the coast horned lizard ( phrynosoma coronatum ) is a species of phrynosomatid lizard which can be found in baja california sur .

the old classification included all three current species p. blainvillii , p. cerroense , and p. coronatum as a single species ( p. coronatum ) ranging from baja california north to california 's sacramento valley .

it was previously considered to be a widely divergent species with over 6 subspecies in their relatively small range but is now classified as three distinct species .

as a defense the lizard can shoot high pressure streams of blood out of its eyes if threatened .

coast horned lizard

coast horned lizard <EOT> montanucci presented evidence in 2004 that the group of horned lizards formerly known as phrynosoma coronatum ( coast horned lizard ) comprised four separate species . this evidence was accepted by the ssar names book that i follow on this site .

caitanya tells us about a horned lizard she found then lets it go . © robert de vico

the horned lizard eats arthropods , including ants , beetles , and spiders . ants seem to be their favorites . they usually are observed in close proximity to ant hills . many non native ant species have moved into their habitats displacing or eradicating the native ant species that the coast horned lizard feeds on .

there is , however , some conjecture about the taxonomy of the baja horned lizards starting with the ones found directly south of the san diego subspecies , and they may actually be one or more different species / subspecies related to the coast horned lizard .

i returned a week later with my horned - lizard - loving friends jackson and fred , and their horned - lizard - admiring wives mela and angie , to see if we could repeat my luck . a horned lizard bonanza ensued . note that ol ' curly horn from the previous week put in another appearance .

we saw another horned lizard a little while later , which had one of its head horns curled back .

habitat , riverside county . the bare spot in the foreground is the entrance to a nest of harvester ants , a primary food source for coast horned lizards .

the coast horned lizard ( phrynosoma coronatum ) , which is found in coastal and cismontane california , crosses to the east side of the baja peninsula , actually making contact with the desert horned lizard in the vicinity of bahía de los angeles . the two live sympatrically for a distance along the east coast . as the coastal form has taken over the balance of the peninsula , it could also be considered a desert form since it does live in the deserts of baja right down to cabo san lucas .

the most common horned lizard in the western deserts is aptly named the desert horned lizard ( phrynosoma platyrhinos ) consisting of two subspecies : the northern ( p . p . platyrhinos ) which inhabits the great basin desert , and the southern ( p . p . calidiarum ) which inhabits the sonoran and mojave deserts including a finger of the east coast of northern baja california .

some do diverge from the ant diet at certain times of the year such as the regal horned lizard , which gorges itself on tiny beetles and eschews ants altogether when the beetles are abundant . also , the coast horned lizard can survive on inverts other than ants . but the flattail and shorthorned , as well as the desert horned lizards , are closely tied to ants and will die if those are not supplied in quantity .

the coast horned lizard is presently listed as a federal special concern species ( fsc ) and a california special concern species ( dfg - csc ) . so don ' t collect them ! they are much happier outside than in a terrarium in your living room .

the short - horned lizard is a one - reptile wrecking crew with a bizarre self - defense strategy . when defending its own life , this lizard squirts blood from the thin blood vessels around its eyes that rupture under pressure .

harvester ants are a primary source of food for blainville ' s horned lizards and other species of horned lizards .

the horned lizard is an odd looking lizard . its body is covered in horny scales the longest being around its head . it is often called a horned toad because of its squat toad like appearance . of coarse , these guys can tolerate much hotter and drier environments than any bufo boreas .

at pinnacles national monument , i finally found success in a rocky riverbed . the first horned lizard of the day was mildly agitated by our insistent photography and jumped up onto a rock in a feeble , horned - lizard - style attempt to get away . the rock was previously occupied by a

the short - horned lizard is often referred to as a “horned toad” or “horny toad” because its squat , flattened shape and short , blunt snout give it a toad - ish look . there are over a dozen recognized horned - lizard species found in the deserts and semi - arid environments of north and central america , from southern canada to guatemala .

comments : in california , this species formerly was known as the coast horned lizard , phrynosoma coronatum . populations south of northern baja california are now recognized as one or two distinct species , whereas the northern segment of the former p . coronatum is now p . blainvillii ( see leaché et al . 2009 ) .

, who seemed to take some offense at this incursion and , rather than giving ground immediately , initiated a head - bobbing display . the horned lizard responded with head - bobbing of its own . this is the first time i ' ve seen such obvious inter - species communication in lizards . after a brief but no doubt tense standoff , the horned lizard moved forward a little and the side - blotched lizard raced off .

coast horned lizard traditional bath goats feast in puerto de la cruz cow walking on the sand on colva beach in south goa . cow walking on the sand on colva beach in south goa . cow walking on the sand on colva beach in south goa . cow walking on the sand on colva beach in south goa . sculpture of deer on the riverside volga

the coast horned lizard is now absent from much of its former southern californian range due to urbanization , agricultural development , and over - collecting ( jennings 1987 , 1988 ) . in some areas , the non - native argentine ant is displacing native ant species upon which this lizard feeds ( stebbins 2003 ) . in baja california , the expansion of intensive agriculture is also a threat , in particular in the vizcaíno desert , the magdalena plain , and the isthmus of la paz .

two different blainville ' s horned lizards are shown running quickly for a short distance then stopping to hide by blending in with the background , typical behavior for this type of lizard .

horned lizards are found only in the western portions of the united states and mexico . there are 14 recognized species . they range from arkansas to the pacific coast , and from british columbia south to guatemala . these lizards are creatures of hot , dry , sandy environments .

range and habitat : texas horned lizards occur naturally range from louisiana to arizona , but were once commonly sold as pets and have been introduced in several locations in the southeast . most established populations in south carolina and georgia are near the coast where sand dunes mimic their natural desert habitat .

prey : horned lizards prey almost exclusively on ants but may eat other small insects .

i had searched for phrynosoma blainvillii at pinnacles national monument , in the ventana wilderness , and at fort ord public lands at least 10 times in the past two years with nary a horned lizard sighting to show for it . finally , after a friendly bureau of land management ranger told me where he had seen them , i came across these two youngsters on a sandy trail . there ' s nothing cuter than a pouty little horned lizard , i say .

blainville ' s horned lizards are covered with small granular scales interspersed with larger pointed scales .

desert horned lizards have only 1 row of slightly enlarged scales on each side of the throat .

comments : this lizard is now absent from much of its former southern california range due to urbanization , agricultural development , and over - collecting ( jennings 1987 , 1988 ) . in some areas , the non - native argentine ant is displacing native ant species upon which this lizard feeds ( stebbins 2003 ) .

eric pianka and wendy hodge ' s excellent article on horned lizards , from the university of texas .

according to dumas ( 1964 ) the lower limit of p . douglassi is set in part by predation by the leopard lizard and the whiptail . wherever these potential predators of p . douglassi are found , the short - horned lizard itself is scarce or , more often , absent . p . platyrhinos is apparently to much for the leopard lizard or the whiptail because of its larger spines and overall larger size . in field and laboratory experiments by dumas ( 1964 ) , adult p . douglassi were quickly eaten by leopard lizards and whiptails in areas where leopard lizards , whiptails , and desert horned lizards were abundant . both leopard lizards and whiptails released p . platyrhinos individuals without permanent injury .

at long last an adult blainville ' s horned lizard put in an appearance for me , along the same trail where i had seen youngsters several times . the top photo here is in fact another youngster , but that second one is a full - grown adult .

adult , santa cruz mountains © jackson shedd this lizard squirted blood from its eyes just before the photographs were made , which explains the reddish coloring on its head .

i arrived at about 9 am to discover that this was to be a blisteringly hot day ; it was already at least 90 degrees . i searched carefully for horned lizards for an hour or so with no luck . i didn ' t even see any ( very recognizable ) horned lizard poops , which was making me worry that this population had died out . but my worries were dispelled when this half - sized lizard dashed across the trail in front of me . did i say " dashed " ? i meant " waddled determinedly " .

more very young horned lizards awaited me on a return trip to the same site more than four months later . i was surprised to still discover no adults , but this time i saw five youngsters . the second one pictured above is the smallest horned lizard i ' ve ever seen , no more than an inch long from its pouty little snout to the tip of its tail .

blainsville ' s horned lizards have 2 or 3 rows of enlarged pointed scales on each side of the throat .

sherbrooke , wade c . horned lizards , unique reptiles of western north america . southwest parks and monuments association , 1981 . sherbrooke , wade c . introduction to horned lizards of north america . university of california press , 2003 .

to the uninitiated , their dragon - like appearance is quite formidable . the squat form and head armor has given rise to the name " horny toad , " " horned toad " and " horned lizards . " however , since there is a true toad with horns , it is best that we speak of this genus as the " horned lizards . "

habitat destruction and ant destruction have placed several species of horned lizards in danger . after all , the first thing people do when they move into the desert is kill the pesky ants , thereby depriving horned lizards of their only dependable diet .

the horned lizard needs bare soil ; they cannot tolerate weeds at all ( yellow star thistle , bromus and other nasties ) . it is very hard for them to move around in this stuff , probably because of their width , and they need clean loose soil to lay their eggs and to hide in .

blainville ' s horned lizards have 2 rows of pointed fringe scales on the lower part of each side of the body .

over recent decades short - horn lizard populations have been in decline throughout their range . destruction of their native habitat , efforts to eradicate ants—their staple food—and the pet trade have all contributed to this .

like all lizards , phrynosoma are able to lose their tails . as mentioned earlier , they have few land predators and because of this it is rare to find a horned lizard with a broken tail . in studies done by pianka and parker ( 1975 ) only about 5 % of phrynosoma had tails which had been broken .

horned lizards are the most fearsome - looking and distinctive by virtue of the pointed , protruding " horns " above their eyes .

to ensure that i wouldn ' t wait four years between visits to pinnacles , i headed back three weeks later , this time with my friend andrew . andrew hadn ' t seen a horned lizard in thirteen or fourteen years , and so was rightfully delighted when he flushed this well - camouflaged fellow out of its plain - sight hiding place .

my periodic phrynosoma pilgrimage to pinnacles was particularly successful . i found four of these little beauties in an hour or so . note that the last picture shows some dried blood below the eye . this lizard must have recently tried to scare off a predator by squirting blood from its eye , as several species of horned lizards are wont to do .

the day was considerably less hot than july 3 had been , and we found three horned lizard poops fairly quickly before finding this guy . so now i ' m thinking that the local population is probably just fine , thankyouverymuch , and my difficulty in finding any sign of phrynosoma on july 3 had been primarily due to that day ' s blistering heat .

description : 2 . 5 - 4 in ( 6 . 5 - 10 cm ) . horned lizards or " horny toads " are small lizards with bodies so flattened that they are almost circular in shape . true to their name , horned lizards also have a row of enlarged scales around their head that resemble horns . generally brownish or sandy in coloration , horned lizards often have darker spots or mottling that helps them to blend into their environment .

habits : horned lizards are always found on the ground are fond of hot , sandy habitats . they often sit close to anthills and pick off each ant as it walks by . horned lizards are masters of camouflage , generally relying on their coloration for protection and sometimes even partially burying themselves in sand . if their camouflage fails , horned lizards have a final defense ; they can squirt droplets of blood from their eyes , potentially confusing a predator and allowing them to escape .

sherbrooke , w . c . , 1995 . collecting and feeding harvester ants to captive horned lizards . herpetelogical review 26 ( 1 ) : 25 - 26 .

the horned lizard escapes predation by staying still and blending into their back ground . they look just like decomposed granite ! when a predator is too close they will run very fast and then abruptly stop and stand still . when they are threatened , they are able to squirt blood from their eyes ( at most only a few feet , usually not even that ) . this has a tendency to distract predators especially squeamish humans .

threatened and eliminated from many areas due to habitat destruction from human development and agriculture , and the spread of nonnative ants , such as argentine ants ( ridomyrmex humilis ) which displace the native ant food source . before commercial collecting was banned in 1981 , this lizard was extensively exploited by the pet trade and the curio trade . ( at the turn of the century , horned lizards were coated with varnish and sold to tourists . )

califa and caitanya de vico ( aka gypsettwins ) show off some of the horned lizards they saw on a fun spring hike in the los angeles county hills . © robert de vico

taken from their native surroundings and offered an improper diet and an inadequate place to live , horned lizards soon die . consequently , the department of fish and game has been given the authority to limit the take and possession of horned lizards . it is best to simply examine one carefully , then release it where found , for that is where it rightfully belongs .

pianka e . r . and w . s . parker , 1975 . ecology of horned lizards : a review with special reference to phrynosoma platyrhinos . copeia 1975 ( 1 ) : 141 - 162 .

heath , j . e . , 1965 . temperature regulation and diurnal activity in horned lizards . university of california publications in zoology . university of california press 64 ( 3 ) : 97 - 136 .

powell , g . l . and a . p . russell , 1991 . partuition and clutch characteristics of short - horned lizards from alberta . canadian journal of zoology 69 ( 11 ) : 2759 - 2764 .

montanucci , r . r . , 1987 . a phylogenetic study of the horned lizards , genus phrynosoma , based on skeletal and external morphology . contributions in science : natural history museum of los angeles county 18 dec . ( 390 ) .

this is a pair of mating blainville ' s horned lizards in los angeles county . it ' s interesting that they are belly to belly . with all those horns and spines , it ' s probably safer that way . © huck triggs

historically found in california along the pacific coast from the baja california border west of the deserts and the sierra nevada , north to the bay area , and inland as far north as shasta reservoir , and south into baja california . ranges up onto the kern plateau east of the crest of the sierra nevada . the range has now been severely fragmented due to land alteration . some sources still mention the range extending to grasshopper flats in siskiyou county , but this was listed as dubious in rober stebbins ' 1985 field guide , and dropped from his 2003 field guide . the record farthest north at kennett is from a location that was flooded with the construction of shasta dam and shasta reservoir .

this injured adult from a backyard in san luis obispo county shows blood above one eye . when threatened , horned lizards will often spurt blood from a pore near the eyelid to deter the attacker , in this case , a dog . © martha lindl

we chose to visit , and then hike at , la purisima mission state historic park due to its dog - friendly nature . the scrubby chaparral reminded monica of fort ord , and she speculated that perhaps there would be horned lizards . a few minutes later this charming fellow waddled across the trail in front of me , as if on cue . it ' s missing the tip of its tail . unlike many types of lizards , horned lizards don ' t regenerate their tails , so this guy will be stubby - tailed for the rest of its days .

despite their spiky features , short - horned lizards are preyed upon by a number of creatures , including hawks , roadrunners , snakes , lizards , dogs , wolves , and coyotes . consequently , beyond their natural camouflage , they have adapted a pair of remarkable talents . in order to ward off hungry predators , short - horned lizards are capable of inflating their bodies up to twice their size , resembling a spiny balloon . and if this proves insufficient , some species employ one of the animal kingdom’s most bizarre defensive mechanisms : they shoot blood from their eyes .

i hadn ' t spent much time herping locally this year , and so was really looking forward to spending a day at pinnacles . i chose to start in the same area where i had seen a number of horned lizards four years earlier ( four years ! i haven ' t been to pinnacles in

because they are so fearsome in appearance , yet quite harmless , desert visitors tend to collect them to show the folks back home . horned lizards are neat creatures but hard to keep because most of them are obligate ant eaters and , at that , eat a very limited number of species of ants .

in early april of 2007 , becky trask sent me these pictures of breeding adult horned lizards found at 5 , 200 ft . in los angeles county . in mid april of 2008 she discovered a juvenile at the same location ( shown below ) which could be the result of the previous year ' s breeding . © becky trask

a flat - bodied lizard with a wide oval - shaped body , scattered enlarged pointed scales on the upper body and tail , and a large crown of horns or spines on the head . the two center horns are the longest . males have enlarged postanal scales and a swollen tail base during the breeding season . each side of the body has two rows of pointed fringe scales . ( stebbins , 2003 ) each side of the throat has two or three rows of enlarged pointed scales . ( stebbins , 2003 )

i spotted my first , second , and third mexican horned lizards as lorrie smith , matt cage , and i drove up the dirt road leading to the mellifluously - named parque nacional constitución de 1857 . the second one evaded us , but the first one ( large adult ) and second one ( youngster ) were reasonably willing to pose .

the upper limit ( both elevation and latitude ) to both species of phrynosoma is temperature . the body temperature at which normal activity takes place is the same for both lizards , however p . platyrhinos takes twice as long to " warm - up " because of its much larger body size ( dumas , 1964 ) . in order for any lizard to feed normally it must reach an optimal body temperature for a certain amount of time . in mountainous regions p . douglassi is able to do this while p . platyrhinos cannot . more detailed coverage on this topic in included under thermoregulation .

this lizard ranges throughout most of west - central and southwestern california ( united states ) as well as most of baja california ( mexico ) ( except the northeastern portion ) . in california , it ranges north to shasta county , though a disjunct population occurs farther north at grasshopper flat , siskiyou county , california ( jennings 1988 , grismer 2002 , stebbins 2003 ) . the elevational range extends from near sea level to around 2 , 438 m ( 8 , 000 feet ) ( stebbins 2003 ) . attempted introductions at yosemite valley and san clemente island ( california ) , and in hawaii , colombia , and guatemala have failed ( jennings 1988 ) .

comments : this lizard occurs in a variety of habitats , including scrubland , grassland , coniferous woods , and broadleaf woodlands ; typically it is found in areas with sandy soil , scattered shrubs , and ant colonies , such as along the edges of arroyo bottoms or dirt roads ( grismer 2002 , stebbins 2003 ) . in southern california , it was most common in areas with native ants and few or no argentine ants , in areas with native chaparral vegetation , and in sites with porous soils relatively free of organic debris ( fisher et al . 2002 ) . individuals bury themselves in loose soil . eggs are laid in a nest dug in the soil or in a burrow .

global range : this lizard ranges throughout most of west - central and southwestern california ( west of the cascade - sierra nevada highlands and southeastern desert ) as well as northwestern baja california ( leache et al . 2009 ) ; in california , it ranges north to shasta county , though a disjunct population occurs farther north at grasshopper flat , siskiyou county , california ( jennings 1988 , grismer 2002 , stebbins 2003 ) . the elevational range extends from near sea level to around 2 , 438 meters ( 8 , 000 feet ) ( stebbins 2003 ) . attempted introductions at yosemite valley and san clemente island ( california ) , and in hawaii , colombia , and guatemala have failed ( jennings 1988 ) .

reproductive tactics of horned lizards are , like many of their characteristics , somewhat unusual among lizards . they have a very high reproductive potential , expending large amounts of matter and energy on their clutch or litter ( pianka and parker , 1975 ) . phrynosoma produce large numbers of eggs or offspring in order to compensate for a relatively high mortality of the young ( pianka and parker , 1975 ) . as adults however , survivorship is very high ( powell and russell , 1991 ) .

the numerous species of horned lizards , all members of the genus phrynosoma , have very wide , flattened , toad - like bodies . the tail is short but broad at the base . in most species , the back of the head and temples are crowned with a prominent row of sharp , pointed horns . the tail and sides are fringed with sharp spines . on some species the sides are adorned with a double fringe of spines . on the back , there are rows of short conical spines .

although many of the defenses to predation have been touched on previously , there are some that have not been discussed or not been discussed with any detail . it has been noted that the main defense against predation for phrynosoma is it ' s near perfect camouflage and subsequent reluctance to move ( pianka and parker , 1975 ) . if spotted by a possible land predator , such as another lizard or a snake , the horns of phrynosoma often prove to be too much , except of course in the case of p . douglassi which has much smaller horns but very few land predators ( dumas , 1964 ) . the only predators phrynosoma really need to be wary of are birds ( pianka and parker , 1975 ) . sometimes the camouflage isn ' t enough , and since phrynosoma are reluctant to move and often out in the open they are an easy target from the air when spotted .

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breeding characteristics also allow for p . douglassi to live at higher elevations . p . douglassi is ovoviviparous which is characteristic of reptiles living in cold or wet conditions . p . platyrhinos is oviparous and because of this would not be a very successful breeder in the harsher conditions in the range of p . douglassi . more detailed coverage of breeding of the two lizards can be found further , under reproduction .

cooling in these two species also takes place at a different rate . p . douglassi cools much more slowly than p . platyrhinos , again , because of the smaller body size of p . douglassi ( dumas , 1964 ) . a more compact body reduces surface area for radiation of heat ( dumas , 1964 ) . the ability of p . douglassi to warm up more quickly and cool down more slowly could be a limiting factor to its distribution in the hotter regions inhabited by p . platyrhinos . the opposite pattern of temperature regulation and related distribution seems to be true for p . platyrhinos .

dumas , p . c . , 1964 . species - pair allopatry in the genera rana and phrynosoma . ecology 45 ( 1 ) : 178 - 181 .

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adult male , 3 , 000 ft . , san gabriel mountains , los angeles county

adult male , from coastal dunes , san luis obispo county , partially buried in loose sand on the right . ( the two slo dunes lizards shown here both have nice bright white side fringe and markings on the back . )

adult with a patternless pale ground color that matches the sand on the beach where it was found in san diego county . © john andermann

newly - hatched juvenile next to u . s . quarter to show how small it is , contra costa county . © jerry l . boyer

this san diego county juvenile shows how easily it can blend into the background to avoid detection . © tim valentine

this riverside county adult is covered with blood after using its blood - squirting defense behavior . © curtis croulet

a pair of mating adults , los angeles county © huck triggs ( a short video of them . )

adults are 2 . 5 - 4 . 5 inches long from snout to vent ( 6 . 3 - 11 . 4 cm )

color is reddish , brown , yellow , or gray , with dark blotches on the back and large dark spots on the sides of the neck . the belly is cream , beige , or yellow , usually with dark spots , and the belly scales are smooth .

diurnal . active during periods of warm weather , retreating underground and becoming inactive during extended periods of low temperatures or extreme heat .

known to live up to 10 years in captivity , but captive animals normally do not live very long at all due to the difficulties of feeding them a proper diet .

eats mainly ants , especially harvester ants , but also consumes other small invertebrates such as spiders , beetles , termites , flies , honeybees , moth larvae , and grasshoppers .

lays 6 - 21 eggs ( averaging around 12 ) from may to june . eggs hatch from august to september . some females may lay two clutches of eggs in a year .

inhabits open areas of sandy soil and low vegetation in valleys , foothills and semiarid mountains . found in grasslands , coniferous forests , woodlands , and chaparral , with open areas and patches of loose soil . often found in lowlands along sandy washes with scattered shrubs and along dirt roads , and frequently found near ant hills .

found at elevations from sea level to 8 , 000 ft . ( 2 , 438 m ) .

phrynosoma coronatum - ( blainville , 1835 ) - nouv . ann . mus . hist . nat . paris , vol . 4 , p . 284 , pl . 25 , fig . 1 from original description citations for the reptiles and amphibians of north america © ellin beltz

phrynosoma - greek - phrynos - toad and soma - body - refers to the squat , toad - like appearance coronatum - latin - crowned - ref . joining of two large occipital plates from scientific and common names of the reptiles and amphibians of north america - explained © ellin beltz

powell , robert . , joseph t . collins , and errol d . hooper jr .

the following status listings are copied from the april 2018 special animals list and the 2017 endangered and threatened animals list , both of which are published by the california department of fish and wildlife . if no status is listed here , the animal is not included on either cdfw list . this most likely indicates that there are no serious conservation concerns for the animal . to find out more about an animal ' s status , you can go to the natureserve and iucn websites to check their rankings . check here to see the most current complete lists .

this website is dedicated to bert wilson . his genius continues to inspire us .

they are very hard to see as they blend into the soil so well . they are able to change color to match the surrounding environment ( cryptic coloration ) . they usually are only visible when they move ( when you almost step on them ) .

when temperatures get too hot ( the middle of the day ) they will burrow into loose soil or sand to escape the heat . in the winter they will hibernate under rocks or logs or in someone else ' s abandoned hole .

they like clean chaparral ( uninfected with european weeds ) with loose areas of soil . they also burrow in loose soil .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category .

this species is known from hundreds of collection sites in california and well over 100 in baja california ( jennings 1988 ) , but many of these sites no longer support substantial populations . the total adult population size is unknown but surely exceeds 10 , 000 and may exceed 100 , 000 . the species is common in parts of baja california ( grismer 2002 ) . the area of occupancy and population size appear to have declined significantly in california but much less so in baja california . its area of occupancy and population size are probably still declining , but the rate of decline is unknown ( probably it is substantially less than 30 % over the past three generations ) .

it is presumably present in a number of protected areas . it is listed on cites appendix ii . further research employing genetic methods is needed to determine the taxonomic status of the named subspecies . then further consideration should be given to the conservation status of the identified valid taxa . the impact of collecting for the pet trade needs to be assessed .

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i still haven ' t seen an adult , but i found four more of the cute little tykes on the first hot day of spring . the one in front was a feisty little critter . it puffed up with air and kept its back held toward me to look as big as possible ( which isn ' t very big when your total length is a maybe two and a half inches ) .

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their colors are pleasing . the back and head are soft desert gray . the markings are in pastel shades of tan , brown , red or yellow . the underparts are pale , yellowish gray . the overall colors are generally close to the predominant color of the soil . color changes from light to dark ( or reverse ) can occur within a few minutes .

some of the species inhabit the deserts proper where the sun , beating on the arid landscape , produces ground heat that is almost unbearable to humans . others enter mountainous areas and are found as high as 10 , 000 feet .

regardless of where they occur , there is a similarity in their habits . in the fall , they hibernate by burying themselves in the sand . they emerge in the spring when the sun ' s rays have reached a certain temperature . the first few hours of the day are spent basking , usually flattened against a rock or on slanting soil , so their back is exposed to the sun . at times , while warming up , they may flatten and tilt their bodies toward the sun to obtain maximum radiation .

as soon as their body temperature rises to a specific degree , they begin foraging for food . as the heat of the day increases , they become more active . they feed on slow - moving , ground - dwelling insects , spiders , sow bugs , an occasional tick and even items as large as the butterfly and sphynx moth larvae .

ants seem to be their major food source . they do not pursue their victim hastily , like some lizards , but poise over it and methodically take it , in toad - like fashion , with a flick of their long , sticky tongue . the toad - like action ceases if disturbed , for they will flee as rapidly as a startled mouse .

after feeding , when ground temperature becomes too hot , they seek the shade of a shrub , partially concealing themselves . there they spend the remainder of the day . in the evening , while it is still warm , they " dig in " for the night .

this is a curious process . they stick their nose in the sand like the blade of a plow and wriggle forward to create a short furrow . after flattening the body , they use the spiny border of the sides in a shovel - like fashion to scoop and dig their way into the sand . sometimes they bury themselves 3 or 4 inches deep , and other times they just leave the top of the head and eyes exposed .

their coloration is such that they blend readily into their surroundings , making them difficult to find . however , when found partially covered with sand , they are rather easily captured . their defense mechanisms are quite limited . when caught by hand , they may distend their bodies by filling their lungs with air and twist their head in a futile attempt to scratch you with their horns . on occasion they spurt blood from the corners of their eyes , which is startling , to say the least .

mating occurs in late april , peaks in june and stops abruptly in july . egg laying starts a few weeks later , usually in late july and early august . the farther north , the later the eggs are laid . in some species the eggs are retained , and the young are hatched just before , during or shortly after laying . other species bury their eggs in the sand where they require several weeks for further development before the eggs hatch . the egg shells are white and flexible and average about one - half inch in diameter . the number of eggs varies with the species . some have from 10 to 30 eggs , with an average of about 15 .

t he young are called hatchlings . they are about 7 / 8 to 1 - 1 / 8 inches long , snout to vent . the young have been observed to bury themselves in the sand immediately upon hatching . the babies receive no parental care , so when they emerge , they start to hunt for food . the young are cute , the horns on their head are apparent , although the rest of their skin , while well marked , is relatively smooth .

they grow most rapidly in late summer and early spring when there is an abundance of food . there is no evidence that they reproduce the first year , but they are classed as young adults by the end of the second summer and probably reach full growth in three years . some species reach a snout - to - vent length of 6 inches . most species are less than 5 inches in length . they have a life expectancy of from 5 to 8 years in the deserts of north america .

- - george seymour & a . r . royo - - additional material provided by jerrold j . feldne r

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continent : middle - america north - america distribution : usa ( california ) , mexico ( baja california ) type locality : “california” . restricted to cape san lucas , baja california by smith & taylor 1950 .

differs from p . platyrhinos in having a more pointed snout , longer head spines and body spines , more than 1 row of well - developed fringe scales on each side of the body , and more than one row of enlarged scales on each side of the throat ( stebbins 1985 ) .

non - migrant : yes . at least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations . juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration .

locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .

locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .

comments : ants comprise a large portion of its diet ; also eats other insect prey ( e . g . , wasps , beetles , grasshoppers , flies , caterpillars ) .

note : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .

comments : this species is known from hundreds of collection sites in california and additional sites in baja california ( jennings 1988 ) , but many of these sites no longer support substantial populations .

comments : total adult population size is unknown but surely exceeds 10 , 000 and may exceed 100 , 000 .

rangewide , eggs are laid late april - june . clutch size 6 - 21 ( average about 11 - 13 . some females possibly may produce 2 clutches per year . earliest hatchlings appear in early august ( goldberg 1983 ) . the wide latitudinal range of this species suggests that there is more variation than indicated by the foregoing information .

comments : area of occupancy and population size likely are still declining , but the rate of decline is unknown ( probably it is substantially less than 30 % over the past three generations ) .

comments : area of occupancy and population size appear to have declined significantly in california .

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species are distinguishable by the formidable crown of horns adorning their head and the numerous spines across their back . their coloring can be yellowish , gray , or reddish - brown depending on the environment they inhabit , and , combined with their shape , affords them considerable camouflage on the surface . they feed primarily on ants , waiting for one to unsuspectingly crawl by before snapping it in and swallowing it whole . they are also known to eat grasshoppers , beetles , and spiders .

the ominous squirting blood emanates from ducts in the corners of their eyes and can travel a distance of up to three feet . it’s meant to confuse would - be predators , but also contains a chemical that is noxious to dogs , wolves , and coyotes .

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reproduction : although the reproduction of this species in our area is unknown , females in western populations generally lay 14 - 37 eggs in the spring .

abundance : only a few established populations of this species are known in the southeast . these populations are small and very isolated .

notes : although several breeding populations of this species are known , they do not seem to be spreading and it seems unlikely that this species will become invasive .

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paragnorima fuscescens is a moth in the drepanidae family .

it was described by hampson in 1893 .

it is found in india , nepal , china ( sichuan , yunnan , tibet ) , vietnam , thailand and burma .

the wingspan is about 40 mm .

the forewings are dull brown suffused with fuscous and with traces of numerous waved dark lines .

there is a pale speck below the median nervure near the base and an indistinct dark spot on the discocellulars , as well as a pale patch at the apex .

the hindwings are pale fuscous with an indistinct paler band just beyond the middle .

paragnorima fuscescens

paragnorima fuscescens <EOT> this is the place for paragnorima definition . you find here paragnorima meaning , synonyms of paragnorima and images for paragnorima copyright 2017 © urltoken

palimpsestis brunnea leech , 1900 syn . n . of paragnorima fuscescens ( hampson , [ 1893 ] )

haplothyatira unipunctata dubitatrix bryk , 1943 , syn . n . of paragnorima fuscescens ( hampson , [ 1893 ] )

here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word paragnorima . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word paragnorima and , of course , paragnorima synonyms and on the right images related to the word paragnorima .

paragnorima fuscescens is a moth in the drepanidae family . it was described by hampson in 1893 . it is found in india , nepal , china ( sichuan , yunnan , tibet ) , vietnam , thailand and burma .

figures 73 – 79 . genitalia of thyatiridae from yunnan . 82 – 85 . male ( left : posterior view ; right : phallus , lateral view ) . 77 , 78 , 79 . female , ventral view . 73 . parapsestis naxii sp . n . , holotype ; 74 . parapsestis tachengensis sp . n . , holotype ; 75 . parapsestis tomponis almasderes lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 76 . paragnorima fuscescens hampson , [ 1893 ] ; 77 . gaurena margaritha werny , 1966 ; 78 . macrothyatira fasciata ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 79 . isopsestis meyi lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 .

figures 32 – 42 . adults of thyatiridae from yunnan , upperside . 32 . parapsestis tachengensis sp . n . , holotype , male ; 33 . parapsestis tomponis almasderes lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , male ; 34 . paragnorima fuscescens hampson , [ 1893 ] , male ; 35 . gaurena margaritha werny , 1966 , female ; 36 . macrothyatira fasciata ( houlbert , 1921 ) , female ; 37 . isopsestis meyi lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , female ; 38 . psidopala undulans ( hampson , [ 1893 ] ) , female ; 39 . mimopsestis basalis sinensis lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , female ; 40 . parapsestis . . .

figures 32 – 42 . adults of thyatiridae from yunnan , upperside . 32 . parapsestis tachengensis sp . n . , holotype , male ; 33 . parapsestis tomponis almasderes lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , male ; 34 . paragnorima fuscescens hampson , [ 1893 ] , male ; 35 . gaurena margaritha werny , 1966 , female ; 36 . macrothyatira fasciata ( houlbert , 1921 ) , female ; 37 . isopsestis meyi lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , female ; 38 . psidopala undulans ( hampson , [ 1893 ] ) , female ; 39 . mimopsestis basalis sinensis lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , female ; 40 . parapsestis naxii sp . n . , paratype , female ; 41 . parapsestis tachengensis sp . n . , paratype , female ; 42 . betapsestis brevis ( leech , 1900 ) , female .

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zhuang , hailing , yago , masaya , owada , mamoru & wang , min , 2017 , taxonomic review of the moth family thyatiridae ( lepidoptera ) from yunnan province , china , zootaxa 4306 ( 4 ) , pp . 451 - 477 : 463

, [ 1893 ] , the fauna of british india , moths 1 : 182 ( tl : naga hills , india , [ bmnh ] ) .

, transactions of the entomological society of london 1900 : 18 ( tl : pu - tsu - fong , china [ bmnh ] ) .

, in oberthür , études de lépidoptérologie comparée 18 ( 2 ) : 115 , pl . 488 , fig . 4010 ( tl : lachin lachoong , sikkim , india [ bmnh ] ) .

, arkiv för zoologi 34a : 13 , pl . 2 , fig . 25 ( tl : kambaiti , burma [ = myanmar ] [ nrs

material examined . 1 male , 27 . vii . 2013 , alt . 2 , 340 m , midu , yunnan , leg . hailing zhuang , slide no . scau - thy048 .

distribution . china ( sichuan , yunnan , tibet ) , india , nepal , myanmar , vietnam , thailand .

no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by " , + " and the number of omitted authors .

attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .

all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .

created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .

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this dataset contains the digitized treatments in plazi based on the original journal article zhuang , hailing , yago , masaya , owada , mamoru , wang , min ( 2017 ) : taxonomic review of the moth family thyatiridae ( lepidoptera ) from yunnan province , china . zootaxa 4306 ( 4 ) : 451 - 477 , doi : urltoken

figures 85 – 93 . adults and genitalia of toxoides sichuanensis zhuang , owada & wang , 2014 . 85 , 86 . male , upperside , hubei ; 87 . ditto , hunan ; 88 . female , upperside , yunnan ; 89 , 90 . male genitalia , hubei ; 91 . ditto , hunan ; 92 . female genitalia , hunan ; 93 . ditto , yunnan . 87 , 91 , 92 . after jiang et al . ( 2015 ) .

figures 80 – 84 . female genitalia of thyatiridae from yunnan , ventral view . 80 . psidopala undulans ( hampson , [ 1893 ] ) ; 81 . mimopsestis basalis sinensis lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 82 . parapsestis naxii sp . n . , paratype ; 83 . parapsestis tachengensis sp . n . , paratype ; 84 . betapsestis brevis ( leech , 1900 ) .

figures 63 – 72 . male genitalia of thyatiridae ( left : posterior view ; right : phallus , lateral view ) . 63 . psidopala opalescens ( alphéraky , 1897 ) ; 64 . psidopala ornata ( leech , 1900 ) ; 65 . habrosyne dentata werny , 1966 ; 66 . habrosyne intermedia conscripta warren , 1912 ; 67 . habrosyne indica indica moore , 1867 ; 68 . habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson , [ 1893 ] ; 69 . hiroshia albinigra lászló , ronkay & ronkay , 2001 ; 70 . parapsestis argenteopicta nepalina lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 71 . parapsestis lichenea splendida lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , . . .

figures 53 – 62 . male genitalia of thyatiridae from yunnan ( left : posterior view ; right : phallus , lateral view ) . 53 . tethea ( tethea ) punctorenalia ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 54 . tethea ( tethea ) subampliata ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 55 . toxoides sichuanensis zhuang , owada & wang , 2014 ; 56 . euparyphasma albibasis guankaiyuni lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 57 . euparyphasma obscura ( sick , 1941 ) ; 58 . neotogaria hoenei ( sick , 1941 ) ; 59 . horipsestis aenea minor ( sick , 1941 ) ; 60 . horipsestis kisvaczak lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 61 . horipsestis minutus . . .

figures 43 – 52 . male genitalia of thyatiridae from yunnan ( left : posterior view ; right : phallus , lateral view ) . 43 . thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966 ; 44 . horithyatira decorata decorata ( moore , 1881 ) ; 45 . gaurena florens walker , 1865 ; 46 . gaurena gemella leech , 1900 ; 47 . gaurena pretiosa werny , 1966 ; 48 . macrothyatira arizana diminuta ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 49 . macrothyatira subaureata ( sick , 1941 ) ; 50 . tethea ( saronaga ) consimilis aurisigna ( bryk , 1943 ) ; 51 . tethea ( tethea ) fusca werny , 1966 ; 52 . tethea ( saronaga ) oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 ) .

figures 15 – 31 . male adults of thyatiridae from yunnan , upperside . 15 . euparyphasma obscura ( sick , 1941 ) ; 16 . neotogaria hoenei ( sick , 1941 ) ; 17 . horipsestis aenea minor ( sick , 1941 ) ; 18 . horipsestis kisvaczak lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 19 . horipsestis minutus ( forbes , 1936 ) ; 20 . isopsestis poculiformis zhuang , owada & wang , 2015 ; 21 . psidopala opalescens ( alphéraky , 1897 ) ; 22 . psidopala ornata ( leech , 1900 ) ; 23 . habrosyne dentata werny , 1966 ; 24 . habrosyne intermedia conscripta warren , 1912 ; 25 . habrosyne indica indica moore , . . .

figures 1 – 14 . male adults of thyatiridae from yunnan , upperside . 1 . thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966 ; 2 . horithyatira decorata decorata ( moore , 1881 ) ; 3 . gaurena florens walker , 1865 ; 4 . gaurena gemella leech , 1900 ; 5 . gaurena pretiosa werny , 1966 ; 6 . macrothyatira arizana diminuta ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 7 . macrothyatira subaureata ( sick , 1941 ) ; 8 . tethea ( saronaga ) consimilis aurisigna ( bryk , 1943 ) ; 9 . tethea ( tethea ) fusca werny , 1966 ; 10 . tethea ( saronaga ) oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 11 . tethea ( tethea ) punctorenalia ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; . . .

die zahlreichen expeditionen ungarischer forscherteams , die ende des 20 . jahrhunderts in die himalayaregion zu allen jahreszeiten unternommen wurden brachten aus den bisher kaum erforschten wintermonaten neben noctuidae und geometridae auch eine unerwartete fülle von material der familie thyatiridae . diese familie hat neben noctuidae und geometridae als einzige weitere heterocera - familie einen schwerpunkt des erscheinens zu dieser jahreszeit , wodurch das interesse der noctuidae - spezialisten l . und g . ronkay sowie des geometridae - spezialisten g . m . lászló geweckt wurde , dieses material , das gemäß getroffener vereinbarungen geschlossen ans museum witt gelangte , auch zu bearbeiten . die dort bereits vorhandenen materialeingänge aus angrenzenden regionen zeigten sehr schnell daß eine erschöpfende bearbeitung nur im rahmen einer gesamtrevision der familie mit typenstudium durchgeführt werden konnte , also einem vorhaben das genau den forschungszielen von thomas witt entsprach . nach etwa 10 - jähriger bearbeitungszeit erscheint nun 2007 in der buchreihe esperiana ( band 13 ) diese revision mit dem titel „the thyatiridae of eurasia including the sundaland and new guinea ( lepidoptera ) ” aus der feder des autorenteams gyula m . lászló , gábor ronkay , lászló ronkay und thomas witt . grundlage und dokumentation dieser bearbeitung bildet die sammlung im museum witt , deren bedeutung am besten im vorwort / preface zu dieser revision geschildert wird .

the present work is a result of an almost ten - years long study of the authors having rather different former interest in the lepidopterology . only one of us had previous experience on the taxonomy and systematics of the wide sense „bombycoid” families since the three hungarian authors worked with different geometridae and noctuidae groups . but the „false owlet moths” display a great number of noctuoid features which make this very fascinating lepidopteran family even more interesting for the noctuid workers .

the final impetus was given during the intensive studies of the „winter moth fauna” of the himalayan region : to our great surprise , it was found that the macrolepidoptera fauna of the cold aspects has not been restricted to the „ordinary” noctuidae and geometridae but a diverse thyatiridae assemblage is present in practically all winter aspects . moreover , it is proved that thyatiridae is the only large heterocera group which shares this long and still rather poorly explored period with the noctuidae and geometridae in the wide sense himalayan region . the best marker of the richness of this fauna is the fact that the hnhm budapest has become the second largest european thyatiridae collection in the mirror of the species numbers within six years !

originally we thought to deal with the winter genera and species and the first discoveries were published in separate papers but the need of the full revision of the family became obvious even in the early period of the studies . we had to face unsolved problems not only in the treatment of the highly specialised and partly newly discovered himalayan - sino - pacific groups but even in such well - known , partly european genera like habrosyne and thyatira ( and horithyatira , macrothyatira , gaurena etc . ) . it should be stated that the lack of the proper investigations of an amazingly large portion of the type specimens led to several mistakes in the former and the rather recent monographic works as well .

the elaboration of the monograph was unexpectedly lengthy , mostly due to the detailed examination and documentation of the type material and , the continuous discoveries of new species . a propitious moment in this long process that the technical conditions of the digital photography became increasingly better during this period , therefore the quality of our colour images and microscopic photographs could also be remarkably improved and we are able to provide impressive illustrations about these really beautiful animals . it is our pleasure to present this book to all lepidopterists , hoping that the readers will read and use it with joy and success .

gyula m . lászló , gábor ronkay , lászló ronkay and thomas j . witt

laszlo , gy . m . , g . ronkay , l . ronkay and t . witt

esperiana buchreihe zur entomologie 13 : 1 - 683 , 42 farbtafeln . schwanfeld , 18 . juli 2007 , isbn 3 - 938249 - 06 - 4 .

revised status , stat . rev . , status nova , stat . n . , bona species , bona sp . raised to species

microthyatira werny , 1966 syn . n . of nemacerota hampson , [ 1893 ]

togaria matsumura , 1921 syn . n . of nemacerota hampson , [ 1893 ]

asphalia nigrofascicula graeser , 1888 , syn . n . of neoploca arctipennis ( butler , 1878 )

cymatophora intermedia houlbert , 1921 , syn . n . of tethea or terrosa ( graeser , 1888 )

cymotrix decora gaede , 1930 syn . n . of habrona brunnea bethune - baker , 1908

cymotrix submarginalis gaede , 1930 syn . n . of habrona concinna warren , 1915

gaurena trimacula gaede , 1930 syn . n . of habrona marmorata warren , 1915

horithyatira assamensis werny , 1966 , syn . n . of horithyatira diehli werny , 1966

mimopsestis determinata bryk , 1943 syn . n . of parapsestis pseudomaculata ( houlbert , 1921 )

psidopala ebba bryk , 1943 , syn . n . of psidopala undulans ( hampson , [ 1893 ] )

psidopala pseudoornata werny , 1966 syn . n . of psidopala ornata ornata ( leech , 1900 )

spilobasis curvata sick , 1941 syn . n . of neotogaria flammifera ( houlbert , 1921 )

togaria suzukiana matsumura , 1921 syn . n . of nemacerota tancrei ( graeser , 1888 )

achlya flavicornis finmarchica schöyen , 1881 syn . n . of achlya flavicornis ( linnaeus , 1758 )

achlya flavicornis meridionalis wolfsberger , 1968 syn . n . of achlya flavicornis ( linnaeus , 1758 )

achlya longipennis inokoi inoue , 1982 syn . n . of achlya tateyamai inoue , 1982

epipsestis perornata sicki yoshimoto , 1988 syn . n of epipsestis nigropunctata nigropunctata ( sick , 1941 )

gaurena albifasciata likiangensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena margaritha werny , 1966

gaurena albifasciata nepalensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena albifasciata gaede , 1930

gaurena argentisparsa eberti werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena argentisparsa hampson , 1896

gaurena aurofasciata bryki werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena aurofasciata hampson , [ 1893 ]

gaurena florens obscura werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florens walker , 1865

gaurena florens oliva werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florens walker , 1865

gaurena florens yuennanensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florens walker , 1865

gaurena florescens albomaculata werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florescens walker , 1865

gaurena florescens burmanica werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florescens walker , 1865

gaurena gemella flavescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florescens walker , 1865

habrosyne albipuncta szechwanensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne albipuncta angulifera ( gaede , 1930 )

habrosyne argenteipuncta burmanica werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson , [ 1893 ]

habrosyne argenteipuncta chinensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea violacea ( fixsen , 1887 )

habrosyne argenteipuncta nigricans werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson , [ 1893 ]

habrosyne argenteipuncta pallescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea violacea ( fixsen , 1887 )

habrosyne argenteipuncta szechwana werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson , [ 1893 ]

habrosyne aurorina moellendorfi ( fixsen , 1887 ) syn . n . of habrosyne aurorina aurorina ( butler , 1881 )

habrosyne conscripta nepalensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne intermedia conscripta warren , 1912

habrosyne dieckmanni urupina bryk , 1941 syn . n . of habrosyne dieckmanni ( graeser , 1888 )

habrosyne dieckmanni roseola matsumura , 1909 syn . n . of habrosyne dieckmanni ( graeser , 1888 )

habrosyne fraterna chekiangensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )

habrosyne fraterna japonica werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )

habrosyne indica aurata werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )

habrosyne indica flavescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )

habrosyne indica grisea werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )

habrosyne indica malaisei bryk , 1943 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )

habrosyne petrographa ( sic ! ) tapaischana werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne pterographa ( poujade , 1887 )

habrosyne pyritoides ochracea werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne pyritoides derasoides ( butler , 1878 )

macrothyatira fasciata shansiensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of macrothyatira fasciata ( houlbert , 1921 )

palimpsestis duplaris kamschadalis sheljuzhko , 1926 syn . n . of ochropacha duplaris ( linnaeus , 1767 )

palimpsestis fluctosa isshikii matsumura , 1921 , syn . n . of tetheella fluctuosa ( hübner , [ 1803 ] )

psidopala ornata yuennanensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of psidopala ornata ornata ( leech , 1900 )

psidopala pseudoornata indecorata werny , 1966 syn . n . of psidopala ornata ornata ( leech , 1900 )

psidopala tenuis falkneri werny , 1966 syn . n . of psidopala tenuis ( hampson , 1896 )

stenopsestis alternata bryki yoshimoto , 1993 syn . n . of stenopsestis alternata ( moore , 1881 )

tethea akanensis koreibia bryk , 1948 syn . n . of tethea or terrosa ( graeser , 1888 )

tethea albicosta birmanica werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea albicosta ( moore , 1867 )

tethea albicostata contrastata werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea albicostata ( bremer , 1861 )

tethea albicostata japonibia werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea albicostata ( bremer , 1861 )

tethea albicostata koreonaga bryk , 1948 syn . n . of tethea albicostata ( bremer , 1861 )

tethea albicostata montana werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea albicostata ( bremer , 1861 )

tethea ampliata griseofasciata werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ampliata shansiensis werny , 1966

tethea ampliata var . askoldensis ( houlbert , 1921 ) syn . n . of tethea ampliata ampliata ( butler , 1878 )

tethea angustata staudinger , 1885 syn . n . of tethea octogesima octogesima ( butler , 1878 )

tethea consimilis birohoensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea consimilis consimilis ( warren , 1912 )

tethea consimilis flavescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea consimilis consimilis ( warren , 1912 )

tethea consimilis hoenei werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea consimilis consimilis ( warren , 1912 )

tethea consimilis szechwanensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea consimilis commifera ( warren , 1912 )

tethea oberthueri chekiangensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 )

tethea oberthueri fukienensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 )

tethea oberthueri monticola bryk , 1943 syn . n . of tethea oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 )

tethea oberthueri occidentalis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 )

tethea octogesima var . caucasica krulikowsky , 1901 , syn . n . of tethea ocularis ocularis ( linnaeus , 1767 )

tethea ocularis caucasica werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ocularis ocularis ( linnaeus , 1767 )

tethea ocularis kosswigi werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ocularis ocularis ( linnaeus , 1767 )

tethea ocularis orientalis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ocularis osthelderi ( bytinski - salz & brandt , 1937 )

tethea ocularis tsinlingensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ocularis amurensis ( warren , 1912 )

tethea or nigrescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea or or ( [ denis & schiffermüller ] , 1775 )

tetheella fluctuosa isshikii ( matsumura , 1921 ) syn . n . of tetheella fluctuosa ( hübner , [ 1803 ] )

thyatira batis japonica werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis batis ( linnaeus , 1758 )

thyatira batis mandschurica werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis batis ( linnaeus , 1758 )

thyatira hedemanni elbursina werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira hedemanni christoph , 1885

thyatira rubrescens assamensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966

thyatira rubrescens kwangtungensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966

thyatira rubrescens nepalensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966

thyatira rubrescens obscura werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966

thyatira rubrescens orientalis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966

thyatira rubrescens szechwana werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966

thyatira rubrescens tienmushana werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966

thyatira rubrescens vietnamensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966

. this doi represents all versions , and will always resolve to the latest one .


stomphastis conflua is a moth of the gracillariidae family .

it is known from cyprus , the caucasus , israel , the palestinian territory , saudi arabia , jordan , egypt , zimbabwe , nigeria , sudan , mozambique and south africa .

the larvae feed on ricinus communis .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

the mine consists of an upper-surface , initially gently curving gallery , that widens abruptly into a blotch .

pupation takes place within the mine , in a white , oval cocoon .

generally , there are a number of mines in a single leaf .

stomphastis conflua

stomphastis conflua <EOT> 2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by prof . jaroslaw buszko

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south africa , natal [ kwazulu - natal ] , camperdown district , drummond .

vári l . 1961 . south african lepidoptera . i . lithocolletidae . - transvaal museum memoir 12 : 1–238 , pls . 1–112 .

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parastenolechia suriensis is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it is found in southern and central korea .

the wingspan is 13 – 16 mm .

the forewings are creamy white , densely irrorated with fuscous scales throughout and with dark brown trapezoidal patches overlaid with raised scales , as well as four to five small blackish patches beyond the last trapezoidal patch on the costa and a large blackish discal spot .

the hindwings are grey .

parastenolechia suriensis

parastenolechia suriensis <EOT> figure 1 . adult of parastenolechia suriensis , sp . nov . ( paratype ) .

parastenolechia suriensis , sp . nov . , is described and illustrated , and p . asymmetrica kanazawa is reported from korea for the first time . a check list of the species of the genus is given .

a new species of parastenolechia kanazawa ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) from korea , with a check list o . . .

figures 2–4 . male and female genitalia of parastenolechia suriensis , sp . nov . 2 , male genitalia ( holotype , gen . prep . no . 5147 ) ; 2a , lateral view of aedeagus ( paratype , gen . prep . no . 5186 ; 2b , latero - dorsal view of tegumen , uncus , and gnathos ( gen . prep . no . 5186 ) ; 3 , variation of eighth sternite of abdomen ( 3a , gen . slide no . 5147 ; 3b , gen . slide no . 5186 ; 3c , gen . slide no . 5187 ) ; 4 , female genitalia .

park , kyu - tek & ponomarenko , margarita g . , 2006 , a new species of parastenolechia kanazawa ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) from korea , with a check list of the genus , zootaxa 1338 , pp . 49 - 55 : 52

park , kyu - tek & ponomarenko , margarita g . , 2006 , a new species of parastenolechia kanazawa ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) from korea , with a check list of the genus , zootaxa 1338 , pp . 49 - 55 : 54

park , kyu - tek & ponomarenko , margarita g . , 2006 , a new species of parastenolechia kanazawa ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) from korea , with a check list of the genus , zootaxa 1338 , pp . 49 - 55 : 53 - 54

liu , linjie & li , houhun , 2016 , taxonomic review of the genus parastenolechia kanazawa ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae , litini ) from mainland china , with descriptions of six new species , zootaxa 4178 ( 1 ) , pp . - 1 - - 1 : - 1

park , kyu - tek , ponomarenko , margarita g . ( 2006 ) : a new species of parastenolechia kanazawa ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) from korea , with a check list of the genus . zootaxa 1338 : 49 - 55 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 273588

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two new species of gelechiidae , teleiopsis motleella , sp . nov . , and sitotroga pseudopsacasta , sp . nov . , are described from korea . illustrations of adults and male genitalia are provided . scrobipalpa spumata ( povolný , 2001 ) , comb , n . , is newly recorded from korea . it was described from the female , and the male genitalia are described and illustrated for the first time .

. . . with regard to taxonomic perspective , the nymphalidae along with other butterflies occurring in south korea were further welllisted by several important earlier studies since the beginning work by foreign scientists ( see kim , 2012 ) . the subsequent majority of nymphalidae research in south korea has focused on introduction of individual species in illustrated books ( e . g . , kim , 2002 ) , finding and listing new species through morphological analysis ( e . g . , joo et al . , 1997 ; lee and takakura , 1981 ; park , 1987 ) , and ecological investigation of a limited number of species ( e . g . , kim , 2012 ) . . . .

two new species of gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) from korea , with notes on the taxonomic status of telph . . .

two new species of the family gelechiidae , concubina trigonalis park and ponomarenko , n . sp . and teleiodes gangwonensis park and ponomarenko , n . sp . are described from korea . telphusa euryzeucta meyrick , 1922 , is transferred to concubina : concubina euryzeucta ( meyrick 1922 ) , n . comb . concubina subita n . omelko and m . omelko , 2004 is considered a new junior synonym of c . euryzeucta .

six species of the genus anarsia zeller were recognized from siberia and far east . two of the species are described as new to science ( anarsia gajiensis sp . n . and a . sibirica sp . n . ) , and a . bipinnata meyrick is reported from the primorye territory ( russian far east ) for the first time . key to the species is given .

new faunistic data for the family gelechiidae in the korean peninsula and ne china ( lepidoptera : gel . . .

from the result of identification of gelechiids collected in the korean peninsula or mt . changbai - shan , ne china and preserved in the center for insect systematics , korea , 25 species of the family gelechiidae are reported for the first time from korea and three species of them are first known from china . a new synonymy of teleiodes sattler , 1960 ( = dubitationis m . omelko & n . omelko , 1998 , . . . [ show full abstract ]

a new subfamily crocanthinae of lecithoceridae ( lepidoptera ) for the genus crocanthes meyrick and it . . .

a new subfamily , crocanthinae n . subf . , is proposed for crocanthes meyrick and its allies , which have been considered as a monophyletic group with a unique genital character—an absent or remarkably reduced gnathos in the male genitalia . the subfamily includes aprosoesta turner , lamprista park , pacificulla park , hannara park , and gonaepa walker . aprosoesta turner st . rev . is resurrected as a . . . [ show full abstract ]

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lee , sangmi & brown , richard l . , 2008 , revision of holarctic teleiodini ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) , zootaxa 1818 , pp . 1 - 55 : 28 - 29

proline accumulation was induced in detached tomato pera leaves in the absence of any saline or osmotic stress .

effects of phlorizin and p - chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid on sucrose and proline accumulation in detached tomato leaves submitted to naci and osmotic stresses . journal of plant physiology 145 ( 3 ) : 367 - 373 , 1994

sucrose and proline accumulation and sugar efflux in tomato leaf discs affected by nacl and polyethylene glycol 6000 iso - osmotic stresses . plant science ( limerick ) 107 ( 1 ) : 9 - 15 , 1995

changes in polyamine titers associated with the proline response and osmotic adjustment of rape leaf discs submitted to osmotic stresses . plant science ( shannon ) 112 ( 2 ) : 175 - 186 , 1995

the relation between accumulation of abscisic acid and proline in detached rice leaves . biologia plantarum 43 ( 2 ) : 301 - 304 , 2000

characteristics of the induction of the accumulation of proline by abscisic acid and isobutyric acid in detached rice leaves . plant & cell physiology 32 ( 2 ) : 269 - 272 , 1991

effects of osmotic - and high - light stresses on psii efficiency of attached and detached leaves of three tree species adapted to different water regimes . photosynthetica 49 ( 4 ) : 555 - 563 , 2011

effect of abscisic acid and fusicoccin on nacl - induced proline accumulation in pea leaves . comptes rendus de l & apos ; academie bulgare des sciences 46 ( 8 ) : 77 - 80 , 1993

effects of nacl and mannitol iso - osmotic stresses on the free polyamine levels in leaf discs of tomato species differing in salt tolerance . journal of plant physiology 151 ( 6 ) : 754 - 758 , dec , 1997

proline accumulation in leaves of nacl - sensitive and nacl - tolerant tomatoes . biologia plantarum 40 ( 4 ) : 623 - 628 , 1998

effect of nacl and mannitol iso - osmotic stresses on proline and free polyamine levels in embryogenic fraxinus angustifolia callus . journal of plant physiology 161 ( 6 ) : 701 - 708 , 2004

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