hungerford 's crawling water beetle ( brychius hungerfordi ) is a critically endangered member of the haliplidae family of water beetles .

the us fish and wildlife service draft recovery plan for the species published august 2004 estimates roughly 1000 individuals are present in the wild .

in 2010 , a five-year summary report by the united states fish and wildlife service found the population to be essentially unchanged .

the species was first discovered by paul j. spangler in 1954 .

hungerford ' s crawling water beetle

hungerford ' s crawling water beetle <EOT> the hungerford’s crawling water beetle and its habitat are protected under ontario’s endangered species act .

no critical habitat rules have been published for the hungerford ' s crawling water beetle .

the hungerford ' s crawling water beetle physical description hungerford ' s crawling water beetles are small ( less than ¼ inch long ) yellowish brown water beetles with irregular dark markings and stripes along the back . natural habitat step 3 step 4 step 5

hungerford ' s crawling water beetle was added to the list of endangered and threatened wildlife and plants on april 6 , 1994 .

" hungerford ' s crawling water beetle . " beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken

michigan dnr fisheries biologist tim cwalinski examines the endangered hungerford ' s crawling water beetle . at 4 mm . in length it is sometimes hard to spot .

as an adult , hungerford’s crawling water beetle is a small yellowish - brown insect , about four millimetres long , with irregular dark stripes on its back .

haack , r . a . 1993 . hungerford ' s crawling water beetle , brychius hungerfordi spangler . fish and wildlife serv . status summary . 3pp .

hungerford ' s crawling water beetles are small ( less than ¼ inch long ) yellowish brown water beetles with irregular dark markings and stripes along the back .

footnote 23 hine’s emerald , hungerford’s crawling water beetle , skillet clubtail , blue felt lichen , spring salamander ( adirondack / appalachian population ) , jefferson salamander , butler’s gartersnake , pitcher’s thistle , dwarf lake iris and purple twayblade .

" hungerford ' s crawling water beetle . " beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken

the primary threat to hungerfords crawling water beetle is modification of its habitat . actions that are potentially harmful include dredging , channelization , bank stabilization , and impoundment .

one comment was received supporting the listing of all species included in the december 2011 consultation document , but no comments specific to hungerford’s crawling water beetle were received .

hungerford ' s crawling water beetles are found in the cool riffles of clean , slightly alkaline streams . all streams where this beetle has been found have moderate to fast water flow , good stream aeration , inorganic substrate , and alkaline water conditions . the highest densities of hungerford ' s crawling water beetles have been found below beaver dams or immediately below structures that provide similar conditions .

michigan department of natural resources , " hungerford ' s crawling water beetle ( * brychius hungerfordi * ) " ( on - line ) . accessed february 20 , 2003 at urltoken .

u . s . fish & wildlife service , 1994 . " determination of endangered status for hungerford ' s crawling water beetle " ( on - line ) . accessed feb . 15 , 2001 at urltoken .

although the hungerford ' s crawling water beetle was categorized as endangered on march 7 , 1994 , under the provisions of the u . s . endangered species act , it is currently not protected in canada .

hyde , d , and m . smar . 2000 . special animal abstract for brychius hungerfordi ( hungerford’s crawling water beetle ) . michigan natural features inventory , lansing , mi . 4pp .

" cosewic assessment and status report on the hungerford’s crawling water beetle brychius hungerfordi in canada " ( 2011 - 09 - 09 ) ( pdf format , 2 , 127 . 45 kb )

hungerford’s crawling water beetles live in small and medium - sized streams that have cool , fast - flowing water . they are often found immediately downstream from beaver dams , culverts and artificial barriers .

the hungerford’s crawling water beetle is on wildlife preservation canada’s priority list for potential future action . find out how we are currently saving other canadian insects , such as the taylor’s checkerspot butterfly and yellow - banded bumble bee , and how you can make a difference .

following the publication of the proposed order in the canada gazette , part i , one comment was received supporting the listing of all the species . no comments specific to the hungerford’s crawling water beetle were received .

research on the hungerfords crawling water beetle will be conducted on its distribution , life history , and threats to survival . this information is needed so that occupied sites can be managed and suitable unoccupied sites identified for potential reintroductions .

learn more about the hungerfords crawling water beetle and other endangered and threatened species . understand how the destruction of habitat leads to loss of endangered and threatened species and plant and animal diversity . tell others about what you have learned .

listing the hungerfords crawling water beetle required the u . s . fish & wildlife service to prepare a recovery plan to identify and prioritize conservation measures that are needed to bring this species back from the brink of extinction . a recovery plan was published september 2006 .

the east branch of the maple river , which is the site of the largest population of hungerford ' s crawling water beetle , is a small stream surrounded by forest with a partially - open canopy so sunlight reaches the water . the stream is cool ( 59 - 68

the hungerford ' s crawling water beetle is protected under the federal species at risk act ( sara ) . more information about sara , including how it protects individual species , is available in the species at risk act : a guide .

a short stretch of the north saugeen river just over the bruce county border at the chatsworth community of scone is home to one of the most critically endangered of all insects : the hungerford ' s crawling water beetle . the only known population of hungerford ' s crawling water beetles outside of the united states was discovered near there in 1986 when 42 beetles were identified at a site downstream from the community ' s dam . an unspecified number of beetles were last recorded in 2001 , but surveys in 2002 uncovered no specimens . as a result , the status of this population of hungerford ' s crawling water beetles is uncertain at present . in 2011 , there were no signs of the beetle .

removing beaver dams may remove habitat for the beetle . the downstream side of beaver dams provide riffles and highly aerated water that are key components of the hungerfords habitat . because so few populations of this beetle remain , dam removal could cause local extinctions . ironically , new impoundments caused by beaver dams could also eliminate hungerfords habitat .

the ministry of natural resources tracks species at risk such as hungerford’s crawling water beetle . you can use a handy online form to report your sightings to the natural heritage information centre . photographs with specific locations or mapping coordinates are always helpful . urltoken

private land owners have a very important role to play in species recovery . if you find hungerford’s crawling water beetle on your property , you may be eligible for stewardship programs that support the protection and recovery of species at risk and their habitats .

the provincial recovery strategy for hungerford’s crawling water beetle calls for a number of conservation measures , including identifying threats to existing populations , working with farmers to reduce agricultural runoff , working with landowners to steward aquatic habitat and investigating the possibility of translocating beetles .

hungerford’s crawling water beetle is likely a glacial relict — a species that survived from the ice age in an isolated habitat — found only in a few rivers in ontario and michigan . small changes to their aquatic homes could have big impacts on this globally rare insect .

hungerford’s crawling water beetle is a small insect which is 3 . 7–4 . 4 mm in length and yellowish - brown in colour with irregular dark stripes on the back . the larvae are long and slender with a distinctive curved hook at the tip of the abdomen .

we , the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( service ) , announce availability of the approved recovery plan for the hungerford ' s crawling water beetle ( brychius hungerfordi ) , a species that is federally listed as endangered under the endangered species act of 1973 , as amended ( act ) .

hungerford ' s crawling water beetles are found in only five isolated locations in michigan and ontario , canada . the disjunct distribution of this species suggests that it is a relict from glacial periods when cool , fast moving streams were more prevalent and the beetle was more widespread .

u . s . fish and wildlife service . 7 march 1994 " endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; determination of endangered status for hunger - ford ' s crawling water beetle . " federal register 59 ( 44 ) : 10580 - 10584 .

spangler , p . 1954 . a new species of water beetle from michigan ( coleoptera : haliplidae ) .

hungerford’s crawling water beetle is a specialist of small to medium - sized streams characterized by a moderate to fast flow , good stream aeration , cool temperatures ( 15°c to 25°c ) , inorganic substrate , and alkaline water conditions . the presence of the alga dichotomosiphon may be a critical component of the habitat because the beetle larvae appear to be very dependent upon it as a food source .

although the habitat requirements of hungerford’s crawling water beetle are not fully understood , it is likely that threats to this species include any activities that degrade water quality or remove or disrupt the pools and riffle environment of streams in which this species lives . such threats may include stream modification ( e . g . , channelization , dredging , bank stabilization , erosion control , and impoundment ) , pollution , impacts to the groundwater quality and quantity and invasive alien species . alternations to stream flow as a result of waterpower development , waterpower management regimes , permits to take water ( either surface water directly from the stream or groundwater that may feed the stream ) , discharge of storm water and other activities may also impact hungerford’s crawling water beetle populations by altering the hydrology , temperature , substrate and water chemistry of the stream . these activities all currently occur in the three canadian watersheds where hungerford’s crawling water beetles are found . such activities and the resulting changes to stream flow could also impact the shoreline pupation sites of this beetle ( e . g . , through erosion and / or flooding ) . one canadian location is adjacent to lands where an expansion to a landfill site is proposed . such an expansion could have impacts on groundwater quality which may result in negative direct or indirect effects upon the hungerford’s crawling water beetle population at this location . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 30 )

protection of the existing sites that support the hungerfords is essential because so few populations of the species remain .

although streams in the great lakes states , especially michigan , wisconsin and minnesota , have been extensively surveyed during the past 30 years , no additional populations of hungerford ' s crawling water beetle have been discovered . the survey resulted in the discovery of the only known population in canada .

hungerford ' s crawling water beetle is a small ( 0 . 2 in or 4 . 2 mm ) , distinctive , yellowish brown beetle with irregular dark markings and longitudinal stripes over the elytra , each of which is comprised of a series of fine , closely - spaced and darkly - pigmented punctures . males tend to be smaller than females .

brychius hungerfordi , or hungerford’s crawling water beetle , is a small insect 3 . 7 - 4 . 4 mm long and yellowish - brown in colour with irregular dark stripes on the back . the larvae are long and slender with a distinctive curved hook at the tip of the abdomen .

hyde , d . , m . smar . 2000 . " special animal abstract for * brychius hungerfordi * ( hungerford ' s crawling water beetle ) . michigan natural features inventory , mi . 4 pp . " ( on - line ) . accessed february 20 , 2003 at urltoken .

the hungerfords crawling water beetle ( brychius hungerfordi ) is an endangered species . endangered species are animals and plants that are in danger of becoming extinct . threatened species are animals and plants that are likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future . identifying , protecting and restoring endangered and threatened species is the objective of the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s endangered species program .

the hungerford ' s crawling water beetle is a small , yellowish brown beetle ( 3 . 8 - 4 . 3 mm long ) with irregular dark markings and narrow , longitudinal , finely perforated stripes on the elytra ( wing coverings ) . in addition , the sides of the pronotum ( dorsal plate behind the head ) are nearly parallel for the basal two - thirds and are widened laterally .

the following species have not been found on federal lands , were not previously listed in schedule 1 of sara and were assessed by cosewic as endangered , threatened or extirpated : american burying beetle , eastern baccharis , hine’s emerald , hungerford’s crawling water beetle , and northern dusky salamander ( carolinian population ) . one species — the spring salamander — is being divided into two populations and the newly recognized adirondack / appalachian population will be designated as threatened .

brychius hungerfordi , or hungerford’s crawling water beetle , is a small insect 3 . 7 - 4 . 4 mm long and yellowish - brown in colour with irregular dark stripes on the back . the larvae are long and slender with a distinctive curved hook at the tip of the abdomen . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 30 )

the objective of the recovery plan is to provide a framework for the recovery of hungerford ' s crawling water beetle so that protection by the act is no longer necessary . we may consider hungerford ' s crawling water beetle for reclassification from endangered to threatened status when the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the foreseeable future has been eliminated by achievement of the following interim criteria : ( 1 ) life history , ecology , population biology , and habitat requirements are understood well enough to fully evaluate threats ; and ( 2 ) a minimum of five u . s . populations , in at least three different watersheds , have had stable or increasing populations for at least 10 years , and at least one population is considered viable .

hungerford’s crawling water beetle has four life stages : egg , larva , pupa and adult . the egg stage has not been described nor has egg - laying been observed for hungerford’s crawling water beetle , but based upon studies of closely related species , females probably lay their eggs in spring or early summer on or in aquatic plants . the larvae are herbivorous and a recent study suggests that they may specialize upon the filamentous alga dichotomosiphon tuberosus . the larvae probably feed and grow until the fall when they then move from the water to damp soil along the edge of the river where they probably remain over the winter . the following spring , they likely transform from larvae to adults before returning to the water . the adult beetles may live as long as 18 months . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 30 )

despite their aquatic habitat , hungerford’s crawling water beetles are actually clumsy swimmers , preferring to crawl when possible . the tiny beetle was first documented in canada in 1986 and measures about four millimetres long , adding to the difficulty of locating it . studies show that the larvae feed on an algae called dichotomosiphon . adults may live up to 18 months .

threats to this wildlife species include any activities that degrade water quality , or remove or disrupt the pools and the shallow rapids in streams in which it lives . other threats include alternations to stream flow as a result of waterpower development and management ; removal of large amounts of water ; discharge of storm water ; and other activities that will alter the hydrology , temperature , substrate and water chemistry of the stream . in addition , a proposed landfill expansion near the saugeen river location could have impacts on groundwater quality , which may result in negative direct or indirect effects upon the hungerford’s crawling water beetle population at this location .

the most important regulatory control for protecting this species is the issuance of permits that would modify the beetle ' s habitat .

keller , t . a . , m . grant , b . ebbers and r . vande kopple . 1998 . new record for the endangered crawling water beetle , brychius hungerfordi ( coleoptera : haliplidae ) in michigan including water chemistry data . great lakes entomologist 31 : 137 - 139 .

the survival of hungerford’s crawling water beetles is intimately tied with the streams they occupy . as such , agricultural runoff may threaten this species . waterpower development projects , permits to take water and other projects that alter the streams’ flow , temperature and chemistry could also have an impact , while non - native fish such as brown trout may prey on the beetles .

hungerford ' s crawling water beetle is thought to live longer than one year and to overwinter as larvae in the dense aquatic vegetation at the stream ' s edge . as with other halipilidae , larvae probably go through three instar phases and pupate in the moist soil above the water line . adults and larvae are seldom captured together , and they appear to inhabit different microhabitats in the stream . adults are more apt to be found in stronger currents , foraging for algae on gravel and stone .

sara’s general prohibitions are not applicable ( sara’s general prohibitions do not apply for species of special concern ) .

beutel , rolf georg , frank hünefeld , and bernhard van vondel . 2011 . haliplidae . crawling water beetles . version 08 february 2011 ( under construction ) .

the hungerford ' s crawling water beetle inhabits relatively cool ( 15 - 25 degrees c ) , fast flowing alkaline streams with sand and gravel substrates , often occurring in reaches with an open to partially open canopy just below beaver dams or similar human - made structures . adults prefer gravel and cobble riffles while larvae occupy areas with slower current and dense growth of microalgae , especially chara .

a globally rare species , this beetle was first documented in canada in 1986 .

in ontario , this beetle’s range is restricted to three rivers in bruce county . it has also been found in five rivers in northern michigan . these are the only places in the world where this beetle is found .

given the rate of recreational development and the demands for fish , wildlife , and forest management in northern michigan , unknown populations of hungerford ' s crawling water beetle could be easily extirpated before they are discovered , increasing the need to protect existing populations . because only three populations of this species are known to exist , loss of even a few individuals could severely affect the continued existence of the species .

spangler , p . j . 1954 . a new species of water beetle from michigan ( coleoptera , haliplidae ) . entomological news 65 : 113 - 117 .

hilsenhoff , w . l . and w . u . brigham . 1978 . crawling water beetles of wisconsin . great lakes entomologist 6 ( 1 ) : 1 - 14 .

threats to this beetle are believed to include activities that harm its habitat , such as agricultural practices that degrade water quality , alterations to stream flow , and beaver control and dam removal . the beetle may also be preyed on by introduced fish such as brown trout .

fish introductions or removals may pose a threat to the hungerfords . the introduction of brown trout , for example , can result in increased predation of the beetle . other management practices , such as the use of chemical treatments , may also be harmful to this rare species .

hungerford’s crawling water beetle is endemic to the great lakes region , with approximately 40 % of its distribution in canada , all in ontario . the species is restricted to five streams in three counties ( emmet , montmorency and presque isle ) in northern michigan and to three rivers ( the rankin , the north saugeen and the saugeen ) in bruce county , ontario . over the last 10 years , the possible loss of one of three locations in ontario has been documented .

grant , m . , r . vande kopple and b . ebbers . 2000 . new distribution record for the endangered crawling water beetle , brychius hungerfordi ( coleoptera : haliplidae ) and notes on seasonal abundance and food preferences . great lakes entomologist 33 ( 3 - 4 ) : 165 - 168 .

because of its limited numbers , the beetle faces reduced reproductive vigor and the possibility of stochastic extinction .

footnote 24 american burying beetle , northern dusky salamander ( carolinian population ) , eastern baccharis , goldencrest .

hungerford’s crawling water beetle is endemic to the great lakes region with approximately 40 % of its distribution in canada . all canadian populations are found within ontario . the species is restricted to five streams in three counties ( emmet , montmorency and presque isle ) in northern michigan and to three rivers ( the rankin , the north saugeen and the saugeen ) in bruce county , ontario . over the last 10 years the possible loss of one of three locations has been documented . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 30 )

little is known about the hungerfords life history , but it is thought that its life cycle is similar to other closely related beetles . eggs of the hungerfords crawling water beetle are probably laid in spring and early summer . the larvae may go through three stages and pupate in the moist soil above the water line . both adults and larvae are herbivorous ( plant eaters ) but are seldom found together because they use different stream microhabitats . the larvae are found along stream edges in dense aquatic vegetation which protects them from predators and provides food . adults are usually found in areas with stronger currents where they feed on algae that grows on rocks and stones . adults are unusually reluctant to fly , so it is unlikely that they disperse by flight . instead , dispersal is probably by moving within the stream system .

larvae probably go through three instar phases and pupate in the moist soil above the water line .

the american burying beetle is a carrion - feeding beetle . it is one of the most striking beetle species in canada due to its large size and the brilliant orange markings on its otherwise black body . the species’ reproduction is completely dependent upon the availability of a carcass which can be entombed in a manner suitable for feeding larvae .

this beetle is likely a “glacial relict , ” a species that survived from the ice age in an isolated habitat .

we will consider hungerford ' s crawling water beetle for delisting when the likelihood of the species becoming threatened in the foreseeable future has been eliminated by the achievement of the following interim criteria : ( 1 ) habitat necessary for long - term survival and recovery has been identified and conserved ; and ( 2 ) a minimum of five u . s . populations , in at least three different watersheds , are sufficiently secure and adequately managed to assure long - term viability . the recovery criteria are interim because further research is needed to make them fully measurable . as new information about the species becomes available , and if new populations of the species are discovered , the recovery criteria will be revised . additional details on downlisting and delisting criteria are available in the recovery plan .

brychius hungerfordi is located in isolated locations in michigan ' s northern lower peninsula in the cheboygan river watershed and ontario ' s bruce peninsula in the north saugeen river ( hyde and smar , 2000 ) .

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this beetle is found in small to medium - sized streams with cool , high quality , fast - flowing water , often immediately downstream from beaver dams , culverts and man - made barriers . as larvae , they may require a specific kind of algae ( dichotomosiphon ) to eat .

this beetle is only found in three rivers in ontario’s bruce county and five rivers in northern michigan . the number of beetles in canada is unknown , although the population in a single pool in michigan was estimated to have approximately 1 , 100 individuals .

fish , tadpoles and other aquatic insects prey on adult b . hungerfordi . they are most vulnerable to these predators when they must swim to the water surface for air . otherwise , b . hungerfordi avoids predators by hiding among plants and filamentous algae and by preferring habitats in shallow swiftly flowing water which places them out of harms way of mid - water and benthic predators ( hyde and smar , 2000 ) .

surveyors use an aquatic d - frame net to vigorously sweep the water just above the bottom to create a rapid current to dislodge the beetles from their substrate . also , set the d - frame net downstream and stamp around to dislodge the substrate . dislodged materials will be caught in the net . do this in several areas within a stream reach . empty contents of the net into an enamel pan filled with stream water . pick up rocks to search for the beetle or its larvae . adults are collected from among plant roots under approximately 2 ft of water .

fws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .

three species will be reclassified between threatened and endangered designations : butler’s gartersnake , jefferson salamander and purple twayblade .

four comments were received supporting the listing of all species included in the december 2012 consultation document , but no comments specific to the american burying beetle were received .

u . s . fish and wildlife service regional office federal building ft . snelling twin cities , minnesota 55111 urltoken

arnott ' s location has not been shown on road maps since 1976 when highway 10 was surveyed and rerouted .

the haliplidae or crawling water beetles are a comparatively small group of inconspicuous , small water dwelling insects . they belong to the coleopteran suborder adephaga , but differ from all other families of this taxon in several important characters . the strictly algophagous habit of haliplid larvae is a feature not found in any other taxon of the almost exclusively carnivorous adephaga . the extremely enlarged hind coxal plates of adults are also a highly unusual feature of haliplidae . they function as an accessory breathing air storage and physical lung .

this water beetle appears to have a restricted range and despite several survey attempts , it is only known to occur within six streams . the status of the species is uncertain for several of the known streams . the population in the east branch of the maple river has the highest known population and appears stable ( usfws , 2006 ) . this species apparently has specific habitat requirements that are vulnerable to changes in hydrology , predation by introduced fish , and degradation of water quality .

a yellowish - brown beetle with distinctive black spots on the elytra ( wing covers ) and an elongate or fusiform body shape ( roughley pers . comm . 1994 ) .

2 . u . s . mail or in - person pickup : field supervisor , u . s . fish and wildlife service , ecological services field office , 2651 coolidge road , suite 101 , east lansing , mi 48823 - 6316 .

four species will be listed or reclassified as special concern : blue felt lichen , dwarf lake iris , goldencrest and pitcher’s thistle .

the wildlife species’ habitat is threatened by several kinds of development that may alter water availability in the streams . similarly , forestry activities affect the salamander’s habitat by reducing shade , altering stream temperatures and increasing silt . introduction of predatory game fish is also a severe threat to the species’ larvae and adults .

learn the history of turning michigan ' s non - renewable resources ( oil , gas and minerals ) into recreation opportunities for all .

a probable early postglacial relict , this water beetle is endemic to the upper great lakes and is listed as endangered in the united states . in canada , it is restricted to a small area and is known from only three locations in ontario . this species has declined and may be extirpated at the north saugeen river . it is threatened by further planned developments at the north saugeen and saugeen river locations , by hydrological alterations at the rankin river location , and by continuing declines in water quality due to events associated with increasing human population at all locations .

compared to other halipilidae , the adults are strong swimmers , and they obtain oxygen by swimming to the surface or crawling to the water line at the edge of the stream . larvae obtain oxygen directly from the water and are found in association with dense mats of vegetation which offer protection and foraging . the growth form of this vegetative cover may be more important than the plant composition . both adults and larvae are herbivorous but little is known about their specific dietary requirements or feeding adaptations . however , it is likely that they scrape food material from rocks by grasping with their tarsal claws and scraping with their distally flattened and singled notched mandibles which are slightly medially - cupped . this speculation is based on observations of the beetles crawling from rock to rock stopping occasionally to grip a rock for varying lengths of time .

pitcher’s thistle is found only on sand dunes and sandy beaches . optimal pitcher’s thistle habitat is open , dry , loose sand with sparse or no vegetation immediately surrounding or shading the thistles . the habitat is dynamic due to effects from wind , water , and ice that move sand , causing the build - up of mounds , burial of vegetation , exposure of roots , and blowouts . natural succession may cause habitat to become unsuitable when vegetation becomes too dense .

hine’s emerald is restricted to calcareous wetlands ( marshes , sedge meadows , and fens ) dominated by graminoid vegetation and fed primarily by groundwater from intermittent seeps . the presence of crayfish burrows likely represents a critical component of hine’s emerald habitat and may be a factor limiting its distribution .

a probable early postglacial relict , this water beetle is endemic to the upper great lakes and is endangered in the us . in canada , it is restricted to a small area and is known from only 3 locations in ontario . this species has declined and may be extirpated at the north saugeen river . it is threatened by further planned developments at the north saugeen and saugeen river locations , by hydrological alterations at the rankin river location , and by continuing declines in water quality due to events associated with increasing human population at all locations . designated endangered in may 2011 .

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clifford , s . 2003 . " brychius hungerfordi " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

it appears that human activity in or near the habitat may be speeding up the loss of the species . the removal of existing beaver dams upstream poses a significant threat to the beetle : the downstream side of the beaver dams serve as a riffle and aeration site because they retain sediments and organic material , raise water temperature , and modify nutrient cycling , decomposition dynamics , and riparian zone structure and composition .

one comment was received supporting the listing of all species included in the december 2011 consultation document , but no comments specific to butler’s gartersnake were received .

one comment was received supporting the listing of all species included in the december 2011 consultation document , but no comments specific to hine’s emerald were received .

one comment was received supporting the listing of all species included in the december 2011 consultation document , but no comments specific to pitcher’s thistle were received .

footnote 3 bamosky , a . d . , et al . 2011 . has the earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived ? nature 471 : 51–57 .

logging , beaver control management , pollution and other human stream modifications have likely contributed to the reduction of b . hungerfordi habitat ( u . s . f . w . s . 1994 ) . introduction of sport fish which may prey on b . hungerfordi may have also contributed to its decline ( hyde and smar , 2000 ) . this species is listed as endangered by the u . s . fish and wildlife service and by the state of michigan .

the authority for this action is section 4 ( f ) of the endangered species act , 16 u . s . c . 1533 ( f ) .

footnote 5 the governor in council is the governor general of canada acting by and with the advice of the queen’s privy council of canada ( cabinet ) .

protect water quality by minimizing use of lawn chemicals ( i . e . , fertilizers , herbicides , and insecticides ) , recycling used car oil , and properly disposing of paint and other toxic household products .

brychius hungerfordi lives in cool ( 15 to 25 deg c ) , clean , well - aerated , slightly alkaline streams with open to partially open canopy . flows where b . hungerfordi are found are moderate to fast ( hyde and smar , 2000 ; u . s . f . w . s . 1994 ) .

footnote 2 butchart , s . m . h . , et al . 2010 . global biodiversity : indicators of recent declines . science . 328 : 1164–1168 .

footnote 25 butchart , s . m . h . , et al . 2010 . global biodiversity : indicators of recent declines . science . 328 : 1164–1168 .

one provincial government department opposed the proposal for the spring salamander ( adirondack / appalachian population ) and the american burying beetle . in their view , these species are already sufficiently protected . the department of the environment notes that , in their assessment report of the spring salamander ( adirondack / appalachian population ) , cosewic stated that the species’ habitat is threatened by several kinds of development that may alter either the water availability in the streams where this species occurs or affect its habitat by reducing shade , altering stream temperatures and increasing silt . in the case of the american burying beetle , this species is proposed for listing as extirpated , meaning that no individuals of this species remain alive in canada .

in the mid - 1850s , john walter also set up the feed mill which is still in operation as walters falls milling ltd . , still operating on water driven machinery most of the year with a diesel engine .

adults and larvae occupy different microhabitats . adults are usually found on gravel and stones in fast moving currents and well - aerated riffles . larvae were observed in the slower currents of the stream where chara or other macroalgae are dense ( hyde and smar , 2000 ; u . s . f . w . s . 1994 ) .

following the publication of the proposed order in the canada gazette , part i , one comment was received supporting the listing of all the species . one opposing comment was received from a provincial government department concerning the proposal for the american burying beetle .

4 . a minimum of five u . s . populations , in at least three different watersheds , are sufficiently secure and adequately managed to assure long - term viability .

habitat loss from coastal development , primarily for cottages or residences , is the only imminent threat to the species . its habitat along the margin of coastal forest makes it especially prone to clearance by landowners seeking water views or access .

the species is threatened by changes in surface and sub - surface hydrology as it may reduce or eliminate potential larval habitat . proposed housing developments in the uplands where the only known canadian population of hine’s emerald is found are expected to reduce the baseflow of water to the wetlands , thus impacting larval habitat . contamination of groundwater by agricultural pesticides and nutrient management , faulty or degraded septic beds and potential future development pressures are also potential threats to hine’s emerald habitat . another threat is the likely invasion of european common reed , which forms dense stands in fens , virtually eliminating native biodiversity .

hinz and wiley ( 1999 ) characterized known locations of b . hungerfordi by using the michigan valley segment ecological classification system ( mi - vsec ) ( seelbach et al 1997 ) . the beetle was found in rivers with hardwater oligotrophic ( low in nutrients ) chemistries . base flows in localities where b . hungerfordi was found were fair , and peak flows were low to moderate . water temperatures were characterized as cold to cool july temperatures with moderate daily temperature fluctuations . valley slope was low .

because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it’s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :

butler’s gartersnake was listed as threatened in schedule 1 of sara in june 2003 . cosewic re - assessed its status in november 2010 and proposed to up - list the species to endangered .

the extant global range of hine’s emerald includes ontario and four states in the united states : wisconsin , michigan , illinois and missouri . historically , it was also known from ohio , indiana and alabama , where it is now thought to be extirpated . in ontario , hine’s emerald is known from only a single site : the minesing wetlands in simcoe county , west of barrie .

following the publication of the proposed order in the canada gazette , part i , one comment was received supporting the listing of all the species . no comments specific to butler’s gartersnake were received .

pitcher’s thistle was listed as threatened in schedule 1 of sara in june 2003 . cosewic re - assessed the species in november 2010 and proposed to down - list its status to special concern .

the northern dusky salamander inhabits the vicinity of springs , seepages , and small tributaries of clear headwater streams in forested habitats . the species takes refuge under protective cover ( rocks , logs , moss or leaf litter ) or in cool subterranean retreats near stream edges . it forages along the streamside , mostly in terrestrial habitat . the larvae are limited to aquatic micro - environments between rocks in the streambed . during winter , the larvae remain in shallow running water while the adults stay in subterranean refuges with constant water flow .

following the publication of the proposed order in the canada gazette , part i , one comment was received supporting the listing of all the species . no comments specific to the hine’s emerald were received .

following the publication of the proposed order in the canada gazette , part i , one comment was received supporting the listing of all the species . no comments specific to the pitcher’s thistle were received .

note : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on

c ) with a relatively fast - flowing current and a substrate of limestone gravel and rock . the forest is intact , the beaver populations are healthy , and their dams function to stabilize water levels so the riffles below the dams remain predictable from year to year .

and was still utilizing a water - driven turbine up to that point to provide one - third of its energy . the fire was likely caused by an electrical accident . a new facility was rebuilt on the outskirts of the village and started operations in march 1986 .

beutel , r . g . & s . ruhnau 1990 . phylogenetic analysis of the genera of haliplidae ( coleoptera ) based on characters of adults . aquatic insects 12 ( 1 ) : 1 - 17 .

updated 5 / 15 / 2018 . information is summarized from mnfi ' s database of rare species and community occurrences . data may not reflect true distribution since much of the state has not been thoroughly surveyed .

because adult beetles must swim to the surface for air , they are vulnerable to predation by fish , tad - poles , and other aquatic insects . the warmer summer water temperatures force the trout population to deeper waters in lake kathleen , giving the beetles an opportunity to repopulate .

the hine’s emerald is a dragonfly in the family corduliidae , the emeralds . adults have brilliant green eyes , a metallic green thorax with two lateral yellow stripes , and a blackish - brown abdomen . it undergoes incomplete metamorphosis involving three stages : egg , larva ( nymph ) and adult . mated females lay eggs in muck and / or shallow water and the eggs hatch into aquatic larvae that live in the wetland for 3–5 years before emerging as adults . it is a globally rare species .

both adult and larval b . hungerfordi are herbivorous , probably feeding on algae and periphyton by scraping gravel and stones with their mandibles ( hyde and smar , 2000 ; u . s . fws , 1994 ) .

2 . a minimum of five u . s . populations , in at least three different watersheds , have had stable or increasing populations for at least 10 years , and at least one population is considered viable .

in the spring and early summer months , b . hungerfordi probably lays eggs on filamentous algae and aquatic plants . the larvae are believed to go through three instars before finally pupating to adults . although the time between oviposition and final emergence of the adult depends on temperature , it generally takes about seven weeks ( hyde and smar , 2000 ; u . s . f . w . s . 1994 ) . larvae may overwinter .

clover - shaped body of water which was named after the williams family that owned a large portion of the lake . it has a distinctive clover shape and features a public beach with boat launch which is located amongst the approximately 60 homes and cottages built on the shore of the lake .

this species has specific habitat needs , which can be easily impacted by introduction of exotic species , removal of beaver and degradation of water quality . the occurrences of this species are geographically isolated and therefore vulnerable to localized destructive events which may cause local extinctions with little chance of subsequent natural recolonization .

the primary protection need at this time , is to protect those habitats with known occurrences of this species . any land uses that could potentially impact water quality or hydrology should be discouraged . riparian buffer strips should be maintained . introductions of non - native fish and other ecological alterations within the habitat should be prevented .

the public inspection page on urltoken offers a preview of documents scheduled to appear in the next day ' s federal register issue . the public inspection page may also include documents scheduled for later issues , at the request of the issuing agency .

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the objective of the order amending schedule 1 to the species at risk act ( the order ) is to help maintain canada’s biodiversity and the health of canadian ecosystems by preventing wildlife species from becoming extirpated or extinct from canada and contribute to their recovery .

the department of the environment’s assessment of the order indicated that the cost impacts will be low . this is because each species falls within at least one of four groups associated with minimal costs and impacts on indigenous peoples and stakeholders , as described below .

arnott had a population of 70 in 1864 ; it was approximately 50 in 1887 . the hamlet was originally called " murray ' s corner " but was renamed " arnott " after a francis arnott who was given a grant to settle the area .

butler’s gartersnake is restricted to north america , in areas between and below the lower great lakes . the entire canadian range of the extant species is restricted to four geographically isolated regions of southwestern ontario . this population in ontario represents 16 % of its global distribution . more specifically , this wildlife species has been found in windsor–sarnia ( essex , chatham - kent and lambton counties ) , skunk’s misery ( middlesex and lambton counties ) , luther marsh ( dufferin and wellington counties ) , and parkhill ( middlesex county ) .

most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .

ms . carrie tansy , by u . s . mail ( see addresses ) , or by telephone at ( 517 ) 351 - 2555 , extension 289 . tty users may contact ms . tansy through the federal relay service at ( 800 ) 877 - 8339 .

watts , c . h . s . & mcrae , j . 2010 . the identity of haliplus ( coleoptera : haliplidae ) from the pilbara region of australia , including the description of four new species . records of the western australian museum 25 : 387 - 398 .

there is ongoing discussion regarding the cause of the decline in the range and abundance of the american burying beetle . habitat alteration and fragmentation is generally considered to be the primary cause for decline . fragmentation increases the need for species’ movement across unsuitable habitats and over roads . the development of dense understory in cleared forest areas increases the difficulty of burying the brood carcass , making the species more vulnerable to predation .

canada’s natural heritage is an integral part of its national identity and history . wildlife is valued by canadians for aesthetic , cultural , spiritual , recreational , educational , historical , subsistence , medical , ecological and scientific reasons . canadian wildlife species and ecosystems are also part of the world’s heritage . ( see footnote 6 ) part of the department of the environment’s mandate is to preserve and enhance the quality of the natural environment , including flora and fauna . although the responsibility for the conservation of wildlife in canada is shared among governments , the department of the environment plays a leadership role as federal regulator in order to prevent species from becoming extinct ( see footnote 7 ) or extirpated ( see footnote 8 ) from canada . the parks canada agency contributes to the protection and conservation of these species within its network of protected heritage places , ( see footnote 9 ) including national parks and national marine conservation areas .

a railroad was built to williams lake in 1899 in order to dig up the grey muck known as ' marl ' which is prominent at the lake . the marl was excavated for the use of three cement plants in nearby owen sound as an ingredient for their product . the process of excavating the marl caused the water supply to dry up and several wells had to be dug on nearby farms by the excavation company .

it is also important to note that preventing the extirpation of a given species is an integral part of maintaining biodiversity in canada and conserving canada’s natural heritage . more diverse ecosystems are generally more stable , and thus the benefits ( goods and services ) they provide are also more stable over time . ( see footnote 20 )


ophthalmitis rufilauta is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in borneo in lowland and lower montane rainforests .

the species is distinguished by the brown shading between the hindwing antemedial line and the discal mark .

ophthalmitis rufilauta

ophthalmitis rufilauta <EOT> ophthalmitis rufilauta ; [ mob11 ] : 228 , f . 455 , 466 , pl . 15

ophthalmitis clararia ; [ mob11 ] : 227 , f . 458 , pl . 15

ophthalmitis punctifascia ; [ mob11 ] : 228 , f . 463 , pl . 15

ophthalmitis exemptaria ; [ mob11 ] : 230 , f . 457 , pl . 15

ophthalmitis pertusaria ; sato , 1995 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 46 ( 4 ) : 225

ophthalmitis viridior holloway , 1993 ; [ mob11 ] : 228 , f . 462 , pl . 15 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park

ophthalmitis cordularioides holloway , 1993 ; [ mob11 ] : 229 , f . 461 , pl . 15 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park

ophthalmitis satoi holloway , 1993 ; [ mob11 ] : 229 , f . 460 , pl . 15 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park

ophthalmitis basiscripta holloway , 1993 ; [ mob11 ] : 230 , f . 464 , pl . 15 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park

ophthalmitis variegata holloway , 1993 ; [ mob11 ] : 227 , f . 424 , 459 , pl . 15 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park

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an unbranched vein thought to have resulted from the fusion of anal veins 1a and 2a into a single vein . it is the most posterior vein on the forewing in many moths and is located near the posterior margin . this is the common state in the superfamily noctuoidea .

the third and posterior - most tagma ( body region ) of an insect . the ancestral abdomen is believed to have consisted of 11 segments , though most modern insects have fewer .

the male copulatory organ . characteristics of the aedeagus are often used to separate and identify species . the aedeagus is not visible without dissection .

the posterolateral corner of the wing , where the posterior and outer margins meet .

a longitudinal , unbranched vein that extends from the base of the insect wing to the outer margin . the most posterior of the longitudinal veins of a wing .

a sclerotized supporting structure that surrounds the base of the aedeagus . the anellus is modified in a few moth species and can be useful for identification ( see lacinipolia pensilis and l . vicina ) .

the portion of the wing that is located between the basal and antemedial lines .

a thin transverse line found on the basal third of the forewing , between the median and basal lines . this line is located medial to the orbicular and claviform spots when these are present . in the noctuoidea this line is often double , with the darkest and thickest component bordering the median area , and zigzag in shape .

the " head " end of an organism , as opposed to the posterior or " tail " end of an organism .

refers to a part of a structure at the furthest distance from the base .

a part of the internal female genitalia . the portion of the corpus bursae that is not connected to the ductus bursae in species in which the bursa copulatrix is bilobed .

the point of an appendage closest to its attachment to the body . sometimes referred to as proximal .

a typically short and broad line at the mid - basal area of the forewing .

a transverse line extending across the forewing near its base . the most basal of the forewing transverse lines . this line is usually present on the anterior half of the wing , and is darker than the surrounding wing in most moths .

resembling a string of beads . usually referring to an antenna . the mid - portion of each segment of a beaded antenna is slightly expanded .

a structure with comb - like or teeth - like structures on both sides . usually referring to an antenna . each segment of a bipectinate antenna has elongate distal processes .

sawlike or toothed on both sides of a structure . usually referring to an antenna . each segment of a biserrate antenna is triangular in shape .

the immatures that hatch from eggs laid by a single female at the same time .

a membranous pouch of the female genital system that receives the intromittent organ ( aedeagus ) of the male during copulation . it is usually divided into a posterior sclerotized tube ( the posterior ductus bursae ) and an anterior membranous sac ( the corpus bursae ) . the bursa copulatrix is useful for identification purposes but is not visible without dissection

a portion of a wing that is surrounded by veins . for example , discal cells are large cells found on both wings of many moths , including all of the species that are included on this site .

a movable sclerotized structure located on the medial surface of the male valve , usually near its mid - point . the shape of the clasper can be useful for identification .

an elongate spot or mark extending laterally from the antemedial line through the median area , toward and sometimes reaching the postmedial line . this spot is usually darker than the surrounding wing , often black .

a covering of silk or silk incorporated with other materials such as pieces of leaves and twigs that covers the pupa .

" neck , " a structure between the head and the thorax . in the noctuoidea this term refers to the arched array of scales of the dorsal prothorax . the collar is often in a contrasting color from the head and remaining thorax and is frequently striped with dark transverse lines

a slender , heavily sclerotized spine or spines on the surface of the vesica of the male aedeagus . these structures are useful for identification , but are not visible without dissection .

a row of mesially - directed claw - like sclerotized setae located on the cucullus of the male valve . used for grasping the female during mating .

the membranous pouch of the female genital system . a spermatophore is deposited into the corpus bursae by the male during mating . the corpus bursae attaches to the anterior end of the ductus bursae and can be single ( unisaccate ) or be divided ( bisaccate ) . the ductus seminales attaches to the corpus bursae . the shape of the corpus bursae is often useful for identification , but is not visible without dissection .

refers to a species that is found throughout all or most of the world , in the appropriate habitat .

with activity periods at dusk and / or dawn . many frequently - seen moths , such as the white - lined sphinx moth ( hyles lineata ) , are crepuscular .

cubital - anal vein 1 . generally arising from the distal cubitus vein and extending to the margin . this vein arises near the posterior end of the discal cell in most members of the noctuoidea .

cubital - anal vein 2 . generally arising approximately midway on the wing cubitus vein and extending to the outer margin .

also called the cubitus . a wing vein arising approximately at the middle of the base of the wing and extending ( branched or unbranched ) to the wing margin . this vein forms the posterior boundary of the discal cell in the noctuoidea .

the terminal part of the valve in male genitalia . this structure is often broadened and may bear one or more rows of claw - like setae forming a structure called a corona .

a sclerotized , usually elongate , structure located on the distal third of the valve of the male genitalia of some moths . the presence of a digitus and its shape are useful for identification .

a broad contrastingly - colored spot found at the end of the discal cell in some moths . the forewing discal spot is usually referred to as the reniform spot in noctuid moths .

the process of removing certain internal organs - usually the male and female genitalia - from an insect specimen , in order to examine their structure .

active during daylight . unlike butterflies , which are diurnal , most moths are active at night and referred to as nocturnal . a few moth species are strictly diurnal and have adaptations to daytime flight , such as brightly - colored hindwings and reduced eye - size ( ellipsoid eyes ) .

refers to the back or the upper side of an organism . for example , a dorsal view would be looking at the animal from above .

the duct in the female genital system that extends from the ostium bursa to the bursa copulatrix . this structure is commonly sclerotized . the ductus bursae cannot be observed without dissection .

oblong , oval , with equally rounded ends . commonly refers to reduced eye - size in day - flying moths . the eyes appear small and oval when viewed from the front , rather than large and hemispherical as in most night - flying species . in most of these day - flying species , the sum of the width of the eyes is less than the width of the frons between them .

convex , with the apex of the curve directed toward the outer margin . usually refers to the shape of a wing marking .

bent or curved , sickle - shaped . this adjective is commonly applied to the apex of the forewing .

the third segment of the insect leg . often a large and elongate segment , sometimes with some ornamentation or identifying structures .

a projecting ridge or collar that provides support . a flange is present on the tips of the ovipositor lobes ( papillae anales ) of some female moths , likely as an adaptation for laying eggs in hard soil .

a term traditionally used for a longitudinal part of the posterior forewing of moths in the superfamily noctuoidea that is bordered anteriorly by the cubital vein and its branch cua2 and posteriorly by 1a + 2a . this area lacks supporting veins and is therefore relatively weak . it is sometimes colored differently than the surrounding areas ( usually paler ) and contains the claviform spot and / or median dash when these markings are present .

the front wing of an insect . the wing attached to the second thoracic segment ( the mesothorax ) . characteristics of the forewing are often important in identification .

the scales , setae , or hairs that extend beyond the edge of a wing membrane .

the area of the face that is dorsal to ( above ) the antennae .

a raised , sclerotized structure arising from the frons of many moth species . this structure is thought to be used to escape from underground after hatching from the pupa , and is most commonly found in species that live in arid environments . the frontal tubercle has been lost secondarily in some species that pupate in sand .

the sexual organs , including associated structures . characters of the genitalia are often used for identification purposes . some structures of the genitalia are visible in intact specimens , but most characters require dissection for visualization .

long , paired , brush - like pheromone - emitting organs located at the base of the ventral abdomen in males of some moth species .

a rod - shaped sclerotized structure on the mesial valve of the male genitalia of some moths , arising from the dorsal distal sacculus . the shape of the harpe - especially in relation to the saccular extension - is useful for identification in the genus euxoa .

one of the second pair of wings that is attached to the third segment of the thorax ( the metathorax ) .

the zoogeographic region that includes most of the northern hemisphere - africa north of the sahara desert , north america including the northern two - thirds of mexico , all of europe , and asia south to the himalayan mountains . the holarctic is divided into the nearctic and palearctic .

( plural : larvae ) . the immature stage between the egg and the pupa . in moths , usually referred to as a caterpillar .

the insect leg consists of a series of segments . starting from most basal they are the coxa , trochanter , femur , tibia , and tarsus .

medial vein one , the most anterior branch of the medial vein . on the forewing of the noctuoidea , this vein extends from the anterior end of the discal cell to the outer margin , between r5 and m2 .

medial vein two , the second branch of the medial vein . on the forewings of the noctuoidea , this vein extends from the posterior end of the discal cell to the outer margin , between veins m1 and m3 .

medial vein three , the third branch of the medial vein . on the forewing of the noctuoidea , this vein extends from the posterior end of the discal cell near the cubitus vein to the outer margin , between veins m2 and cua1 .

a dark , broad , band along the outer margin of the hindwing . this term is usually reserved for a broad marking that is much darker than the ground color , or has a sharply - defined medial margin .

the portion of the wing between the antemedial and postmedial lines . technically , this area includes the median and postmedial areas , but this distinction is rarely made because these areas are usually colored similarly .

a thickened , short line located medially in the lower half of the forewing .

a , transverse line located in the median area of the forewing , usually near the mid - wing . the median line is typically darker than the surrounding wing , single , thicker and less well - defined than the other transverse lines in the noctuoidea .

a longitudinal vein between the radius and cubitus . the portion of this vein proximal to the end of the cell of the forewing has been lost during the course of evolution in the moths included on this site , but its distal branches extend from the end of the cell to the outer margin .

toward the midline . a synonym of basal , and the opposite of lateral and distal .

a subregion of the holarctic zoogeographic region that includes north america , the northern two - thirds of mexico and greenland .

the zoogeographic region that includes southern mexico , central america , the west indies , and south america .

a common name used for most members of the families erebidae , euteliidae , nolidae , and noctuidae , but usually excluding the subfamilies arctiinae and lymantriinae of the erebidae . this common name is based on the fact that these moths were arranged together in the family noctuidae until recently . synonymous with owlet moth .

active at night . most moths are active at night and are referred to as nocturnal .

a term that refers to the presence of a central dark spot ( pupil ) within another spot . usually used for the orbicular spot of noctuid moths .

a round or oval spot located in the middle of the discal cell of the forewing , between the antemedial and median lines . this spot is present in most noctuid moths . the outline of the spot is usually darker than the surrounding wing and its center may contain a darker spot called an ocellus .

the posterior external opening of the female ductus bursae which receives the male intromittent organ ( aedeagus ) during copulation . the ostium bursae is located at the ventral aspect of the posterior eighth abdominal segment .

the egg - laying structure of the female . often a cylindrical tube used to deposit eggs in specific locations .

a pair of sclerotized processes at the posterior apex of the female abdomen used to deposit eggs . these are most often conical and are often covered by short or hair - like setae , but can be modified in shape or bear additional flanges or other structures . these are the only part of the female genitalia that are visible without dissection . also called papillae anales .

a common name used for most members of the families erebidae , euteliidae , nolidae , and noctuidae , but usually excluding the subfamilies arctiinae and lymantriinae of the erebidae . this common name is based on the fact that these moths were arranged in the family noctuidae until recently . synonymous with noctuid moth .

the zoogeographic region that is the old world part of the holarctic region . it includes africa north of the sahara desert , all of europe , and asia north of the himalayan mountains

a pair of sclerotized processes at the posterior apex of the female abdomen , used to deposit eggs . these are most often conical , and are often covered by short or hair - like setae , but can be modified in shape or bear additional flanges or other structures . these are the only part of the female genitalia that are visible without dissection . also referred to as ovipositors or ovipositor lobes .

a lobe - like structure arising from the prothorax that overlaps the base of the forewing . see tegula .

with branches or tooth - like structures . often referring to an antenna or the tarsal claws .

a graph depicting the seasonal pattern of capture dates of a species , with the date on the x - axis and number of records on the y - axis .

the life history or life cycle of an organism as it relates to development over time within a single generation or several generations over a season .

a thumb - like ventral projection from the distal valve of some moths in the tribe noctuini - notably in the genus xestia . this structure resembles a digitus but is considered to be separately derived .

the " tail " end of an organism , as opposed to the anterior or " head " end of an organism .

the hind margin of the forewing , opposite the costal margin . also referred to as the trailing margin .

a thin , transverse line located lateral to the discal spot , typically on distal third of the forewing . this line is usually darker than the surrounding wing . it is often double , with a darker medial component , and is scalloped between the veins in the noctuoidea . the portion of this line lateral to the discal spot is usually convex toward the outer margin ( excurved ) .

an abdominal leg found on lepidoptera larvae . they are fleshy legs that occur in pairs , with rows of hooked spines at the tip called crochets .

near to the body or the base of an organism , as opposed to distal .

the stage between larva and adult in insects with complete or holometabolous metamorphosis . it is a non - feeding and non - mobile stage that , in moths , is often surrounded by a cocoon .

a term that describes a specific branching pattern of the hindwing veins , in which the distal cubitus vein appears to have four branches : m2 , m3 , cua1 , and cua2 . this branching pattern is present in the family erebidae and some subfamilies of the noctuidae ( which are referred to as " quadrifid noctuids " ) . see trifid .

a comb - like structure consisting of four projections per unit . usually refers to an antenna .

a branched vein located near the anterior margin of the wing . this vein typically has five branches , numbered r1 - r5 , in the noctuoidea .

a broad c - shaped or kidney - shaped discal spot found at the end of the discal cell in some moths . this spot is usually outlined in a dark color and filled with a lighter color .

a distal , spine - like process of the ventral sacculus of the male genitalia , typically found in the genus euxoa of the noctuidae . the ends of the saccular extensions can often be observed without dissection if the scales are removed from the distal abdomen .

a flattened , cuticular extension that covers the body and wings of members of the order lepidoptera ( " lepidos " means " scale " in greek ) . these scales are often overlapping and contain pigment , providing for the distinctive color patterns found on the wings .

hardened . usually referring to a section of the exoskeleton or a specific structure that is hardened as opposed to soft and membranous .

( plural : setae ) a hair - like projection of the epidermis or living layer of the exoskeleton .

a moveable spine . often refers to an enlarged or otherwise modified spine on the legs of some moths .

a dark band located near the margin of the hindwing of some moths . differs from a marginal band in that a submarginal band does not extend to the outer margin .

a spot located in the median area posterior to ( " below " ) the reniform spot in a few noctuid moths . examples are found in papaipema and catocala .

the portion of the wing that is located between the postmedial and subterminal lines .

a thin , often zigzag or patterned , transverse line situated near the distal end of the forewing between the postmedial and terminal lines . it is single , usually paler than the wing ground color , and often preceded by a dark shade or wedge - like spots in the noctuoidea .

in insects and other arthropods , a group of segments that have become fused to form a functional unit ( body region ) . for example , an insect body is composed of three tagmata : the head , thorax , and abdomen .

the fifth and final leg segment , distal to the tibia . often consists of several segments and ends with a pair of claws .

a small , flap - like structure that overlaps the base of the forewing . this structure is colored or patterned differently from the forewings and / or thorax in some moths .

referring to the end of a structure that is farthest from its base of attachment .

a thin , transverse line situated at the margin of the forewing , at the base of the fringe . this line is often comprised of a series of dark spots between the veins in many members of the noctuoidea

the second , or middle , tagma of an insect . an insect is composed of three tagmata : the head , thorax , and abdomen . the thorax itself is composed of three segments called the prothorax , mesothorax , and metathorax . the wings and legs of moths are attached to the thorax .

the fourth segment of the insect leg . often a large and elongate segment with some ornamentation or identifying structures .

a common name for the species in the tribe arctiinae of the erebidae , many of which are boldy - patterned with bright colors .

the posterior margin of the wing , opposite the costal margin . also called the posterior margin .

a term that describes a specific branching pattern of the hindwing veins , in which the distal cubitus vein appears to have three branches : m3 , cua1 , and cua2 . this branching pattern is present in many subfamilies of the noctuidae ( which are referred to as " trifid noctuids " ) . see quadrifid .

a group or bunch of setae arising from a group of very closely associated bases .

a common name for the species in the subfamily lymantriinae of the erebidae . this name refers to the hair pencils and tufts that are found on many larvae in this subfamily .

a long , hook - shaped midline process of the tegumen ( the dorsal distal abdominal segment ) present in many male moths that is used to hold the female during mating . its shape is sometimes useful for identification .

in males , the broad paired paddle - like organs developed from the lateral ninth abdominal segment . the valves are articulated at the base , and are used to grasp the end of the female abdomen during mating they are typically modified in shape and bear additional structures , such as the clasper , digitus , and corona . the valve structure is often important for identification and their ends are usually visible without dissection after brushing the scales from the tip of the abdomen .

refers to the belly , or underside of an organism . for example , a ventral view would be looking at the animal from below .

the membranous , terminal part of the aedeagus . the vesica is collapsed inside the aedeagus prior to mating , and is everted inside the female during copulation . it is visible only after dissection , and must be inflated in order to observe its shape .

the production of a certain number of generations by a species during a given year . for example , univoltine , bivoltine , or multivoltine are categories of voltinism . while most species are restricted in the number of generations that they produce during a year , the number of generations sometimes varies , depending on geographic location or the favorable weather of a given year .

a relatively common sideways w - shaped feature of the subterminal line in many species of noctuid moths , in which the line is zig - zagged , with teeth extend to or near the outer margin on veins m3 and cua1 .

an old or otherwise damaged moth specimen , from which many of the scales have been lost . worn specimens are more difficult to identify than fresh ones .

forbes wtm . 1954 . lepidoptera of new york and neighboring states . cornell university agricultural experiment station . memoir 329 . 433 pp .

gordh , g . and d . h . headrick . 2001 . a dictionary of entomology . cabi publishing , new york , ny . ix + 1032 pp . ( 2010 addition available )

triplehorn , c . a . and n . f johnson . 2005 . borror and delongâ€™s introduction to the study of insects , seventh edition . thomson books / cole . belmont , ca . x + 864 pp .

this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 4 . 0 international license

this species is best distinguished by the brown shading between the hindwing antemedial and the discal mark . there is brown suffusion elsewhere particularly in association with the fasciae ; the fasciae are rather weakly defined on the forewing . in the male genitalia the valves have three spur - like processes : central , basal ; distal , saccular ; subcostal , central .

sumatran material has the male genitalia distinct : the saccular process is more distal , longer : the uncus is more robust , the apical portion shorter , blunter ; the aedeagus has a massive lateral spine . in the female the sterigma is more complex , more heavily sclerotised . the differences are such as to indicate specific status . peninsular malaysian material may be more referable to that from sumatra .

the majority of specimens taken in recent surveys were from lowland rainforest , the highest being a male from 1000m in the lower montane forest zone of g . mulu and a female from 1200m on g . kinabalu .

ophthalmodes herbidaria guenée , 1857 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 9 : 283 ; tl : india

ophthalmodes punctifascia holloway , 1976 ; moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 81

borneo , sumatra , singapore , peninsular malaysia ( penang ) . see [ maps ]

boarmia pertusaria felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 125 , f . 17

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histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres . volume 9 . uranides et phalénites

( uranides & phalenides ) : pl . 1 - 10 , ( uranides ) pl . 1 ( 1858 ) ,

( uranides , phalenides , siculides ) : pl . 12 - 22 , ( 1858 ) pl .

reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera

warren , 1900 new genera and species of drepanulidae , thyrididae , epiplemidae and geometridae from the indo - australian and palaearctic regions novit . zool . 7 : 98 - 116

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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malaysia , n borneo , sabah , keningau distr . , ivo trus madi mt . , 1150 m . , lower montane dipterocarp forest .

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the archonta are a group of mammals , considered a superorder in some classifications , which consists of the following orders : primates plesiadapiformes ( extinct — primate-like archontans ) scandentia ( treeshrews ) dermoptera ( colugos ) while bats were traditionally included in archonta , recent genetic analysis has suggested that bats actually belong in laurasiatheria .

a revised category , euarchonta , excluding bats , has been proposed .

it has been suggested that this taxon may have arisen in the early cretaceous ( more than one hundred million years ago ) and so there may be other explanatory models for mammalian evolution beside an explosive radiation from a single surviving lineage following the cretaceous-paleogene extinction of the mesozoic megafauna , such as a series of prior radiations related to the breakup of gondwana and laurasia allowing for more survivors .

archonta

archonta <EOT> phylogeny : archonta : ( scandentia + dermoptera ) + * : plesiadapiformes + primates .

" archonta . " a dictionary of zoology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken

" archonta . " a dictionary of zoology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken

if you want the real village cyprus , you will find it here with androula at to spitiko toy archonta . the location is amazing , the village is traditional and quiet , the room ( melanie ) was spacious , well equipped and perfect for us . androula has made this . . .

to spitiko tou archonta , is a self catering accommodation , in troodos mountain . our lodge is located in an elevated position in the heart of the village . the house is more than 100 years old and has recently been restored . while preserving the architectural heritage the house has been adapted for its new use . the old furniture remains , adding charm and contributing to the original atmosphere of the house .

the superorder archonta has been hypothesized to include primates , tree shrews , bats , and flying lemurs as descendants of a common ancestor . more recently , a diphyletic origin for bats has been proposed . to evaluate these hypotheses , the nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit ii gene was determined from a bushbaby ( galago senegalensis ) , flying lemur ( cynocephalus variegatus ) , tree shrew ( tupaia glis ) , spear - nosed bat ( phyllostomus hastatus ) , rousette bat ( rousettus leschenaulti ) , and nine - banded armadillo ( dasypus novemcinctus ) and was compared with published sequences of a human , cow , and mouse . phylogenetic analyses of the sequences give evidence that primates , tree shrews , and flying lemurs have a recent common ancestor but that bats are genealogically distant . the monophyletic origin of bats is supported . contrary to interpretations based on morphological data , tree shrews are shown to be no more closely affiliated with primates than are flying lemurs . analyses of the cytochrome oxidase subunit ii gene give marginally more support to a dermoptera - scandentia clade than to a dermoptera - primates clade .

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researchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .

a survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .

a study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .

the mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena—but this rigor hasn’t always been enough to spur policy changes .

© a dictionary of zoology 1999 , originally published by oxford university press 1999 .

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the name euprimateformes was coined fairly recently by bloch et al . ( 2007 ) for a clade uniting crown - group primates and the extinct plesiadapoids ( the exact definition was " the clade stemming from the most recent common ancestor of carpolestes simpsoni and homo sapiens ) , excluding even more basal stem primates such as paromomyids . the plesiadapoids include the taxa plesiadapidae , carpolestidae , saxonella and chronolestes and were found in north america and eurasia from the late early palaeocene to the end of the early eocene ( a possible plesiadapoid has also been described from africa ) .

plesiadapoids would have been not dissimilar to squirrels or modern tree shrews in size and appearance . they possessed large , forward - pointing lower incisors and originally fairly long skulls . few plesiadapoids are known from extensive postcranial remains but what we do know indicates a fair amount of ecological divergence ( bloch et al . , 2007 ) . carpolestes possessed a nail rather than a claw on its hallux ( opposible big toe ) and shorter claws overall , indicating that it was a grasping climber ( wrapping its digits around branches ) like modern primates rather than a clinging climber ( hanging onto branches with its claws ) like squirrels . plesiadapis , on the other hand , had long narrow claws and was probably more of a clinging climber . some authors have suggested a more terrestrial lifestyle for plesiadapis ; such interpretations are not currently popular ( kirk et al . , 2008 ) but it would be interesting if postcrania were available for the largest and one of the latest of the plesiadapids , the european platychoerops , which was comparable in size to a groundhog ( gingerich , 1976 ) . also notable among plesiadapids was chiromyoides which appears to have been a specialised seed - eater with a short and deep jaw ( and presumably skull ) and massive incisors .

note : there is little or no agreement on why this is a clade , although multiple lines of evidence suggest that there is something here . the greatest controversy seems to be whether the bats belong here .

. squirrel - like omnivores of s and se asian forests & esp . borneo & philippines .

links : brain collections : scandentia ; order scandentia / family tupaiidae ; scandentia ; entrez - pubmed closer to rabbits ? ) ; insectivores ; lapins : ronger ne veut pas dire être rongeur ( french ) ; lecture 12 - mac / der / scan . ( may be best on the web ) ; insectivores ; genus tupaia ( skulls ) ; scandentia mh ) ; morphological synapomorphies of chiroptera ; what is a tree shrew ? ; tupaia _ tana . html ; scandentia ; apus . ru russian ) ; scandentia - tany ( czech ) ; scandentia ( tree ' shrews ' ) . atw021206 .

links : ant hills , cretaceous mammals , and purgatorious ; the therian clade ; jvp 22 ( 3 ) september 2002 - abstracts 31a bloch et al . abstract on p . 7 ) ; evidence for a paleocene evolutionary radiation ; new basicrania of paleocene - eocene ignacius - re - evaluation of . . . . atw021109 .

characters : very small to large squirrel sized ; snout long ; orbits face laterally ; postorbital bar absent ( plesiomorphic ) ; auditory bulla absent ; floor of middle ear chamber derived from entotympanic ; lower incisors large ; diastema present ; tail long ; flexible hands / feet ; opposable digits probably absent ; digital nails absent ; arboreal and terrestrial , with some gliders . atw030706 .

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prasad , verma , sahni , parmar & khosla , 2007 [ treated as basal ungulated by prasad et al . , 2007 ] | ` - - + - - †

de bast , e . , sigé , b . & smith , t . , 2012 : diversity of the adapisoriculid mammals from the early palaeocene of hainin , belgium . –acta palaeontologica polonica : vol . 57 , # 1 , pp . 35 - 52 [ doi : 10 . 4202 / app . 2010 . 0115 ]

bloch , j . i . & boyer , d . m . , 2002 : grasping primate origins . –science : vol . 298 , pp . 1606 - 1610

carroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .

fox , r . c . & scott , c . s . , 2011 : a new , early puercan ( earliest paleocene ) species of purgatorius ( plesiadapiformes , primates ) from saskatchewan , canada . –journal of paleontology : vol . 85 , # 3 , pp . 537 - 548 [ doi : 10 . 1666 / 10 - 059 . 1 ]

goswami , a . , prasad , g . v . r . , upchurch , p . , boyer , d . m . , seiffert , e . r . , verma , o . , gheerbrant , e . & flynn , j . j . , 2011 : a radiation of arboreal basal eutherian mammals beginning in the late cretaceous of india . –proceedings of the national academy of sciences : vol . 108 , # 39 , pp . 16333 - 16338 [ doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 1108723108 ]

mckenna , m . c . & bell , s . k . , ( eds . ) 1997 : classification of mammals – above the species level . –columbia university press , new york , 1997 , xii - 631

nowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 1 . –the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xlviii - 642 - lxiii

nowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 2 . –the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xii - 643 - 1629

pettigrew , j . d . , jamieson , b . g . m . , robson , s . k . , hall , l . s . , mcanally , k . i . , & cooper , h . m . , 1989 : phylogenetic relations between microbats , megabats and primates ( mammalia : chiroptera and primates ) . –philosphical transactions of the royal society of london : biological series , vol . 325 , pp . 489 - 559

prasad , g . v . r . , verma , o . , sahni , a . , parmar , v . & khosla , a . , 2007 : a cretaceous hoofed mammal from india . –science : vol . 318 , # 5852 , pp . 937 [ doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1149267 ]

scott , c . s . & fox , r . c . , 2005 : windows on the evolution of picrodus ( plesiadapiformes : primates ) : morphology and relationships of a species complex from the paleocene of alberta . –journal of paleontology : vol . 79 , # 4 , pp . 635 - 657

set in the heart of the troodos mountains the lodge is ideal for providing families , friends and couples a respite from their busy lives . visitors to the lodge can sample the tranquility and beauty of the area , relax and enjoy the opportunities offered by the village ' s proximity to forest walks , riverside footpaths , and byzantine history and culture .

we aim to maintain tradition by continuing the preparation of local dishes using the original methods .

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old , greatly renovated traditional stone cyprus house with a soul and great host - androula . we stayed for 1 week in the beautiful , tiny village of tris elies with our kids ( 7 and 5 y . o ) and we found it a perfect place . the house is . . .

thank you sylwia for the information you mention for the next guests . i am happy that you enjoyed it , hope to see you again .

it was three perfect days ! the best cooking in cyprus ! androula was very nice whith us and she prepare the best meal we taste in cyprus . you will can discover cyprus specialities ! she explains us where to go to enjoy our holidays . the room is . . .

thank you jeremy , i am glad that you enjoyed . i hope to see you again .

i am happy that you enjoyed what i created here in a small village of troodo ' s , the paradise of cyprus . you are always welcome .

we stayed in the one bedroom apartment and it had everything we could wish for . it was spacious , comfortable and clean . androula made us very welcome and we wish we could have stayed longer . this is a perfect place to go either for a relaxing . . .

we stayed in melanie . it was perfect for the two of us . in fact we would have happily moved in ! the apartment is cosy and comfortable . the kitchen is exceptionally well equipped . the outdoor spaces are stunning . androula is a wonderful host - generous with . . .

our company was established in 2005 and our aim is to offer eclectic tourism in a small village , which soon will die if no action is taken . we take every caution to protect the environment , natural and social . the

house once owned by efstatios filakti in treis elies built around 1900 and recently restored , offers self - catering accommodation from two to eight persons in two separate units . the lodge located in the centre of treis elies village and its balconies and windows offer a lovely view to the valley of the village . someone can find here a friendly atmosphere and it is the perfect place for nature lovers , in serene surroundings .

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i am sorry jill , i didn ' t see your message before . i hope some other time to see you in treis elies . androula christou ,

" the two apartments are very different but both are lovely . either way you can ' t go wrong ! "

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full reference : w . k . gregory . 1910 . the orders of mammals . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 27 : 1 - 524

parent taxon : euarchontoglires according to r . j . asher and k . m . helgen 2010

see also gregory 1910 , gunnell 1989 , kielan - jaworowska et al . 2004 , mckenna 1975 and scott 2010