trichopezinae are a subfamily of empidoid flies .

they are mainly predatory flies like most of their relatives , and generally small to medium-sized , long-legged and large-eyed .

previously , they were included in the clinocerinae or the hemerodromiinae .

in some more recent treatments , the brachystomatinae are considered a distinct family , and the trichopezinae are placed therein .

however , it is more likely that the brachystomatinae are part of the empididae , and that the trichopezinae represent a separate lineage in the same family .

the monophyly of the trichopezinae versus its closest relatives is not firmly established ; it seems likely that some changes will be necessary to make this subfamily a natural group .

trichopezinae

trichopezinae <EOT> rondani also are removed from the clinocerinae and transferred to the subfamily trichopezinae , new status . in addition ,

rondani sont également transférés des clinocerinae à la sous - famille des trichopezinae , nouveau statut . de plus ,

garrett jones ( formerly in brachystomatinae ) are removed from synonymy and also transferred to the trichopezinae . this subfamily is described , and the phylogenetic relationships and . geographic distribution of the included genera are discussed . the trichopezinae is considered most closely related to the brachystomatinae ( exclusive of

, b . j . 2008 . review of three little - known monotypic genera ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae ) , assigned to trichopezinae .

, b . j . 1995 . generic revision of the clinocerinae ( empididae ) , and description and phylogenetic relationships of the trichopezinae , new status ( diptera : empidoidea ) .

sinclair , b . j . 2008 : review of three little - known monotypic empidoid genera ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae ) , assigned to trichopezinae . zootaxa 1754 : 52–62 .

trichopezinae are a subfamily of empidoid flies . they are mainly predatory flies like most of their relatives , and generally small to medium - sized , long - legged and large - eyed .

sinclair , b . j . 1995 : generic revision of the clinocerinae ( empididae ) , and description and phylogenetic relationships of the trichopezinae , new status ( diptera : empidoidea ) . the canadian entomologist 127 : 665–752 .

sinclair , b . j . 2011 : revision of the new zealand genus adipsomyia ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae : trichopezinae ) , with key to local empidoid family and selected genus groups . the new zealand entomologist 34 : 30–36 .

sinclair , b . j . ( 1995 ) generic revision of the clinocerinae ( empididae ) , and description and phylogenetic relationships of the trichopezinae , new status ( diptera : empidoidea ) . the canadian entomologist , 127 , 665–752 . urltoken

sinclair , b . j . ( 2011 ) revision of the new zealand genus adipsomyia ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae : trichopezinae ) , with key to local empidoid family and selected genus groups . the new zealand entomologist , 34 , 30–36 . urltoken

78 . sinclair , b . j . 2011 . revision of the new zealand genus adipsomyia ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae : trichopezinae ) , with key to local empidoid family and selected genus groups . the new zealand entomologist 34 : 30 - 36 . urltoken

wagner , r . , leese , f . & panesar , a . r . ( 2004 ) aquatic dance flies from a small himalayan mountain stream ( diptera : empididae : hemerodrominnae , trichopezinae and clinocerinae ) . bonner zoologische beiträge , 52 ( 1–2 ) , 3–32 .

sinclair , b . j . 2011 . revision of the new zealand genusadipsomyia ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae : trichopezinae ) , with key to local empidoid family and selected genus groups . new zealand entomologist , vol . 34 , issue . 1 , p . 30 .

garrett jones ( autrefois chez les brachystomatinae ) ont leur statut rétabli et sont également transférés aux trichopezinae . la nouvelle sous - famille est décrite et les relations phylogénétiques entre les genres de même que leurs répartitions géographiques respectives sont examinées . la nouvelle sous - famille se rapproche surtout des brachystomatinae ( à l’exception d’

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

molecular phylogenetics and evolution ( journal , magazine , 1992 ) [ worldcat . org ]

your web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .

your list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .

note : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .

the e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .

the e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .

i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : molecular phylogenetics and evolution publisher : orlando , fla . : academic press isbn / issn : 1055 - 7903 oclc : 231794612

please choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .

you may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .

worldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more ››

don ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .

the phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily empidoidea ( insecta : diptera ) . - pubmed - ncbi

warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .

the phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily empidoidea ( insecta : diptera ) .

department of entomology and plant pathology , 205 ellington plant sciences building , the university of tennessee , knoxville , tn 37996 - 4560 , usa . jmoulton @ urltoken

research support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en "

javascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .

parent taxon : brachystomatidae according to b . j . sinclair et al . 2011

heleodromia haliday is recorded from tibet for the first time with the following three species belonging to the subgenus heleodromia : heleodromia ( heleodromia ) ausobskyi wagner , heleodromia ( heleodromia ) basiflava sp . nov . and h . ( h . ) immaculata haliday . this finding extends the distribution of heleodromia in china from northwest china to southwest china . a key to the known species of heleodromia from the himalayas is presented .

collin , j . e . ( 1961 ) empididae . in : british flies . vol . 6 . cambridge university press , 782 pp .

engel , e . o . ( 1939 ) 28 . empididae . in : lindner , e . ( ed . ) , die fliegen der palaearktischen region , 4 ( 4 ) , 1–152 .

haliday , a . h . ( 1833 ) catalogue of diptera occurring about holywood in downshire . entomological magazine , 1 , 147–180 .

liu , x . y . , wang , j . j . & yang , d . ( 2012 ) heleodromia haliday newly recorded from china with descriptions of two new species ( diptera : empidoidea ) . zootaxa , 3159 , 59–64 .

mcalpine , j . f . ( 1981 ) morphology and terminology - adults . in : mcalpine , j . f . , peterson , b . v . , shewell , g . e . , teskey , h . j . , vockeroth , j . r . & wood , d . m . ( coord . ) . manual of nearctic diptera . vol . 1 . agriculture canada monograph , no . 27 , pp . 9–63 .

roser , c . von ( 1840 ) erster nachtrag zu dem in jahre 1834 bekannt gemachten verzeichnisse in württemberg vorkommender zweiflügliger insekten . correspondenzblatt de koniglich württembergischen landwirtschaftlichen vereins , 37 ( 1 ) , 49–64 .

saigusa , t . ( 1963 ) studies on the genus heleodromia in japan ( diptera , empididae ) . sieboldia , 3 ( 1 ) , 119–130 .

sinclair , b . j . , brooks , s . e . , cumming , j . m . & coovert , g . a . ( 2011 ) revision of the nearctic species of heleodromia ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae ) . the canadian entomologist , 143 , 629–651 . urltoken

sinclair , b . j . & cumming , j . m . ( 2006 ) the morphology , higher - level phylogeny and classification of the empidoidea ( diptera ) . zootaxa , 1180 , 1–172 .

smith , k . g . v . ( 1965 ) diptera from nepal : empididae . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , entomology , 17 ( 2 ) , 61–112 .

wagner , r . ( 1983 ) heleodromia ausobskyi n . sp . aus nepal ( insecta : diptera : brachycera : empididae ) . senckenbergiana biologia , 63 , 333–335 .

wagner , r . ( 1985 ) a revision of the genus heleodromia ( diptera , empididae ) in europe . aquatic insects , 7 ( 1 ) , 33–43 . urltoken

wagner , r . ( 2003 ) aquatic dance flies from the democratic peoples republic of corea ( diptera : empididae : hemerodromiinae and clinocerinae ) including the description of five new species . studia dipterologica , 10 ( 1 ) , 315–319 .

wagner , r . & özdikmen , h . ( 2006 ) replacement name for the preoccupied genus group name illiesiella wagner , 1985 ( diptera : empididae ) . munis entomology and zoology , 1 , 91–92 .

yang , d . , zhang , k . , yao , g . & zhang , j . ( 2007 ) world catalog of empididae ( insecta : diptera ) . china agricultural university press , beijing , 599 pp .

zetterstedt , j . w . ( 1838 ) insecta lapponica descripta . diptera , lipsiae , pp . 477–868 .

xx . sinclair , b . j . & i . v . shamshev . 2012 . afropeza , a new south african genus ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae ) , with description of three new species . african invertebrates .

xx . borkent , a . & b . j . sinclair . 2012 . the male genital tract of axymyiidae and tanyderidae ( diptera ) . in festschrift commemorating the coordinators of the manual of nearctic diptera and their contributions to building the canadian national collection of insects . part 3 . the canadian entomologist 144 .

xx . sinclair , b . j & j . f . macdonald . 2012 . revision of dolichocephala of america north of mexico ( diptera : empididae : clinocerinae ) . in festschrift commemorating the coordinators of the manual of nearctic diptera and their contributions to building the canadian national collection of insects . part 2 . the canadian entomologist 144 .

81 . sinclair , b . j . , brooks , s . e . , cumming , j . m . & coovert , g . a 2011 . revision of the nearctic species of heleodromia ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae ) . in festschrift commemorating the coordinators of the manual of nearctic diptera and their contributions to building the canadian national collection of insects . part 1 . the canadian entomologist 143 :

80 . cumming , j . m . , sinclair , b . j . , brooks , s . e . , o’hara , j . e . , & . skevington , j . h . 2011 . the history of dipterology at the canadian national collection of insects , with special reference to the manual of nearctic diptera . in festschrift commemorating the coordinators of the manual of nearctic diptera and their contributions to building the canadian national collection of insects . part 1 . the canadian entomologist 143 :

79 . sinclair , b . j . 2011 . revision of fijian syneches ( diptera : empidoidea : hybotidae ) , with a reassessment of the genus . the canadian entomologist 143 : 358 - 369 .

77 . wiegmann , b . m . , m . d . trautwein , i . s . winkler , n . w . barr , j . - w . kim , c . lambkin , m . a . bertone , b . k . cassel , k . j . peterson , k . m . bayless , a . m . heimberg , b . m . wheeler , k . j . peterson , t . pape , b . j . sinclair , j . h . skevington , v . blagoderov , j . caravas , s . kutty , u . schmidt - ott , g . e . kampmeier , f . c . thompson , d . a . grimaldi , a . t . beckenbach , g . w . courtney , m . friedrich , r . meier , & d . k . yeates . 2011 . episodic radiations in the fly tree of life . proceedings of the national academy of sciences 108 : 5690 - 5695 .

76 . sinclair , b . j . & dorchin , n . 2010 . isoptera , embioptera , neuroptera , mecoptera , raphidioptera and diptera types in zfmk . bonn zoological bulletin 58 : 49 - 88 . urltoken

75 . sinclair , b . j . & huerta , h . 2010 . a new species of androprosopa from mexico ( diptera : thaumaleidae ) . the canadian entomologist 142 : 443 - 447 .

74 . sinclair , b . j . 2010 . revision and phylogenetic systematics of the neotropical ceratomerinae ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae ) . arthropod systematics & phylogeny 68 ( 2 ) : 197 - 228 . urltoken

73 . sinclair , b . j . 2010 . proclinopyga ulrichi sp . nov . : the first fossil aquatic dance fly of the subfamily clinocerinae ( diptera : empididae ) bonn zoological bulletin 57 : 85 - 89 . urltoken

72 . sinclair , b . j . & a . h . kirk - spriggs . 2010 . alavesia waters and arillo – a cretaceous - era genus discovered extant on the brandberg massif , namibia ( diptera : atelestidae ) . systematic entomology 35 : 268 - 276 .

69 . shamshev , i . v . & b . j . sinclair . 2009 . revision of the iteaphila setosa group ( diptera : empididae ) . european journal of entomology 106 : 441 - 450 . urltoken

. 2008 . the male genital tract of chaoboridae ( diptera : culicomorpha ) .

& m . benecke . 2008 . what is the edge of a forest ? a diversity analysis of adult diptera found on decomposing piglets inside and on the edge of a western german woodland inspired by a courtroom question .

meigen ( diptera : empididae : clinocerinae ) . nrc research press , ottawa . viii + 245 pp .

. 2008 . some scuttle flies ( diptera : phoridae ) of the galápagos islands .

59 . wagner , r . , m . , barták , a . , borkent , g . courtney , b . goddeeris , j . - p . haenni , l . knutson , a . pont , g . e . rotheray , r . rozkošný , b . sinclair , n . woodley , t . zatarnicki & p . zwick . 2008 . global diversity of dipteran families ( insecta diptera ) in freshwater ( excluding simuliidae , culicidae , chironomidae , tipulidae and tabanidae ) . hydrobiologia 595 : 489 - 519 . urltoken

a new southern hemisphere genus of ocydromiinae ( diptera : empidoidea : hybotidae ) .

, b . d . gill & a . e . mccarthy . 2007 . nosocomial myiasis in a canadian intensive care unit .

& m . schmitt . 2007 . the evolution of asymmetric genitalia in spiders and insects .

, b . j . , a . borkent & d . m . wood . 2007 . the male genital tract and aedeagal components of the diptera with a discussion of their phylogenetic significance .

zetterstedt from grand canyon national park , with notes on additional nearctic species ( diptera : empididae ) .

52 . sinclair , b . j . & p . j . chandler . 2007 . a new species of microsania zetterstedt from fiji ( diptera : platypezidae ) . fiji arthropods vii . bishop museum occasional papers 91 : 29 - 32 . urltoken

( diptera : muscidae ) parasitizing darwin’s finches and its impacts on nestling survival .

, b . j . & j . m . cumming . 2006 . the morphology , higher - level phylogeny and classification of the empidoidea ( diptera ) .

48 . causton , c . e . , s . b . peck , b . j . sinclair , l . roque - albelo , c . j . hodgson , b . landry . 2006 . alien insects : threats and implications for the conservation of the galápagos islands . annals of the entomological society of america 99 : 121 - 143 .

, b . j . & n . l . evenhuis . 2005 . two new species of dolichocephala macquart from fiji ( diptera : empididae : clinocerinae ) .

46 . sinclair , b . j . & t . saigusa . 2005 . revision of the trichoclinocera dasyscutellum group from east asia ( diptera : empididae : clinocerinae ) . bonner zoologische beiträge 53 ( 2004 ) ( 1 - 2 ) : 193 - 209 . urltoken

45 . solórzano kraemer , m . m . , b . j . sinclair & j . m . cumming . 2005 . five new species of tachydromiinae ( diptera : empididae s . l . ) from new world tertiary ambers .

43 . zloty , j . , b . j . sinclair & g . pritchard . 2005 . discovered in our backyards : a new genus and species of a new family from the rocky mountains of north america ( diptera , tabanomorpha ) . systematic entomology 30 : 248 - 266 .

. 2004 . notes on predation by empididae and hybotidae on chironomidae and simuliidae ( diptera ) .

coquillett ( diptera : empididae : clinocerinae ) , with taxonomic notes on the genus .

39 . sinclair , b . j . & l . papp . 2004 . the rediscovery of nemedina alamirabilis chandler from hungary ( diptera : empidoidea ) , and first description of the male . bonner zoologische beiträge 52 ( 2003 ) ( 1 - 2 ) : 155 - 158 . urltoken

, b . j . 2003 . southern african empidoidea ( diptera ) : phylogenetic patterns and biogeographic implications .

chandler from mid - asia ( diptera : empidoidea ) resolves the phylogenetic position of this enigmatic genus .

35 . sinclair , b . j . 2003 . taxonomy , phylogeny and zoogeography of the subfamily ceratomerinae of australia ( diptera : empidoidea ) . records of the australian museum 55 : 1 - 44 . urltoken

33 . sinclair , b . j . & t . saigusa . 2002 . a new species of the seepage midge genus trichothaumalea edwards from japan ( diptera : culicomorpha : thaumaleidae ) . insect systematics & evolution 33 : 175 - 184 .

31 . sinclair , b . j . & p . h . arnaud , jr . 2001 . nemedina eocenica , new species ( diptera : empidoidea ) from baltic amber . myia 6 : 1 - 8 .

, b . j . 2000 . empidoidea , exclusive of dolichopodidae ( diptera ) ( pp . 223 - 225 ) .

: kirk - spiggs , a . h . marais , e . ( eds ) .

oldroyd ( diptera : empidoidea ) , with a redefinition of the tribe ocydromiini .

27 . sinclair , b . j . 2000 . revision of the genus clinocera meigen from australia and new zealand ( diptera : empididae : clinocerinae ) . invertebrate taxonomy 14 ( 3 ) : 347 - 361 . urltoken

, b . j . 1999 . review of the clinocerinae of southern africa ( diptera : empididae ) .

23 . sinclair , b . j . 1999 . review of the genera dipsomyia bezzi , zanclotus wilder , and an allied new gondwanan genus ( diptera : empidoidea , ragas - group ) . entomological science 2 ( 1 ) : 131 - 145 .

. 1998 . introduced insect fauna of an oceanic archipelago : the galápagos islands , ecuador .

. 1997 . the dolichopodidae ( diptera ) of the galápagos islands , with notes on the new world fauna .

loew ( diptera : empidoidea ; hybotinae ) , with description of seven new species .

, b . j . & d . k . mcalpine . 1995 . a new rhinotorine fly from northern queensland , australia ( diptera : heleomyzidae ) .

, b . j . & b . r . stuckenberg . 1995 . review of the thaumaleidae ( diptera ) of south africa .

, & d . m . wood . 1995 . homology and phylogenetic implications of male genitalia in diptera - eremoneura .

, b . j . , j . m . cumming , & d . m . wood . 1994 . homology and phylogenetic implications of male genitalia in diptera - lower brachycera .

, b . j . 1992 . phylogenetic interpretation of the brachycera ( diptera ) based on the larval mandible and associated mouthpart structures .

( diptera : thaumaleidae ) from eastern north america and a discussion of male genitalic homologies .

advances in chironomidology . proceedings of the xth international symposium on chironomidae , part 1 .

james occurring in madicolous habitats of eastern north america ( diptera : stratiomyidae ) .

, b . j . & s . a . marshall . 1987 ( 1986 ) . the madicolous fauna in southern ontario .

2009 . empididae ( dance flies , balloon flies , predaceous flies ) , pp . 653 - 670 .

, b . j . 2009 . dipteran biodiversity of the galápagos , pp . 97 - 118 .

, b . j . , s . e . brooks & j . m . cumming 2008 . a critical review of the world catalogs of empidoidea ( insecta : diptera ) by yang et al . ( 2006 , 2007 ) .

2008 . dance flies , balloon flies , predaceous flies ( diptera : empidoidea , exclusive of dolichopodidae ) , pp . 1146 - 1151 .

, b . j . 2007 . book review : merz , b . ( ed . ) 2006 . phylogeny , taxonomy , and biology of tephritoid flies ( diptera , tephritoidea ) . proceedings of the 3rd tephritoid taxonomist’s meeting , geneva , 19 - 24 . july 2004 . instrumenta biodiversitatis

& k . - h . lampe ( eds . ) . 2005 . african biodiversity : molecules , organisms , ecosystems . proceedings of the 5th international symposium on tropical biology , museum koenig , bonn . springer verlag . 443 pp .

& d . j . buckle . 2001 . spiders , flies and some other arthropods of the fathom five national marine park islands and the upper bruce peninsula , pp 191 - 229 .

, b . j . 2000 . morphology and terminology of diptera male genitalia , pp . 53 - 74 .

contributions to a manual of palaearctic diptera . volume 1 : general and applied dipterology

2 . courtney , g . w . , b . j . sinclair & r . meier . 2000 . morphology and terminology of diptera larvae , pp . 85 - 161 . in : papp , l . & b . darvas ( eds . ) : contributions to a manual of palaearctic diptera . volume 1 : general and applied dipterology . science herald , budapest .

, b . j . 1990 . the madicolous fauna of southern ontario , with emphasis on the niagara escarpment , pp . 281 - 288 .

we use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .

this article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .

wahlberg , emma and johanson , kjell arne 2018 . molecular phylogenetics reveals novel relationships within empidoidea ( diptera ) . systematic entomology ,

ivković , marija ćevid , josipa horvat , bogdan and sinclair , bradley j . 2017 . aquatic dance flies ( diptera , empididae , clinocerinae and hemerodromiinae ) of greece : species richness , distribution and description of five new species . zookeys , vol . 724 , issue . , p . 53 .

sinclair , bradley j . cumming , jeffrey m . brooks , scott e . plant , adrian r . and saigusa , toyohei 2016 . gondwanamyia , a new empidoid ( diptera ) genus of uncertain placement . zookeys , vol . 621 , issue . , p . 137 .

wang , ning wang , baohai and yang , ding 2015 . wiedemannia ( diptera : empididae ) newly found in china with description of a new species from tibet . florida entomologist , vol . 98 , issue . 1 , p . 44 .

palaczyk , andrzej słowińska , iwona and klasa , anna 2015 . the genusbergenstammiamik , 1881 ( diptera : empididae : clinocerinae ) in poland with description ofbergenstammia glacialissp . nov . from the tatra mts . . annales zoologici , vol . 65 , issue . 1 , p . 53 .

ivković , marija plant , adrian leather , simon r . and hassall , christopher 2015 . aquatic insects in the dinarides : identifying hotspots of endemism and species richness shaped by geological and hydrological history using empididae ( diptera ) . insect conservation and diversity , vol . 8 , issue . 4 , p . 302 .

cumming , jeffrey m . brooks , scott e . and saigusa , toyohei 2014 . revision of the hesperempis genus group ( diptera : empidoidea : empididae ) . the canadian entomologist , vol . 146 , issue . 02 , p . 170 .

liu , xlaoyan tang , cufei and yang , ding 2014 . dolichocephala ( diptera : empididae ) newly found in tibet with description of a new species . florida entomologist , vol . 97 , issue . 3 , p . 1021 .

sinclair , bradley j . and macdonald , john f . 2012 . revision of dolichocephala of america , north of mexico ( diptera : empididae : clinocerinae ) . the canadian entomologist , vol . 144 , issue . 01 , p . 62 .

evenhuis , neal l . and sinclair , bradley j . 2012 . case 3588brachystomameigen , 1822 ( insecta , diptera , brachystomatidae ) : proposed conservation of usage . the bulletin of zoological nomenclature , vol . 69 , issue . 2 , p . 113 .

sinclair , bradley j . and kirk - spriggs , ashley h . 2010 . alavesiawaters and arillo - a cretaceous - era genus discovered extant on the brandberg massif , namibia ( diptera : atelestidae ) . systematic entomology , vol . 35 , issue . 2 , p . 268 .

li , zhu and yang , ding 2009 . a new species oftrichoclinoceracollin ( diptera : empididae ) from china . aquatic insects , vol . 31 , issue . 2 , p . 133 .

wagner , rüdiger barták , miroslav borkent , art courtney , gregory goddeeris , boudewijn haenni , jean - paul knutson , lloyd pont , adrian rotheray , graham e . rozkošný , rudolf sinclair , bradley woodley , norman zatwarnicki , tadeusz and zwick , peter 2008 . global diversity of dipteran families ( insecta diptera ) in freshwater ( excluding simulidae , culicidae , chironomidae , tipulidae and tabanidae ) . hydrobiologia , vol . 595 , issue . 1 , p . 489 .

yang , ding 2008 . a new species ofdolichocephalafrom hainan island , with a key to the chinese species ( diptera : empididae ) . aquatic insects , vol . 30 , issue . 4 , p . 281 .

grootaert , patrick and yang , ding 2008 . a newhypenella ( empididae : clinocerinae ) , a palaearctic relict in guangdong , south china . annales zoologici , vol . 58 , issue . 3 , p . 557 .

moulton , john k . and wiegmann , brian m . 2007 . the phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily empidoidea ( insecta : diptera ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , vol . 43 , issue . 3 , p . 701 .

nel , andré perrichot , vincent daugeron , christophe and néraudeau , didier 2004 . a newmicrophoritesin the lower cretaceous amber of the southwest of france ( diptera : dolichopodidae , “microphorinae” ) . annales de la société entomologique de france ( n . s . ) , vol . 40 , issue . 1 , p . 23 .

daugeron , c . 2001 . cladistics and taxonomy of the afrotropical empis ( coptophlebia ) chrysocera - group ( diptera , empididae ) . journal of natural history , vol . 35 , issue . 4 , p . 583 .

are no longer recognized and the genus is divided into six tentative informal species groups . the following new generic synonyms are proposed :

. a key to genera is provided for the identification of adult specimens of clinocerinae , all genera are described , several lectotypes are designated , and male and female terminalia are illustrated . a world list of species is included for each genus , identifying new combinations . cladistic relationships of the genera of the clinocerinae are presented .

melander , both of which are hypothesized to share apomorphies with the empidinae + hemerodromiinae . the genera

philippi ) and ceratomerinae . these three subfamilies are hypothesized to represent the sister group to the microphorinae + dolichopodidae .

ne sont plus reconnus et le genre est divisé provisoirement en six groupes informels d’espèces . les synonymies suivantes sont proposées :

. une clé des genres permettra de distinguer les adultes des clinocerinae ; tous les genres sont décrits , plusieurs lectotypes sont désignés et les pièces génitales des mâles et des femelles sont illustrées . pour chaque genre , une liste des espèces à l’échelle mondiale tient compte des nouvelles combinaisons . les résultats de l’analyse des relations cladistiques des genres de clinocerinae sont présentés ici .

melander , et les deux genres semblent partagé des apomorphies avec les empidinae + hemerodromiinae . les genres

philippi ) et des ceratomerinae . on suppose que les trois sous - familles constituent le groupe soeur des microphorinae + dolichopodidae .

diptères nouveau récoltés par mm . ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale 1911–1912

the mouth - parts of the dance fly , empis livida l . ( diptera , empididae )

taxonomic notes on the larvae of british diptera . no . 18 . the hemerodromiinae ( empididae )

taxonomic notes on the larvae of british diptera . no . 27 . a revised note on the subfamily hemerodromiinae ( empididae )

taxonomic notes on the larvae of british diptera . no . 28 . the larva and pupa of hydrodromia stagnalis ( haliday )

emergenz - untersuchungen an einem mittelgebirgsbach bei bonn . vii . empididen - und dolichopodiden - emergenz 1976 ( insecta , diptera , brachycera )

the empidoidea ( diptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . ii . general part . the families hybotidae , atelestidae and microphoridae

revision of palearctic microphoridae ( diptera ) 3 . parathalassiinae ( parathalassius mik and microphorella becker )

some pipunculidae and empididae from the ussuri region on the far eastern border of the u . s . s . r . ( diptera )

book review of chvála , m . 1983 . the empidoidea ( diptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . ii . general part . the families hybotidae , atelestidae , and microphoridae . fauna entomologica scandinavica , volume 12

. fusion and confusion : interpretation of male genitalic homologies in the empidoidea ( diptera ) .

( ed . ) , catalog of the diptera of the australasian and oceanic regions .

die arthropodenfauna von madiera nach den ergebnissen der reise von prof . dr . o . lundblad juli - august 1935 . xix diptera brachycera . ( exkl . phoridae , muscidae , tachinidae )

tiergeographische studien über die dipterenfauna der azoren . i . verzeichnis der bisher von den azoren bekannten dipteren

book review of chvála , m . 1983 . the empidoidea ( diptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . ii . the families hybotidae , atelestidae and microphoridae . fauna entomologica scandinavica , volume 12

insektfossilien aus der unteren kreide . iii . empidiformia ( “microphorinae” ) aus der unteren kreide und aus dem baltischen bernstein ; ein vertreter der cyclorrhapha aus der unteren kreide

bergenstammia carniolica sp . n . ( diptera , empididae : clinocerinae ) from karavanke mts . in slovenia

wiedemannia ( philolutra ) koeppeni sp . n . aus sibirien ( diptera , empididae )

wiedemannia ( philolutra ) mauersbergeri n . sp . aus der mongolei ( diptera , empididae )

. possibilities of using the structural features of the ovipositor in the systematics of brachycera - orthorrhapha . pp . 70–74

pp . [ translated from zoologicheskii institut an sssr publishers , leningrad ( 1979 ) . ]

diptera nova , in pannonia inferiori et in confinibus daciae regionsibus a ferd . kowarzio capta

et al . , ( coords . ) , manual of nearctic diptera . vol . 1 .

nouvelle classification des mouches à deux ailes ( diptera l . ) d ' après un plan tout nouveau

et al . , ( eds . ) , a catalog of the diptera of america north of mexico .

eine neue schweizerische art aus der alten gattung clinocera meig . ( ein dipterologischer beitrag . )

wiedemannia jazdzewskii sp . n . and hemerodromia mazoviensis sp . n . , new species of empididae ( diptera , brachycera ) from poland

wiedemannia escheri ( zetterstedt , 1838 ) and w . hirtiloba ( speiser , 1924 ) , new synonyms of w . zetterstedti ( fallén , 1826 )

. genera italica ordinis dipterorum ordinatim disposita et distincta et in familias et stirpes aggregata .

récoltes de r . paulian et a . villiers dans le haut atlas marocain , 1938 ( xvii e note ) . diptères

a new species of asymphyloptera collin ( dipt . , empididae , clinocerinae ) from australia

et al . , ( coords . ) , manual of nearctic diptera . vol .

mitteilungen über die empididen ( dipt . ) finnlands vii . die gattung hormopeza zett

. [ though the journal cover bears the date 1952 , the issue containing this article was published in 1953 . ]

recherches sur la faune madicole ( hygropétrique s . l . ) de france , de corse et d ' afrique du nord

contribution à l ' étude des diptères empididae du grand - atlas marocain . i . hemerodromiinae et atalantinae

revision des empididae hemerodromiinae de france , d ' espagne et d ' afrique du nord [ dipt . ]

notes on empididae ( 8 ) , bergenstammia albanica sp . n . , a new aquatic empidid ( diptera ) from southeast europe

. phylogeny and classification of the “orthorrhaphous” brachycera [ chapter ] 115 . pp . 1371–1395

email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .

bradley j . sinclair canadian national collection of insects & canadian food inspection agency , ottawa plant laboratory - entomology , k . w . neatby bldg . , c . e . f . , 960 carling avenue , ottawa , on , canada k1a 0c6 ;

barratt , b . i . p ; patrick , b . h . 1987 : insects of snow tussock grassland on the east otago plateau . new zealand entomologist 10 , 69–98 .

bickel , d . j . 1983 : two new australian teuchophorus loew ( diptera : dolichopodidae ) . journal of the australian entomological society 22 : 39–45 .

bickel , d . j . 1991 : sciapodinae , medeterinae ( insecta : diptera ) with a generic review of the dolichopodidae . fauna of new zealand 23 : 1–74 .

bickel , d . j . 1996 : thinempis , a new genus from australia and new zealand ( diptera : empididae ) , with notes on the tribal classification of the empidinae . systematic entomology 21 : 115–128 .

bickel , d . j . 2009 : biogeography of diptera in the southwest pacific . pp . 257–275 in pape , t . ; bickel , d . ; meier , r . ( eds ) dipteran diversity : status , challenges and tools , koninklijke brill nv , xx + 459 pp .

bremer , k . 1994 : branch support and tree stability . cladistics 10 : 295–304 .

brooks , s . e . ; cumming , j . m . 2011 : the new world genera of parathalassiinae ( diptera : empidoidea : dolichopodidae s . l . ) , with new species of thalassophorus and eothalassius . the canadian entomologist 143 : 423–446 .

brust , r . a . 1966 : gynandromorphs and intersexes in mosquitoes ( diptera : culicidae ) . canadian journal of zoology 44 : 911–921 .

buckley , t . r . ; krosch , m . ; leschen , r . a . b . 2015 : evolution of new zealand insects : summary and prospectus for future research . austral entomology 54 : 1–27 .

chvála , m . 1981 : classification and phylogeny of empididae , with a presumed origin of dolichopodidae ( diptera ) . entomologica scandinavica supplement 15 : 225–236 .

chvála , m . 1983 : the empidoidea ( diptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . ii . general part . the families hybotidae , atelestidae and microphoridae . fauna entomologica scandinavica 12 : 1–279 .

colless , d . h . 1963 : an australian species of microphorella ( diptera : empididae ) , with notes on the phylogenetic significance of the genus . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales 88 : 320–323 .

colless , d . h . ; mcalpine , d . k . 1970 : diptera ( flies ) [ chapter ] 34 . pp . 656–740 i n the insects of australia . melbourne university press , carlton .

colless , d . h . ; mcalpine , d . k . 1991 : diptera ( flies ) [ chapter ] 39 . pp . 717–786 i n nauman , i . d . ( ed ) the insects of australia , vol . 2 . 2nd edition . melbourne university press , carlton .

collin , j . e . 1928 : new zealand empididae based on material in the british museum ( natural history ) . british museum ( natural history ) , london . 110 pp .

collin , j . e . 1931 : two remarkable new species of empididae ( diptera ) from new zealand . annals and magazine of natural history ( 10 ) 8 : 352–355 .

collin , j . e . 1933 : part iv empididae . diptera of patagonia and south chile . british museum ( natural history ) , london . 334 pp .

collins , k . p . ; wiegmann , b . m . 2002 : phylogenetic relationships and placement of the empidoidea ( diptera : brachycera ) based on 28s rdna and ef - 1α sequences . insect systematics and evolution 33 : 421–444 .

cowie , b . ; winterbourn , m . j . 1979 : biota of a subalpine springbrook in the southern alps . new zealand journal of marine & freshwater research 13 ( 2 ) : 295–301 .

craig , d . a . ; craig , r . e . g . ; crosby , t . k . 2012 : simuliidae ( insecta : diptera ) . fauna of new zealand 68 : 1–336 .

cranston , p . s . 2005 : biogeographic paterns in the evolution of diptera . pp . 274–311 in yeates , d . k . ; wiegmann , b . m . ( eds ) the evolutionary biology of flies , columbia university press , new york .

cranston , p . s . ; hardy , n . b . ; morse , g . e . ; puslednik , l ; mccluen , s . r . 2012 : when molecules and morphology concur : the ‘gondwanan’ midges ( diptera : chironomidae ) . systematic entomology 35 : 636–648 .

crosby , t . k . 1976 : localities and collection dates of a . l . tonnoir’s diptera specimens . the new zealand entomologist 6 : 201–203 .

crosby , t . k . ; dugdale , j . s . ; watt , j . c . 1976 : recording specimen localities in new zealand : an arbitrary system of areas and codes defined . new zealand journal of zoology 3 : 69 + map .

cumming , j . m . ; sinclair , b . j . 2008 : dance flies , balloon flies , predaceous flies ( diptera : empidoidea , exclusive of dolichopodidae ) . pp . 1146–1151 in : capinera , j . l . ( ed ) encyclopedia of entomology , 2 nd edition , volume 2 . springer .

cumming , j . m . ; sinclair , b . j . ; wood , d . m . 1995 : homology and phylogenetic implications of male genitalia in diptera - eremoneura . entomologica scandinavica 26 : 121–151 .

cumming , j . m . ; wood , d . m . 2009 : adult morphology and terminology [ chapter ] 2 . pp . 9–50 in brown , b . v . ; borkent , a . ; cumming , j . m . ; wood , d . m . ; woodley , n . e . ; zumbado , m . a . ( eds ) manual of central american diptera , volume 1 , nrc research press , ottawa , ontario , canada .

darwin , c . 1871 : the descent of man , and selection in relation to sex . john murray , london .

daugeron , c . ; plant , a . ; winkler , i . ; stark , a . ; baylac , m . 2011 : extreme male leg polymorphic asymmetry in a new empidine dance fly ( diptera : empididae ) . biology letters 7 , 11–14 .

freitas - silva , r . a . p . ; ale - rocha , r . 2013 : a new apterous species of platypalpus macquart ( diptera : hybotidae , tachydromiinae ) from ecuador . zootaxa 3636 ( 4 ) : 590–596 .

grimaldi , d . ; cumming , j . 1999 : brachyceran diptera in cretaceous ambers and mesozoic diversification of the eremoneura . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 239 : 1–124 .

hennig , w . 1966 : the diptera fauna of new zealand as a problem in systematics and zoogeography . translated from german by p . wygodzinsky . pacific insects monograph 9 : 1–81 .

huber , b . a . 2003 : rapid evolution and species - specificity of arthropod genitalia : fact or artifact ? organisms , diversity & evolution 3 : 63–71 .

kertész , k . 1909 : catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum , volume vi . empididae , dolichopodidae , muscidoridae . museum nationale hungaricum , budapest , 362 pp .

koçak , a . ö . ; kemal , m . 2010 : nomenclatural notes on the genus group names of the order diptera . centre for entomological studies ankara miscellaneous papers 151 : 5–7 .

lunau , k . ; middelmann , a . ; pianka , m . 2006 : density - and food - resource - dependent courtship behaviour in the fly poecilobothrus nobilitatus l . ( diptera , dolichopodidae ) . entomologie heute 18 : 123–132 .

macfarlane , r . p . ; andrew , i . g . 2001 : new zealand diptera identification , diversity and biogeography : a summary . records of the canterbury museum 15 : 33–72 .

macfarlane , r . p . ; andrew , i . g . 2004 ; south west christchurch waterways : habitat assessment for insects . 26 pp .

macfarlane , r . p . ; andrew , i . g . ; maddison , p . a . ; andrew , i . g . ; berry , j . a . ; johns , p . m . ; hoare , r . j . b . ; larivière , m . - c . ; greenslade , p . ; henderson , r . c . ; smithers , c . n . ; palma , r . l . ; ward , j . b . ; pilgrim , r . l . c . ; towns , d . r . ; mclellan , i . ; teulon , d . a . j . ; hitchings , t . r . ; eastop , v . f . ; martin , n . a . ; fletcher , m . j . ; stufkens , m . a . w . ; dale , p . j . ; burchhardt , d . ; buckley , t . r . ; trewick , s . a . 2010 : nine . phylum arthropoda , subphylum hexapoda , protura , springtails , diplura , and insects . pp . 233 - 467 in gordon , d . p . ( ed ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity , volume 2 , chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . canterbury university press , christchurch .

maddison , w . p . ; maddison , d . r . 2003 : macclade 4 : analysis of phylogeny and character evolution . version 4 . 06 . sinauer associates , sunderland , massachusetts .

maddison , w . p . ; maddison , d . r . 2010 : mesquite : a modular system for evolutionary analysis . version 2 . 73 . h urltoken

malloch , j . r . 1931 : notes on new zealand empididae ( diptera ) . records of the canterbury museum 3 : 423–429 , pl . lvi .

malloch , j . r . 1932 : notes on new zealand empididae ( diptera ) - ii . records of the canterbury museum 3 : 457–458 .

marshall , s . a . 2012 : flies : the natural history and diversity of diptera . firefly books ltd . , richmond hill , ontario . 616 pp .

martynov , a . v . 1936 : on some new materials of arthropoda from kuznetsk - basin . bulletin de l ' académie des sciences de l ' u . r . s . s . , série biologique 1936 : 1251–1264 [ in russian ] .

melander , a . l . 1908 : family empididae . pp . 218–227 in williston , s . w . ( ed . ) , manual of north american diptera . 3 rd edition . j . j . hathaway , new haven .

melander , a . l . 1928 : diptera , fam . empididae . pp . 1–434 in wytsman , p . ( ed ) genera insectorum . fasc . 185 . “1927” . louis desmet - verteneuil , bruxelles .

miller , d . 1950 : catalogue of the diptera of the new zealand sub - region . department of scientific and industrial re - search , new zealand , bulletin , 100 : 1–194 .

moulton , j . k . ; wiegmann , b . m . 2007 : the phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily empidoidea ( insecta : diptera ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 43 : 710–713 .

pape , t . ; blagoderov , v . ; mostovski , m . b . 2011 : order diptera linnaeus , 1758 . in zhang , z . - q . ( ed ) animal biodiversity : an outline of higher - level classification and survey of taxonomic richness . zootaxa 3148 : 222–229 .

paramonov , s . j . 1959 : x . zoogeographical aspects of the australian dipterofauna . pp . 164–191 in keast , a . ; crocker , r . l . ; cristian , c . s . ( eds ) biogeography and ecology in australia . monographiae biologicae vol . 8 , dr . w . junk , the hague .

paramonov , s . j . 1961 : notes on australian diptera ( xxxii - xxxvi ) . xxxiii . a new genus of empididae from tasmania . annals and magazine of natural history . london ( 13 ) 4 : 100–102 .

philippi , r . a . 1865 : aufzahlung der chilenischen dipteren . verhandlungen der kaiserlich - königlichen zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft , wien 15 : 595–782 .

plant , a . r . 1990a : the genus icasma collin ( diptera : empididae : ceratomerinae ) , and the description of a new species . new zealand entomologist 13 : 16–18 .

plant , a . r . 1990b : intersexual forms of hilara monedula coll . ( empididae ) . dipterists digest 7 : 40–41 .

plant , a . r . 1991 : a revision of the genus ceratomerus ( diptera : empididae : ceratomerinae ) of new zealand . journal of natural history 25 : 1313–1330 .

plant , a . r . 1993 . sexual dimorphism in the genus monodromia collin ( diptera empididae : hemerodromiinae ) . new zealand journal of zoology 20 : 207–210 .

plant , a . r . 1998 ( 1997 ) : atodrapetis , a new genus of empidoid fly ( diptera , empidoidea , hybotinae , tachydromiinae ) from new zealand . studia dipterologica 4 : 435–440 .

plant , a . r . 1999 : new species of isodrapetis collin , 1928 ( diptera , empidoidea , hybotinae ) with a detailed diagnosis of the genus . studia dipterologica 6 : 279–294 .

plant , a . r . 2005 : the hemerodromiinae ( diptera , empididae ) of new zealand i . phyllodromia zetterstedt . studia dipterologica 12 : 119–138 .

plant , a . r . 2007 : the hemerodromiinae ( diptera , empididae ) of new zealand ii . chelipoda macquart . zootaxa 1537 : 1–88 .

plant , a . r . 2011 : the hemerodromiinae ( diptera : empididae ) of new zealand iii . antipodromia new genus . new zealand entomologist 34 : 52–55 .

plant , a . r . ; didham , r . k . 2006 : a new genus of drapetini ( diptera : hybotinae : tachydromiinae ) from new zealand . entomologist’s monthly magazine 142 : 41–47 .

pont , a . c . 1995 : the type - material of diptera ( insecta ) described by g . h . verrall and j . e . collin . oxford university museum publication 3 , clarendon press , oxford . 223 pp .

saigusa , t . 2006 : homology of wing venation of diptera . unpublished handout distributed at the 6 th international congress of dipterology , fukuoka , japan . 26 pp .

sanmartín , i . ; ronquist , f . 2004 : southern hemisphere biogeography inferred by event - based medels : plant versus animal patterns . systematic biology 53 : 216–243 .

shamshev , i . v . ; grootaert , p . 2002 : a new genus of microphorinae ( diptera : empidoidea ) from new zealand . belgium journal of entomology 4 : 129–144 .

sinclair , b . j . 1997 : icasma collin and an allied new genus glyphidopeza from new zealand ( diptera : empidoidea ; ceratomerinae ) . records of the australian museum 49 ( 2 ) : 195–211 .

sinclair , b . j . 2000 : revision of the genus clinocera meigen from australia and new zealand ( diptera : empiidae : clinocerinae ) . invertebrate taxonomy 14 : 347–361 .

sinclair , b . j . 2003 : taxonomy , phylogeny and zoogeography of the subfamily ceratomerinae of australia ( diptera : empidoidea ) . records of the australian museum 55 : 1–44 .

sinclair , b . j . 2010 : revision and phylogenetic systematics of the neotropical ceratomerinae ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae ) . arthropod systematics & phylogeny 68 ( 2 ) : 197–228 .

sinclair , b . j . 2016 : revision of the australian species of hydropeza sinclair ( diptera : empididae : ragadinae subfam . nov . ) . records of the australian museum 68 : 1–22 .

sinclair , b . j . 2017 : 55 . homalocnemidae ( homalocnemid dance flies ) . in kirk - spriggs , a . h . ; sinclair , b . j . ( eds ) manual of afrotropical diptera , volume 2 . nematocerous diptera and lower brachycera . suricata 5 . pretoria : sanbi graphics & editing .

sinclair , b . j . ; cumming , j . m . 2000 : revision of the genus apterodromia ( diptera : empidoidea ) , with a redefinition of the tribe ocydromiini . records of the australian museum 52 : 161–186 .

sinclair , b . j . ; cumming , j . m . 2006 : the morphology , higher - level phylogeny and classification of the empidoidea ( diptera ) . zootaxa 1180 : 1–172 .

sinclair , b . j . ; cumming , j . m . ; brooks , s . e . ; plant , a . r . ; saigusa , t . ( 2016 ) : gondwanamyia , a new empidoid ( diptera ) genus of uncertain placement . zookeys 621 : 137–147 .

sinclair , b . j . ; dorchin , n . 2010 : isoptera , embioptera , neuroptera , mecoptera , raphidioptera and diptera types in zfmk . bonn zoological bulletin 58 : 49–88 .

sinclair , b . j . ; mclellan , i . d . 2004 : revision of the new zealand species of hydropeza sinclair ( diptera : empidoidea : ragas - group ) . invertebrate systematics 18 : 627–647 .

sivinski , j . 1997 : ornaments in the diptera . florida entomologist 80 ( 2 ) : 142–164 .

smith , k . g . v . 1967 : family empididae ( empidae , hybotidae ) . pp . 39 . 1–39 . 67 in a catalogue of the diptera of the americas south of the united states . departamento de zoologia , são paulo .

smith , k . g . v . 1989 : 43 . family empididae . pp . 382–392 in evenhuis , n . l . ( ed ) catalog of the diptera of the australasian and oceanic regions . bishop museum special publication 86 . bishop museum press and e . j . brill , honolulu .

sorenson , m . d . 1999 : treerot , version 2 . boston university , boston , massachusetts .

stuardo , c . 1946 : catalogo de los dipteros de chile . imprenta universitaria , santiago de chile , 253 pp .

stuckenberg , b . r . 1999 : antennal evolution in the brachycera ( diptera ) , with a reassessment of terminology relating to the flagellum . studia dipterologica 6 : 33–48 .

swofford , d . l . 1998 : ‘paup * . phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) . version 4 . ’ sinauer associates , sunderland , massachusetts , usa .

thompson , f . c . 2009 : nearctic diptera : twenty years later . pp . 3–46 in pape , t . ; bickel , d . ; meier , r . ( eds ) diptera diversity : status , challenges and tools . brill , leiden , boston .

trewick , s . a . ; wallis , g . p . 2001 : bridging the “beech - gap” : new zealand invertebrate phylogeography implicates pleistocene glaciation and pliocene isolation . evolution 55 ( 11 ) : 2170–2180 .

turner , a . j . 1902 : new genera and species of lepidoptera belonging to the family noctuidae . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales 27 : 77–136 .

wheeler , t . a . 1992 : a gynandromorph of rachispoda subpiligera ( malloch ) ( diptera : sphaeroceridae ) , with notes on asymmetry , circumversion , and the structure of the male postabdomen . the canadian entomologist 124 : 729–735 .

wiegmann , b . m . ; mitter , c . ; thompson , f . c . 1993 : evolution origin of the cyclorrhapha ( diptera ) : test of alternative morphological hypotheses . cladistics 9 : 41–81 .

winterbourn , m . j . ; gregson , k . l . d . ; dolphin , c . h . 2000 : guide to the aquatic insects of new zealand ( 3rd edition ) . bulletin of the entomological society of new zealand 13 : 1–102 .

yang , d . ; yao , g . ; zhang k . ; zhang , j . 2007 : world catalog of empididae ( insecta : diptera ) . china agricultural university press , beijing . 704 pp .

yeates , d . k . ; bickel , d . ; colless , d . h . 2009 : diversity , relationships and biogeography of australian flies . pp . 227–256 in : pape , t . ; bickel , d . ; meier , r . ( eds ) dipteran diversity : status , challenges and tools , koninklijke brill nv , xx + 459 pp .

zimmer , m . ; diestelhorst , o . ; lunau , k . 2003 : courtship in long - legged flies ( diptera : dolichopodidae ) : function and evolution of signals . behavioral ecology 14 : 526–530 .

bradley j . sinclair canadian national collection of insects & canadian food inspection agency , opl - entomology , k . w . neatby bldg . , c . e . f . , 960 carling ave . , ottawa , on , canada k1a 0c6 .

eight species are recognized among new world species of asymphyloptera collin , including seven new species ( a . cajanuma sp . nov . ( ecuador ) , a . chilensis sp . nov . ( chile ) , a . chiricahua sp . nov . ( usa : arizona ) , a . dominica sp . nov . ( dominica ) , a . havasu sp . nov . ( usa : arizona ) , a . lutea sp . nov . ( costa rica ) and a . mexicana sp . nov . ( mexico ) ) . the new species are described , male terminalia illustrated , distributions mapped and a key to species is presented . two additional undescribed species based on single females , are known from ecuador and venezuela .

brooks , s . e . & cumming , j . m . ( 2011 ) the new world genera of parathalassiinae ( diptera : empidoidea : dolichopodidae s . l . ) , with new species of thalassophorus and eothalassius . the canadian entomologist , 143 , 423–446 . urltoken

collin , j . e . ( 1933 ) empididae . diptera of patagonia and south chile , 4 , 1–334 .

cumming , j . m . & sinclair , b . j . ( 2009 ) empididae ( dance flies , balloon flies , predaceous flies ) [ chapter ] 48 . in : brown , b . v . , borkent , a . , cumming , j . m . , wood , d . m . , woodley , n . e . & zumbado , m . a . ( eds . ) , manual of central american diptera . vol . 1 . nrc research press , ottawa , ontario , pp . 653–670 .

cumming , j . m . & wood , d . m . ( 2009 ) adult morphology and terminology [ chapter ] 2 . in : brown , b . v . , borkent , a . , cumming , j . m . , wood , d . m . , woodley , n . e . & zumbado , m . a . ( eds . ) , manual of central american diptera . vol . 1 . nrc research press , ottawa , ontario , pp . 9–50 .

donnelly , t . w . ( 1988 ) geologic constraints on caribbean biogeography . in : liebherr , j . k . ( ed . ) , zoogeography of caribbean insects . cornell university press , ithaca , pp . 15–37 .

pollet , m . ( 2009 ) in search for dolichopodid flies in southern ecuador : the true story . fly times , 42 , 36–51 . available from : urltoken ( accessed 19 march 2015 )

ricklefs , r . & bermingham , e . ( 2008 ) the west indies as a laboratory of biogeography and evolution . philosophical transactions of the royal society b , 363 , 2393–2413 . urltoken

robinson , h . ( 1975 ) the bredin - archbold - smithsonian biological survey of dominica . the family dolichopodidae with some related antillean and panamanian species ( diptera ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 185 , 1–141 .

sinclair , b . j . ( 1999 ) review of the clinocerinae of southern africa ( diptera : empididae ) . annals of the natal museum , 40 , 103–125 .

smith , k . g . v . ( 1961 ) a new species of asymphyloptera collin ( dipt . , empididae , clinocerinae ) from australia . the entomologist’s monthly magazine , 96 ( 1960 ) , 245 .


the konye ( konia eisentrauti ) is a critically endangered species of fish in the family cichlidae .

it is endemic to lake barombi mbo , a crater lake in western cameroon .

it is threatened because of pollution and sedimentation due to human activities , and potentially also by large emissions of carbon dioxide ( co ₂ ) from the lake 's bottom ( compare lake nyos ) .

this species can reach a length of 9.3 centimetres ( 3.7 in ) tl .

konye

konye <EOT> miss oni also recalled telling konye about the attack . konye replied : ‘omg . can’t believe it . ’

the konye council was created in 1977 following presidential degree n° 77 / 203 of june 29 1977 . it went operational in july 1978 with headquarters in konye .

mitigating , sally o’neill qc said konye had a ‘difficult domestic upbringing’ and felt remorse .

information on the konye is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .

there is no comfortable hotel in konye urgench . it is better to stay overnight at dashoguz .

the konye is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

mary konye , 22 , of canning town , allegedly attacked ms oni because she had called her ugly .

the woman , a neighbour of konye’s who did not want to be named , taught konye when she was a pupil at st joachim’s catholic primary school in custom house said she had been shocked to hear the verdict .

he told reporters that witnesses had testified in court that konye planned the attack over the course of two years .

there are sensitive zones in konye municipality . dikome , konye , kokaka , matoh , ikiliwindi have swamps . mbakwa supe has flood zones and landslide areas . kurume has steep slopes . these areas have been abandoned by the inhabitants .

during her trial , the jury heard that konye pretended to give oni a shoulder to cry on following the attack .

he added that the attack might have been driven by jealousy and that konye displayed signs of a ‘stalking behavioural disorder’ .

konye , who was convicted in january , looked straight ahead from the dock and showed no reaction as she was sentenced .

konye sub division is made up of 36 villages with the main ethnic groups being bakundu , bafaw , mbonge and balong .

the judge said konye had been " deliberately untruthful " during the trial after she admitted throwing the acid following her conviction .

during her trial , the jury heard that konye pretended to give ms oni a shoulder to cry on following the attack .

the court heard the pair fell out when miss oni said konye looked like a disfigured character from the horror film wrong turn .

judge david radford told konye the consequences of her " deliberate " and " wicked act " had been " devastating to miss oni " .

yesterday konye , of canning town , east london , finally admitted throwing the acid after maintaining throughout the trial that miss oni attacked herself .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - konye ( konia eisentrauti ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - konye ( konia eisentrauti ) " title = " arkive species - konye ( konia eisentrauti ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

acid attacker mary konye was “lovely in school” and came from a “very humble” family , a former teacher has told the barking and dagenham post .

judge radford told konye : ‘the consequences of your deliberate and wicked act have been devastating for miss oni , causing her terrible pain and physical injury .

cctv image of konye ( in the foreground ) trailing miss oni . she hurled the acid in her face shortly before arriving at her home in dagenham

konye sub division is rich with the following mineral resources stones for the extraction of gravel at baduma and mbakwa supe , pouzzolane along the road to eboko bajou from the konye market , sand along the villages of baduma , kokaka , ngolo bolo , dikomi etc , but the exploitation is very minimal .

there is no public transport in konye urgench . the sights of konye urgench are spread over the town . a taxi to the most distant monuments ( turabeg khanym mausoleum , sultan tekesh mausoleum , kyrk molla and il - arslan mausoleum ) and back will cost about us $ 2 including waiting time .

the false allegations referred to by ms oni were konye ' s claims in her defence case that the victim wanted to gain media publicity from the attack .

cctv footage captured konye , who was found guilty in january , secretly following the victoria ' s secret shop assistant home from work while wearing a veil .

konye has touristic sites such as the viaduct at mbakwa supe , - mobombe waterfall in mbakwa supe , the hammock bridge in konye and ndoi , the bembembe rock at ibemi , the njoke water fall at ibemi , the etana’s river in mbu and itoki , the caves at itoki , the relies at itoki .

konye will be sentenced for the attack on dagenham woman naomi oni on march 7 . judge david radford yesterday told her to expect a substantial custodial sentence .

oni previously told the court that konye was aware of how much of an impact piper ' s ordeal had on her after watching a television documentary about it .

mary konye , 22 , wore an islamic veil that hid her face to stalk and attack naomi oni on her way home from work in the early hours .

konye is also host of decentralized government institutions like the sub divisional officer , sub delegation of basic education , sub delegation of agriculture , forestry , and livestock .

a cctv image issued by the metropolitan police of mary konye disguised in a niqab following naomi oni home before she attacked her with acid . photograph : metropolitan police / pa

cctv footage obtained by police after the attack showed konye in a niqab following oni as she left work at the westfield shopping centre in stratford at about 11 . 30pm .

konye , of canning town , east london , denied throwing or casting a corrosive fluid with intent to burn , maim , disfigure , disable or do grievous bodily harm .

she added that konye was an " immature 22 - year - old " with a possible personality disorder and had been threatened by other inmates while in prison awaiting sentencing .

cctv footage obtained by police after the attack showed konye in a niqab following ms oni as she left work at the westfield shopping centre in stratford at about 11 . 30pm .

ms oni previously told the court that konye was aware of how much of an impact ms piper ' s ordeal had had on her after watching a television documentary about it .

following konye ' s conviction in january , detective chief inspector dave whellams said it had been a " serious , horrible offence which required a degree of planning and calculation " .

business student mary konye , 22 , attacked naomi oni , a victoria ' s secret shop assistant , over a " trivial , insignificant " argument after following her home from work .

the pair , who had been friends since secondary school , fell out in april 2011 when oni allegedly accused konye of texting her boyfriend and called her an " ugly monster " .

the pair , who had been friends since secondary school , fell out in april 2011 when ms oni allegedly accused konye of texting her boyfriend and called her an " ugly monster " .

konye used the " implausible " excuse that it had been oni who planned the incident because she wanted " fame and fortune and to sell her story to the paper " , police said .

cocoa contributes 75 % of the total income of the sub division and in households . but due to an outbreak of the black pod disease cocoa production quantity and quality has dropped in konye .

her lawyer sally o ' neill qc told the court konye has since admitted throwing the acid following her conviction but maintained she did not intend to cause injury to ms oni ' s face .

the town was called gurgandzh from the 10th century ad onwards and is now called konye urgench ( old urgench ) , as the inhabitants moved to modern urgench in uzbekistan in the 17th century .

valuable timber has always been exploited from the konye forest for local use but more for exportation . the natural vegetation cover in konye municipality has similar characteristics to that of the dense equatorial rain forest , harboring a wide range of varieties of natural resources including fauna and flora . concurrently , the type of farming method experienced in this village has changed some part of the forest into a savannah type

konye urgench was built on the crossing of two major caravan routes from the south to the volga in the northwest and from the west to china in the east . from the 1st century ad onwards konye urgench was an important trade center on the northern silk road leading to the caspian sea and russia . around 1000 emir mamun unified the country of khwarezm [ 1 ] and made konye urgench its capital . in the 10th cent . urgench was the capital of the powerful khwarezm state which occupied the whole area of the amu darya [ 2 ] delta in northern turkemnistan and western uzbekistan .

konye ' s lawyer sally o ' neill qc told the court she had admitted throwing the acid since her conviction but claims she did not intend to cause injury to ms oni ' s face .

her lawyer sally o ' neill qc told the court konye has since admitted throwing the acid , following her conviction , but maintained she did not intend to cause injury to oni ' s face .

konye used the " implausible " excuse that it had been ms oni who planned the incident because she wanted " fame and fortune and to sell her story to the paper " , police said .

konye urgench museum in the modern dash mosque ( us $ 1 , 8am to 1pm , 2pm to 4pm closed tue ) . some rooms contain ethnographic exhibits including a pottery workshop and carpet looms .

konye , who hung her head and wept quietly as he spoke , will be expected to serve at least two - thirds of her 12 - year term , but could be freed after eight years .

judge david radford , who sentenced konye to 12 years at london ' s snaresbrook crown court today , said the consequences of her " deliberate " and " wicked act have been devastating to miss oni " .

description : the ancient cities of merv and konye - urgench inspire visions of caravans plodding along the ancient silk road , while the haunting beauty of the karakum desert and other quirky natural phenomena are equally mesmerising .

the jury heard that , the day after the attack , konye sent a mobile phone message to oni , who was in hospital receiving treatment , saying : " omg , i can ' t believe it . "

the judge said konye had been " deliberately untruthful " during the trial , after she admitted throwing the acid following her conviction . a letter of remorse she had since written was " utterly belated " , he added .

the jury heard that , the day after the attack , konye sent a mobile phone message to ms oni , who was in hospital receiving treatment , saying : " omg , i can ' t believe it . "

description : east kilbride g74 3ya . tel . 01355 247471 . charity no . . . we extend a very warm welcome to fr . michael konye who will be working in st . leonard’s during the . . .

konye has a surface area of 1101 km2 with 57 inhabitants per km2 . it has an estimated population of 62 . 892 inhabitants giving an increase of 40 . 663 % as compared to the 2005 national census statistics which estimate its population at 44 . 771 inhabitants . from the total population , are men ( 31 . 3 % ) , women ( 30 . 3 % ) , adolecent ( 25 % ) children ( 13 . 5 % ) . . konye being a cosmopolitan municipality harbors indigenes from different ethnic tribes . the population of konye is constantly fluctuating , as there is constant movement of people in and out of the village , during and after the farming season .

oni said she regretted ever being friends with konye . " it was bad enough believing it was a random attack . knowing mary planned this is beyond belief . i don ' t trust people in the same way any more . "

description : funky things to draw [ paul konye & kate ashforth ] on amazon . com . * free * shipping on qualifying offers . step by step instructions to draw fairies , fairytale princesses , baby animals , in the ocean , m costumes & fashions

konye urgench became one of the centers of the islamic world and was called " the heart of islam " and " the capital of thousand wise men " . great scholars as al biruni ( abu reikhan biruni ) [ 3 ] and avicenna ( abu ali ibn sina ) [ 4 ] lived here . after its conquest by the mongols in the 13th century , the city became an important trade center again . the famous arabic traveller ibn batuta [ 5 ] described konye urgench as the ' biggest among the turkish cities with broad streets and splendid bazaars ' . the main part of the magnificient monuments in konye urgench were built during the reign of kutlug timur and his wife tyurabek - khanym . in the 14th century the city was destroyed by the troups of timur [ 6 ] .

judge david radford , who sentenced konye at london ' s snaresbrook crown court , said the consequences of her " deliberate [ and ] wicked act have been devastating to miss oni " . he added that it was a premeditated and callous plan to burn and disfigure the victim .

konye is located along the kumba – mamfe road in , meme division , in the south - west region of cameroon . it is bounded in the north by nguti council , the south by kumba council , the east by tombel council and in the west by dikome balue .

description : the h . p . dream book : this is your lucky day . what did you dream ? [ herbert gladstone parris ] on amazon . com . * free * shipping on qualifying offers . new 96 page the hp dream book by prof . uriah konye .

the vast majority of the world ' s cocoa is produced in smallholdings between 2 - 4 hectares , like those around konye . cocoa farming , the cause of much deforestation in west africa , may now be one answer to saving what ' s left of the natural forests .

konye is a forest area municipality and hunting is an important and widespread activity . although the regulations governing hunting are not respected , hunting is professionally done . most hunters catch birds ( partridge ) and trap rodents ( rats , porcupine ) and their harvest is used for family consumption .

the bakundu originated from the congo basin around the 17th century and settled in beboka in ndian division . they migrated from beboka due to its hilly nature which made crop cultivation difficult for them and discovered the different bakundu villages such as ( itoki , konye , kumbe , wone , mbakwa supe ,

the mighty congo basin rainforest is spread across five countries and is rivalled only by the amazon in its vastness . the cameroonian village of konye is within the western reaches of the congo basin , and is home to around 1 , 000 inhabitants dependent on both cocoa and the forest for their livelihoods .

in konye , farmers are benefitting from joining konafcoop . the cooperative sells in bulk direct to customers and can negotiate better prices for the farmers . through farmer field schools they learn to regenerate the land by diversifying what they grow , working with the forests natural ability to create healthy ecosystems that balance nutrients and pest / disease control measures .

in livestock , people in the geographical area of konye municipality practice the traditional breeding of poultry , small ruminants and pigs . the breeding of cattle is not developed in the town . the absence of a livestock market , the lack of fish farming , unconventional breeding of livestock and inadequate veterinary services are limitations to the modernization of livestock which is a source of income in the municipality . konye municipality is not so much rich in waterways condusive for fishing . the mungo river is almost the only one that allows some people to fish as a secondary activity and make income that contributes to the survival of their families . fishery products are mostly sold on the local market . the fish species

kutlug timur mínaret was begun in the 11th century and finished in the 14th century unter kutlug timur . it was the minaret of the main mosque in konye urgench . with a height of 60 meters , it is the highest minaret in central asia . the minaret is divided by 18 belts with an ornament and 3 belts with kufi inscriptions .

il - arshan mausoleum is konye urgench ' s oldest surviving monument . it contains the grave of il arslan [ 8 ] , the father of sultan tekish . the dome in the form of a tent and the facade of the monument with a pattern of bricks are the first of this type and were the prototype for similar buildings in samarkand .

nedjameddin kubra mausoleum was built in the 14th century it is considered as the holiest place in konye urgench . nedjameddin kubra lived in the 12th / 13th centuries . he was born in khiva and became a famous religious teacher known as ' designer of saints ' . he left several treatises on mystic experiences , founded an important sufic order and was killed by the mongols .

konye is made up of 36 villages with the main ethnic groups being bakundu , bafaw , mbonge and balong . but due to it fertile soil and hospitality it has invited many strangers from different ethnicity such as the bayangi’s , bikom’s , meta’s , and nigerians . it is worth nothing that the bafaw and the balong are the minority with six and one villages respectively , while the mbonge and bakundu have 17 and 15 villages respectively .

the bakundu , bafaw , balong , mbonge are the main dialects spoken in konye . traditional dishes are mekere na donga ( plantains and peper ) , mberibi ( coco leaf with bush meat soup ) . their traditional attire is sanja and white shirt or jumper and kaba for women . the chief wears sanja , white shirt and a red cap with the feather of a parrot , while the traditional heads wears sanja , white shirt , a black cap with the feather of a cock .

our band of sleepy travellers has had a very early morning flight from ashgabat to dashoguz in turkmenistans far north east . our bleary eyed departure and comfort along the way was courtesy of a very spiffy , efficient and modern but not ostentatious airport and a very efficient and modern state airline . top marks turkmenistan ! we are here to visit the great historic capital of the khorazem empire , konye urgench which is 100km to the north of dashoguz . konye urgench was the lynch pin of trade , religious study and intellectual endeavour on the northern most branch of the silk road in ancient times . it suffered badly at the hands of successive invaders and is now a ruin . as a consequence turkmen have a very jaundiced view of arabs , mongols and uzbeks . most especially the latter since the mongol - uzbek timur or tamerlane as he is known in the west came calling four times before totally destroying the city and ploughing the ground with salt . he was a tyrant typical of his time but now is an uzbek national hero .

the following animal species are significantly found in konye : mammals bushpig ( potamochoerus porcus ) , antelope ( antilocapra americana ) , monkey ( cercopithedae ) , porcupine ( erethison dorsatum ) , deer ( odocoileus hemionus ) , catarh beef , ) , ruminants cutting grass ( thryonomyidae ) , rat mould ( rattus rattus ) , squirrel ( rodentia sciurus ) , reptiles ( snakes ) , livestock ( goats , sheep , pigs , fowls , rabbits snails ) the trend of rare species reduces as you move away from the enclave forest areas towards more settlement zones .

sorry to say that the aral sea is no more and the mighty amu darya river will die the death of a thousand cuts if mr okhunabanaev’s relatives continue to siphon off its water to ‘flood irrigate’ tens of thousands of hectares of cotton . if you live in the middle of a desert it doesn’t pay to take water for granted . that lesson was learned at ancient konye urgench and at more than 500 other cities of antiquity that relied on the fickle course of the amu darya . in these parts a river can be here today and gone tomorrow .

sultan tekish mausoleum is the mausoleum of sultan tekish [ 7 ] , shah of khorezm in the 12th century , who conquered a huge territory from the aral sea the the persian gulf and from what is today iran to the pamir . this mausoleum is one of the few monuments in konye urgench surviving from pre - mongol times . the dome was richly decorated with blue tiles and geometrical patterns . the mausoleum was 30 meters high and serves both as a lighthouse in the desert and as a symbol of authority ( as it stood high above ordinary houses ) .

as the farmers bring their cocoa together , they are able to sell at better prices , therefore each farmer who belongs to a cooperative earns more money selling to the cooperative than a farmer who sells independebntly to other buyers , so that is an advantage we gain as members of the cooperative . because of the cooperative we are able to influence the situation . i would say that konye community is relatively better in terms of forest management because today we train farmers to know that even we have to cultivate cocoa we have to also allow other trees to stay as canopies for this cocoa and also to check the ecosystem to protect the cocoa and also to increase their revenue because when you harvest cocoa and you harvest other crops from the other economic trees you are able to make more money so this is a practice we are implementing today in order to save the forest .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en " " urltoken "

thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

critically endangered b1ab ( iii ) + 2ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1

brummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .

a lower guinea endemic , only known from lake barombi - mbo , cameroon .

konia eisentrauti it feeds on algae , small insects and fish eggs ( lamboj 2004 ) . it is also a kleptoparasite of freshwater crabs ( dominey and snyder 1988 ) . this species is a ovophilic mouth - brooder with both sexes as possible incubator ( lamboj 2004 ) . it is a benthopelagic species .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

africa : endemic to lake barombi - mbo , cameroon ( ref . 81260 ) .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 3 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4984 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 15 - 16 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 - 11 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 9 ; vertebrae : 29 . diagnosis : profile of the snout evenly decurved , descending to a nearly horizontal mouth ; narrow interorbital space ( 24 - 27 % head length ) ( ref . 53940 , 53949 ) . lower jaw not , or only slightly inclined from the horizontal ; lower pharyngeal jaw only slightly longer than wide ( ref . 81260 ) . dentigerous area of lower pharyngeal bone longer than anterior blade in young and of characteristic shape , with a narrow anterior apical portion ( ref . 53949 ) . blade of lower pharyngeal bone 0 . 7 - 0 . 95 times median length of toothed area ; 3 regular rows of teeth ; upper series of black blotches parallel to dorsal outline ; black band of uneven width extending from opercular spot to anterior part of caudal peduncle ; posterior end of caudal peduncle with vertical blotch meeting its fellow over top ; fins colorless ; tilapia mark absent ( ref . 53940 ) .

feeds on algae , small insects and fish eggs ( ref . 52307 ) . also kleptoparasite of freshwater crabs ( ref . 53950 ) . ovophilic mouthbrooder with both sexes as possible incubator ; from aquarium observations : a few days prior to spawning , both partners remain close together for much of the time ; the genital papilla of the female is clearly visible immediately before spawning and is much broader and larger than the male ' s ; females are normally more successful than males when it comes to brooding the fry ; when mouthbrooding , which ends about 3 weeks post - spawning , the specimens are relatively shy and prefer to lie silently near the bottom in secluded areas ; once free swimming , juveniles normally do not return to the parent ' s mouth again ( ref . 52307 ) .

male or female carries the egg in the mouth ( ref . 52307 , ref . 13614 ) . a few days prior to spawning , both partners remain close together for much of the time ; the genital papilla of the female is clearly visible immediately before spawning and is much broader and larger then the male ' s ; females normally more succesfull in brooding the fry ; specimens are relatively shy and prefer to lie silently near the bottom in secluded areas when mouthbrooding , which ends about three weeks post - spawning ; once free swimming , the fry normally does not return to the parent ' s mouth ( ref . 52307 ) .

lamboj , a . , 2004 . the cichlid fishes of western africa . birgit schmettkamp verlag , bornheim , germany . 255 p . ( ref . 52307 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00700 - 0 . 03275 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 45 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .

a woman who threw acid in the face of a friend while wearing a veil as a disguise has been jailed for 12 years .

naomi oni , 22 , suffered burns to her face and chest in the attack near her home in dagenham , east london , in december 2012 .

in a victim impact statement , ms oni said she had at times felt suicidal since the attack due to her appearance .

it was a " premeditated and callous " plan to " burn and disfigure " her victim , he added .

" this careful , premeditated criminality was planned against a person who reasonably believed you were a true friend , " the judge said .

following the sentencing , lawyer mitesh patel read a statement on ms oni ' s behalf , where she said : " my family and i have been forced to put up with false allegations about my character , including the false allegation that i had done this to myself " .

in the statement she said the effects of these allegations had been " devastating " and the " negative and false publicity " resulted in some people " distancing themselves from me during my hour of need " .

ms oni needed skin grafts and has suffered permanent scars to her leg , chest , stomach and arms and was almost blinded in one eye .

in the impact statement , read to the court by prosecutor gareth patterson , ms oni said she found it very difficult to live with her physical appearance and was now " paranoid and scared " about being outdoors alone .

ms oni said that before the attack she was a " confident " young woman .

" all this changed that day i was struck with acid and my life was turned upside down , " she said . she added it was now a " battle to get by each day " .

ms oni said : " i ' m reminded what i look like every day i look in the mirror or see the reaction on people ' s faces .

" the whole traumatic experience has changed my life . at times i felt suicidal and thought about ending it all . "

on being attacked by someone who had been a friend since secondary school , ms oni said : " it was bad enough believing it was a random attack . knowing mary planned this is beyond belief .

" i don ' t trust people in the same way any more . "

" the reason for this incident will always be shrouded in some doubt and mystery , " the lawyer said .

theresa may names a new uk foreign secretary after boris johnson quits over her brexit strategy .

a woman who threw acid in the face of her friend while disguised by a muslim veil has been jailed for 12 years .

oni was left scarred for life after suffering serious burns on her face and chest following the incident in dagenham , east london , on 30 december 2012 .

oni , 22 , who did not attend the sentencing , said in a statement to the court that she considered killing herself after being " violated " by her " evil " attacker .

delivering his sentence , judge radford said : " this careful , premeditated criminality was planned against a person who reasonably believed you were a true friend . "

radford said oni ' s life had been " ruined " along with her trust in friends .

in a statement read to the court by prosecutor gareth patterson , oni said she was now " paranoid and scared " about being outdoors alone .

the victim told the court that , before the attack , she was a confident young woman with a job she enjoyed . " all this changed that day i was struck with acid and my life was turned upside down , " she said . it was now a " battle to get by each day " after being permanently disfigured , she added .

oni said she had suffered permanent scars to her leg , chest , stomach and arms and was almost blinded in one eye . she faces further reconstructive surgery and must wear a silicon face mask which makes it difficult to breathe , the court heard .

oni said : " i ' m reminded what i look like every day i look in the mirror or see the reaction on people ' s faces . the whole traumatic experience has changed my life . "

oni said her mother , who was in court for the hearing , had kept her going but their relationship was sometimes " strained " after they had been forced to move into a hostel .

she added : " people often stare at me . some ask what happened to my face . i ' m still scared of being attacked again . "

the victim lost her hair and eyelashes , and required skin graft surgery to cover her burns .

it is thought to have been a copycat attack mimicking the one suffered by model and tv presenter katie piper , who was badly scarred and left blind in one eye in an assault arranged by her ex - boyfriend , daniel lynch , in 2008 .

" the reason for this incident will always be shrouded in some doubt and mystery , " o ' neill said .

© 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .

the foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may " needless self - doubt " is leading to " semi - brexit " .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " / / urltoken "

number of refugees accepted into the u . s . falls below the rest of the world combined for the first time since 1980

a ‘callous and wicked’ student was sentenced to 12 years in jail yesterday for throwing acid in her childhood friend’s face .

sentencing her , judge david radford said the ‘deliberate and wicked act’ was ‘devastating’ .

he said it was a ‘premeditated , evil and callous’ copy of the acid attack on presenter katie piper .

in a statement , miss oni , 22 , said : ‘my attacker’s sentence will end but i have to live with my injuries and disabilities for the rest of my life .

' the world only sees my scars that have been left , but i have mental scars that will stay with me forever . ’

she continues to claim that miss oni asked her to do it so she could enjoy ‘fame and fortune’ like miss piper .

the result of your offence , as you must have foreseen , was life - changing injuries .

‘this was wholly premeditated criminality against a person who reasonably believed that you were her true friend . ’

he said she had not shown any genuine remorse and had ‘ruined [ miss oni’s ] trust in anyone who she believed to be a friend , that friendship being so wilfully betrayed by you’ .

snaresbrook crown court heard she was ‘obsessed’ with miss oni , from dagenham , east london , and envied her looks .

miss oni described how , going home from her job at lingerie shop victoria’s secret , she got off at her bus stop and felt a ‘presence’ before turning to see someone in a niqab , or veil .

she felt a ‘massive splash’ as the acid was thrown at her , disfiguring her face , dissolving her hair and eyelashes and burning her tongue as she screamed .

describing how she felt , she said : ‘why has this happened to me ? i work hard . am i ugly ? no one’s going to marry me now . ’

miss oni added : ‘i just had my bandages removed and it was the first time i saw my face after surgery and i broke down .

‘i was crying on the phone to her and she was on the phone to me telling me don’t worry . ’

in a victim impact statement , miss oni said her life had been ‘completely turned upside down’ .

each day was a ‘challenge and a battle’ , she said , adding : ‘it is difficult to live with my physical appearance .

' iam very conscious of it and am reminded of what i look like every day when i see my reflection or the reaction on people’s faces . ’

she said she had trouble eating and sleeping , adding : ‘i lie awake at night for hours on end , reliving the incident in my head . ’

detective chief inspector dave whellams said : ‘the court recognised the extent of the injuries and trauma it has caused the victim and we are very pleased . ’

bottleneck of 700 , 000 migrants wait in libya to cross the . . .

' prostitutes , orgies , group sex - all of it ' : ex - wife of . . .

' we know where you live ' : angry protesters confront mitch . . .

police find the body of a missing four - month - old boy near . . .

the fashion designer ' s $ 24million party pad that no one . . .

' you broke your girl ' s heart ' : car racing legend craig . . .

money launderer caught with £250 , 000 cash in bin bags in . . .

don ' t kill the army of ants and wasps invading your home . . .

sydney tower skywalk was ' shut down due to unsafe winds ' . . .

selena gomez is seen with same mystery man she was with in may . . . after news her ex justin bieber is engaged to hailey baldwin

khloe kardashian reveals she stopped breast - feeding daughter true . . . three months after giving birth

giuliana rancic takes a hike with bill . . . as the couple vacation with friends ahead of her return to e ! news

khloe kardashian shows off neon sign in true ' s nursery . . . as she reveals it ' s kris jenner ' s handwriting

ciara and husband russell wilson dance as they head to south africa for their honeymoon . . . two years after wedding

rapper del the funky homosapian falls off stage during gorillaz set . . . but he reassures fans he ' s ' alright ' as he recovers in hospital

makeup artist joyce bonelli reaches out to the kardashian clan on instagram . . . after the famous family ' fire ' and unfollow her on social media

daddy daycare ! jared kushner takes kids back to d . c . after weekend in new jersey - as ivanka dons a short dress for visit to a nyc asphalt company

sofia richie , 19 poses in a bikini top just after scott disick ' s ex kourtney kardashian , 39 , did the same . . . and fans call her out for it

naomi campbell wows in flamboyant feathered gown . . . while ashley graham sizzles in plunging lace dress as they walk in dolce & gabbana show in italy

naya rivera sells her five - bedroom la home for a cool $ 3 . 55 million after finalizing her divorce from ryan dorsey

mel b ' is unable to pay her back taxes amid ongoing divorce battle with stephen belafonte . . . as it ' s estimated the pair owe up to $ 650k ' to the irs

kylie jenner rocks curve - clinging attire as she shows off body . . . and considers going back to blonde

dakota johnson dons striped wrap dress in la . . . after calling co - star chris hemsworth ' spectacular '

cardi b hits back at troll who mocked her baby shower . . . as she shows off naked baby bump for photoshoot

buy your own celebrity hideaway ! castle adored by michael douglas and jack nicholson goes on sale for $ 5 . 2m ( and even comes with treehouse )

ant - man and the wasp soars to $ 76 million on opening weekend . . . beating its prequel by $ 19 million

liam payne and cheryl split : carefree 1d star returns to stage for first time since break - up . . . as he poses happily with his backing dancers in france

tristan thompson goes house hunting alone as he checks out $ 2m property in la with its own basketball court . . . just minutes from khloe ' s mansion

chris hemsworth kicks off filming for the star - studded men in black spin - off as he cuts a sharp figure in london . . . 21 years after the first film hit screens

jill zarin admits she ' s ready to date again after being spotted with handsome businessman . . . following beloved husband bobby ' s death

dj khaled cancels wireless performance due to ' travel issues ' just hours before his slot . . . as fans rage over his ' vacation ' snap

13 reasons why villain justin prentice says he ' s not bothered by social media trolls . . . and that getting attacked online means he ' s doing his job as an actor

' she didn ' t get those from me ' : kylie jenner says daughter stormi has dad travis scott ' s lips . . . as star reveals her breasts are ' three times the size ' post - baby

kevin hart celebrates 39th birthday in las vegas . . . nearly a year after sin city cheating scandal

dakota fanning joins michael b . jordan in voice cast of western anime series gen : lock

' i regret making it public ' : guy pearce is remorseful for asserting his former co - star kevin spacey was ' handsy ' with him on the set of l . a . confidential

iconic movie home where molly ringwald ' s sixteen candles was filmed finally sells for $ 1 . 135 million after two years on market

kendra caldwell duggar struggles through labor on counting on . . . before welcoming baby garrett

why madonna dated only toyboys and why , as she pushes 60 , she ' s finally got bored with them . . . by the writer who knows her best

brooklyn beckham and squeeze lexy panterra get cozy at london club . . . enraging ex tallia storm

yolanda hadid ' splits from boyfriend matt minnis ' . . . less than a year after david foster divorce

brooklyn beckham utilises his camera skills at wireless festival . . . after his debut photography book was slammed by fans

justin bieber is the perfect gentleman as he handles the bags . . . while crop top - clad hailey baldwin struts alongside

' i just don ' t want stuff ' kim kardashian doesn ' t buy her kids gifts to avoid spoiling them and sticks to a household budget . . . but says kanye is the ' biggest shopper '

joanna gaines shares husband chip ' s unique birth tradition . . . as he cradles newborn son crew

kylie jenner gushes baby stormi is ' changing every week ' and ' has cutest personality ' . . . as new mom admits to binge watching the handmaid ' s tale

lena dunham says she was ' really smart ' to date ex jack antonoff . . . after posting nude selfie

tom brady shows no mercy as he takes on gisele and his cancer - survivor mom in dodgeball . . . with a ' no crying ' rule

lauren conrad ' s son liam takes a handful of cake . . . as proud mom ' celebrates one year with our little guy '

khloe kardashian ' anxious but eager ' as she gets back to work for the first time since true ' s birth . . . and her alarm goes off at 4 . 35am

nia vardalos ' divorce filing . . . as duo split following 25 years of marriage

kendall jenner boats in sheer dress . . . after snuggling up to her nba beau ben simmons at khloe kardashian ' s party

keyshia cole announces pregnancy on instagram . . . as boyfriend niko khale posts beach pic of couple

anthony bourdain leaves majority of his $ 1 . 2m estate - which was rumored to be worth at least $ 16m - to 11 - year - old daughter ariane

ben affleck ' s $ 19m la mansion is surrounded by moving trucks . . . as it ' s revealed girlfriend lindsay shookus plans to spend more time on west coast

beaming kate gazes lovingly at sleeping prince louis as she and william attend his christening in their . . .

troubled actor jonathan rhys meyers is detained at lax after getting into a ' drunken fight with his wife and . . .

jamie oliver reveals the best way to organise your fridge - as he shares his tips for how you can avoid . . .

lesbian couple are charged with neglect after they ' repeatedly gave young son marijuana for good behavior . . .

american man who posed as a saudi prince to try and buy a stake in a miami hotel was busted when the . . .

' we only knew each other between action and cut ' : robin wright breaks her silence on kevin spacey ' s sexual . . .

final four thai cave boys and coach are in ' good health ' but must remain trapped underground for at least . . .

rescued thai cave boys face a lifetime of trauma from their ordeal as traumatic memories could trigger fear . . .

frantic parents of rescued thai cave boys have not been told which children have been saved – as teammates . . .

three men will be executed over the infamous gang - rape and murder of a female student , 23 , on a delhi bus in . . .

hollywood hostage actor who lost his eye , had nose and tongue slit , and was ' deprived of a member of his . . .

handcuffed harvey weinstein pleads not guilty to new rape charges , then shares a laugh with his lawyer after . . .

mesmerising maps reveal record - breaking temperatures across the world as the earth experiences ' one of the . . .

couple arrested after their four - year - old son accidentally shots himself between the eyes could face ten . . .

number of refugees accepted into the u . s . falls below the rest of the world combined for the first time . . .

revealed : the four warning signs you could be heading for divorce - including critcising your partner ' s . . .

historically bad : orioles ' chris davis on pace to finish with the lowest qualifying batting average ever , . . .

' he was my son ! ' devastated father sobs as he is detained by police moments after his two - year - old . . .

here comes aunt meghan ! duchess of sussex looks elegant in an olive green shift dress by ralph lauren as she . . .

here come the godparents ! kate and william are joined by childhood friends - including guy pelly - and the . . .

fit for a prince ! louis becomes the eighth royal baby to wear the historic honiton lace christening robe on . . .

' i hope he stays like this ' : kate and the archbishop of canterbury share a joke about sleeping louis as she . . .

blue for a boy ! george and charlotte both wear the shade for their little brother louis ' christening as the . . .

such a perfect princess ! cute charlotte steals the show again with her royal wave - and a very polite . . .

pregnant pippa looks glowing in a very appropriate shade of baby blue - as she joins her parents and brother . . .

it ' s a hat trick for mcqueen ! kate repeats the look she chose for george and charlotte ' s christenings in . . .

may will not face a vote of no confidence . . . for now : pm warns furious tory brexiteers at showdown meeting that sacking her would mean handing corbyn the keys to no 10

' hi . i ' m linda o ' keefe . . . 45 years ago today , i disappeared and my killer was never found ' : police tweet as the 11 - year - old girl who was murdered in 1973 in a bid to publicize the cold case

farm heroes saga , the # 4 game on itunes . play it now !

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

it has an undulating topography of hills on the northern and western side and level lands in the south and eastern side .

the climate falls within the equatorial climate ( cameroon type ) with an annual rainfall of 3000mm - 4000mm . it is characterized by the wet and dry season , the dry season last from november to february , while the rainy season extends from march to october . the average annual temperature is 27 ° c .

it has characteristic soft black , red , stony , sandy soil which is heavily leached during heavy rains . the soil is fertile for the production of cocoa and food crops .

in addition , the district is watered , the mungo , mengeh , moke , nyale , are rivers that run through its frame and physical space . in addition , many other rivers , streams , springs waterfalls are visible at the village level .

the vegetation is mainly forest , characterized with cocoa , timber , rubber , palms and fruit trees . it also consists of vast wetland areas consisting mainly of mangroves and a vast expanse of cocoa farms . the fauna appears to have suffered a lot of pressure . indeed , despite the almost permanent presence of the forest , the animals are difficult to see . they are far from residential areas , given the reduction in their living space by logging and agriculture .

the principal mineral resource identified in the area is sand . it is found in all the villages along river , baduma , dikomi , kokaka , and bolo moboka . access is free but the use is loosely coordinated , very traditional . wood is abundant in the forest areas covering many villages of the council space . the villagers use it as firewood or for construction . loggers , usually illegal , make intensive use , contributing to a strong degradation of forest cover . however , forest also provides non - timber products , including njansa , bush peper , colanut , and bamboo . it is found at mbonge meteke , kokaka , itoki , upper ifanga , mwangala . access is free but it is under exploited .