eosqualiolus is an extinct genus of sharks in the family dalatiidae .

it was described by sylvain adnet in 2006 , and the type species is e. aturensis , which existed during the middle eocene of what is now france .

a new species , e. skrovinai , which existed in what is now slovakia during the miocene period , was described by charlie j. underwood and jan schlogl in 2012 , and named in honour of michal škrovina .

e. skrovinai was described from 14 fossil teeth ; 9 upper and 5 lower , some of which were partial and some were complete .

eosqualiolus

eosqualiolus <EOT> miocene squaliform sharks eosqualiolus and squaliodalatias teeth from . . . | download scientific diagram

fig . 6 . miocene squaliform sharks eosqualiolus and squaliodalatias teeth from cerová section in malé karpaty , slovakia . a–g . eosqualiolus skrovinai sp . nov . a . snm z 27455 , bed 8–9 , lower tooth in labial ( a 1 ) and lingual ( a 2 ) views . b . holotype , snm z 27456 , bed 14 , lower tooth in labial ( b 1 ) and lingual ( b 2 ) views . c . snm z 27457 , bed 8–9 , lower tooth in labial ( c 1 ) and lingual ( c 2 ) views . d . snm z 27458 , bed 14 , lower tooth in labial ( d 1 ) and lingual ( d 2 ) views . e . snm z 27459 , bed 20–21 , upper tooth in labial ( e 1 ) and lingual ( e 2 ) views . f . snm z 27460 , bed 17–18 , upper tooth in labial ( f 1 ) and lingual ( f 2 ) views . g . snm z 27461 , bed 8–9 , upper tooth in labial ( g 1 ) and lingual ( g 2 ) views . h . squaliodalatias sp . , snm z 27462 , bed 8–9 , lower tooth in labial ( h 1 ) and lingual ( h 2 ) views .

teeth assigned to the species eosqualiolus skrovinai from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( a ) lower tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( b ) lower tooth in labial ( b₁ ) and lingual ( b₂ ) views . ( c ) lower tooth in labial ( c₁ ) and lingual ( c₂ ) views . ( d ) lower tooth in labial ( d₁ ) and lingual ( d₂ ) views . ( e ) upper tooth in labial ( e₁ ) and lingual ( e₂ ) views . ( f ) upper tooth in labial ( f₁ ) and lingual ( f₂ ) views . ( g ) upper tooth in labial ( g₁ ) and lingual ( g₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .

sampling of latest burdigalian ( miocene ) silty clays from the malé karpaty mountains in the slovakia revealed a deep−water , low diversity shark fauna . the fauna is dominated by teeth of very small squaliform sharks , including two new species , eosqualiolus skrovinai sp . nov . and paraetmopterus horvathi sp . nov . the generic composition of the squaliform fauna is more similar to that known from the eocene than that of today , suggesting a post–early miocene faunal turnover within this clade , at least locally . nectobenthic , non squaliform sharks are rare , but include the new sawshark species pristiophorus striatus sp . nov . , while minute teeth of an enigmatic taxon described here as nanocetorhinus tuberculatus gen . et sp . nov . probably indicate the presence of a previously unrecorded planktivore . the unusual composition of the fauna , with the complete absence of taxa known to be of medium to large size , suggests an unusual , and probably very stressed , palaeoenvironment .

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key words : squaliformes , dalatidae , etmopteridae , pristiophorus , sharks , miocene , slovakia , paratethys .

charles j . underwood [ c . underwood @ urltoken ] , department of earth and planetary science , birkbeck , malet street , london wc1e 7hx , uk ; jan schlogl [ schlogl @ urltoken ] , department of geology and palaeontology , faculty of natural sciences , comenius university , mlynská dolina g1 , bratislava 842 15 , slovakia .

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† protosqualus sigei ( cappetta , 1977 ) locality : st . dizier / wissant , france cen . : westfalen , germany

† squalus alsaticus ( andreae , 1892 ) oligocen locality : gellik , belg . ; espenhein , germany ; szczein , poland ; france ;

† squalus crenatidens ( arambourg , 1952 ) paleogén locality : khouribga , morocco ; ypr . : stafford county , va

† squalus huntensis ( case & capetta , 1997 ) locality : hunt co . ,

† squalus serriculus ( jordan & hannibal , 1923 ) miocen locality : kern co . , ca ; ishikawa , japan

† centrophoroides latidens ( davis , 1887 ) locality : san . / maast . : europe , sahel alma , lebanon

† centrophoroides worlandensis ( case , 1987 ) locality : worland , washakie co .

† isistius triangulus ( probst , 1879 ) upper miocen locality : venezuela ; plio . : beaufort co .

† squaliolus schaubi ( smith & radcliffe , 1912 ) miocen locality : s . france ; tortona , n . italy ; gumma , japan

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compagno , leonard j . v . / hamlett , william c . , ed . , 1999 : checklist of living elasmobranchs . sharks , skates , and rays : the biology of elasmobranch fishes . 471 - 498 .

eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version .

nelson , joseph s . , 1994 : null . fishes of the world , third edition . xvii + 600 .

van der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . < em > zootaxa . < / em > 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 .

van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , < b > < i > in < / i > < / b > : costello , m . j . < i > et al . < / i > ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . < i > european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , < / i > 50 : pp . 357 - 374

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chimaera ( edaphodon ) bucklandi , edaphodon bucklandii , edaphodon cf . bucklandi , ganodus bucklandi

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host - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !

sharks appear in the fossil record between 450 and 420 million years ago ( all possible specimens older than 420 million years old are fragmentary and disputed ) , and have been important marine ( and in the carboniferous and permian , freshwater ) predators ever since . they form an important part of the marine fossil record in many areas , and are occasionally used for stratigraphy ( dating rocks ) , though often they are usually only represented by their teeth , which are mineralized and grown and shed throughout their lives , rather than their skeletons , which are comprised entirely of cartilage , and consequently have poor preservational potential .

in a paper published in the journal acta palaeontologica polonica on 12 january 2012 , charles underwood of the department of earth and planetary science at birkbeck college and jan schlogl of the department of geology and paleontology at comenius university describe a collection of deepwater shark ' s teeth from the cerová−lieskové locality in the malé karpaty mountains in slovakia . this is a claypit noted for a broad range of vertebrate and invertebrate fossils from the early miocene of the central paratethys sea . these fossils are thought to be important , as while shark teeth are well represented in the fossil record , deepwater sharks are relatively poorly known .

ten incomplete specimens are referred to the genus galeus ( sawtooth catsharks ) , though not assigned to any species . these are small specimens , the largest being about 0 . 7 mm . the genus galeus first appears in the fossil record in the early miocene of france , and is widespread in the atlantic and pacific today .

teeth assigned to the genus galeus from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( a ) anterolateral tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( b ) anterolateral tooth in labial view . ( c ) posterior tooth in labial view . ( d ) anterior tooth in labial view . ( e ) anterolateral tooth in labial view . ( f ) a nterolateral tooth in labial view . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .

a single , 2 . 2 mm , broken tooth is assigned to the genus squatina ( angel sharks ) . modern angel sharks are found globally in tropical and temperate seas ; most species are restricted to shallow waters , though one species , the sand devil ( squatina dumeril ) is known to migrate seasonally into deep water . angle sharks are flattened sharks resembling skates and rays ( to which they are not closely related ) and living on the sea bottom . angel sharks are considered to belong to a separate order ( squaliformes ) which first appears in the fossil record in the late jurassic , with members of the modern genus ( squatina ) known from the middle cretaceous .

partial tooth assigned to the genus squatina from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .

three oral and one incomplete rostral teeth ( rostral teeth are projections on the side of the snout of a sawshark or sawfish ) are referred to the genus pristiophorus ( five - gilled sawsharks ) , and assigned to a new species , pristiophorus striatus . sawsharks resemble sawfish ( which are also sharks ) , but are found in deepwater , while the sawfish are shallow - water dwellers . the two groups are not closely related , sawfish being related to skates and rays ( batoidea ) . the oldest sawsharks appear in the lart cretaceous of the lebanon , about 85 million years ago , modern sawsharks are found in the indian and pacific oceans as well as the caribbean , though their fossil record suggests they were more widely distributed for much of the tertiary .

teeth assigned to the species pristiophorus striatus from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( h ) l ateral tooth in labial ( h₁ ) , occlusal ( h₂ ) , and basal ( h₃ ) views . ( i ) partial rostral tooth in lateral view . ( j ) a nterior tooth in labial ( j₁ ) , occlusal ( j₂ ) , and basal ( j₃ ) views . ( k ) lateral tooth in labial ( k₁ ) and basal ( k₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .

a large number ( 236 ) of teeth are assigned to the genus squaliolus ( pygmy sharks or deep - sea dogfish ) , and tentatively to the species squaliolus schaubi , a species previously described from the miocene of france . modern pygmy sharks are small deepwater species with specialized organs that house bioluminescent bacteria . they are a form of kitefin shark ( dalatiidae ) , a group that first appear in the fossil record in the early cretaceous of germany .

teeth tentatively assigned to the species squaliolus schaubi from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( a ) l ower tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( b ) lower tooth in labial ( b₁ ) and lingual ( b₂ ) views . ( c ) l ower posterior tooth in labial ( c₁ ) and lingual ( c₂ ) views . ( d ) male lower tooth in labial view . ( e ) lower symphyseal tooth in labial ( e₁ ) and lingual ( e₂ ) views . ( f ) lower tooth in labial ( f₁ ) and lingual ( f₂ ) views . u pper tooth in labial ( g₁ ) and lingual ( g₂ ) views . ( h ) upper tooth in labial ( h₁ ) and lingual ( h₂ ) views . ( i ) u pper tooth in labial ( i₁ ) and lingual ( i₂ ) views . ( j ) upper tooth in labial view . ( k ) upper tooth in la bial ( k₁ ) and lingual ( k₂ ) views . ( l ) upper posterior tooth in labial ( l₁ ) and lingual ( l₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .

, which is named after michal škrovina , described as the first person to encourage jan schlogl in to pursue an interest in palaeontology .

, though not assigned to a species due to its poor condition . fossils assigned to this genus have previously been found from the late cretaceous of lithuania and the eocene of france .

tooth assigned to the genus squaliodalatias from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . in labial ( h₁ ) and lingual ( h₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .

( lantern sharks in the family etmopteridae ) , small , deepwater sharks with light producing organs , found more - or - less globally today . the earliest known lantern sharks are from the eocene of france .

teeth assigned to the genus etmopterus from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( a ) l ower tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( b ) lower tooth in labial ( b₁ ) and lingual ( b₂ ) views . ( c ) l ower posterior tooth in labial ( c₁ ) and lingual ( c₂ ) views . ( d ) lower tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( e ) lower tooth in labial ( e₁ ) and lingual ( e₂ ) views . ( f ) lower tooth in labial view . ( g ) u pper tooth in labial ( g₁ ) and lingual ( g₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .

( rasptooth dogfish ) , a second type of lantern shark . the genus is previously known from a single modern species from the pacific and some teeth from the eocene of france .

teeth tentatively assigned to the genus miroscyllium from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( h ) lower symphyseal tooth in la bial ( h₁ ) and lingual ( h₂ ) views . ( i ) lower tooth in labial ( i₁ ) and lingual ( i₂ ) views . ( j ) lower lateral tooth in labial ( j₁ ) and lingual ( j₂ ) views . ( k ) lower tooth in labial ( k₁ ) and lingual ( k₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .

teeth assigned to the species paraetmopterus horvathi from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( a ) lower tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( b ) lower tooth in labial ( b₁ )

and lingual ( b₂ ) views . ( c ) lower tooth in labial ( c₁ ) and lingual ( c₂ ) views . ( d ) lower tooth in labial ( d₁ ) and lingual ( d₂ ) views . ( e ) lower tooth in labial ( e₁ ) and lingual ( e₂ ) views . ( f ) lower tooth in labial ( f₁ ) and lingual ( f₂ ) views . ( g ) upper anterior tooth in labial ( g₁ ) and lingual ( g₂ ) views . ( h ) upper tooth in la bial ( h₁ ) and lingual ( h₂ ) views . ( i ) upper tooth in labial ( i₁ ) and lingual ( i₂ ) views . ( j ) upper tooth in la bial ( j₁ ) and lingual ( j₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .

a single tooth is assigned to the family somniosidae ( sleeper sharks ) , a widespread group of sharks that first appear in the fossil record in the late cretaceous of germany .

tooth assigned to the family somniosidae from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . in labial ( k₁ ) and lingual ( k₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .

( butterfly rays ) . modern butterfly rays are typically shallow water species , often found in brackish estuarine waters . the genus has a sparse fossil record , but is known from the palaeocene of india , spreading around europe , the middle east and africa in the eocene and reaching the americas in the oligocene .

tooth assigned to the genus gymnura from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . in occlusal ( i₁ ) and basal ( i₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .

, of uncertain affinities , but considered to probably be a neoselachian ( the group that includes all extant sharks , skates and rays ) . the genus name

teeth assigned to the species nanocetorhinus tuberculatus from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( a ) tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( b ) tooth in labial ( b₁ ) and lingual ( b₂ ) views . ( c ) tooth in labial ( c₁ ) and lingual ( c₂ ) views . ( d ) tooth in labial ( d₁ ) and lingual ( d₂ ) views . ( e ) tooth in labial ( e₁ ) and lingual ( e₂ ) views . ( f ) tooth in labial ( f₁ ) and lateral ( f₂ ) views . ( g ) tooth in labial ( g₁ ) and lingual ( g₂ ) views . ( h ) tooth in labial ( h₁ ) and lingual ( h₂ ) views , detail ( h₃ ) . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .

while the majority of these sharks belong either to extant genera or extant families , the assemblage is on the whole closer to the deepwater sharks of the eocene than to modern shark assemblages , suggesting that there has been more turnover in deepwater shark populations since the miocene than between the eocene and the miocene . one remarkable feature of this assemblage is the small size of all the sharks present ; based upon the available material underwood & shlogl estimate that none of the sharks were more than 40 cm in length , though they do not offer any hypothesis as to why this was the case .

see also a new species of eagle ray from the northwest pacific , a hybodont shark from the middle permian of northern arizona , fossil tapeworm eggs from the permian , satellite tracking manta rays off the coast of mexico and new species of catshark from the galapaagos .

studied palaeobiology & evolution at the university of portsmouth , geosciences via the open university & ecology and conservation at christchurch university , canterbury . have worked in wildlife based tourism , mineral exploration , development , conservation , education & environmental chemistry . occasionally write articles for papers and magazines .

dolichothele mottai & dolichothele camargorum : two new species of tarantula from brazil and bolivia .

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the bonin flying fox , bonin fruit bat ( pteropus pselaphon ) , or in japanese ogasawara giant bat ( オガサワラオオコウモリ ogasawara ōkōmori ) is a species of flying fox in the family pteropodidae .

it is endemic to four islands ( chichijima , hahajima , north iwo jima , and south iwo jima ) in ogasawara islands , japan .

its natural habitat is subtropical forests .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

bonin flying fox

bonin flying fox <EOT> information on the bonin flying fox is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .

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kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name " boninsaartenlenkko " to " pteropus pselaphon lay , 1829 " .

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it is known from south africa .

the wingspan is about 11 mm .

the forewings are dark bronzy-fuscous with an erect somewhat pointed whitish streak from the dorsum at one-fourth , reaching three-fourths across the wing .

the markings are prismatic violet-blue-metallic , finely black-edged .

there are six slender streaks rising from white dots on the costa , the first at one-third somewhat oblique , reaching half across the wing , the others direct , the second shorter , the third and fourth reaching nearly half across the wing , the last two short .

a rather short erect streak is found from the dorsum beyond the middle , and one from before the tornus reaching half across the wing .

there is a dot in the disc beyond the middle , one towards the termen above the middle , two on lower part of the termen , and one on the termen beneath the apex .

the hindwings are dark grey .

glyphipterix ortholeuca

glyphipterix ortholeuca <EOT> glyphipterix ortholeuca is a moth in the family glyphipterigidae . it is known from south africa .

glyphipterix is a genus of sedge moths . it was described by hübner in 1825 .

glyphipterix is a genus of sedge moths . it was described by hã¼bner in 1825 . . . .

[ south africa , kwazulu - natal ] , natal , karkloof , i , leg . a . j . t . janse .

meyrick e . 1921b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . - annals of the transvaal museum 8 ( 2 ) : 49—148 .

vári , l . , kroon , d . m . , & krüger , m . 2002 . classification and checklist of the species of lepidoptera recorded in southern africa . simple solutions , chatswood australia .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018

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anatrachyntis vanharteni is a moth in the family cosmopterigidae .

it was described by koster in 2010 .

it is found in the united arab emirates .

anatrachyntis vanharteni

anatrachyntis vanharteni <EOT> anatrachyntis philocarpa ; sinev , 1998 , ent . obozr . 78 ( 1 ) : ( 138 - 149 )

anatrachyntis incertulella ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1044 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]

anatrachyntis ptilodelta ; sinev , 1998 , ent . obozr . 78 ( 1 ) : ( 138 - 149 ) ; [ afromoths ]

anatrachyntis japonica ; [ nhm card ] ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199

anatrachyntis rileyi ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1044 ; [ me5 ] , 130 , 21 ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]

anatrachyntis ( cosmopteriginae ) ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1040 ; [ me5 ] , 129 , 20 ; [ richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]

anatrachyntis badia ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1042 ; [ me5 ] , 130 , 21 ; koster & sammut , 2006 , nota lepid . 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 55 ; [ fe ]

legrand h . 1966 . lépidoptères des îles seychelles et d ' aldabra . - mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle ( a ) 37 ( 1965 ) : 1–210 , pls . 1–16 .

family . it was described by koster in 2010 . it is found in the

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= pyroderces ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 46 ; [ nacl ] , 18 ; [ aucl ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

stagmatophora acris meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 283 ; tl : mahé

florida , louisiana , california , . . . , canary is . , spain , france , great briain , holland . see [ maps ]

sathrobrota badia hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 75 ; tl : south florida

larva on ( seed pods ) cassia occidentalis , ( cones ) pinus hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 47

pyroderces bicincta ghesquière , 1940 ; ann . mus . congo belge , zool ( 3 ) 2 ( 7 ) : 71 ; tl : eala

biorrhizae sinev , 1986 ; trudy vses . ent . obsch . 67 : 67

pyroderces carpophila ghesquière , 1940 ; ann . mus . congo belge , zool ( 3 ) 2 ( 7 ) : 72 ; tl : eala

pyroderces cecidicida ghesquière , 1940 ; ann . mus . congo belge , zool ( 3 ) 2 ( 7 ) : 72 ; tl : likete - sur - lomela

java , . . . , e . africa , somalia , uganda , mozambique , zaire . see [ maps ]

stagmatophora floretella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 144

stagmatophora gerberanella legrand , 1965 ; mém . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 60

pyroderces gymnocentra meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 148 ; tl : eala

stagmatophora hieroglypta meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 282 ; tl : mahé

pyroderces holotherma meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 1 ) : 29 ; tl : eala

= ; [ nhm card ] ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1044 ; [ aucl ]

larva on pandanus zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1044

pyroderces megacentra meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 59 ; tl : fiji , dreketi r .

pyroderces orphnographa meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 1 ) : 29 ; tl : eala

pyroderces palmicola ghesquière , 1940 ; ann . mus . congo belge , zool ( 3 ) 2 ( 7 ) : 73 ; tl : equateur , flandria

pyroderces philocarpa meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 15 ) : 451 ; tl : mesopotamia , baghdad

pyroderces philogeorga meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 13 - 14 ) : 428

pyroderces ptilodelta meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 570 ; tl : china , shanghai

arkansas - florida , texas , arizona , antilles , . . . , galapagos is . , . . . , uganda , . . . , queensland , canary is . . see [ maps ]

= ; [ nhm card ] ; [ nacl ] , # 1512 ; [ aucl ] ; landry , 2001 , revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 528 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1044 ; [ me5 ] , 130 , 21 ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]

larva on panicum torridum , rochea , samanea saman , sapindus oahuensis zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1047

parasites agathis hawaiicola , apanteles , idechthis , perisierola emigrata , pristomerus hawaiiensis , trathala flavo - orbitalis zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1047

pyroderces risbeci ghesquière , 1940 ; rev . zool . bot . afr . 33 : 277 ; tl : senegal , bambey

pyroderces similis bradley , 1953 ; proc . hawaii . ent . soc . 15 ( 1 ) : 112 ; tl : fiji , viti levu , lami , suva

sweu , cyprus , morocco , egypt , . . . , malawi , . . . . see [ maps ]

larva on ( cotton bolls , and . . . ) elaeis guineensis , eriodendron anfractuosum [ me5 ] , 132

stagmatophora tentoria meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 283 ; tl : mahé

stagmatophora tripola meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 6 ; tl : pretoria

pyroderces veris ghesquière , 1940 ; ann . mus . congo belge , zool ( 3 ) 2 ( 7 ) : 75 ; tl : eala

[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , cosmopterigidae

in gardiner , no . xii . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905

zimmerman , 1978 insects of hawaii . microlepidoptera . ( 1 ) : monotrysia , tineoidea , tortricoidea , gracillarioidea , yponomeutoidea , and alucitoidea , ( 2 ) : gelechioidea ins . hawaii 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 396 , ( 1 ) : 397 - 882 , ( 2 ) : 883 - 1430 , ( 2 ) : 1431 - 1903

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

holotype ♂ , rmnh ; 23 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , genitalia slide gielis 5810 , 5811 , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide adamski 5669 , rmnh ; paratypes 28♂ , 28♀ , rmnh .

holotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10536♀ , lnk ; paratypes 2♀ , genitalia slides diakonoff 10535♀ , 10537♀ , lnk , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide m . bippus re - 1866♂ ( rmnh . ins910262♂ ) , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide van der wolf 9852 , rmnh ; paratype ♀ , genitalia slide van der wolf 9853 , uaeic .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 6332♂ , rmnh ; paratypes 3♀ , genitalia slide koster 6335♀ , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 7086♂ , rmnh ; paratypes 3♂ , genitalia slide van der wolf 9870♂ , rmnh .

holotype ♀ , genitalia slide koster 5970♂ , tlmf ; paratypes 12♂ ; 10♀ , genitalia slides koster 5971 , 5975 , 5976 , rmnh , tlmf , rmca , minga , coll . aarvik , oslo .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 7695♂ , rmnh ; paratypes 4♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides koster 7602♂ , 7654♂ , 7498♂ , 7500♀ , 7977♂ , rmnh , tmsa , zmhb .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 7443♂ , rmca ; paratypes 25♂ , 8♀ , genitalia slides koster 7995♂ , 5731 , 7462 , 7496♀ , 7724 7725♀ , 7701♂ , 7702♂ , 7726♂ , 7727♂ , 7703♂ , 7982♂ , 7987♂ , 7974♂ , rmca , rmnh , bmnh , zmhb , nhmo .

holotype ♀ , genitalia slide koster 7457♀ , nhmo ; paratypes 2♀ . rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 7723♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 4♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides koster 7721♂ , 8204♂ , 7490♀ , nhmo , bmnh , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 7486♂ , rmnh ; paratypes 23♂ , 3♀ , genitalia slides koster 8017♂ , 7262♀ , 7263 , 7692♂ , 8022♂ , tmsa , samc , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 6175♂ , leg . rmnh ; paratypes 10♂ , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 4837♂ , rmnh ; paratypes 15♂ , 25♀ , rmnh , zmuc , zin , zfmk .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5706 , rmnh ; paratype♀ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5711 , coll . asselbergs .

lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 68 ) , rmnh .

lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 85 ) , rmnh .

lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 82 ) , rmnh ; paralectotypes 2♀ , rmnh .

holotype ♀ , rmnh , lost ( see munroe et al . 1958 : 69 ) .

lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 86 ) , rmnh ; paralectotypes 2♂ , rmnh .

lectotype ♀ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 85 ) , rmnh .

syntypes 1♂ , 1♀ , rmnh , not found ( munroe et al . 1958 : 77 ) .

lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 72 ) , rmnh .

lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 86 ) , rmnh ; paralectotype 1♀ , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide schouten 101 , rmnh ; paratypes 6♂ , 32♀ , rmnh , bmnh , tmsa , rbins , mhng , mnhn , rmca , lnk , coll . schouten .

holotype ♀ , genitalia slide bm 12086 , bmnh ; paratypes 2♂ , 3♀ , genitalia slide schouten 153 , 389–392 , rmnh , mhng , coll . schouten .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide bm 17482 , bmnh ; paratypes 12♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides bm 12104 , 17480 , 17481 , 17487 , schouten 449 , bmnh , rmnh , nmk .

lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 85 ) , rmnh ; paralectotypes 1♂ , 3♀ , rmnh .

lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 71 ) , rmnh .

lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 84 ) , rmnh .

lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 83 ) , rmnh .

lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 72 ) , rmnh ; 3 paralectotypes ♂ , ♀ , rmnh .

lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 76 ) , rmnh ; paralectotypes 1♂ , 2♀ , rmnh .

lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 87 ) , rmnh .

lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 87 ) , genitalia slide diakonoff 1743♂ , rmnh .

lectotype ♀ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 69 ) , rmnh ; paralectotype 1♀ , rmnh .

lectotype ♀ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 71 ) , rmnh ; paralectotype ♂ , rmnh , lost ( see munroe et al . 1958 : 71 ) .

lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 82 ) , rmnh ; 4 paralectotypes ♂ , ♀ , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide lvovsky 3652 , rmnh ; paratypes 3♂ , 4♀ , rmnh , zin .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide kaila 4519 , rmnh ; paratype ♀ , genitalia slide kaila 4884 , uaeic .

holotype ♂ , sdei ; 32 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , sdei , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , zmuc ; paratypes 21♂ , 3♀ , zmuc , bmnh , zsm , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , abdomen missing ( see fletcher 1967 : 94 ) , rmnh .

holotype ♀ , genitalia slide g 13827♀ , zsm ; paratypes1♂ and 2♀ , genitalia slide g 13828 , zsm , rmnh .

lectotype ♂ , designated by yuan & robinson ( 1993 : 15 ) , rmnh ; paralectotype 1 ex . ( gender not stated ) , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide lehmann 25 / 012011♂ , rmnh ; paratypes 2♂ , 1♀ , rmnh .

holotpe ♂ , genitalia slide e . van nieukerken 3861♂ , rmnh ; paratype♀ , genitalia slide e . van nieukerken 3940♀ , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , sanc ; allotype ♀ , sanc ; paratypes 51♂ , 4♀ , genitalia slides sanc , tmsa , deus , bmnh , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , tmsa ; paratypes 6♂ , genitalia slide vári 6810♂ , tmsa , bmnh , rmnh .

lectotype ♂ , designated by bourgogne ( 1964a : 897 ) , rmnh ; paralectotype 1♂ , rmnh .

lectotype ♂ , designated by bourgogne ( 1959 : 1235 ) , genitalia slide bourgogne 1776♂ , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , mnhn ; paratypes 21♂ , rmnh , nhmw , mnhn , zmhb , bmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide c . gielis 4461♂ , nhmo ; paratype 1♀ , genitalia slide c . gielis 5629♀ , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide c . gielis 4473♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 5♀ , genitalia slides c . gielis 5623♀ , 5732♀ , nhmo , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5692♂ , rmnh ; paratype 1♀ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5716♀ , coll . asselbergs .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5663 , rmnh ; paratype 1♀ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5664 , coll . asselbergs .

holotype ♂ , rmnh , lost ( see munroe et al . 1958 : 85 ) .

lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 73 ) , rmnh .

lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 85 ) , rmnh ; paralectotypes 3♂ , 1♀ , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5724 , rmnh ; paratypes 5♂ and 6♀ , rmnh , uaeic , coll . asselbergs .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5657 , rmnh ; paratype ♀ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5696 , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5681♂ , rmnh ; paratypes 1♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5700♀ , rmnh , coll . asselbergs .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5652 , rmnh ; paratypes 2♂ and 1♀ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5658 , rmnh , coll . asselbergs .

holotype ♂ , mnhn ; allotype ♀ , mnhn ; paratypes 9♂ , 17♀ , mnhn , bmnh , rmnh , cmp .

holotype ♂ , mnhn ; allotype ♀ , mnhn ; paratypes 19♂ , 3♀ , mnhn , bmnh , rmnh , coll . basquin , darge , turlin .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 6318♂ , rmnh ; paratypes 12♂ , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 5468♂ , rmnh ; paratypes 17♂ , rmnh , zmuc , zmhb , dei , zsm .

holotype ♀ , genitalia slide gaedike 5474 , rmnh ; paratypes 58♂ , rmnh , zmuc , dei , zmhb .

holotype ♂ , rmnh ; paratypes 6♂ , 7♀ , rmnh , coll . bippus .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide diakonoff 4503♂ , nhmw ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 4500♀ , nhmw ; paratypes 4♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides diakonoff 4504 , 4505 , 4506 , 4507 , 4509 , 4543 , nhmw , rmnh , zsm ( see diakonoff 1963a : 476 ) .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide diakonoff 7316♂ , rmnh ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 7317♀ , rmnh ; paratypes 26 ( gender not stated ) , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide diakonoff 2213♂ , mnhn ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 2214♀ , mnhn ; paratypes 4♂ , 2♀ , mnhn , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10315♂ , lnk ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10316♀ , lnk ; paratypes 26♂ , 14♀ , lnk , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10498♂ , lnk ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10507♀ , lnk ; paratypes 1♂ , 2♀ , lnk , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10640♂ , rmnh ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10641♀ , rmnh ; paratypes 14♂ , 6♀ , genitalia slides diakonoff 4584 , 4677 , 10716 , pzdw , rmnh , tmsa .

holotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10475♀ , mnhn ; paratypes 9♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10476♀ , mnhn , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10504♂ , lnk ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10518♀ , lnk ; paratypes 2♂ , 3♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10522♀ , lnk , rmnh .

holotype ♂ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10509♂ , nhmb ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10510♀ , nhmb ; paratypes 3♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10503 , nhmb , lnk , rmnh .


synodontis clarias , known as the red tailed synodontis , or the mandi , is a species of upside-down catfish that that occurs widely in the waters of northern africa .

it was first described by swedish zoologist carl linnaeus in 1758 as silurus clarias .

the original specimens were obtained in egypt , near cairo .

the meaning of the species name clarias is not certain , but may possibly have been used to mean " bright " or " clear " .

synodontis clarias

synodontis clarias <EOT> key words : synodontis clarias , helminth , parasites , proteocephalus , laguna lekki , lagos , nigeria .

key words : synodontis clarias , helmintos , parásitos , proteocephalus , laguna lekki , lagos , nigeria .

synodontis annectens boulenger 1911 linking or joining , believed to be intermediate in form between s . sorex and s . clarias

species of the genera proteocephalus have also been documented in some synodontis species , for instance proteocephalus beauchampi occurred in synodontis schall , and proteocephalus synodontis in synodontis batensoda and in s . schall .

lateral view of synodontis ornatipinnis , illustrating the striking patterns seen in some species of synodontis ; cu 91403 . ©

synodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth . clarias means lively .

the rich fish fauna of the lagoon includes heterotis niloticus , gymnarchus niloticus , clarias gariepinus , malapierurus electricus , synodontis clarias , chysichthys nigrodigitatus , parachanna obscura ; mormyrus rume , calabaricus calamoichthys , tilapia zilli , tilapia galilae , hemichromis fasciatus and sarotherodon melanotheron ( kusemiju 1981 ) .

according to the host - parasite checklist of khalil and polling ( 1997 ) none of the collected parasites described above have been recorded for s . clarias . therefore , this study is the first scientific record of these helminth parasites in synodontis clarias . the parasite w . acuminata has only been documented to infect s . membranaceus in sudan .

akinsanya and otubanjo ( 2006 ) also found w . acuminata from clarias gariepinus collected from lekki lagoon . the prevalence of w . acuminata in different fish species could be an indication that there is no strict host specificity by this parasite . other species of wenyonia however have been found in some synodontis species : w . longicauda ( woodland , 1937 ) occurred in synodontis gambiensis , wenyonia minuta ( woodland , 1923 ) in chrysichthys auratus , and wenyonia virilis ( woodland , 1923 ) in svnodontis batensoda , synodontis schall and synodontis clarias ( khalil and polling , 1997 ) . wenyonia species has therefore been known to infect members of the family mochokidae .

synodontis : ancient name for an undetermined fish from the nile ( cuvier 1816 ) .

monitor - synodontis are food hogs and slow eaters may not get enough to eat .

synodontis clarias is easily recognised by its distinct colour pattern and long dorsal fin spine . i would suggest that you would expect to pay around £25 - £50 . 00 per fish ( 2008 u . k . prices ) depending upon size .

synodontis membranaceus ( geoffroy st . hilaire 1809 ) referring to membranes on maxillary and mandibular barbels

s . but once the featherfin synodontis grows well past four inches their identity becomes clear .

there are no documented reports of aquarium spawnings of synodontis clarias as far as i am aware , most likely due to the fact that this catfish is not commonly imported . they are documented as forming distinct pairs during spawning scattering their eggs over the substrate .

baron , v . d . , orlov , a . a . , and golubtsov , a . s . , african clarias catfish elicits long lasting weak electric pulses ,

yes - they can be kept with other synodontis if the tank is large with many hiding places .

as a catfish in the wild , it would have spent its days at the bottom of the rivers and lakes prowling for food with its three pairs of barbells ( another characteristic feature of this catfish , since only three other synodontis sport three pairs of barbells - synodontis decorus , synodontis clarias and synodontis flaevitaeniatus ) . being opportunistic and not such a finicky eater , it would have eaten whatever fits in its mouth . in the aquarium it will eat flakes , shrimp pellets and whatever falls at the bottom , but the diet should be enriched with frozen bloodworms and shrimp to keep its diet in a healthy balance .

the behaviour of the featherfin is peaceful , even with the other synodontis , and he is a marvel to watch .

the prevalence of the nematode species of the genera raphidascaroides is the first scientific reports in synodontis clarias of lekki lagoon . rajyalakshmi ( 1995 ) also collected a new species of this nematode genera from the intestine of hammer - headed shark , sphyrna zygaena ( linnaeus ) in sisakhapatnam , and this new species did not coincide with the description of already known species .

synodontis bastiani daget 1948 in honor of m . ( probably monsieur ) bastian ( no other information available ) , who collected type

synodontis dekimpei paugy 1987 in honor of p . de kimpe , musée royal de l’afrique centrale ( tervuren ) , who collected type

synodontis macrops greenwood 1963 macro - , large ; ops , eye , referring to larger eye compared to the similar s . schall

akinsanya , b . & o . a . otubanjo . 2006 . helminth parasites of clarias gariepinus ( clariidae ) in lekki lagoon , lagos , nigeria . rev . biol . trop . 54 : 93 - 99 . [ links ]

three hundred and sixty two specimens of s . clarias were examined for parasitic helminth fauna . all helminthic infections observed and recorded were restricted to the intestine . one hundred and forty specimens were found to be infected ( 38 . 2 % ) .

synodontis : ancient name for an undetermined fish from the nile ( cuvier 1816 ) acanthomias : very spiny . pertaining to the humeral process .

featherfin synodontis have not been successfully bred in home aquariums , though they have been bred in fish farms with the help of added hormones .

musschoot , t . , and p . lalèyè . 2008 . designation of a neotype for synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider , 1801 ) and description of two new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . journal of natural history 42 ( 17 - 18 ) : 13031331 .

table 2 shows intestinal helminth infections in relation to size of s . clarias . the group with a length between 10 - 15 cm showed 42 . 1 % of infection , the group with a length between 16 - 20 cm showed 36 . 6 % of infection , the group with a length between 21 - 25 cm showed 48 . 1 % of infection , and the group with a length between 26 - 30 cm showed 50 % of infection . the weight of the specimens examined ranged between 29 . 0 and 174 . 10 g . there was no relationship between sex and size in relation to gastrointestinal helminth infections in s . clarias . see the scatter diagram of male , female and combined sexes of s . clarias ( figs 1 - 3 ) .

writing for us this month ( august 2009 ) is regular contributor chris ralph . he is having a look at a member of the mochokidae family and one of the more impressive looking syno ' s , synodontis clarias . i now hand you over to chris for his in depth look at this african catfish . ynodontis clarias belongs to the family mochokidae from africa ; namely cameroon , chad , egypt , ethiopia , gambia , ghana , mali , niger , nigeria , nile , senegal and sudan and is documented as being found in lakes and rivers . this catfish is also documented as being found in the gambia and volta basins ; niger including the bénoué river .

synodontis longispinis pellegrin 1930 longus , long ; spinis , spine , described as a variety of s . batesii with a longer dorsal - fin spine

fossil mochokids , of the genus synodontis , have been found in deposits from eastern and northern africa dating to at least the early miocene ( at least 20 mya ) ( stewart , 2001 ) . interestingly , fragments of pectoral spines of synodontis dating from the early oligocene have been found in oman , an area where mochokids do not exist today ( otero & gayet , 2001 ) . fossil mochokids outside of the genus synodontis are presently unknown .

synodontis gobroni daget 1954 in honor of m . ( probably monsieur ) gobron , a volunteer at laboratoire de diafarabé ( mail ) , who collected type

synodontis irsacae matthes 1959 of i . r . s . a . c . ( institut pour la recherche scientifique en afrique centrale ) , matthes’ employer

synodontis thysi poll 1971 in honor of poll’s musée de l’afrique centrale colleague , dirk thys van den audenaerde ( b . 1934 ) , who collected type

description : s . clarias has maxillary barbels branched , 5 - 9 mandibular teeth only . the color of the adult is gray with a white belly and tail red . the dorsal soft rays extended its by black filaments . lt : 31cm , d : 1 . 11 kg .

collection and examination of specimens for parasites : from march 2003 to april 2004 , a total of 362 randomly selected fresh specimens of s . clarias obtained from lekki lagoon were purchased at oluwo market , epe , lagos , nigeria . the fresh specimens were immediately examined for gastrointestinal helminth parasites .

synodontis obesus boulenger 1898 fat , allusion not explained , perhaps referring to less - elongate body shape compared to s . serratus , with which it had been misidentified

synodontis soloni boulenger 1899 in memory of alexandre solon , a young traveler who died in congo after helping capt . capra ( no other information available ) collect fish

the featherfin synodontis is considered to be one of the ' upside - down ' catfish species . like their well - known relatives , the upside - down catfish

the featherfin can swim upside down at will . they are called squeakers because they produce a squeaking sound as a warning to both predators and competitors during spawning time . the squeaking is accomplished by rubbing the spines of its pectoral fins into grooves on its shoulders . other common names they are known by include featherfin catfish and featherfin synodontis . they are also referred to as the lace cat or synodontis lace catfish , though this name is more often applied to its very similar cousin the lace synodontis

6a . eyes with free orbital margin ; 17 principal caudal - fin rays ( only 13 in synodontis contracta ) ; tail forked ; 6 to 10 pectoral - fin rays ( usually 8 or 9 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length or doubly branched ( fig . 27a–b ) … synodontis

synodontis haugi pellegrin 1906 in honor of protestant missionary ernest haug ( d . 1915 ) , a correspondent of múseum national d’histoire naturelle ( paris ) , who collected type

synodontis polyodon vaillant 1895 poly , many ; odon , tooth , referring to greater number of mandibular teeth ( ~ 75 ) compared to s . schall ( ~ 25 )

day , j . j . , and m . wilkinson . 2006 . on the origin of the synodontis catfish species flock from lake tanganyika . biology letters 2 : 548552 .

synodontis robbianus smith 1875 – anus , belonging to : rev . alexander robb , who provided specimens from the “old calavar district of tropical africa , ” including type of this one

bishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1968 . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . iii . reproduction . hydrobiologia 31 : 193202 .

sanyanga , r . a . 1998 . food composition and selectivity of synodontis zambezensis ( pisces : mochokidae ) in lake kariba , and the ecological implications . hydrobiologia 361 : 8999 .

synodontis nummifer boulenger 1899 nummus , coin ; fero , to bear , referring to 1 - 2 rounded ( i . e . , coin - like ) black spots on the sides

in nigeria the demand for fish exceeds supply and the proportion of animal protein in the diet is generally low . parasitic diseases of fish seem to be one of the major problems confronting fish culturists . the squeaker or upside - down catfish synodontis clarias ( linnaeus , 1758 ) is a benthopelagic , potamodromous fresh water fish that inhabits water with a ph range of 6 . 5 - 9 . 5 ( reids 2004 ) . the fish has been reported to present dioecism with external fertilization ( breeder and rosen 1966 ) .

although it will grow to around the 12¼ " mark ( 30 . 5cm ) in the aquarium it is reported to grow to twice this size in its natural habitat . the genus synodontis sports three pairs of barbels 1pair : maxillary , 1 pair : outer mandibular and one pair of inner mandibular barbels that are branched ( filaments ) . there are only three species that have filaments on their maxillary barbels as well as the mandibular , and they are , s . clarias , s . decorus and s . flavitaeniatiatus .

bishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965a . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . i . age and growth . hydrobiologia 26 : 8597 .

bishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965b . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . ii . food and feeding habits . hydrobiologia 26 : 98113 .

featherfin synodontis ( eupterus ) is a relatively peaceful community fish , that cohabitates in my 90g tank with 5 bumblebee gobies , one gold nugget pleco , one zebra . . . ( more ) alexander

featherfin synodontis ( eupterus ) is a relatively peaceful community fish , that cohabitates in my 90g tank with 5 bumblebee gobies , one gold nugget pleco , one zebra pleco and one gold line pleco .

synodontis courteti pellegrin 1906 in honor of m . ( probably monsieur ) courtet , member of french 1902 - 1903 mission to study the region between ubangi river and lake chad , during which type was collected

microsynodontis boulenger 1903 micro - , small , referring to small size of m . batesii ( 10 cm tl ) , i . e . , a small synodontis ( all other species are small , too )

synodontis robertsi poll 1974 in honor of ichthyologist tyson r . roberts ( b . 1940 ) , who helped collect type during a national geographic society expedition to zaire ( now democratic republic of the congo ) in 1973

synodontis serpentis whitehead 1962 snake , allusion not explained , perhaps referring to marbled pattern on caudal peduncle of juveniles ( e . schraml , pers . comm . ) , which resembles the marbled pattern seen on many constrictors

wright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2006 . taxonomic revision of the lake tanganyikan synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . the bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 46 : 99154 .

synodontis polli gosse 1982 in honor of belgian ichthyologist max poll ( 1908 - 1991 ) , for his revision of the genus [ replacement name for s . eurystomus matthes 1959 , preoccupied by s . eurystomus pfeffer 1889 ]

article supplied by alex gourgiotopoulos of kingston , ontario - the featherfin synodontis originates from the rivers of the white nile in africa . it is also know as the squeaker synodontis or the featherfin squeaker . the featherfin is a catfish whose name originates from the greek words “syno” meaning “close” and “odontis” meaning “tooth” , which refers to the teeth of the lower jaw of the fish that are spaced close together . the second attribute of its name , “eupterus” , refers also to the greek word “beautiful wings” , which refers to its dorsal fin . the featherfin belongs to the family of mochokidae and shares its place among approximately 170 species , 50 of which belong to the same group of synodontis .

wright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2008 . a new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from tributaries of the kasai river in northern angola . copeia 2008 ( 2 ) : 294300 .

the high worm burden in the intestine of the fish may be due to its omnivore nature . khalil ( 1971 ) , van as and basson ( 1984 ) , reported that a variety of adult stage tapeworms occur in native african fish especially the caryophyllaeidae as well as one amphilinid representative , the segmented pseudophyllideans , and proteocephalidae . these findings coincide with the present study which also isolated caryophyllaeid and proteocephalid cestodes from s . clarias .

willoughby , n . g . 1974 . the ecology of the genus synodontis ( pisces : siluriodei ) in lake kainji , nigeria . ph . d . thesis , university of southampton , u . k . 288 p . [ links ]

koblmüller , s . , c . sturmbauer , e . verheyen , a . meyer , and w . salzburger . 2006 . mitochondrial phylogeny and phylogeography of east african squeaker catfishes ( siluriformes : synodontis ) . bmc evolutionary biology 6 : 49 .

synodontis acanthomias boulenger 1899 acanthus , thorn ; omias , perhaps from the greek omos , shoulder or humerus , referring to humeral process armed with spines ( name may also refer to s . omias , to which this species had incorrectly been identified )

was described by boulenger in 1901 . they inhabit much of central africa , including nigeria , chad , sudan , ghana , mali , niger , and cameroon . they are found in the famous white nile river system as well . other common names they are known by include featherfin catfish , featherfin synodontis , synodontis lace catfish , and lace cat . due to their wide distribution they are not considered threatened and are listed as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list of endangered species .

table 1 shows the presence of gastrointestinal helminth infections in relation to sex of s . clarias in lekki lagoon , lagos , nigeria . a total of 196 male specimens were examined and 97 were infected with helminth parasites , which shows an infection of 37 . 8 % of the total sample . a total of 166 female specimens were examined and 43 were infected with helminth parasites , which shows an infection of 23 . 5 % of the total sample .

se muestrearon aleatoriamente un total de 362 especímenes de synodontis clarias , los cuales fueron sometidos a análisis parasitológicos . los especimenes fueron recolectados durante un período de un año del lago lekki , nigeria . la existencia de infecciones gastrointestinales fue de un 38 . 7 % del total de especímenes examinados , lo cual representó 114 especímenes infectados con parásitos helmintos . los gusanos helmintos encontrados incluyen dos céstodos , especies de proteocephalus , wenyonia acuminata , y una especie de nemátodo , raphidascaroides sp . los especímenes machos ( 196 ) presentaron una tasa de infección mayor ( 37 . 8 % ) que la presentada por hembras ( 23 . 5 % ) . la cantidad total de gusanos parásitos fue alta ( 678 ) y fue independiente del sexo y la talla del pez .

friel , j . p . , and j . p . sullivan . 2008 . synodontis woleuensis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) , a new species of catfish from gabon and equatorial guinea , africa . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 312 .

friel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2006 . synodontis acanthoperca , a new species from the ogôoué river system , gabon with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . zootaxa 1125 : 4556 .

synodontis ornatissimus gosse 1982 very ornate or decorated , referring to its “striking” coloration ( translation ) , with many black spots on body and dorsal fin and black bands on tail [ replacement name for s . ornatus boulenger 1920 , preoccupied by s . ornatus pappenheim 1914 ]

de weirdt , d . , e . vreven , and y . fermon . 2008 . synodontis ngouniensis , a new species ( siluriformes : mochikidae ) from ngounié and nyanga basins , gabon and republic of congo . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 19 ( 2 ) : 121128 .

synodontis vanderwaali skelton & white 1990 in honor of zoologist ben van der waal , university of venda ( south africa ) , who collected type , for his donations of fishes from northern namibian rivers to the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology and the albany museum

nine genera and approximately 200 valid species are currently recognized . some fossilized pectoral spines have been attributed to synodontis , but none of them are described as new . phylogenetic relationships among the mochokid genera were investigated by vigliotta ( 2008 ) who found that chiloglanis is possibly a paraphyletic assemblage , that synodontis must include s . membranaceous and s . batensoda ( formerly placed in hemisynodontis and brachysynodontis respectively ) and that the reciprocal monophyly of atopochilus and euchilichthys are questionable at best ; all remaining genera are recovered as valid and monophyletic . the general relationships between mochokid genera are illustrated in the phylogeny below .

comments by lemulepr : - this fish is very beautiful . but as most big mouth fish , they will eat whatever fits inside it . thats why most people recommend to not mix small tetras with cichlids . the thing with the neons is that they are small , not so fast , and during the night they tend to " sleep " in the bottom . synodontis are kind of nocturnal , so probably they found a snack there . guppies appear bigger because their tails and tend to stay on the top , where is safer in this case ( this is only my opinion ) . synodontis require a 50 gallon tank , as they can grow big . if you want to keep the synodontis , think about adding bigger tank mates . can be other cichilds or bigger tetras , like the congo , emperor , buenos aires , black skirts , etc . rainbows are medium size and fast moving . keep an eye on the guppies , but there is always something about the guppies that help them survive with weird tanks mates , with bigger tanks , better fish behavoir ( my opinion ) . hth pd : synodontis like hidding , so provide a " cave " . be careful with its spikes , as they can harm you when they protude through the fish net .

even more peculiar is the habit of some species of synodontis that are known to swim upside - down . this habit seems to be correlated with feeding while upside - down at the water’s surface ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ) , but upside - down catfishes will rest and swim in the inverted position on a regular basis . chapman et al . ( 1994 ) showed that an upside - down posture near the surface also facilitates respiration in poorly oxygenated water . while the genus synodontis presents the most well - known species with their fascinating behaviors and natural histories , the family is actually much more interesting when taken as a whole .

synodontis ricardoae seegers 1996 in honor of cicely kate ricardo ( later ricardo - bertram , 1912 - 1999 ) , who , together with ms . r . j . owen , collected in the lake rukwa drainage ( where this species occurs ) and co - authored several important papers on the fishes of east and central africa

recently , i added one synodontis angelicus after changes in the tank , that made it more structurally complex ( meaning adding more hiding spaces in the form of rocks and caves , but also mopani wood - specially treated , so it doesnt give the water a tea colour , but it maintains its nutritional characteristics . - )

s . clarias is also a non - guarding , substratum and open water egg scatterer , oviparous , and distinct pairing during breeding ( breeder and rosen 1966 ) . this fish species has been reported to occur in different ecosystems such as benue river , ( paugy and roberts 1992 ) , in the zoogeographic realm of ethiopia ( gosse 1986 ) , in kainji lake ( willoughby 1974 ) , in lake chad ( gosse 1986 ) , in niger , ( paugy et al . 1994 ) , and in the nile river , senegal and volta ( gosse 1986 ) . the genus synodontis belongs to the family mochokidae and is the most common for commercial purposes ( reed et al . 19 67 ) . twenty - one species of this genus have been reported in nigerian inland waters and most of these have also been found within the sudanean and guinean zones ( mcconnell 1965 , reed et al . 1967 ) .

nematode species of the genera raphidascaroides have not been documented to infect any species of synodontis . akinsanya et al . ( 2007 ) , in a comparative study of the parasitic helminth fauna of two fish species , collected species of the nematode genus raphidascaroides from the stomach of gymnarchus niloticus collected from lekki lagoon , lagos , nigeria .

banhawy , m . a . , m . fa . saoud , i . m . anwar & m . k . el - naffar . 1975 . the histopathological effects of tine parasitic tapeworm wenyonia virilis on the ileum and liver of the silurid fish synodontis schall . ann . zool . 11 : 83 - 101 . [ links ]

these synodontis are not picky about their aquarium conditions . little maintenance has to be done to keep them in good condition . regular siphoning of the gravel is recommended to remove waste and keep the tank in a clean state . the recommended water change is 10 - 15 % every other week to keep up with the bio - load . .

beyond information gleaned from captive breeding of certain species of synodontis , very little is known about reproduction in mochokids . the best studied mochokids in this regard are most likely nile river synodontis ( including s . membranacea and s . batensoda , previously placed in other genera ) . still , details are limited ; the studies indicate that spawning occurs from july to october , which coincides with the flooding season , and that pairs swim in unison during spawning bouts ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1968 ) . the most interesting and detailed information on mochokid reproduction relates to a species from lake tanganyika , synodontis multipunctatus , which is a brood parasite of mouth brooding cichlids such as simochromis and haplochromis ( sato , 1986 ; wisenden , 1999 ) . adults of this species spawn in the midst of spawning cichlids and the fertilized catfish eggs are taken into the mouth of a cichlid . the catfish eggs hatch first and will eat the host eggs before they leave the host mouth . most amazingly , this species has been able to parasitize mouth brooding cichlids from south america in captivity ( loiselle , 1998 ) .

all in all not a beginners fish , not in the sense of managing to keep them , but of their aggressive behavior towards other inhabitants in the community tank . best left to catfish enthusiasts who know the nature of this animal and can spot problems and are on hand to remedy them , such as moving from the tank any fish that is getting bullied . i am not being pessimistic here as i think that the genus synodontis is a fascinating group of fish and my tanks have always housed one or two as their interaction in the tank when feeding or just going about their business is worth it alone in keeping them . the side map shows where the first discovery of synodontis acanthomias was made by boulenger in 1899 .

featherfin catfish prefer living near muddy or rocky bottoms of rivers in their natural habitat , preying upon insect larvae and even eating algae . they prefer moderately fast flowing rivers . like most catfish , they are primarily scavengers and will eat most available items that are edible . featherfin synodontis enjoy each other’s company in the wild and often live in small , fluctuating groups .

would it be ok to keep a featherfin squeaker in a 55 gallon tall tank with 1 yoyo loach ( i lost the rest to skinny disease ) , 1 banjo catfish , 3 johanni cichlids , 1 synodontis nigritis , and 1 upside down cat . could i get a featherfin squeaker , and two peacock eels as well ? ? ? thanks ! - ? ? ?

dorsal view of heads illustrating sexual dimorphism of the opercular spine in synodontis acanthoperca : a . cu 89005 , male holotype , 44 . 1 mm sl ; b . cu 89006 , female paratype , 40 . 4 mm sl . the pectoral spines in both specimens have been removed from the images to make the margins of the head more distinct against the background . scale bar equals 1 mm . ©

little is known about the ecology of most mochokids . what is known pertains mostly to diet and is biased towards species of synodontis . stomach contents from synodontis have included insects , nematodes , crustaceans , mollusks , annelids , seeds , algae , diatoms , fish scales and , incidentally , sand ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965a ; bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ; winemiller & kelso - winemiller , 1996 ; sanyanga , 1998 ) . from observations of stomach contents , the diet of most mochokids is probably very similar ; that is , they are omnivores . for some of the larger sucker - mouthed species ( i . e . , atopochilus and euchilichthys ) the stomach contents contain a high proportion of silt , algae and detritus . for these taxa it seems likely that scraping or grazing is the predominant method of feeding .

the featherfin squeaker enjoys the company of its own genus , but like the majority of synodontis they have an intricate hierarchy system , mainly based on size . the most dominant featherfin will get the best hiding place . the ' species internal ' bullying is rarely life threatening but can cause substantial stress which may lead to illness . watch for any individual fish getting bullied too much . featherfins are often an excellent addition in african cichlid tanks .

synodontis are known as squeaker catfish because they produce a squeaking sound by rubbing the spines of the pectoral fins into grooves on the shoulders . they use this sound as a warning to both predators and competitors during spawning time . like their relatives the upside - down catfish , they can also swim upside down at will . for idedntification , their distinctive characteristics are the long , flowing fins , delicately spotted body , and their eventual adult size .

the mochokidae are a family of african catfishes known commonly as ‘squeakers’ and ‘upside - down catfishes . ’ these common names refer to some unusual habits of certain members of the large genus synodontis . the name squeaker refers to the fact that , when agitated , many species in the genus are capable of making a squeaking noise by stridulation of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle ( jubb , 1967 ) ; stridulation is also apparent in mochokiella paynei and some species of atopochilus .

how to cite this article : midhat a . el - kasheif , mohammad m . n . authman and seham a . ibrahim , 2012 . environmental studies on synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider , 1801 ) ( pisces : siluriformes : mochokidae ) in the river nile at gizza sector , egypt : biological aspects and population dynamics . journal of fisheries and aquatic science , 7 : 104 - 133 . doi : 10 . 3923 / jfas . 2012 . 104 . 133 url : urltoken

featherfin catfish have a flattened underside and triangular flanks leading up to their sharp , spined dorsal fin that develops lacy extensions on the adults . the barbels are quite pronounced and very flexible allowing them to seek food and warn other competitors off with a ‘tickle’ . these catfish are often spotted or patterned with varying degrees of browns and sometimes grays . called featherfin synodontis , they are particularly noted for their huge , feathery fins . because featherfins can range greatly in color , they can easily be confused with similar

freshwater fishes are important and valued resources for food , sport and ornament ( authman et al . , 2009 ) . catfishes of the genus synodontis , belonging to the family mochokidae , support the commercial fisheries in egypt ( mekkawy and hassan , 2011 ) . so , the present investigation into the biology of s . schall was meant to shed more light into the dynamics of its populations , in the river nile at gizza , for understanding their role in biodiversity , as well as their fishery development in egypt .

the featherfin is quite hardy and can be forgiving and accommodating to a variety of water conditions and tankmates ( since it has the protection of his spiked fin ) , making it an ideal beginner ' s fish . it is relatively peaceful in temperament , and despite its omnivorous nature , hardly ever bothers other bottom dwellers even if they are very small in size , but can be picky with its tankmates , harassing the unlucky one that it dislikes . synodontis eupterus is also quite moody in attitude , therefore it should have caves to dwell in and feel at ease . they usually like a piece of bogwood or a raised area at the bottom of the tank , preferably to overview the tank from a pot of clay and to patrol to show who is the boss . it is not advised to put more than one of its species in a tank , since it can be very territorial with its own and it is a loner . nevertheless , other species of synodontis can be added , but keep in mind the prospect of aggressive behaviour toward some synos and also some plecos .

buenos aires tetra , danios , dwarf gourami , emperor tetra , flame tetra , harlequin rasbora , head and tail light tetra , kuhli loach , mollies , platy , red eye tetra , rosy barb , sailfin molly , serpae tetra , silver dollar , silver hatchetfish , silver tip tetra african and south american cichlids , provided they are not small . caution should be used in combining with other synodontis and plecos , as the featherfin can sometimes be aggressive toward these . there are sad stories out there about the plight of neon tetras with the featherfin .

synodontis acanthomias is found in the rivers of the congo basin of africa in the country of zaire which is now renamed the democratic republic of the congo . it was first discovered by boulenger in 1899 in boma , leopoldville , just south of the capital kinshasa on the congo river near the confluence with the south atlantic ocean in the aforementioned country . the holotype resides in the natural history museum , london . as mentioned previously this is quite an aggressive syno and can grow quite large . its certainly not in the same league as s . schall but never the less still a bit of a ' grump ' when housed especially with its own kind .

featherfin synodontis are omnivores that feed on insect larvae , algae , and any other foods source they can scavenge in the wild . in the aquarium they are not hard to feed at all . they are enthusiastic eaters will consume nearly any food they can locate with a rambunctious attitude . even though they prefer to be under cover during day time , the tantalizing smell of food in the water will often bring them out of their domain for a good feasting time . meaty foods , vegetable tablets , and anything in between will be appreciated by these hardy eaters . brine shrimp and blood worms ( either live or frozen ) , or even small earthworms are an excellent once a week snack .

we studied the effects of illumination and alarm pheromone on emition of specialized electric discharges in the broadhead catfish clarias macrocephalus ( clariidae , siluriformes ) during aggressive - defensive interactions . the discharges were recorded with a special hardware in two adult fish of a similar size placed into an aquarium , during a period of 24 h , under alternating 30 - min - long light ( 700 lx ) and dark periods . the electrical activity of the broadhead catfish was found to be higher in the dark than under the light ; by the end of the trial , the frequency of electrical discharges gradually decreased . the overall number of discharges recorded in different pairs of the fish was significantly different , which is evidence of individual variability in the electrical activity . changes in the illumination regime in many cases increased the emition of electrical discharges , which could be a result of a stress - response . however , the stimulation of the fish by alarm pheromone ( extract of the skin , 0 . 5 g / l ) caused no pronounced changes in the electrical activity . it is supposed that aggressive motivation caused in the broadhead catfish by the presence of another individual of the same species dominated over the defensive response initiated by the alarm pheromone and , thus , dominated in the development of the electrical response .

a minimum 50 gallon aquarium is recommended for a full sized featherfin squeaker . this synodontis catfish enjoys a tank with lots of hiding places , particularly driftwood . they have fun chasing each other around all the tunnels and holes , while feeling secure under the driftwood . once they find their favorite spot , they will stay there much of their lives unless the tank is revamped or a competitor out competes them for the space . porous rocks , such as the tufa used for african cichlid tanks , are also welcomed by these catfish . substrate should be sand or some type of smooth gravel to reduce the chance of barbel damage . plants also provide cover , but they must be tough and resilient since these catfish often shove away anything in their path .

the river nile is considered one of the most important fishery resources in egypt ( authman et al . , 2009 ) . it contributes about 7 . 99 % ( 87335 tons ) of the annual total egyptian fish production ( gafrd , 2009 ) . according to bishai and khalil ( 1997 ) survey , 71 fish species have been recorded in the nile system from egypt , 22 species are common in the commercial catch while 49 are rare ( el - kasheif et al . , 2007 ) . among the nile fishes , fishes of family mochokidae ( squeakers and upside - down catfishes ) ( nelson , 2006 ) are one of the most common groups and includes 4 genera and 7 species in egypt ( bishai and khalil , 1997 ) one of these species is synodontis schall .

pigmentation and patterning of mochokid skin is also diverse . mochokids are popular in the pet trade because they have showy colors , sharply contrasting patterns like stripes and polka - dots and , quite often , extravagant fins . as some of the largest and most active mochokids , species of synodontis display an amazing array of patterns and pigmentation that may , in some cases , serve as visual cues to conspecifics . it might also be true that the bright , contrasting coloration found in some species serves as a warning to predators . like many catfishes , some mochokids possess specialized poison glands for delivering offensive chemicals along with a ‘stick’ by the pectoral spine ; anecdotal accounts indicate that these wounds can be very painful . however , field studies that might demonstrate function of these varied patterns have not been done .

all species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process ( humeral process ) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior . the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated . caudal fin is always forked . there is one pair of maxillary barbels , sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched . the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached . the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short . s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw . these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle . a species made distinctive by its red tail . both sexes have this although it is not clear if it is present in young fish .

many mochokid species exhibit obvious sexual dimorphism . for example , many species in the genus chiloglanis show dimorphism of the caudal and anal fins ( roberts , 1989 ; seegers , 1996 ; friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) ; some chiloglanis also display sexual dimorphism of the cleithral process , wherein males possess a greatly enlarged process shielding the flank . in the closely related genus atopochilus , sexual dimorphism of the anal fin is sometimes evident . some mochokids exhibit spiny ornamentation of the skull roof bones , opercular series and pectoral girdle ( friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) . in the case of synodontis acanthoperca , a spine found at the rear of the opercle is , itself , sexually dimorphic . the spines of males are much larger than those of females . this is also true for mochokiella paynei ( personal observation ) , which was previously unknown to possess opercular spines or exhibit sexual dimorphism .

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catalogue of the fresh - water fishes of africa in the british museum ( natural history ) . .

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the root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .

you can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .

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mochokid catfishes are currently restricted to the freshwaters of africa , but are nearly ubiquitous in the habitable waters of the continent . a high degree of morphological diversity allows mochokid catfishes to inhabit some of the fastest flowing streams and cataracts to the widest and deepest stretches of the congo river . mochokids also inhabit the massive african rift lakes like tanganyika , victoria and nyasa . the greatest diversity of mochokids almost certainly occurs in the congo river and its numerous tributaries , but they are also found in many of the rivers and lakes of western africa , southern africa , eastern africa and in the nile . like a handful of other catfishes , some mochokids are known to swim in mid - water ; other members of the family are primarily benthic . likewise , some mochokids shoal while others are rather solitary . as a rule they are most active during the night , but they can be found hiding amongst plants , logs and other submerged structure during the day .

lateral view of atopochilus vogti , illustrating typical body shape in sucker - mouthed mochokids ; cu 93752 . ©

vigliotta ( 2008 ) provides several synapomorphies as diagnostic features for the mochokidae including : absense of the ascending process of meckel’s cartilage ; a shortened horizontal process of meckel’s cartilage ; coronomeckalian extremely reduced or even absent ; absence of a coronoid process ; absence of an interhyal ; presence of a pectoral locking foramen ( absence / reversal in most suckermouthed species ) ; seven pelvic - fin rays ; fusion of upper caudal - fin elements ( absence / reversal in atopochilus and euchilichthys ) ; a reduced number of mandibular sensory canal pores ( 3 or fewer ) ; and distinctive , ramified inner and outer mandibular barbels ( absence / reversal in suckermouthed mochokids where these barbels are partially or completely incorporated into an expanded lower lip ) .

1a . lips and barbels modified into oral disc ( fig . 27c ) ; postcleithral process short ( fig . 22c ) ; 5 infraorbitals ( figs . 2c , 4b ) ; pelvic - fin origin at vertical at end of dorsal - fin base . . . 2

1b . lips and barbels not modified into oral disc ; postcleithral process quite long ( fig . 22b ) ; 4 infraorbitals figs . 2b , 4a ) ; pelvic - fin origin beyond end of dorsal - fin base . . . 5

2a . mandibular teeth bunched ( in bouquet ) at midline ( fig . 3d in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) in or spread across mouth opening in one or two discrete rows ( fig . 3e–f in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes without free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory - canal absent ; 4 to 6 dorsalfin rays ( typically 5 ) ; 5 to 7 branchiostegal rays ( typically 5 or 6 ) … chiloglanis

2b . mandibular teeth spread across mouth opening in more than two discrete rows ( fig . 3a–c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes with free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory canal present , with 2 pores on each side ; 6 to 7 dorsal - fin rays ; 7 to 8 branchiostegal rays . . . 3

3a . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip produced by folds of skin ( fig . 4a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows less than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin emarginate ; gas bladder extremely reduced to two small bulbs ( fig . 5 ) … atopodontus

3b . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip absent ( fig . 4b in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows more than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3b–c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin forked ; gas bladder only modestly reduced ( fig . 3c ) . . . 4

4a . mandibular teeth spatulate and unicuspid ( fig . 10c ) ; large posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; one or only a few pores at sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; fewer than 40 vertebrae … atopochilus

4b . mandibular teeth with lengthwise keel creating trowel shape and sometimes bicuspid from wear ( fig . 10a ) ; small posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; several pores at various sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; more than 40 vertebrae … euchilichthys

5a . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth present ( fig . 10a , c–f ) ; premaxillary teeth differentiated by shape and size front to back ; lips plicate ( with folds at corners of mouth ) . . . 6

5b . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth absent ( fig . 10b ) ; premaxillary teeth showing little , if any , differentiation from front to back ; lips papillose , but not plicate ( without folds ) . . . 7

6b . eyes without free orbital margin ; 12 to 14 principal caudal - fin rays ; tail truncate or rounded ; 6 or 7 pectoral - fin rays ( typically 6 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) … microsynodontis

7a . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield covered by large ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum bearing spine in males ; rounded , blunt postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening distant ; free orbital margin present ; gill openings open to isthmus ; tips of mandibular teeth spatulate ; medial mandibular barbels with multiple , thick branches at each point along length ( fig . 27b ) ; 8 to 9 pectoral - fin rays ; 17 caudal - fin rays ; more than 40 vertebrae … acanthocliethron

7b . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield without ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum without spine in males ; pointed postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening very close ; free orbital margin absent ; gill openings restricted to sides of the head ; tips of mandibular teeth pointed ; medial mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) ; 5 to 7 pectoral - fin rays ; 13 or 15 caudal - fin rays ; fewer than 36 vertebrae . . . 8

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