normannites is a strongly ribbed evolute middle jurassic ammonite included in the stephanoceratoid family stephanoceratidae .

normanites was previously included in the otoitidae by arkell et al. 1957 .

more recent classifications show it to belong to the family stephanoceratidae , along with genera like stephanoceras and stemmatoceras .

normannites

normannites <EOT> photo information for stephanoceras ( normannites ) sp . ( munier - chalmas 1892 )

intraspecific variation of phragmocone chamber volumes throughout ontogeny in the modern nautilid nautilus and the jurassic ammonite normannites .

photo information for stephanoceras ( normannites ) sp . ( munier - chalmas 1892 ) - the fossil forum

3d reconstructions of the two specimens of normannites mitis , modern nautilus pompilius ( specimen 17 ) , and their phragmocones .

intraspecific variation of phragmocone chamber volumes throughout ontogeny in the modern nautilid nautilus and the jurassic ammonite normannites . - pubmed - ncbi

volumes and widths of chambers plotted against chamber numbers in normannites mitis . squares and diamonds represent volumes and widths , respectively .

volumes plotted against chamber numbers in normannites mitis . the volumes prior to chamber 25 ( nm . 1 ) and 27 ( nm . 2 ) have not been measured .

( 1a ) 3d model of normannites mitis ( nm . 1 ) ; ( 1b ) 3d model of normannites mitis ( nm . 2 ) ; ( 1c ) extracted phragmocone of nm . 1 ( 1d ) ; extracted phragmocone of nm . 2 ; ( 2a , b ) 3d models of nautilus pompilius ( specimen 17 ) ; ( 2c ) extracted phragmocone of nautilus pompilius ( specimen 17 ) ; ( 2d ) backface of 3d model of nautilus pompilius ( specimen 17 ) . scale bars are 1 cm .

specimen count 1 site number 27579 record last modified 5 jul 2018 geological age mesozoic - jurassic - middle - bajocian stratigraphy snowshoe fm nmnh - paleobiology dept . taxonomy animalia mollusca cephalopoda ammonoidea collector dr . ralph w . imlay see more items in paleogeneral types : mollusca paleozoic and mesozoic mollusca mesozoic cephalopoda type paleobiology place harney county , oregon , united states collection date 1959 type citation imlay . 1973 . u . s . geol . survey prof . paper . ( n . 756 ) : 82 , pl . 41 , f . 9 . usnm number pal168581 published name normannites ( normannites ) orbignyi buckman

this is one of the finest normannites we have had for sale on fossils direct . both lappets are complete and the ammonite ' s centre is pin point immaculate . this specimen was colleted in 1989 and is from an old collection andy cowap has since spent many hours in preparing this stunning specimen . to get both lappets preserved is exceptionally rare . ammonites of this superior quality only rarely come on to the open market for sale . serious collectors of rare ammonites will really appreciate this unique fossil approximately 170 million years old .

specimen count 1 site number 19773 record last modified 5 jul 2018 geological age mesozoic - jurassic - middle - bajocian stratigraphy kialagvik fm nmnh - paleobiology dept . taxonomy animalia mollusca cephalopoda collector l . b . kellum see more items in paleogeneral types : mollusca paleozoic and mesozoic mollusca mesozoic cephalopoda type paleobiology place alaska , united states type status holotype type citation imlay . 1964 . u . s . geol . survey prof . paper . ( n . 418 - b ) : b43 , pl . 13 , f . 6 , 7 , 8 , 10 . usnm number pal131401 published name normannites kialagvikensis imlay

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tajika a 1 , morimoto n 2 , wani r 3 , naglik c 1 , klug c 1 .

laboratory of physical anthropology , graduate school of science , kyoto university , kyoto , japan .

faculty of environment and information sciences , yokohama national university , yokohama , japan .

( a ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and individual chamber volumes ; ( b ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and cumulative phragmocone volumes .

( a ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and individual chamber volumes ; ( b ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and phragmocone volumes .

comparison between males and females . chamber volumes plotted against chamber numbers in nautilus pompilius .

squares and diamonds represent the female and male , respectively . ( a ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and individual volumes ; ( b ) semilog scatter plot of chamber numbers and individual volumes ; ( c ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and cumulative phragmocone volumes .

squares , diamonds , and triangles represent the female , male , and indeterminable sex , respectively . ( a ) scatter plot of maximum conch diameters and chamber numbers of a specimen ; ( b ) scatter plot of maximum conch diameters and the phragmocone volume .

squares and diamonds represent volumes and widths , respectively . ( a ) specimen 8 ; ( b ) specimen 7 ; ( c ) specimen 53 . specimens with different growth trajectories were analysed .

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thesis ( phd - - geology ) - - university of auckland , 2004 .

bajocian–bathonian ( middle jurassic ) ammonites from the polish jura . part 2 : families stephanoceratidae , perisphinctidae , parkinsoniidae , morphoceratidae and tulitidae - palaeontographica abteilung a band 292 lieferung 4 - 6 — schweizerbart science publishers

bajocian–bathonian ( middle jurassic ) ammonites from the polish jura . part 2 : families stephanoceratidae , perisphinctidae , parkinsoniidae , morphoceratidae and tulitidae

palaeontographica abteilung a band 292 lieferung 4 - 6 ( 2010 ) , p . 115 - 213

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. colonization of novel environments can alter selective pressures and act as a catalyst for rapid evolution in nature . theory and empirical studies suggest that the ability of a population to exhibit an adaptive evolutionary response to novel selec . . .

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. isolated left ventricular non - compaction is a rare genetic disorder manifesting mainly with heart failure , ventricular arrhythmias and systemic embolism . isolated ventricular tachycardia originating from the right ventricular outflow tract is an a . . .

. the course of total gorwth and of total natural removal ( mortality caused by natural agencies ) in naturally normal stands of pinus sil - vestris , picea abies , and betula alba on various sites in n . and s . finland were compared . growth continuously e . . .

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. . . outside europe , data concerning middle jurassic belemnites often lack precise taxonomic and / or stratigraphic information . exceptions are , for the northern hemisphere , the aalenian - bajocian belemnite faunas described by sachs & nalnjaeva ( 1970 , 1975 ) from north siberia , ne russia and the russian far east , which have been stratigraphically reviewed by meledina et al . ( 2005 ) . their taxonomic composition is characterized by the presence of hastitidae ( hastites , sachsibelus ) , pseudodicoelitidae ( lenobelus , pseudodicoelites ) and megateuthididae ( orthobelus [ = rarobelus ] , mesoteuthis [ = megateuthis ] , paramegateuthis ; see also dzyuba & weis 2015 ) . . . .

. . . aberhan ( 1998 ) arrived at similar plate tectonic reconstructions based on the pattern of pliensbachian ammonite and bivalve distributions . also , the comparative palaebiogeographic analysis of bivalves and ammonites ( benthic and nekto - benthic ) in the jurassic of siberian basins showed a good agreement ( meledina et al . , 2005 ) . however , liu et al . ( 1998 suggested that the boundaries of provinces based on ammonites and bivalves do not always coincide and explained this by the differing mode of life of the two groups . . . .

. . . in west - central nevada , the ammonite diversity is basically not affected by eustatic changes at all , probably due to special conditions of local ecology , environment or preservation . in general , broad patterns of the ammonite diversity show good correlation with eustatic fluctuations ( e . g . , o ' dogherty et al . , 2000 ; meledina et al . , 2005 ) . the changes in diversity and faunal turnover at small scales ( zone level ) are usually the result of multiple factors , including eustatic changes , and therefore need to be interpreted on a case by case basis . . . .

. . . since the upper toarcian , only the genus pseudolioceras existed in the arctic seas , that brings some uncertainties to the understanding of the stratigraphic extent of the upper toarcian and the possibility of its subdivision . in the middle jurassic , there was a significant change in the ammonite composition in the arctic seas caused by the isolation of the arctic from the west european seas ( meledina et al . , 2005 ) . european genera or species are almost absent . . . .

. . . the belemnite distribution over the section is also nonuniform . they occur massively near the lower - middle jurassic boundary , and they are also abundant in the upper jurassic and lower half of the lower cretaceous ( dzyuba , 2013 ; meledina et al . , 2005 ; saks and nal ' nyaeva , 1979 ) . in the bajocian - oxfordian and hauterivian , the number and taxonomic diversity of belemnites in siberian sections are low . . . .

. . . increasing seawater temperatures produced a massive bloom of the diverse marine species and the immigration of abundant west european faunas ( saks , 1976 ) . this time was also marked by colonization of the siberian seas by a belemnite fauna ( meledina et al . , 2005 ; saks anf nalnyaeva , 1975 ) . . . .

. . . faunal interchange increased and decreased alternately . sometimes some groups colonized the vast expanses of boreal seas for a long time and evolved there ; this resulted in the wide spread of the endemic groups of the boreal fauna ( meledina et al . , 2005 ; zakharov et al . , 2002 ) . in early studies ( saks et al . , 1980 ) , the jurassic zonation was based on data on ammonite occurrence in the numerous sections of central siberia and northeastern russia . . . .

. . . knyazev ' s ammonite zonal scale for the upper toarcian correlates with the bivalve , foraminiferal , ostracod , and microphytofossil zones distinguished simultaneously in the same sections , this scale is still incorporated into the regional scale for northern siberia and into the boreal jurassic zonal standard ( resolution , 2004 ; shurygin et al . , 2000 ; zhamoida and petrov , 2008 ) . in the middle jurassic , there was a considerable change in the taxonomic composition of ammonites in the arctic seas because of their isolation from the western european ones ( meledina et al . , 2005 ) . here , european genera and species were nearly absent . . . .

. . . comparative analysis of taxonomic diversity of jurassic benthic associations in different facies areas of the boreal basins allows the definition of development phases of macro - and microfaunal associations and certain marker levels with the sharpest structural and taxonomic changes as well as their relation to the main abiotic factors ( nikitenko & mickey 2004 ; meledina et al . 2005 ; nikitenko 2008 ) ( fig . 5 ) . in the early jurassic and aalenian there was a stable connection between the biota of the arctic and palaeopacific , while the connection with the palaeoatlantic was only periodically intensified during the major transgressions , which were accompanied by climate warming . . . .

stages in development of mollusks , paleobiogeography of boreal seas in the early - middle jurassic and . . .

we compared stages of the taxonomic restructurings that occurred in communities of ammonites , belemnites , and bivalves in siberian sea basins in the second half of the early jurassic and at the beginning of the middle jurassic . in general , the main stages are similar in different groups of mollusks , but the restructuring borders often do not coincide . degree of endemism and portion of . . . [ show full abstract ]

cylindroteuthid belemnite correlation of the jurassic / cretaceous boundary strata in northern siberia . . .

in the northern hemisphere there are some sections of the jurassic / cretaceous ( j / k ) boundary strata where boreal and tethyan molluscan fauna can be found together . they are all located on the pacific margins , in northeast asia ( far east of russia , northeast china ) and on the western coast of north america ( western british columbia in canada , northern california and southwest oregon in the . . . [ show full abstract ]

comprehensive zonal subdivisions of siberian jurassic and their significance for circum - arctic corre . . .

we show the present state of the set of parallel zonal scales for the siberian jurassic , based on various fossil groups , and the principles of their construction . we discuss the significance of siberian biostratigraphic scales for the boreal zonal standard of the jurassic units . the stratotype region for this standard must have a typical boreal ( arctic rather than mixed ) fauna . a possible . . . [ show full abstract ]

the jurassic / cretaceous boundary in northern siberia and boreal - tethyan correlation of the boundary . . .

there is no international consensus regarding the gssp for the berriasian , the basal stage of the cretaceous system . any of the events discussed by the international expert community can be regarded as a marker of the jurassic / cretaceous boundary : a phylogenetic change of taxa , paleomagnetic reversal , or isotopic excursion . however , the problem of identification of this level in boreal . . . [ show full abstract ]

ammonite assemblages and biostratigraphy at the lower to upper bajocian boundary in the digne area ( se france ) . implications for the definition of the late … | marta zunino - urltoken

ammonite assemblages and biostratigraphy at the lower to upper bajocian boundary in the digne area ( se france ) . implications for the definition of the late …

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citation : zell p , stinnesbeck w ( 2016 ) paleobiology of the latest tithonian ( late jurassic ) ammonite salinites grossicostatum inferred from internal and external shell parameters . plos one 11 ( 1 ) : e0145865 . urltoken

copyright : © 2016 zell , stinnesbeck . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited

funding : the research ( including all scientific analyses ) was funded by the deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft to ws ( dfg sti 128 - 17 and sti 128 - 31 ) . the dfg had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .

ammonite morphology and internal structures yield important information on both the systematic position of species as well as their paleobiology ( e . g . dimorphism , habitat preferences , migration during sexual maturity , responses to seasonality ) , but only a small number of taxa has been analyzed in detail by using a combination of external and internal sets of data ( e . g . [ 1 ] ) . in consequence , the complete shell ontogeny of ammonites from embryonic to late post - embryonic stages is little known to date . for instance , an analysis of septal spacing in combination with shell diameter and ornamentation data revealed a gradual decrease in septum distances in adults reaching maturity ( e . g . [ 2 ] ) , while septal crowding was regarded as rare in premature individuals [ 2 ] . in other taxa septal crowding was attributed to adverse ecological circumstances , or injuries [ 2 – 6 ] .

here we provide a detailed analysis of the ontogenetic development of the late jurassic ammonite salinites grossicostatum ( imlay 1939 ) [ 7 ] , combining data on external morphology with internal characters such as septal spacing and angles , suture and siphuncular position and size . our data allow us to differentiate sexual dimorphism and four stages of growth . we discuss the implications of these data for the interpretation of life span , habitat preferences , seasonal environmental changes and migration of mature macroconchs .

map of mexico with inset of northeastern mexico and the jurassic - cretaceous transition at puerto piñones .

salinites grossicostatum specimens described here originate from a shaly limestone of the latest tithonian “ kossmatia - durangites - salinites beds” ( cf . [ 12 ] ) , respectively the uppermost crassicollaria zone [ 8 ] . locality map after [ 13 ] . puerto piñones : n25°02 . 719’ / w101°03 . 396’ .

our collection of salinites grossicostatum consists of 169 specimens ( fig 2 ) preserved three - dimensionally ( cpc - 1214–1242 ; sample box cpc - 1243 , cpc - 1405–1413 ) . they were collected by wolfgang stinnesbeck between 1986 and 1994 . no permits were required to access the sampling site at puerto piñones . logistic support and export licenses were provided by the facultad de ciencias de la tierra of the universidad autónoma de nuevo león .

specimens were collected from a single layer of the uppermost tithonian la caja formation at puerto piñones . d = diameter .

salinites grossicostatum is well preserved and suturelines are locally visible . the body chamber is completely preserved in most specimens and a long apophysis is present in eight individuals . descriptive terms are those of arkell et al . [ 14 ] , verma & westermann [ 15 ] and wright et al . [ 16 ] , and the ontogenetic description follows neige ( [ 17 ] , and references therein ) . abbreviations for ammonites : d , diameter ; wh , whorl height ; ww , whorl width ; u , umbilical diameter ; u / d , umbilical ratio ; ww / wh , whorl height to width ratio . specimens analyzed here are deposited in the colección de paleontología de coahuila ( cpc - 1214–1242 ; sample box cpc - 1243 , cpc - 1405–1413 ) of the museo del desierto , carlos abendrop dávila no . 3745 , parque las maravillas , saltillo , coahuila c . p . 25015 , mexico ( urltoken ) .

the latest tithonian [ 8 ] hildoglochiceras grossicostatum was first described by imlay [ 7 ] and was assigned to the genus salinites by cantú - chapa ( [ 18 ] , p . 19 ) .

representing an ontogenetic series from juvenile ( a ) to mature ( i ) .

an explicit sexual dimorphism is indicated by differential growth rates and internal growth features as detailed below , indicating that the assemblage consists of roughly equal numbers of micro - and macroconchs . the largest specimens ( d = 53–63 mm ) are here interpreted to represent macroconchs , while no individuals with shell diameters between 45 and 53 mm were found . this bimodal distribution pattern ( fig 2 ) may indicate changing habitat preferences of female adults during sexual maturity .

salinites grossicostatum is endemic to the ancient gulf of mexico , where it is restricted to shallow marine , outer shelf environments at the transition between the continental platform and slope [ 7 ] – [ 8 ] , [ 18 – 24 ] .

the embryonic ammonoid , termed ammonitella [ 25 ] , consists of the protoconch ( initial chamber ) and approximately one spiral whorl initiating at the caecum and terminating at the primary constriction [ 6 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 25 ] . in salinites grossicostatum , the center of the protoconch ( sensu [ 17 ] ) was used to determine the diameter of protoconch and ammonitella ( fig 4a 2 ) . the mean minimum diameter of the protoconch is 0 . 18 mm and its mean maximum diameter is 0 . 265 mm ( fig 4 ) . this considerable variation ( 68 % ) is due to the subellipsoidal form of the protoconch . the mean diameter of the ammonitella is 0 . 58 mm ( fig 4 ) . the ratio between the diameters of ammonitella and maximum protoconch values averages 2 . 15 .

( a ) cpc - 1217 , with sketch to the right ( a 2 ) to illustrate internal shell structures ; ( b ) cpc - 1214 ; measurements are provided in mm .

apertural heights and their corresponding diameters were measured in four specimens from the protoconch to the shell opening at the end of the last whorl . results are illustrated in fig 5 as a logarithmic ratio between the apertural height and shell diameter . our measurements reveal a small but significant break in growth between the embryonic and post - embryonic stages , coincident with the primary constriction . our data also indicate that allometric growth was higher in the post - embryonic development than in the initial ontogenetic stage considered as embryonic .

apertural height ( ah ) versus shell diameter ( d ) for two micro - and two macroconchs ( cpc - 1214–1217 ) .

note that apertural height is illustrated logarithmically . the regression lines indicate a change in growth at the primary constriction and that allometric growth is higher during post - embryonic stages than before .

the siphuncular diameter was measured in five specimens ( cpc - 1214–1217 and 1228 ; fig 6 ) . septa are mostly straight but are slightly incised concavely at the position of the septal neck . the latter is retrochoanitic during the earliest ontogenetic stages ( fig 4a 2 ) and becomes prochoanitic ( fig 6b ) at d≈1 . 8 mm , after approximately 18 septa and in the first half of the second whorl ( in cpc - 1214 ) . the connecting ring is thin and concave . the siphuncle is initially located in a subcentral position but gradually shifts to a ventral position shortly after the primary constriction ( fig 4a 2 ) . the siphuncle resumes its final ventral position at d≈0 . 77 mm . due to recrystallization and partial internal fragmentation , the siphuncle is only partially preserved in cpc - 1214–1217 and 1228 ( fig 6b ) . however , it is well - preserved in the two specimens cpc - 1214 and 1228 , with a minimum siphuncular diameter of 0 . 05 mm at d = 0 . 56 mm ( cpc - 1228 ) . a maximum diameter of 0 . 9 mm was reached at the last septum ( end of the phragmocone ) of macroconch cpc - 1214 at d = 40 . 9 mm ( postembryonic stage ) . the siphuncular diameter gradually increases in size and reveals a uniform first stage up to d≈28 mm ( ah≈10 mm ) . in macroconchs this stage is followed by an abrupt increase in siphuncular diameter . in general , however , the increase of the siphuncular diameter is slower than that of the increase in shell diameter and apertural height , thus indicating a negative allometry .

the upper plot illustrates the ratio between siphuncular diameter [ ds ] versus shell diameter [ d ] ; the lower plot figures the siphuncular diameter versus apertural height at the plane of coiling [ ah ] . to the right , high - resolution scans illustrate the siphuncle ; ( a ) longitudinal median section of cpc - 1228 ; ( b ) transversal section through the plane of coiling in cpc - 1214 . black arrows indicate position of the siphuncle ; scale bars = 2 . 5 mm .

the complete number of septa was analyzed in four adult specimens ( cpc - 1214–1217 ) and one juvenile ( cpc - 1231 ; fig 7 ) . the number of septa in the four adult individuals reaches a maximum of 97 and shows no major variation ( maximum between 86 and 97 ) , even though the two adult microconchs ( cpc - 1216 and 1217 ) are considerably smaller ( d = 11 mm , cpc - 1217 ; d = 18 . 7 mm , cpc - 1216 ) than the macroconchs ( d = 42 . 8 mm , cpc - 1214 ; d = 37 . 6 , cpc - 1215 ) . the number of septa thus appears to be genetically confined to a maximum of about 100 in both micro - and macroconchs . fig 7 illustrates the correlation between the number of septa and the diameter of s . grossicostatum . the general shape of these graphs is similar in the five individuals analyzed and reveals a uniform first stage of ontogenetic development , up to septum numbers of 25 to 30 . subsequently , however , the growth rates of micro - and macroconchs differ substantially ( fig 7 ) . the end of growth in specimen cpc - 1215 is marked by an inflection .

sexual dimorphism is indicated between septum numbers 25 and 30 by a considerably higher growth increase in macroconchs .

the interseptal angle , which corresponds to interseptal spacing , varies during ontogeny ( fig 8 ) . three general phases are indicated in mature specimens ( cpc - 1214–1217 ) . specific septal “events” are detected here and are indicated , in fig 8 , by dashed lines .

ratio between septal angle versus septal number for four mature specimens and one juvenile ( cpc - 1231 ) .

specific correlative septal “events” are marked by dashed lines . d = diameter at the last septum .

each trajectory initiates with a stable stage of strong septal angle variations , with widest angles reaching 39 . 4° . this stage ends after 20 to 23 septa and is followed by a stable stage in macroconchs ( cpc - 1214 and 1215 ) , and a relatively unstable stage in microconchs ( cpc - 1216 , 1217 , 1231 ) , with the majority of angles of about 16 . 6° but also including extremely low angles of 5° . this stage ends after approximately 63 septa . the final growth stage ( 64 septa and more ) is characterized by septal crowding with angles ranging between 6° ( cpc - 1215 ) and 18 . 3° ( cpc - 1214 ) , with an average of about 12 . 7° .

suture lines are only fragmentarily visible in three specimens ( fig 9 ) . in the early post - embryonic stage ( d = 8 mm ; fig 9c ) , the largest visible saddle is the third lateral , while the first lateral is smaller . the largest lobe is the second lateral . the ventral lobe is simple and small , higher than wide . the ventral saddle becomes larger and wider towards late ontogenetic stages . at d = 20 . 9 mm , the ventral saddle is subrectangular and furcated , while lateral lobes and saddles are stronger furcated .

the ornamentation shows five ontogenetic stages ( fig 3 , fig 10 ; see also [ 7 ] , p . 27 ) . the earliest ontogenetic stages are smooth with the exception of fine growth lines , which are , however , not visible on internal molds . ventrolateral ribs appear at a diameter of 6 . 4 mm ; they gradually increase in strength . a smooth keel is first seen at diameters of about 8 . 6 mm , which agrees with the description of imlay [ 7 ] who noted a keel at diameters of about 10 mm . a spiral groove , situated at about mid - flank , first appears on internal molds at diameters of about 9 . 2 mm in microconchs and at about 13 . 1 mm in macroconchs . the keel becomes serrated at diameters of about 11 . 2 mm in microconchs and at about 15 . 5 mm in macroconchs . the serration gradually increases in strength and finally reaches the ventrolateral plain . an apophysis is first present at diameters of about 19 . 5 mm in microconchs and of about 25 . 3 mm in macroconchs ; it is here interpreted to represent the adult stage , in accordance with previous interpretations of this character ( e . g . [ 26 ] ) .

in macroconchs , the spiral groove , the serration of the keel and the apophysis appear at larger diameters .

the adult stage starts by the first appearance of an apophysis at d≈19 . 5 mm in microconchs and at d≈25 . 3 mm in macroconchs . it is characterized further by a distinct reduction of space between the septa , marking the final stage of their secretion ( fig 8 ) . a similar pattern was previously documented in other ammonite taxa [ 2 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 27 – 29 ] , among other authors . in the most completely preserved macroconchs ( e . g . cpc - 1411–1413 ) a slight decrease in the whorl overlap ratio is present at d > 38 mm and the apophysis is consequently projecting ventrolaterally ( fig 3g , fig 3h , fig 3i ) , thus expressing a change in shell geometry . a crowding of growth lines , an additional characteristic of mature ammonites [ 29 ] , is only visible in macroconch cpc - 1413 ( fig 3i ) at a diameter of 63 mm .

our analysis of the ontogeny of salinites grossicostatum is based on 169 specimens collected from a single limestone layer at puerto piñones , coahuila and assigned to the latest tithonian “ durangites beds” . results are summarized in fig 11 .

sexual dimorphism and four major stages are recognized : embryonic , neanic , juvenile and mature . the diameter indicates the first occurrence of characteristic modifications .

septal spaces during earliest ontogenetic stages agree in all four specimens analyzed here ( micro - and macroconchs ) and are marked by strong variations in septal spacing . septal crowding during similarly early ontogenetic stages in nautiloids , bactritoids and ammonoids were interpreted to be related to hatching ( e . g . [ 6 ] , [ 30 – 33 ] ) .

numerous authors considered ammonite hatchlings to be planktonic ( e . g . [ 40 – 45 ] ) . in that case , the highly variable septal angles observed in early ontogenetic stages of s . grossicostatum could reflect a change of life habit to the juvenile stage ( cf . [ 6 ] ) . during the neanic development and up to about 30 septa , the ratio between the number of the septa and the diameter remains uniform for all specimens analyzed here .

the shell remains unornamented until diameters of about 6 . 4 mm , where ventrolateral ribs first appear . a smooth keel develops at diameters of about 8 . 6 mm . a spiral groove was identified in microconchs at about 9 . 2 mm diameter and in macroconchs at about 13 . 1 mm . serration of the keel is first present at diameters of about 11 . 2 mm in microconchs and at about 15 . 5 mm in macroconchs .

the abundance of juveniles ( d≈10 mm ) at puerto piñones , but also at sierra de parras and sierra de jimulco originally described by imlay [ 7 ] , may indicate high mortality rates during early ontogenetic stages before the expression of sexual dimorphism , suggesting that salinites grossicostatum reproduced early , quickly , and in large numbers , to ensure that at least some offspring of the population survive ( r - selection ) . ammonites associated with s . grossicostatum at puerto piñones are mostly represented by single adult individuals .

based on our analysis of septal spacing we propose that seasonal environmental changes are evidenced in salinites grossicostatum . ten low septal angle events with almost constant amplitudes of fluctuation were identified during the ontogenetic development of this ammonite , all separated by eight to nine wide and regularly spaced septa . in nautilus , these fluctuations in septal spacing are related to variations in the overall rate of growth and to the shape of shell and soft body ( [ 39 ] , and references therein ) , even though they are also seen in nautilus kept in captivity [ 64 ] .

six ornamentational stages are differentiated . during early ontogeny , s . grossicostatum is unornamented . this phase is followed by the subsequent appearance of ventrolateral ribs , a smooth keel , a spiral groove , and by the serration of this keel . maturity is reached at approximately 19 . 5 mm diameter in microconchs and 25 . 3 mm in macroconchs , and is marked by the appearance of an apophysis and a reduction of septal spacing . additional mature characteristics are expressed in macroconchs , including smoothening of surface ornamentation , increase in siphuncular diameter , reduced whorl overlap ratio , and the crowding of growth lines on the apophysis .

mortality rates were high during early ontogenetic stages before the expression of sexual dimorphism , suggesting that salinites grossicostatum was an r - selective species . size distribution and a sudden increase in siphuncular diameter in macroconchs may indicate changing habitat preferences of macroconchs during an interval after reaching sexual maturity and before their end of growth . macroconchs may have left the mating area at puerto piñones to reach shallow water areas for egg deposition .

the authors acknowledge seija beckmann ( institut für geowissenschaften , heidelberg ) for photography . we thank the referees and editor of plos one for their helpful comments that greatly improved the quality of this work .

conceived and designed the experiments : pz ws . performed the experiments : pz . analyzed the data : pz . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : ws . wrote the paper : pz ws . collected samples : ws . designed the figures : pz .

landman nh , cobban wa , larson nl . mode of life and habitat of scaphitid ammonites . geobios . 2012 ; 45 : 87–98 .

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( ammonoidea ) aufgrund einer frakturanalyse . mitt inst geol - palaeontol hamb . 1975 ; 44 : 195–206 .

bayer u . cephalopoden - septen , teil 2 : regelmechanismen im gehäuse - und septenbau der ammoniten . neues jahrb geol palaeontol abh . 1977 ; 155 : 162–215 .

arai k , wani r . variable growth modes in late cretaceous ammonoids : implications for diverse early life histories . j paleontol . 2012 ; 86 ( 2 ) : 258–267 .

imlay rw . upper jurassic ammonites from mexico . geol soc am bull . 1939 ; 50 : 1–78 .

adatte t , stinnesbeck w , hubberten h , remane j . the jurassic - cretaceous boundary in northeastern mexico . confrontation and correlations by microfacies , clay mineral mineralogy , calpionellids and ammonites . geobios mem spec . 1994 ; 17 : 37–56 .

zell p , beckmann s , stinnesbeck w . late jurassic - earliest cretaceous belemnites ( cephalopoda : coleoidea ) from northeastern mexico and their palaeobiogeographic implications . neues jahrb geol palaeontol abh . 2013 ; 270 / 3 : 325–341 .

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zell p , stinnesbeck w . kimmeridgian ( late jurassic ) cold - water idoceratids ( ammonoidea ) from southern coahuila , northeastern mexico , associated with boreal bivalves and belemnites . rev mex cien geol . 2015 ; 32 ( 1 ) : 11–20 .

cantú - chapa a . new upper tithonian ( jurassic ) ammonites from chinameca formation in southern veracruz , eastern mexico . j paleontol . 2006 ; 80 ( 2 ) : 294–308 .

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myczyński r , pszczółkowski a . tithonian stratigraphy in the sierra de los organos , western cuba : correlation of the ammonite and microfossil zones . atti ii conv . int . f . e . a . pergola , 1987 . 1990 : 405–415 .

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klug c . mature modifications , the black band , the black aperture , the black stripe , and the periostracum in cephalopods from the upper muschelkalk ( middle triassic , germany ) . mitt hamb geol - palaeontol inst . 2004 ; 88 : 63–78 .

ebbinghausen v , korn d . conch geometry and ontogenetic trajectories in the triangularly coiled late devonian ammonoid

and related genera . neues jahrb geol palaeontol abh . 2007 ; 244 : 9–41 .

klug c , zatoń m , parent h , hostettler b , tajika a . mature modifications and sexual dimorphism . in : klug c et al . , editors . ammonoid paleobiology : from anatomy to ecology ( chapter 7 ) . topics in geobiology 43 . dodrecht : springer science + business media dodrecht ; 2015 . pp . 253–320 .

miller ak , unklesbay ag . the siphuncle of late paleozoic ammonoids . j paleontol . 1954 ; 17 : 1–25 .

i ego znachenie dlya izucheniya iskopaemykh golovonogikh . moskovskoe gosudarstvo pedagogov instituta v . n . lenina . 1948 ; 52 ( 3 ) : 78–151 .

teichert c . morphology of hard parts . in : teichert c et al . , editors . treatise on invertebrate paleontology , part k , mollusca 3 , cephalopoda general features–endoceratoidea–actinoceratoidea–nautiloidea–bactritoidea . kansas : lawrence , geological society of america & university of kansas press ; 1964 . pp . 12–53 .

stridsberg s . silurian oncocerid cephalopods from gotland . foss strat . 1985 ; 18 : 1–65 .

( michelin ) ( ammonitina , albien ) . comparaison avec le nautile et la spirule . bull mus hist nat , paris , 3e ser . , 511 , sciences de la terre . 1978 ; 68 : 1–36 .

landman nh . ontogeny of upper cretaceous ( turonian - santonian ) scaphitid ammonites from the western interior of north america : systematics , developmental patterns , and life history . bull am mus nat hist . 1987 ; 185 ( 2 ) : 117–241 .

landman nh , waage km . scaphitid ammonites of the upper cretaceous ( maastrichtian ) fox hill formation in south dakota and wyoming . bull am mus nat hist . 1993 ; 215 : 1–257 .

voorthuysen jh . beitrag zur kenntnis des inneren baus von schale und sipho bei triadischen ammoniten . van gorcum and comp . , assen ; 1940 .

doguzhayeva la , mutvei h . retro - and prochoanitic septal necks in ammonoids , and transition between them . palaeontogr abt a . 1986 ; 195 ( 1–3 ) : 1–18 .

bucher h , landman nh , klofak sm , guex j . mode and rate of growth in ammonoids , chapter 12 . in : landman n et al . , editors . ammonoid paleobiology , volume 13 . new york : topics in geobiology , plenum press new york ; 1996 . pp . 407–461 .

kulicki c . remarks on the embryogeny and postembryonal development of ammonites . acta palaeontol pol . 1974 ; 19 : 201–224 .

kulicki c . ammonoid shell microstructures . in : landman nh , tanabe k , davis ra , editors . ammonoid paleobiology , new york : plenum press new york ; 1996 . pp . 65–101 .

tanabe k , ohtsuka y . ammonoid early internal shell structure : its bearing on early life history . paleobiology . 1985 ; 11 ( 3 ) : 320–322 .

rouget i , neige p . embryonic ammonoid shell features : intraspecific variation revised . palaeontology . 2001 ; 44 : 53–64 .

mapes rh , nützel a . late palaeozoic mollusk reproduction : cephalopod egg - laying behavior and gastropod larval palaeobiology . lethaia . 2009 ; 42 : 341–356 .

tajika a , wani r . intraspecific variation of hatchling size in late cretaceous ammonoids from hokkaido , japan : implication for planktic duration at early ontogenetic stage . lethaia . 2011 ; 44 : 287–298 .

lukeneder a , harzhauser m , müllegger s , piller we . ontogeny and habitat change in mesozoic cephalopods revealed by stable isotopes ( δ

westermann geg . form , structure and function of shell and siphuncle in coiled mesozoic ammonoids . life sci contr , roy ontario mus . 1971 ; 78 : 1–39 .

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and developmental features of the suborder pinacoceratina . j paleontol . 1977 ; 4 : 445–451 .

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chloealtis aspasma is a species of grasshopper in the family acrididae .

it is native to northern california and southern oregon in the united states .

it is known by the common names siskiyou short-horned grasshopper and siskiyou chloealtis grasshopper .

chloealtis aspasma

chloealtis aspasma <EOT> rehn , j . a . g . & hebard . 1919 . trans . amer . entomol . soc . 45 : 82 > > chloealtis aspasma urn : lsid : orthoptera . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 61230

rehn , j . a . g . & hebard . 1919 . a new species of grasshopper of the genus chloealtis ( acrididae ) from the pacific coast . transactions of the american entomological society ( trans . amer . entomol . soc . ) 45 : 82

rehn , j . a . g . & hebard . 1919 . a new species of grasshopper of the genus chloealtis ( acrididae ) from the pacific coast . transactions of the american entomological society ( trans . amer . entomol . soc . ) 45 : 81 - 87

rehn , j . a . g . & hebard ( 1919 ) a new species of grasshopper of the genus chloealtis ( acrididae ) from the pacific coast : transactions of the american entomological society ( trans . amer . entomol . soc . ) 45 : 81 - 87

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gurney , strohecker & helfer . 1964 [ 1963 ] . trans . amer . entomol . soc . 89 : 130

type locality : northern america , northwestern u . s . a . , oregon , jackson county , siskiyou mountains

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

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bey - bienko . 1932 . orthoptera palaearctica critica xi . the group chrysochraontes ( acrid . ) . eos , revista española de entomología ( eos ) 8 : 88

gurney , strohecker & helfer . 1964 [ 1963 ] . a synopsis of north american acridine grasshoppers of the genus group chrysochraontes ( orthoptera : acrididae ) . transactions of the american entomological society ( trans . amer . entomol . soc . ) 89 : 130

hoekstra . 1998 . conserving orthoptera in the wild : lessons from trimerotropis infantilis ( oedipodinae ) . journal of insect conservation ( j . insect conservation ) 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 180

jago . 1969 . a revision of the systematics and taxonomy of certain north american gomphocerine grasshoppers ( gomphocerinae , acrididae , orthoptera ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia ( proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . ) 121 : 293

jago . 1971 . a review of the gomphocerinae of the world with a key to the genera ( orthoptera : acrididae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia ( proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . ) 123 : 293

otte , d . 1981 . acrididae : gomphocerinae and acridinae . north american grasshoppers , harvard university press , cambridge 1 : 44 , 235

otte , daniel , 1995 : grasshoppers [ acridomorpha ] d . orthoptera species file 5 . 630 .

rehn , j . a . g . 1928 . on the relationship of certain new or previously known genera of the acridine group chrysochraontes ( orthoptera , acrididae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia ( proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . ) 80 : 189


mylabris is a genus of beetles in the family meloidae , which is endemic to the palearctic ecozone .

the species-rich genus hycleus ( c. 430 spp. ) was historically confused with mylabris .

it is superficially similar , but is centered on the afrotropics .

mylabris

mylabris <EOT> valter jacinto marked " mylabris quadripunctata " as trusted on the " mylabris quadripunctata " page .

valter jacinto marked " milabris‑dos‑4‑pontos / / blister beetle ( mylabris quadripunctata ) " as trusted on the " mylabris quadripunctata " page .

medical uses of mylabris in ancient china and recent studies . - pubmed - ncbi

no one has contributed data records for mylabris quadripunctata yet . learn how to contribute .

valter jacinto changed the thumbnail image of " milabris‑dos‑4‑pontos / / blister beetle ( mylabris quadripunctata ) " .

genius , thank you , i think you are right , i think it is the [ mylabris variabilis ] .

mylabris species , blister beetle , oil beetle from europe stock photo , picture and royalty free image . image 19275050 .

blister beetle ( mylabris sp : meloidae ) , a warningly coloured species , feeding on a flower , in savannah , ghana .

this short paper deals with the first record of mylabris klugi redt . and the subgenus argabris kuz . in turkey . illustrations of the adult insect and its habitat are given .

beetles aren ' t my area but i thought it looked like what i understand a blister beetle should be . so , with that in mind i did a quick search . could it be a mylabris species ? see -

mylabris phalerata ( mp ) is an insect used in the preparation of mylabris , a korean medicine listed in the korean herbal pharmacopoeia that is used to treat tumors . mp has antitumor effects and a proliferative effect on leucocytes [ 8 , 9 ] . the major component of mp , cantharidin , also has anticancer and apoptotic effects on cancer cells [ 10 ] . norcantharidin , a demethylated form of cantharidin , is used as an anticancer drug in china [ 11 ] .

mylabris variabilis ( pallas , 1781 ) : tronquet ( 2014 ) : 553 . [ statut pour la france métropolitaine ] tronquet , m . [ coord . ] 2014 . catalogue des coléoptères de france . revue de l’association roussillonnaise d’entomologie , 23 ( supplément ) : 1 - 1052 .

j . - e . huh , k . - s . kang , k . - s . ahn , d . - h . kim , i . saiki , and s . - h . kim , “mylabris phalerlata induces apoptosis by caspase activation following cytochrome c release and bid cleavage , ”

the scientific name for a genus of blister beetle , several species of which ( mylabris phalerata and m . cichorii ) have been used in traditional chinese medicine as a vesicant and antitumor agent . skin exposure to the crushed body of the beetle results in contact dermatitis . the blistering agent in the beetle , cantharides , is also known as spanish fly .

mylabris oculata , the cmr bean beetle , is a large , conspicuously - colored beetle in the family meloidae ( blister beetles ) that i saw quite commonly during my stay in south africa . “cmr” refers to the cape mounted rifle corps , a police force in the old cape colony whose uniforms sported black and yellow bands that resemble the colors of this beetle .

when we screened the tnf - α secretion in m2 macrophages using 400 species of herb , mylabris phalerata , genkwa flos , solani nigri herba , pinelliae tuber , sambuci lignum , sanguisorbae radix , euphorbiae kansui radix , phaseoli radiati semen , poria , and melandrii herba were the most potent top 10 herbs without endotoxin . although there are some reports on anti - inflammatory effects of these 10 herbs , macrophage polarization by these herbs has not been studied .

ty - jour ti - a new mylabris species from south - eastern iran and a key to the iranian species of the nominate subgenus ( coleoptera , meloidae ) t2 - zookeys vl - 219 ur - urltoken pb - pensoft publishers py - 2012 sp - 81 ep - 86 do - 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 219 . 3674 au - serri , sayeh au - pan , zhao au - bologna , marco kw - iran kw - key to the species kw - new species kw - taxonomy er -

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[ g . a cockroach found in mills and bakehouses , fr . mylē , mill ]

pustulata were identified in a study from the western part of neighboring state of orissa .

by kasab ( 1983 ) and schneider ( 1991 ) are now assigned to other genera such as croscherichia and hycleus .

and coryna species ( coleoptera : meloidae ) infesting pearl millet in the nigerian sudan savanna .

, a compound that has been used in china as a medicinal agent for 2000 years and for the treatment of cancer , particularly hepatoma [ 1 ] .

pustulata ( thunberg ) has emerged as a predominant insectpest of pigeonpea flowers in punjab .

pustulata ( blister beetle ) was studied for the enzymes involved in hydrolysis of cellulose .

all content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .

to receive news and publication updates for evidence - based complementary and alternative medicine , enter your email address in the box below .

copyright © 2017 hwan - suck chung et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .

tumor burden comprises a group of heterogeneous cells , including t cells , neutrophils , and macrophages . the major cells comprising the tumor burden are macrophages , accounting for approximately 50 % of the burden . tumor - associated macrophages ( tam ) are involved in tumor progression and metastasis , and the number of tam in the tumor burden is positively correlated with poor prognosis [ 1 ] . macrophages can be m1 polarized by stimulation with ifn - γ or lps , and these m1 - polarized macrophages secrete il - 12 , tnf - α , and il - 1 β , which kill cancer cells [ 2 ] . however , m2 macrophages are polarized by stimulation with il - 4 , il - 13 , or m - csf and release il - 10 , ccl17 , and ccl22 , which help in tumor progression and metastasis . m2 macrophages have phenotypes and functions similar to tam [ 3 , 4 ] . because tam play a critical role in tumor progression and metastasis , many researchers have studied the control of tam and have shown that switching tam or m2 with m1 significantly inhibits tumor progression and metastasis [ 5 – 7 ] . therefore , switching tam or m2 with m1 is a potential target for cancer treatment .

we screened 400 herbal ethanol extracts to examine the effect of m1 polarization on m2 - polarized macrophages induced by il - 4 and il - 13 . we found that the ethanol extract of mp ( emp ) polarized m2 into m1 and that this effect was not mediated by endotoxins .

animal procedures were approved by the iacuc in the korea institute of oriental medicine . bone marrow cells ( bmc ) were isolated from the tibia and femur of 6 - week - old male c57bl / 6 mice ( samtako bio korea , gyeonggi - do , south korea ) . bone marrow macrophages ( bmm ) generated using bmc were differentiated in the rpmi1640 medium supplemented with 10 % fbs and macrophage colony - stimulating factors ( m - csf , 60 ng / ml , peprotech , rocky hill , nj , usa ) for 1 week . the medium was replaced with a fresh m - csf - containing medium 3 days after seeding the cells .

to prepare tam , mice were subcutaneously implanted with lewis lung carcinoma ( llc ) cells ( 2 × 10 5 / mouse ) . they were sacrificed after 3 weeks , and tumor tissues were isolated . single cells were dissociated from tumor tissues using a tumor dissociation kit ( cat . 130 - 096 - 730 , miltenyi biotec , bergisch gladbach , germany ) following the manufacturer’s instructions . to separate the macrophages , the cells were labelled with cd11b microbeads ( cat . 130 - 049 - 601 , miltenyi biotec ) , and the cd11b + cells ( macrophages ) were isolated with macs columns . approximately 10 % –20 % of the tumor - dissociated cells were cd11b + . when we analyzed the purity of tam , over 90 % were cd11b + .

mp was purchased from an herbal supplier ( yeongcheon herb , yeongcheon , korea ) , and a voucher specimen ( number e233 ) was deposited in the herbal bank of the korea medicine application center , korea institute of oriental medicine . to prepare emp , dried mp ( 30 g ) was ground into a fine powder , soaked in 300 ml of 70 % ethanol , and extracted in a shaking incubator at 40°c for 24 h . the extract was filtered through a testing sieve ( 150 μ m ; retsch , haan , germany ) , evaporated on a rotary evaporator , concentrated by lyophilization , and then stored at −20°c . emp powder ( 50 mg ) was dissolved in 10 ml of 50 % ethanol ( v / v ) and filtered through a 0 . 22 μ m disk filter . endotoxin was examined using the pierce lal chromogenic endotoxin quantitation kit ( thermo scientific , bonn , germany ) according to the manufacturer’s protocol .

to polarize bmm to m2 , they were treated with recombinant il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) and il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h . emp was added for 18 h , and the supernatants were harvested and kept at −80°c until use . tnf - α and tgf - β were analyzed by opteia elisa kit ( bd biosciences pharmingen , san diego , ca , usa ) and ebioscience™ human / mouse tgf beta 1 elisa ready - set - go ! ™ kit , 2nd generation ( cat . 88 - 8350 - 76 , ebioscience , san diego , ca , usa ) , respectively , following manufacturer’s instruction .

to polarize bmm to m2 , they were treated with recombinant il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) and il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h . emp was added for 18 h , and the cells were harvested . total rna was extracted using the easyblue rna extraction kit ( intron biotechnology , inc . , seongnam , korea ) . the quality and concentration of the rna were assayed using the nd - 1000 spectrophotometer ( nanodrop technologies , wilmington , de , usa ) . cdna was synthesized using cyclescript reverse transcriptase ( bioneer , seoul , korea ) and stored at −20°c . real - time pcr was conducted using the cfx96 touch real - time pcr system ( bio - rad , ca , usa ) employing the accupower greenstar qpcr master mix ( bioneer , daejeon , korea ) . the pcr protocol comprised 10 min at 95°c followed by 45 cycles of 10 s at 95°c , 10 s at 60°c , and 10 s at 72°c . after the cycles were completed , the signal at each temperature between 65°c and 95°c was recorded to generate a dissociation curve . the sequences of the murine primers were listed in table 1 . the target mrna levels were compared by calculating the crossing point ( cp ) value and normalized to the reference gene gapdh .

raw264 . 7 cells ( 5 × 10 6 ) were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then treated with emp for 1 h . nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts were prepared using ne - per nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction reagents ( thermo fisher scientific , rockford , il , usa ) according to the manufacturer’s protocol .

cells were washed with phosphate - buffered saline ( pbs ) and lysed using the radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer ( millipore , ma , usa ) containing protease and phosphatase inhibitors . total protein ( 15–20 μ g ) was separated by 10 % sds - page gel electrophoresis , transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride ( pvdf ) membrane , and immunoblotted with specific antibody . antibodies for arginase - 1 , β - actin ( santa cruz biotechnology , ca , usa ) , phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ( p - stat3 ) ( tyr705 ) , p - stat6 ( tyr641 ) , p65 , p - i κ b - α , and proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( pcna ) ( cell singling technology , ma , usa ) were used in this study . chemiluminescent signals were detected using the chemidoc imaging system ( bio - rad laboratories , ca , usa ) and a chemiluminescence reagent ( thermo scientific , rockford , il , usa ) .

cell migration was assayed using a 24 - transwell chamber with a diameter of 6 . 5 mm and an 8 μ m pore polyethylene terephthalate ( pet ) membrane ( spl lifesciences , seoul , korea ) as described by kim et al . [ 12 ] .

el4 - luc2 cells , a lymphoma cell line from c57bl / 6 mice expressing the firefly luciferase gene ( caliper life science , ma , usa ) , were used to evaluate drug efficacy on macrophage tumoricidal activity in coculture conditions . bmm were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then with emp for 18 h . the cells were washed with dpbs and 3 × 10 4 cells in 200 μ l of media were seeded in 96 - well white plates . el4 - luc2 cells ( 1 × 10 4 cells ) were cocultured with bmm for 48 h . luciferin ( 150 μ g / ml ) was added and luminescence was detected using the spectramax l microplate reader ( molecular devices , sunnyvale , ca , usa ) .

for all analyses ) was assessed by one - way anova followed by tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons using the prism 5 . 01 software ( graphpad software inc . , san diego , ca , usa ) .

because tnf - α is a prominent m1 marker , we screened 400 types of herbal extracts for their effect on tnf - α release in m2 macrophages . m2 macrophages were induced by treating bmm with mouse recombinant il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) and il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h , after which emp was added for 18 h . among the 400 herbal extracts , emp showed the strongest effect on tnf - α release in m2 macrophages . tnf - α induction in m2 macrophages by emp was also shown in tam ( figure 1 ) . on the other hand , tgf - β is a typical m2 marker . tgf - β release was reduced by emp treatment in tam and bmm ( figure 1 ) . to exclude the possibility of tnf - α release by endotoxin contamination in emp , we also examined the endotoxin level in emp and found that it was less than 0 . 1 eu / ml ( data not shown ) .

. ( a ) tam were isolated with cd11b microbeads after dissociation of tumor tissue into single cells . cd11b

tam were treated with various doses of emp for 24 h . ( b ) bmm were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then emp was added for 18 h . tnf -

we analyzed the expression of m1 and m2 genes after emp treatment in m2 macrophages . although the increased m2 markers ( fizz1 , ym1 , and arg1 ) were significantly inhibited by emp , m1 ( tnfa and inos ) markers were significantly increased by emp based on the real - time rt - pcr analysis ( figure 2 ( a ) ) . when we analyzed m1 ( cd86 ) and m2 ( cd68 ) phenotype changes using flow cytometry after emp treatment in m2 macrophages , emp significantly increased cd86 expression but did not affect cd68 expression ( figure 2 ( b ) ) . arginase - 1 catalyzes l - arginine as a substrate and produces l - ornithine and urea . it is known that the depletion of l - arginine by arginase - 1 could inhibit the l - arginine - dependent immune functions [ 13 ] . for instance , l - arginine depletion suppresses t - cell proliferation [ 14 ] . although macrophages polarized to m2 by il - 4 and il - 13 displayed a significantly increased expression of arginase - 1 , emp alleviated the increased expression of arginase - 1 in a dose - dependent manner . intriguingly , lps did not significantly alter the increased expression of arginase - 1 ( figure 2 ( c ) ) .

. ( a ) effect of emp on mrna expression in m2 macrophages . bmm were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then emp was added for 18 h . the amounts of mrna were quantified by real - time rt - pcr . the expression levels of mrna were normalized by dividing the values by the gapdh intensity . ( b ) cd86 + and cd68 + bmm after emp treatment were analyzed by flow cytometry . ( c ) arginase - 1 expression was determined by western blotting . nd = not detected . values are indicated as the mean ± sem .

we studied the effect of macrophages polarized by emp on llc tumor cell migration . to exclude a direct effect of emp on llc , emp - treated macrophages were washed out with dpbs and the macrophages were seeded in the lower compartment and then llc were cultured in the upper compartment of the transwell chamber . as shown in figure 3 ( a ) , emp treatment in m2 macrophages attenuated the migration of llc tumor cells in a dose - dependent manner . we also evaluated the tumoricidal activity of emp - treated macrophages in coculture conditions with el4 - luc2 lymphoma . lps - and emp - treated macrophages significantly reduced el4 - luc2 proliferation compared with the control group ( figure 3 ( b ) ) . these data show that emp - treated m2 macrophages can inhibit tumor metastasis and progression .

. ( a ) a transwell migration assay was performed to determine the migration of llc tumor cells by emp - treated macrophages . llc tumor cells on the lower surface of the transwell membrane were stained with crystal violet solution and observed under a phase contrast microscope with 50x magnification . ( b ) el4 - luc2 lymphoma was cocultured with emp - treated macrophages for 48 h . values are indicated as the mean ± sem .

to study the mechanism of emp in m2 macrophages , we analyzed stat6 phosphorylation , which is a critical transcription factor in the m2 polarization induced by il - 4 and il - 13 . although m2 macrophages increased stat6 phosphorylation , there were no significant differences in stat6 phosphorylation upon emp treatment ( figure 4 ( a ) ) . nf - κ b is a critical transcription factor for proinflammatory cytokines such as tnf - α , il - 6 , and il - 1 β . although lps treatment increased the translocation of p65 ( nf - κ b subunit ) into the nucleus and the phosphorylation of i - κ b α in cytoplasm , emp did not show any significant changes in nf - κ b translocation or i - κ b α phosphorylation ( figure 4 ( b ) ) . it has been reported that stat3 suppression can convert tam’s phenotype from m2 to m1 [ 15 , 16 ] . we also explored whether stat3 was involved in the effect of emp on macrophage polarization . the phosphorylation of stat3 induced by il - 4 and il - 13 was diminished by emp treatment ( figure 4 ( a ) ) .

. ( a ) bmm were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then emp was added for 1 h . the phosphorylation of stat3 and stat6 was analyzed by immunoblot analysis . nd = not detected . ( b ) raw264 . 7 cells were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then emp was added for 1 h . p - i

- actin were analyzed in the cytosolic fraction and p65 and pcna were analyzed in the nuclear fraction . c = cytosol ; n = nucleus . values are indicated as the mean ± sem .

it has been reported that norcantharidin , a biosynthesized demethylated cantharidin , has anticancer effects by the regulation of m1 macrophage polarization via mir - 214 expression [ 16 ] . because norcantharidin is a synthetic compound and is not a component of mp , the effects of emp on m1 polarization may not be mediated by norcantharidin .

there is a lot of evidence showing that m2 - polarized macrophages can be converted to m1 macrophages and the converted m1 macrophages exert anticancer and antimetastatic properties [ 15 , 18 – 20 ] . although we did not perform an in vivo study , there are many reports on the anticancer effects of mp [ 8 , 21 , 22 ] . because mp per se has anticancer effects , it may not be easy to differentiate its anticancer effects by tumor killing from those by m1 polarization . conversely , it is supposed that the anticancer effects of mp in animal are mediated by m1 polarization and not just by the apoptosis of tumor cells .

these findings suggest that treatment with emp polarizes m2 / tam into m1 . because of these effects of emp , it may be used as an adjuvant for anticancer drugs to boost anticancer immunotherapy .

the authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to this study .

this work has been supported by ministry of science , ict and future planning ( msip ) , republic of korea , grant k17281 awarded to korea institute of oriental medicine ( kiom ) .

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these beetles , however , are more than just a frustration for hungry birds , but also a serious pest of numerous ornamental , fruit and vegetable crops ( picker et al . 2002 ) . large numbers of adults congregate on plants and preferentially feed on the flowers . in the more natural settings where i was encountering these beetles , they were most often seen on flowers of

in the family fabaceae . to be honest , they became quite a source of frustration for me as well – not because of their distastefulness or pestiferous habits , but because of their role as the model in a mimicry complex . it was the mimic that i was after , and since mimics tend to be much less common than their models , i had to look at a

back to their chemical defenses – i’ve often wondered just how poisonous blister beetles really are , especially to humans . here in the u . s . , their main importance is as contaminants in alfalfa hay fed to cattle and horses . deaths from severely contaminated forage do occur , but this is dependent upon the cantharidin content of the species and their abundance within the hay . the highest reported cantharidin content for a blister beetle is 5 . 4 % dry weight in

. calculations based on this figure and the lethal dose for a 1000 - lb horse indicate that around 100 such beetles would need to be eaten to receive a fatal dose . this seems to make the claim that a single beetle can kill a human a little far - fetched . however ,

beetles – more than a full inch in length and bulky . in this regard , i found an interesting tidbit at the

yes ; they are poisonous enough to kill people – especially a big beetle… the poison is very toxic and actually causes collapsed tissue . it would also depend on the weight of the person , as with any other toxin . the poison of a cmr beetle , that is dried and powdered , is sufficient to kill a 70kg human .

picker , m . , c . griffiths and a . weaving . 2002 . field guide to insects of south africa . struik publishers , cape town , 444 pp .

ted c . macrae is a research entomologist by vocation and beetle taxonomist by avocation . areas of expertise in the latter include worldwide jewel beetles ( buprestidae ) and north american longhorned beetles ( cerambycidae ) . more recent work has focused on north american tiger beetles ( cicindelidae ) and their distribution , ecology , and conservation .

this entry was posted in coleoptera , meloidae and tagged beetles , chemical defenses , entomology , insects , mimicry , nature , predator avoidance , science , south africa , warning coloration . bookmark the permalink .

it’s a gorgeous beetle . i admit to being tickled by the idea of you finding them frustrating because , while nice beetles and all , they weren’t quite the species you were looking for .

you know , it’s amazing how the commonness of a species can trump its beauty . on that very same trip , i was ecstatic everytime i found a little black dot of a beetle in the genus brachelytrium – my colleague on that trip was revising the genus and describing several new species , and every time i found one there was a good chance it would be another paratype . little black dots and i’m jumping for joy , while these enormously spectacular beetles lumbered around everywhere and i yawned .

the lesson here ? copy and paste instead of thinking you can remember what you just read and retype it correctly . or in simpler terms , check the doggone name before hitting submit !

you sure you been blogging for 7 years ? that stuff was covered in internet 101 . 🙂

i just had a google around to look for the mimic… seems an blog entry by one t . macrae from around 18 months ago has the answer to this one . you were top of the google search !

and peter gets points for showing how ridiculously easy it is to find the answers to these quizzes . i suppose my digital past is now starting to catch up with me !

i couldn’t help but think of the insects episode of life that i watched last weekend , while reading this post . south africa ! such exciting and far - away places , with big , bright , shiny beetles . must have been great to be so bored . 🙂

i’m doing a report on beetles and i was wondering if you knew anything about the euchroea aurostellata ? i got off this website on beetles of africa , and all the websites i go to they don’t know anything about it .

a madagascan flower chafer is all i know . a web search reveals it to be a common item for sale by commercial insect suppliers . as it often the case , little is known about such species other than what philatelic collectors are willing to pay for them .

yes , there is . thank you for helping me . i’m sure i’ll get an a + ! = d

i feel like an old war - horse at the sound of a trumpet when i read about the capture of rare beetles . - - charles darwin

the creator , if he exists , must have an inordinate fondness for beetles . - - j . b . s . haldane buy bitb apparel and gifts at cafepress .

ted c . macrae is an agricultural research entomologist with " an inordinate fondness for beetles . " primary expertise includes taxonomy and host associations of wood - boring beetles , with more recent interest also in tiger beetle survey and conservation . i am currently serving as managing editor of the the pan - pacific entomologist , layout editor for the journal cicindela and newsletter editor for the webster groves nature study society . read my interview at nature blog network , and visit me at these other sites :

all text and photos appearing on this website are © ted c . macrae , all rights reserved . see " image use policy " below for details regarding conditions for allowed use .

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biodiversity in focus blog the musings of entomology graduate student and nature photographer morgan d . jackson

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relatives in turkey by the markings on the elytra ( marseul , 1873 ; jacobson , 1905 - 1915 ) . from iran

2002 , the old world genera of meloidae ( coleoptera ) : a key and synopsis .

steppe on southern slopes , 6 july 2011 , photo m . kemal ( cesa© )

dlw is an independent project supported by the cesa from the year of 1998 on . the aim of this project is preparing a comprehensive database program on especially old world lepidoptera taxa for the … " [ more ]

bl is an independent project supported by the cesa from the year of 1998 on . the aim of this project is preparing a comprehensive database program on especially old world lepidoptera bibliography .

et is an independent project supported by the cesa from the year of 2008 on . the aim of this project is preparing a comprehensive database program on the pterygota fauna of turkey .

fl is an independent project supported by the cesa from the year of 2000 on . the aim of this project is to study and publish on the early stages of the lepidoptera especially in turkey .

a gelechiid species , new for the fauna of turkey ( lepidoptera ) . misc . pap . 163 : 1 - 3 , 3 figs . 1 map . this paper deals with the faunistical occurence of sophronia semicostella ( hbn . ) in turkey for the first time . illustrations of adult , male genitalia , habitat , as well as distributional map are added .

occurence of teratolytta kulzeri in east turkey is reported and briefly discussed . the adult insect is illustrated in nature for the first time .

polysarcus elbursianus is reported here from bitlis province ( east turkey ) for the first time . illustrations of adult male and a distributional map are also given .

this paper deals with the occurence of talis renetae in east turkey . the species was described from ankara ( central anatolia ) , and known from there so far . the record of this species from adilcevaz ( bitlis province ) is new to the provincial fauna . images of the adult and male genitalia , as well as the habitat are also given . ecological information for the species are added .

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mylabre ( magnified ) , vintage engraved illustration . natural history of animals , 1880 .

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here is another photograph taken by a friend of mine that currently resides in the middle east ( north iraq ) to be precise . she is into wildlife photography , and has taken the following image :

can someone please tell us what species that beetle is ( ps . i ' m guessing that is a beetle ) .

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epiphyas lycodes is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from tasmania .

the habitat consists of open subalpine forests .

epiphyas lycodes

epiphyas lycodes <EOT> epiphyas postvittana ( walker , 1863 ) = teras basialbana walker , 1863 = pandemis consociana walker , 1863 = tortrix dissipata meyrick , 1922 = dichelia foedana walker , 1863 = tortrix oenopa meyrick , 1910 = tortrix phaeosticha turner , 1938 = tortrix pyrrhula meyrick , 1910 = dichelia retractana walker , 1863 = teras retractana walker , 1863 = dichelia reversana walker , 1863 = teras scitulana walker , 1863 = teras secretana walker , 1863 = tortrix stipularis meyrick , 1910 = dichelia vicariana walker , 1869 .

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meyrick , e . 1910 , " revision of australian tortricina " , proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 35 , pp . 139 - 294

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 72358fab - 7294 - 494b - af93 - 3647a1484278

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 311569

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

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[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )

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eua globosa is a species of tropical air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family partulidae .

it is endemic to the island of ' eua , tonga .

eua globosa is the type species of the genus eua .

the following cladogram shows the phylogenic relations of eua globosa :

eua globosa

eua globosa <EOT> eua is a genus of air - breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family partulidae .

mollusc specialist group ( 1996 ) . eua zebrina . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 7 august 2007 .

deforestation because of human and agricultural development is the primary threat to this species . much of the island of ' eua has been deforested ( drake

eua zebrina is a species of tropical air - breathing land snail , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family partulidae . this species is endemic to american samoa .

this species is endemic to the island of ' eua ( kingdom of tonga ) . it is the type species of the eponymous genus eua and was described in some detail ( including anatomical dissections & drawings ) by pilsbry and cooke in 1934 . additional dissections and drawings were made by y . kondo ( 1955 ) and they appear in his unpublished ph . d . thesis . the taxonomic validity of this species has been corroborated by molecular phylogenetic analysis of museum material ( lee et al . 2009 ) .

this ' eua island endemic was described from specimens sampled by a . t . p . powell in 1932 at bugai , 100 m elevation . yoshio kondo ( bishop museum ) sampled on ' eua in 1967 and , according to his field notes ( kept in the bishop museum malacology collection ) , he encountered a small number of specimens on a single ridge . kondo ' s notes contained expressions of concern about the logging activities he witnessed on the island and the danger they posed to the survival of endemic snails . john b . burch ( university of michigan ) returned to that location in 1970 to find the last remaining suitable habitat being cleared by bulldozer . burch recorded 60 live individuals at the site but concluded that they had little hope of survival ( burch . pers . comm . ) .

the last living specimens ( ~ 60 individuals ) were observed in 1970 in a small patch of native forest that was being felled by bulldozer by j . b . burch , who concluded that they had little hope of survival ( pers . comm . 2011 ) . this is the last record of living individuals of this species . in 2000 , bryan clarke , ann clarke and christopher wade mounted a sampling expedition to ' eua looking specifically for this species , but only encountered empty shells ( b . clarke , pers . comm . ) . however , this survey was primarily restricted to the ridge , and although they did look elsewhere in suitable habitat on the island , this was by no means extensive ( c . wade pers . comm . 2011 ) . this species may well be extinct .

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critically endangered ( possibly extinct ) b2ab ( iii ) ; d ver 3 . 1

this species is listed as critically endangered ( possibly extinct ) . it has a v

ery narrow geographic range , it is known from a single location , and there is a continuing decline in extent and quality of its habitat . no live individuals have been seen since 1970 , despite surveys to the island . further surveys are urgently recommended to determine whether or not this species is extant , and if so , to determine population size and trends .

is an island endemic , recorded from native forest up to 100 m elevation . unlike most partulids , this taxon was / is a ground - dwelling species ( kondo 1955 ) .

conservation efforts directed at this species at present are unknown . field work to define the current distribution of this species , as well as research on its population status and trends , is required . identification of priority sites for species conservation ( e . g . key biodiversity areas that include threatened land snails ) and reducing the impacts of human activities is also urgently needed .

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pilsbry h . a . & cooke c . m . ( 1934 ) . partulidae of tonga and related forms . bernice p . bishop museum occasional papers . 10 ( 14 ) : 1 - 22 . [ details ]

gerlach j . ( 2016 ) . icons of evolution : pacific island tree - snails of the family partulidae . phelsuma press . isbn : 978 - 0 - 99322 - 033 - 3 . [ details ]

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the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .

below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .

lee t . , burch j . b . , coote t . , pearce - kelly p . , hickman c . , meyer j . - y . & foighil d . o . ( 18 august 2009 ) . " moorean tree snail survival revisited : a multi - island genealogical perspective " . bmc evolutionary biology 9 : 204 . doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 9 - 204