the northern nightingale-wren ( microcerculus philomela ) is a species of passerine bird in the family troglodytidae .

it is found in belize , costa rica , guatemala , honduras , mexico , and nicaragua .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

northern nightingale - wren

northern nightingale - wren <EOT> christian , d . , d . roberts . june 2000 . first description of the nest and nesting behavior of the nightingale wren .

, under the name nightingale wren . their geographic differences , along with distinct differences in song and physical traits have separated the groups . they are sometimes referred to as northern and southern nightingale wrens , respectively . this division is likely the beginning of speciation in this group of very closely related birds .

the nightingale wren has a very limited range . it is found from far southeast mexico through to costa rica ( the northern portion of central america ) . it has been seen by a few observant researchers , birdwatchers , and tourists in this area .

kroodsma , d . & brewer , d . ( 2018 ) . northern nightingale - wren ( microcerculus philomela ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

nightingale wrens are popular on birding resorts in central america . along with the many other diverse species of birds found in this region , they create an attraction for tourists and an industry for this kind of resort .

nightingale wrens are mostly insectivores that forage in the debris of the forest floor for insects , arachnids , and other small forest invertabrates . a peculiar behavior when searching for food is the constant motion of the tail beating on the ground as they walk . this could be used as a method of drawing food out into the open to be eaten .

nightingale wrens are very elusive , which makes them difficult to study , as well as to observe and enjoy in the wild . their markings and habit of hiding on the forest floor or in low vegetation help them to be safe , and also avoid intervention from humans . the song of these birds is largely what helps people locate them in the forest and distinguish them from other birds .

due to their secretive nature . their mating season runs from may or june until september . they have been observed using previously existing nests on the floor of forests in the dirt to lay eggs and raise their young . some biparental care has also been observed . the average clutch size is about 2 - 3 eggs . the incubation period usually lasts for 19 - 20 days during which the parents are directly involved with caring for the eggs . once hatched , the observed time to fledging is about 16 - 17 days . no observations have been made of the time it takes young to reach sexual maturity . most wrens are polygamous , so it can be hypothesized that nightingale wrens are as well , but no research supports the idea at this time .

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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .

justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

partners in flight estimated the population to number fewer than 50 , 000 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) , thus it is placed in the band 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals here . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and fragmentation .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .

bird calling naturally , no play back used . recording filtered to rid of environment noise

recording equipment : iphone + no mic . comments : sobre sendero , respuesta a playback , sendero ajillo cerca de lek phaethornis longirostris tir2 . to access original . wav file contact marceloa27 ( at ) gmail . com

near edge of forest and trail singing from forest floor about 30 - 40ft away . recording amplified to emphasize quieter bits of song using audacity .

file not edited in any way . equipment : telinga parabola , sennheiser mk62 microphone , zoom h6 recorder . it was approaching sunset in the sub - montane / montane broadleaf forest and the individual was in thick understory within 2 meters of the forest floor . it was not possible to see it . this was in eligio panti national park . the next morning , several pair of this species were heard in the same area . i was able to video an individual singing the next morning . at one point i was able to record one individual singing for more than 5 1 / 2 minutes without stopping .

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

sometimes treated as conspecific with m . marginatus , but differs in its all - black bill ( 1 ) ; dark vs whitish or white throat ( 3 ) ; deep grey - brown vs mid - grey or white breast ( 2 ) ; and song consisting of short whistles randomly going up and down in pitch vs a fast series of rising whistles ( 3 ) followed by a very long series of long pure whistles gradually descending in pitch , but remaining above c . 5 khz ( 3 ) . monotypic .

what do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .

lowlands of s mexico ( n chiapas ) , nc guatemala , s belize , and caribbean lowlands of honduras , nicaragua and n costa rica ( s to r reventazón ) .

10–11·5 cm ; male 17·4–21·5 g , female 16·4–17·4 g . lores and side of face are dull greyish - brown ; crown and upperparts deep chocolate - brown , each feather . . .

song unmistakable and “haunting” , a series , up to 30 seconds long , of clearly whistled notes , c . 2 . . .

humid lowland forest , especially undisturbed virgin evergreen forest and contiguous cloudforest ; . . .

little information ; in costa rica , insects , woodlice ( isopoda ) , spiders ( araneae ) and centipedes ( chilopoda ) recorded as food . typically , . . .

season from may or jun until at least sept in costa rica . no other information available .

not globally threatened . uncommon to fairly common in mexico , uncommon in guatemala , apparently rare in belize , uncommon to fairly common in honduras , and locally common in . . .

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genetic data indicate a close relationship to polioptilidae , followed by certhiidae and sittidae # r # r # r , and support monophyly of present family , once donacobius is removed ; traditional linear sequence of species and genera , with campylorhynchus listed first , now rearranged to reflect discovered phylogenetic relationships # r # r # r # r # r .

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american ornithologists ' union ' s " list of the 2 , 037 bird species ( with scientific and english names ) known from the a . o . u . check - list area " ( aou check - list , 7th edition , updated with supplements 42 - 46 ) , maintained at urltoken

zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2011 . 02 . 04 , website ( version 04 - feb - 11 )

" zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource " maintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : microcerculus philomela . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

lives in thick evergreen forests , which are also usually very moist , and have a large amount of cover on the forest floor . most of the time

can be found on the forest floor , or perched on low branches and plants , and are very difficult to spot unless they are singing . ravines and foothills in these forests are favorite environments of these birds . ( stiles & skutch 1989 )

both male and female adults have dark black markings , usually scaling on their breast and throat which have a greyish base color , but can appear almost completely black . their dorsal side is dark brown , with black scalloping around the edges , as well as on the wings . there are a lighter spots on the wing coverts . they have a black bill and black legs .

immature wrens have markings similar to adults , but are over - all paler in color , creating more contrast between light and dark markings .

young wrens are even paler than immature wrens , though still similar , also with a marked contrast in color . their scaling is mostly grey , instead of black , and their base color is more of a light cream or buff shade .

males learn only one song during their lifetime , but this song can be altered to fit different uses , such as mating and marking territory .

kali reichert ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .

living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .

having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .

animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .

offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .

the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .

reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .

rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .

to cite this page : reichert , k . 2003 . " microcerculus philomela " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


eupithecia mustangata is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in afghanistan , northern pakistan , jammu & kashmir , northern india ( himachal pradesh ) and nepal .

it is found at altitudes between 2,100 and 4,300 meters .

adults are variable in size , depth of colour , and the breadth of the transverse lines .

eupithecia mustangata

eupithecia mustangata <EOT> this is the place for mustangata definition . you find here mustangata meaning , synonyms of mustangata and images for mustangata copyright 2017 © urltoken

here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word mustangata . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word mustangata and , of course , mustangata synonyms and on the right images related to the word mustangata .

eupithecia absinthiata clerck , 1759 = eupithecia coagulata guenée in boisduval and guenée , 1858 .

eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .

eupithecia [ 1 ] er en slægt af sommerfugle som blev beskrevet af curtis i 1825 . eupithecia indgår i familien målere .

eupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .

eupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .

nedenstående er en automatisk oversættelse af artiklen eupithecia fra den svenske wikipedia , udført af gramtrans den 2015 - 10 - 10 08 : 25 : 20 . eventuelle ændringer i den svenske original vil blive fanget igennem regelmæssige genoversættelser . du har mulighed for at redigere oversættelsen til brug i den originale danske wikipedia .

the larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .

eupithecia - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .

popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more

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chinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .

skinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .

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the atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) is a species of ray-finned fish in the family salmonidae .

it is found in the northern atlantic ocean , in rivers that flow into the north atlantic and , due to human introduction , in the north pacific ocean .

atlantic salmon have long been the target of recreational and commercial fishing , and this , as well as habitat destruction , has reduced their numbers significantly ; the species is the subject of conservation efforts in several countries .

atlantic salmon

atlantic salmon <EOT> feeding of atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . ) post - smolts in the northeast atlantic

the atlantic salmon federation is working wherever there are atlantic salmon in north america , out at sea , and internationally .

atlantic salmon is not a true salmon . it is of the trout family . it is common knowledge that salmon die after spawning , but atlantic salmon are different .

for more information , and to see photo comparisons between atlantic and wild pacific salmon , visit the atlantic salmon identification guide .

, then the salmon population become extinct . the critical area of atlantic salmon extinction (

feeding habits of wild and escaped farmed atlantic salmon , salmo salar l . , in the northeast atlantic

guignion d . a conservation strategy for atlantic salmon in prince edward island . the atlantic salmon conservation foundation , 2009 . available :

, atlantic salmon have been introduced successfully , but the actual percentage of salmon reproducing naturally is very low . most are stocked annually . atlantic salmon were native to

colonization : evidence suggests this is unlikely . attempts to establish atlantic salmon outside the atlantic ocean have failed , and accidental releases of juvenile atlantic salmon have not produced adults . evidence on vancouver island indicates escaped atlantic salmon have been able to produce juvenile atlantic salmon , but there is no evidence that these " wild " atlantic salmon have returned to their natal stream and successfully spawned .

guignion d . a conservation strategy for atlantic salmon in prince edward island . the atlantic salmon conservation foundation , 2009 . available : urltoken .

the state posted an identification guide to help fishers distinguish atlantic salmon from native pacific salmon species .

gardner pinfold ( 2011 ) . economic value of wild atlantic salmon . prepared for atlantic salmon federation . canada . september 2011 . 70pp . urltoken

farmed atlantic salmon constitute > 90 percent of the farmed salmon market , and > 50 percent of the total global salmon market .

foster chw ( 1991 ) yankee salmon : the atlantic salmon of the connecticut river . cis , cambridge

the major difference between atlantic and pacific salmon is that atlantic salmon may spawn more than once while pacific salmon die soon after one spawn . long ago , some people made boots out of salmon skin !

washington has eight atlantic salmon net pens . there are two types : commercial net pens for raising atlantic salmon and enhancement net pens for wild salmon that will eventually be released .

forward plan - in 2016 , dfo will initiate a complete review of the wild atlantic salmon conservation policy in partnership with the atlantic salmon advisory committee .

washington has eight atlantic salmon net pens . there are two types : commercial net pens for raising atlantic salmon , and enhancement net pens for wild salmon that will eventually be released .

atlantic salmon sounds wild . in fact , the name is not a lie . atlantic salmon are the species the farmers grow because they can not keep pacific salmon alive in cages .

atlantic salmon , through intensive breeding programs , emerged as the species most amenable . washington today is the leading farmed atlantic salmon producer in the nation . california and alaska ban the industry . no atlantic salmon farms operate in oregon .

the atlantic salmon federation is dedicated to the conservation , protection and restoration of wild atlantic salmon and the ecosystems on which their well being and survival depend .

in atlantic salmon . in this case , an increasing interbreeding success rate of salmon increases its extinction risk .

disease transfer : consideration was given to the transfer of fish pathogens from captive and escaped atlantic salmon to native salmon stocks . there is no evidence indicating disease transfer from atlantic salmon to native pacific salmon . fish pathogens infecting atlantic salmon are endemic to washington and appear to come from native fish stocks .

atlantic and pacific salmon mating with each other because they ' re different species .

results from wdfw ' s 2003 - 2008 atlantic salmon surveys supported these conclusions .

hybridization between genetically modified atlantic salmon and wild brown trout reveals novel ecological interactions .

beardslee rode around point williams on tuesday afternoon collecting atlantic salmon from commercial fishers .

we studied 25 atlantic salmon populations from france and two from scotland ( fig .

ikediashi c , billington s , stevens jr . the origins of atlantic salmon (

the atlantic salmon is a fish of many identities . read more . . .

the key distinguishing feature of atlantic salmon is black spots on the gill cover .

washington state posted an identification guide to help fishers distinguish atlantic salmon ( right ) from native pacific salmon species .

based on wdfw ' s study , the evidence strongly indicates that atlantic salmon aquaculture poses little risk to native salmon and non - salmon species .

beland , k . f . 1984 . strategic plan for management of atlantic salmon in the state of maine . atlantic sea run salmon commission . bangor , me .

it’s unclear whether or not these atlantic salmon will affect the chinook salmon population . the concern is that the atlantic salmon will outcompete chinook salmon for food , breed with them to create hybrids , or spread diseases like sea lice .

with the decline of wild atlantic salmon populations in the early 1800s , atlantic salmon have been raised in hatcheries since 1864 in an effort to enhance the wild populations and sustain the fisheries that depend on them . in the late 1970s , commercial aquaculture ventures started rearing atlantic salmon in maine . see atlantic salmon – farmed for more information .

pink salmon caught on the drowes salmon fishery , ireland – image courtsey of drowes salmon fishery .

warren says there isn ' t any evidence so far that atlantic salmon have spawned or crossbred with other salmon species .

9 . carlson , " the atlantic salmon in new england prehistory and history . "

farmed atlantic salmon escape into washington state waters . here ' s why fishermen are worried

will escaped atlantic salmon survive — and thrive — in b . c . waters ?

analysis of atlantic salmon habitat dist . . . - pdf document ( 18 m )

predation : there is no evidence of predation by atlantic salmon in fresh water , and only limited evidence in salt water . most recovered atlantic salmon have had empty stomachs .

johnson , k . r . and wright , j . e . , female brown trout χ atlantic salmon hybrids produce gynogens and triploids when backcrossed to male atlantic salmon ,

recommendation 5 . 1 - increase funding levels and capacity for wild atlantic salmon enforcement .

álvarez d , garcia - vazquez e . maintenance of asymmetric hybridization between atlantic salmon (

cunjak ra , therrien j . inter - stage survival of wild juvenile atlantic salmon ,

with atlantic salmon fishing season right around the corner , i thought it was time to catch up with taylor to talk about the state of the atlantic salmon in 2016 .

facts also known as : bay salmon , black salmon , caplin - cull salmon , fiddler , grilse , grilt , kelt , landlocked salmon , ouananiche , outside salmon , parr , sebago salmon , silver salmon , slink , smolt , spring salmon , winnish . conservation status : least concern location : atlantic ocean lifespan :

commonly expressed concerns surrounding escaped atlantic salmon include competition with native salmon , predation , disease transfer , hybridization , and colonization .

increased numbers of atlantic salmon have been documented in the open water fishery of lake ontario .

now , most atlantic salmon is farmed — less than 1 percent comes from the wild .

farmed atlantic salmon is primarily sold as fresh or frozen dressed fish , fillets or steaks .

download the full csiro impact evaluation : atlantic salmon breeding ( csiro research publications repository ) .

towards selective breeding of atlantic salmon for sea louse resistance : approaches to identify trait markers .

hillaire said lummi fishers had reported catching atlantic salmon from bellingham bay down to samish island .

a process risk model for the shelf life of atlantic salmon fillets . - pubmed - ncbi

jonsson b , jonsson n , hansen lp . atlantic salmon straying from the river imsa .

identification of wild and reared atlantic salmon , salmo salar l . , using scale characters .

. noaa fisheries is working with partners to help restore wild atlantic salmon and their habitat .

washington has eight atlantic salmon net pens . there are two types : commercial net pens for raising atlantic salmon and enhancement net pens for wild salmon that will eventually be released . robert f . bukaty / ap hide caption

the majority of salmon currently consumed in the u . s . is farm raised atlantic salmon from canada , chile and norway .

warren said his main concern is that atlantic salmon could out - compete native chinook salmon and steelhead for food and spawning grounds .

- farmed salmon escape . cages break in storms or from careless workers backing outboard motors into them . escaping salmon disperse quickly and then , during autumn , head for wild atlantic salmon rivers . if they successfully spawn with wild atlantic salmon , the results are disastrous for salmon in those rivers .

the situation has raised a few basic questions about atlantic salmon and fish farming in the northwest .

atlantic salmon today , rust says , probably grow twice as fast as when aquaculture first started .

at lummi nation , tribal members last week were in an emergency fishery chasing down atlantic salmon .

csiro , 2016 . research impact evaluation – atlantic salmon breeding case study . csiro , canberra .

the major markets for farmed atlantic salmon are japan , the european union , and north america .

effects of freezing and thawing processes on the quality of atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) fillets .

verspoor e , de leaniz cg . stocking success of scottish atlantic salmon in two spanish rivers .

michigan department of natural resources . atlantic salmon salmo salar . urltoken accessed july 26 , 2011 .

the atlantic salmon watch program has received about 40 reports of farmed atlantic salmon since the nets as a cooke aquaculture farm in the san juan islands collapsed on august 19th . ( canadian press )

) , in the flesh of scottish atlantic salmon farmed between 2006–2015 ( mean ± sd ) .

in 1951 , the washington department of fish and wildlife tried to establish wild atlantic salmon runs in the state . the department hoped to create more salmon fishing opportunities and released atlantic salmon smolts . the department tried again to establish wild runs in 1980 and 1981 . atlantic salmon were also released into lakes to establish fisheries there .

a : atlantic salmon are world renowned as a sport fish . their scientific name , salmo salar , translates roughly as “leaping salmon” .

the atlantic salmon federation provides science - based advice on the issue , and on ways to reduce the harm caused by farmed salmon .

the atlantic salmon recovery framework is a partnership between state , tribal , and federal resource agencies working together to identify and implement management actions with the greatest potential to further the recovery of atlantic salmon .

jordan , r . m . , and k . f . beland . 1981 . atlantic salmon spawning and evaluation of natural spawning success . atlantic sea - run salmon commission . augusta , me .

omnr . 1995 . an atlantic salmon restoration plan for lake ontario . report prepared by the atlantic salmon working group , ontario ministry of natural resources . february 1995 , 18 pp . + appendices .

farmed salmon , themselves stressed by various factors , including lice , can be a reservoir of viral and bacterial diseases for wild atlantic salmon .

juvenile atlantic salmon are intensively monitored each fall and the following spring at stations in the credit river .

a unique five - month hands - on lesson on atlantic salmon and the biodiversity of the lake ontario watershed introduces students , parents , and teachers to the atlantic salmon species , their history and restoration .

will escaped atlantic salmon survive — and thrive — in b . c . waters ? | cbc news

numerous attempts were made in the 20th century by agencies on the pacific coast to introduce and establish atlantic salmon . the most recent effort by wdfw was in 1981 , when attempted introductions were made via the release of cultured atlantic salmon smolts . no adult atlantic salmon returned as a result of the releases .

hybridization between genetically modified atlantic salmon and wild brown trout reveals novel ecological interactions . - pubmed - ncbi

hybridization between atlantic salmon salmo salar l . and brown trout s . trutta l . upon artificial propagation

khristoforov , o . l . and murza , i . g . , seasonal races of atlantic salmon

campos jl , posada d , moran p . introgression and genetic structure in northern spanish atlantic salmon (

tick off a few of the most important developments in atlantic salmon conservation in the past few years .

no wild atlantic salmon returned from any of the releases . attempts to establish wild runs — outside of the atlantic ocean — have failed across the u . s .

commercial fishing for atlantic salmon is currently prohibited by law and the gulf of maine population is protected under the endangered species act . substantial efforts are ongoing to restore wild atlantic salmon and their habitat . these include improving fish passage by removing or modifying dams so salmon can reach freshwater spawning and rearing areas critical to their survival , understanding and improving historically low salmon survival in the ocean , and supplementing wild populations with hatchery - raised atlantic salmon . see atlantic salmon recovery program for more information .

bright salmon : a fresh - run salmon which has entered its natal stream . synonymous with maiden or virgin salmon .

adult atlantic salmon are considered much more aggressive than other salmon and are more likely to attack other fish than others . where they have become an

the atlantic salmon trust was founded in 1967 in response to growing concerns about over exploitation of wild salmon in the faroes and greenland coastal waters .

washington state posted an identification guide to help fishers distinguish atlantic salmon ( right ) from native pacific salmon species . megan farmer / kuow hide caption

it is increasingly evident through peer - reviewed scientific research conducted by asf and others , that salmon farming harms the environment and wild atlantic salmon .

few wild atlantic salmon are left . a troubled river in maine had one salmon return - a male , the loneliest fish on the planet .

salmon farming amid the region’s thriving wild salmon fisheries has been fraught with controversy , with concerns that atlantic salmon could escape and cause harm to native runs . alaska went so far as to ban salmon farming in coastal waters .

salmon that return to scottish rivers from january to june are called ‘spring salmon’ .

genetically modified salmon fillets at aquabounty genetically modified salmon farm in waltham , massachusetts .

hundreds of volunteers have contributed thousands of hours of their time to help stock atlantic salmon into suitable habitats .

24 . carlson , " the atlantic salmon in new england prehistory and history , " p . 200 .

to read more about atlantic and other salmon in the state ' s waters , see the dec website .

cooke aquaculture pacific knew its cypress island facility was “vulnerable” before the spill that sent tens of thousands of invasive atlantic salmon into puget sound . now , the future of atlantic salmon farming in washington is in doubt .

there are two ways that you can support the atlantic salmon trust campaigns : 1 . make a bid on the atlantic salmon trust online auction : urltoken 2 . make a donation to the crowd funding campaign : urltoken

the atlantic salmon trust auction is now live and runs until 18 . 00 on the 1st july 2018 .

has shown no signs of atlantic salmon at any life stage in b . c . ' s waters .

gjerde b , ødegård j , thorland i . estimates of genetic variation in the susceptibility of atlantic salmon (

gjerde b , pante mjr , baeverfjord g . genetic variation for a vertebral deformity in atlantic salmon ( s

the washington department of fish and wildlife ( wdfw ) examined potential threats that escaped atlantic salmon could pose to native species in a 1999 report , " atlantic salmon in washington state : a fish management perspective . "

skrupskelis k , stakėnas s , virbickas t , nika n . age and size of migrating atlantic salmon ,

atlantic salmon face a number of pressures during their life cycle . these include but are not limited to :

the atlantic salmon , which supports a world - renowned fishery in scotland , has a fascinating life cycle .

associated press . 2003 . fisherman nets an atlantic salmon . anchorage daily news . october 7 , 2003 .

university of wisconsin sea grant institute . 2002 . “atlantic salmon . ” urltoken accessed july 22 , 2011 .

atlantic salmon is the highest valued commercial fishery‑related industry in tasmania , with annual output valued at around $ 497 million 1 . the majority of australian salmon farming is located in tasmania , where waters are among the warmest in the world for atlantic salmon culture .

" the atlantic salmon bring with them pollution , virus and parasite amplification , and all that harms pacific salmon and our waters , " beardslee says .

salmon fishing is tightly regulated , but the washington state department of fish and wildlife has removed fishing limits on the escaped atlantic salmon until further notice .

the convention for the conservation of salmon in the north atlantic ocean entered into force on 1 october 1983 and created an inter - governmental organization , the north atlantic salmon conservation organization ( nasco ) . nasco ' s objective is to conserve , restore , enhance and rationally manage wild atlantic salmon . view the convention . . .

the atlantic salmon , salmo salar , is the only salmon that lives in the atlantic ocean . these fish are known for the good fight they put up when hooked by an angler and for their delicious pink flesh .

atlantic salmon return to their native river , and even the same stretch of the river from which they were born , with amazing accuracy . this means that many ‘populations’ of atlantic salmon may exist within the same river .

atlantic salmon reproduce in coastal rivers of northeastern north america , iceland , europe , and northwestern russia and migrate through various portions of the north atlantic ocean . european and north american populations of atlantic salmon intermix during their at - sea stage , where they share similar summer feeding grounds off greenland .

a : atlantic salmon resemble several other salmonine species which are also present in lake ontario and its tributaries , most notably brown trout and rainbow trout ( steelhead ) . even fisheries professionals have been known to misidentify atlantic salmon . anglers are invited to submit digital photographs of a suspected atlantic salmon catch for confirmation by emailing info @ urltoken .

the washington department of fish and wildlife ( wdfw ) considers atlantic salmon an aquatic invasive species , but there is no evidence to date that atlantic salmon pose a threat to native fish stocks in washington through crossbreeding or disease .

even with past escapes , he says , there are no atlantic salmon in the waters of b . c .

salmon can be found in both the atlantic and pacific oceans as well as inland lakes like the great lakes .

atlantic salmon from the labrador sea off west greenland , taken during a . t . cameron cruise , july–august 1965

atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . ) as a net producer of long - chain omega - 3 fatty acids

the populations of atlantic salmon present in the gulf of maine distinct population segment ( dps ) represent the last wild populations of u . s . atlantic salmon . at the time of listing under the esa in 2000 , there were at least eight rivers in the geographic range of the dps known to still support wild atlantic salmon populations :

towards selective breeding of atlantic salmon for sea louse resistance : approaches to identify trait markers . - pubmed - ncbi

) . black or white dotted lines delimit the extinction area of atlantic salmon and brown trout population , respectively .

hybridization between atlantic salmon salmo salar l . and brown trout s . trutta l . upon artificial propagation | springerlink

a spokeswoman said tuesday that the agency ' s program monitoring atlantic salmon sightings had no new reports this week .

a 2015 report by the department looking for atlantic salmon found none in the vancouver island streams that were surveyed .

fleming ia , einum s . experimental tests of genetic divergence of farmed from wild atlantic salmon due to domestication .

grandjean f , verne s , cherbonnel c , richard a . fine - scale genetic structure of atlantic salmon (

a temporal perspective on population structure and gene flow in atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) in newfoundland , canada .

hutchings ja , myers ra . escalation of an asymmetric contest : mortality resulting from mate competition in atlantic salmon ,

much of that success—and the reason for perhaps even more hope for the future—is due to the atlantic salmon federation .

anyone who captures an atlantic salmon is asked to call the atlantic salmon watch program at 1 - 800 - 811 - 6010 and retain the head and stomach contents of the fish for analysis . ( fisheries and oceans canada )

farmed atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . ) is a good source of long chain omega - 3 fatty acids

competition : evidence indicates non - native salmon species do not compete well against native species . only a small percentage of atlantic salmon recovered from marine waters have preyed on fish ; there have been no observations of atlantic salmon eating fish or fish eggs in fresh water .

chris robinson , coordinator of the ofah atlantic salmon program , said the conclusions support their plan of trying to incorporate different types of salmon into the system .

predators or prey ? the atlantic salmon ' s predators are seals , birds , and most larger fish . predators also consist of humans for hunting / fishing . over - fishing is a great problem for the atlantic salmon . the atlantic salmon ' s prey are invertebrates , terrestrial insects , amphipods , euphausiids , gammarids , and smaller fishes ,

washington is no stranger to farmed atlantic salmon escapes , with spills in 1996 , 1997 and 1999 , including one of 369 , 000 fish . so far , no instance of crossbreeding between pacific and atlantic salmon has been documented .

but history hasn ' t shown any negative impacts or invasiveness of atlantic salmon in the natural territory of pacific salmon , says jeremy dunn , executive director of the b . c . salmon farmers association .

but given the shortcomings of farmed salmon , those shortcomings can be made to magically disappear in the consumer’s eyes with an effective marketing program and farmed salmon marketing voodoo starts with the name , atlantic salmon .

" the atlantic salmon bring with them pollution , virus and parasite amplification , and all that harms pacific salmon and our waters of washington , " beardslee said .

planting of atlantic salmon eggs in kennebec river starting to pay dividends ; over the past four years , more wild adult salmon are returning to the hatching grounds .

the dorsal , ventral , and tail fins of atlantic salmon may be eroded or worn from containment in net pens .

state officials have asked fishers to catch as many atlantic salmon as they can , with no catch or size limits .

atlantic salmon are available year - round , unlike wild - caught fish . and they ' re cheap to produce .

ecologist john volpe at the university of victoria , however , is concerned about the introduction of thousands of atlantic salmon .

technical note : modifying atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) jumping behavior to facilitate innovation of parasitic sea lice control techniques .

impact of catch - and - release practices on behavior and mortality of atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . ) kelts

reliance on pelagic - sourced carbon , p % , for 1sw and 2sw canadian and west greenland captured atlantic salmon .

the food and feeding of atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . ) during feeding and spawning migrations in icelandic coastal waters

effect of alternative lipid sources on long - term growth performance and quality of atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . )

higgins , p . j . and talbot , c . ( 1985 ) growth and feeding in juvenile atlantic salmon (

fed fry : atlantic salmon of hatchery origin that have fully absorbed the yolk and have begun feeding upon artificial foods .

atlantic salmon are not native to pacific waters , but are a major aquaculture species in washington state and british columbia .

recommendation 6 . 3 - allow seal harvests / culls in other areas where they are clearly targeting wild atlantic salmon .

effects of freezing and thawing processes on the quality of atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) fillets . - pubmed - ncbi

stokesbury mj , lacroix gl . high incidence of hatchery origin atlantic salmon in the smolt output of a canadian river .

valiente ag , beall e , garcia - vazquez e . population genetics of south european atlantic salmon under global change .

the multi - sea - winter component of the atlantic salmon population is a uk biodiversity action plan priority fish species .

) in scottish farmed atlantic salmon compared to other fish species ( blue ) and terrestrially ( green ) produced animals .

the atlantic salmon watch program ( aswp ) is a research program operated by fisheries and oceans canada . the purpose of the program is to study the abundance , distribution and biology of atlantic salmon in british columbia and its adjacent waters . the aswp monitors reports from commercial and sport catches and observations of atlantic salmon throughout british columbia . the program relies on recreational and commercial fishers , fish processors , government and independent field staff and hatchery workers to report observations of atlantic salmon .

the latest news and stories about atlantic salmon and the issues surrounding them . the latest items on salmon runs , and issues such as impacts of aquaculture and dams .

analysis - dfo ’s analysis has shown that while there is evidence that seals in estuaries of the maritime provinces eat some atlantic salmon , past and current research has not identified salmon as a staple of their diets nor is predation deemed as a significant factor influencing the atlantic salmon population trends .

the north atlantic salmon conservation organisation was established in 1983 under the convention for the conservation of salmon in the north atlantic . it is an international organisation that aims to conserve and promote the rational management of salmon stocks in the wild . the organisation includes all countries in which the atlantic salmon is historically found and many different measures have been taken to reduce exploitation and protect the salmon . however , numbers of salmon are not recovering and further research is being carried out into why this is the case .

some businesses may benefit from eco - tourism involving salmon watching , at salmon leaps or even sub - aqua , rather than salmon catching .

this nest of wild atlantic salmon eggs is one of three discovered by biologists . ( photo : connecticut fish and wildlife )

in washington , 20 tribes also said all atlantic salmon farms in puget sound should be closed , with no more allowed .

the atlantic salmon can be distinguished by its pattern of dark spots on a light background . see also similar species information .

the atlantic salmon ' s sense of smell is 1000 times greater than that of a dog ( maynor , 1996 ) .

high dietary epa does not inhibit ∆5 and ∆6 desaturases in atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . ) fed rapeseed oil diets

unfed fry : atlantic salmon of hatchery origin that have fully absorbed the yolk sac and have not been fed artificial foods .

kolstad k , heuch pa , gjerde b , gjedrem t , salte r . genetic variation in resistance of atlantic salmon (

when r ≥8 , atlantic salmons are not threatened ; when r > 15 , then salmon density starts to be chaotic .

management organisations in both ireland and scotland have concerns , although the risk to native atlantic salmon are not yet fully known .

fishers are asked to keep the carcass or head of any atlantic salmon they catch and to give the parts to officials .

) - the convention applies to salmon stocks which migrate beyond areas of fisheries’ jurisdiction of coastal states of the north atlantic .

the atlantic salmon is native to the basin of the north atlantic ocean , from the arctic circle to portugal in the eastern atlantic , from iceland and southern greenland , and from the ungava region of northern quebec south to the conneticut river ( scott and crossman , 1973 ) .

why are atlantic salmon being farmed in the northwest ? : the salt earlier this month , thousands of atlantic salmon escaped a net pen in washington state , raising concerns from environmentalists and questions about farming non - native species . here are some answers .

atlantic salmon are actually more closely related to brown trout than pacific salmon . that ' s why they don ' t breed with pacific salmon — even when researchers have tried to force it in the lab , rust says .

the aquadvantage salmon , as it is known , is an atlantic salmon that has been genetically modified so that it grows to market size faster than a non - engineered farmed salmon , in as little as half the time .

atlantic salmon typically measure 28 to 30 inches and weigh 8 to 12 pounds after two years at sea . they have a number of features to distinguish them from wild salmon :

the lake ontario atlantic salmon recovery team will continue to monitor and set benchmarks for the future management of stream fisheries and harvest .

each atlantic salmon brood fish in the mnrf’s harwood fcs has been implanted with a special microchip . a genetic profile for each individual fish will enable the program to obtain very accurate information about atlantic salmon found in the streams and the lake during monitoring efforts .

atlantic salmon might just be making a come - back after decades of restoration efforts . ( photo : greg thompson / usfws )

the wdfw says atlantic salmon is a " favored species " to farm in cold marine waters because the species grows quickly and consistently , is resistant to disease , and is something people like to eat . farmed atlantic salmon are more docile than wild fish .

the atlantic salmon is a slender and graceful fish whose latin name means " the leaper . " its distinctive characteristics make the atlantic salmon easy to recognize . it has a small head , blunt nose , small eyes , and a mouth that gapes back below its eye . the mouth contains a row of stout , conical teeth . atlantic salmon have large scales and slightly forked caudal fins . one distinguishing characteristic of atlantic salmon is the presence of an adipose fin , a feature present in all species of trout .

an examination of the intestinal tract of atlantic salmon , salmo salar l . , parr fed different varieties of soy and maize .

a critical life stage of the atlantic salmon salmo salar : behaviour and survival during the smolt and initial post - smolt migration .

impact of catch - and - release practices on behavior and mortality of atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . ) kelts - sciencedirect

feeding behaviour of wild atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . ) , parr in mid - to late summer in a scottish river

the major disease problems affecting atlantic salmon vary with geographic location . some of the more important are included in the table below .

" can you put those in there ? " he asked some commercial fishermen , who brought up a load of atlantic salmon .

blanchet s , páez dj , bernatchez l , dodson jj . an integrated comparison of captive - bred and wild atlantic salmon (

finnengan ak , stevens jr . assessing the long - term genetic impact of historical stocking events on contemporary populations of atlantic salmon ,

the united states is a signatory to the convention for the conservation of salmon in the north atlantic ocean read more . . .

after decades of trying to get approval by in north america , genetically modified atlantic salmon has been sold to consumers in canada .

even though wild atlantic salmon stocks have been drastically depleted , farming represents a poor alternative , given the environmental havoc it causes .

l . , in atlantic canada . in : williams , r . w .

a : streams are critical habitat components in the life cycle of atlantic salmon . atlantic salmon require specific habitat and environmental conditions in the stream at each life stage , and it was the degradation of streams that was the principal factor in their extirpation from lake ontario . that is why the emphasis is being placed on stream habitat restoration for the ultimate recovery of atlantic salmon in the lake .

beginning in 2016 , a catch - and - release tributary fishery for atlantic salmon has opened in fisheries management zones 16 and 17 , for which either type of fishing licence applies . please remember to know your fish id and immediately release atlantic salmon back into the river . this year , angler diaries will be available to tributary anglers to record their catches of atlantic salmon and other species .

asf and its partners continue to put pressure on regulators to site salmon farms away from wild atlantic salmon rivers , and to take seriously the threats of sea lice and other diseases .

between 2003 and 2008 , wdfw ' s aquatic invasive species unit conducted 882 surveys for the presence of atlantic salmon across 174 water bodies , and collected 192 atlantic salmon . an analysis of otolith and scale samples strongly indicated that all of the captured juvenile fish were hatchery escapements and all of the adults were net pen escapees . there was no direct evidence of atlantic salmon spawning or hybridized specimens .

the goal of a self - sustaining population of atlantic salmon in lake ontario will take a further 10 - 15 years to achieve .

atlantic salmon are not native to the pacific northwest . for years , they have been bred to become easier to farm — they ' re more " highly domesticated , " according to the washington department of fish and wildlife . most commercial fish farms raise atlantic salmon .

researchers say , typically , farmed atlantic salmon don ' t survive well in the wild because they ' re used to being fed .

a catastrophic failure of a large aquaculture pen near cypress island recently freed thousands of nonnative atlantic salmon into puget sound , near seattle .

the atlantic salmon has for centuries been named the king of fish for its power and grace . but now it is much more :

the new england fishery management council manages the atlantic salmon fishery to enhance the longevity of the species and the sustainability of the fishery .

c values for the atlantic salmon being analysed , pelagic and benthic primary consumer end - member values for the model , the trophic fractionation between the base of the foodweb and the consumer , and the tissue - specific fractionation between dorsal muscle and scales in atlantic salmon .

tailoring of atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . ) flesh lipid composition and sensory quality by replacing fish oil with a vegetable oil blend

gonen s , lowe nr , cezard t , gharbi k , bishop sc , houston rd . linkage maps of the atlantic salmon (

semenova , s . k . and slyn ' ko , v . i . , protein polymor - phism in populations of atlantic salmon

the body of peer - reviewed literature on the disastrous impacts of aquaculture on wild atlantic salmon has grown to overwhelming proportions , and in many cases has left wild populations fighting extinction . among the ways in which aquaculture has been proven to disastrously impact wild atlantic salmon :

feeding food pills to farmed atlantic salmon . the food pills contain antibiotics , pesticides and chemicals to change the color of their flesh .

perrier c , evanno g , belliard j , guyomard r , bagliniere jl . natural recolonization of the seine river by atlantic salmon (

as an anadromous species , atlantic salmon live in freshwater as juveniles but migrate to sea as adults before returning up river to spawn .

the atlantic salmon watch program has been monitoring b . c . waters since 1991 and in that time has rarely logged confirmed sightings .

the state has said it is worried about farmed salmon outcompeting native salmon for food and spawning grounds .

in ten years the market for wild alaskan salmon has been replaced by farmed raised atlantic salmon . why ? one reason is wild pacific salmon is in season only one month a year . the other eleven months , wild salmon is only available frozen or in a can . not many opt for canned salmon when fresh salmon is at the seafood counter ready to be wrapped in white paper .

the aquabounty salmon , called aquadvantage , is an atlantic salmon that contains a growth hormone gene from a chinook salmon . in the wild , salmon produce the hormone only when the conditions are right for rapid growth . in the aquadvantage salmon , a regulatory switch from an ocean pout gene makes the fish produce growth hormone all the time , so the aquadvantage salmon grow rapidly throughout the year .

a statement from fisheries and oceans canada said the department was aware of the incident , and anyone who suspects they ' ve caught an atlantic salmon in b . c . waters should report it to the atlantic salmon watch program at 1 - 800 - 811 - 6010 .

analysis - dfo initially had plans to review the wild atlantic salmon conservation policy in conjunction with the atlantic salmon advisory committee . however it was advised that the review be delayed until after the ministerial committee’s report , as the report may inform and provide input to the review .

the river has the largest population of atlantic salmon salmo salar in northern ireland , with around 15 % of the estimated spawning numbers . the majority of the salmon returning are grilse ( single wintering salmon ) , with a smaller but important number of spring salmon ( multi - wintering salmon ) also occurring . research has indicated that individual sub - catchments within the system support genetically distinct salmon populations .

beginning around 1990 the rates of atlantic salmon mortality at sea more than doubled , and by 2000 the numbers of atlantic salmon had dropped to critically low levels . in the western atlantic fewer than 100 , 000 of the important multi - sea - winter salmon were returning . rivers of the coast of maine , plus southern new brunswick and much of mainland nova scotia saw runs drop precipitously , and even disappear .

atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) are found in the temperate and arctic regions of the northern hemisphere . they occur in the rivers of the countries that border both sides of the north atlantic ocean , and the baltic sea .

for the first time in centuries , a trio of nests containing viable wild atlantic salmon eggs have been found in the connecticut river system .

. this figure shows the male genetic map that was constructed based on the salmap atlantic salmon br5 mapping family . ( ppt 2 mb )

. this figure shows the male genetic map that was constructed based on the salmap atlantic salmon br6 mapping family . ( ppt 2 mb )

technical note : modifying atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) jumping behavior to facilitate innovation of parasitic sea lice control techniques . - pubmed - ncbi

galbreath pf , thorgaard gh ( 1995 ) sexual maturation and fertility of diploid and triploid atlantic salmon×brown trout hybrids . aquaculture 137 : 299–311 .

evropeitseva , n . v . and belyaeva , g . v . , experimental ecological analysis of pond - reared young hybrids of atlantic salmon

the steelhead has been domesticated for 150 years , much longer than the atlantic salmon . the optimal temperature range for the steelhead is higher than for the atlantic salmon , but since the life cycles of the two species of fish are so similar , producers often grow them together .

the battle over open net fish farms has taken a turn following the accidental release of atlantic salmon from a fish farm in puget sound .

jay ritchlin , a spokesman for the david suzuki foundation , said sea lice and atlantic salmon have been a problem in b . c .

vasemagi a , gross r , paaver t , kangur m , nilsson j , eriksson lo . identification of the origin of atlantic salmon (

noaa fisheries service share jurisdiction for the recovery and restoration of the gulf of maine distinct population of atlantic salmon . read more . . .

age and size of migrating atlantic salmon , salmo salar l . , and sea trout , salmo trutta l . , smolts in lithuanian rivers

dietrich , et . al ( 2008 ) found a decrease in rainbow trout with an increase in atlantic salmon in a lake ontario tributary .

anonymous . 1994 . more atlantic salmon stocked in bay state ponds . trout unlimited currents . greater boston chapter . feb . 4 pp .

ofah ( ontario federation of anglers and hunters ) . 2011 . lake ontario atlantic salmon restoration program . urltoken accessed july 26 , 2011 .

since the spill on aug . 19 , fisheries and oceans has fielded about 40 reports of atlantic salmon in b . c . waters .

there is hereby established an international organization that shall be known as the north atlantic salmon conservation organization , hereinafter referred to as the “organization” .

hybridization : the risk of escaped atlantic salmon hybridizing with pacific salmon is low . research has demonstrated it is very difficult , even under optimal laboratory conditions , to cross - breed pacific and atlantic salmon and produce viable offspring . should this rare event occur in the wild , the offspring would be functionally sterile and incapable of reproducing .

in the u . s . , washington and maine are the two largest atlantic salmon producing states , but they ' re small beans compared to salmon farms in canada , norway and chile .

net pens are used in fresh and saltwater fish farming . they ' re basically large underwater nets used for holding salmon . washington is the only west coast state where atlantic salmon are farmed .

figura , d . 2009 . wild atlantic salmon found in salmon river for first time in more than a century . the post - standard , syracuse , ny . august 19 , 2009 .

when tasting farm raised salmon in comparison to wild pacific salmon , the taste is different . farmed salmon does not have the same texture or taste as wild salmon . that is because farmed salmon is caged and does not have to survive four years in the ocean .

atlantic salmon have a relatively complex life history that includes spawning , juvenile rearing in rivers , and extensive feeding migrations on the high seas . as a result , atlantic salmon go through several distinct phases that can be identified by specific changes in behavior , physiology , and habitat requirements .

sea - run atlantic salmon usually attain a larger size than do landlocked ( those living in entirely fresh water ) salmon . sea - run salmon range from 2 . 3 to 9 . 1 kg and commercially caught fish average 4 . 5 to 5 . 4 kg . the world record rod - caught atlantic salmon weighed 35 . 89 kg and was caught in the tana river of norway .

harris g . s . ( 1988 ) the status of exploitation of salmon in england and wales . in : mills d . , piggins d . ( eds ) atlantic salmon . springer , dordrecht

when monitoring returns of adult atlantic salmon in each of the restoration streams , program partners look for signs of successful natural reproduction ( nests ) .

lake ontario atlantic salmon on display at the royal ontario museum . the stuffed fish was one of five studied by eric guiry and his colleagues .

concern about the effects of farmed atlantic salmon on wild puget sound stocks have dogged the industry in recent decades . a september 1999 white paper by wdfw scientists found that evidence available before the summer of 1998 suggested escaped atlantic salmon were not colonizing local watersheds and were not significantly impacting native fish . “however in 1998 and in 1999 naturally produced atlantic salmon were discovered in streams on vancouver island , british columbia , ” the scientists wrote .

substantiates that . the agency has had no reports of atlantic salmon in b . c . for about three years , according to its website .

jørgensen , e . h . and jobling , m . ( 1992 ) feeding behaviour and effect of feeding regime on growth of atlantic salmon ,

stefansson , s . o . , naevdal , g . and hansen , t . ( 1990 ) growth of different families of atlantic salmon (

atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) are important worldwide in commercial aquaculture and recreational fisheries and are cultured commercially in marine net pens in puget sound .

. atlantic salmon are severely affected in most of the infected rivers , while brown trout are known to be resistant . hybrids have an intermediate susceptibility

urke ha , koksvik j , arnekleiv jv , hindar k , kroglund f , et al . ( 2010 ) seawater tolerance in atlantic salmon ,

makhrov , a . a . , kuzishchin , k . v . , and novikov , g . g . , natural hybrids of atlantic salmon

but the company ' s farms along b . c . ' s west coast will continue to raise atlantic salmon despite criticism — from environmentalists and in a report on the collapse of the fraser river sockeye fishery — about the negative impact the atlantic salmon farms have on wild pacific fish .

moore a , russell ic , potter ece . the effects of intraperitoneally implanted dummy acoustic transmitters on the behaviour and physiology of juvenile atlantic salmon ,

gee , a . s . and milner , n . j . ( 1980 ) analysis of 70 - year catch statistics for atlantic salmon (

migration pathways , speed and mortality of atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) smolts in a scottish river and the near - shore coastal marine environment .

1 - 800 - 811 - 6010 ( toll - free ) if they have caught or observed atlantic salmon in b . c . waters .

irish salmon are atlantic salmon and spend their juvenile phase in rivers before migrating to sea to grow and mature . to complete their life cycle they must return to their river of origin to spawn . the salmon who adopt this life cycle are called anadromous .

atlantic salmon hatch in the rivers in spring , mature for two or three years , then swim to sea . some return to the rivers after just one year , but most spend two years at sea , eventually gathering with salmon from all across the atlantic in the waters west of greenland .

it’s open season on atlantic salmon as the public is urged to help mop up a salmon spill from a damaged net pen holding 305 , 000 fish at a cooke aquaculture fish farm near cypress island .

] with a couple of corrections . in that table , the homologies between rainbow trout 7p and 7q were assigned an inverted orientation . as shown here , rainbow trout lg 7p corresponds to atlantic salmon lg 31 whereas rainbow trout lg 7q corresponds to atlantic salmon lg 22qa . in addition , atlantic salmon lg 1q corresponds to rainbow trout lg 29p ( i . e . , rt - 29 arms were previously reported in an inverted orientation ) .


oleria onega , the onega clearwing or onega glasswing , is a species of butterfly of the nymphalidae family .

it is found from colombia to southern peru .

the wingspan is about 52 mm .

the larvae feed on solanum species .

the young larvae are transparent and consume their egg shell before beginning to feed on the host plant .

after each moult the caterpillar consumes its shed skin .

full-grown larvae are grey , with a yellow line along the length of the body on each side .

oleria onega

oleria onega <EOT> genetic ( rapd ) diversity between oleria onega agarista and oleria onega ssp . ( ithomiinae , nymphalidae , lepidoptera ) in north - eastern peru

genetic ( rapd ) diversity between oleria onega agarista and oleria onega ssp . ( ithomiinae , nymphalidae , lepidoptera ) in north - eastern peru .

genetic ( rapd ) diversity between oleria onega agarista and oleria onega ssp . ( ithomiinae , nymphalidae , lepidoptera ) in north - eastern peru | springerlink

oleria onega is found from colombia to peru and s . w . brazil .

oleria onega janarilla flies in ecuador and south east colombia ( d’abrera 1984 ) .

genetic ( rapd ) diversity between oleria onega agarista and oleria onega ssp . ( ithomiinae , nymphalidae , lepidoptera ) in north - eastern peru . - pubmed - ncbi

ef - 1a - elongation factor - 1 alpha - oleria onega ssp . 2 - 1173 - ef - 1a gene & protein

oleria comprises of about 50 known species , recognisable from the distinctive venation of the hindwings .

in common with all other ithomiines , females of oleria onega normally lay their eggs directly on the underside of leaves of their foodplants . in the case of onega the preferred foodplant is solanum mite , although other species including s . anceps , s . angustialatum and s . uleanum are also used .

a beautiful glasswing butterfly ( oleria onega ) emerges from its metallic chrysalis . i set up the time - lapse this morning with a canon 100mm macro lens while performing experiments on this species in peru .

o . onega agarista behaved as expected , always laying their eggs on solanum ; but onega ssp . nov laid them instead on rocks , stems , dead leaves and other substrates up to a metre distant from the foodplants .

in common with most other ithomiines , lateral and altitudinal migrations of oleria species are triggered by seasonal changes in humidity .

> tr | d5grj3 | d5grj3 _ 9neop elongation factor - 1 alpha ( fragment ) os = oleria onega ssp . 2 - 1173 ox = 672486 gn = ef - 1a pe = 4 sv = 1 idialwkfetakfyvtiidapghrdfiknmitgtsqadcavlivaagtgefeagiskngq trehallaftlgvkqlivgvnkmdsteppyseprfeeikkevssyikkigynpaavafvp isgwhgdnmleastkmpwfkgwqverkegkaegkcliealdailpparptdkalrlplqd vykiggigtvpvgrvetgvlkpgtivvfapanittevksvemhhealqeavpgdnvgfnv knvsvkelrrgyvagdsknsppkgaadftaqvivlnhpgqisngytpvldchtahiackf aeikekvdrrsgkstednpksiksgdaaivnlvpskplcveafqefpplgrfa

in 2002 gallusser published research findings following a study of 2 onega subspecies found near tarapoto in peru . the two colonies are very close to each other , o . onega agarista being found on the relatively cool wet ne slope of the cerro escalera mountain range , while subspecies o . onega " ssp . nov " ( as yet unnamed ) is found on the hot sunny sw slope .

oleria onega agarista felder and felder and oleria onega ssp . nov . are two ithomiinae subspecies from north - eastern peru , that differ for some morphological and behavioural traits . two contact zones are known near the town of tarapoto : ahuashiyacu , where both subspecies cohabit but do not seem to hybridise , and estero ( near the village of shapaja ) , where they apparently hybridise . genetic differences between the two subspecies and between populations were investigated with random amplified polymorphic dna ( rapd ) markers . both cluster and principal coordinates analyses ( ccoa and pcoa ) performed using these data , provided a clear but weak discrimination between the two subspecies . genetic diversity is much higher within the populations than between them . moreover , the geographically more distant populations are grouped together by the genetic data . morphological traits on the wing patterns of the hybrids are intermediary between the two butterflies subspecies , while rapds data place them closer to o . onega agarista than to o . onega ssp . the individuals of the ahuashiyacu population are clearly separated into two groups , those of o . onega ssp . and o . onega agarista , by both morphology and rapds data . moreover , none of those individuals show rapd similarity with the hybrids , suggesting that hybridisation has not occurred in this population .

males of most oleria species visit eupatorium , from which they acquire pyrrolizidine alkaloids which they pass to the females during copulation , and which is believed to be essential for the production of viable eggs .

i started the inventory of the butterflies of sangay national park in 2006 . since that time we make all our data available on this site as soon as we get them , even though incomplete , particularly re . identification . so they are everybody’s data , and so we need your help , of you who are familiar with the butterflies from ecuador and from the andes , because : - our data are incomplete , there are butterflies that we could not identify , and obviously there will be mistakes in our work , so your comments will prove very helpful , - and maybe you know of interesting butterflies that have been collected in the park area ? and these data would be priceless . thanks

i am particularly grateful for guiding me through difficult groups , and identifying many specimens , to : - maurizio bollino , for papilionidae and pieridae , and more particularly catasticta and leodonta that he is presently revising , - pierre boyer , one of the very best experts on andean butterflies and an outstanding fieldworker , - ernst brockmann for hesperiidae , and more precisely pyrrhopygini , eudaminae ans dalla , - robert busby and christophe faynel for lycaenidae another incredibly complex family , - bernard hermier who spent hundreds of hours helping us on hesperridae , an extremely difficult group for which there is very little documentation , - tomasz pyrcz , from warsaw jagìellonskiego university , for pronophilini , a challenging group particularly important in sangay np , and for which he is the leading expert in the world - fabio vitale , for heliconiidae and , more important , ithomiidae , another baffling group , - et keith r willmott , who is about to publish a book on the butterflies of ecuador , and who is so kind as to share with us his amazing knowledge of the butterflies from this country .

more recenlly andree salk made his expertise in riodinidae available to us ; we highly value it as it is a family for which we were rather helpless . jean - claude petit e . mail : rhopalducy @ urltoken

the ithomiini comprises of 376 known species , although it is likely that at least another 30 will be discovered in the near future . all are confined to the neotropical region .

are unpalatable to birds , and are consequently mimicked in appearance by many other species . these include other unpalatable species ( müllerian mimics ) , not only from the ithomiinae but also from several other butterfly families . there are also a large number of edible species ( batesian mimics ) which have evolved similar patterns . birds have the ability to memorise butterfly patterns and so learn to avoid eating noxious species , but are also fooled into ignoring similarly marked edible species .

ithomiines are characterised by having small eyes , slender abdomens and long drooping antennae that lack distinct clubs . males have a plume of long androconial scales or " hair pencils " on the costa of their hindwings . these are hidden from view when the butterflies are at rest , but are displayed when the wings are held open during courtship . other ithomiine characteristics include a very slow and deep wing beat , and a preference for inhabiting the darkest recesses of the forest understorey .

there are basically 2 types of ithomiine . the first type are the black and orange - banded " tigers " , many of which are mimicked by other species due to their unpalatability to birds . the second type are the " glasswings " , recognised by their transparent or translucent wings , prominent veins , and orange wing margins . many genera contain examples of both of these types , and in some cases an individual species may produce adults of both forms according to location .

most novices find the ithomiini very difficult to identify . using only the patterns to identify species is very unreliable because there are so many similar species . also many species produce a variety of different colour forms according to locality and season . the best approach therefore is to use the hindwing venation and other anatomical features to identify the genus , and to then look at the wing patterns to short - list the likely species .

the butterflies are varied in their habitat requirements - most species occur in lowland rainforests , many others specialise in cloudforest habitats , and a few occur in deciduous forests .

this species is associated primarily with wet tropical rainforest habitats , and is most often found in shady damp areas in the vicinity of rivers or streams , at altitudes between 200 - 800m .

gallusser suspected that the different oviposition strategy was influenced by egg predation , and found that the main threat came from ectatomma ants , which were common on the sw slope , but entirely absent from the ne slope . she also noted that partial deforestation and path clearance on the sw slope allowed more sunlight to penetrate , so that eggs laid on solanum in these situations would be easier for predators to locate . the implication is that ssp . nov is evolving different egg - laying behaviour as a direct result of human interference in its habitat .

as part of the research , gallusser moved eggs from one site to another , and from one substrate to another , and studied the survival rates of 400 eggs on both mountain slopes . she found that on the sw slope , eggs positioned away from solanum had a much higher survival rate than those on the plants . laboratory and field studies however failed to provide observations of predation , even when the eggs were offered directly to the ants , so it seems possible that the mere presence of the aggressive ants on the foodplants may be enough to discourage the females from ovipositing , forcing them to lay elsewhere .

the eggs are white , oval , and laid singly , although several may be dotted about in close proximity by one or more females . the eggs hatch after about 3 days .

when newly hatched the caterpillar is transparent . it consumes its egg shell before beginning to feed on the foodplant . after each moult it consumes its shed skin , leaving only the chitinous head capsule remaining . when fully grown it is grey with a yellow line along the length of the body on each side . it takes only about 12 days from hatching to being ready to pupate .

the chrysalis is pale green with shiny metallic golden reflections . the abdominal segments are compressed , and there is a dorsal hump . the overall impression is of a small leaf dripping with rain . the butterfly emerges after about a week .

the lifecycle from egg to adult takes about 3 weeks to complete , so in theory up to 17 generations could be produced annually . however during the dry season reproductive activity is minimal . during this period the adults aggregate with numerous other ithomiine species in small pockets within the forest . in brazil and ecuador for example i have found several such aggregations along the beds of small dry streams , where as many as 100 ithomiines of up to 10 different species could be found aestivating among the stilt - like rootlets of palms .

the adults are normally found in small " leks " of up to a dozen butterflies .

the males fly very slowly and almost incessantly around the lek area , only pausing to settle for a moment here and there , at which time they slowly fan their wings , probably to aid dissemination of pheromones from the androconial " hairs " on their wings .

females visit various flowers for nectar and pollen - the latter may be essential in the production of eggs and the maintenance of ovaries , as has been demonstrated to be the case with heliconiines . females also receive proteins during sperm transfer .

gravid females fly very slowly , periodically dipping down to investigate solanum plants . having found the foodplant they then spend 2 or 3 minutes testing it , using olfactory sensors on their legs , antennae and abdomens , to determine whether it is solanum mite or another related species .

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origin : evolved as an inedible species to birds and other vertebrate predators , this unique butterfly finds sanctuary inhabiting the darkest areas of the forest understorey .

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< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class = " publication " > press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href = " urltoken " > numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >

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