balbaroo fangaroo is an extinct species of kangaroo .

it was discovered at the riversleigh world heritage area in northern australia and described as a new species in 2000 .

the species was described from fossilized remains of part of the skull .

the skull is approximately the size of that of a modern wallaby .

the curved upper canine teeth are more than twice as long as the adjacent incisors and form " fangs " which may have been visible on the living animal even when its mouth was closed .

this feature is reflected in the fossil 's nickname , " fangaroo " , which later became part of its official scientific name .

balbaroo fangaroo

balbaroo fangaroo <EOT> skull of balbaroo fangaroo , a member of the fanged kangaroos that may have been in direct competition with cookeroo hortusensis .

the two species , cookeroo bulwidarri and the cookeroo hortusensis were very small animals that moved on all fours , and outlasted a competitor species the balbaroo fangaroo .

the fanged species , named the balbaroo fangaroo , might not have been as good at adapting to the environment change from the rainforest to the open woodland , the researchers suggested .

belongs to balbaroo according to l . r . s . schwartz and d . megirian 2004

the newly found genus was in direct competition with a rival kangaroo species living in the same place at the same time – but the rival species had fangs . the ancient kangaroos outlived this fanged species , named the balbaroo fangaroo , because it was more able to adapt to the environment . bones of the balbaroo is pictutred

a new species of fanged kangaroo has been described from 15 - 13 million year old sites at the riversleigh world heritage area , but it seems to represent one of the last living members of the fanged kangaroo family , balbaridae . the study published in plos one , reviews all species in the genus balbaroo , which contains the famous fanged kangaroo , balbaroo fangaroo . the new species , named balbaroo nalima , has a partial skeleton associated with its skull , providing some information about the locomotion of the animal . it appears that fanged kangaroos were mostly walking on four legs , and probably galloped rather than hopped .

black kh , travouillon kj , den boer w , kear bp , cooke bn , et al . ( 2014 ) a new species of the basal ‘‘kangaroo’’ balbaroo and a re - evaluation of stem macropodiform interrelationships . plos one 9 ( 11 ) : e112705 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0112705

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full reference : b . n . cooke . 2000 . cranial remains of a new species of balbarine kangaroo ( marsupialia : macropodoidea ) fromthe oligo - miocene freshwater limestone deposits of riversleigh world heritage area , northern australia . journal of paleontology 74 ( 2 ) : 317 - 326

type specimen : qm f3699 , a partial skull ( right half of a cranium and an associated left dentary ) . its type locality is upper site , which is in a miocene terrestrial limestone in the system b formation of australia .

researchers have discovered two new species of extinct , tiny , non - hopping kangaroos that could help uncover the evolutionary story of modern kangaroos and wallabies .

the genus was discovered after an analysis of ancient fossil deposits at the riversleigh world heritage area in north - west queensland , and is thought to be between 15 and 23 million years old .

a team of researchers at the university of queensland , the university of new south wales , and the western australian museum published a paper last week officially describing the new genus .

university of queensland researcher and lead author of the publication kaylene butler said the discovery highlights evidence that the cookeroo are a direct ancestor of the kangaroos and wallabies that exist today .

" what is really interesting about this new species , and the family they belong to , is that they represent the ancestors of our modern kangaroos and wallabies , " ms butler said .

" what ' s happened is at some point [ competitor ] kangaroos have gone extinct , while the descendants of cookeroo , and the other kangaroos that are closely related to it , have diversified and increased in numbers . "

" so what we ' re trying to understand is … how they were able to survive and increase in numbers at the same time that the fanged [ competitor ] kangaroos went extinct . "

the new genus was named in honour of queensland museum researcher dr bernard cooke , who led research into the ancestry of ancient kangaroo fossils at riversleigh .

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the fanged kangaroo have no descendants today , and appear to go extinct sometimes in the middle to late miocene ( around 10 million years ago ) . they were a very diverse family , with many species , and ranged in size from 3 - 10kg .

your graphics card does not support html5 canvas . stills are available to view and you can download the files for offline viewing in many 3d applications .

skull of cookeroo hortusensis , a new species of ancient kangaroo from the riversleigh world heritage area .

two newly described species of tiny kangaroos that lived between 18 million and 23 million years ago scurried rather than hopped , a new study finds . but although these pint - size kangas were short on bounce , they outperformed their fanged kangaroo relatives , which lived alongside them and eventually went extinct , researchers say .

in a recent study , researchers described a new kangaroo genus , cookeroo , and two new species : cookeroo bulwidarri , dated to about 23 million years ago , and cookeroo hortusensis , which lived between 18 million and 20 million years ago .

both species were found at the riversleigh world heritage area in northwestern queensland , australia , a location recognized as one of the richest fossil deposits in the world , according to the united nations educational , scientific and cultural organization ( unesco ) world heritage center . [ see photos of kangaroos , wallabies & other cute marsupials ]

according to kaylene butler , the study ' s lead author , the new genus occupies a position near the base of the kangaroo family tree that includes all modern kangaroos and wallabies , their close relatives . butler , a paleontologist at the school of earth sciences at the university of queensland in australia , told live science in an email that the team figured out where to place cookeroo by comparing 119 different features representing 69 kangaroo species .

" cookeroo is distinguished as a genus by the combination of a number of features on the skull and teeth " — points of comparison that were also used to distinguish between the two new species , butler said .

the newfound minikangaroos are " the size of very small wallabies , " with bodies that probably measured about 17 to 20 inches ( 42 to 52 centimeters ) long , butler said . the landscape at the time was very different from the arid outback it is today , butler said . c . bulwidarri and c . hortusensis likely inhabited a dense forest , moving through it on all fours and sharing it with a diverse collection of animals : marsupial moles , feather - tailed possums , ancient koalas and crocodiles .

cookeroo also lived alongside other species of small kangaroos that were part of the ancestral group for kangas alive today , as well as a related group of fanged kangaroos , butler told live science . the fanged kangaroos were also plant eaters , and they probably competed with the ancestors of modern kangaroos over their habitat ' s vegetation . " however , the fanged kangaroos went extinct , while the ancestors of modern kangaroos continued to diversify and thrive , " butler said .

the direct competition between the two groups may have contributed to the fanged kangaroos ' extinction , butler suggested in a statement , though it is not certain what features provided cookeroo with the advantage .

" the fossil record for kangaroos is quite rich , " butler said . " we have giant kangaroos from the pleistocene [ 2 . 6 million to 11 , 700 years ago ] and pliocene [ 5 . 3 million to 2 . 6 million years ago ] , as well as other sites similar in age to riversleigh where we see our tiny ancestors of modern kangaroos as well as the fanged kangaroos . "

however , there is still much to learn about kangaroo evolution , and new fossil finds help to bring this ancient lineage more clearly into focus , butler said .

" hopefully , further study of these new species will help us understand just what is so special about the ancestors of modern kangaroos — why did they survive when , at the same time , the fanged kangaroos went extinct . "

the findings were published online feb . 17 in the journal of vertebrate paleontology .

follow mindy weisberger on twitter and google + . follow us @ livescience , facebook & google + . original article on live science .

mindy weisberger is a senior writer for live science covering general science topics , especially those relating to brains , bodies , and behaviors in humans and other animals — living and extinct . mindy studied filmmaking at columbia university ; her videos about dinosaurs , biodiversity , human origins , evolution , and astrophysics appear in the american museum of natural history , on youtube , and in museums and science centers worldwide . follow mindy on

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the riversleigh giant carnivorous , toothed platypus , obdurodon tharalkooschild , tenderizing a young short - necked tortoise . ( supplied )

giant carnivorous platypuses , galloping fanged kangaroos and tree - climbing crocodiles sound like creatures from a strange dream , but all these animals were real a few million years ago .

and they have all been discovered at the same fossil site – riversleigh , queensland .

riversleigh today - fossils here are 24 million years old . photo by ross arnett .

david attenborough has called riversleigh one of the four most important fossil deposits in the world . originally a cattle station , the site gained world heritage listing in 1994 because of the amazing fossils found there .

“riversleigh itself has at least 300 individual fossil deposits and we continue to find a mass of new sites every year . the fossil deposits range in age from approximately 25 million years old to about 30 , 000 years old , ” says palaeontologist dr karen black from the university of new south wales ( unsw ) .

here , the combination of calcium carbonate , phosphates , and a rainforest full of animals has led to 25 million years of pristine and highly detailed fossils .

species rich rainforest at riversleigh 19 million years ago . artist - dorothy dunphy .

“anything that landed in that water was guaranteed to become a fossil , because almost immediately limestone began to precipitate around the object . . . it could have been a leaf , we ' ve even found butterfly wings , ” says professor michael archer , also from unsw , who has been digging fossils at the site for over 35 years .

reconstruction of the 15 million - year - old malleodectes from riversleigh chomping down on what appears to have been its favourite food - snails . the massive , shell - cracking premolar tooth is clearly visible in the open mouth . reconstruction by peter schouten .

the snail eater is the newest weird animal found at riversleigh . it’s distantly related to marsupial carnivores , but has a weird premolar which scientists think it used to crush up snails .

“it wasn ' t until we found the tooth that was part of a mammal jaw that we realised what it was , and how strange it was . there ' s no other mammal in the world that has teeth like this , ” says archer .

“it is speculation , but its informed speculation , based in part… [ by ] actual study of the teeth itself , that lead us to the conclusion that it is primarily a snail eater . ”

the riversleigh giant carnivorous , toothed platypus , obdurodon tharalkooschild , tenderizing a young short - necked tortoise . the powerfully - built tooth of obdurodon tharalkooschild shown in the inset is vastly different than the vestigial , dysfunctional teeth of the living platypus . ( artwork by peter schouten ; photo of tooth by rebecca pian )

“the giant platypus was far bigger than any known platypus and at around 80cm to 1m in length . it also differs to the living platypus in that it has well developed teeth – whereas those of the modern species are poorly developed and absent in adult individuals , ” says black .

there were a wide variety of platypuses 25 million years ago - a far cry from the one lone species we see in rivers today .

the skull of carnivorous kangaroo ekaltadeta from riversleigh , 19 million years old . photo by henk godthelp .

kangaroos that have teeth like a wolf , are nearly the size of a human , and gallop instead of hopping , right towards you . definite nightmare material .

“the carnivorous kangaroo was something that shocked us when we first found them . we didn ' t believe it , but we couldn ' t come to any other conclusion , ” says archer .

“there was a whole group of these [ types of kangaroos ] that would have stood up to about a human shoulder with teeth that show unmistakably that they are eating flesh and bone . ”

these types of species would have made their home in lush rainforests , not open plains like today’s kangaroos .

cleaver - headed crocodile in riversleigh forest 24 million years ago . artist - dorothy dunphy .

these crocodiles could grow up to 5 metres in length , and the first skull found at riversleigh was discovered with the bones of a marsupial lion in its mouth .

although this species may not have been able to climb trees , some other species like mekosuchus whitehunterensis , which were goanna - like , may have been able to climb , possibly to eat bird eggs .

thylacoleo carnifex , pencil drawing based on the skeleton at the victoria fossil cave . artist - nobu tamura , cc by 3 . 0

these guys aren’t actually related to lions , but they are still the largest meat - eating mammal known to have existed in australia .

“riversleigh 20 - 15 million years ago was a biodiversity hotspot because of the palaeoenvironment of temperate rainforest with rain all year round , ” black explains .

“the diversity of plants in the riversleigh rainforests was able to support a high diversity of mammals . mammals at this time were occupying niches no longer seen in the much drier environments of australia today . ”

sponges are thought to be some of the earliest animals to have evolved on earth , and this one is a true giant .

native australian animals such as bats and rodents don ' t get enough attention - which puts them at risk , according to a new study .

rare whiteness isn ' t just for giraffes - we ' ve rounded up a bunch of pale animals closer to home .

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the iconic hop of modern - day kangaroos make the species instantly recognisable , and a firm favourite among children .

but 23 million years ago , an ancient relative of these marsupials scurried through dense forests on four legs , instead of two .

this wallaby - sized kangaroo also outlived another species of fanged marsupial that lived alongside it because it was better at adapting to their changing environment .

ancient bones ( skull pictured ) belonging to two species of the new kangaroo genus were found in queensland . the genus has been named cookeroo , in honour of researcher dr bernard cooke , who led much of the research program focused on the evolution of riversleigh ' s ancient kangaroos

ancient bones belonging to two species of the new kangaroo genus were found in the riversleigh world heritage site in queensland , australia by researchers at the university of queensland .

the genus has been named cookeroo , in honour of researcher dr bernard cooke , who led much of the research program focused on the evolution of riversleigh ' s ancient kangaroos .

and the two new species within the genus are cookeroo bulwidarri , which lived about 23 million years ago , and cookeroo hortusensis , which lived 18 to 20 million years ago .

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the first was named after the word bulwidarri which means ' white ' in the aboriginal waanyi language , referring to the riversleigh white hunter site where specimens were found .

the second was named after the latin word hortusensis , meaning ' belonging to the garden ' in reference to neville ' s garden site at riversleigh , where the bones were found .

the new species of kangaroo couldn ' t hop like modern - day kangaroos ( stock image pictured ) but it is thought to be an ancestor of all wallabies and kangaroos alive today . the tiny marsupial was the size of a wallaby and lived between 15 and 23 million years ago

the newly discovered non - hopping ancestors of modern kangaroos were in the same place as fanged kangaroos at the same time .

but one group , the fanged kangaroos , went extinct while the ancestors of modern kangaroos survived .

the non - hopping ancestors appear to have won and outlived the fanged species .

the fanged species might not have been as good at adapting to the environment change from the rainforest to the open woodland , the researchers suggested .

' they moved on all fours , scurrying across a densely forested landscape quite different from the dry outback we see in western queensland today , ' kaylene butler , graduate student at the universiy of queensland who worked on the paper , said .

the newly found genus was in direct competition with a rival kangaroo species living in the same place at the same time – but the rival species had fangs .

' we also know that both the fanged kangaroos and the ancestors of modern kangaroos were plant eaters .

' surprisingly fangs have nothing to do with diet but the molar teeth tell us both were likely herbivores .

' so we know they were likely to be competing for the same resources and clearly the ancestors of modern kangaroos appear to have won .

' exactly why the ancestors of modern kangaroos survived while fanged kangaroos went extinct requires further study , ' she added .

the first genus was named after the word bulwidarri which means ' white ' in the aboriginal waanyi language , referring to the riversleigh white hunter site where specimens were found ( marked ) . the second was named after the latin word hortusensis , meaning ' belonging to the garden ' in reference to neville ' s garden site

after uncovering the bones , the researchers were able to identify the new genus and two species within the genus by looking at the skull bones and teeth and comparing them to known species .

' currently we are unsure as to exactly what makes these non hopping ancestors of modern kangaroos so special .

' trying to determine what makes these animals better adapted is where our research is headed in the future , ' butler told mailonline .

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the white-bellied green pigeon ( treron sieboldii ) is a species of bird in the family columbidae .

it is found in china , japan , south korea , laos , russia , taiwan , thailand , and vietnam .

its natural habitat is temperate forests .

white - bellied green pigeon

white - bellied green pigeon <EOT> select an image : 1 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 2 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 3 . white - bellied green pigeon > > females 4 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 5 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 6 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 7 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 8 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 9 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 10 . white - bellied green pigeon > > in flight from below 11 . white - bellied green pigeon > > flock in flight 12 . white - bellied green pigeon > > flock 13 . white - bellied green pigeon > > male 14 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult female 15 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult female 16 . white - bellied green pigeon > > male taking off 17 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 18 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 19 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 20 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 21 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 22 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 23 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 24 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 25 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 26 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 27 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 28 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 29 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 30 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 31 . white - bellied green pigeon > > male

the white - bellied green pigeon ( treron sieboldii ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family .

baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . white - bellied green - pigeon ( treron sieboldii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

, except golden tinge generally less pronounced on breast and almost lacking on crown and forehead ; belly paler , nearly white ; . . .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be uncommon to very rare ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) , while national population estimates include : < c . 10 , 000 breeding pairs and < c . 50 individuals on migration in china ; c . 100 - 100 , 000 breeding pairs in taiwan and c . 100 - 100 , 000 breeding pairs in japan ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

in the past , sometimes placed in genus sphenurus . closely allied to t . sphenurus , t . permagnus and t . formosae , and more distantly to t . oxyurus species - group . race sororius only slightly differentiated from nominate , and possibly better merged with it . little - known hainan form initially assigned to sororius , but later named oblitus owing to its smaller size ; this race , although said to be closest to sororius , was subsequently included in t . sphenurus ( e . g . in hbw ) , presumably in error ; oblitus now considered indistinguishable from murielae . described form “ sphenocercus sphenurus lungchowensis ” is likewise a synonym of murielae # r . four subspecies currently recognized .

( temminck , 1835 ) – japan and e china ( jiangsu , fujian ) .

cheng , tan & sun , 1973 – c china ( s shaanxi , e sichuan ) .

( delacour , 1927 ) – sc china ( guizhou , guangxi , hainan ) s to extreme n thailand , laos and n & c vietnam ( tonkin , annam ) .

a variable phrase of long mellow pure whistles , typically modulated with sudden changes in pitch ( . . .

forest , including dense temperate mixed woodland in japan , and second growth , from coastal regions . . .

little information . nesting commences in may–jun in japan , with territorial calling from mid feb . nest is a flimsy , shallow , cup - . . .

resident in most of its range , with some local movements in response to food supply . on hokkaido , . . .

not globally threatened ( least concern ) . previously considered near threatened . formerly common , but now uncommon in japan . apparently still common in taiwan . very rare in n . . .

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flock of birds flying over the sea , near the coast , seen at slow motion .

a male perched atop bare tree , down - slope giving perfect eye - level views with a nice background .

alder , lars petersson , stijn de win , josep del hoyo , phillip edwards , fran trabalon , phil gregory , petemorris , pedroyayadrums , johannes pfleiderer , ksan , joris bertrand .

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : treron sieboldii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

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wintering in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city . wing beat and then flew away .

slightly distant and with noise of a stream . in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city .

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thliptoceras fulvimargo is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by warren in 1895 .

it is found in china ( guangxi ) , india ( khasia hills ) and burma .

the wingspan is about 25 mm .

the wings are smoky fuscous .

thliptoceras fulvimargo

thliptoceras fulvimargo <EOT> mimocomma fulvimargo warren , 1895 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 16 : 473

thliptoceras calvatalis swinhoe , 1890 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1890 ( 2 ) : 275

thliptoceras distictalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 179 ; tl : katha , burma

thliptoceras ( pyraustinae ) ; hampson , 1899 , proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 178 ; [ globiz ]

zhang , d . d . & he , f . x . ( 2010 ) two new records of thliptoceras warren , 1890 ( lepidoptera : crambidae : pyraustinae ) from china , entomotaxonomia , 32 ( 1 ) , 71–73 .

the species of the genus thliptoceras warren , 1890 from the oriental region of china are reviewed , and a description of the genus is given . five new species , t . bicuspidatum sp . nov . , t . semicirculare sp . nov . , t . bisulciforme sp . nov . , t . filamentosum sp . nov . and t . impube sp . nov . are described . t . fulvimargo ( warren , 1895 ) is newly recorded for china . a key to the species of the oriental region of china is provided , along with diagnoses for previously described species . illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented .

bänziger , h . ( 1987 ) description of new moths which settle on man and animals in s . e . asia ( genera thliptoceras , hemiscopis , toxobotys , pyralidae , lepid . ) . revue suisse de zoologie , 94 ( 4 ) , 671–681 .

munroe , e . g . ( 1967 ) a new species of thliptoceras from thailand , with notes on generic and specific synonymy and placement and with designations of lectotypes ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . the canadian entomologist , 99 ( 7 ) , 721–727 . urltoken

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

circobotys phycidalis snellen , 1890 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1890 ( 4 ) : 599

thliptocera coenostolalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 179 ; tl : sierra leone

thliptocera polygrammodes hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 180 ; tl : natal , mooi river

this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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aurivillius , c . ( 1910 ) lepidoptera . in : sjöstedt , y . ( ed . ) , wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der schwedischen zoologischen expedition nach dem kilimandjaro , dem meru und den umgebenden massaisteppen deutsch - ostafrikas 1905 - 1906 unter leitung von prof . dr . yngve sjöstedt . 9 . königl schwedische akademie der wissenschaften , stockholm , pp . 1–56 , pls . 1–2 .

caradja , a . ( 1925 ) ueber chinas pyraliden , tortriciden , tineiden nebst kurze betrachtungen , zu denen das studium dieser fauna veranlassung gibt ( eine biogeographische skizze ) . academia romana memoriile sectiunii stiintifice , seria 3 , 3 ( 7 ) , 257–383 , pls . 1–2 .

de joannis , j . ( 1932 ) lépidoptères hétérocères des mascareignes . annales de la société entomologique de france , 427–456 , 1 pl .

fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . ( 1984 ) the generic names of moths of the world , volume 5 : pyraloidea . publications british museum ( natural history ) , london , 1–185 .

hampson , g . f . ( 1891 ) illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part viii . the lepidoptera heterocera of the nilgiri district . printed by order of the trustees , london , i–iv , 1–144 , pls . 139–156 .

hampson , g . f . ( 1896 ) the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma , moths . vol . iv . printed by taylor and francis , london , i–xxviii , 1–594 .

hampson , g . f . ( 1899 ) a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part ii . proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the zoological society of london , 172–291 .

hampson , g . f . ( 1913 ) descriptions of new species of pyralidae of the subfamily pyraustinae . annals and magazine of natural history , series 8 , 11 , 322–342 . urltoken

hampson , g . f . ( 1918a ) descriptions of new pyralidae of the subfamily pyraustinae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , london , series 9 , 1 , 265–280 .

hampson , g . f . ( 1918b ) descriptions of new pyralidae of the subfamily pyraustinae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , london , series 9 , 2 , 181–196 .

heppner , j . b . ( 1995 ) atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . vol . 3 . checklist : part 2 hyblaeoidea - pyralidae - tortricoidea . association for tropical lepidoptera . gainesville , i–liv , 1–243 .

leech , j . h . ( 1889 ) new species of deltoids and pyrales from corea , north china , and japan . the entomologist , 22 , 62–71 , pls . 2 - 4 .

li , h . h . & zheng , z . m . ( 1996 ) methods and techniques of specimens of microlepidopera . journal of shaanxi normal university ( natural science edit ion ) , 24 ( 3 ) , 63–70 .

mabille , p . ( 1899–1900 ) lepidoptera nova malagassica et africana . annales de la société entomologique de france , 68 , 723 –753 .

maes , k . v . n . ( 1994 ) some notes on the taxonomic status of the pyraustinae ( sensu minet 1981 [ 1982 ] ) and a check list of the palaearctic pyraustinae ( lepidoptera , pyraloidea , crambidae ) . bulletin et annales de la société royale belge d ' entomologie , 130 , 159–168 .

maes , k . v . n . ( 1995 ) a comparative morphological study of the adult crambidae ( lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) . bulletin et annales de la société royale belge d ' entomologie , 131 , 383–434 .

marion , h . ( 1952 ) ebauche d’une classification nouvelle des pyraustidae . revue français lépidoptérologie , xiii , 260–270 .

munroe , e . g . ( 1976 ) pyraloidea ( in part ) . in : dominick , r . b . , et al . ( eds . ) , the moths of america north of mexico including greenland , 13 . 2a . e . w . classey ltd et the wedge entomological foundation , london , 1–78 .

munroe , e . g . & mutuura , a . ( 1968 ) contributions to a study of the pyraustinae ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) of temperate east asia ii . the canadian entomologist , 100 ( 8 ) , 861–868 . urltoken

nuss , m . , landry , b . , vegliante , f . , tränkner , a . , mally , r . , hayden , j . , segerer , a . , li , h . , schouten , r . , solis , m . a . , trofimova , t . , de prins , j . & speidel , w . ( 2003–2013 ) global information system on pyraloidea . available from : urltoken ( accessed 8 april 2014 )

robison , g . s . ( 1976 ) the preparation of slides of lepidoptera genitalia with special reference to the microlepidoptera . entomologist’s gazette , 27 , 127–132 .

rose , h . s . ( 1982 ) male genitalia of the type - species of some pyraustinae ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) from north india and its taxonomic significance . journal of entomology research , 6 ( 1 ) , 51–67 .

schaus , w . ( 1912 ) new species of heterocera from costa rica . pyralidae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , series 8 , 9 , 289–311 .

shaffer , m . , nielsen , e . s . & horak , m . ( 1996 ) pyraloidea . in : nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds . ) , checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera 4 . csiro publishing , collingwood , victoria , pp . 164–199 .

snellen , p . c . t . ( 1880 ) lepidoptera . in : veth , p . j . ( ed . ) , midden - sumatra . reizen en onderzoekingen der sumatra - expeditie uitgerust door het aardrijkskundig genootschap 1877 - 1879 . 4 ( 1 ) 4 ( 8 ) . e . j . brill , leiden , pp . 1–92 , pls . 1–5 .

snellen , p . c . t . ( 1890 ) a catalogue of the pyralidina of sikkim collected by henry j . elwes and the late otto möller , with notes by h . j . elwes . transactions of the entomological society of london , 38 , 557–647 , pls . 19–20 . urltoken

snellen , p . c . t . ( 1895 ) aanteekeningen over pyraliden met beschrijving van nieuwe genera en soorten . tijdschrift voor entomologie ' s gravenhage , 38 , 103–161 , pls . 5–6 .

song , s . m . ( 2001 ) pyralidae . in : huang , b . k . ( ed . ) , fauna of insect in fujian province of china . vol . 5 . lepidoptera , moths . fujian science and technology press , fuzhou , pp . 101–226 .

strand , e . h . ( 1918 ) sauter ' s formosa - ausbeute : pyralididae , subfam . pyraustinae . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift , iris , 32 ( 1–2 ) , 33–91 .

swinhoe , c . ( 1890 ) the moths of burma . transactions of the entomological society of london , 38 , 161–296 , pls . 6–8 .

swinhoe , c . ( 1900 ) noctuina , geometrina and pyralidina . in : swinhoe , c . , walsingham , l . & durrant , j . h . ( eds . ) , catalogue of eastern and australian lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the oxford university museum , part ii . clarendon press , oxford , pp . 1–540 , pls . 1–8 .

viette , p . ( 1996 ) heterocera ( lepidoptera ) from reunion ( = bourbon ) . société réunionnaise des amis du museum , saint - denis , 1–117 . [ with the collaboration of guillermet , c . ]

wang , j . s . , song , s . m . , wu , y . y . & chen , t . m . ( 2003 ) fauna of pyralidae of wuyishan nature reserve in china . china science and technology press , beijing , 1–328 , pls . i–iv .

warren , w . ( 1895 ) new genera and species of pyralidae , thyrididae , and epiplemidae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , series 6 , 16 , 460–477 .

warren , w . ( 1896 ) new species of pyralidae from the khasia hills . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , series 6 , 18 , 107–119 .

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the sunburst butterflyfish , chaetodon kleinii , is also known as the black-lipped butterflyfish ( or " blacklip butterflyfish " ) or klein 's butterflyfish .

it is a native of the indo-pacific region , from the red sea and east africa to the hawaiian islands and samoa , north to southern japan , south to australia and new caledonia .

it is also found in galapagos islands in the eastern pacific .

under its junior synonym c. corallicola was placed in the monotypic subgenus tifia , but this can not be separated from the earlier-described lepidochaetodon ( sometimes considered a separate genus ) .

it appears to be closer to the tahiti butterflyfish ( c. trichrous ) than to the teardrop butterflyfish ( c. unimaculatus ) .

sunburst butterflyfish

sunburst butterflyfish <EOT> , commonly called klein’s butterflyfish but also known by a variety of other epithets , such as the sunburst butterflyfish , orange butterflyfish , brown butterflyfish , blacklip butterflyfish , corallicola butterflyfish , and probably a few others i’m not aware of .

this species is on the iucn red list as least concern ( lc ) . they have a wide distribution and a large population with no major threats identified . other common names they are known by include sunburst butterflyfish , blacklip butterflyfish , orange butterflyfish , bluehead butterflyfish , brown butterflyfish , klein ' s coralfish , kleini butterflyfish , black - lipped butterflyfish , white - spotted butterflyfish , whitespotted butterflyfish , and yellowspot butterflyfish .

this fish has an oval , disc - like shape with a pretty yellowish brown color . there are one or two broad white bands running vertically down the body and many spotted horizontal stripes on the sides . the body is contrasted with a strong black vertical stripe running across the face that has an almost metallic blue hue just above the eye in the adults . there are many descriptive common names it is known by including sunburst butterflyfish , blacklip butterflyfish , orange butterflyfish , bluehead butterflyfish , whitespotted butterflyfish , yellowspot butterflyfish , and brown butterflyfish .

the sunburst butterflyfish , found in the tropical indo - pacific from the red sea to hawaii , is also called the black - lipped butterflyfish and klein’s butterflyfish . this fish is yellowish brown with 1 - 2 broad lighter vertical bars . it has a black bar across the eyes . it is an easy fish to keep and suitable for beginners .

the sunburst butterflyfish is a species of fish that lives in the tropical waters or the indo - pacific basin . it evolves in shallow waters , and crowds coral massives . it prefers areas sheltered from the current , such as the sandy bottoms near mauritius , maldives and even the red . . .

nice underwater video showing a large group of klein ' s butterflyfish enjoying what ' s left of a sea urchin , likely initially killed by triggerfish . butterflyfish aren ' t above scavenging food and sea urchins are normally protected by their long spines , so a full triggerfish provides the best opportunity for the butterflyfish to dig in !

this is my favorite butterflyfish . even though i am an expert marine aquarist , i still like to keep them .

therefore it is important to choose the correct species in relation to the corals wanted , if one desires to keep butterflyfish in a coral - aquarium . bristleworms , tubeworms and other small invertebrates are also a part of the diet for many butterflyfish .

marine butterflyfish have not reportedly been spawned successfully in captivity . there are however , reports of some success in rearing wild collected larvae of some of the corallivorous butterflyfish . it is hoped these captive reared fish will be adapted to accept aquarium foods , and thus broaden the species selections that can be sustained in captivity . for more information see , marine fish breeding : butterflyfish .

this species is a member of a group of butterflyfishes that tentatively belong to the subgenus lepidochaetodon , which may become a distinct genus . this is a small group that consists of 8 species . also under a junior synonym is the coral butterflyfish or corallicola butterflyfish

i have bought one klein butterflyfish from the local marine fish shop , and i have to say that i have fallen in love with this fish .

butterflyfish mostly range from 12 to 22 cm ( 4 . 7 to 8 . 7 in ) in length . the largest species , the lined butterflyfish and the saddle butterflyfish , c . ephippium , grow to 30 cm ( 12 in ) . the common name references the brightly coloured and strikingly patterned bodies of many species , bearing shades of black , white , blue , red , orange , and yellow . other species are dull in colour . many have eyespots on their flanks and dark bands across their eyes , not unlike the patterns seen on butterfly wings . [ 2 ] their deep , laterally narrow bodies are easily noticed through the profusion of reef life . the conspicuous coloration of butterflyfish may be intended for interspecies communication . butterflyfish have uninterrupted dorsal fins with tail fins that may be rounded or truncated , but are never forked .

butterflyfish look like smaller versions of angelfish ( pomacanthidae ) , but unlike these , lack preopercle spines at the gill covers . some members of the genus heniochus resemble the moorish idol ( zanclus cornutus ) of the monotypic zanclidae . among the paraphyletic perciformes , the former are probably not too distantly related to butterflyfish , whereas the zanclidae seem far less close .

they ignore most other fish and are generally peaceful , therefore multiple butterflyfish will have no problem living together . one should however be cautious about keeping similar species together unless they are a couple .

generally diurnal and frequenting waters less than 18 m ( 59 ft ) deep ( though some species descend to 180 m ( 590 ft ) ) , butterflyfish stick to particular home ranges . these corallivores are especially territorial , forming pairs and staking claim to a specific coral head . contrastingly , the zooplankton feeders form large conspecific groups . by night , butterflyfish hide in reef crevices and exhibit markedly different coloration .

adults are most often seen in pairs , but are also found alone or in loose groups of up to about 30 individuals . sometimes groups will invade the nests of damselfish to eat the eggs . adults will also join groups of zooplankton feeding fish that contain some varieties of anthias , damselfish , wrasses , triggerfish , and other butterflyfish . juveniles will often associate with small surgeonfish ( tangs ) and other juvenile butterflyfish .

the butterflyfish are known for their attractive patterns and colours . they are closely related to angelfishs , but can always be distinguished , as they lack the spines on each side of the head of the angelfish .

the klein ' s butterflyfish is best kept in a large fish only live rock ( folr ) community tank . like many butterflyfish it can be a coral eater and so is not recommended for a reef tank . success may be achieved if it is well fed and has carefully selected corals . but it does eat most soft corals as well as sessile invertebrates , and may very well begin to nip on hard coral polyps

no sexual difference is noted for this species . butterflyfish species studied up to this time indicate that these fish are gonochoristic , meaning that each fish is either a male or a female and they do not change sex .

i have bought one klein butterflyfish from the local marine fish shop , and i have to say that i have fallen in love with this fish . it is not only hardy , but also . . . ( more ) sanchez

a smaller group of these fish will seek out primairily soft corals , like zoanthus . a larger part of the species will target different types of lps corals . butterflyfish are also known to seek out anemones , tubeworms and bristleworms .

this is one of the few butterflyfish that can be recommended to beginners . it is one of the most durable butterflyfish , but the key to successfully keeping it is getting a strong , healthy specimen . the biggest challenge with these fish seems to be in transportation . so to get the best specimen , make sure sure it has acclimated and is eating before you purchase . once this fish is acclimated it will take a variety of foods and no special care is needed to maintain it .

the word “beginner” and “butterflyfish” aren’t often paired together , as so many of the butterflyfishes seem to present some manner of husbandry challenge , often related to diet . still , certain butterflies have a well - deserved reputation for hardiness and general ease of care . among them is

the klein ' s butterflyfish has the typical butterflyfish shape . it has a laterally compressed disc - shaped body with a protruding snout tipped with a small mouth . the dorsal fin is continuous and it has a rounded tail fin . this species can reach a length of about 6 inches ( 15 cm ) in the wild , but most specimens in the aquarium reach about 5 inches ( 12 . 5 cm ) . the lifespan for most of the chaetodon species is between 5 - 7 years , but these fish can live longer with proper care .

the klein ' s butterflyfish are generally hardy and problems with disease are reduced in a well maintained aquarium . any additions to a tank can introduce disease , so it ' s advisable to properly clean or quarantine anything that you want add to an established tank prior to introduction .

this butterflyfish is a stony coral eater and it can also be sensitive to some drugs . be sure to observe this fish closely when medicating it , so you can remove it if it shows signs of stress . for information about saltwater fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .

it is not only hardy , but also clever and cute . i used to put the live athemias in the strainer and feed my fishes with holding athemias in the strainer , and suddenly a klein butterflyfish got into the strainer to eat athemia , so i could feel his movement , i could really play with him . i recommend beginners to buy this fish . in my opinion , it is fairly pretty . his colour would change to be a bit dull at night time . now i also have other species of butterflyfish , angelfish , clownfish , wrasses , tangs , cardinal , dottyback as his tankmates , and they can cope well .

this species has not been cultivated in captivity . in the wild butterflyfish are pelagic spawners that release many tiny eggs into the planktonic water column where they float with the currents until they hatch . once hatched the fry are in a post - larval where their body , extending from the head , is covered with large bony plates .

the klein ' s butterflyfish are omnivores , in the wild they feed on algae , macroalgae , a broad range of coral species , and other cnidarians as well as tiny benthic crustaceans and zooplankton . no special food is needed in the aquarium , they will readily accept a wide variety of foods . offer meaty foods , dried flakes , shrimps , and tablets and frozen foods of all kinds including formula i , formula ii , angel formula and spirulina . several sponge based frozen foods are now available and can also be fed to butterflyfish . japanese nori will also be favored . feed it at least twice a day , and if it is a tiny juvenile feed it three to four times everyday .

it will work well with a variety of tank mates including moderately aggressive fish . it can also be housed with other butterflyfish , even its own kind , as long as they are all introduced simultaneously . the only caveat here is that two males will fight , and so will have to be separated if that occurs . many reef - keepers hope to keep it in a mini reef , but like many butterflyfish it can be a coral eater and so is not recommended for a reef tank . success may be achieved if it is well fed and has carefully selected corals . but it does eat most soft corals as well as sessile invertebrates , and may very well begin to nip on hard coral polyps

this is a peaceful fish that can be housed with a variety of tank mates , including moderately aggressive fish . it can also be housed with other butterflyfish , even its own kind , as long as they are all introduced simultaneously . the only caveat here is that two males will fight , and so will have to be separated if that occurs .

the butterflyfish are a group of conspicuous tropical marine fish of the family chaetodontidae ; the bannerfish and coralfish are also included in this group . the approximately 129 species in 12 genera [ 1 ] are found mostly on the reefs of the atlantic , indian , and pacific oceans . a number of species pairs occur in the indian and pacific oceans , members of the huge genus chaetodon .

males and females are both 6 in . as newcomers , they can be bullied by tangs , surgeons or other butterflyfish , but usually endure with no damage . when keeping them in groups , it is best to introduce them to the aquarium simultaneously . the minimum tank size is 53 gal . they should be fed meaty foods three times a day . they should also be fed algae - based foods .

is not the flashiest or most beautiful butterflyfish , but it is very hardy and inexpensive . it is one of the smaller members of the chaetodontidae family . it could reach close to 6 inches ( 15 cm ) , but will rarely grow over 5 inches ( 12 . 5 cm ) in the aquarium . this fish exhibits all the grace and beauty of its relatives and has the same characteristic elegant form .

these butterflyfish are associated with rocky reefs and coral rich areas . they occur in protected lagoons and channels , back reef areas , reef faces and reef slopes . they seem to prefer reefs that have a sandy coral bottom and not much surge . they are found at depths from 13 - 400 feet ( 4 - 122 m ) , but are most abundant at depths of less than 33 feet ( 10 m ) .

butterflyfish are pelagic spawners ; that is , they release many buoyant eggs into the water , which become part of the plankton , floating with the currents until hatching . the fry go through a tholichthys stage , wherein the body of the post larval fish is covered in large , bony plates extending from the head . they lose their bony plates as they mature . [ 2 ] only one other family of fish , the scats ( scatophagidae ) express such an armored stage .

this is a durable butterflyfish that can be suggested for a beginning aquarist . the key to successfully keeping this fish is to get the best possible specimen . to get a strong healthy specimen make sure it has acclimated and is eating before you purchase . this fish will become a hardy pet once it is acclimated and no special care is needed to maintain it . it is not recommended for reef aquariums as it is a coral eater . it will most likely snack on the polyps of stony corals as well as pick at sessile invertebrates .

the chaetodontidae can be , but are not usually , divided into two lineages that arguably are subfamilies . the subfamily name chaetodontinae is a little - used leftover from the period when the pomacanthidae and chaetodontidae were united under the latter name as a single family . hence , chaetodontinae is today considered a junior synonym of chaetodontidae . in any case , one lineage of chaetodontidae ( in the modern sense ) contains the " typical " butterflyfish around chaetodon , while the other unites the bannerfish and coralfish genera . as the perciformes are highly paraphyletic , the precise relationships of the chaetodontidae as a whole are badly resolved . [ 3 ]

greek , chaite = hair + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )

marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 4 - 61 m ( ref . 9710 ) , usually 10 - ? m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 30°n - 32°s , 29°e - 130°w

indo - pacific : red sea and east africa ( south to coffee bay , south africa , ref . 5372 ) to the hawaiian islands and samoa , north to southern japan , south to new south wales , australia and new caledonia . eastern pacific : galapagos islands ( ref . 5227 ) .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5372 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 13 - 14 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 20 - 23 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 17 - 20 ; vertebrae : 24 . body is yellowish brown with two broad white vertical bars running across the body one from near the origin of the dorsal spine and the other from the middle of the back . a black bar runs vertically across the eye . there are numerous dotted horizontal stripes on the sides . the margin of caudal fin is transparent ( ref . 4855 ) . snout length 2 . 5 - 3 . 2 in hl . body depth 1 . 5 - 1 . 8 in sl ( ref . 90102 ) .

occur in deeper lagoons and channels , and seaward reefs ( ref . 1602 ) . benthopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . depth 2 - 61 m , usually below 10 m ( ref . 90102 ) . occur singly or in pairs ( ref . 37816 ) . common , omnivorous individuals that feed mainly on soft coral polyps ( mainly on sarcophyton tracheliophorum and litophyton viridis ) , algae and zooplankton . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . form pairs during breeding ( ref . 205 ) .

distinct pairing ( ref . 205 ) . monogamous mating is observed as both obligate and social ( ref . 52884 ) .

myers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 03090 ( 0 . 01890 - 0 . 05054 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 ±0 . 2 se ; based on diet studies .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 12 of 100 ) .

indo - pacific : red sea and east africa ( south to coffee bay , south africa ) to the hawaiian islands and samoa , north to southern japan , south to new south wales , australia and new caledonia . eastern pacific : galapagos island .

this butterfly can be kept with other butterflies , including those of it ' s own species , as long as they are introduced to the tank at the same time . new additions to a tank with an established fish may be bullied . is otherwise generally peaceful towards other fish , but may nip at soft corals and small invertebrates .

will graze on algae , and will also eat small invertebrates and polyps . must be supplemented with frozen , live and veges if these aren ' t available .

requires a long tank of at least 208 litres ( 55 us g . ) , established with live rock for grazing . some open swimming space is appreciated combined with hiding places .

high sided slender oval fish . the body is primarily yellow in colour , there is half a white band in the centre from the dorsal fading mid - way down the body . the head is bolder white with a dark band running vertically from the beginning of the dorsal down through the eye and down to the anal fin . this darker band varies in colour from blue to brown . the lips of the fish are black in colour . the dorsal , caudal and anal fin are edged with blue iridescence .

this page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 19 .

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we would like to import some live zebra shark . contact me please . best regard , liu wei chung . email : s89186 @ urltoken

i have a green moray eel that is just too big now , does anyone have a huge tank . . . . 400 + gallons ?

it does need a good sized aquarium that is well established . a 55 gallon tank is the minimum size for a single fish , and a much bigger tank will be needed if you want to keep more than one . decorate the tank with rocks and / or corals with many hiding places along with plenty of swimming space . it swims freely and usually spends a good deal of its time in the open water , traveling along the substrate when looking for items to graze on .

was described by bloch in 1790 . they have a very wide distribution . they are found in the red sea , in the indo - pacific from eastern coast of africa and eastward to hawaii and samoa , north to southern japan and south to new south wales , australia and new caledonia as well as in the eastern pacific from the galapagos islands of ecuador .

although they are known to feed primarily on algae and macroalgae they are also known to be facultative corallivores , meaning they will eat a broad range of coral species . they will feed on of soft coral polyps , hard coral polyps , anemones , sponges , and hydroids . they also feed on tiny benthic crustaceans and zooplankton containing copepods , mysid shrimp , crustacean larvae , fish eggs and salps , as well as the tentacles of polychaete worms ( tubeworms , spaghetti worms ) .

pairs - adults are usually seen in pairs , though sometimes seen singly or in small groups .

has a yellowish brown color and there are one or two broad white bands running vertically down the body and many spotted horizontal stripes on the sides . there is a strong black vertical stripe running across the face , through the eye , that has an almost metallic blue hue just above the eye and the snout is black . juveniles are very similar but without the blue coloring to the eyebar .

there are some color variation depending upon where they are from . those from the western range will usually have a single broad vertical bar that is more beige than white , while the eastern specimen have two white bars . the eastern specimens may also have a darker band between the two lighter bands .

5 . 9 inches ( 15 . 01 cm ) - they are usually smaller in the aquarium at about 5 " ( 12 . 5 cm ) .

5 years - the average lifespan chaetodon species is between 5 - 7 years , and possibly longer with proper care .

several feedings per day - offer various foods quite frequently at first . once acclimated adults need at least 2 feedings a day and juveniles need 3 to 4 .

no special care or technique is needed to maintain this fish in the aquarium . frequent water changes are not necessary , rather normal water changes at 10 % biweekly or 20 % monthly are fine . sudden massive water changes can cause trouble .

bi - weekly - change 10 % biweekly or 20 % monthly and avoid sudden massive water changes .

these fish need a lot of space to accommodate their size and to swim , they can reach about 5 inches in length . a 55 gallon tank is the minimum size for a single fish , and a bigger tank will be needed if you want to keep more than one . the tank should be well decorated with rocks and / or corals with many hiding places , along with open areas fro swimming . this fish is a coral eater , nipping the polyps of hard stony coral species . consequently it is not recommended for coral - rich reefs

moderate - normal lighting - it can also be kept under very bright light as long as some dark areas are provided .

weak - water movement is not a significant factor . it can tolerate a rather strong flow but slow - moving water is recommended .

smaller non - aggressive fishes like cardinalfish , gobies , tilefish , fairy basslets , fairy and flasher wrasses are good candidates as tank mates . larger and rather territorial angelfish like

also can be good tank mates . small but very territorial fishes like dottybacks should be avoided . such fish as basses or scorpionfish , even if they are small enough , should also be avoided .

yes - sometimes two males will fight , and then have to be separated .

. some can be treated successfully with medical care or copper drugs , but some species hate sudden changes of water including ph , temperature , or any drug treatment . in the wild a cleaner wrasse (

) will help them by taking parasites from their bodies , however these wrasses are extremely difficult to sustain in captivity . alternative fish such as neon gobies (

this fish is generally readily available in pet stores and online , and is fairly inexpensive .

helmut debelius , rudie h . kuiter , world atlas of marine fishes , hollywood import & export . inc . , 2006

mark allen , roger steene and gerald r . allen , a guide to angelfishes and butterflyfishes , odyssey publishing , 1998

dr . warren e . burgess , dr . herbert r . axelrod , raymond e . hunziker iii , dr . burgess ' s atlas of marine aquarium fishes , t . f . h publications inc . , 1990

roger steene , gerald r . allen , hans a . baensch , butterfly and angelfishes of the world , volume 1 , john wiley & sons , 1980

copyright © [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .

these fish normally eat for the most part , coral polyps , therefore problems can arise in captivity when trying to give it an alternative food .

it is therefore essential to be well prepared before acquiring them and have several suitable food types ready to present them with . however well prepared , there will be a large percentage , that will die after a short time in captivity .

it may mean having to keep living corals , mussels and zooplankton as food , in order to keep these fish alive whilst they are getting accustomed to alternative types of food .

when the fish can find its natural food in the aquarium it requires less frequent feeding .

these fish should be kept in a well run aquarium where they can " graze " algae from rocks and stones .

if there are insufficient algae on the rocks , it is important to feed more frequently and supplement with algae rich food e . g . spirulina .

several specimen of this species can coexist in the same aquarium , provided they are introduced simultaneously .

some species of the chaetodon genus are grouped together in what is known as a " complex " , since they are so very similar .

regardless of resemblance , it is important to be able to distinguish them , as in some cases they vary greatly in their needs . sometimes there are just small differences in colour or pattern , but in other instances it is vital to know where the fish originally come from .

it can be problematic , with many of these species , to get them eating in the beginning , but many of the species cannot resist live zooplankton or live mussels with crushed shells . another option is to mimic their natural behaviour by stuffing their food into coral skeletons or stones .

as these fish can be difficult to acclimatize and get feeding , it is important to buy healthy fish , to avoid having to deal with more problems . make sure to check that they do not have parasites or any visible infections .

there are some species that should not be kept in an a aquarium , as they are food specialists and will almost always refuse to eat replacement foods . it can be possible to breed some species , which will eat frozen foods . otherwise the only way to keep food specialists is by feeding them their natural diet , which consists of live sps or lps corals for example .

indo - pacific : red sea and east africa ( south to coffee bay , south africa , ref . 5372 ) to the hawaiian islands and samoa , north to southern japan , south to new south wales , australia and new caledonia . eastern pacific : galapagos islands ( ref . 5227 ) .

scott w . michael . 2004 . angelfishes and butterflyfishes ( reef fishes series book 3 ) tfh publications / microcosm ltd . - ( english ) bob fenner . butterflyfishes ; separating the good ones and those you don ' t want - wet web media - ( english ) collection of links to additional information - wet web media - ( english ) tea yi kai . 2014 . reef nuggets 2 : aquatic lepidopterans for your reef ( revised edition ) - reef builders - ( english )

froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2014 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken , version ( 08 / 2014 ) .

" minimum volume " indicates the size of the tank needed to house this species under optimal conditions .

this is based on a medium size animal , which you want to keep for several years . it might be possible to keep smaller specimens for a limited period in a smaller tank . a larger tank might be needed for fully - grown specimens .

" hardiness " indicates how resistant this species is to disease and how well i tolerates bad conditions in general . some species doesn ' t handle transportation very well , but that doesn ' t mean that the species isn ' t hardy under the right conditions .

in this case , a " normal " aquarium is a reef aquarium with mixed corals or a fish only aquarium with an approximately salinity of 1 . 026 ( sg ) and a temperature close to 26°c . species requiring more than a 4000 - liter tank are considered not suitable for home aquarium .

special aquariums may cover tanks with low salinity , sub - tropical temperature , deep sand bed , sea grass etc .

always reef safe : no sources indicate that this species will harm corals or other invertebrates .

often reef safe : only a few aquarists has reported problems keeping this species with corals and other invertebrates .

reef safe with caution : this species may be a threat to some types of invertebrates .

reef safe with luck : most specimens will harm corals and / or other invertebrates , but you might be lucky .

not reef safe : this species is a threat to most corals and / or other invertebrates .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , large population and no apparent major threats .

this species is widely distributed throughout most of the indo - pacific region , from coastal east africa to central and western pacific , including the hawaiian islands and rapa iti to the east , extending northwards to southern japan and south to lord howe island ( australia ) . vagrants are occasionally seen in the eastern pacific and at the galapagos islands ( ecuador ) ( g . r . allen pers . comm . 2006 ) . occurs at depths from 2 - 61 m but usually below 10 m .

american samoa ; australia ; china ; christmas island ; cocos ( keeling ) islands ; comoros ; fiji ; french polynesia ; guam ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; japan ; kenya ; kiribati ; korea , republic of ; madagascar ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; mauritius ; mayotte ; micronesia , federated states of ; mozambique ; myanmar ; nauru ; new caledonia ; northern mariana islands ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; réunion ; samoa ; seychelles ; singapore ; solomon islands ; somalia ; south africa ; sri lanka ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; tokelau ; tonga ; tuvalu ; united states ( hawaiian is . ) ; vanuatu ; viet nam ; wallis and futuna

it is generally common with stable populations ( g . r . allen pers . comm . 2006 ) . it is common in new guinea and queensland ( australia ) ( steene 1978 ) . this species was not observed during a recent survey conducted at the galapagos archipelago ( edgar

common species : mean of 0 . 87 individuals per 200 m 2 in northern great barrier reef ( pratchett and berumen 2008 ) .

this species is associated with rocky reefs and coral - rich areas ( sometimes interspersed with sandy bottoms ) of lagoons , channels and outer reef slopes . occurs singly , in pairs , or occasionally in larger aggregations of up to about 30 individuals ( myers 1991 ) , sometimes high in the water column . it is a facultative corallivore , feeding on hard and soft corals , as well as algae , hydroids and zooplankton .

this species is frequently exported through the aquarium trade ( pyle 2001 ) . this species is important to subsistence fisheries ( mangi and roberts 2006 ) . approximately 7 , 000 individuals traded between 1988 - 2002 ( global marine aquarium database 2009 ) .

there appear to be no species - specific conservation measures in place . this species is present within a number of marine protected areas .

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the bandit angelfish is a rare and distinctive fish , found in the hawaiian and johnston islands . one of the smallest of this species , they grow to 7 in . wrasses , some surgeons and tangs may show aggression while other species are usually peaceful . the minimum size tank is 90 gals . this fish is shy and requires [ … ]

the semicircle angelfish is also known as the blue angelfish and koran angelfish . it is found in the red sea , east africa and the tropical indo - pacific . adults and juveniles have very different appearances . angelfish in general are not very hardy , but this fish is one of the hardiest of this fish family . males are 15 . 7 [ … ]

the bluestreak cleaner wrasse is found in the red sea , indian ocean and western tropical pacific . it eats parasites and dead tissue off larger fishes’ skin . this fish is very difficult to keep in captivity and only expert aquarists should attempt it . usually it will only survive a few weeks to a month before dying [ … ]

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reaching between 5 and 6 inches in total length , c . kleinii exhibits the laterally compressed body typical of butterflies and is mostly golden - yellow on the posterior half of the body . from about mid - body forward , the base coloration becomes more creamy white , with a vertical dusky - brown band occurring just behind the operculum ( gill cover ) , a vertical black band passing through the eye , and black lips .

according to fishbase , in nature , this indo - pacific butterfly feeds “mainly on soft coral polyps ( mainly on sarcophyton tracheliophorum and litophyton viridis ) , algae , and zooplankton . ” specimens kept in aquariums should be offered , and will typically accept , a variety of readily available foods , such as frozen mysids , chopped fresh seafoods , and commercial formulations that satisfy their omnivorous palate . also , be sure to provide multiple smaller feedings per day rather than one or two larger meals .

though just a medium - sized fish , c . kleinii benefits from a good combination of open swimming space and rockwork for concealment . so , a good - sized tank is recommended . i wouldn’t go any smaller than 75 - gallons for this fish , and a larger tank would be even better .

c . kleinii is a generally peaceful species that will coexist nicely with most other peaceful to moderately assertive species . it can also be kept in conspecific ( same - species ) groups provided all of the specimens are introduced to the tank at the same time . keep in mind , however , that larger housing will be necessary if you plan to keep a group of these butterflies .

considering its natural tendency to feed on certain coral polyps , c . kleinii cannot be considered reliably reef safe , so a fish - only or fowlr ( fish only with live rock ) system is preferable .

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jeff kurtz is the co - founder / editor of saltwater smarts , former senior consulting editor for tropical fish hobbyist magazine , and the aquarist formerly known as “the salt creep . ” he has been an aquarium hobbyist for over 30 years and is an avid scuba diver .

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their coloration also makes them popular aquarium fish . however , most species feed on coral polyps and sea anemones . balancing the relative populations of prey and predator is complex , leading hobby aquarists to focus on the few generalists and specialist zooplankton feeders .

the family name derives from the ancient greek words , chaite ( " hair " ) and ? , odontos ( " tooth " ) . this is an allusion to the rows of brush - like teeth found in their small , protrusible mouths .

before dna sequencing , the taxonomy was confused about whether to treat these as species or subspecies . also , numerous subgenera have been proposed for splitting out of chaetodon , and it is becoming clear how to subdivide the genus if that is desired . [ 4 ]

the fossil record of this group is marginal . their restriction to coral reefs means their carcasses are liable to be dispersed by scavengers , overgrown by corals , and any that do fossilize will not long survive erosion . however , pygaeus , a very basal fossil from the mid - to late eocene of europe , dates from around the bartonian 40 - 37 million years ago ( mya ) . thus , the chaetodontidae emerged probably in the early to mid - eocene . a crude molecular clock in combination with the evidence given by pygaeus allows placement of the initial split between the two main lineages to the middle to late eocene , and together with the few other fossils , it allows the deduction that most living genera were probably distinct by the end of the paleogene 23 mya . [ 5 ]

the bannerfish - coralfish lineage can be further divided in two groups ; these might be considered tribes , but have not been formally named . genera are listed in order of the presumed phylogeny , from the most ancient to the youngest : [ 3 ] froese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2013 ) . " chaetodontidae " in fishbase . february 2013 version .

pratchett , morgan s . & berumen , michael l . & kapoor , b . g . [ editors ] : biology of butterflyfishes . crc press , 2014 . isbn 978 - 1 - 4665 - 8290 - 3

( 2007 ) : molecular phylogenetics of the butterflyfishes ( chaetodontidae ) : taxonomy and biogeography of a global coral reef fish family .

( teleostei : chaetodontidae ) in the indo - west pacific : evolution in geminate species pairs and species groups .

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body a strongly compressed oval disc ; snout short , ~ eye diameter ; mouth small , at end pointed snout ; teeth long and slender ; lateral line ends under dorsal fin ; dorsal xiii - xiv , 22 - 23 ; a iii , 21 - 22 ; pectoral 13 - 15 ; scales rough , covering head body and dorsal and anal fins ; 33 - 41 lateral line scales .

front half white , back half of body and fins yellow - tan ; a dark bar from forehead through eye to chest , blue above eye , black below ; a broad tan bar behind pectoral .

attributes abundance : common . cites : not listed . climate zone : equatorial ( costa rica to ecuador + galapagos , clipperton , cocos , malpelo ) . depth range max : 60 m . depth range min : 3 m . diet : zooplankton ; benthic microalgae ; soft corals / hydroids ; pelagic fish larvae ; pelagic fish eggs . eastern pacific range : northern limit = 2 ; southern limit = - 2 ; western limit = - 93 ; eastern limit = - 90 ; latitudinal range = 4 ; longitudinal range = 3 . egg type : pelagic ; pelagic larva . feeding group : omnivore . fishbase habitat : reef associated . global endemism : all pacific ( west + central + east ) ; indo - pacific only ( indian + pacific oceans ) ; tep non - endemic ; " transpacific " ( east + central & / or west pacific ) ; all species . habitat : corals ; reef associated ( reef + edges - water column & soft bottom ) ; rocks ; reef ( rock & / or coral ) ; reef only . inshore offshore : inshore ; inshore only . iucn red list : not evaluated / listed . length max : 15 cm . regional endemism : island ( s ) only ; island ( s ) ; tropical eastern pacific ( tep ) non - endemic ; eastern pacific non - endemic ; all species . residency : vagrant . salinity : marine ; marine only . water column position : bottom ; near bottom ; bottom + water column ;

bloch , m . e . , 1790 . , naturgeschichte der ausländischen fische . berlin . , naturg . ausl . fische , 4 : 1 - 128 .

humann , p . , 1993 . , reef fish identification : galapagos . , new world publishing : 192pp .

mccosker , j . e . , 1987 . , the fishes of the galapagos islands . , oceanus , 30 : 28 - 32 .

smith , m . m . and heemstra , p . , 1986 . , smith ' s sea fishes . johannesburg : macmillan south africa . 1047 pp . , macmillan south africa : 1047pp .

i thank ashley macdonald and john pickering , university of georgia , for technical support in building this page .

taxon concept chaetodon _ kleinii last modified 2013 - 10 - 23 15 : 43 : 16 . 028

syntype ( s ) zmb 1229 ( listed as holotype by eschmeyer 1998 ) , east indies ; zmb 1231 , east indies .

ningaloo reef ( 22â°00 ' s ) , rowley shoals ( 17â°20 ' s ) , and scott reef ( 14â°03 ' s ) , wa , ashmore reef , timor sea ( 12â°15 ' s ) and northern great barrier reef , qld ( 12â°00 ' s ) and holmes reef and osprey reef , coral sea to montague island , nsw ( 36â°15 ' s ) , lord howe island and middleton and elizabeth reefs ; tropical , indo - west - central pacific .

. christmas island : christmas island natural history association 2 edn , 284 pp .

allen , g . r . & smith - vaniz , w . f . 1994 . fishes of cocos ( keeling ) islands .

the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers

. perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .

. new jersey : t . f . h . publications inc . 832 pp . figs .

francis , m . p . & randall , j . e . 1993 . further additions to the fish faunas of lord howe and norfolk islands , southwest pacific ocean .

hutchins , j . b . 2001 . biodiversity of shallow reef fish assemblages in western australia using a rapid censusing technique .

johnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353

davie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .

. sydney , nsw , australia : new holland publishers xvii , 434 pp .

mcculloch , a . r . 1929 . a check - list of the fishes recorded from australia . part ii .

paepke , h . - j . 1999 . bloch ' s fish collection in the museum fã¼r naturkunde der humboldt universitã¤t zu berlin : an illustrated catalog and historical account .

the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes

body oval , deep , strongly compressed . head length about equal to head height ; preopercle smooth , without prominent spines . snout short . small protractile mouth with brush - like teeth in the jaws . dorsal fin with xiii or xiv spines , no notch between spinous and soft dorsal fin ; and 20 to 23 soft rays ; anal fin with iii spines and 17 to 20 soft rays ; pectoral fins transparent with 13 to 15 soft rays ; pelvic fins with i stout spine and 5 branched rays ; caudal fin rounded . body is yellowish brown with two broad white vertical bars running across the body , one from near the origin of the dorsal spine and the other from the middle of the back . a black bar runs vertically across the eye . there are numerous dotted horizontal stripes on the sides . the margin of caudal fin is transparent .

occur in deeper lagoons and channels , and seaward reefs . occur singly or in pairs . common , omnivorous individuals that feed mainly on soft coral polyps , algae and zooplankton . oviparous .

widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters of indo - pacific from red sea and east africa to the hawaiian islands and samoa , north to southern japan , south to new south wales , australia and new caledonia . throughout micronesia ; also reported from