tyto pollens , also known as the andros island barn owl , bahamian barn owl , bahamian great owl , or chickcharney , is an extinct , 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) tall , burrow-nesting , flightless barn owl that lived in the old-growth pineyards ( caribbean pine forests ) of andros island in the bahamas .

when the island was colonised by europeans and their slaves in the 16th century , the owls coexisted with them until the forests were felled .

the destruction of the original forests may have led to the extinction of the species .

tyto pollens

tyto pollens <EOT> some think that they chickcharney could be a tyto pollens , a species of flightless barn owl that stood around the same height . this species is extinct now , but sightings of chickcharney are still continuing .

where the chickcharnie came from there really once was a creature like the chickcharnie on andros . it was a 2 - foot - tall owl called tyto pollens , a remote cousin of the smaller common barn - owl . tyto pollens was a large owl that could not fly and like most other owls it swivel its head . so that ' s probably where the chickcharnie legen came from . . . but who knows .

it has been theorized by scholars that chickcharney sightings and legends are rooted in reality . tyto pollens was a remote cousin of the smaller common barn - owl ( tyto alba ) : it was a 1 metre ( 3 . 3 ft ) tall , flightless species of barn owl native to andros , and closely fits eyewitness descriptions . it was rumored to survive until the 16th century , when settlers felled the eastern andros forests . however , since tyto pollens was flightless , it was unlikely to need trees for shelter , and may still exist on the western half of andros , explaining modern sightings .

the folklore of the chickcharney almost certainly originates in a type of flightless burrowing owl that used to live on andros . the species , known as tyto pollens , matches the overall description of a chickcharney and cohabited with settlers for many years until the forests were completely decimated by the newcomers . this supposedly sent tyto pollens into extinction sometime in the sixteenth century . but if the awesome coelacanth has taught us cryptid lovers anything , it’s that you should never discount an animal as extinct if people still report sightings .

the barn owl ( tyto alba ) is the most widely distributed species of owl , and one of the most widespread of all birds .

tyto pollens , also known as the andros island barn owl , bahamian barn owl , bahamian great owl , or chickcharney , is an extinct , tall , burrow - nesting , flightless barn owl that lived in the old - growth pineyards ( caribbean pine forests ) of andros island in the bahamas .

specimen count 1 record last modified 5 jul 2018 skeletal morphology appendicular element , distal tibiotarsus geological age cenozoic - quaternary - pleistocene - wisconsinan nmnh - paleobiology dept . taxonomy animalia chordata aves strigiformes tytonidae collector olson james grady meister see more items in paleogeneral birds aves caribbean paleobiology place bahamas collection date 11 aug 1978 type citation olson & hilgartner . 1982 . smithsonian contr . paleobiology . ( n . 48 ) : 36 - 37 . usnm number pal283287 published name tyto pollens wetmore

the genus tyto includes all barn owls ( family tytonidae ) except for the bay owls ( subfamily phodilinae , genus phodilus ) - that is , the true barn owls , the grass owls and the masked owls collectively making up the subfamily tytoninae .

tyto pollens , the bahaman barn owl , also known as the " chickcharny , " was a metre tall barn owl found on andros island of the bahamas . . . it should not be confused with the extinct puerto rican t . puente . it went extinct during historical times , when the old pine forests of the bahamas were cut down . its memory inspired the legend of the " chickcharny , " an exceptionally malicious and aggressive spirit or faerie that had three toes , glowing red eyes , and had the ability to rotate its head in any direction .

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holotype . left femur mcz 2262 . collected by vivienne knowles in 1937 . material examined . hendry cave , royal island , eleuthera , bahamas . — coracoid : incomplete right ( usnm 615825 ) . carpometacarpus : nearly complete right ( usnm 615826 ) . tarsometatarsus : incomplete left ( usnm 615827 , lacking fragments of midshaft ) . banana hole , new providence , bahamas . — femur : proximal right ( uf 41807 ) . tibiotarsus : distal half of left ( uf 41804 ) . tarsometatarsus : complete left ( uf 3196 ) , incomplete left ( uf 41808 , lacking proximal end and trochlea for digit iv ) . cueva de bellamar , municipality of matanzas , matanzas province , cuba . — tarsometatarsus : distal half of left ( dpuh 1252 , holotype of t . riveroi ) , proximal half of right ( czacc unnumbered ) , proximal end of right ( oa 3215 ) . there also exist specimens from andros , bahamas , in the florida museum of natural history ( d . w . steadman , pers . comm . ) .

chickcharney , chickcharnie or chickcharnee is a mythical creature resembling a bird . . .

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the chickcharney is considered to be a 3 foot tall , furry , feathered bird that usually resembles an owl ; it resides on andros island . legend says that if one comes across a chickcharney and treats it nicely , they will be rewarded with good luck ; however , if you mistreat the beast , you will get punished with bad luck .

this post marks the first in a new series on folklore . i’ll be exploring how local tales and regional legends fit into our understanding of the paranormal and cryptozoology . this is culture… at its weirdest and snarkiest .

on the bahaman island of andros creeps a creature so fearsome it can turn your head around . literally if the stories are to be believed . this equatorial beast , known as a chickcharney ( sometimes spelled chickcharnie or chickcharnee ) , is about three - feet tall and most closely resembles an owl—if owls were the size of dodo birds and super vindictive .

okay , not vindictive , per se . instead , chickcharnies prove to be rather mercurial creatures . legend has it if you meet one and you’re polite , it will be glad to grant you good fortune . if you’re rude , however , and poke fun at the chickcharney , then you’ll be doomed to bad luck . or as mentioned above , the chickcharney will turn your head all the way around . or possibly both . perhaps the bigger question here is why exactly someone who meets a giant mythic bird in the woods decides , “hey , let’s taunt this avian ! ” and starts pelting insults instead of , you know , running or at least feigning friendliness . but there are those ‘messing with bigfoot’ commercials , so apparently , mocking cryptids is a very real pastime for some .

maybe you aren’t buying the changeful chickcharney angle . i mean , really , are there any famous stories about such things ? you betcha . none other than neville chamberlain , former british prime minister , fell victim to the creature’s vendetta . at the turn of the twentieth century , chamberlain was commissioned to take over his father’s bahaman plantation and decided to do what every big city transplant does when he reaches the country : chop down all vegetation in sight . understandably , the chickcharnies , who are said to live at the top of any two trees that meet , were pretty angry at chamberlain . to exact their revenge , the creatures doomed the plantation , which within a few years was declared a total failure and a major financial loss for the family . as a real kicker , some argue that chamberlain’s inability to quell hitler from attacking england during world war ii was also due to his disrespect of the chickcharnies . that’s right . infuriate a chickcharney , and nazis might come after you . this is nothing to scoff at , people .

in addition to their three toes on each foot and three fingers on each hand , chickcharnies are described to have a prehensile tail , something from which honestly , every creature , including humans , could benefit . this dexterous tail helps chickcharnies hang from whatever they feel like and consequently freak out people loitering in the woods . they’re also said to rotate their own heads all the way around , lending credence to the idea that they’re just an extinct ( or super rare ) kind of owl . this could mean that chickcharnies are apt to swivel the heads of passersby simply because they don’t know any better . it’s just a chickcharney way of saying hello .

during the mid - twentieth century , chickcharnies practically became pop culture superstars with articles about the cryptid species appearing in time magazine and sports illustrated . though their popularity has waned somewhat in recent years , the chickcharney is still alive and well , at least in folklore . because i want good luck , i’m aiming to be nothing but polite here and want to extend all the best wishes in the world to this super cool cryptid . you never know if a chickcharney learned how to use wireless .

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frank alexander wetmore ( june 18 , 1886 – december 7 , 1978 ) was an american ornithologist and avian paleontologist .

andros island is an archipelago within the bahamas , the largest of the 26 inhabited bahamian islands .

animals are multicellular , eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom animalia ( also called metazoa ) .

the bahamian pineyards are a tropical and subtropical coniferous forest ecoregion in the bahamas and the turks and caicos islands , where they occur on an area of .

barn - owls ( family tytonidae ) are one of the two families of owls , the other being the true owls or typical owls , strigidae .

birds ( class aves ) are a group of endothermic vertebrates , characterised by feathers , a beak with no teeth , the laying of hard - shelled eggs , a high metabolic rate , a four - chambered heart , and a lightweight but strong skeleton .

the caribbean pine , pinus caribaea , is a hard pine , native to central america , cuba , the bahamas , and the turks and caicos islands .

chickcharney , chickcharnie or chickcharnee is a mythical and cryptozoological creature resembling a bird , specifically an owl , that is said to live in the forests of andros island in the bahama islands .

chordates are animals possessing a notochord , a hollow dorsal nerve cord , pharyngeal slits , an endostyle , and a post - anal tail for at least some period of their life cycles .

in biology and ecology , extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms ( taxon ) , normally a species .

prehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that have became extinct before recorded history , or more precisely , before they could be studied alive by ornithologists .

birds are generally believed to have evolved from certain feathered theropod dinosaurs , and there is no real dividing line between birds and dinosaurs , except of course that some of the former survived the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event while the latter did not .

since 1500 , over 190 species of birds have become extinct , and this rate of extinction seems to be increasing .

an old - growth forest ( also termed primary forest , virgin forest , primeval forest , late seral forest , or in britain , ancient woodland ) is a forest that has attained great age without significant disturbance and thereby exhibits unique ecological features and might be classified as a climax community .

the cuban giant owl or giant cursorial owl ( ornimegalonyx ) is an extinct genus of giant owl that measured in height .

owls are birds from the order strigiformes , which includes about 200 species of mostly solitary and nocturnal birds of prey typified by an upright stance , a large , broad head , binocular vision , binaural hearing and feathers adapted for silent flight .

the stilt - owls ( grallistrix ) are a genus of true owls which contains four species , all of which lived on the hawaiian islands but are now extinct .

the bahamas , officially the commonwealth of the bahamas , is an island country of the lucayan archipelago consisting of more than 700 islands , cays , and islets in the atlantic ocean ; north of cuba and hispaniola ( haiti and the dominican republic ) ; northwest of the turks and caicos islands ; southeast of the u . s . state of florida and east of the florida keys .

bahaman barn owl , bahaman barn - owl , bahaman barn owl , bahaman barn - owl .

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chickcharney , chickcharnie or chickcharnee is a mythical creature resembling a bird , specifically an owl , that is said to live on andros island of the bahamas .

according to some , it is furry , feathered , about 3 feet tall and is considered have three fingers , three toes , and red eyes . in common legend , if a traveler meets a chickcharney and treats it well , he / she will be rewarded with good luck . but , treating a chickcharney badly will result in bad luck and hard times . sightings have continued into modern day .

in the first part of this series , we covered the mysterious hidden animals of cuba . our next stop on our cryptid journey is the beautiful islands of the bahamas . the bahamas is a sovereign island nation located east of the florida keys and is comprised of around 700 islands , islets , and cays that are all part of a greater chain of islands shared with the turks and caicos islands . all of the islands in the bahamas are low and flat , with the highest elevation belonging to mt . alvernia on cat island , which stands at a height of 63 meters ( 207 feet ) . the bahamas also has some curious cryptozoological oddities .

among these myriad islands can be found the island of andros . the island is well known for its striking underwater vertical sinkholes and meandering undersea cave systems that form the mysterious and beautiful blue holes , as well as the mysterious , man - eating octopus - like creature known as the lusca , both of which i have discussed here at mysterious universe before .

the lusca is variously described as either a giant octopus , a sort of half shark - half octopoid abomination , or a squid - eel combination , and is said to lurk within the extensive underwater cave systems of the blue holes . the lusca is said to attack swimmers and even boats , sucking them down beneath the waves to be eaten within the dark caves . missing swimmers , underwater cave divers , and even flotsam of wrecked boats floating in the water have all been blamed on the lusca . purported victims of lusca attacks who survived their encounters have told of being grabbed by tentacles , and some have even reported welts reminiscent of sucker marks on their bodies after being attacked .

one of the hallmarks of a lusca attack , according to witnesses , is that the water will often bubble or roil beneath the victim just before they are sucked under . this unique detail has caused speculation that rather than a giant octopoid monster , the victims could be succumbing to spontaneous whirlpools that are created when rapid tidal changes draw water through the blue holes . such whirlpools would certainly resemble the phenomenon of boiling water just before an attack , and they would surely be capable of pulling people under . however , such whirlpools certainly would not account for the actual sightings of the the monstrous lusca itself , nor would it account for the mysterious sucker marks on victims . the lusca remains a curious mystery .

the island of andros holds mysteries on land as well as in the sea . stories have long circulated among the islanders here of a large mystery bird known locally as the chickcharney , which is only sighted within the ancient pine forests of andros island . the chickcharney is said to have an appearance very much like an owl , and is typically described as being around 3 feet tall and covered with fine feathers that resemble fur . the creature is said to have three fingers , three toes , and large , piercing red eyes situated on a head that allegedly has the ability to turn around nearly 360 degrees . there is also often mention of a prehensile tail that helps the arboreal birds to climb in the trees where they make their homes . chickcharney nests are reportedly composed of the tops of two pine trees tied together .

chickcharnies feature heavily in the folklore of andros , where they are said to be elfin humanoid creatures that merely resemble birds rather than actual birds . the creatures are known to be very mischievous and on occasion quite aggressive . it is said that if a traveler happens to come across a chickcharney , it would be wise to treat it kindly . those who treat the chickcharney well and show respect are said to be rewarded with good luck , while those who don’t , or even worse those who laugh at the creature , will meet with bad luck and hard times . if the chickcharney is especially offended , it is said that the creature will violently and forcibly twist the persons neck all the way around . andros islanders once were so wary of chickcharnies that they often carried brightly colored flowers or pieces of cloth in order to charm the creatures and dissuade them from attacking or causing trouble .

one legendary story of the wrath of chickcharnies involves a former prime minister of england , neville chamberlain . according to the tale , chamberlain took over his father’s plantation in the bahamas and upon arriving did a large amount of rampant land clearing . unfortunately for him , some of the decimated vegetation had been home to chickcharnies , which immediately sought revenge . the planation was a failure and financial disaster in the end , and locals have long attributed this misfortune to the vindictive chickcharnies wreaking havoc .

the bahamian island known as isabela is also home to a rather curious historical oddity . it seems that during his journey to the new world , christopher columbus himself killed a mysterious serpent here . columbus’s diary entry for october 21 , 1492 described how the explorer killed and later skinned a 5 foot long creature described as a “serpent , ” that he had seen in a lake on the island . the next day , a similar serpent was reportedly killed in another lake on the island by martin alonso pinzon , who was captain of one of the ships under columbus’s command .

sadly , both specimens were never properly preserved so it is impossible to know just what kind of animals were killed . further complicating matters is the rather loose definition of the word “serpent” in the vernacular of the era . in columbus’s day , the term “serpent” could be applied not only to large snakes , but to practically anything large and reptilian . crocodilians , lizards , and even mythical dragons were all equally known to be referred to as serpents . this muddies the waters a bit when searching for an answer to the mysterious diary entry because columbus could have killed an actual serpent by our understanding of the word , which is to say a giant snake , or it could have been a large type of lizard , a crocodile or alligator , or who knows what else . considering that the entry offers frustratingly few details , it is impossible to say .

an expedition led by florida state museum’s assistant curator , bill keegan , in 1987 uncovered the remains of an alligator in the ruins of a village on isleta believed to have been visited by columbus . it was suggested that the serpent described by columbus may have actually been an alligator , which were previously unknown to have ever inhabited the bahamas and so making it a rather interesting find in its own right . if alligators existed at one time n the bahamas , it could mean that they were merely imported from elsewhere , but could also represent an unknown population of the animal’s historical range or even a new species . however , the presence of alligator bones in a village that columbus just happened to have visited is far from concrete evidence to link the alligator remains to the diary entry , and so what exactly was killed on that day long ago remains a mystery .

columbus would later go on to log yet another mysterious sighting in the caribbean when in september 1494 , while sailing along the east coast of the dominican republic , he and his crew apparently sighted what was described as a gigantic turtle the size of a whale , with a long tail and fins on its sides . the enormous creature apparently was keeping its head out of the water . the dominican republic lies on the island of hispaniola , and giant turtles are not the only mysterious creatures that would call this place home . in fact , let’s make hispaniola our next stop on our cryptid caribbean cruise .

be sure to check out cryptids of the caribbean part 3 : hispaniola . coming soon !

brent swancer is an author and crypto expert living in japan . biology , nature , and cryptozoology still remain brent swancer’s first intellectual loves . he ' s written articles for mu and daily grail and has been a guest on coast to coast am and binnal of america .

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lusca is a mythical creature of bahamian folklore . half - shark , half - octopus , lusca lurks around in the underwater caves , tunnels and blue holes found all over the caribbean . however , it is believed that she lives mostly in the underwater caves and blue holes around the bahamas islands , especially around andros , the largest island in the bahamas .

she is mean spirited and some islanders believe that she likes to drown divers and explorers who are not careful . some even believe that if your boat is over a bluehole she could pull it in down into the dark waters .

the tidal currents of the inland blue holes are said to be the breath of lusca . as she breathes in , water pours into the caverns , in some cases forming a whirlpool , and when lusca breathes out , cold , clear water gushes up to the surface .

but lusca is not all bad because the tidal flow also brings food for the real creatures that live in the blue holes , such as grouper , lobster and reef sharks and other fish . so , lusca has long been thought of as the guardian of the dark blue holes because she makes sure the fish that live there are fed .

chickcharnies live in andros , the largest island in the bahamas . they are elfish , birdlike creatures with piercing red eyes . they have three fingers , three toes and a tail , which they use to hang upside down from trees .

chickcharnies live in the pine forests and build nests by joining two pine trees together at the top .

chickcharnies are peaceful but mischievous creatures and they like pretty colours . when you go sightseeing in andros carry flowers or wear bright colours to charm them . legend says if you see a chickcharnie and show it respect , you ' ll be blessed with good luck for the rest of your life . be careful not to sneer at it , however , or your head will turn completely around !

an old legend has it that a man named billy bowleg - the great seminole medicine man - was adopted and trained by the chickcharnies . they took him when he was 14 and kept him for five years . when he returned to this people his reputation as a healer spread throughout the bahamas .

anansi is a very popular figure in bahamian stories . he is a trickster , and is usually a spider - god , but in some stories he is human and in some stories he is part spider part human .

anansi is very rebellous and sometimes he likes to cause trouble . he can do almost anything . he can marry the kings daughter , create wmoney out of thin air ; he can trick the devil and even cheat death . even if anansi loses in one story , you know that he will win in the next . he is very intelligent and quick - witted . no matter what happens to him he usually comes out well in the end . . . often because he was able to trick some one .

many people believe that the ancient , sunken city of atlantis was in the bimini islands in the bahamas . huge , flat stones lying neatly about 20 feet under the clear waters of north bimini might be all that is left of the lost city of atlantis . they look like a road and are known as bimini road .


paropsisterna bimaculata is a beetle commonly called a leaf beetle in the subfamily chrysomelinae .

this insect is common in tasmania and can be a pest in the forestry industry .

paropsisterna bimaculata will develop a red color just before their winter hibernation .

this takes about a month with the males generally slightly advanced .

recently this beetle has been noticed in victoria .

paropsisterna bimaculata

paropsisterna bimaculata <EOT> paropsisterna bimaculata is endemic to tasmania . please correct me if wrong id : )

bird pellet showing large quanities of paropsisterna bimaculata . some birds regurgitate the indigestible parts of their diet . this pellet demonstrates how important the leaf beetles are in the food web .

, ' influences of climate , landscape and vegetation proximity on the spatial distribution of the tasmanian eucalyptus leaf beetle , paropsisterna bimaculata in tasmanian eucalyptus plantations ' , honours thesis , university of tasmania .

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. there are two distinct black marks on the pronotum and often two additional pale ones .

they develop the red color just before their winter hibernation . when they emerge the red slowly disappears into a pale green colouring with faint gold tessellation . this takes about a month with the males generally slightly advanced (

female laying eggs - the colour of the eggs will change to a more grey - brown as the shell hardens .

mass strandings can be seen on beaches . some theories are that the beetles fly out to the moon shine reflected on the water , and then become stranded , monoculture ( tree farm style ) plantings generate large numbers of particular species .

de little , d . w . 1979 . taxonomic and ecological studies of the eucalyptus - defoliating paropsids ( coleoptera : chrysomelidae ) , with particular reference to

( olivier ) . ph . d . thesis , university of tasmania : hobart .

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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4360850c - 03e7 - 4172 - ac6b - e3d11e129ce7

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8f2049c2 - 31e2 - 4fb7 - b080 - 4f5590e82e52

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c5b823cc - 6fda - 42a2 - 9bcc - db27de6191ad

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 436243

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this little one had alot more black on the pronotum , than previous ones of this species , i have found , pale green .

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coelorinchus sheni is a species of rattail .

it is only known from depths of 450 – 650 m off the coast of taiwan .

this is a fairly large rattail with the limited number of known specimens including one over 93 cm in length .

it has a large eye , a long , blunt-ended snout and a large-opening mouth .

there is a series of dark saddle-shaped marks along the body and a small light-producing organ .

coelorinchus sheni

coelorinchus sheni <EOT> coelorinchus scaphopsis ( c . h . gilbert , 1890 ) ( shoulderspot grenadier )

coelorinchus amydrozosterus iwamoto & a . williams , 1999 ( faint - banded whiptail )

coelorinchus caelorhincus ( a . risso , 1810 ) ( hollow - snout grenadier )

coelorinchus lasti iwamoto & a . williams , 1999 ( rough - snout whiptail )

coelorinchus bollonsi mccann & d . g . mcknight , 1980 ( bollons ' rattail )

coelorinchus caribbaeus ( goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ) ( blackfin grenadier )

coelorinchus fuscigulus iwamoto , h . c . ho & k . t . shao , 2009

coelorinchus occa ( goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ) ( swordsnout grenadier )

coelorinchus cookianus mccann & d . g . mcknight , 1980 ( cook ' s rattail )

coelorinchus matamua ( mccann & d . g . mcknight , 1980 ) ( mahia whiptail )

coelorinchus scaphopsis ( c . h . gilbert , 1890 ) ( shoulder - spot grenadier )

( of caelorinchus sheni chiou , shao & iwamoto , 2004 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

coelorinchus caribbaeus ( goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ) ( black - fin grenadier )

coelorinchus occa ( goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ) ( sword - snout grenadier )

coelorinchus fuscigulus iwamoto , h . c . ho & k . t . shao , 2009 [ 2 ]

chiou , m . - l . , k . - t . shao and t . iwamoto , 2004 . a new species , caelorinchus sheni , and 19 new records of grenadiers ( pisces : gadiformes : macrouridae ) from taiwan . zool . stud . 43 ( 1 ) : 35 - 50 . ( ref . 54421 )

mcmillan , p . j . & iwamoto , t . ( 2009 ) : two new species of coelorinchus ( teleostei , gadiformes , macrouridae ) from the tasman sea . proceedings of the california academy of sciences , 60 ( 4 ) : 39 - 51 .

nakayama , n . , matsunuma , m . & endo , h . ( 2015 ) : redescription of coelorinchus tokiensis ( steindachner & döderlein 1887 ) ( actinopterygii : gadiformes : macrouridae ) , with comments on its synonymy . ichthyological research , 63 ( 2 ) : 247 - 259 .

iwamoto , t . , ho , h . - c . & shao , k . - t . ( 2009 ) : description of a new coelorinchus ( macrouridae , gadiformes , teleostei ) from taiwan , with notable new records of grenadiers from the south china sea . zootaxa , 2326 : 39 - 50 .

greek , koilos = a hollow + greek , rhyngchos = jaw ( ref . 45335 )

marine ; benthopelagic ; depth range 400 - 650 m ( ref . 54421 ) . deep - water

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 93 . 7 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 54421 ) ; 42 . 0 cm tl ( female )

snout relatively long , length about 2 . 5 in hl , with blunt tip and anterolateral margin incompletely supported by bone . suborbital ridge with 2 rows of thick , stout , modified scales . orbit large , about 2 . 0 in snout length . mouth large with rictus more than 2 / 3 length of upper jaw . opercular opening is far forward , with a free fold across isthmus . underside of head scaled . nasal fossa fully scaled . body scales large , with 5 - 7 sharp , divergent rows of spinules . the light organ is small with a short and slender blackish streak . there are numerous prominent saddle markings on body ; dusky triangular marking anteriorly on isthmus ( ref . 54421 ) .

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00219 ( 0 . 00097 - 0 . 00495 ) , b = 3 . 17 ( 2 . 98 - 3 . 36 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 62 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 67 of 100 ) .

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chiou , shao & iwamoto , 2004 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 280339 on 2018 - 07 - 09

the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license

intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]

, is revised based on the examination of their types and 42 additional specimens from japan . our examinations confirmed the two nominal species to be synonymous and

this article was published as an online first article on the online publication date shown on this page . the article should be cited by using the doi number .

we are deeply indebted to the following researchers and museum specialists who have variously supported this study : k . - t . shao , m . - y . lee , y . - c . liao and p . - l . lin ( asizp ) ; r . asaoka ( bsku ) ; t . iwamoto and d . catania ( cas ) ; y . kai and r . misawa ( faku ) ; j . hashimoto ( ffnu ) ; s . kimura and y . hibino ( frlm ) ; k . amaoka , m . yabe , h . imamura and t . kawai ( humz ) ; h . motomura , m . meguro and g . ogihara ( kaum ) ; h . senou ( kpm ) ; s . tomiyama ( msm ) ; m . - d . wandhammer ( mzs ) ; p . mcmillan ( niwa ) ; h . - c . ho ( nmmbp ) ; g . shinohara , m . nakae , t . p . satoh , e . katayama and k . matsuura ( nsmt ) ; k . hoshino and m . okamoto ( snfr ) ; and a . fukui and m . takami ( tokai university ) . our sincere thanks go to k . amaoka ( humz ) who shared his knowledge of the döderlein’s collections . fig .

j was kindly provided by h . senou ( kpm ) . we also thank y . yamamoto and t . matsuzaki ( center for advanced marine core research , kochi university ) for their technical assistance , and g . yearsley ( hobart ) for editing the english text . this study was partly supported by a grant - in - aid for scientific research ( b ) from the japan society for the promotion of science , tokyo ( 24370041 ) , a grant - in - aid of the “marine science project” of the natural science cluster , science unit , kochi university , the “kuroshio sougou project” of the national museum of nature and science , tsukuba , and by a grant awarded to the second author from the mikimoto fund for marine ecology .

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bathygadus macrops goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ( bullseye grenadier )

bathygadus nipponicus ( d . s . jordan & c . h . gilbert , 1904 )

gadomus arcuatus ( goode & t . h . bean , 1886 ) ( doublethread grenadier )

gadomus longifilis ( goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ) ( threadfin grenadier )

albatrossia pestoralis ( c . h . gilbert , 1892 ) ( giant grenadier )

coryphaenoides acrolepis ( t . h . bean , 1884 ) ( pacific grenadier ) , must tömppeakala

coryphaenoides carapinus goode & t . h . bean , 1883 ( carapine grenadier )

coryphaenoides cinereus ( c . h . gilbert , 1896 ) ( popeye grenadier ) , hall tömppeakala

& monné m . l . , 2012 * " tropidozineus albidus " monné , 2009 * " tropidozineus amabilis " monné , 1991 * " tropidozineus argutulus " monné , 1988 * " tropidozineus cinctulus " monné & martins , 1976 * " tropidozineus complanatus " monné , 1991 * " tropidozineus fulveolus " ( lameere , 1884 ) * " tropidozineus ignobilis " ( bates , 1863 ) * " tropidozineus impensus " monné & martins , 1976 * " tropidozineus inexpectatus " ( melzer , 1935 ) * " tropidozineus martinsi " monné , 2009 * " tropidozineus pauper " ( melzer , 1931 ) * " tropidozineus quadricristatus " ( melzer , 1935 ) * " tropidozineus rotundicollis " ( bates , 1863 ) * " tropidozineus sincerus " monné , 1988 * " tropidozineus tersus " ( melzer , 1931 ) * " tropidozineus tuberosus " monné , 1991 * " tropidozineus vicinus " ( melzer , 1931 ) * " tropidozineus wappesi " monné m . a .

mimocoedomea fusca is a species of beetle in the family cerambycidae , and the only species in the genus mimocoedomea .

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leptograpsus variegatus , known as the purple rock crab , is a marine large-eyed crab of the family grapsidae , found in southern subtropical indo-pacific oceans .

it grows to around 50 millimetres ( 2.0 in ) shell width .

it is the only species in the genus leptograpsus .

leptograpsus

leptograpsus <EOT> species leptograpsus ansoni h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius , 1793 )

species leptograpsus gayi h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius , 1793 )

species leptograpsus verreauxi h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius , 1793 )

worms - world register of marine species - leptograpsus h . milne edwards , 1853

spectral sensitivity and retinal pigment movement in the crab leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius ) .

the retina - lamina projection in the crab leptograpsus variegatus . - pubmed - ncbi

species leptograpsus gonagrus h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as pachygrapsus crassipes randall , 1840

the purple shore crab , leptograpsus variegatus | marine life society of south australia inc .

species leptograpsus bertheloti h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as pachygrapsus marmoratus ( fabricius , 1787 )

species leptograpsus rugulosus h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as pachygrapsus transversus ( gibbes , 1850 )

spectral sensitivity and retinal pigment movement in the crab leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius ) . - pubmed - ncbi

patrick leary set " a pinch ? it wasn ' t me ! " as an exemplar on " leptograpsus " .

( it is ) “ leptograpsus variegatus and the photo is the yellow variant . common name , would you believe , is purple shore crab ( but the taxonomic species name is perfect ) ! ”

at some stage , i told david , “ leptograpsus variegatus is illustrated on p . 507 of “marine decapod crustacea of southern australia – a guide to identification” by gary cb poore ( but no photo ) .

to antarctic invertebrates to barcode of life to biodiversity heritage library ( 52 publications ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 2 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to mnhn crustaceans type collection ( syntype ( s ) : 2000 - 3519 ) ( from synonym leptograpsus ansoni h . milne edwards , 1853 ) to mnhn crustaceans type collection ( syntype ( s ) : 2000 - 3531 ) ( from synonym leptograpsus gayi h . milne edwards , 1853 ) to mnhn crustaceans type collection ( syntype ( s ) : 2000 - 4024 ) ( from synonym leptograpsus verreauxi h . milne edwards , 1853 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 17 records ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 2 records ) ( from synonym grapsus planifrons dana , 1851 )

how to cite this page : ' large shore crab , leptograpsus variegatus ' , from an encyclopaedia of new zealand , edited by a . h . mclintock , originally published in 1966 . te ara - the encyclopedia of new zealand url : urltoken ( accessed 10 jul 2018 )

griffin , d . j . g . 1973 , " a revision of the two southern temperate shore crabs leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius ) and plagusia chabrus ( linnaeus ) ( crustacea , decapoda , grapsidae ) " , journal of the royal society of new zealand , vol . 3 , no . 3 , pp . 415 - 440 15 figs

in the crab , leptograpsus variegatus , the projection of retinula cell axons to the lamina was investigated by tracing them through a series of semi - thin sections . forty - four such axons were traced from a single group of ommatidia as far as the distal layers of the lamina . the eight receptor axons of one ommatidium project to a single lamina cartridge . therefore , because the crab has a fused rhabdom , angular information is conserved in vision , and the outside world is projected literally onto the lamina , just as it is in the standard non - dipteran pattern of insects . the belief of previous workers that other decapod eyes show neural superposition was an inference based primarily on the patterns of penetration of the basement membrane by receptor axons , and on degeneration experiments . this evidence is reviewed , shown to be inadequate and discussed in the light of the projection now demonstrated for leptograpsus .

he later posted , “hmm , not as uncommon a thing as i would have friends believe ! correctly spelled as leptograpsus . ( and i have overestimated the size of the ones i photographed northwest of coffin bay five years ago ! but the carapace is quite small compared with the overall width of the body and especially once you factor in the extra ‘meaty solidity’ afforded by the closely grouped legs on each side behind the big bright main nippers ? ”

1 . the retina of leptograpsus contains five types of movable screening pigment . the positions of these were found under various conditions of illumination in the day and at night . 2 . intracellular recordings were made of the spectral responses of retinula cells r1 - 7 under the same conditions , with the eye in situ . 3 . the spectral absorptions of the individual screening pigments were measured by ultramicrospectrophotometry . 4 . calculations based on a simple model of screening pigment action suggest that the observed variation in spectral sensitivity with light and dark adaptaton may be largely explicable in terms of the effects of these screening pigments on a rhodopsin of peak absorbance at 485 nm . 5 . light - adapted angular sensitivities are comparable to those of insects with high acuity apposition eyes .

doctype html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en "

the family of grapsid crabs are those that look very much like ' normal ' crabs , usually flat in shape , with long legs radiating outward , moving sideways , and having strong nippers . this family is widely spread all over the world and in new zealand , and contains a high proportion of endemic species ( marked in red ) . this family of crabs is interesting because many of its members can readily be observed in the intertidal .

family grapsidae - ( l : graphium = sharp - pointed pen ; grapa = hook ; sidere = radiate ; grapsidere = radiating pointed legs ) - the ordinary , fast moving crabs .

sally lightfoot crab grapsus grapsus , not found in new zealand but known from south america and the galapagos islands , resembling our purple rock crab in appearance , habitat and behaviour .

plagusia depressa tuberculata , seldom found in new zealand . occurs in the tropics and subtropics .

note ! for best printed results , set your page up with a left margin of 1 . 5cm ( 0 . 6 " ) and right margin of 1 . 0cm ( 0 . 4 " )

= varied in colour , marked with irregular patches ) the purple rock crab is large , strong , and moves fast . when wedged into a crevice , it is not easily dislodged . handling a ferocious crab like this requires skill , and risks painful nips . the purple rock crab is the largest native shore crab , exceeded in size only by paddle crabs

it is found between high tide and above it , often occupying moist crevices up to two metres above high tide . it can remain out of the water for days , but equally happily can stay submerged . the crab measures up to 5cm across its back , and its long , flat legs fold neatly together as in an oriental fan , giving it a very flat profile .

the purple rock crab is active particularly by night , when it leaves its crevice , scaling the vertical rocks and navigating its way over the rock flats and into the water , in search of flea mussels , which it cracks without effort . at night it has no fear and can be approached and photographed from close up , even in bright lamp light . however , the crabs are inactive during the full moon phase . towards the morning , the crab navigates flawlessly all the way back to its home crevice . yet , by day , this large crab is extremely wary , scuttling away noisily , its legs grating the rocks . when a group of these forays by day , large males can be seen taking guard in a defensive posture , warning the others at the slightest disturbance . to see several of these beautiful purple and white crabs feeding off green seaweeds , is spectacular . this crab is an omnivore , feeding on both animal ( flea mussels , barnacles ) and plant matter ( seaweeds , plankton slime ) .

large crabs migrate all the way down the shore to the sublittoral fringe where food is more abundant . small crabs foray more in restricted areas .

this crab runs fast and when cornered , can be very aggressive with its nippers , which makes it difficult to capture and handle .

the purple rock crab mates in october - november when the female is hard - shelled . before mating , the crabs make leg contact , during which the legs are rapidly vibrated . the male crab may then mount the underside of the female . the female moults before laying her eggs . females with eggs are found from november till january / february ( auckland / wellington ) . the incubation period is about 6 weeks and the crab spawns only once a year . newly laid eggs are about 0 . 36mm in diameter , and develop from a dark brown colour to light brown just before hatching . the female carries 55 , 000 - 144 , 000 eggs ( depending on her size ) , attached to her pleopods under her broad abdomen . this crab can become five years old .

north island , kermadec islands , australia and the islands of the south pacific . this crab is found in southern warm temperate ( subtropical ) indian and pacific oceans from western australia to western south america . in nz from the top of the north island to kaikoura or westport .

this crab can run over the rocks , half by swimming with its flattened long legs . when approached cautiously by divers , it shows no fear .

this crab does not seem to be territorial but may put up a fight when foraging or courting . it is aggressive to other species of crab , but not to crayfish with which it often shares a crevice . studies with tagged crabs suggest that they spend about 50 % of their time foraging , 25 % feeding , 20 % in agonistic ( combative , contestant ) encounters and 5 % in reproductive behaviour .

in australia this crab is favoured by fishermen for use as bait . groupers seem to relish it .

mating between hardshelled crabs lasts about 7 minutes , with the female on top . small females carry eggs from september to february but large females from late october . eggs are about 0 . 4mm in size and change colour from brick red to light green just before hatching . during the release of the hatched larvae , the female assists departure by flexing her body up and down , vibrating her abdomen and pulling the hatching eggs from her pleopods with her nippers . juveniles and small crabs moult throughout the year but but large crabs mainly in winter from may to september , before the breeding season .

the southern indo - pacific from south africa to chile . southern australia , tasmania , south africa , juan fernandez , chile , tonga . in new zealand from parengarenga hr to lyttleton hr .

f003215 : a female red rock crab ( small nippers ) is taking a break , not far from a wharf pile where she hides inside crevices between encrusting organisms . here she is standing tall , not showing any fear for the photographer . interestingly , she has perched herself on top of two cushion stars , one with five legs , which is the norm , the far one with six legs , which is unusual .

= a taxonomist ? ) a common intertidal crab , occurring in a variety of habitat : under boulders , on the rocky reef , on sand and mud flats . they are rarely found outside the intertidal zone . they can reach 4cm across their backs , and their colour is often a reddish purple , mottled with dirty white patches . they are usually found sheltering underneath rocks , extending from the high tide mark down to about mid tide . it is recognisable by the six teeth , from the eyes half way down on its carapace (

= toothed ) . it has a smooth skin . the males have enormous chelae ( nippers ) with great pads of muscle bulging at the angles of the nippers . the two nippers are equal in size and shape .

there are two colour types : light and dark . the lighter crabs have either a grey or cream - coloured background with markings of light or dark chestnut - red . darker crabs are marked with dark purple , sometimes almost purplish black , and their legs are banded . usually the front half of the carapace is more deeply pigmented than the rest . the eyestalks are white , speckled with dark red . basal antenna segments arebanded . antennules are pale green with dark red spots . belly surface is white .

is a very agile , rapidly moving crab , although easy to handle . males have very large nippers and are able to crush oyster borers (

. ) . the crabs emerge from under boulders and crevices to forage for mainly plant food at night . this crab is most active when the tide is in . it lives in the middle region of the intertidal rocky shore .

: this crab is a late winter breeder , with females in berry from march to august . females carry their 26 , 000 eggs ( size 0 . 3mm ) for about 6 weeks , during which time they change colour from light brown to transparent .

: found abundantly throughout the north and south islands , endemic in new zealand . not in chatham islands or southern islands . this crab is more abundant on southern shores than in the north , where its intertidal habitat is taken by the blackfinger crab

= wide ) the hairy - handed crab is often found where the tunnelling mud crab is found , on mud flats and sand flats , but it may also occur under boulders on the rocky shore intertidal . it has a dull colour and slightly hairy legs . its main distinguishing features are the two hairy pads on the inner / under side of its nippers , but a crab needs to be handled in order to be able to view this . these crabs are much less wary than the other mud crabs , often going about their business without taking much notice of observers .

it is thought that the hairy pads on its nippers allow it to wipe the bottom and objects such that food particles such as diatoms are caught in it . with its mouth parts , it can then feed from its hairy hands . these crabs are quite sturdy and in the aquarium they have been seen hunting and eating the smaller mud crabs . they are also very effective scavengers .

males have larger nippers than females , but left and right hand nippers are similar . the colour of its back is greeny - yellow with white patches , covered with tiny dark purple or reddish spots . the upper sides of their forearms ( cheliped carpus and prodopus ) are marked with deep purple - brown . the fingers of their nippers are white with small brown tips . legs are greeny yellow with dark purple spots .

this crab occurs in a wide variety of habitats , under stones , burrowing insand and mud , but always in sheltered places .

: males mature in about 1 year and live for 5 years . females mature earlier and die earlier . large males mate with smaller females . mating takes about 10 minutes . the females come in berry in spring , from october to december . they may spawn more than once each year ( june - february ) . their 8 , 000 - 30 , 000 eggs ( 0 . 27mm ) change colour from brownish - yellow to almost transparent , and hatch after 8 - 12 weeks . when releasing her offspring , the female raises hereself on her legs , opening her tail wide and beating it in rhytmical fashion . the nippers were alternatively dug into the brood to propel the newly hatched larvae in the surrounding water .

this crab is a great survivor , being able to live in brackish water . its main predators are fish like rig , red cod , sea perch and red gurnard . when small , more types of fish eat it .

: a new zealand species , occurring along the coasts of north and south islands and stewart island . it is possible that the chilean species is identical . it is interesting that two so widely separated species , look so much alike , but the chilean species is grey , grey - brown and black .

f026934 : a large hairy - handed crab seen blowing bubbles while posturing on its patch in the sandy eelgrass habitat . its hairy patches on the insides of its nippers are only just visible .

f215306 : hairy - handed crabs do not bother to burrow or run away in case of danger . they seem to be confident that they are inedible to birds and other predators . roaming around over the sand , and following the tide in and out , they move fast to arrive timely on the scene of death of other creatures .

f215302 : shying away from the photographer , this hairy - handed crab starts digging itself in , releasing bubbles of methane gas rising from the putrid sand below . notice that the orange coloured ' hairs ' on its exoskeleton are actually brown algae . the hairy pads after which it is named , lie on the insides of its nippers .

f215328 : two hairy - handed crabs have arrived on the scene of a casualty , but long after whelks beat them to it . with their strong nippers , these crabs are able to tear the flesh apart . the whelks however , can drill through skeletons and reach the smallest corners inside , by means of their flexible trunks ( probosces ) .

= dull ) the tunnelling mud crab is found in large numbers on healthy mud flats , where they burrow . these small crabs , measuring up to 4cm across their backs , are very wary , scuttling and scurrying in hordes at the slightest sign of movement , making the mud flats seem to move for a fraction of a second . they take time to dig elaborate tunnels in the mud , often with more than one entrance . active by day , the tunnelling mud crabs sleep by night , often closing their burrows with a plug of mud .

these mud crabs are actively preyed upon by birds and many other animals . their survival depends on how quickly they can withdraw into their burrows , and how capricious and unpredictable such tunnels are formed . it will occupy its tunnel for a long period of time and will defend it against intruders . competitors are warned off with a typical threatening posture .

the colour of these crabs is tawny brown in juveniles , becoming green to yellow in large adults . small patches of bright orange can be seen in the joints . its antennae are brown , antennules light purple , eyestalks pale green dorsally ( on top ) but white ventrally ( below ) . legs are dark green with pale yellow margins . males grow to 21mm measured over the width of their carapace ( cw ) , and females are slightly smaller . these crabs are larger in the south island .

the tunnelling mudcrab lives in sheltered places where it can burrow in the sand or mud , or well - drained sediment exposed to the air for more than six hours on each tidal cycle ( upper intertidal region ) . in places , up to 500 - 1800 crabs can be counted per square metre !

tunnelling mudcrabs become suddenly active as soon as the tide moves out around them . they start cleaning the area around their burrow , and also themselves . when feeding on mud , the crab walks slowly forward with the nippers held in front , while probing the surface . small pinches of surface sediment ( algae and detritus ) are transferred to the mouth parts . wastes ( sand , silt ) accumulate at the bottom of the mouth frame , and these are wiped off by the nippers . these wastes ( pseudo - faeces ) form small pellets . h . crassa seldom forages more than 200mm from its burrow , often defending its territory against other mudcrabs .

in mangrove swamps , where mangrove trees shade the mud underneath , resulting in lower algal productivity , crabs may climb up the trees to a height of 1m , feeding from the mud on branches and leaves .

their burrows have complicated shapes , often joining up with those of other mud crabs . the end of their burrow slopes down , holding 20 - 50mm of water at low tide . when the tide moves in again , the crabs plug up the entrances to their burrows .

has many enemies , from wading shore birds to fish ( parore , cod , flounder , yellow - eyed mullet ) , including eels .

mate in hard - shell condition . mating occurs august to may , with peak periods in october and may . copulation occurs on the surface of the ground , or still partly covered by water , with the male flat on his back and the female uppermost . males usually mate with smaller females . the female carries her eggs in early spring and summer ( august to march ) . females mature at cw of 10mm . a 16mm female will carry about 16 , 000 eggs of 0 . 3mm , which change colour from brownish - yellow to transparent green during 42 days of incubation . females may reproduce more than once per season , and do not require to mate for this .

appear to reach maturity after 1 year , and they can live a 5 - 6 year life .

: this is a new zealand species , widely distributed over the north and south islands and stewart island .

f992724 : above , a tunnelling mud crab in its burrow . this is a large and old one , beautifully coloured .

f992725 : on left the burrows of a community of old and large mud crabs , who survived to an old age , perhaps because the sand here is consolidated and hardened by iron leachates .

f215226 : a tunnelling mudcrab postures near its burrow . notice its wide but flat nippers , which are eminently suitable for moving soil , like a spade . this is a large specimen , perhaps over ten years old .

f215237 : as this mudcrab is cautiously leaving its burrow , it affords us a view of its back , characterised by its square shape and three spines along the edge .

f215229 : a mudcrab is disappearing sideways into the mud . this is how it starts a new tunnel .

f215227 : frontal view of a large specimen of helice crassa . when mudcrabs grow old , their skins also become more colourful .

f215227 : closeup of helice ' s face . its mouth parts are shaped for sieving mud and sand .

, which has a wider range in new zealand , but similar habitat and eating habits . in first instance , this crab is distinguished by its smoothly graded colour from brown / purple in front , to paler brown towards the back , whereas

( cw 22mm versus 28mm ) . its legs are not pointed and sharp but end in a kind of nipple . its nippers are smooth , and so are their cutting edges . the righthand claw shows a distinctive gape between fingers .

when the two are found together . it can be found in densities of over 30 / m2 . for further specifics , see those of the smooth shore crab .

: this crab breeds in winter from june to august , in a very short season of 9 weeks . they produce only one brood . eggs are relatively large , measuring 0 . 45mm across and they are dark purple . they hatch after 7 weeks .

: lord howe island , norfolk island , kermadec islands and in new zealand from north cape to east cape .

= name of an explorer ) the smooth shore crab is a new zealand species , common on rocky shores all around new zealand . it is also found in estuaries and mud flats . usually hiding at high intertidal levels , under boulders , it looks at first sight like a young ( 15mm ) common rock crab , but its carapace is smoother ( missing the six teeth ) and elegantly curved . the eye orbits ( sockets ) are curved . a rare species exists ,

, which looks the same , but does not have the carved eye sockets .

the colour of the smooth shore crab is distinctly speckled in dark reddish - brown on a background varying through slate blue , bluish grey , fawn to yellowish brown . its underside is pale . its nippers are white . this is a small crab , measuring only 28mm cw in adult males .

this crab is claimed the most terrestrial of the common crabs , living in the upper intertidal area around the high tide level . it spends a great deal of time out of the water . it usually outnumbers the hairy handed crab

which lives lower down the shore . it normally rests under stones , becoming active only once daily during the night high tide .

the smooth shore crab is usually found under stones , and may be heard making clicking sounds . it has the curious habit of grasping stones with its rear legs , presumably to stabilise itself in the presence of wave action . when prodded , this crab takes a defensive posture , which is often explained as aggressive .

this crab normally dines on tough seaweeds , but it will also scavenge and predate on worms .

: females start breeding at around 11mm cw . their egg - carying period runs from september to january . their eggs are 0 . 32mm across , coloured dark purple , becoming paler as development proceeds . incubation time is about 8 weeks . some females can produce two clutches of eggs in a season . most crabs die after 2 - 3 years but some may live up to 5 years .

: this crab is found mainly in two places , very far apart : new zealand and juan fernandez in chile . it may well be that the one in juan fernandez is a different species , not capable of interbreeding with its nz relative . for this reason we consider c lavauxi an endemic species ( found in nz only ) .

= blue ; blue wandering crab ) the pacific weed crab is a small crab ( 12mm across its back , 25mm length ) , living in the open ocean , often clinging to seaweed and flotsam . in this way it is a frequent visitor to new zealand waters , where it may get beached with its raft of flotsam , debris , fishing float , pumice , dead shell or rams horn shell . it is sometimes seen attached to sea turtles .

this crab has a variable and protective colouration ranging from blue , bluish brown to yellowish , clouded with brown . it is likely that this crab is able to change its colours when moulting , in a similar manner as its relative

. with its chromatophores , this crab can respond to white , black , blue , yellow and green backgrounds .

: not much is known about this crab . females start to breed at about 8mm cl , and like

, may breed all year round . crabs in berry have not been recorded from nz .

= of the sea ; sea wanderer ) the brown pacific weed crab is an oceanic species , found attached to seaweed and flotsam , often between goose barnacles . it is a small crab ( 20mm cw ) with a squarish back and dark reddish - brown colour . very little is known about it . ovigerous ( in berry ) females have been found in nz .

distribution : indo - pacific , japan , west coast of n america , australia , kermadec islands , in new zealand from the bay of plenty to chatham islands .

the sally lightfoot crab is found in south america and features on many shore photographs of the galapagos islands . it is not found in new zealand . it resembles the purple rock crab in behaviour , feeding and habitat preference .

the depressed red rock crab is similar to the red rock crab plagusia chabris and occupies a similar niche in the tropics . it is sometimes encountered in new zealand , clinging to floating objects like driftwood . this crab is recognisable by its flat shape and slightly hollow ( convex ) back , which is covered with flattened tubercles . its colour is reddish with darker blood - red spots and speckles .

webber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; lörz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]

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milne edwards , h . 1853 , " mémoires sur la famille des ocypodiens , suite " , annales des sciences naturelles , paris , ser . zoology 3 , vol . 20 , pp . 163 - 228 pls 6 - 11

hutton , f . 1875 , " descriptions of two new species of crustaceans from new zealand : sesarma pentagona and palinurus edwardsii " , transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , vol . 7 , pp . 279 - 280

white , a . 1842 , " description of an orthopterous insect and two new species of crustacea , from new zealand " , ed . gray , j . e . ( ed . ) , the collections of the british museum , pp . 78 - 79 , the zoological miscellany , london

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0a9ce6b8 - 663a - 4679 - ac6d - c66352ebcd50

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 295990a7 - 4ee7 - 44b4 - 8b19 - 17985ae2da55

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : adb1c40f - 3970 - 4ed3 - a263 - 0e3f5c807d45

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3d3aebe8 - c88e - 4d8e - 8d4e - 6ecd0c324616

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 425250

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nudus . frons fere horizontalis , sat latus . margo carapaces lateralis bene arcuatus , antero - lateralis bi - emarginatus . epistoma brevissimum . articulus maxillipedis externi 3tius vix longior quam latus . pedes antici sat crassi , manu supra pustulatâ , extus infraque lævi ; brachio apicem anticum 5 - 6 denticulato . pedes 8 postici valde compressi , articulo 3tio pedis postici ad apicem inferiorem integro , articulo penultimo supra scabro .

naked . front nearly horizontal , rather broad ; lateral margin of carapax arcuate , antero - lateral bi - emarginate . epistome very short . third joint of outer maxillipeds as long as broad . anterior feet rather stout ; hand above small postulate , externally and below smooth ; arm with five or six teeth at anterior apex . eight posterior feet much compressed , third joint of posterior pair entire at inferior apex ; penult joint scabrous above .

plate 21 , fig . 3 a , animal , natural size ; b , abdomen and sternum of male ; c , outer maxillipeds , natural size ; d , hand , natural size ; e , spine of tarsus .

length of carapax , seventeen and one - third lines ; breadth , nineteen lines ; length of front , six and three - fourths lines ; breadth of front to front of præmedial areolets ( which but slightly project ) , two and one - fourth lines . colour , finely lined and spotted irregularly with brown - ish black or black , with intervening spaces a little yellowish .

sides of carapax much arcuate . the species is near g . variegates ; but according to edwards’s description of that species , and the figure in guerin’s “iconographie . ” it has the third joint of the outer maxillipeds much oblong , while in this species , the joint is not longer than broad .

the figure in the voy . de l’uranie , under freycinet , pl . 76 , f . 2 , may be this species . ” ( dana , 1852 )

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he wrote , “these large and gaudy crabs are favourites of mine . they only inhabit the intertidal zone ( mainly northwest of about coffin bay in sa ) and are beautiful to behold as they watch inquisitively from the safety of large jagged granite boulders and crevices with their carapace washed over by the gentle wind ripples and slight swells that manage to ruffle the otherwise mirror smooth surface of the crystal clear rock pools found along many parts of this remote coastline . ”

he went on to say , “this crab is approximately the same size and weight as a blue swimmer crab ! ( i’m guessing about the weight comparison but i am certain about the size ! so much so , i am a bit perplexed as to why nobody has chosen them as a regional tourism promotional icon ! honestly they are spectacular crabs and easily seen in delightful rock pools and tide pools of that western section of coast . ”

he then added , “but i am rather surprised to see the stated maximum carapace width of this very widely distributed subtropical shore crab is 80mm . i will have to go back to point dutton and refresh my memory with regard to the size of the crabs there because i have already claimed that they are as big as , or nearly as big as , the ( roughly equally widespread through subtropical oceans ) blue swimmer crab , portunus pelagicus and i will be embarrassed to be proven wrong . ”

david later told me , “the crab also features on pages 214 - 5 in the revised edition of “australian marine life – the plants and animals of temperate waters” by graham j edgar ( and it is heavily harvested in nsw for fishing bait ! ) . ”

ns wherever they meet ( mainly rocky ) coastline . how about the common name purple shore crab ? ! no wonder i took ages to get an accurate provisional id for the yellow form which , as far as i’m aware , is the only colour variant of the species i’ve seen here in south australia . surely i must have seen the purplish or other coloured crabs of the same species ( ? ? species complex ? ? ) in my travels to other subtropical regions . but i would not have known their identity nor taken photos of them , so any body’s guess ! ”

steve reynolds is the current president of mlssa and is a long - standing member of the society . steve is a keen diver , underwater explorer , photographer and is chief author of the society ' s extensive back catalogue of newsletters and journals .

perhaps “passionfruit shore crab” would be a more useful common name ? fyi , i’ve seen and photographed these at various locations on kangaroo island , including : hanson bay , harvey’s return , antechamber bay and vivonne bay . i made several sighting reports ( and submitted photos ) to the atlas of living australia in recent years .

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this information was published in 1966 in an encyclopaedia of new zealand , edited by a . h . mclintock . it has not been corrected and will not be updated .

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prorasea gracealis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by munroe in 1974 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california .

prorasea gracealis

prorasea gracealis <EOT> photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .

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[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico

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