the sheath-tailed mouse ( mus fragilicauda ) is a mouse found in two locations in central thailand and in laos .

they were discovered and documented in 2002 .

it is the only known mus species to lose its tail integument when handled .

it is sometimes found with the fawn-colored mouse .

sheath - tailed mouse

sheath - tailed mouse <EOT> the sheath - tailed mouse ( mus fragilicauda ) is a mouse found in two locations in central thailand and in laos .

long - tailed climbing mouse - vandeleuria nilagirica the long - tailed climbing mouse is found in india . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

koopman ' s pencil - tailed tree mouse - chiropodomys karlkoopmani koopman ' s pencil - tailed tree mouse is found in indonesia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

isabel naked - tailed rat - solomys sapientis the isabel naked - tailed rat is found in blank . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

mentawai long - tailed giant rat - leopoldamys siporanus the mentawai long - tailed giant rat is found in indonesia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

bushy - tailed jird - sekeetamys calurus the bushy - tailed jird is found in egypt , israel , jordan , saudi arabia , and sudan . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

fat - tailed gerbil - pachyuromys duprasi the fat - tailed gerbil is found in algeria , egypt , libya , mauritania , morocco , tunisia , and western sahara . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

gould’s mouse - pseudomys gouldii gould’s mouse was found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

smoky mouse - pseudomys fumeus the smokey mouse is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

hastings river mouse - pseudomys oralis hastings river mouse is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

cairo spiny mouse - acomys cahirinus the cairo spiny mouse is found in blank . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

dusky hopping mouse - notomys fuscus the dusky hopping mouse is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

fawn hopping mouse - notomys cervinus the fawn hopping mouse is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

lakeland downs mouse - leggadina lakedownensis the lakeland downs mouse is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

mindanao shrew mouse - crunomys melanius the mindanao shrew mouse is found in philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

northern hopping mouse - notomys aquilo the northern hopping mouse is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

shark bay mouse - pseudomys fieldi the shark bay mouse is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

camiguin forest mouse - apomys camiguinensis the camiguin forest mouse is found in the philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

asia minor spiny mouse - acomys cilicicus the asia minor spiny mouse is found in turkey . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

broad - toothed mouse - mastacomys fuscus the broad - toothed mouse is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

mayor ' s mouse - mus mayori mayor ' s mouse is found in sri lanka . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

the house mouse has been domesticated as the pet or fancy mouse , and as the laboratory mouse , which is one of the most important model organisms in biology and medicine . the complete mouse reference genome was sequenced in 2002 . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] it is by far the most commonly genetically altered mammal in scientific research . [ 4 ]

the ryukyu mouse ( mus caroli ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .

had a traditional annual " mouse day " celebration . in the eastern balkans ( most of

golden spiny mouse - acomys russatus the golden spiny mouse is found in deserts and savannas . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

moro , dorian ; morris , keith ( 2000 ) . " movements and refugia of lakeland downs short - tailed mice , leggadina lakedownensis , and house mice , mus domesticus , on thevenard island , western australia " .

cameroon soft - furred mouse - praomys morio the cameroon soft - furred mouse is found in cameroon and equatorial guinea . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

wood mouse - apodemus sylvaticus the wood mouse is found in found throughout most of europe and in northern africa . . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

yellow - necked mouse - apodemus flavicollis the yellow - necked mouse is found in most of europe and in parts of asia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

golden spiny mouse - acomys russatus the golden spiny mouse is found in egypt , israel , jordan , oman , saudi arabia , and yemen . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

neitz , maureen ; neitz , jay ( 2001 ) . " the uncommon retina of the common house mouse " .

new zealand had no land mammals other than the lesser short - tailed bat ( mystacina tuberculata ) prior to human occupation , and the house mouse is one of many species that have been introduced . mice are responsible for a reduction in native bird species since they eat some of the same foods as birds . they are also known to kill lizards and have a large effect on native insects . [ 72 ]

the mouse as vizier , sourced to : emma brunner - traut , tiergeschichten aus dem pharaonenland , mainz , zabern , 2000 .

house mouse - mus musculus the house mouse is found on all continents , except for antarctica . it is an introduced species in north america , south america , and australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

; they are averse to bright lights . the average sleep time of a captive house mouse is reported to be 12 . 5 hours per day .

arabian spiny mouse - acomys dimidiatus the arabian spiny mouse is found in egypt , iran , iraq , israel , jordan , lebanon , oman , pakistan , palestinian territory , saudi arabia , syria , united arab emirates , and yemen . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

dobson , f stephen ; jacquot , catherine ; baudoin , claude ( october 2000 ) . " an experimental test of kin association in the house mouse " .

calderone , jack b . ; jacobs , gerald h . ( 2009 ) . " regional variations in the relative sensitivity to uv light in the mouse retina " .

the house mouse ( mus musculus ) is a small mammal of the order rodentia , characteristically having a pointed snout , small rounded ears , and a long naked or almost hairless tail . it is one of the most numerous species of the genus mus . although a wild animal , the house mouse mainly lives in association with humans .

kimoto , hiroko ; haga , sachiko ; sato , koji ; touhara , kazushige ( 2005 ) . " sex - specific peptides from exocrine glands stimulate mouse vomeronasal sensory neurons " .

patris , b ; baudoin , c ( october 2000 ) . " a comparative study of parental care between two rodent species : implications for the mating system of the mound - building mouse mus spicilegus " .

frynta , daniel ; slábová , markéta ; váchová , hana ; volfová , radka ; munclinger , pavel ( 2005 ) . " aggression and commensalism in house mouse : a comparative study across europe and the near east " .

many more names have been given to house mice , but are now regarded as synonyms of other subspecies . some populations are hybrids of different subspecies , including the japanese house mouse ( m . m . molossinus ) . [ 18 ]

importance of mice as a house and agricultural pest resulted in a development of a variety of mice - related rituals and stories in world ' s cultures . the ancient egyptians had a story about " the mouse as vizier " . [ 75 ]

house mice can sometimes transmit diseases , contaminate food , and damage food packaging . although the us centers for disease control and prevention gives a list with diseases transmitted by rodents , [ 62 ] only few of the diseases are transmitted through the house mouse .

cucchi , thomas ; vigne , jean - denis ; auffray , jean - christophe ( 2005 ) . " first occurrence of the house mouse ( mus musculus domesticus schwarz & schwarz , 1943 ) in the western mediterranean : a zooarchaeological revision of subfossil occurrences " .

in the state of georgia ; however , no pcr - positive mice were detected in our study . eruptions of mouse populations in the absence of rats have been implicated in several outbreaks of murine typhus ; however , these observations were not supported by laboratory data . "

in open areas such as shrubs and fields , the house mouse population is known as noncommensal . these populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories . [ 25 ] female - female aggression in the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher , reaching a level generally attributed to free - ranging species . male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations . in commensal populations , males come into contact with other males quite frequently due to high population densities and aggression must be mediated or the risk of injury becomes too great . [ 24 ]

thonhauser , k . e . ; thob , m . ; musolf , k . ; klaus , t . ; penn , d . j . ( 2014 ) . " multiple paternity in wild house mouse ( mus musculus musculus ) : effects on offspring genetic diversity and body mass " .

the social behaviour of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into species - specific patterns but is instead adaptable to the environmental conditions , such as the availability of food and space . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] this adaptability allows house mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment buildings . [ 24 ]

boursot , p . ; din , w . ; anand , r . ; darviche , d . ; dod , b . ; von deimling , f . ; talwar , g . p . ; bonhomme , f . ( 1996 ) . " origin and radiation of the house mouse : mitochondrial dna phylogeny " .

harvest mouse - micromys minutus the harvest mouse is found in armenia , austria , azerbaijan , belarus , belgium , bosnia and herzegovina , bulgaria , china , croatia , czech republic , denmark , estonia , finland , france , georgia , germany , greece , hungary , india , italy , north korea , south korea , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , macedonia , moldova , mongolia , montenegro , myanmar , netherlands , poland , romania , the russian federation , serbia , slovakia , slovenia , spain , switzerland , taiwan , turkey , ukraine , united kingdom , and vietnam . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

many studies have been done on mouse phylogenies to reconstruct early human movements . for example , one study suggests the possibility of a previously unsuspected early link between northern europe and madeira on the basis of the origin of madeiran mice . [ 59 ] house mice were thought to be the primary reason for the taming of the domestic cat .

intrauterine insemination causes an evolutionary consequence resulting from polyandrous behavior . [ 53 ] when multiple males mate with one female , there are multiple sets of sperm gametes in a female mouse . offspring fertilized by multiple females can compete more strongly for mother ' s resources and can lead to a decrease in body size and variation in body size . [ 53 ]

house mice usually live less than one year in the wild , due to a high level of predation and exposure to harsh environments . in protected environments , however , they often live two to three years . the methuselah mouse prize is a competition to breed or engineer extremely long - lived laboratory mice . as of 2005 [ update ] , the record holder was a genetically engineered mouse that lived for 1 , 819 days ( 4 years , 358 days ) . [ 54 ] another record holder that was kept in an enriched environment but did not receive any genetic , pharmacological , or dietary treatment lived for 1 , 551 days ( 4 years , 90 days ) . [ 55 ] [ 56 ]

both commensal and noncommensal house mouse males aggressively defend their territory and act to exclude all intruders . males mark their territory by scent marking with urine . in marked territories , intruders showed significantly lower aggression than the territory residents . [ 25 ] house mice show a male - biased dispersal ; males generally leave their birth sites and migrate to form new territories whereas females generally stay and are opportunistic breeders rather than seasonal . [ 29 ]

the first written reference to mice kept as pets occurs in the erya , the oldest extant chinese dictionary , from a mention in an 1100 bc version . [ 60 ] human domestication led to numerous strains of " fancy " or hobby mice with a variety of colours and a docile temperament . [ 61 ] domestic varieties of the house mouse are bred as a food source for some carnivorous pet reptiles , birds , arthropods , and fish . [ 61 ]

both evolutionary and behavioral consequences result from the polygamous nature of the house mouse . one consequence is the paternal investment , which is lower in polygamous mice than in mice that are monogamous . [ 44 ] this occurs due to the fact that males spend more time involved in sexual competition than do females , leaving less time for paternal care . [ 44 ] polygamous male house mice spend less time alone with pups . [ 44 ] they are also less likely and slower to retrieve lost pups than males of monogamous mice . [ 44 ] in contrast , the maternal investment is similar between female mice that have mated once versus multiply . [ 44 ]

rickettsialpox , caused by the bacterium rickettsia akari and similar to chickenpox , is spread by mice in general , but is very rare and generally mild and resolves within 2–3 weeks if untreated . no known deaths have resulted from the disease . murine typhus ( also called endemic typhus ) is caused by the bacterium rickettsia typhi , and is transmitted by the fleas that infest rats . while rat fleas are the most common vectors , cat fleas and mouse fleas are less common modes of transmission . [ 69 ] endemic typhus is highly treatable with antibiotics . the us cdc currently does not mention rickettsialpox or murine typhus on its website about diseases directly transmitted by rodents ( in general ) [ 62 ]

following copulation , female mice will normally develop a copulation plug which prevents further copulation . the plug is not necessary for pregnancy initiation , as this will also occur without the plug . the presence or absence of the plug will not affect litter size either . [ 40 ] this plug stays in place for some 24 hours . the gestation period is about 19–21 days , and they give birth to a litter of 3–14 young ( average six to eight ) . one female can have 5 to 10 litters per year , so the mouse population can increase very quickly . breeding occurs throughout the year . ( however , animals living in the wild do not reproduce in the colder months , even though they do not hibernate . )

gregory , simon g . ; sekhon , mandeep ; schein , jacqueline ; zhao , shaying ; osoegawa , kazutoyo ; scott , carol e . ; evans , richard s . ; burridge , paul w . ; cox , tony v . ; fox , christopher a . ; hutton , richard d . ; mullenger , ian r . ; phillips , kimbly j . ; smith , james ; stalker , jim ; threadgold , glen j . ; birney , ewan ; wylie , kristine ; chinwalla , asif ; wallis , john ; hillier , ladeana ; carter , jason ; gaige , tony ; jaeger , sara ; kremitzki , colin ; layman , dan ; maas , jason ; mcgrane , rebecca ; mead , kelly ; et al . ( 2002 ) . " a physical map of the mouse genome " .

chinwalla , asif t . ; cook , lisa l . ; delehaunty , kimberly d . ; fewell , ginger a . ; fulton , lucinda a . ; fulton , robert s . ; graves , tina a . ; hillier , ladeana w . ; mardis , elaine r . ; mcpherson , john d . ; miner , tracie l . ; nash , william e . ; nelson , joanne o . ; nhan , michael n . ; pepin , kymberlie h . ; pohl , craig s . ; ponce , tracy c . ; schultz , brian ; thompson , johanna ; trevaskis , evanne ; waterston , robert h . ; wendl , michael c . ; wilson , richard k . ; yang , shiaw - pyng ; an , peter ; berry , eric ; birren , bruce ; bloom , toby ; brown , daniel g . ; et al . ( 2002 ) . " initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome " .

house mice have two forms of social behaviour , the expression of which depends on the environmental context . house mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as commensal . [ 24 ] commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small home ranges . this causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals . [ 24 ] [ 26 ] when populations have an excess of food , there is less female - female aggression , which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent infanticide . [ 24 ] male - male aggression occurs in commensal populations , mainly to defend female mates and protect a small territory . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] the high level of male - male aggression , with a low female - female aggression level is common in polygamous populations . [ 27 ] the social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male and two or more females , usually related . [ 27 ] [ 28 ] these groups breed cooperatively , with the females communally nursing . this cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive success . when no related females are present , breeding groups can form from non - related females . [ 28 ]

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this species is highly distinct genetically , but morphologically very similar to m . cervicolor , therefore , this species is probably much more widespread , as some specimens are hidden within m . cervicolor ( musser and carleton 2005 ) .

justification : listed as least concern as it seems like a very adaptable and common species at two sites , and has no known threats .

this species is known from localities in nahkon ratchasima ( khorat ) province in south central thailand : the type locality , ban nong sanga ( 14°32 ' 33 ' ' n , 101°57 ' 44 ' ' e ) , and tumbon , both 50 km sse from the town of khorat ( auffray et al . 2003 , musser and carleton 2005 ) . the species has been recorded in the loei forest in thailand ( chaisiri et al . 2012 ) . it has also been recorded from lamam , sekong province , in lao pdr ( k . aplin pers . comm . ) .

it was found in dry grass and patches of pygmy bamboo along roadsides or dikes bordering dry rice fields ( musser and carleton 2005 ) . it has been recorded in sympatry with m . cervicolor , and m . caroli were also found .

it is not known from any protected areas . further survey work is needed to determine whether or not it is widespread through the region .

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binomial name : mus fragilicauda ( jean - christophe auffray et al . , 2003 )

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. 2003 ; musser and carleton 2005 ) . it has also been recorded from lamam , sekong province , in lao pdr ( k . aplin pers . comm . ) . additional field surveys and reexamination of museum specimens may reveal an even wider range .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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musser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .

mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .

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new & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region

molecular , chromosomal and morphometric analyses of wild - caught mice of subgenus mus from the central plain of thailand are presented . these specimens are distinct from all species previously described in the literature . this has led to the characterization of mus fragilicauda sp . n . , a new member of the set of closely related species encompassed by the subgenus . while this species may be considered as a sibling and sympatric species of the asian m . cervicolor , m . fragilicauda sp . n . is phylogenetically closer to the m . musculus complex of species and to the other european species of mus .

jean - christophe auffray , annie orth , josette catalan , jean - paul gonzalez , eric desmarais , françois bonhomme . 2003 . phylogenetic position and description of a new species of subgenus mus ( rodentia , mammalia ) from thailand . zoologica scripta . 32 ( 2 ) : 119–127 . doi : 10 . 1046 / j . 1463 - 6409 . 2003 . 00108 . x

wuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .

[ botany • 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | ดาดดารารัศมี • a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand

begonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai ดาดดารารัศมี | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .

chamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .

great - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .

endocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .

aristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .

bagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .

the hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .

nipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 ニッポノサウルス | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .

begonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .

[ ornithology • 2013 ] rediscovery of a long - lost la . . .

[ entomology • 2013 ] nyctomyia ( nyx ) pholeocola • a . . .

partial solar elipse to be visible from parts of australia , new zealand and antarctica on firday 13 july 2018 .

the benefits and costs of academic travel . or " there and back again ; again and again "

canon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4

plants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .

i ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .

necps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden

this is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .

it is found in cambodia , china , indonesia , japan , laos , malaysia , taiwan , thailand , and vietnam .

please note that this non - official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate . this list is a summary of checklists from other websites , blogs , publications , photo / videos published on various websites or our own findings . we appreciate your contributions with photo proof .

important note ; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites , the data is not necessarily accurate . please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings / knowledge .

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with around 711 species , this is the largest family of rodents and mammals . they are native to africa , europe , asia , and australia , but they have been introduced around the world and today are found in all parts of the world , except for antarctica .

they are found in all types of habitats including swamps , grasslands , tundra , deciduous forests , coniferous forests , rainforests , deserts , wetlands , mountains , and suburban , and urban areas .

many species in this family have small bodies , long tails , round ears , round eyes , and pointed noses with whiskers . in most species in this family , females give birth to large litters of between 6 - 13 young . females usually have more than one litter a year and the young are ready to mate when they are a month or two old . because they are prey for other animals , most species in this family only live for a year or two in the wild .

some species are nocturnal ; some are active in the day . some species live in trees , while others are ground dwellers and others live in underground burrows . some species are herbivores , others are carnivores , and some are omnivores .

least concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist . if no status is listed , there is not enough data to establish status .

anderson ' s gerbil - gerbillus andersoni anderson ' s gerbil is found in egypt , israel , jordan , libyaa , and tunisia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

black rat - rattus rattus the black rat is native to india and pakistan , but it was introduced , beginning in ancient times , to other regions in asia as well as africa and europe . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

blick ' s grass rat - arvicanthis blicki blick ' s grass rat is found in ethiopia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

brants’s whistling rat - parotomys brantsii brants’s whistling rat is found in botswana , namibia , and south africa . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

norway rat - rattus norvegicus the norway rat is native to china , japan , and the russian federation , but it has been introduced around the world . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

camiguin forest rat - bullimus gamay the camiguin forest rat is found in the philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

central rock - rat - zyzomys pedunculatus the central rock - rat is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

cheesman’s gerbil - gerbillus cheesmani cheesman’s gerbil is found in iran , iraq , jordan , kuwait , oman , saudi arabia , syria , united arab emirates , and yemen . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

false swamp rat - xeromys myoides the false swamp rat is found in australia and papua new guinea . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

fat sand rat - psammomys obesus the fat sand rat is found in algeria , egypt , israel , jordan , libya , mauritania , morocco , saudi arabia , sudan , syriac , and tunisia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

luzon crateromys - crateromys schadenbergi the luzon crateromys is found in philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

greater egyptian gerbil - gerbillus pyramidum the greater egyptian gerbil is found in chad , egypt , mali , niger , and sudan . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

greater stick - nest rat - leporillus conditor the greater stick - nest rat is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

lataste’s gerbil - gerbillus latastei lataste’s gerbil is found in libya and tunisia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

lesser egyptian gerbil - gerbillus gerbillus the lesser egyptian gerbil is found in algeria , chad , egypt , israel , jordan , libya , mali , mauritania , morocco , niger , sudan , tunisia , and western sahara . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

lesser marmoset rat - hapalomys delacouri the lesser marmoset rat is found in china , laos , and vietnam . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

lesser stick - nest rat - leporillus apicalis the lesser stick - nest rat is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

libyan jird - meriones libycus the libyan jird is found in afghanistan , algeria , azerbaijan , china , egypt , iran , iraq , jordan , kazakhstan , kuwait , libya , mauritania , morocco , pakistan , qatar , saudi arabia , syria , tajikistan , tunisia , turkey , turkmenistan , uzbekistan , and western sahara . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

luzon batomys - batomys granti the luzon batomys is found in the philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

margaret’s haeromys - haeromys margarettae margaret’s haeromys is found in malaysia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

mindanao montane forest apomys - apomys insignis the mindanao montane forest apomys is found in the philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

north african gerbil - gerbillus campestris the north african gerbil is found in algeria , egypt , libya , mali , morocco , niger , sudan , and tunisia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

northern luzon phloeomys - phloeomys pallidus the northern luzon phloeomys is found in the philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

okinawa spiny rat - tokudaia muenninki the okinawa spiny rat is found in blank . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

pale gerbil - gerbillus perpallidus the pale gerbil is found in egypt . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

panay crateromys - crateromys heaneyi the panay crateromys is found in the philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

pleasant gerbil - gerbillus amoenus the pleasant gerbil is found in egypt and libya . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

pygmy gerbil - gerbillus henleyi the pygmy gerbil is found in algeria , burkina faso , chad , egypt , israel , jordan , libya , mali , mauritania , morocco , niger , oman , saudi arabia , senegal , sudan , tunisia , and yemen . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

rajah sundaic maxomy - maxomys rajah the rajah sundaic maxomy is found in brunei darussalam , indonesia , malaysia , and thailand . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

russet batomys - batomys russatus the russet batomys is found in the philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

sahyadris forest rat - rattus satarae the sahyadris forest rat is found in india . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

shaw ' s jird - meriones shawi shaw ' s jird is found in algeria , egypt , libyaa , morocco , and tunisia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

southern luzon phloeomys - phloeomys cumingi the southern luzon phloeomys is found in the philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

sundaic arboreal niviventer - niviventer cremoriventer the sundaic arboreal niviventer is found in indonesia , malaysia , singapore , and thailand . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

sundevall’s jird - meriones crassus sundevall’s jird is found in afghanistan , algeria , bahrain , egypt , iran , iraq , israel , jordan , kuwait , libya , morocco , niger , oman , pakistan , saudi arabia , sudan , syria , tunisia , turkey , united arab emirates , and western sahara . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

sundevall’s jird - meriones crassus sundevall’s jirds live in sandy soil in hot and dry environments . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

wagner’s gerbil - gerbillus dasyurus wagner’s gerbil is found in egypt , iraq , israel , jordan , lebanon , oman , saudi arabia , syria , turkey , united arab emirates , and yemen . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

white - footed rabbit - rat - conilurus albipes the white - footed rabbit - rat was found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

whitheead ' s spiny rat - maxomys whiteheadi whitheead ' s spiny rat is found in brunei darussalam , indonesia , malaysia , and thailand . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes

newborn males and females can be distinguished on close examination as the anogenital distance in males is about double that of the female . [ 9 ] from the age of about 10 days , females have five pairs of mammary glands and nipples ; males have no nipples . [ 10 ] when sexually mature , the most striking and obvious difference is the presence of testicles on the males . these are large compared to the rest of the body and can be retracted into the body .

in addition to the regular pea - sized thymus organ in the chest , house mice have a second functional pinhead - sized thymus organ in the neck next to the trachea . [ 16 ]

mice are mammals of the glires clade , which means they are amongst the closest relatives of humans other than lagomorphs , treeshrews , flying lemurs and other primates .

house mice usually run , walk , or stand on all fours , but when eating , fighting , or orienting themselves , they rear up on their hind legs with additional support from the tail - a behaviour known as " tripoding " . mice are good jumpers , climbers , and swimmers , and are generally considered to be

they live in a wide variety of hidden places near food sources , and construct nests from various soft materials . mice are territorial , and one dominant male usually lives together with several females and young . dominant males respect each other ' s territories and normally enter another ' s territory only if it is vacant . if two or more males are housed together in a cage , they often become aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth .

mice are generally afraid of rats which often kill and eat them , a behavior known as muricide . despite this , free - living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in new zealand , north america , and elsewhere . house mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human settlements in areas where other small mammals , such as wood mice , are present . [ 22 ] however , in some areas ( such as australia ) , mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species . [ 23 ]

house mice also rely on pheromones for social communication , some of which are produced by the preputial glands of both sexes . the tear fluid and urine of male mice also contains pheromones , such as major urinary proteins . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] mice detect pheromones mainly with the vomeronasal organ ( jacobson ' s organ ) , located at the bottom of the nose .

the urine of house mice , especially that of males , has a characteristic strong odor . at least 10 different compounds , such as alkanes , alcohols , etc . , are detectable in the urine . among them , five compounds are specific to males , namely 3 - cyclohexene - 1 - methanol , aminotriazole ( 3 - amino - s - triazole ) , 4 - ethyl phenol , 3 - ethyl - 2 , 7 - dimethyl octane and 1 - iodoundecane . [ 36 ]

odours from adult males or from pregnant or lactating females can speed up or retard sexual maturation in juvenile females and synchronise reproductive cycles in mature females ( i . e . the whitten effect ) . odours of unfamiliar male mice may terminate pregnancies , i . e . the bruce effect .

mice can sense surfaces and air movements with their whiskers which are also used during thigmotaxis . if mice are blind from birth , super - normal growth of the vibrissae occurs presumably as a compensatory response , [ 37 ] or if the vibrissae are absent , the use of vision is intensified . [ 38 ]

female house mice have an estrous cycle about four to six days long , with estrus itself lasting less than a day . if several females are held together under crowded conditions , they will often not have an estrus at all . if they are then exposed to male urine , they will come into estrus after 72 hours .

range . the calls are most frequent during courtship when the male is sniffing and following the female ; however , the calls continue after mating has begun , at which time the calls are coincident with mounting behaviour . males can be induced to emit these calls by female pheromones . the vocalizations appear to differ between individuals and have been compared to

while females have the capability to produce ultrasonic calls , they typically do not do so during mating behaviour .

the pups are born blind and without fur or ears . the ears are fully developed by the fourth day , fur begins to appear at about six days and the eyes open around 13 days after birth ; the pups are weaned at around 21 days . females reach sexual maturity at about six weeks of age and males at about eight weeks , but both can copulate as early as five weeks . if the infants live in high temperatured area from birth , they will become less - haired . [ 41 ]

although house mice can be either monogamous or polygamous , they are most commonly polygamous . they generally show characteristics of mate - defense polygyny in that males are highly territorial and protective of their mates , while females are less agonistic . [ 42 ] the communal nursing groups that result from these behaviors lead to lower numbers of infanticide since more females are able to protect greater numbers of offspring . [ 43 ]

the polygamous behavior of female house mice promotes sperm competition , which affects both male and female evolutionary fitness . [ 45 ] females who mate with multiple males tend to produce both pups in greater numbers , [ 45 ] and with higher survival rates , [ 46 ] increasing female fitness . sperm competition that arises from polygamy favors males with faster , more motile sperm in higher numbers , increasing male fitness . [ 45 ] the competitive aspect of insemination increases the frequency of polyandrous events and fertilizations . polyandry has evolved to increase reproductive success . [ 47 ] male mating behavior is also affected in response to the practice of polygamous behavior . compared to monogamous house mice , polygamous house mice mate for longer periods of time . [ 48 ] this behaviour allows for an increase in both the transfer of sperm and paternity success , which in turn increases male fitness . [ 48 ]

as opposed to polygamy , polyandrous behavior in females is the act of breeding with several males in the same season . [ 49 ] variation in number of males that females mate with occurs among a population . polyandrous behavior is a common mating pattern in species of mus musculus musculus as well as the relative mus musculus domesticus . [ 49 ]

polyandry occurs in 30 % of all wild populations of house mice . [ 50 ] litters from multiple sires tend to be more genetically diverse than litters of single sires . [ 49 ] multiple paternity is also more common in larger populations than smaller populations , because there is a larger number of mates and more diverse mates to choose from . [ 50 ] within a population , males and females show different levels of multiple mating . females show bias toward unrelated males rather than related males during sexual selection , resulting in more genetically diverse offspring and a reduction of inbreeding depression . [ 51 ] inbreeding depression increases genetic incompatibilities , levels of homozygosity , and the chance of deleterious recessive alleles . [ 51 ] polyandry has been shown to increase offspring survival compared to monandry .

the fitness of females increases in polyandrous lines due to more genetic diversity and greater litter size . [ 45 ]

due to polyandry , males can be confused by the identity of new offspring . [ 52 ] multiple mating by females and paternity confusion can decrease rates of infanticide . [ 52 ] if the males are uncertain if the offspring are theirs , they are less likely to kill the offspring . [ 52 ]

house mice usually live in proximity to humans , in or around houses or fields . originally native to asia ( probably northern india ) , [ 57 ] they spread to the mediterranean basin about 8000 bc , only spreading into the rest of europe around 1000 bc . [ 58 ] this time lag is thought to be because the mice require agrarian human settlements above a certain size . [ 58 ] they have since been spread to all parts of the globe by humans .

lymphocytic choriomeningitis ( lcmv ) can be transmitted by mice , but is not a commonly reported infection in humans , though most infections are mild and are often never diagnosed . [ 63 ] [ 64 ] [ 65 ] some concern exists that women should not to be infected with lcmv during pregnancy . [ 66 ] [ 67 ]

house mice are not usually a vector of human plague ( bubonic plague ) because they have less infestations with fleas than do rats , and because the fleas which house mice normally carry exhibit little tendency to bite humans rather than their natural host . [ 68 ]

leptospirosis is carried by a variety of wild and domestic animals including dogs , rats , swine , cattle , mice in general , and can be transmitted by the urine of an infected animal and is contagious as long as the urine is still moist . [ 70 ]

according to recent research on the hygiene hypothesis , children who are exposed at a young age to specific allergens , feces , dander , and bacteria from ( among others ) cockroaches , mice , and cats are less likely to develop asthma and allergies later in life . [ 71 ]

mice have become an invasive species on islands to where they have spread during the period of european exploration and colonisation .

gough island in the south atlantic is used by 20 species of seabirds for breeding , including almost all of the world ' s tristan albatross ( diomedea dabbenena ) and atlantic petrel ( pterodroma incerta ) . until house mice arrived on the island in the 19th century with sailors , the birds did not have any mammalian predators . the mice have since grown unusually large and have learned to attack albatross chicks , which can be nearly 1 m tall , but are largely immobile , by working in groups and gnawing on them until they bleed to death . [ 73 ]

in the grain belt of south - eastern australia , the introduced species mus domesticus breed so successfully , every three years or so they reach plague proportions , achieving densities of 1000 per hectare and causing massive disruption to communities , and losses to agriculture of a $ 36 million annually . [ 74 ]

musser g , amori g , hutterer r , kryštufek b , yigit n & mitsain g ( 2008 ) . mus musculus . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 10 october 2008 .

hotchkiss , a . k . ; vandenbergh , j . g . ( 2005 ) . " the anogenital distance index of mice ( mus musculus domesticus ) : an analysis " .

mayer , julie ann ; foley , john ; de la cruz , damon ; chuong , cheng - ming ; widelitz , randall ( 2008 ) .

siegel , michael i . ( 1970 ) . " the tail , locomotion and balance in mice " .

buck , c . w . ; tolman , n . ; tolman , w . ( november 1925 ) . " the tail as a balancing organ in mice " .

le bars , d ; gozariu , m ; cadden , s . w . ( 2001 ) . " animal models of nociception " .

terszowski , g . ; müller , susanna m . ; bleul , conrad c . ; blum , carmen ; schirmbeck , reinhold ; reimann , jörg ; du pasquier , louis ; amagai , takashi ; boehm , thomas ; rodewald , hans - reimer ( 2006 ) . " evidence for a functional second thymus in mice " .

mitchell - jones , a j ; amori , g ; bogdanowicz , w ; kryštufek , b ; reijnders , p j h ; spitzenberger , f ; stubbe , m ; thissen , j b m ; vohralík , v ; zima , j ( 1999 ) .


crafty lace ( foaled march 11 , 1959 in ontario ) was a thoroughbred racehorse who was voted canadian horse of the year in 1962 .

crafty lace was bred by frank c. conklin at his conklin farms in brantford , ontario .

he was sired by crafty admiral , the 1952 american champion older male horse .

his dam was french lace whose sire , blue swords , was a very good runner who finished second to count fleet in the 1943 kentucky derby and preakness stakes .

on september 18 , 1962 , crafty lace was claimed for $ 7500 by trainer john mooney for buffalo , new york businessman jeremy jacobs .

the horse ran second his first time out under mooney 's care then won four races in a row and set a woodbine racetrack record for a mile and a sixteenth on dirt .

in his most important win crafty lace was ridden by ron turcotte to a victory in the breeders ' stakes , the third leg of the canadian triple crown series that is raced on turf .

crafty lace

crafty lace <EOT> oh so wonderful are oh sew crafty ! from website ease of use , to brilliant range of choice , prices , quality , delivery and brilliant customer service . oh sew crafty you are really spoiling us xxx !

more from make it ! , baby basics to knit for new moms . . . view all 9 patterns # 19 i - cord layette quintet # 33 lace layette sweater # 34 lace layette blanket # 35 lace layette baby hat # 36 baby cardigan early bloomer girl ' s lace layette sweater & hat set tiny treasures layette set : surplice wrap shirt

oh sew crafty is my new favourite online fabric store . such a fantastic range of viscose dress making fabrics and what great prices ! thank you !

lace is an openwork fabric , patterned with open holes in the work , made by machine or by hand . the holes can be formed via removal of threads or cloth from a previously woven fabric , but more often open spaces are created as part of the lace fabric . lace - making is an ancient craft . true lace was not made until the late 15th and early 16th ce . . .

lace is an openwork fabric , patterned with open holes in the work , made by machine or by hand . the holes can be formed via removal of threads or cloth from a previously woven fabric , but more often open spaces are created as part of the lace fabric . lace - making is an ancient craft . true lace was not made until the late 15th and early 16th centuries . a true lace is created when a thread is looped , twisted or braided to other threads independently from a backing fabric . originally linen , silk , gold , or silver threads were used . now lace is often made with cotton thread , although linen and silk threads are still available . manufactured lace may be made of synthetic fiber . a few modern artists make lace with a fine copper or silver wire instead of thread .

crafty lace ( can ) b . h , 1959 { 13 - c } dp = 2 - 0 - 14 - 6 - 0 ( 22 ) di = 0 . 69 cd = - 0 . 09 - 72 starts , 13 wins , 6 places , 5 shows career earnings : $ 43 , 440

beautiful fabrics . the choice is amazing . i ' m busy fund raising and making items to sell . i ' m using lots of animal print fabrics which o see crafty has a georgous choice of . delivery very good too . highly recommend thankyou

our lace is manufactured in france using traditional methods . not a computer in sight , the lace is spun from bobbins on machines that are almost 80 years old , the design is produced using hole punched cards . how do we know this ? we visited the factory - the smell and noise of the machine room was wonderful !

this week , we’re returning to monica ferris’ a needlecraft mystery cozy mystery series with her second fiber - filled whodunnit : framed in lace : a needlecraft mystery , book 2 ! but , fair warning , friends . if you aren’t already dying to learn bobbin lace—pun very much intended—you just might finish this book with brand new diy obsession . don’t say i didn’t warn you ! ( true story : thanks to this book , i’m now signed up for a bobbin lace class at the textile arts center here in brooklyn , which starts in october . i’m ridiculously excited ! )

includes pattern for blanket 30” / 76cm square baby hat - newborn to 18 months sweater - newborn to 18 months all under pattern girls lace layette notions sizef / 5 ( 3 . 75mm ) crochet hook , stitch markers

perfect for formal evenings , this floor - sweeping gown is crafted from embroidered lace and features a plunging neckline . the luxurious , voluminous skirt fans out to balance the embellished waist that is nipped at the slimmest part of your body . style yours with equally glamorous jewellery .

when the historic hopkins ferry is raised from the lake , a skeleton is discovered . unfortunately , the only evidence is a piece of lace - like fabric . but once betsy devonshire and the patrons of her needlecraft shop lend a hand , they’re sure to stitch together the details of this mystery…

one of the things that i love most when reading a crafting - related cozy mystery is when crafts are actually part of the clues and overall strategy for solving the murder , and this book does a particularly nice job of weaving needlework and lacemaking into the storyline while still building a believable plot . unfortunately , because ferris created a story with so many crafty connections and characters connected through crafts , it’s almost impossible for me to comment on the story further without stumbling over spoilers left and right .

i really appreciated the thorough - but - not boring descriptions of the handknits , lace , and needlework throughout . ferris always managed to include the relavant detail while making those passages sound and feel as natural as a friend at my local yarn shop telling me about a gorgeous sweater she spotted at a craft fair—just the right balance of information and enthusiasm .

blue swords ( usa ) b . h , 1940 { 7 } dp = 6 - 2 - 17 - 13 - 2 ( 40 ) di = 0 . 70 cd = - 0 . 08 - 22 starts , 5 wins , 5 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 58 , 065

2nd : champagne s . , kentucky derby , preakness s . , wood memorial s .

trainer ( simmons ) : 1 ) walter a . kelley ; 2 ) william g . douglass

winnings : 72 starts : 13 - 6 - 5 , $ 43 , 440 1st breeders ' stakes , fairbank handicap . etr wo 8 . 50f 1 : 43 : 0 . ( close )

dubai based filipino designer michael cinco is best known for his fabulous couture gowns . his stunning work has garnered international acclaim for its glamorous silhouettes and attention to detail .

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lovely thick fabric . . . well worth the money . the black is more of a navy but still nice .

first order arrived today , fantastic service and quality fabrics shall be placing many more orders .

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the focus on alice’s appearance got old fast . yes , yes , we get it . she’s a tall lady with broad shoulders .

the writing got repetitive in a few places , with explanations being given multiple times using the same words . it’s nothing a little more editing couldn’t fix , but it was sometimes a bit distracting .

even though , thanks to some pretty heavy - handed hints , i’d definitely figured out who the murderer was early on , i still really enjoyed the book , and found it to be a fun and engaging story . as i said in my review for the first book , i really like the characters in and around the crewel world shop , so solving the mystery early didn’t put that much of a damper on my reading pleasure !

in addition to the story , the book also included some great tools that the crafters reading will be able to put to good use in future projects . mixed into the action , there were handy tips like instructions for removing colors that run in needlework . and , like in the previous book , there was also a nice detailed breakdown for pricing handmade items—here , specifically needlework—reinforcing the importance of getting paid fairly , and clearly illustrating why handmade goods are often so expensive . ( this book was definitely way ahead of its time when it included that information , and , even nearly 20 years removed , it’s nice to see the value of handmade items so clearly expressed ! )

haley pierson - cox is the head creative at red - handled scissors . she ' s a knitter , sewer , maker , cross - stitcher , lover of cats , purveyor of quirk , and avid swearing enthusiast ! ( she ' s also sometimes an irritable cartoon called tiny cranky haley . )

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assara decipula is a species of snout moth in the genus assara .

it was described by clarke in 1986 .

it is found in french polynesia .

assara decipula

assara decipula <EOT> assara is a genus of small moths belonging to the snout moth family ( pyralidae ) . they are part of the tribe phycitini within the huge snout moth subfamily phycitinae . = = selected species = = species of assara include : = = footnotes = = . . .

assara - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .

eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .

to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !

scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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isurus hastalis or carcharodon hastalis , the broad-tooth white shark , is an extinct white shark that lived from the eocene epoch to the pleistocene epoch .

its teeth can reach lengths up to 3.5 in ( 7.5 cm ) and are found worldwide , especially in miocene and pliocene marine deposits .

it is believed to be an ancestor to the great white shark , a fact supported by the transitional species carcharodon hubbelli , and most likely would have been one of the top predators in its ecosystem ; preying upon small whales and other mammals .

a study by ehret et al. in 2012 has suggested that i. hastalis belongs to the genus carcharodon , rather than isurus .

fossil evidence suggests carcharodon is derived from carcharodon ( cosmopolitodus ) hastalis .

specimens from the piasco formation show an evolutionary mosaic of characters between c. hastalis and c. carcharias .

isurus hastalis

isurus hastalis <EOT> click the button below to add the shx037 - our largest ever 3 inch fossil isurus hastalis ( extinct white shark ) tooth to your wish list .

this giant and spectacular fossil tooth is of the extinct mako shark called isurus hastalis . this prehistoric shark is a member of the white shark family . teeth from isurus hastalis look remarkably similar to the modern great white shark less the serrations . little is known about this species and it is classified in the genus isurus ( mako ) due to its characteristic smooth edges . some consider this shark the " grandfather of the great white " .

shortfin mako sharks ( isurus oxyrinchus ) . credit : mark conlin , swfsc large pelagics program . [ public domain ]

tagged shortfin mako shark ( isurus oxyrinchus ) . credit : mark conlin , swfsc large pelagics program [ pubilc domain ] .

the white shark is a member of the family lamnidae , which includes three genera : carcharodon , isurus , and lamna . in oligocene deposits about 30 million years old , teeth have been found that are very similar to those of the white shark but lack the serrations that characterize the genus carcharodon . since the extant mako sharks of the genus isurus have teeth that are always smooth - edged , these fossils have traditionally been classified as isurus hastalis . miocene deposits , about 23 million years old , in italy have yielded very similar teeth , but with faint serrations near the tip of the blade . these teeth were classified as isurus escheri , and were regarded as ' proof ' that the modern saw - toothed great white evolved gradually from smooth - toothed mako sharks of the genus isurus .

there are two living species of mako sharks today . the shortfin mako ( isurus oxyrinchus ) and the less common longfin mako ( isurus paucus ) . both makos are very similar , but the long - fin mako has a slimmer body and larger fins .

but nature is often subtler than human ideas about how it ' works ' . paleoichthyologist henri cappetta , one of the most distinguished researchers on fossil sharks , noticed that fossil teeth of ' isurus ' hastalis are very similar to those of the modern white shark . in fact , cappetta has remarked that the two are so similar that fossil carcharodon carcharias teeth in which the serrations have been abraded away by geological activity are virtually impossible to differentiate from specimens of hastalis . in 1995 , paleoichthyologist mikael siverson began to question the assignment of hastalis to the genus isurus . based on striking similarities between the root shape and overall structure of the tooth blade , siverson now believes that hastalis and escheri are not makos at all , but direct ancestors of the modern white shark . siverson has therefore suggested that they should be re - assigned to the genus cosmopolitodus . this view has also been adopted by paleontologist david ward and seems to be gaining acceptance in at least some paleontological and fossil collecting circles .

isurus oxyrinchus teeth are very similar to the fossil i . desori teeth . many believe it should be assigned to the same species .

shortfin mako shark , isurus oxyrinchus , off catalina island , california , eastern pacific ocean . credit : jidanchaomian via cc by - sa 2 . 0 .

the assumption that saw - toothed carcharodon evolved from smooth - toothed isurus is based on the idea that the appearance of serrations coincides with the origin of the genus carcharodon . but it ' s relatively easy to serrate a tooth , as shown by many clearly separate shark lineages which have independently evolved serrated teeth . a newer interpretation of the lamnoid fossil record holds that the carcharodon lineage was originally smooth - toothed and is actually older than that of isurus . according to this scenario , the carcharodon lineage can be traced back to the smooth - toothed isurolamna inflata , which lived about 65 to 55 million years ago . i . inflata gave rise to macrorhizodus praecursor , which lived about 55 million years ago and had smooth edged but broader teeth than its ancestor . praecursor gave rise to cosmopolitodus hastalis , which lived about 35 million years ago and developed even braoder teeth . hastalis , in turn , gave rise to cosmopolitodus escheri , which lived about 25 to 20 million years ago and had weak serrations on its teeth . and finally , escheri gave rise to the modern white shark , carcharodon carcharias , which appeared some 11 million years ago and had the coarsely serrated teeth for which the genus is renowned today . therefore , carcharodon and isurus both descended from isurolamna inflata and many smooth - edged fossil teeth originally named isurus are in fact part of the carcharodon lineage .

isurus oxyrinchus , an extant mako shark is thought by some to be the same as i . desori , an extinct mako shark . therefore , i oxyrinchus may be synonymous with i desori . these teeth are also very similar to i . paucus , the other extant mako shark . it is currently being debated wether or not some isurus tooth forms are of i paucus . if i paucus is to be differentiated from i oxyrinchus in the fossil specimens , the differences are very slight , and will not be discussed here . i oxyrinchus upper teeth are have long , slender crowns . their roots are long in the anterior section of the mouth and become more squarish as the teeth transition to laterals . also the crowns of upper laterals tend to be broader than the upper anteriors . lower teeth also have long , slender crowns that have a lingual bend . the crowns however remain more peg - like as the teeth transition to laterals . below are two diagrams , one of an upper anterior tooth , and one of a lower anterior tooth .

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a new fossil discovery has helped quell 150 years of debate over the origin of great white sharks .

carcharodon hubbelli , which has been described by us scientists , shows intermediate features between the present - day predators and smaller , prehistoric mako sharks .

the find supports the theory that great white sharks did not evolve from huge megatooth sharks .

palaeontologists have previously disagreed over the ancestry of the modern white sharks , with some claiming that they are descended from the giant megatooth sharks , such as megalodon ( carcharocles megalodon ) .

" when the early palaeontologists put together dentitions of megalodon and the other megatooth species , they used the modern white shark to put them together , so of course it ' s going to look like a white shark because that ' s what was used as a model , " explained professor dana ehret of monmouth university in new jersey who lead the new research .

modern day white sharks show similarities in the structure of their teeth with the extinct megatooth sharks .

as they both sport serrations on the cutting edges , early scientists working on the animals used this as evidence for the sharks being closely related .

" but we actually see the evolution of serrations occurring many times in different lineages of sharks and if you look at the shape and size of the serrations in the two groups you see that they are actually very different from each other , " professor ehret told bbc news .

" white sharks have very large , coarse serrations whereas megalodon had very fine serrations . "

now , additional evidence from the newly described species shows both white shark - like teeth shape as well other features characteristic of broad - toothed mako sharks that feed on smaller fish rather than primarily seals and other large mammals .

" it looks like a gradation or a transition from broad - toothed makos to the modern white shark . it ' s a transitional species , and you don ' t see that a whole lot in the fossil record , " professor ehret said .

the mako - like characteristics of the new species , named carcharodon hubbelli in honour of gordon hubbell - the researcher who discovered it in the field - were only found due to the incredible preservation of the fossil .

the pisco formation is in south western peru , along the pacific ocean , a five mile drive from lima on the transcontinental highway .

a very low energy environment with high depositional rates led to a large number of spectacularly well preserved finds from the area .

these have included whale skeletons complete with preserved baleen and preserved feathers on giant penguin fossils .

the formation has also preserved a shallow marine environment and fossils such as specialised marine sloths that swam in the ocean to feed on sea grasses , and the giant sperm whale relative leviathan melvillei .

ehret and his colleagues were able to discover the original excavation site due to the site being protected by the high salt content of the sediment , preserving the hole .

" a big issue in shark palaeontology is that we tend to only have isolated teeth , and even when you find associated teeth very , very rarely are they articulated in a life position , " continued professor ehret .

" the nice thing about this new species is that we have an articulated set of jaws which almost never happens and we could see that the third anterior tooth is curved out , just like in the tooth row of mako sharks today , " he said .

david ward , an associate researcher at the natural history museum , london , who was not involved in the study told bbc news : " everyone working in the field will be absolutely delighted to see this relationship formalised . "

the mosaic of both white shark - like and mako - like characters had been spotted by the researchers in an initial description of the fossil , but the age of the fossil meant their conclusion that the species was intermediate between a mako ancestor and modern white sharks wasn ' t fully accepted .

" some folks said ' well , it makes a great story , but it ' s not old enough because by this time , the early pliocene , we see full blown white sharks in the ocean . ' "

this led ehret and his team to revisit the original site the fossil was taken from the pisco formation in peru to re - examine the geology of the area , guided by the original field notes of gordon hubbell .

there are only two species of mako shark today : the short - and long - finned mako sharks .

they are smaller than white sharks and eat primarily fish rather then mammals , whereas white sharks shift away from eating fish as they grow .

megalodon was the largest of the ' megatooth ' sharks reaching lengths of 15 - 20m .

a 2008 study found that its bite was one of the most formidable ever to have evolved .

shark teeth are usually found isolated because they are continually replaced in a conveyor - belt - like fashion .

" gordon gave us two photographs from when he actually collected the specimen and then a hand drawn map with a little ' x ' on it . we tried to use the map and we didn ' t have much luck .

" but using the two pictures of the excavation , my colleague tom devries was able to use the mountains in the background . "

" we literally walked through the desert holding the pictures up , trying to compare them . that ' s how we found the site . "

not only did they find the site , but the team were able to discover the precise hole from which the fossil had been excavated in 1988 , before making a lucky escape from the desert .

" we made it back to lima with about three hours to spare before an earthquake hit and shut down the transcontinental highway for two weeks . it was quite a trip . "

by analysing the species of molluscs found fossilised at the site , the team found that the shark was actually two million years older than had been thought , making it roughly 6 . 5 million years old .

" that two million year push - back is pretty significant because in the evolutionary history of white sharks , that puts the species in a more appropriate time category to be ancestral or . . . an intermediate form of white shark . "

" we ' ve bolstered the case that white sharks are just highly modified makos . . . it fits the story now , " professor ehret told bbc news .

the foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may " needless self - doubt " is leading to " semi - brexit " .

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full reference : l . agassiz . 1843 . recherches sur les poissons fossiles . tome iii ( livr . 15 - 16 ) . imprimérie de petitpierre , neuchatel 157 - 390

see also agassiz 1843 , applegate and espinosa - arrubarrena 1996 , clark 1895 , fowler 1911 , jordan 1925 , jordan and gilbert 1919 , leriche 1942 , marsili et al . 2007 , purdy et al . 2001 , vicens and rodríguez - perea 2003 and woodward 1889

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as in any intellectual pursuit , reconstruction of evolutionary pathways can be tainted by inherent biases of the researchers . one of the most revealing examples of this tendency is provided by the fossil white sharks , carcharodon carcharias and its relatives . widely perceived as the ne plus ultra of sharkdom , the modern great white has long been assumed to be the grandest , most polished revision of lamnoid evolution .

morphological studies of modern lamnids by systematist leonard j . v . compagno and others provide another source of evidence useful for tracing the group ' s evolutionary history . such studies not only support that

. intriguing new evidence from molecular genetics fully supports this evolutionary hypothesis . it is not yet clear from the fossil record which lamnoid was the common ancestor of

or a similar as - yet undiscovered species . other circles favor a species called

, known from fossil teeth dating from the late cretaceous to the mid - paleocene ( about 100 to 60 million years ago ) . the teeth of

( small secondary cusps on either side of the main blade ) . in addition to being a possible ancestor of the mighty great white ,

reefquest centre for shark research text and illustrations © r . aidan martin copyright | privacy

shortfin mako shark . photo by mark conlin , swfsc large pelagics program . public domain via wikimedia commons

makos are pelagic , they prefer the open ocean , and live in tropical and temperate waters worldwide . they are also very hydrodynamic , and are among the fastest fish . depending on the source , they can attain speeds anywhere from 20 mph to 30 mph . according to the fmnh , the average adult size is around 10 feet ( 3 . 2 m ) . because of their size and speed , makos are a popular sport fish .

these are sample early mako shark teeth - isurolamna inflata - from the paleocene aquia formation . the fossils and photos are used by permission of bill heim .

i would like to give special thanks to bill heim for clarifying some aspects of mako shark evolution and providing fossils for this article . reference : jurgen kriwet , heike mewis , and oliver hampe . ( 2015 ) a partial skeleton of a new lamniform mackerel shark from the miocene of europe . acta palaeontologica polonica 60 ( 4 ) , 2015 : 857 - 875 urltoken

great white shark : myth and reality is a great book about great white sharks . this 144 page book is geared for a general readers and students and is full of great pictures . the author is a professional photographer who has been researching great whites for over 20 years .

desert sharks desert sharks , by mark renz , takes you to the deserts of peru in search of prehistoric sharks . this book is full of stunning images and interviews from paleontogists . it traces the the evolution of the great white shark , which evolved around 4 - 5 million years ago in what is now the deserts of peru . this 193 page book also contains a ton of beautiful photographs , just look at the one on the cover !

skullduggery eyewitness shark casting kit this is a great educational and creative introduction into the world of sharks . kids create and paint casts of a great white , thresher , hammerhead shark , and the corresponding shark teeth . they learn basic shark information as well as differences between types of sharks !

this beauty ( a lower anterior ) is as big as my north carolina mako finds ! left is the lingual view , right is the profile view . it is 2 " in size and comes from the calvert formation of maryland .

this is a 2 " shortfin mako shark tooth found at the pcs mine in aurora . it ' s still in a little bit of matrix .

these are two other shortfin mako sharks tooth found at the pcs mine in aurora . the largest is 2 " . they are from the pungo river formation .

your guide to t rex . - all the research on social behavior , diet , speed , strength , types of tyrannosaur , skin and feathers , and much more !

your guide to c . megalodon - all the research is here ! size , diet , evolution and excintion , and much more !

to ask questions about paleontology , fossil identification , image use , or anything else , email us . urltoken is very active on facebook , you can also message us there ! we don ' t buy or sell fossils , so please don ' t email us asking about the value of a fossil or fossil purchases .

massive maximum size tooth for this species . the rare equivalent of a 7 inch megalodon tooth .

and this one does not disappoint ! this beautiful specimen is the largest in memory that we have had for sale . it is an honest 3 inches in length on the diagonal , and has excellent preservation with a needle sharp tip , complete root and sharp cutting edges on both sides with no lower blade chips . the enamel has a beautiful chatoyant greenish blue luster and hue . it has naturally shiny and has not been coated , dipped or oiled as is often the case . even a 2 . 5 inch tooth is impressive but one that hits the three inch mark is like a 7 inch megalodon shark tooth ! even damaged ones are hard to come by but this one offers no apologies . it ' s simply a must - have specimen for the serious collector wanting the biggest teeth !

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shx056 - fine quality large 2 . 15 inch great white fossil shark carcharias tooth

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color with exceptional gloss . the root shows very nice detail . absolutely great preservation and condition - extra sharp edges and tip - very clean . the " narrow form " of the

color and excellent preservation . this color is rarely seen - adding to the value of these makos . f

a must have color for any serious mako tooth collection . teeth from my old inventory - very difficult to find these teeth !


coloconger canina is an eel in the family colocongridae ( worm eels/short-tail eels ) .

it was described by peter henry john castle and solomon n. raju in 1975 .

it is a marine , deep-water dwelling eel which is known from leptocephali collected from the indian ocean .

it is known to dwell at a minimum depth of 300 m.

coloconger canina

coloconger canina <EOT> coloconger canina coloconger canina is found in the eastern indian ocean . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no

the following term was not found in genome : coloconger canina [ orgn ] .

universal fish catalogue - coloconger saldanhai quéro 2001 archived 2013 - 12 - 15 at the wayback machine .

the colocongridae , the worm eels or short - tail eels are a family of eels , containing a single genus , coloconger .

( of ascomana canina castle & raju , 1975 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

indo - pacific short - tail conger - coloconger scholesi the indo - pacific short - tail conger has a lateral line that runs the lenght of its body . source : fishes of australia intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no

greek , kolos = short , truncated + latin conger = conger ( ref . 45335 )

marine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 300 - ? m ( ref . 56787 ) . deep - water ; 7°n - 6°n , 92°e - 94°e ( ref . 46206 )

eastern indian ocean : known from the type locality , 6°38 ' n , 92°44 ' e ( leptocephali ) .

eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) , 2003 . catalog of fishes . updated database version of march 2003 . catalog databases as made available to fishbase in march 2003 . ( ref . 46206 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5098 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00093 ( 0 . 00036 - 0 . 00242 ) , b = 3 . 13 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 35 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 ±0 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 43 of 100 ) .

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the species in this family of eels are found in warm tropical waters of the atlantic , indian , and west pacific oceans . compared to most other species of eel , they have short , stubby bodies . they also have blunt snouts , they are bottom - dwellers and most are found at depths of around 1 , 000 - 2 , 900 feet .

status and range is taken from icun redlist . you can click on the iucn status icon to go to the iucn page about a species .

threatened in us endangered in us introduced status taken from us fish and wildlife . click on u . s . status icon to go to the u . s . fish and wildlife species profile .

is found in the eastern atlantic off the coast of africa from senegal to gulf of guinea .

the froghead eel is a deepwater eel found in the indian and western pacific oceans .

the indo - pacific short - tail conger is found in the indian and pacific oceans .

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distribution : atlantic , indian , and western pacific oceans . body stubby and snout blunt ( least elongate anguilliform ) ; lateral line complete , most pores in short tubes ; anus well behind midlength ; pectoral fin well developed ; vomerine teeth absent ; vertebrae 142 - 163 . suggested new common name for this family from ref . 58418 .

greek , kolos = tail + latin , conger = conger ( ref . 45335 ) .

the list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .

rather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .

but we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .

unless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .

this list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .

in the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .

when subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .

type genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .

type species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .

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colongrids are found in tropical waters of the atlantic , indian , and west pacific oceans . they are bottom - dwelling fish , living in waters from 300 to 900 m ( 980 to 2 , 950 ft ) in depth . [ 1 ] compared with other eels , they have relatively short and stubby bodies , with blunt snouts .

mcclosker , john f . ( 1998 ) . paxton , j . r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . , eds .

froese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2011 ) . " colocongridae " in fishbase . june 2011 version .

this page was last edited on 21 march 2018 , at 21 : 17 .

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muraena augusti is a moray eel found north of the eastern central atlantic ocean .

it was described by johann jakob kaup in 1856 , originally under the genus thyrsoidea .

it is non-migratory , and dwells at a depth range of 0 to 250 metres ( 0 to 820 ft ) , most often at around 0 to 50 metres ( 0 to 164 ft ) .

muraena augusti

muraena augusti <EOT> jiménez , s . , schönhuth , s . , lozano , i . j . , gonzález , j . a . , sevilla , r . g . , diez , a . and bautista , j . m . 2007 . morphological , ecological , and molecular analyses separate muraena augusti from mureana helena as a valid species . copeia 2007 ( 1 ) : 101 - 103 .

a synonym of m . helena ( wirtz et al . 2008 ) , but jiménez et al . ( 2007 ) have confirmed the specific identity of m . augusti using morphological and genetic methods .

( of thryrsoidea augusti kaup , 1856 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of thyrsoidea augusti kaup , 1856 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of murenophis augusti ( kaup , 1856 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

in the canary islands , m . augusti is a nocturnal territorial species inhabiting rocky and stony bottoms , sometimes hiding under large rocks in tidal pools , from shore to a depth of 250 m . however , it is more common in depths shallower than 50 m ( jiminez et al . 2007 ) .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 7 january 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 7 january 2015 ) .

is known from the northeastern atlantic from macaronesian islands ( from north to south : azores , madeira , selvagens , canary islands , cape verde ) . it appears to be rare in museum collections . this species is not utilized , nor does it have any major threats known to affect it . its range may overlap marine protected areas in the region . it is therefore listed as least concern .

is known from the northeastern atlantic from macaronesian islands ( from north to south : azores , madeira , selvagens , canary islands , cape verde ) . it has a wide depth range of zero to 250 m .

cape verde ; portugal ( azores , madeira ) ; spain ( canary is . )

appears to be rare in museum collections ( k . tighe pers . comm . 2011 ) .

there are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species . its range may overlap marine protected areas in the region .

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9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 2 . marine neritic - subtidal rock and rocky reefs suitability : suitable 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 3 . marine neritic - subtidal loose rock / pebble / gravel suitability : suitable 12 . marine intertidal - > 12 . 1 . marine intertidal - rocky shoreline suitability : suitable 12 . marine intertidal - > 12 . 6 . marine intertidal - tidepools suitability : suitable

1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology

brito , a . , pascual , p . j . , falcón , j . m . , sancho , a . and gonzález , g . 2002 . peces de las islas canarias . catalogo comentado e ilustrado .

iucn . 2015 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2015 - 4 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 19 november 2015 ) .

wirtz , p . , fricke , r . and biscoito , m . j . 2008 . the coastal fishes of madeira island - new records and an annotated check - list . zootaxa 1715 : 1 - 26 .

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my girlfriend and i stayed in la restinga , el hierro , in not mid - october . arrecifal is one of the best ( if not the best ) dive centers on el hierro . they provide wonderful guidance and is one of the few centers offering very good english communication . the dive center is owned by a couple , carlos and his wife anita . they are very . . .

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