streniastis thermaea is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by lower in 1897 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales and tasmania .

the wingspan is about 20 mm .

the forewings are orange-yellow , deeper on the margins .

there is a fine line of fuscous at the apex .

the hindwings are black .

streniastis thermaea

streniastis thermaea <EOT> html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

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chionodes tessa is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from washington to idaho , oregon , california and arizona .

the wingspan is 12 – 18 mm .

the forewings are white , more or less overlaid and marked with blackish fuscous to black .

there is an outwardly oblique white fascia from the costa at the basal fourth , extending to the dorsum , continued along the dorsum to join an irregular white area .

an irregular white fascia is found at the apical third , extending to the tornus and there are two or three white spots from the apex along the termen .

the hindwings are greyish fuscous .

chionodes tessa

chionodes tessa <EOT> chionodes tessa clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 246 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california

chionodes tessa ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 137 ; [ nacl ] , # 2118 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes borzella bidzilya , 2000 ; beitr . ent . 50 ( 2 ) : 391

chionodes soella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 21

chionodes aprilella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 24

chionodes flavipalpella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 33

chionodes flavipalpella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333

chionodes caucasiella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 34

chionodes caucasiella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333

chionodes frigidella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 50

chionodes frigidella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333

chionodes tantella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 64

chionodes tantella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333

chionodes attonita ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333

chionodes ermolaevi bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 422 ; tl : sakhalin

chionodes grandis clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : silverton , colorado

chionodes tundra bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 421 ; tl : jamalo - nenetskiy ar

chionodes pereyra clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : vero beach , florida

chionodes stefaniae ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 699 ( list )

chionodes salicella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 82 ; tl : skeena crossing , cassiar dist . , british colombia

chionodes acerella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 78 ; tl : izman creek , kamloops distr . , british columbia

chionodes canofusella clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 248 ; tl : encantada , brooks co . , texas

chionodes bicolor clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 250 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california

chionodes meridiochilensis king & montesinos , 2012 ; acta zool . cracov . 55 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : chile , region de biobio

chionodes stefaniae schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 177 ; tl : galapagos , isabela , volcan darwin , 630m

chionodes iridescens clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 244 ; tl : american lake , pierce co . , washington

chionodes pleroma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331

chionodes scotodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331

chionodes whitmanella clarke , 1942 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 92 ( 3149 ) : 271 ; tl : pullmann , washington

the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 6 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , gelechiinae ( part - chionodes )

the lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 10 . a remarkable new white species of chionodes hübner ( gelechiidae )

chionodes sabinianae powell , 1959 ; ent . news 70 ( 5 ) : 127 ; tl : russelman park , mt diablo , contra costa co . , california

chionodes soella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes aprilella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 141 , 31 ; [ fe ]

= chionodes psilopterus ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes cusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 75 ; tl : alamosa , colorado

chionodes offectus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 57 ; tl : boulder , colorado

chionodes fimus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 76 ; tl : schrader lake , alaska

chionodes tragicella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes luctuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 140 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes molitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 210 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 36 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois

chionodes boreas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 43 - 44 ; tl : nordegg , alberta

chionodes holosericella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 143 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes histon hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 61 ; tl : penticon creek , british columbia

chionodes perpetuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 146 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes apolectella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 147 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes hayreddini ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes hinnella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes bastuliella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]

chionodes nebulosella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 152 , 32 ; [ fe ]

chionodes sagayica ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 63 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333

chionodes nitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 84 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 59 ; tl : berkeley , alameda co , california

chionodes oecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : palm springs , california

chionodes lacticoma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

chionodes icriodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

chionodes litigiosa ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

chionodes pentadora ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

chionodes dryobathra ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 106 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

chionodes argosema ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

chionodes consona ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

chionodes eburata ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

chionodes salva ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

chionodes sepultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 60 ; tl : 6 mi nw newcastle , wyoming

chionodes percultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 58 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 1 ; tl : washington mtns , near nogales , arizona

chionodes plutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 91 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 69 ; tl : sanderson , terrell co . , texas

chionodes nepos hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 71 ; tl : indio , riverside co . , california

chionodes thyotes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 96 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : southmost , cameron co . , texas

chionodes soter hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 39 - 41 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois

chionodes ceryx hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 13 - 14 ; tl : n key largo , florida

chionodes rabula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 16 ; tl : parker island , highlands co . , florida

chionodes cacula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 61 , 331 , pl . 5 , f . 1 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida

chionodes emptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida

chionodes drapeta hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 63 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 18 ; tl : key largo , monroe co . , florida

chionodes paean hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 72 ; tl : jacumba , san diego co . , california

chionodes cibus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 98 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas

chionodes occlusus ; [ nacl ] , # 2101 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes suasor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 57 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 14 ; tl : huntsville state park , walker co . , texas

chionodes esor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; tl : big pine key , monroe co . , florida

chionodes tarmes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 66 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; tl : t2n r14w s31 , allegan co . , michigan

chionodes macor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 88 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 62 ; tl : saratoga springs , san bernardino co . , california

chionodes irreptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 143 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 53 ; tl : garner state park , uvalde co . , texas

chionodes restio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 148 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 58 - 59 ; tl : sonoma , sonoma co . , california

chionodes ludio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 152 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 64 ; tl : new lisbon , burlington co . , new jersey

chionodes obelus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 186 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : hayfork ranger station , trinity co . , california

chionodes kubai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 188 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 43 ; tl : pne hill , el dorado co . , california

chionodes rectifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 199 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : pensacola , escambia co . , florida

chionodes aleo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 71 ; tl : cedar pass campground , modoc co . , california

chionodes rupex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 74 ; tl : green river lake , wind river range , wyoming

chionodes fictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 58 ; tl : atigun pass & below , brooks range , alaska

chionodes praecia hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : vineyard , utah co . , utah

chionodes pulvis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 69 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : san bruno mtns , san mateo co . , california

chionodes bios hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 191 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi n prescott , yavapai co . , arizona

chionodes tannuolella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 32 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333

chionodes lictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 62 ; tl : mt . shasta city , shasta co . , california

chionodes procus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 70 ; tl : gran quivira national monument , socorro co . , new mexico

chionodes lector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 121 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; tl : woodwardia canyon e , riverside co . , california

chionodes sevir hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 137 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 24 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina

chionodes baro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 144 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 54 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina

chionodes popa hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 167 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 6 - 7 ; tl : mint canyon , los angeles co . , california

chionodes donatella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes petro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : 2 mi ne lakeside , san diego co . , california

chionodes dolo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 198 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : dempster highway , km 155 , 1050m , yukon , canada

chionodes praeco hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 209 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 34 - 35 ; tl : ocqueoc lake , presque isle co . , michigan

chionodes manabiensis schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 180 ; tl : ecuador , manabi , parque nacional machalilla , los frailes , s 01°29 . 340 ' , w 80°46 . 868 40m

chionodes hapsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 12 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas

chionodes volo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 38 ; tl : fort davis , 5000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas

chionodes landryi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 76 ; tl : lost river valley , 10 km s onefour , alberta , cadana

chionodes factor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 60 ; tl : big bear lake , 6800 , san bernardino co . , california

chionodes trico hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 45 - 46 ; tl : hardy work center , lawrence co . , south dakoa

chionodes impes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 227 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 70 , pl . 5 , f . 4 ; tl : kamiak butte , washington

chionodes sannio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 70 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 31 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington

chionodes stator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 32 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington

chionodes meddix hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 73 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; tl : clear creek camp , se camp verde , yavapai co . , arizona

chionodes pavor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; tl : camp baldy , san bernardino mtns , san bernardino co . , california

chionodes pacator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 53 ; tl : mt lowe , san gabriel mtns , los angeles co . , california

chionodes regens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 61 ; tl : hackberry lake , valenine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska

chionodes morus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 103 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 22 ; tl : ciervo hills , 18 mi sw medota , fresno co . , califoria

chionodes cautor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 142 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 52 ; tl : green gulch , big bend national park , brewster co . , texas

chionodes mikkolai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 33 ; tl : carmacks , 62°05 ' n , 136°20 ' w , yukon , canada

chionodes franclemonti hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 65 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 2 - 4 ; tl : wrangle brook road , lakehurst , ocean co . , new jersey

chionodes sanator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 60 ; tl : sw res sta , 5400 , chiricahua mts , cochise co . , arizona

chionodes repertor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 65 ; tl : 7 mi e jacob lake , coconino co . , 6800 ' , arizona

chionodes adamas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 150 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 61 - 63 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas

chionodes elainae hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 50 ; tl : onion saddle , 7600 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona

chionodes hospes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 61 - 62 ; tl : 9 mi sw atascadero , san luis obispo co . , california

chionodes sponsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 81 ; tl : sierra diable wildlife management area , 6400 ' , culberson co . , texas

chionodes theurgis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 213 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi sw buean vista , 8700 ' , chaffee co . , colorado

chionodes imber hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 33 - 34 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine nationa wildlife reserve , cherry co . , nebraska

chionodes naevus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 77 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 41 ; tl : cave creek canyon , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona

chionodes davisi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 78 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 42 ; tl : southwest research station , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona

chionodes delitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 58 ; tl : k bar ranch , chisos mtns , 3400 ' , brewster co . , texas

chionodes bardus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 99 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : santa barbara island , channel island national park , santa barbara co . , california

chionodes metoecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 125 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 32 - 34 ; tl : snake creek , 3 mi nw midway , wasatch co . , utah

chionodes optio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 154 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 32 ; tl : mt locke , davis mtns , 6700 ' , jeff davis co . , texas

chionodes agriodes ; [ nacl ] , # 2059 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes bustosorum metzler , 2016 ; zootaxa 4109 ( 3 ) : 373 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . mon . , 106°1 . 38 ' w ; 32°46 . 60 ' n 4 , 000 '

chionodes powelli hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 2 ; tl : snake lake , 4 mi nw quincy , 4000 ' , plumas co . , california

chionodes abavus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 64 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mts , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes obex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 39 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes munifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 76 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 40 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes sabinianae ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 48 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes rector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 56 - 57 ; tl : 5 mi n buena vista , 8200 ' , chaffee co . , colorado

chionodes fremor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes lusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 130 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 42 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes erro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 134 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 23 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes altor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 141 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 30 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes pinax hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 149 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 60 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona

chionodes messor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 153 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 65 ; tl : 1 mi ne san marcos pass , 1500 ' , santa barbara co . , california

chionodes magirus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 157 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 34 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes gestor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 159 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 74 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes bibo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 162 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes luror hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 51 ; tl : west fork , 6500 ' , 16 mi sw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona

chionodes gratus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 28 ; tl : big timber canyon , 6500 ' , half moon park , crazy mts . , montana

chionodes senica hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 79 ; tl : hart prairie , 8500 ' , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona

chionodes dator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 80 ; tl : louis lake , 28 mi sw lander , 8600 ' , fremont co . , wyoming

chionodes ustor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 32 ; tl : bridger forest camp , 7500 ' , wind river mtns , sublette co . , wyoming

chionodes rogator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 82 - 83 ; tl : mosca creek , great sand dunes national monument , alamosa co . , colorado

chionodes veles hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 212 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 84 ; tl : castles , 8 mi e buena vista , 8800 ' , chaffee co . , colorado

chionodes gerdius hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 87 ; tl : oso flaco lake , 5 mi s oceano , san luis obispo co . , california

chionodes latro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 68 - 69 ; tl : lake delancy , ocala national forest read 75 , mario co . , florida

chionodes rhombus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 105 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350ä , coconino co . , arizona

chionodes tributor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 48 ; tl : ozena camp , cuyama river , 1 mi e hiway 33 , ventura co . , california

chionodes ensis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : head of ephraim canyon , 10000 - 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah

chionodes nubilella ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 35 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes donahueorum hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : mt washington district , 840 ' , los angeles , los angeles co . , california

chionodes parens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 136 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes adam hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 140 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes nubis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 156 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 67 - 68 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona

chionodes innox hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 158 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 69 - 73 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona

chionodes canofusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2066 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes psilopterus ; [ nacl ] , # 2111 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes metallicus ; [ nacl ] , # 2094 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 59 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes canor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 25 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350 ' , coconino co . , arizona

chionodes abitus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 56 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; tl : cold creek , 5 mi s buck creek ranger station , 6300 ' , modoc co . , california

chionodes lactans hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 74 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 36 - 37 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas

chionodes fructuarius ; [ nacl ] , # 2078 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 4 - 5 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes luteogeminatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2091 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes helicostictus ; [ nacl ] , # 2083 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 16 - 18 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes pallor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 197 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 20 - 21 ; tl : fort valley , 7350 ' , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona

chionodes nigrobarbatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2097 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 223 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 65 - 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes praetor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 67 , pl . 4 , f . 90 ; tl : head ephraim canyon , 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah

chionodes permactus ; [ nacl ] , # 2106 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 5 , f . 5 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes violacea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 25 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes distinctella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 42 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 148 , 31 ; [ fe ]

chionodes clarkei hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 71 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : steens mt . , fish lake , 7100 , harney co . , oregon

chionodes electella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 52 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]

chionodes fumatella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 59 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 153 , 32 ; [ fe ]

chionodes ignorantella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 65 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 154 , 32 ; [ fe ]

chionodes argentipunctella ; [ nacl ] , # 2061 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 11 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes gilvomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2080 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes periculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2105 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes xanthophilella ; [ nacl ] , # 2125 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes sistrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2116 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 73 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes hodgesorum metzler , 2014 ; j . lep . soc . 68 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . monument , edge of dunes habitat , 106°11 . 32 ' w , 32°45 . 72 ' n , 4000 '

chionodes paralogella ; [ nacl ] , # 2103 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 13 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes salicella ; [ nacl ] , # 2114 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 120 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes acerella ; [ nacl ] , # 2057 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 124 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes terminimaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2117 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 132 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes pastor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 155 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 66 , pl . 4 , f . 33 ; tl : great basin exp staion nr ephraim , 8850 ' , sanpete co . , utah

chionodes fondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2076 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 160 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes pseudofondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2110 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 161 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes mariona ; [ nacl ] , # 2092 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 168 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes halycopa ; [ nacl ] , # 2082 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 171 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes hibiscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2084 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 190 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes aristella ; [ nacl ] , # 2062 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 56 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes mongolica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 280 ; [ fe ]

chionodes hostis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 122 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : major ' s flat near ephraim canyon , oak / pinyon junipre zone , 7100 ' , sanpete co . , utah

chionodes fuscomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2079 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 6 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes bicostomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2064 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 7 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes lophosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2089 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 67 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 21 - 23 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes nanodella ; [ nacl ] , # 2095 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes abella ; [ nacl ] , # 2055 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 43 - 47 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes kincaidella ; [ nacl ] , # 2086 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 87 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 6 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes pinguicula ; [ nacl ] , # 2109 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 67 - 68 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes dentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2071 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 74 - 75 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes abdominella ; [ nacl ] , # 2054 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 2 - 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes dammersi ; [ nacl ] , # 2070 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 101 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 14 - 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes notandella ; [ nacl ] , # 2098 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 19 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes ochreostrigella ; [ nacl ] , # 2102 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 104 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 7 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes thoraceochrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2119 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 117 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes chrysopyla ; [ nacl ] , # 2068 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 119 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes obscurusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2099 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 123 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 27 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes occidentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2100 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 127 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 35 - 37 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes trichostola ; [ nacl ] , # 2120 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 135 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 47 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes acrina ; [ nacl ] , # 2058 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 139 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 25 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes secutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 146 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 55 , pl . 4 , f . 31 ; tl : davis mnts , 5 mi se livermore , 6000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas

chionodes trophella ; [ nacl ] , # 2121 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 147 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 56 - 57 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes discoocellella ; [ nacl ] , # 2072 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 170 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes ceanothiella ; [ nacl ] , # 2067 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 187 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 41 - 42 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes aruns hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 18 , pl . 4 , f . 44 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas

chionodes retiniella ; [ nacl ] , # 2112 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 48 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes arenella ; [ nacl ] , # 2060 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 52 - 53 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes figurella ; [ nacl ] , # 2073 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 194 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes braunella ; [ nacl ] , # 2065 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 225 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 91 - 93 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes flavicorporella ; [ nacl ] , # 2074 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 229 , pl . 3 , f . 72 - 73 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes sattleri hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 218 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 54 - 56 , pl . 4 , f . 89 ; tl : bog e of big indian lake , halifax watershed , halifax co . , nova scotia

chionodes ( gelechiini ) ; [ me3 ] , 137 , 31 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 704 , 699 ( list ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15 ; [ fe ]

chionodes johnstoni ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 76 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 81 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 51 - 52 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes formosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2077 ( rev . stat . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .

chionodes praeclarella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 200 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 64 - 67 ; [ me3 ] , 144 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18 ; [ fe ]

chionodes mediofuscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2093 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 131 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 43 - 45 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes iridescens ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 75 ; [ nacl ] , # 2085 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 10 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17

chionodes pereyra ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 109 ; [ nacl ] , # 2104 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 163 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes grandis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 64 ; [ nacl ] , # 2081 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 19 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

chionodes petalumensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 111 ; [ nacl ] , # 2107 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 164 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 36 - 38 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18

chionodes bicolor ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 2063 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 29 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

chionodes whitmanella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 147 ; [ nacl ] , # 2124 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 31 , pl . 4 , f . 77 - 78 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19

chionodes viduella ; [ nacl ] , # 2123 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 54 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 215 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 49 ; [ me3 ] , 32 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19 ; [ fe ]

chionodes continuella ; [ nacl ] , # 2069 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 37 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 52 - 53 , pl . 4 , f . 88 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16 ; [ fe ]

photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .

hodges , r . w . , 1999 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 7 . 6 , p . 82 ; pl . 1 . 54 - 55 . order

= ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 15 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15

formosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 , 331

formosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331

nova scotia , sw . manitoba , north carolina , missouri . see [ maps ]

= gelechia vernella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 884

= ; [ nacl ] , # 2077 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

larva on quercus imrbricaria ? q . rubra , q . velutina , q . alba , ostrya virginiana hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52

california , oregon , washington , texas , oklahoma , arkansas , louisiana , mississippi , florida . see [ maps ]

larva on quercus lobata , q . kelloggii , q . garryana hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52

nova scotia , quebec - florida , sw . wisconsin , e . texas , e . oklahoma . see [ maps ]

= ; [ nacl ] , # 2079 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16

larva on quercus macrocarpa , q . rubra , fagus grandifolia , carya hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53

= ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 879 ; [ nacl ] , # 2064 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15


peters ' elephant-nose fish ( gnathonemus petersii ; syn . gnathonemus brevicaudatus pellegrin , 1919 , mormyrus petersii günther , 1862 ) is an african freshwater elephantfish in the genus gnathonemus .

other names in english include elephantnose fish , long-nosed elephant fish , and ubangi mormyrid , after the ubangi river .

as the latin name petersii confirms it is named after someone called " peters " ( probably wilhelm peters ) , although the apostrophe is often misplaced and the common name given as " peter 's elephantnose fish " .

it uses electrolocation to find prey , and has the largest brain-to-body oxygen use ratio of all known vertebrates ( around 0.6 ) .

peters ' elephantnose fish

peters ' elephantnose fish <EOT> to find a peters’ elephantnose fish , you must lurk in muddy , slow - moving water . look closely , because the fish is brown and so is the background .

the retina of the peters’ elephantnose fish looks completely different . it is covered with cup - shaped depressions . around 30 cones sit inside each cup , and a few hundred rods are buried underneath .

peters’ elephantnose fish has no such limitations . its peculiar eyes allow it to use the two types of receptor at the same time . that could help it to spot predators as they approach through the murky water it calls home .

black or dark brown in colour with attractive white stripes across the tail , elephantnose fish are smooth - skinned . like many scaleless fish they can be

if your elephantnose fish slides its proboscis across your other fish from time to time , don ' t worry - it isn ' t trying to eat them .

however , the peters’ elephantnose fish were very good at spotting large moving objects against a cluttered background – essential for fish that live in dirty water . presented with a monitor displaying a black stimulus on a white background , they took as long to spot it as goldfish . but when a grey noise pattern – like an untuned tv – was superimposed , the elephantnose fish spotted the stimulus faster than the goldfish .

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the elephantnose fish , or peter ' s elephant , are very unique fish that not many hobbyists can say they have . elephantnose fish are thin and oblong , primarily dark brown or gray with white markings and a long trunk - like nose , thus the name , elephantnose . elephantnose fish are shy , sensitive fish , who need pristine water conditions to thrive . they are , in fact , so delicate , that they are used at government water departments in the usa and germany to test the quality of the water . whether this is humane or not is debatable ; the point is that an elephantnose needs to be added to a fully cycled , mature tank .

peters rc , denizot jp . miscellaneous features of electroreceptors in gnathonemus petersii ( günther , 1862 ) ( pisces , teleostei , mormyriformes )

what the bonn team found was that the elephantnose can switch between these two senses despite having a tiny brain .

peters’ elephantnose fish belongs to a large family called the elephantfish , all of which live in africa . they get their name from the trunk - like protrusions on the front of their heads . but whereas the trunks of elephants are extensions of their noses , the trunks of elephantfish are extensions of their mouths .

, peters ' elephantnose fish are second to none . their fascinating appearance , with the lower lip extended like a long snout , is accompanied by a high degree of intelligence and intriguing behaviour . although they can be shy , patience and care will encourage them to be friendly , active participants in the aquarium community .

according to bonn , statistical analyses showed identical performance as they swapped between vision and electrical impulses . also , they did it with a consistency that indicates that all elephantnose fish share this talent .

peters ' elephantnose fish ( gnathonemus petersii ) is common to the slower rivers of west africa , where it hunts for insect larvae just before dawn and after sunset . it ' s also one of a number of fish equipped with an electrical organ that allows it to generate a weak electrical field that allows it to sense its immediate environment like a living motion detector . it also has eyes that it uses to navigate as well as to track and catch its supper .

as to why the elephantnose can do this , the bonn team hasn ' t speculated , but it could be that the fish uses a specialized algorithm or processing system , the job of sense - swapping is less complex than believed , or fish are just really clever .

peters’ elephantnose fish are native to the rivers of west and central africa , in particular the lower niger river basin , the ogun river basin and in the upper chari river . it prefers muddy , slowly moving rivers and pools with cover such as submerged branches . it is a dark brown to black in colour , laterally compressed ( averaging 23–25 cm ) , with a rear dorsal fin and anal fin of the same length . its caudal or tail fin is forked . it has two stripes on its lower pendicular . its most striking feature , as its names suggest , is a trunk - like protrusion on the head . this is not actually a nose , but a sensitive extension of the mouth , that it uses for self - defense , communication , navigation , and finding worms and insects to eat . this organ is covered in electroreceptors , as is much of the rest of its body . the elephantnose fish has poor eyesight and uses a weak electric field , which it generates by muscular contractions , to find food , to navigate in dark or turbid waters , and to find a mate . peters’ elephantnose fish live to about 6 - 10 years , but there are reports of them living even longer .

peters’ elephantnose fish is probably the most commonly - available mormyrid in aquarium stores in the usa . in the aquarium ( which should be at least 200 liters ) it is timid , preferring a heavily planted environment with subdued lighting . ideally , a pipe or hollow log should be provided . the substrate should ideally be soft sand to allow the fish to sift through it with its delicate extended lip . it feeds on small worms ( bloodworms ) and aquatic invertebrates such as mosquito larvae , but in the aquarium will usually accept frozen or even flake food . how peaceful an elephantnose fish is can depend on the individual ; some are quite aggressive with other species , while others are retiring . they may be kept in a community aquarium with peaceful species who share their water preferences . however , unless kept in an aquarium of over 400 liters , it is unwise to keep more than one elephantnose fish as they can be territorial . the conditions suggested to keep them in an aquarium are as follows : ph of 6 . 8 to 7 . 2 , water temperature 26 to 28 degrees celsius , and water of medium hardness . the substrate should always be something that does not irritate the sensitive snout of the fish .

the weak electrical impulses generated by this fish can be made audible by placing two electrodes in the fish tank , which are then hooked up to an audio amplifier or a piezoelectric earbud . the sonar - like clicks that this fish emits can sound like a squeaky door when the fish is excited . – wikipedia

hello , i have an elephant nose fish just the one , they are fine in groups when young but as soon as they reach sexual maturity they will not tolerate there own species . in my experience these fish are great community fish best kept with medium to large species like the south - american cihlids , clown loaches , botia , larger tetra ' s and angel fish . however these fish are slow growing and nocturnal but these fish are very elegant and a very intelligent fish species . the elephant nose fish has an electric force - field depending on their mood so these fish can ' t be kept with any other fish with an electric force - field like the black ghost knife fish . elephant nose fish are not for the beginners of fish keeping , they are somewhat sensitive to water conditions and will be very unhappy and lethargic in anything above ph7 . i keep my elephant nose fish in ph 6 . 8 which is spot on in the middle as the ph for these fella ' s ranges form 6 . 5 - 7 . i have been keeping fish for nearly 14 years now , every year has been a joy . i love keeping these lovely elegant fella ' s and have don ' t for many years now , so good luck with your elephant nose ' s , hope all is good .

- medium / difficult . this fish needs perfect water and is somewhat intolerant to medication .

hopkins cd , bass ah . temporal coding of species recognition signals in an electric fish .

ciali s , gordon j , moller p . spectral sensitivity of the weakly discharging electric fish

maler l . the posterior lateral line lobe of a mormyrid fish - a golgi study .

. far gentler than that generated by a stingray or electric eel , this is used not for defence but for navigation , for finding food , and for finding a mate . male and female elephantnose fish have distinctly different electrical signatures but these can be distorted in the aquarium , which may be why they have never bred in captivity .

fish may be smarter than we thought . not only can some recognize human faces , but others can use their senses in a way that it was believed only humans and other mammals could manage . a team of zoologists at the university of bonn has discovered that , despite lacking a complex brain , the african elephantnose fish can swap between its electrical and visual senses in the same way a person can switch between sight and touch .

schwarz s , emde g von der . distance discrimination during active electrolocation in the weakly electric fish

kramer b , tautz j , markl h . the eod sound response in weakly electric fish .

arnegard me , carlson ba . electric organ discharge patterns during group hunting by a mormyrid fish .

so that you can supply them with an extra meal at dusk when other fish are less active .

. with other types of fish they tend to be shy , though individual temperament varies a lot .

emde g von der . discrimination of objects through electrolocation in the weakly electric fish , gnathonemus petersii .

grau hj , bastian j . neural correlates of novelty detection in pulse - type weakly electric fish .

szabo t , hagiwara s . a latency change mechanism involved in sensory coding of electric fish ( mormyrids )

this page will give a completely detailed profile of the selected fish , from a to z . the profiled fish will be chosen randomly by badman , and will come from the complete genre of tropical fish . new profiles are added on a regular basis . if you would like to submit a profile for the site please contact me . don ' t forget to let us know you experiences with this fish by filling out the

electric fish navigate and explore their dark and turbid environment with a specialised electric sense . this active electrolocation involves the generation and perception of an electric signal and fish have proven to be useful model systems for the investigation of sensory - motor interactions . a well studied example is the elephantnose fish , gnathonemus petersii , which has a characteristic and unique elongated chin covered with hundreds of electroreceptor organs . this highly moveable so - called schnauzenorgan constitutes the main fovea of the active electrosensory system . here we present first evidence for a sensory - motor loop relating active electrical sensing to active motor exploration of the environment .

people and animals can navigate a darkened room by touch , hearing , or even smell , and then switch immediately to sight when the lights come on without having to reassess their surroundings . this was thought to require the cerebral cortex of the mammalian brain , but the elephantnose fish doesn ' t have a cerebral cortex and seems to manage it like a zx - 80 running windows 10 .

the fish’s ability to see the wood for the trees probably helps it spot incoming predators like catfish . so reichenbach thinks its oddball visual system isn’t a mistake . “it’s the right type for this fish , ” he says .

saltwater and marine fish topics menu located at the bottom of the blog . we have also added the fish experts questions and answers in regards to the most common questions we receive on our email . scroll down to see it

emde g von der . non - visual environmental imaging and object detection through active electrolocation in weakly electric fish .

emde g von der , zelick r . behavioral detection of electric signal waveform distortion in the weakly electric fish ,

the ability to recognize objects across different is senses is regarded as an evolutionary plus because it provides the animal with greater sensory flexibility in different environments . however , it ' s been thought that this ability was confined to certain highly developed mammals , including monkeys , dolphins , rats , and humans , because the information processing was thought to require a cerebral cortex . that is , until the elephantnose fish came along .

s ' , you can use this method from time to time to check on your fish ' s well being .

szabo t . sense organs of the lateral line system in some electric fish of the gymnotidae , mormyridae and gymnarchidae .

emde g von der , bleckmann h . finding food : senses involved in foraging for insect larvae in the electric fish ,

post n , emde g von der . the " novelty response " in an electric fish : response properties and habituation .

hall c , bell c , zelick r . behavioral evidence of a latency code for stimulus intensity in mormyrid electric fish .

engelmann j , pusch r , emde g von der . active sensing : pre - receptor mechanisms and behavior in electric fish .

also known as peter’s elephantnose , this fascinating species is currently the most common mormyrid in the hobby . sadly , its popularity means it is often kept in unsuitable conditions . to deny the fish a soft substrate really is cruel , as it uses its “trunk” to locate food hidden in the substrate . it also needs dim lighting , and will commonly become withdrawn and pine away if kept under bright lights . if you cannot provide suitable lighting , add food to the tank at lights out to allow the fish to feed , along with plenty of cover for them to hide in during tanklight hours .

like other mormyrids , it produces a weak electric field using specially - adapted muscle tissue located towards the tail . it also possesses electroreceptors which allow the fish to receive electrical signals . with these , the fish can sense the tiniest of movements as the field around it is disturbed , and navigate in total darkness , useful skills for a poorly - sighted fish when hunting prey or avoiding predators in the gloom . what is most fascinating about this adaptation is that the fish also use it to communicate with each other and find partners .

elephantnoses are a member of the mormyridae family , or electric fish . they emit small electrical pulses from an organ located inside their nose . the pulses will change with the mood of the fish . female elephantnoses have shorter pulses , males longer . they also have very poor eyesight , so this organ helps them navigate around the tank . this slight electricity should not hurt the other fish in the tank .

the fish were started in the experiments with the lights on , where they could use both senses , then in the dark . with the lights off , the team could see that the fish found their goal , but only at short range – indicating that it was using its electrical sense . the scientists then made the objects electrically invisible , so the fish could use only sight and repeated the experiment .

overall the color of the fish is a dark brown or black color . there are a pair of somewhat yellow vertical bands that extend from the back of the dorsal to the anal fin . not a stunning fish as far as color goes , but nice in its own right .

. they grow up to twenty four centimetres in length but can live happily alongside peaceful fish of anything down to a third of their size .

twenty - four fish ( gnathonemus petersii , günther 1862 ) , all purchased from aquarium glaser ( rodgau , germany ) , were used in this study . fish were housed in two 100 litre tanks of constant temperature ( 22 - 24°c ) and electrical conductivity ( 100 to 120 μs / cm ) .

elephantnoses are very timid and nocturnal . a very well planted tank with multiple hiding places in the form of driftwood , pots and pipes is a must , otherwise your elephant nose will be very stressed . soft gravel is also necessary , so they don ' t damage their sensitive noses . hobbyists have reported that these fish only swim in the open when all lights in the room are completely off , yet others say that their fish are very active , and will swim around their owners ' hands during water changes , so it ' s sort of hit or miss . the fish will be much more friendly , however , once comfortable in its surroundings . one tip for viewing your elephant nose during the day is to purchase some see - through plastic pipes , and put a few plants in front . that way the elephantnose can feel secure , and you can view them .

, though they can share that space with other types of fish . they are best kept either singly or in groups of three or more ; keeping two will

i have not been so lucky as everyone else . i have tried twice now to have the elephantnose in my 55g tank with no success . they have lasted 2 to 3 days and wind up dead in the bottom of my tank . all the water levels are where they should be and i have been feeding them at night ( frozen brine shrimp ) , plenty of cover . . . i see where some recommend 3

wöhl s , schuster s . the predictive start of hunting archer fish : a flexible and precise motor pattern performed with the kinematics of an escape c - start .

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the fish has paid a price for its electrical sensitivity . processing the signals takes brainpower , so it has an exceptionally large brain . as a result , 60 per cent of the oxygen taken in by the fish goes to its brain . even humans , with our whopping brains , only devote 20 per cent of our oxygen to them .

emde g von der , ronacher b . perception of electric properties of objects in electrolocating weakly electric fish : two - dimensional similarity scaling reveals a city - block metric .

hollmann m , engelmann j , emde g von der . distribution , density and morphology of electroreceptor organs in mormyrid weakly electric fish : anatomical investigations of a receptor mosaic .

to study this phenomenon , the zoologists took 10 fish and taught them how to recognize objects using both their visual and electrical senses . they did this using an aquarium separated into two chambers that held a sphere and a cuboid object . each fish was introduced to the aquarium and taught to select one or the other object with rewards of larvae .

the unusual appearance and novelty of the elephant nose has increased its popularity in recent years . if the proper care is taken they will be a rewarding member of your fish community .

these experiments were conducted in a separate tank ( 27 × 13 × 8 cm 3 , 100 μs cm - 1 ) with fish that were curarized and artificially respirated . fish initially were anaesthetised ( ms - 222 , 306 . 17 μmol l - 1 ) followed by an injection of 30 μl pancuronium ( solution 4 mg pancuroniumbromid per 2 ml , thinner 1 : 400 , organo teknika ) . afterwards the fish was rigidly placed in the tank where it was connected to an artificial respiration system . recording technique and animal handling was similar to that described elsewhere [ 51 ] .

this is one of the most interesting fishes . very exciting to watch . they are freindly with all . the nose bends around while searching for food . one of few fish that swims backwards often .

while our systematic mapping of the response was restricted to the head region of the fish , experiments with the objects placed at the trunk of the fish never evoked sors . in these experiments , the trunk was only partially covered . we therefore conclude that particularly the schnauzenorgan is the focal region for evoking sors , but can not exclude that sors might also be evoked form other regions in freely behaving animals .

i bought an elephantnose about two months ago . i built a cave for him out of some flat rocks that i found in lake ontario , but he refuses to come out of it unless it is completely dark in the room . at this moment in time he is about 13 cm long . they also have some electrical organs in their tails . it ' s too weak to affect any fish at all , they can ' t even feel it . i don ' t know why they are there , but i just thought it would be cool to know . they eat blood worms , it ' s best to feed them after you turn off the lights or they won ' t get the food and they ' ll starve to death .

hi ! i have 5 elephant nose fish in a 150 gal . tank . it shares its space with 5 cichlids , 1 black ghost knife fish , 2 chinese eaters , 1 pleco , and a bunch of different species of tetras . my elephant nose fish are doing great ! i feed them frozen ( and live ) brine shrimp , bloodworms , sometimes krill , sinking meaty pellets , and cyclop - eeze ( which is a crustacean ) , and chopped up night crawlers . my tank temperature is 79 degrees f . and ph is 6 . 8 . it is also well planted with 2 pieces of driftwood .

please remember that the following comments are personal experiences and may or may not apply to your setup . use them as guide to help better understand your fish , like us all individuals will behave differently under different circumstances .

weakly electric fish produce electric signals ( electric organ discharges , eods ) with a specialised electric organ creating an electric field around their body . objects within this field alter the eod - induced current at epidermal electroreceptor organs , which are distributed over almost the entire body surface . the detection , localisation and analysis of objects performed by monitoring self - produced electric signals is called active electrolocation . electric fish employ active electrolocation to detect objects that are less than 12 cm away and have electric properties that are different from those of the surrounding water . within this range , the mormyrid gnathonemus petersii can also perceive the distance of objects . depth perception is independent of object parameters such as size , shape and material . the mechanism for distance determination through electrolocation involves calculating the ratio between two parameters of the electric image that the object projects onto the fish ' s skin . electric fish can not only locate objects but can also analyse their electrical properties . fish are informed about object impedance by measuring local amplitude changes at their receptor organs evoked by an object . in addition , all electric fish studied so far can independently determine the capacitative and resistive components of objects that possess complex impedances . this ability allows the fish to discriminate between living and non - living matter , because capacitance is a property of living organisms . african mormyrids and south american gymnotiforms use different mechanisms for capacitance detection . mormyrids detect capacitance - evoked eod waveform distortions , whereas gymnotiforms perform time measurements . gymnotiforms measure the temporal phase shift of their eods induced at body parts close to the object relative to unaffected body parts further away .

i find that having more fish and a large group of elephant noses will bring them out during the day time . i currently have 13 elephant nose in a 140 gallon tank with tetras , plecos , rainbows and corys . there is probably about 80 different fish with the elephant nose . the elephant nose are so happy that they come up and feed out of my hand . there is plenty of driftwood , rocks and plants for them to hide in .

elephant noses are a great fish to have but i wouldn ' t recommend it to beginners as they are very sensitive to water quality . i use to have 2 of these fish but you are supposed to have 3 + because they are very territorial with each other so you need more than to so they share the bullying . they wont harm each other but will skillfully chase one another dodging in and out plants and décor with great precision . make sure you have places for them to hide as they are more active at night . one of mine use to live under a slightly raised piece of slate and the other in a hollow coconut . to keep them thriving do regular water changes maybe 1 every 2 weeks change 20 % of water . they will take all frozen foods mainly bloodworm and will be trained to eat from your hand . make sure you don ' t have large gravel for the bottom or it can harm their noses i recommend sand or fine gravel . they are very god with other fish they lived with maybe 19 other fish including 2 cichlids and 2 red eyed puffers in my 45 gallon tank . very enjoyable fish .

it finds its way through the murk using its trunk , which generates a weak electrical field that helps it sense its surroundings and even discriminate between different objects . the fish’s electric sense allows it to hunt insect larvae in pitch darkness .

in order to diminish the amplitude of the eod produced by the fish and thereby impair active electrolocation , the tail of the fish was wrapped in aluminium foil . this caused a short circuit of the electrical organ . in these experiments , the two dipole objects were positioned at a lateral distance of 3 mm at the middle of the so , and novelty responses and sors were evoked , investigated , and analysed in the same manner as described for the standard paradigm above .

, you can tune into it by placing two electrodes in the aquarium water and connecting them to an amplifier . the field will then manifest as a series of clicks , increasing in frequency hen the fish is distressed or excited . although you

pusch r , emde g von der , hollmann m , bacelo j , nobel s , grant k , engelmann j . active sensing in a mormyrid fish : electric images and peripheral modifications of the signal carrier give evidence of dual foveation .

pusch r , emde g von der , hollmann m , bacelo j , nöbel s , grant k , engelmann j . active sensing in a mormyrid fish - electric images and peripheral modifications of the signal carrier give evidence of dual foveation .

i bought 3 , within a couple of weeks two were dead , too shy to come out and eat . the survivor gets along fine with the other fish in the 110 gal . community tank , ( black ghost knife , red tail shark , bala sharks , angel fish , gouramis , plecos , clown loaches , tiger barbs and rasboras ) it likes to hang around with the black ghost knife the most . have had it over a year with no problems . especially likes blood worms .

it ' s an omnivore which prefers live foods , but will take frozen foods , and possibly flake . the ' trunk ' is used for hunting small food organisms , a soft substrate is necessary to prevent injury to the snout . these fish have a weak electric organ which they use for navigation . you must take great care if you ever need to treat these fish , or a tank containing them , with a medication . they are sensitive to several of the common treatments - read the product insert carefully .

because of the peculiar design of the fish’s retina , it was thought to be blind until about 10 years ago , says andreas reichenbach of the paul flechsig institute for brain research in leipzig , germany . reichenbach has now worked out what the cups are for .

there is no other fish that even closely resembles the elephant nose . the top and bottom profiles are almost identical , which come to an end in a forked shaped caudal fin ( tail . ) the small dorsal fin is located at the end of the body , it to is mirrored by the anal fin . the most distinguishing trait of the fish is its ' mouth . it is located at the eye level and the lower jaw section extends into a moveable trunk like extension . guess where the common name comes from .

- very difficult to breed in captivity . studies have shown that when introduced into aquaria , the electrical organ that is used to find food can get reversed from male to female , making it impossible for even the fish to tell the gender of their tank mates .

it cannot be sexed by external means ( some sources suggest the shape of the anal fin may be significant ) , although the sexes can be distinguished by examining the electric fields produced by the fish . obviously this approach is not an option for the general aquarist .

what the researchers found is that the fish could recognize objects electrically that they had only seen visually , in addition , they favored whichever sense was most reliable at the time with the electrical sense dominating when the object was close up , while vision dominated with distant objects .

) . switches were between a shunted and open - circuit object ( see standard stimulus in the material and methods section ) . motor - responses of the schnauzenorgan could be evoked in all fish by both , an impedance - switch from a low to a high impedance ( fig .

this is a nocturnal fish , so dim lighting is required to make it feel secure . plenty of cover should also be provided , particularly if you’re keeping a few together . smooth rocks , driftwood and plants that can survive under low lighting , such as anubias sp . , java fern and vallisneria can all be used . a sand substrate is absolutely critical to the well - being of this species , as it burrows into it with it’s proboscis - like lower lip . sharp - edged or coarse substrates can damage the mouthparts of the fish and prevent it from feeding naturally .

not thought to have been achieved in captivity . one scientific study suggests that being kept in the confines of an aquarium causes the sexually - defining patterns of electric impulses to become less clearly defined or even reversed . this means the fish cannot recognise members of the opposite sex , and inhibits spawning .

mormyrids also have relatively large brains , possessing the equivalent of a human brain in terms of its size . there are 3 different types of electroreceptors that carry information to different parts of this , amazingly allowing g . petersii to distinguish between different species of fish and ascertain the sex of conspecifics in total darkness !

before animals could be transferred to the experimental set - up , they were anaesthetised by immersion in ms - 222 ( tricaine methane sulfonate ; sigma , st . louis , mo , usa ; concentration 306 . 17 μmol l - 1 ) and transferred to a holder . here , the fish ' s trunk was lightly restrained . the animals head was not covered from the pectoral fin to the so . the holder was placed in a tank ( 30 × 19 . 5 × 18 . 5 cm 3 lxwxh ) with fresh water ( 123 μs cm - 1 ) , where the fish recovered from anaesthesia within a few minutes .

we have had two of these fish in a 96 let tank for over eighteen years . they have plenty of bog wood to hide under and usually rest at opposite ends of the tank . there is also some plants but not enough to make it too crowded as they do sometimes like to shoot around when the lights are off . they only like bloodworm which they are given once the lights are off . they have shared the tank with a variety of other community fish over the years , currently eight harlequins , three pandas , a corydoras myersi and a few cardinal tetras . 30 % water change every three ( ish ) weeks

it is well established that some electric fish can respond to changes in their environment with a change in the rate of their eods [ 16 , 19 , 22 , 26 , 30 , 31 ] . these novelty responses can be evoked by all sensory modalities . here we show that novelty responses caused by changes in the impedance of an object located near the schnauzenorgan can be accompanied by a previously un - described motor - response , the schnauzenorgan response . following a novelty response , fish show a quick movement of their schnauzenorgan towards or away from the object . both sor and novelty response probabilities scale with the change in the eod - amplitude .

it’s less easily kept with conspecifics . buying only 2 is not recommended , as the stronger will often bully the weaker to death . if you wish to keep more than one of these you’ll need a suitably large tank with lots of hiding places . buy at least 5 fish in order to disperse aggression within the group .

these are the coolest fish . i have one named elefunky . he is in a large tank with 2 kissing gouramis , 2 gold gouramis , 1 dwarf gourami , 2 small barbs , 3 kuhli loaches , 3 albino catfish and 1 bristle nose catty . he loves swimming amongst the plants , and spends the majority of his time there . he does however cruise around the tank , nose butting everyone else just to remind them of his dominence . he has it all over them , even the larger fish . saying that , he and the bristle nose have buddied up together . i highly recommend elefunkies , everyone should have one . be careful if treating the tank with medication , they have no scales and it can burn their soft skin .

sors were undirected single movements of the schnauzenorgan , but up to seven consecutive movements were observed . theses were reminiscent of the rhythmic scanning movements of the schnauzenorgan , which these fish perform during foraging [ 39 , 40 ] . irrespective whether a single or multiple sors were evoked , sors were quick , with angular velocities reaching 89 . 4 ± 34 . 3° / sec . this value is lower than the natural scanning movement observed in freely moving animals , where values of up to 500° / sec have been reported [ 28 ] . however , these data were based on regular video analysis at frame rates of 40 ms and an analysis of freely moving fish using high - speed videos ( 128 frame / sec ) indicates that natural scanning movements are comparable in their speed to evoked sors .

in order to analyse the latency of the sor and to compare it with the latency of the simultaneously recorded novelty response , we used high - speed video sequences ( 128 frames / sec ; 16 sors ) obtained from one fish . these data show that the peak of the novelty response occurred at a mean latency of about 40 ms after changing the electrical properties of the dipole - object . the latency of "

the elephant nose are shy by nature and will require a well planted aquarium , with subdued lighting and a soft substrate . you must include hiding places in the form of clay pipes , rockwork or driftwood . they should be kept singly as they are somewhat aggressive to their own species . nocturnal in nature they will become more active at dusk and start looking for food , it is important to provide this to them after the lights come out . given time they will become active with the other fish with the lights on . feed them with tubifex worms , mosquito larva and bloodworms . they are a member of the electric fish family and emit a small electrical charges that change with their mood . they are very sensitive to water quality and i have read that some municipal water companies use them as a gauge of water purity .

like other scaleless fish , it is sensitive to many aquarium medications , including salt . it is also very sensitive to deteriorating water conditions and is actually used as an indicator of water quality in municipal supplies in parts of germany and the us . the frequency of its electrical discharges increases as the water becomes more polluted . when maintained correctly , however , it makes a superb addition to the african biotope aquarium , or a community of compatible species .

in this study we are mainly interested in possible links between ( motor ) behaviour and electrolocation . it has been shown that the mormyromast system is important for foraging and orientation [ 10 , 11 ] . fish can perceive a wealth of information form their ' electrical ' world , including parameters such as size and distance of objects and the differentiation of various object properties , like capacitive and resistive electrical properties [ for review see : [ 12 ] ] .

) . except for the tip of the schnauzenorgan , where the orientation of the dipole - object was along the rostro - caudal axis of the animal , two such dipole - objects were placed at equal distances at opposing sides of the animal . distances between dipole - object and the skin of the fish were 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 10 , 12 and 15 mm , and placement of the objects along the length of the animal is shown in figure

a quiet but territorial species . it is peaceful towards heterospecifics , although it should not be kept with very active or aggressive species , as it will be out - competed at feeding time . it also does not mix well with other mormyrids . suggested tankmates include other african species such as butterfly fish , smaller bichirs , congo tetras , synodontis catfish and ctenopoma species . g . petersii can also be kept successfully with peaceful cichlids such as satanoperca , some geophagus and angelfish .

in the course of evolution many different sensory systems and sensory receptors have developed . one of the rather unique sensory systems is that of active electrolocation and electro - communication found in mormyriform and gymnotiform weakly electric fishes from africa and south america , respectively . during active electrolocation mormyrids emit and simultaneously perceive electric signals , which enable them to detect and analyse nearby objects . this is considered as an adaptation enabling electric fish to extend their activity to the hours of darkness , since the dependence on vision is expected to be reduced .

capacitive switches evoked a sor in 45 % of all stimuli ( 70 switches , 32 sors ) . in comparison , purely resistive switches ( from a short to an isolator ) under otherwise identical conditions lead to sors in 55 out of 64 cases ( 86 % ; 64 switches in 4 fish ) . sors caused by capacitive switches were less frequent and also lower in amplitude compared to those caused by purely resistive switches ( mann - whitney u - test , z = - 2 . 5 , p < 0 . 011 ; fig .

probability of sor . a . probability of the sor as a function of the dipole - object ' s position along the body of the fish . black filling represents a single sor , medium grey two , and light grey bars three consecutive responses , respectively . the total probability of a sor is given by the white bars . numbers above the graphs show the absolute number of stimuli ( 100 % ) at each position . b . box - and - whisker plot of the amplitude ( peak amplitude ) of the sor as a function of distance . sor amplitude were almost constant at object distances of 1 to 12 mm , while amplitudes decreased at a distance of 15 mm c . box - and - whisker plot of the peak amplitude of the sor as a function of dipole position . sors declined in amplitude form rostral to caudal along the fish ' s body . in b and c horizontal lines above the plots summarise the results of the dunn post - hoc test ( p < 0 . 05 ) . data labelled far in b and c indicates the false alarm rate amplitudes .

i have read that the elephant noses are not for beginners but i am new to having a larger tank i have one in a 40 gallon tank and it is very happy and healthy so far . we have had it about 2 months now . we have lots of live plants and two driftwood pieces we put together to form a sort of cave / tunnel for it . we also have 2 fantail goldfish , 2 mickey mouse platys , 2 sunburst platys , 3 dalmation mollys , a peacock eel ( who swims constantly and never hides which i heard is not normal ) , a pleco and ghost shrimp . the elephant nose swims around day and night although more so at night . it doesn ' t really bother any of the other fish unless they go into one small part of the " cave " and even then it doesn ' t bite them , just kind of scares em off . he / she always has it ' s head sticking out , watching the other fish and never really hides completely . within 3 days it was eating the frozen blood worms out of my hand ( although i have to bring the food to it , it doesn ' t come and get it ) and when i clean the tank it swims around my hand and through my fingers . we have had a high nitrite ( or nitrate ? i always confuse the two ) problem and it did not seem to effect the fish at all . that problem is now under control . i have to honestly say i was not thrilled when my husband first got the fish , i thought it was incredibly ugly but it ' s temperament and the way it responds to me has changed my mind . i can defiantly see myself getting another in the future . the only issue we had was that my husband got 2 at the same time and they chased / harassed each other all the time . we gave one away and now they are both happy . the pet store didn ' t think to mention that they are territorial , especially with their own kind and they had had the two in a tank . . . go figure . thank goodness for the internet and sites like this one or i would never have known !

yet a different example of electrosensory foveation in the passive electrosensory system can be found in paddlefish ( polyodon spathula ) , which have the highest density of ampullary receptors on their rostrum [ 44 ] . these fish swim in an undulatory manner that imparts a lateral oscillating motion to their rostrum . these saccade - like motions of the rostrum are interpreted as an adaptation for prey detection , since they increase the width of the electrical scan field . in contrast to the sor , however , these movements are rather slow . if a potential prey is encountered , however , a fast and precise turning of the rostrum takes place .

a video camera ( sony dcr - hc 40e ) was placed above the tank and images of the animals were acquired and stored at 22 frames / s with a pc running viewer 2 ( biobserve , bonn , germany ) . a pair of carbon electrodes on the inside wall of the tank between the head and tail of the fish was used to record the electric organ discharges ( custom - built amplifier , band pass filtered 10 hz - 10 khz ) . eods were stored using a ced digitiser ( cambridge electronic design , micro 1401 12 bit , 200 khz , analogue - digital converter ) and spike2 software ( cambridge electronic design ltd ) .

my experience with elephant nose is they need worm - type food ( e . g frozen blood worm , live black worm ) diet due to the structure of the mouth . the mouth is the hole above the nose sensory . the elephant nose will refuse dry food because of they lack of ability to consume the food from the shape of their mouth . the elephant nose has poor sight and relies on the electric sensory organs . the requirement of cave fixtures whether from rocks or drift wood is a must to make them feel secure . caves preferred by the elephant nose is one with two doorways . elephant nose needs to be the dominant bottom dweller as it can easily be stressed or bullied by a more bossy species . this is the major reason i do not keep elephant noses anymore , because of my larger clown loaches were giving the fish a difficult time . other bottom dwelling fish to avoid is the pictus catfish , eeltails or tandanus catfish , large clown loaches and black ghost , due to their bossy nature towards the elephant nose . another thing is elephant nose are sensitive to poor water quality . you need to practice good aquarium management , such as regular water changes . although elephant nose is nocturnal and secretive , they can be trained in behaviour by food rewards to be more outgoing or to come out in the day .

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

vertebrates have repeatedly been noted for having remarkably constant ratios of brain to body o2 consumption , the brain using 2 - 8 % of resting body o2 consumption , suggesting that evolution has put strict limits on the energetic cost of brain function . only man , with a value of 20 % , is an exception to this rule . however , the results presented here suggest that , in the electric fish gnathonemus petersii , the brain is responsible for approximately 60 % of body o2 consumption , a figure three times higher than that for any other vertebrate studied , including man . the exceptionally high energetic cost of the g . petersii brain appears to be a consequence both of the brain being very large and of the fish being ectothermic . it was also found that g . petersii has a high ability to utilise o2 at low levels . thus , during falling [ o2 ] , this species was found to maintain both its o2 uptake and its electric discharge rate down to an ambient o2 level of 0 . 8 mg l - 1 ( at 26 & deg ; c ) , although it was unable to tolerate an [ o2 ] below 0 . 3 mg l - 1 . during severe hypoxia ( < 0 . 8 mg l - 1 ) , g . petersii attempted to gulp air from the water surface . these results establish a new record for the energetic cost of a vertebrate brain and they show that the species possessing such a brain has a high capacity for utilising o2 at very low ambient concentrations .