicles and settled on new plants . the wax which sticks to each egg also facilitates passive transport by equipments , animals or people . the female mealy bug is unable to fly and not active . in fact , humans are great friends helping in transport of mealy bug . as the infested plant back the colonies of mealy bugs migrate from shoot tips to twigs , branches and finally down the trunk . ants attracted by the honeydew , have been seen carrying mealy bugs from plant to plant .

heavy clustering of mealy bugs can be seen under leaf surface giving the appearance of thick mat with waxy secretion .

they excrete copious amount of honeydew that attracts ants and help in development of black sooty mould which inhibits the plants ability to manufacture food .

nymphs and adults suck the plant sap and reduce the vigour of the plant which also causes the withering and yellowing of the leaves .

fruit may drop prematurely on crop plants . heavy infestation can cause defoliation and even death of the plant .

they infest the plant during flowering season and if the control measures are not taken timely , the crop may be destroyed completely .

excessive and continuous draining of plant sap causes wilting and finally drying of infested tissue .

polythene ( 400 gauges ) bands of 25 cm width fastened around the tree trunk have been found affective barrier to stop the ascent of nymphs to the tree . the band should be fastened well in advance before hatching of eggs , i . e . around november - december . all crop residues in previously infested fields should be removed and burnt . fields borders should be free from weeds and debris that may support mealy bugs between planting . apply sticky bands like ‘track - trap’ on main stem to prevent crawlers of mealy bugs reaching the bunch .

monochillus sexmaculatus , rodolia fumida and suminius renardi are important predators in controlling the nymphs . the entomogenous fungus beauveria bassiana is found to be an effective bioagent in controlling the nymphs of the mealy bug . foliar spray of verticillium lecanii or beauveria bassiana 5g / ml per liter of water is effective during high humid months in reducing the population of mealy bugs .

application of 250 g per tree of methyl parathion dust 2 percent or aldrin dust 10 percent in the soil around the trunk kills the newly hatched nymphs which come in contact with the chemical . spraying of 0 . 05 percent monocrotophos or 0 . 2 percent carbaryl or 0 . 05 percent methyl parathion have been found useful in controlling early instar nymphs of the mealy bug .

the ipm schedule of mealy bug is very important and useful if timely operations are done . flooding of orchards with water in the month of october kills the eggs . ploughing the orchards in the month of november exposes the eggs to sun’s heat . in the middle of december , 400 gauges alkathene sheet of 25 cm width may be fastened to the tree trunk besides raking the soil around the tree trunk and mixing of 2 percent methyl parathion dust . the dust may also be sprinkled below the alkathene band on the tree . the congregated nymphs below the band may be killed by any of the suggested insecticides . the above ipm schedule holds promise to control the mealy bug but spraying of neem product and the spores of the fungus beauveria bassiana will further ensure the reduction of the pest population .

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khan : this is an excellent article . i liked it . i think , instead of keeping chicks for . . .

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protect your orchids from mealy bug , spider mites , slugs , snails . . . etc . . .

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anterior ostioles absent ; cerarii with more than 5 truncate setae ; cerarii on anterior thorax and head separate ; without long dorsal setae adjacent to anal ring ; quinquelocular pores present on venter ; large - sized quinqueloculars present n marginal band on venter , about 1 pore wide ; multilocular pores restricted to abdomen , absent from lateral areas ; antennae 9 - segmented ; denticle on claw .

updated on 10 / 21 / 2011 9 : 42 : 51 am available online : padil - http : / / www . padil . gov . au .

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the tropics ( laroussihle , 1980 ) . it is sold at local markets in africa and constitutes an important source

affect plant growth , flowering , and fruiting of attacked trees . chemical and mechanical ( i . e . , trim -

decisionmakers in towns became concerned . as chemical and mechanical control , together with local

the origin of the pest was considered to achieve a long - term control .

chanical and chemical measures were adopted to control the pest , but appeared ineffective . it was then

remained the only important host ( bokonon - ganta and neuenschwander , 1995 ) . similar observa -

by narasimham and chacko ( 1988 ) , but also on third instars . in this study , sex ratios were highly

bugs than in smaller ones , and were always larger than males from the same host instar .

instars were , however , preferred for host feeding . handling time per host decreased with increasing

them , did not oviposit into them . the sex ratio of emerging parasitoids , expressed as proportion of

decreasing host size , from young adult females to first instars . female wasps emerging from any size

of host were always larger than the corresponding males . male size increased with that of the host ,

into hosts , unparasitized , or previously parasitized by the other species . this suggests that neither

species discriminates against each other . the total number of parasitoids of either species emerging

ferrero ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) ( herren and neuenschwander , 1991 ) . the later - attacking

having densities above 100 mealybugs , to 6 . 4 in 1991 , with 1 . 3 % of all trees having densities above 100

( table 1 ) ( bokonon - ganta and neuenschwander , 1995 ) . similar multiple regression analyses have

through this biological control program . including operational costs , the present value of iita’s in -

volvement was estimated at $ u . s . 1 . 75 million . other organizations provided additional support ( gtz ,

fao , cab international , and the benin plant protection service ) . the total depreciated cost of bio -

to $ u . s . 3 . 66 million . compared with the benefit of $ u . s . 531 million , the benefit - cost ratio was

port . the contribution of profs . j . j . m . van alphen and m . w . sabelis to some of the findings in this

agounké , d . , u . agricola , and h . a . bokonon - ganta . 1988 .

( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) , a serious pest of fruit trees and other plants in west africa .

agricola , u . , d . agounké , h . u . fischer , and d . moore . 1989 . the control of

baumgärtner , j . , u . regev , n . rahalivavololona , b . graf , p . zahner and v . delucchi . 1990 . rice

boavida , c . , p . neuenschwander , and f . schulthess . 1992 . spatial distribution of

williams , populations . ( data obtained in bénin , from 1989 to 1991 ) .

boavida , c . , p . neuenschwander , and h . r . herren . 1995 . experimental assessment of the impact

boavida , c . , m . ahounou , m . vos , p . neuenschwander , and j . j . m . van alphen . 1995 . host stage

bokonon - ganta , a . h . and p . neuenschwander . 1995 . the impact of the biological control agent

bokonon - ganta , a . h . , h . de groote , and p . neuenschwander . 2002 .

bokonon - ganta , a . h . , p . neuenschwander , j . j . m . van alphen , and m . vos . 1995 . host stage

bokonon - ganta , a . h . , j . j . m . van alphen , and p . neuenschwander . 1996 . competition between

butani dhamo , k . 1975 . parasites et maladies du manguier en inde .

adjakloe , k . k . antwi , and i . olaleye . 1994 . stem and ear borers of maize in ghana , plant

gutierrez , a . p . , p . neuenschwander , and j . j . m . van alphen . 1993 . factors affecting biological

herren , h . r . and p . , neuenschwander . 1991 . biological control of cassava pests in africa .

matokot , l . , g . reyd , p . malonga , and b . le ru . 1992 . dynamique des populations de

waijnberg , e . , j . k . scott , and p . c . quimby ( eds ) .

neuenschwander , p . , r . borowka , g . phiri , h . hammans , s . nyirenda , e . h . kapeya , and a .

neuenschwander , p . , c . boavida , a . h . bokonon - ganta , a . gado , and h . r . herren . 1994 . estab -

pijls , j . w . a . m . , k . d . hofker , m . j . van staalduinen , and j . j . m . van alphen . 1990 . interspecific

establishment and spread of gyranusoidea tebygi noyes and anagyrus mangicola noyes ( hymenoptera : enc . . .

williams ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) , a serious exotic pest of fruit trees and other plants in west africa . bull entomol res 78 : 695–702

neuenschwander p ( 1996 ) evaluating the efficacy of biological control of three exotic homopteran pests in tropical africa . entomophaga 41 : 405–424

williams ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) in africa . biol control sci technol 4 : 61–69

williams ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) . in : capinera j . l . ( eds ) encyclopedia of entomology . springer , dordrecht

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341 _ 30 production efficiency of compact ' manila ' mangos grafted onto different interstock - rootstock combinations .

341 _ 59 impact of current u . s . pesticide issues on availability of pesticides for tropical fruits


danio dangila , the moustached danio , is a freshwater fish , and is the largest of the true danio species at up to ( 6 in ) long .

its name is from its particularly long barbels .

it is sometimes kept in aquariums .

danio dangila

danio dangila <EOT> danio dangila – moustached danio ( danio meghalayensis , danio deyi ) . ( n . d . ) . retrieved march 13 , 2017 , from urltoken

the redfin danio resembles a zebra danio with blood - red fins . it may be a colour morph of the orange - finned zebra danio , danio kyathit

danio rerio ( f . hamilton , 1822 ) ( zebrafish or zebra danio )

dangila : appears to be derived from a local vernacular name for the species .

with a maximum length of 15cm ( 5 . 9 inch ) , danio dangila is a rather large danio species . its beautiful colors make it worthwhile to keep them in your aquarium .

danio margaritatus ( t . r . roberts , 2007 ) ( celestial pearl danio or galaxy rasbora )

danio dangila can be found in india , nepal and bangladesh . here it can be found in the ganga , brahmaputra and meghna basins .

armi , t . g . ( n . d . ) . danio dangila summary page . retrieved march 13 , 2017 , from urltoken

the danio genus comprises many of the species of danionins familiar to aquarists . the common name " danio " is used for members of the genera danio and devario .

this fish was first collected in 2009 and appears to be a form of d . dangila .

danio dangila was first described by hamilton in 1822 . after several years it received the name perilampus reticulatus as well . the latter is currently seen as a synonym .

systematic position phylum : chordata class : actinopterygii ( ray - finned fishes ) order : cypriniformes ( carps ) family : cyprinidae ( carps and minnows ) genus : danio species : d . dangila

danio dangila is a peaceful specie . it won’t bother other species and are not aggressive to other mustached danios . although , it should not be placed in a tank with fish that suffer quickly from stress . danio dangila is a rather active fish . additionally , the fish needs to be placed in a school . if the amount of mustached danios is too low , the fish might suffer from stress and it will not show its best colors .

danio dangila is a relatively large sized danio . it has a yellow base color with a complex dark green pattern over its body . the dorsal - , tail - and anal fins show the dark green coloration as well . all the other fins are completely transparent . this specie can easily be recognized by its long barbels . the common name : mustached danio , refers to these long barbels .

danio : from dhani , a bengalese vernacular term for small , minnow - like cyprinids .

despite living in hillstream areas , these fish don’t prefer extreme strong currents like some other hillstream fishes . a moderately strong current is sufficient for these fish . however , do make sure that the water is clean and well oxygenated as danio dangila is intolerant to pollution .

known as the moustached danio because of its two pairs of extended barbels , one pair being particularly long .

being carnivores , danio dangila should not be fed with herbivore foods . algae wafers are therefore not appropriate for these fish . they will accept all types of food including factory foods . however , to keep the fish in the best shape , life and frozen foods should be offered on occasion as well .

the care of members of the genus danio is rather similar and easily generalized . they are easy to keep .

hybrids between some danio species have been bred ; the young can be raised to maturity , but are sterile .

danio dangila isn’t the easiest fish to breed . it is know that the eggs are scattered between small leaved plants . when the eggs are spawned , they will hatch after 48 hours . 2 days later , the fry will be able to swim freely . that is your cue to start feeding them artemia nauplia .

the hikari danio is a new species of danio recently discovered in burma , and first exported in 2002 / 2003 . it is still awaiting a scientific name , and is temporarily referred to as danio sp . " hikari " . it has blue and yellow varieties with the yellow being male and the blue female . it appears to be closely related to danio kerri . it may be a subspecies of this fish , but this does not seem to be the case .

the genus danio contains only the type species , d . dangila , separated on the basis of its larger size and the shape of the caudal - fin , which in adults is only slightly emarginate or even truncate in shape , a feature it shares only with tinca tinca ( the common tench ) among other cyprinids .

the meghalaya population was described as d . meghalayensis sen & dey 1985 , but having been revalidated by fang ( 2004 ) this name is once again considered to be a synonym of d . dangila following kottelat ( 2013 ) . it has a predominantly striped , as opposed to spotted , patterning on the body and a greater proportion of red colouration in the fins than the majority of other d . dangila populations .

danio quangbinhensis ( t . t . nguyen , v . t . le & x . k . nguyễn , 1999 )

they have two pairs of long barbels , and are generally characterised by horizontal stripes ( with the exception of the glowlight danio , panther danio and black barred danio which have vertical bars ) . they range from 4–15 cm ( 1 . 75–6 in ) in length . they generally do not live for more than two to three years , and are probably annual fish in the wild .

froese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2012 ) . species of danio in fishbase . june 2012 version .

known as the moustached danio because of its two pairs of extended barbels on its top lip , one pair being particularly long .

some species of danio , such as the zebra danio , are among the easiest aquarium fish to breed . other species , such as danio kyathit , are far harder to spawn . all scatter their eggs over the substrate . the eggs are not adhesive , and hatch within two or three days . eggs will be eaten enthusiastically unless protected by a layer of marbles or heavy substrate planting .

the burma zebra danio or kp01 danio is a tropical fish belonging to the minnow family ( cyprinidae ) . it is believed to originate in myanmar . this fish was discovered in 2006 and is believed to be a separate species from the zebra danio ( which occurs many miles away in india ) to which it has a close resemblance . however , it is more likely to be closely related to the yoma danio ( also from myanmar ) , and is believed to be a similar size , 6 - 9 cm , to the latter .

the genus name devario was suggested for the larger species with danio being applied only to the smaller fish ( with the exception of the type species , d . dangila which can grow to around 89 mm sl ) . recent molecular studies by mayden et al . ( 2007 ) and fang et al . ( 2009 ) resulted in further changes , with the latter study considering the genus danio to be composed of three subclades . these were subsequently split into distinct genera by kottelat ( 2013 ) , as follows :

conway , k . w . , w . - j . chen and r . l . mayden , 2008 - zootaxa 1686 : 1 - 28 the ' celestial pearl danio ' is a miniature danio ( s . s ) ( ostariophysi : cyprinidae ) : evidence from morphology and molecules .

fang , f . , 2003 - copeia 2003 ( 4 ) : 714 - 728 phylogenetic analysis of the asian cyprinid genus danio ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) .

essentially a large , gold spotted danio . a distinguishing feature of this species are its large barbels . it dwells in mountain streams and prefers water slightly cooler than the average tropical fish . at the least , keep in a tank that is not overstocked and has good filtration and plenty of oxygen . some authors consider danio meghalayensis to be a geographical variant of this species .

in the wild , the burma zebra danio is likely found in rivers in a tropical climate and prefer water with a 6 . 5 - 7 . 0 ph , a water hardness of 5 . 0 - 12 . 0 dgh , and an ideal temperature range of 75 - 82°f ( 24 - 28°c ) . the burma zebra danio is oviparous ( an egg layer ) .

following fang ( 2003 ) danio spp . are characterised by the presence of an a stripe on the anal - fin and two or more p stripes on the caudal , plus some internal characteristics such as enlarged nasal lamellae .

sen n and dey sc . 1985 . two new fish species of the genus danio hamilton ( pisces : cyprinidae ) from meghalaya , india . journal assam scientific society v . 27 ( no . 2 ) : 60 - 68 .

kullander , s . o . ( 2015 ) . taxonomy of chain danio , an indo - myanmar species assemblage , with descriptions of four new species ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 25 ( 4 ) , 357 - 380 .

older , molecular , phylogenies tended to agree that it represented a monophyletic group consisting of two major clades ; the ‘ danio devario ‘ group containing the larger , deeper - bodied species and the ‘ d . rerio ‘ clade comprising the smaller , slimmer fish .

kullander , s . o . , 2015 . taxonomy of chain danio , an indo - myanmar species assemblage , with description of four new species ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 25 ( 4 ) : 357 - 380 . ( ref . 101154 )

kullander , s . o . ( 2012 ) : description of danio flagrans , and redescription of d . choprae , two closely related species from the ayeyarwaddy river drainage in northern myanmar ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 23 ( 3 ) : 245 - 262 .

however in 2003 fang conducted a more detailed study based on morphological characters which included members of other related genera , and the results suggested for the first time that the genus danio as previously considered represents a polyphyletic grouping , i . e . , not all members derived from a single common ancestor .

fang , f . , m . norén , t . y . liao , m . källersjö and s . o . kullander , 2009 - zoologica scripta 38 ( 1 ) : 1 - 20 molecular phylogenetic interrelationships of the south asian cyprinid genera danio , devario and microrasbora ( teleostei , cyprinidae , danioninae ) .

fang , fang ; douglas , m . e . ( 2003 ) . douglas , m . e . , ed . " phylogenetic analysis of the asian cyprinid genus danio ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) " . copeia 2003 ( 4 ) : 714–728 . doi : 10 . 1643 / ia03 - 131 . 1 .

spence , rowena and gabriele gerlach , christian lawrence and carl smith ( 2007 ) . " the behaviour and ecology of the zebrafish , danio rerio " ( pdf ) . biological reviews for the cambridge philosophical society 83 ( 1 ) : 13–34 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1469 - 185x . 2007 . 00030 . x . pmid 18093234 .

nguyen , v . h . , nguyen , t . h . & mua , b . c . ( 2010 ) : a new fish species of the danio hamilton , 1822 that was found in the ky son district , the northern central province of nghe an , vietnam . vietnam journal of biology , 32 ( 4 ) : 62 - 68 .

dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 - 12 ; anal soft rays : 15 - 19 ; vertebrae : 34 - 38 . danio dangila can be distinguished from all congeners except d . assamila , d . catenatus , d . concatenatus , and d . sysphigmatus by produced first ray in pectoral and pelvic fins , large cleithral spot , and pattern of dark rings enclosing light interspaces on the side . it differs from those species by having vertically extended cleithral spot ( vs . round in all other species ) , absence of complete anterior interstripe ia ( vs . present in d . assamila and d . concatenatus ) , round rings in series along side , width of dark perimeter of about same width as diameter of light centre ( vs . elongate in d . assamila and d . sysphigmatus , with narrower perimeter in d . sysphigmatus ) , ring pattern usually extending onto caudal peduncle ( present on part of caudal peduncle in d . catenatus and d . concatenatus , absent in d . assamila and d . sysphigmatus ) , and 32 - 34 lateral line scales ( vs . 35 - 38 in d . sysphigmatus ) ( ref . 101154 ) .

danio dangilla is assessed as least concern since it has a wide distribution . although there is reduction in the population due to exploitation from nature for ornamental trade , it has been successfully bred in icar ( indian council of agricultural research ) research stations of assam and meghalaya . fish farmers have also learnt the technique . trends in wild populations must be monitored and if the captive breeding does not sustain the ornamental trade , the species has to be reassessed .

mayden , r . l . , k . l . tang , k . w . conway , j . freyhof , s . chamberlain , m . haskins , l . schneider , m . sudkamp , r . m . wood , m . agnew , a . bufalino , z . sulaiman , m . miya , k . saitoh , s . he , 2007 - journal of experimental zoology , molecular development and evolution 308b : 642–654 phylogenetic relationships of danio within the order cypriniformes : a framework for comparative and evolutionary studies of a model species .

asia : india , bangladesh , nepal and myanmar ( ref . 4832 ) . reported from bhutan ( ref . 40882 ) .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 85009 )

lives in mountain streams . reaches to about 15 cm ( ref . 4832 ) ; reported to attain up to 8 . 3 cm sl ( ref . 41236 ) .

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00724 ( 0 . 00324 - 0 . 01618 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 26 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .

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juffe bignoli , d . , chaudhry , s . , barbhuiya , a . h . & dahanukar , n .

is known from mountain streams belonging to ganga - brahmaputra drainage of bihar , northern bengal , northeastern india , and nepal . it was also reported from umroi stream and rheophilic torrent near barapani , khasi hills meghalaya , india .

recent field surveys show that population in the wild might be reducing due to ornamental fish trade ( w . vishwanath pers . comm . 2010 )

most of the specimens were collected from the rocks and stones which compose the bottom of several clear mountain streams .

this is a beautiful species which attains a length of about 15 cm . it is of no use as food . it is highly exploited for ornamental fish .

further survey work is needed to determine whether or not this species is experiencing a decline , or is undergoing extreme population fluctuations .

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females of the meghalaya population are noticeably deeper - bodied and less colourful than males .

at 90 days of age , colour pattern of the young fish strongly resembles that of the adults .

said to be found throughout the ganges river basin although most records we’ve been able to find correspond to nepal and the brahmaputra drainage in india and bangladesh .

the type specimens were apparently collected from the district of munger , bihar state , india through which the main ganges channel flows , although all have since been lost .

it’s also been reported from tributaries of the brahmaputra in bhutan , and , more recently , from myanmar where it appears to be quite widely distributed as some collections occurred as far south as the state of mon .

based on images it seems the fish can vary considerably in patterning depending on locality ; the populations formerly referred to as d . meghalayensis ( see ‘notes’ ) are known only from the known from the east khasi hills district of meghalaya state , north - east india , for example .

the type series was collected from ‘mountain streams’ but the species has been collected from sluggish , swampy environments with dense marginal vegetation .

given its extensive natural range it would seem this species is adaptable and able to colonise various habitat types at varying altitudes .

in the barak river drainage , which flows through the north - east indian states of nagaland and assam before bifurcating at the bangladesh border , symaptric species include barilius barna , b . bendelisis , b . dogarsinghi , laubuca laubuca , esomus danricus , devario aequipinnatus , d . annandalei , d . devario , rasbora daniconius , r . rasbora , crossocheilus latius , garra gotyla , g . lissorhynchus , g . nasuta , balitora brucei , acanthocobitis botia , botia rostrata and lepidocephalichthys guntea .

not difficult to keep in a well - maintained set - up though we recommend aquascaping the tank to resemble a flowing stream or river with a substrate of variably - sized , water - worn rocks , sand , fine gravel and perhaps some small boulders .

this can be further furnished with driftwood roots or branches , and while the majority of aquatic plants will fail to thrive in such surroundings hardy types such as microsorum , bolbitis or anubias spp . can be grown attached to the décor should you wish .

since it naturally occurs in pristine habitats it’s intolerant to accumulation of organic pollutants and requires spotless water in order to thrive .

though torrent - like conditions are unnecessary it also does best if there is a high proportion of dissolved oxygen and decent water movement so a good - sized external filter or powerhead ( s ) should be employed as necessary and weekly water changes of 30 - 50 % aquarium volume considered routine .

ph : weakly acidic to neutral water within the range 6 . 5 – 7 . 5 is usually recommended .

probably preys on insects and their larvae in nature . in the aquarium it’s a largely unfussy feeder and will accept most foods .

a good quality dried product can be used as the staple diet but this should be supplemented with regular meals of small live and frozen fare such as chironomid larvae ( bloodworm ) , daphnia , artemia , etc . , for the best colouration and conditioning .

not an aggressive fish but may upset very slow - moving or timid tankmates with its constant activity and vigorous feeding behaviour so can only be considered appropriate for larger tanks containing robust , similarly - sized fishes .

there are plenty of suitable choices including many cyprinids , loaches , cichlids , catfishes and characins although as always when selecting a compatible community of fish proper research is essential .

a community based around one of its native countries or river basins would also make a worthwhile project with some interesting alternatives ( see ‘habitat’ ) .

it’s a schooling species by nature and ideally should be kept in a group of at least 8 - 10 specimens .

maintaining it in decent numbers will not only make the fish less prone to bouts of skittishness but will result in a more effective , natural looking display while any aggressive behaviour will normally be contained as the fish concentrate on maintaining their hierarchical position within the group .

sexually mature females are usually rounder - bellied and exhibit a white stripe towards the distal edge of the anal - fin which is red in males .

the differences are especially clear when the fish are in spawning condition as the males intensify in colour and the females fill with eggs .

like many cyprinids this species is an egg - scatterer that exhibits no parental care .

if the fish are in good condition they should spawn often , and in a densely - planted , mature aquarium it’s possible that small numbers of fry may start to appear without intervention .

in general , however , d . devario has proven tricker than other danios with the usual methods tending not to yield results .

when only a single pair is used the larger females tends to chase the male incessantly , for example , and the only successful report we know of is that of u . s . aquarist dennis ball whose group of 8 adult fish of the meghalaya population spawned during a thunder storm following a period of being conditioned with live foods .

although a clump of taxiphylum was present in the aquarium the fish chose to spawn within the coarse gravel substrate with the females leading and males behind .

the first fry were observed approximately 48 hours after the spawning event and became free - swimming after a further 48 hours .

from this point onwards they were offered artemia nauplii and branded fry foods , and grew very quickly reaching 12 - 15 mm within 30 days .

the vernacular name refers to the fact this species possesses exceptionally long barbels . considering its apparent abundance in nature it remains uncommon in the hobby and little is written regarding its captive care .

– p stripe : or “pigment stripe” is the central , dark , lateral stripe on the body which extends into the caudal - fin in some species . stripes above it are numbered p + 1 , p + 2 , etc . and those beneath p - 1 , p - 2 , p - 3 . – a stripe : the central stripe on the anal - fin ; the proximal stripe ( above it ) is a + 1 and the distal stripe ( beneath ) a - 1 . – d stripe : the submarginal dorsal - fin stripe .

the genus has undergone some significant taxonomic reshuffling in recent years following the publication of a series of phylogenetic studies .

the former species d . erythromicron , d . margaritatus , d . choprae and d . flagrans are grouped together in the revalidated genus celestichthys roberts , 2007 . these exhibit unique body patterning consisting of vertical bars ( c . erythromicron , c . choprae , c . flagrans ) or light spots ( c . margaritatus ) and possess either very short barbels or none at all .

the remaining species , of which b . rerio is thought to be the most ancient , are included in the revalidated genus brachydanio weber & de beaufort , 1916 .

hamilton , f . , 1822 - edinburgh & london : i - vii + 1 - 405 , pls . 1 - 39 an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches .

gurung , d . b . , s . dorji , u . tshering and j . t . wangyal , 2013 - journal of threatened taxa 5 ( 14 ) : 4880 - 4886 an annotated checklist of fishes from bhutan .

kar , d . and n . sen , 2007 - zoo ' s print journal 22 ( 3 ) : 2599 - 2607 systematic list and distribution of fishes in mizoram , tripura and barak drainage of northeastern india .

kottelat , m . , 2013 - the raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 27 : 1 - 663 the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries .

132 dead fish ! 😩imported fish unboxing . freshwater pom pom crabs , zebra danios , platies , tetras

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distribution : bangladesh , india , myanmar and nepal ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) .

morphology : body elongate and laterally compressed . abdominal profile more convex than that of dorsal . oblique mouth consists of two pairs of barbells ( maxillary and rostral ) . caudal fin slightly emarginated . lateral line concave and complete with 36 - 40 scales . rahman ( 1989 and 2005 ) reported that there are 38 scales in lateral line .

olive in the back , sides and abdomen silvery with several blue lines . anal fin with two or three stripes . head 5 . 0 , height 3 . 5 - 4 . 0 in total length , eye 3 . 0 in head , snout 0 . 8 ( rahman , 1989 ) .

habitat : rahman ( 1989 ) collected several specimens from streams near cox’s bazar ( bangladesh ) . inhibits mountain streams ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) .

importance : of no interest to fisheries ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) .

hamilton f . 1822 . an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches . edinburgh & london . an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches . : i - vii + 1 - 405 , pls . 1 - 39 .

mcclelland j . 1839 . indian cyprinidae . asiatic researches v . 19 ( pt 2 ) : 217 - 471 , pls . 37 - 61

rahman aka . 1989 . freshwater fishes of bangladesh , 1st edition , zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 , pp . 103 - 104 .

rahman aka . 2005 . freshwater fishes of bangladesh , 2 nd edition , zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 , pp . 120 - 121 .

talwar pk and jhingran ag . 1991 . inland fishes of india and adjacent countries , vol . i , oxford & ibh publishing co . pvt . ltd . new delhi - calcutta , pp . 366 - 257 .

student , department of fisheries , university of rajshahi , rajshahi - 6205 , bangladesh . more . . .

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license . you may use any content ( of this site ) only non - commercial purpose with proper citation under the same license at your own caution . | the contents and opinions expressed herein are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of bdfish . |

copyright © 2013 - 2018 . all rights reserved . international journal of fisheries and aquatic studies

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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

lives in mountain streams . reaches to about 15 cm ( ref . 4832 ) ; reported to attain up to 8 . 3 cm sl ( ref . 41236 ) .

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sexing can be done by looking at the analfins of the fish . females have a white border while males show a red border . in addition females are fuller bodied than males .

research showed a rather broad range of body length of these fish . records vary between 6 ( 2 . 3 inch ) cm to 15 cm ( 5 . 9 inch ) . as a consequence , the fish can become rather sizable .

research in the rivers : siang , siyom , sonkosh and charju showed that this specie lives in areas we consider hillstream biotopes . these streams often provide clear , cool water that is fast flowing .

during research in the river siang , the water parameters were measured during summer and winter . these measurements show that they differ between seasons . during the summer the temperatures are between 20 and 26 °c ( 68 - 79°f ) . furthermore , ph was found to range between 6 . 5 and 7 . 5 . the winters are considerably colder with temperatures dropping to : 9°c to 11°c ( 48 - 52°f ) . the ph , however , is relatively constant and ranging from 6 to 7 . 5 . despite the differences in temperature between winter and summer , it is recommended to keep the aquarium temperature at 16°c to 24°c ( 16 - 75°f ) .

in order to let the aquarium be a resemblance to its natural habitat , decorations should consist of rocks and driftwood . the substrate can consist of gravel or sand . in order to bring some plants to the tank , microsorum sp . or anubias sp . could be attached to the decorations .

bagra , k . , & das , d . n . ( 2010 ) . fish diversity of river siyom of arunachal pradesh india : a case study . our nature , 8 ( 1 ) , 164 - 169 .

baro , d . c . , sharma , s . , & baishya , r . a . ( 2014 ) . status of ornamental fish diversity of sonkosh river , bodoland territorial council , assam , india . science vision , 14 ( 1 ) , 28 - 33 .

das , b . k . , boruah , p . , & kar , d . fish diversity and habitat mapping of river siang in arunachal pradesh using remote sensing and gis . innovative energy technology systems and environmental concerns : a sustainable approach , research india publications , new delhi , india , 2014b , 13 - 20 .

tesia , c . , & bordoloi , s . ( 2012 ) . ichthyofaunal diversity of charju river , tirap district , arunachal pradesh , india . asian journal of experimental biological science , 3 ( 1 ) , 82 - 86 .

channa burmanica is a relatively small snakehead species endemic to area ' s in northern myanmar . because of it ' s remote area of distribution it is not found in the trade often . experiences show that this species is relatively peaceful . it should be kept in lower tropical watertempatures

channa bankanensis is a small snakehead species from indonesia that requires tropical water temperature and very soft water . very intolerant to conspecifics

channa stewartii is a relative small snakehead species . in general it tends to be very intolerant towards conspecifics and other fishspecies . best is to keep solitary or as a formed couple . requires a seasonal drop in watertemperature below tropical levels

aborichthys elongatus is an active hillstream fish from india and can be a great addition to your hillstream aquarium .

channa punctata is a relatively small snakehead species ( maximun 35 cm ) , that is not overly aggressive . depending on area of captivity subtropical or tropical temperatures are required

channa orientalis or ceylon dwarf snakehead grows maximum 10 cm and is due to its mild temperament and ability to withstand constant tropical temperatures one of the species that is most suitable for keeping in the aquarium . since it is endemic to only a smart part of sri lanka , it is very rare in the aquarium trade

among specialist aquarists there is large demand for channa aurantimaculata resulting in high prices . it is a medium sized and colourful snakehead species , than is intolerant to conspecifics but combines well with other robust fish . these must be able to stand the necessary seasonal drop in temperature during below tropical levels .

channa cyanospilos grows maximum 22 cm and is a small snakehead species that is closely related to channa melasoma . it is reportedly intolerant to conspecifics and other fish species . it is rare in the aquarium trade .

the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file

, meaning " of the rice field " . the native bangla name for the fish is

was first described in the early 19th century by francis hamilton , a surgeon working for the british east india company . about a century later ( 1916 ) , the genus was split ; the larger species into

these varieties are recognized in the aquarium trade , but are not considered valid species .

they are native to the fresh water rivers and streams of southeast asia , but many species are brightly colored , and are available as aquarium fish worldwide . a number of the species , only recently discovered in remote inland areas of myanmar , do not yet have scientific names .

in the wild , these fish consume various small aquatic insects , crustaceans , and worms , as well as plankton in the case of fry .

all of these fish are primarily surface feeders . they are omnivorous in the aquarium and will accept a wide variety of foods , though flake food is appropriate . living in aquaria , live / frozen flaked foods are suitable , especially brine shrimp and sinking tablets . danios are voracious eaters ; timid feeders may starve in community tanks with danios . when conditioning danios for breeding , it is advisable to feed them plenty of fresh foods .

although boisterous and liable to chase each other and other fish , they are good community fish and will not generally attack each other or other fish , although they occasionally nip fins , more by accident than design ; like most fish , they will eat eggs and any fish small enough to fit into their mouths .

they are best kept in a tank long enough for their active swimming , preferably with a current from a power filter ( or at least airstone ) as they often live in fast - flowing streams in the wild . generally , this also results in them being subtropical with cooler temperatures . they are good jumpers , so a tight - fitting lid is recommended .

as a schooling fish , they prefer to be in groups of six or more . danios prefer water with a ph between 6 . 0 and 8 . 0 , hardness no more than 19 . 0 dgh , a carbon hardness of 8 to 12 kh , and a temperature range of 68–80°f ( 20–26°c ) ; the lower end of the temperature range is ideal .

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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3257953e - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32579fd6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32a6d6f3 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

asia : india , bangladesh , nepal and myanmar ( ref . 4832 ) . reported from bhutan ( ref . 40882 ) .

froese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 75d37d2f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

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back olive , abdomen silvery , sides with several narrow blue lines , which in the anterior half or two - third of the body from a beautiful network . a dark spot behind the gill covers . anal fin with two or three blue stripes .

i am manabendra nath , proprietor of the asian aqua farm , office come residential address is village - bhatenda ( east ) , p . o . & p . s . - rajarhat , kolkata - 700135 , west bengal , india . my occupation is ornamental fish export and import . i had been started from my business the year 1998 .

i am now busy with selling imported ornamental fish to all over india and export indian wild collection of ornamental fish . my import export code no . is 0209021616 , issued by the joint director general of foreign trade , kolkata . my export permit no . is wb1 / of / 294 / 12 issued by the marine products export development authority and import permit no . is 0250000270 / 4 / 14 / 00 issued by the director general of foreign trade , government of india and animal husbandry dairying and fisheries , ministry of agriculture .

my company always maintain the guideline of animal quarantine department of india and selling out disease free , good quality live ornamental fish . i can supply good quality my own farm breed angel fish all over year .

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some of the above images have been provided by tropicalfishfinder . please be aware that variations within species mean that the fish you are sent may not be identical to the fish in the photographs .

eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

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bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00724 ( 0 . 00324 - 0 . 01618 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 26 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .

) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

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hypolycaena condamini , the senegal hairstreak , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

it is found in senegal and guinea .

the habitat consists of guinea savanna .

hypolycaena condamini

hypolycaena condamini <EOT> hypolycaena is a butterfly genus in the family lycaenidae . hypolycaena species are found in the australasian ecozone , the indomalaya ecozone and the afrotropic ecozone .

© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .

a widespread paleotropical genus , ranging from west africa to australia . there is some question ( e . g . , parsons 1999 ) regarding the monophyly of this genus : there are species groups with significant morphological and behavioral differences .

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of perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .

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ackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .

corbet , a . s . , pendlebury , h . m . & eliot , j . n . 1992 the butterflies of the malay peninsula . kuala lumpur : malayan nature society .

larsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .

parsons , m . 1999 the butterflies of papua new guinea : their systematics and biology . san diego : academic press .

vane - wright , r . i . & de jong , r . 2003 the butterflies of sulawesi : annotated checklist for a critical island fauna . zoologische verhandelingen 343 , 1 - 267 .

correspondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at

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each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .

for a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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