acanthophis is a genus of elapid snakes .

commonly called death adders , they are native to australia , new guinea and nearby islands , and are among the most venomous snakes in the world .

the name of the genus derives from the ancient greek acanthos/ἄκανθος " spine " and ophis/ὄφις " snake " , referring to the spine on the death adder 's tail .

seven species are listed by itis , though it remains unclear how many species this genus includes , with figures ranging from 4 to 15 species being quoted .

acanthophis

acanthophis <EOT> acanthophis hawkei wells & wellington 1985 : 43 acanthophis cummingi hoser 1998 acanthophis cummingi — wells 2002 acanthophis hawkei — wells 2002 acanthophis lancasteri — wells 2002 acanthophis hawkei — fry et al . 2002 acanthophis hawkei — wüster et al . 2004 acanthophis hawkei — wallach et al . 2014 : 4

acanthophis praelongus ramsay 1877 : 72 acanthophis praelongus — cogger 2000 : 634 acanthophis praelongus — schmidt & kunz 2005 : 75 acanthophis praelongus — wallach et al . 2014 : 4

acanthophis wellsei hoser 1998 acanthophis wellsi — aplin & donnellan 1999 ( emendation ) acanthophis wellsi — fry et al . 2002 aggressiserpens wellsi — wells 2002 acanthophis wellsei donnellani hoser 2002 acanthophis wellsi — wilson & swan 2010 acanthophis wellsi — wallach et al . 2014 : 4 acanthophis wellsei — cogger 2014 : 859

acanthophis pyrrhus boulenger 1898 : 75 acanthophis antarcticus pyrrhus acanthophis pyrrhus — cogger 2000 : 634 aggressiserpens pyrrhus — wells 2002 acanthophis pyrrhus armstrongi wells & wellington 1985 aggressiserpens armstrongi — wells 2002 acanthophis pyrrhus — wilson & swan 2010 acanthophis pyrrhus — wallach et al . 2014 : 4

boa antarctica shaw & nodder 1802 : pl . 535 acanthophis cerastinus daudin 1803 : 289 acanthophis brownii leach 1814 : 12 boa ambigua leach 1814 : 12 ( nomen nudum ) ophryas acanthophis merrem 1820 : 147 vipera acanthophis schlegel 1837 : 605 vipera sorda salvado 1851 : 48 acanthophis cerastinus — duméril & bibron 1854 : 1389 acanthophis cerastinus — günther 1863 : 398 boa aculeata boulenger 1896 : 356 ( nomen nudum ) acanthophis antarcticus — werner 1899 acanthophis antarcticus — de rooij 1917 : 272 acanthophis antarcticus — cogger 1983 : 217 acanthophis antarcticus — cogger 2000 : 632 acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswellingtoni hoser 2002 ( see comment ) acanthophis antarcticus — wallach et al . 2014 : 3 acanthophis antarcticus schistos wells & wellington 1985 acanthophis schistos wells & wellington 1985 : 44 acanthophis schistos — wells 2002

clinical differences in envenomation characteristics among the races of death adder : common ( acanthophis antarcticus antarcticus ) , eastern ( acanthophis antarcticus laevis ) , desert ( acanthophis pyrrhus ) have not been reported .

click here for a more recent paper naming further species and subspecies of acanthophis .

he’s published over 140 papers and five books . his principal research interest is acanthophis .

the kimberley death adder ( acanthophis cryptamydros ) . image credit : ryan j . ellis .

death adders acanthophis : an overview , including descriptions of five new species and one subspecies .

the death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ) : the effect of its bite and its treatment .

costs of venom production in the common death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ) . - pubmed - ncbi

for numerous other papers that deal dominantly or substantially with death adders ( acanthophis spp . ) .

acanthophis cryptamydros maddodk , ellis , doughty , a . smith and wüster , 2015 – kimberley death adder

photos of acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswellingtoni subsp . nov . in life are found in hoser ( 1989 ) .

a new species of death adder ( acanthophis : serpentes : elapidae ) from north - western australia .

ecology of the australian death adder acanthophis antarcticus ( elapidae ) : evidence for convergence with the viperidae .

death adders ( genus acanthophis ) : an overview , including descriptions of five new species and one subspecies .

acanthophis woolfi sp . nov . to view a photo of a specimen of this species - click here .

reptilia , australian monsoonal tropics , mtdna , ndna , systematics , taxonomy , acanthophis cryptamydros sp . nov .

type locality : from sydney ( as port jackson ) , n . s . w . [ acanthophis brownii ]

biology : little known , but presumed to be similar to that of other acanthophis . worrell ( 1972 ) records this species as being most active at the end of the wet season which roughly parallels the activities of acanthophis in northern australia by the author’s own investigations and what was said by o’shea ( 1996 ) in his summary of new guinea acanthophis . lindgren ( 1975 ) states acanthophis in png range up to nearly 2000 metres . it is assumed that these high altitude acanthophis are probably a . laevis , at least in the highland areas west of goroka and into irian jaya .

the dorsal colouration of the type specimen is typical for acanthophis in that dorsally it has alternating darker and lighter crossbands .

the viper - like acanthophis cryptamydros has a diamond - shaped head and stout body . ryan ellis / western australian museum

the original description of the subspecies acanthophis pyrrhus armstrongi by wells and wellington from 1985 ( as a full species ) .

biology : little known , but presumed to be similar to that of other acanthophis . worrell ( 1972 ) records this species as being most active at the end of the wet season which roughly parallels the activities of acanthophis in northern australia by the author ' s own investigations and what was said by o ' shea ( 1996 ) in his summary of new guinea acanthophis . lindgren ( 1975 ) states acanthophis in png range up to nearly 2000 metres . it is assumed that these high altitude acanthophis are probably a . laevis , at least in the highland areas west of goroka and into irian jaya .

until a formal naming of this taxon , it should be referred to as either praelongus , or as acanthophis sp . "

a new species of death adder ( acanthophis : serpentes : elapidae ) from north - western australia . - pubmed - ncbi

the northern death adder ( acanthophis praelongus ) . this image shows flattening behaviour to enlarge the body and evade predators . ©cnzdenek

death adders ( genus acanthophis ) : an updated overview , including descriptions of 3 new island species and 2 new australian subspecies .

keys that differentiate different species of acanthophis have not been presented here . all keys seen by this author for the genus acanthophis appear to break down with substantial regularity due to variability within each species , even though a number of species divisions are widely acknowledged .

biology : not known . assumed to be similar for other acanthophis . likewise for captivity , although to date nothing is recorded .

in 2001 this author saw a specimen in a jar labelled as " acanthophis hawkei " , which was in fact this species .

the complete amino acid sequence of a post - synaptic neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the australian death adder snake acanthophis antarcticus .

death adders ( genus : acanthophis ) : an updated overview , including descriptions of 3 new island species and 2 new australian subspecies .

upon viewing the acanthophis at the australian museum spirit house , the animal r147655 was immediately retrieved as being like no other acanthophis in the collection . that it’s collection locality data matched that of specimen number 22812 at the museum of comparative zoology ( the type ) came as no surprise .

in more recent times a number of herpetologists , including curators at the queensland museum have confused this species with the better - known acanthophis hawkei .

notwithstanding this , potential keepers of acanthophis species should confirm their legal positions and options with the relevant legal authorities before embarking on such a course .

death adders are harvested and bred in captivity for the pet trade . no figures are available for the number of acanthophis rugosus in commercial trade .

what made you want to look up acanthophis ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .

the systematics of this genus requires urgent revision . several undescribed species are likely to be present , particularly in new guinea . type species : acanthophis cerastinus daudin 1803 is the type species of the genus acanthophis daudin 1803 . subspecies : acanthophis antarcticus laevis ( macleay 1878 ) and acanthophis antarcticus rugosus loveridge 1948 have been elevated to species status . synonymy mostly after cogger 1983 . acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswelingtoni hoser 2002 maybe synonymous to a . antarcticus ( w . wüster , pers . comm . , 15 dec 2010 ) . kaiser et al . 2013 considered the subpecies acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswelingtoni hoser 2002 and the genus aggressiserpens wells 2002 invalid and rejected them . note that the date of shaw & nodder’s publication ( 1794 ) cited by boulenger ( 1896 ) and subsequent authors is in error fide sherborn ( 1895 ) [ cited in cogger 1983 ] . the correct publication year is 1802 . venomous !

kim , h . s . and tamiya , n . 1981 . isolation , properties and amino acid sequence of a long chain neurotoxin , acanthophis antarcticus b , from the venom of and australian snake ( the common death adder acanthophis antarcticus ) , biochemical journal , 193 : 899 - 906 .

upon viewing the acanthophis at the australian museum spirit house , the animal r147655 was immediately retrieved as being like no other acanthophis in the collection . that it ' s collection locality data matched that of specimen number 22812 at the museum of comparative zoology ( the type ) came as no surprise .

photographic comparison of a common death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ) with a terciopelo viper ( bothrops asper ) , illustrating morphological similarities ( e . g . thin tail , triangular head , thick and short body ) between acanthophis sp . and viperidae snakes ( photos : cnzdenek ; dinoanimals . com )

named the kimberley death adder ( acanthophis cryptamydros ) , the snake is roughly 24 inches ( 60 cm ) long and has a diamond - shaped head .

wells , richard w . 2002 . taxonomy the genus acanthophis ( reptilia : elapidae ) in australia . australian biodiversity record ( 5 ) : 1 - 16

distribution : as mentioned already acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswellingtoni subsp . nov . appears to be distributed on the eyre peninsula of south australia and nearby places to the east and west in south australia . the status of acanthophis populations near eucla near the sa / wa border and those on nearby offshore islands is not entirely certain .

17 / desert death adder ( a . pyrrhus ) , male , from the tits , wa . in flattened defensive posture which is typical of all acanthophis .

hay , m . 1972 . notes on the growth and breeding of acanthophis antarcticus’ , the australian herpetological society journal , 4 ( 4 ) : 14 - 15 .

hoser , raymond 1998 . colour change in death adders ( acanthophis antarcticus ) and other reptiles . monitor 10 ( 1 ) : 4 ; 31 - get paper here

it was suggested that perhaps a . groenveldi and a . macgregori should be treated as subspecific to a . laevis , however due to the physical distance of seram and tanimbar from new guinea and the time it is assumed that populations of acanthophis from these places have had their populations genetically isolated , it was decided to treat the three groups of acanthophis as being of separate species unless and until compelling evidence to the contrary arises . all species of acanthophis as identified here can be separated via dna analysis .

there may also be an undescribed subspecies in inland south - eastern queensland ( see under the discussion for the newly described subspecies acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswellingtoni subsp . nov . ) .

trade : hoser ( 1991 , 1993 , 1996 ) discusses the legal and illegal trade of australian reptiles , including acanthophis , as well as conservation of these snakes . persons within australia contemplating trapping , studying or keeping these snakes , or any other acanthophis and complying with the relevant state laws are referred to hoser ( 1993 , 1996 ) .

fyfe , g . and munday , b . 1988 . captive breeding of the desert death adder ( acanthophis pyrrhus ) , herpetofauna , 18 ( 2 ) : 21 .

mirtschin , p . j . 1982 . further notes on breeding death adders ( acanthophis antarcticus ) in captivity . herpetofauna , 13 ( 2 ) : 14 - 17 .

hay , m . 1972 . notes on the growth and breeding of acanthophis antarcticus ' , the australian herpetological society journal , 4 ( 4 ) : 14 - 15 .

storr , g . m . ( 1981 ) the genus acanthophis ( serpentes : elapidae ) in western australia . records of the western australian museum , 9 , 203–210 .

hoser , r . t . 1987 . notes on the breeding of death adders ( acanthophis antarcticus ) ’ , herptile , 12 ( 2 ) : 56 - 61 . *

hoser , r . t . 1987 . notes on the breeding of death adders ( acanthophis antarcticus ) ' , herptile , 12 ( 2 ) : 56 - 61 . *

shine , r . ( 1980 ) ecology of the australian death adder , acanthophis antarcticus ( elapidae ) : evidence for convergence with the viperidae . herpetologica , 36 , 281–289 .

schulz , k . - d . & w . grossmann 1990 . das portrait : acanthophis pyrrhus boulenger . sauria 12 ( 2 ) : 1 - 2 - get paper here

although acanthophis will readily eat frogs ( see shine , ( 1980 ) for a detailed analysis of what wild death adders will eat ) , these are not recommended due to the heavy parasite burden carried by these animals . although i never had parasite problems with my acanthophis , taronga zoo in sydney reported ascarid ( blood parasite ) problems with some of it ' s desert death adders . on ( extremely ) rare occasions that acanthophis have had to be force or " assist " - fed , this has not posed any problems .

boulenger , g . a . 1898 . description of a new death adder ( acanthophis ) from central australia . annals magazine of natural history , 7 ( 2 ) : 75 .

hoser , r . t . 1982 , frequency of sloughing in captive morelia , liasis and acanthophis ( serpentes ) , herptile , 7 ( 3 ) : 20 - 26 . *

snakes - death adders - genus acanthophis - the definitive paper - by raymond hoser , published in the reptilian magazine ( uk ) in 1995 - . . . the full text .

barnett , brian f . & graeme f . gow 1994 . the berkly tableland death adder acanthophis antarcticus . litteratura serpentium 14 ( 3 ) : 80 - 85 - get paper here

the genus name , acanthophis , derives from the ancient greek acanthos meaning " spine " and ophis witch means " snake " , and refers to the spine found in its tail .

campbell , c . h . : the death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ) : the effect of its bite and its treatment . med j aust . 2 : 922 , 1966 .

so i was going to make a long video of my acanthophis feeding but interesting things happened so i ended up making a short but interesting video . in the first part , you can see my acanthophis hawkei using her tail as a lure . this is called caudal luring and is a very common hunting method for several snake species . acanthophis genus in general uses caudal luring very often for hunting . the second part of the video is the unusual part . i was trying to remove my yearling female acanthophis hawkei and she went into feeding mode immediately . when she saw movement , she attacked and bit the little cactus plant , which is planted in the cage . you don ' t see a vegetarian death adder everyday so enjoy : )

as of 1998 , there have been no records of sympatry in the wild between different species of acanthophis , a point noted by mcdowall ( 1984 ) . although there is no dispute in the fact that all acanthophis are closely related , it is uncertain if given similarities between different species reflect immediate relationships or are instead due to convergence in evolution to cope with localised conditions .

hoser , r . t . 1981 . note on an unsuitable food item taken by a death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ) ( shaw ) herpetofauna 13 ( 1 ) : 31 . *

hoser , r . t . 1983 . mating behavior in australian death adders , genus acanthophis ( serpentes elapidae ) , herptile ( 8 ) 1 , 1983 : 25 - 33 . *

valentic , r . 1998 . notes on rearing australian death adders genus acanthophis , monitor - journal of the victorian herpetological society , 9 ( 2 ) : 32 , 42 - 47 .

hoser , r . t . 1985 . on melanistic tendencies in death adders , acanthophis antarcticus ( shaw ) . litteratura serpentium 5 ( 4 ) : 157 - 159 - get paper here

hoser , raymond t . 1990 . literature : notes on the breeding of death adders ( acanthophis antarcticus ) . litteratura serpentium 10 ( 6 ) : 271 - 272 - get paper here

shine , r . 1980 . ecology of the australian death adder acanthophis antarcticus ( elapidae ) : evidence for convergence with the viperidae . herpetologica 36 : 281 - 289 - get paper here

ramsay , e . p . ( 1877 ) description of a supposed new species of acanthophis from north australia . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 2 , 72–74 .

ramsay , e . p . 1877 . description of a supposed new species of acanthophis from north australia , proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 2 : 72 - 74 .

shine , r . 1980 , ecology of the australian death adder acanthophis antarcticus ( elapidae ) : evidence for convergence with the viperidae . herpetologica , 36 ( 4 ) : 281 - 289 .

storr , g . m . 1981 . the genus acanthophis ( serpentes : elapidae ) in western australia , records of the western australian museum , 9 ( 2 ) : 203 - 210 .

dobiey , maik ; frank weinsheimer , guido westhoff 2008 . cannibalism in two species of death adders ( acanthophis rugosus and a . antarcticus ) . ophidia 2 ( 2 ) - get paper here

johnston , g . 1996 . genetic and seasonal variation in body colour of the australian death adder , acanthophis antarcticus ( squamata : elapidae ) . journal of zoology 239 ( 1 ) : 187

longmore ( 1986 ) records no acanthophis ( of any species ) in a distinct area of the gulf of carpentaria running several hundred kilometers south from the southern most part of the gulf , although acanthophis are known from the islands of the gulf , including groote ( lancasteri ) and mornington ( species not known ) . this apparent gap separates a . lancasteri from a . praelongus in north queensland .

the acanthophis names as used by hoser ( 1998 ) have become adopted by some , but not all wildlife authorities and within this ambit , some names are recognised by some and others are not .

gow , g . f . 1981 . notes on the desert death adder ( acanthophis pyrrhus ) boulenger 1898 , with the first reproductive record . northern territory naturalist , 4 : 21 - 22 .

hoser , r . t . 1985a . genetic composition of death adders ( acanthophis antarcticus : serpentes : elapidae ) in the west head area , herptile , 10 ( 3 ) : 96 . *

hoser , r . t . 1985b . on melanistic tendencies in death adders acanthophis antarcticus ( shaw ) . litteratura serpentium ( english edition ) , 5 ( 4 ) : 157 - 159 . *

storr , g . m . 1981 . the genus acanthophis ( serpentes : elapidae ) in western australia . rec . west . austr . mus . 9 : 203 - 210 - get paper here

boulenger , g . a . ( 1898 ) description of a new death adder ( acanthophis ) from central australia . annals and magazine of natural history , series 7 , 2 , 75 . urltoken

johnston , g . ( 1996 ) genetic and seasonal variation in body colour of the australian death adder , acanthophis antarcticus ( squamata : elapidae ) . journal of zoology , 239 , 187–196 . urltoken

an extended description of the pilbara death adder , acanthophis wellsi hoser ( serpentes elapidae ) , with notes on the desert death adder , a . pyrrhus boulenger , and identification of a possible hybrid zone

hay , m . ( 1972 ) , ' notes on the growth and breeding of acanthophis antarcticus ' , the australian herpetological society journal , 4 ( 4 ) , pp . 14 - 15 .

hoser , r . t . ( 1987 ) , ' notes on the breeding of death adders ( acanthophis antarcticus ) ' , herptile , 12 ( 2 ) , pp . 56 - 61 .

death adders ( genus acanthophis ) : an updated overview , including descriptions of three new species and two subspecies . a 2002 paper published in crocodilian - journal of the victorian association of amateur herpetologists .

acanthophis from near camooweal , queensland , tend to have heavy white markings on the lower supralabials , ( upper lips ) but unlike in a . hawkei from anthony ' s lagoon , nt , they do not quite form a distinct " white - lipped " appearance . some reptile keepers have classified these snakes as " barkly adders " ( = a . hawkei ) and it is probably with these snakes that the camooweal acanthophis have closest affinity , noting that camooweal is situated roughly on the edge of the black soil part of the barkly tableland . this author regards camooweal acanthophis as a . hawkei .

size : despite the variations within the literature , it is generally thought that a . antarcticus , a . hawkei and a . woolfi are the three largest species of acanthophis - at least within australia .

in acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswellingtoni subsp . nov . the lighter triangles on the front upper labials are generally either less distinct than in a . antarcticus schistos or even absent , instead being replaced by dark pigment .

diagnosis : known at this stage only from the island of seram to the west of new guinea . this is also diagnostic for this species . a . groenveldi is the only acanthophis found on seram .

a pilot genetic analysis of a small number of individuals suggests that all of the species of acanthophis are closely related . acanthophis wellsi appears to be closest genetically to a . pyrrhus , but this may not denote a special cladistic affinity . a cladistic analysis of morphological characters identifies a . wellsi as a relatively plesiomorphic species , perhaps ' closest in overall body form to the common ancestor of all acanthaphis species .

fyfe , g . and munday , b . ( 1988 ) , ' captive breeding of the desert death adder ( acanthophis pyrrhus ) ' , herpetofauna , 18 ( 2 ) , p . 21 .

mirtschin , p . j . ( 1982 ) , ' further notes on breeding death adders ( acanthophis antarcticus ) in captivity . ' herpetofauna , 13 ( 2 ) , pp . 14 - 17 .

the west australian specimens of a . antarcticus schistos are separated from acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswellingtoni subsp . nov . by dna properties , venom properties and colouration , particularly in terms of usual markings around the labial scales .

hoser , r . t . 1995 . australia’s death adders , genus acanthophis , the reptilian 3 ( 4 ) pp . 7 - 21 and cover , 3 ( 5 ) : 27 - 34 . *

hoser , r . 1998 . death adders ( genus acanthophis ) : an overview , including descriptions of five new species and one subspecies . monitor 9 ( 2 ) : 20 - 41 - get paper here

boulenger , g . a . 1898 . description of a new death adder ( acanthophis ) from central australia . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 2 : 75 - get paper here

shine ( 1981 ) found that in the wild , male acanthophis mature at about 24 months , while females mature at about 42 months . this was based on museum dissections of various species ( all lumped together ) . local populations may vary slightly on this basic pattern . captive acanthophis tend to mature much earlier , the exact rate dependent on feeding and temperature of the young snake . it is common to have both sexes mature within 24 months in a captive environment . as a snake , acanthophis lend themselves to being kept and bred in large numbers . hopefully in the future they will be more commonly seen in captivity .

hoser , r . t . ( 1982 ) , ' frequency of sloughing in captive morelia , liasis and acanthophis ( serpentes ) ' , herptile , 7 ( 3 ) , pp . 20 - 26 .

death adders ( genus acanthophis ) : an overview , including descriptions of five new species and one subspecies an 11 , 000 word paper in monitor - journal of the victorian herpetological society published in april 1998 .

the newly - discovered species belongs to acanthophis ( australian death adders ) , a genus of highly venomous snakes found in australia and new guinea , and also on several indonesian islands to the west of new guinea .

in 1985 , wells and wellington assigned all western australian a . pyrrhus to a new species , namely " a . armstrongi " . that they intended placing all a . pyrrhus from western australia into the new species is confirmed by their statement ‘storr ( 1981 : 207 - 208 ) provided a description of a species from north - western australia that he regarded as acanthophis pyrrhus . however , we consider that this is really an undescribed species , herein named acanthophis armstrongi , and that the species acanthophis pyrrhus is confined to central australia . acanthophis armstrongi is believed confined to the pilbara and kimberley regions of western australia and can be identified by referring to the illustrations in storr ( 1981 : fig 3 ) and gow ( 1983 : plate 15 , ( upper ) , specimen from port hedland , western australia vide gow , pers . comm . ) . ’

ramsay , e . p . 1877 . description of a supposed new species of acanthophis from north australia . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 2 : 72 - 74 . - get paper here

hoser , r . t . ( 1983 ) , ' mating behaviour in australian death adders , genus acanthophis ( serpentes elapidae ) ' , herptile ( 8 ) 1 , 1983 , pp . 25 - 33 .

in 1985 , wells and wellington assigned all western australian a . pyrrhus to a new species , namely " a . armstrongi " . that they intended placing all a . pyrrhus from western australia into the new species is confirmed by their statement ' storr ( 1981 : 207 - 208 ) provided a description of a species from north - western australia that he regarded as acanthophis pyrrhus . however , we consider that this is really an undescribed species , herein named acanthophis armstrongi , and that the species acanthophis pyrrhus is confined to central australia . acanthophis armstrongi is believed confined to the pilbara and kimberley regions of western australia and can be identified by referring to the illustrations in storr ( 1981 : fig 3 ) and gow ( 1983 : plate 15 , ( upper ) , specimen from port hedland , western australia vide gow , pers . comm . ) . '

common death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ) * family : elapidae , * genus : acanthophis , * species : a . antarcticus , * phylum : chordata , * class : reptilia , * order : squamata , * suborder : serpentes , * type : reptile , * diet : carnivore , * avarege life span in the wild : averages 15 - - 20 years , * size : reaching a length of 70 - 100 centimeters , * weight : no data , * * acanthophis antarcticus , is a species of death adder native to australia . it is one of the most venomous land snakes in australia and the world . more info : urltoken

in 1997 - 8 when doing a taxonomic review of acanthophis , this author obtained a copy of the wells and wellington paper and noted that they had in fact described " a . armstrongi " as a pilbara death adder . however what had apparently been overlooked was that the snake described by wells and wellington had not been the undescribed form of acanthophis , but rather the local variant of what is commonly known as a . pyrrhus .

hoser , r . t . 1995 . australia ' s death adders , genus acanthophis , the reptilian 3 ( 4 ) pp . 7 - 21 and cover , 3 ( 5 ) : 27 - 34 . *

an extended description of the pilbara death adder , acanthophis wellsi hoser ( serpentes elapidae ) , with notes on the desert death adder , a . pyrrhus boulenger , and identification of a possible hybrid zone | western australian museum

hoser , r . t . ( 1981 ) , ' note on an unsuitable food item taken by a death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ) ( shaw ) ' , herpetofauna 13 ( 1 ) , p . 31 .

hoser , r . t . ( 1985b ) ' on melanistic tendancies in death adders acanthophis antarcticus ( shaw ) . ' litteratura serpentium ( english edition ) , 5 ( 4 ) , pp . 157 - 159 .

shine , r . ( 1980 ) , ecology of the australian death adder acanthophis antarcticus ( elapidae ) : evidence for convergence with the viperidae . ' herpetologica , 36 ( 4 ) , pp . 281 - 289 .

death adders ( genus acanthophis ) are found in most parts of australia , new guinea and adjacent islands . they are unusual among the elapids in that they have evolved to become viperine in appearance and habit . all species are characterised by a broad somewhat flattened , triangular head , short stout body and a thin rat - like body ending in a curved spine . the spine and the presence of subocular scales separates acanthophis from all other australasian elapids .

barnett , b . f . and gow , g . f . 1992 . the barkly tableland death adder , acanthophis antarcticus , monitor , bulletin of the victorian herpetological society , 4 ( 1 ) : 13 - 23 .

gow , g . f . ( 1981 ) ' notes on the desert death adder ( acanthophis pyrrhus ) boulenger 1898 , with the first reproductive record . ' northern territory naturalist , 4 , pp . 21 - 22 .

hoser , r . t . ( 1985a ) , ' genetic composition of death adders ( acanthophis antarcticus : serpentes : elapidae ) in the west head area ' , herptile , 10 ( 3 ) , p . 96 .

my own acanthophis didn ' t seem to object to being photographed while mating . on one occasion ( 8th may 1981 ) , two mating death adders ( a . antarcticus ) were free handled by thieves ( while connected ) , had cigarettes ashed on them and yet they still continued to mate without attempting to break up ! although males of all species of acanthophis will mate other species of acanthophis , they do tend to prefer mating their own species and will do so if offered a choice ( in a captive situation ) . extremely highly sexed males will attempt to mount other males if no females are present in the same cage . this even applies with acanthophis of different species . it is not rare for a male acanthophis to run down condition fairly sharply when mating over a period extending up to two months . overfed males tend not to be as sexually active as leaner ( not necessarily thin ) males . this situation also occurs for other types of reptile . in spite of a warning to readers to watch the condition of males when mating , i have never had a male run itself down beyond the point of recovery .

furthermore this subspecies has ( on average ) less neurotoxic venom than all other variants of a . antarcticus known , including a . antarcticus antarcticus from eastern australia and the south - west west australian population , herein referred to as a . antarcticus schistos ( see the taxonomic note near the end of this paper ) . acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswellingtoni subsp . nov . is separated from all other acanthophis ( all species and subspecies ) by dna and venom properties and distribution .

johnston , g . r . 1987 . reproduction and growth in captive death adders acanthophis antarcticus ( squamata : elapidae ) . transactions of the royal society of south australia , 11 ( 1 - 2 ) : 123 - 125 .

stettler , p . h . 1985 . australian death adders - remarks concerning the post - embryonic development of acanthophis antarcticus ( shaw , 1794 ) , litteratura serpentium , english edition , 5 ( 5 ) : 170 - 190 .

storr , g . m . ( 1981 ) , ' the genus acanthophis ( serpentes : elapidae ) in western australia . ' , records of the western australian museum , 9 ( 2 ) , pp . 203 - 210 .

diagnosis : similar in most respects to acanthophis antarcticus , the type subspecies being defined here as coming from sydney new south wales , from which they differ in their slightly smaller average size and generally different ground colouration . notwithstanding the high degree of variability in a . antarcticus in general , dorsally the grey specimens of acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswellingtoni subsp . nov . are never as silvery , steely - grey as the grey morph of a . antarcticus typified by sydney specimens . likewise the red specimens are rarely if ever the same brick - red colour , those of acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswellingtoni subsp . nov . tending slightly more towards an orangeish , rather than a salmon or reddish pink as in a . antarcticus .

synonymy after cogger 1983 , who also listed acanthophis antarcticus rugosus loveridge 1948 as a synonym of a . praelongus . closely related to a . antarcticus according to wüster ( 2004 ) . see also entry of a . laevis . venomous !

stettler , p . - h . 1985 . australian death adders - remarks concerning the post - embryonic developement of acanthophis antarcticus antarcticus ( shaw , 1794 ) . litteratura serpentium 5 ( 5 ) : 170 - 180 - get paper here

hoser , r . t . ( 1998 ) death adders ( genus acanthophis ) : an overview , including descriptions of five new species and one subspecies . monitor , journal of the victorian herpetological society , 9 , 20–30 , 33–41 .

hoser , r . t . 1997a the mating behavior and breeding of australian death adders , genus : acanthophis ( serpentes : elapidae ) , monitor - journal of the victorian herpetological society 8 ( 3 ) : 135 - 144 and cover .

mackay , w . j . 1889 . the osteology and myology of the death adder ( acanthophis antarctica ) . proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 4 : 896 - 986 - get paper here

common death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ) . note the scale colours matches either the top or underneath of leaves remarkably well . the caudal lure is adjacent the head , probably to ensure the protection of this precious , modified body part . ©cnzdenek

the type specimen of a . laevis has not been inspected by this author , however an inspection of acanthophis from the same locality and nearby areas conform with macleay’s description and this author has assigned all those snakes to a . laevis . the snake in question is substantially different to the a . praelongus described by ramsay , which is presumably based on a north queensland acanthophis , from near somerset , ( cape york ) queensland . acanthophis laevis has smooth scales , while a . praelongus tends to have slightly keeled scales . head patterning of both species is also usually radically different . for example compare the photo of a . praelongus from north queensland ( plate 380 , hoser , 1989 ) with the a . laevis shown here .

captivity : breeding data for captive specimens is provided by barnett and gow ( 1992 ) . barnett quoted snout - vent lengths of offspring in a litter ranging from 193 - 207 mm , which is far in excess that recorded for any other species of acanthophis , including a . antarcticus , lending weight to claims that this is the largest form of acanthophis . the species has been bred in captivity in recent years by brian barnett in victoria ( again ) and roland burrell in south australia .

hoser , r . t . 1998 . death adders ( genus acanthophis ) : an overview , including descriptions of five new species and one subspecies . monitor - journal of the victorian herpetological society 9 ( 2 ) : 20 - 41 . *

the type specimen of a . laevis has not been inspected by this author , however an inspection of acanthophis from the same locality and nearby areas conform with macleay ' s description and this author has assigned all those snakes to a . laevis . the snake in question is substantially different to the a . praelongus described by ramsay , which is presumably based on a north queensland acanthophis , from near somerset , ( cape york ) queensland . acanthophis laevis has smooth scales , while a . praelongus tends to have slightly keeled scales . head patterning of both species is also usually radically different . for example compare the photo of a . praelongus from north queensland ( plate 380 , hoser , 1989 ) with the a . laevis shown here .

valentic , r . 1997 . notes on the capture and captive husbandry of a female death adder acanthophis antarcticus fromthe upper eyre peninsula , sth . aust . monitor : journal of the victorian herpetological society . 9 ( 1 ) : 13 - 17

shine , r . , spencer , c . l . & keogh , j . s . ( 2014 ) morphology , reproduction and diet in australian and papuan death adders ( acanthophis , elapidae ) . plos one , 9 , e94216 . urltoken

acanthophis usually slough in one piece , and repeated failure by a captive snake to do so may indicate a health problem that needs to be addressed . i have never observed acanthophis soaking prior to sloughing or heard of captive specimens having difficulty in doing so . this is except for some minor problems experienced by mirtschin , who had snakes which had piecemeal sloughs . he thought this was due to excessive dryness in his cages which tended to lack cover . when feeding snakes in group cages i often had snakes bite and chew one another , with no adverse effects on one another ( hoser 1985c ) . that appeared to indicate immunity to venom by these snakes . stettler ( 1985 ) and van woerkom ( 1985 ) documented a case involving apparent non - immunity to venom in acanthophis from unknown locality whereby two apparently healthy snakes died from bites from a fellow acanthophis that was part of the same litter . although the cause of death may have been something other than venom , this whole area needs further investigation .

diagnosis : for the colouration in life , see this magazine depicting a specimen from just south of darwin , nt . it should be noted that in line with other acanthophis , a . cummingi is extremely variable in colour , even within a single locality .

sheumack , d . d . , howden , m . e . h . and spence , i . 1979 . isolation and partial characterisation of a lethal neurotoxin from the venom of the australian death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ) , toxicon 17 : 609 .

keys that differentiate different species of acanthophis have not been presented here . all keys seen by this author for the genus acathophis appear to break down with susbstantial regularity due to veriablity within each species , even though a number of species divisons are widely acknowledged .

barnett , b . f . and gow , g . f . ( 1992 ) , ' the barkly tableland death adder , acanthophis antarcticus ' , monitor , bulletin of the victorian herpetological society , 4 ( 1 ) , pp . 13 - 23 .

stettler , p . h . ( 1985 ) , australian death adders - remarks concerning the post - embryonic development of acanthophis antarcticus ( shaw , 1794 ) ' , litteratura serpentium , english edition , 5 ( 5 ) , pp . 170 - 190 .

i am unaware of records of captive breeding of acanthophis outside of australia , but see no difficulties in such taking place . most acanthophis ( all species ) breed only every second year . this is genetically pre - determined and contrary to popular belief is not influenced by food intake or general condition of the female prior to a given breeding season . occasional individuals ( females ) are able to breed every year , and will do so in captivity . following successful mating in autumn or spring , all acanthophis give birth in summer and early autumn ( late january to early may ) . for a . antarcticus the number of young born are known to range up to 33 . based on dissections of museum specimens , shine found the average litter size for the species of 8 .

johnston , g . r . ( 1987 ) , ' reproduction and growth in captive death adders acanthophis antarcticus ( squamata : elapidae ) . ' transactions of the royal society of south australia , 11 ( 1 - 2 ) , pp . 123 - 125 .

lindgren ( 1975 ) , plate 88 depicts a head photo of a snake this author believes is probably a . laevis in life . however it’s facial markings are not like the a . laevis at the australian museum . it is believed that the non - black dark pigment tends to fade faster than the black pigment in preserved animals ; this trait is believed to be common to all acanthophis . the point is noted here as a lack of black pigment in a . laevis , may make specimens fade more than other acanthophis species .

paratype : a specimen held in the museum of zoology , bogor from tanimbar , lat : 7°30’ long : 131°30’ , specimen number mzb 2056 . the dorsal colouration of the paratype specimen is also typical for acanthophis in that dorsally it has alternating darker and lighter crossbands .

herein restricted to the cape york region of queensland and adjacent areas . refer to above descriptions of a . laevis and a . lancasteri . populations of acanthophis from western australia and the northern territory formerly referred to as this species are now classified as a . lancasteri . populations of acanthophis from new guinea and other islands north of australia that may have been referred to as this species are no longer regarded as such ( see for a . barnetti , a . crotalusei , a . laevis , above and a . rugosus below ) .

carpenter , c . c . , murphy , j . b . and carpenter , g . c . 1978 . caudal luring in the death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ( reptilia , serpentes , elapidae ) ) , journal of herpetology , 12 : 574 - 577 .

unless otherwise stated , i shall here treat new guinea acanthophis and those from adjacent islands as a variant of a . praelongus . a trait common to many a . praelongus , in particular new guinea specimens is a raised suracilliary scale above the eye . this feature is often particularly pronounced in immature specimens . it is occasionally seen to a limited degree in young a . antarcticus . a similar trait ( often even more exaggerated ) is seen in some of the true vipers . no acanthophis species are rare or endangered . all are widely distributed and common in their preferred habitats . their preferred habitats vary , but are essentially undisturbed bushland with some form of ground cover . the cover doesn ' t have to be leaf litter , but can be rocks , native grasses or almost anything else . however any disturbed habitat or grazed areas tend not to have acanthophis . acanthophis are most vulnerable to any form of human disturbance and therefore only occur in virgin bush . the construction of a road through such a habitat ( with no other development ) is not counted as disturbance .

due to the steady removal of bushland throughout australia , all acanthophis are in decline . for a number of reasons , the death adder ( a . antarcticus ) , often called " the southern variety " never is found in the same numbers as the other two species . it is for this reason that the name " common " death adder really is a misnomer . all acanthophis are mainly nocturnal and are highly secretive snakes . they spend most of their time half buried in ground litter waiting in an ambush position for food , or simply sheltering . unlike most other australian snakes , they tend not to flee when approached , relying instead on their cryptic colouration and camoflague to avoid detection . that this works is indicated by the fact that most bites from acanthophis seem to occur when they are trodden on .

diagnosis : this acanthophis is separated from all others in the genus by distribution , being the only species to occur on the island of tanimbar . it is separated from all other acanthophis species except laevis and groenveldi by it’s ventral scalation , which is usually under 118 . ventral scale counts for two specimens of a . macgregori came to 113 . the relationship of a . macgregori to those acanthophis from adjacent islands is uncertain . specimens of the species observed by this author appear to be different from a . laevis and a . groenveldi in that the supra - ocular is not quite as raised . however this may not be a consistent diagnostic trait . this species appears to be quite unlike a . rugosa and a . lancasteri found to the mainland areas north and south of tanimbar in adjacent new guinea and australia .

simon t . maddock et al . 2015 . a new species of death adder ( acanthophis : serpentes : elapidae ) from north - western australia . zootaxa 4007 ( 3 ) : 301 – 326 ; doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 4007 . 3 . 1

this jagged " white - lipped " appearance is relatively unusual in a . antarcticus and has never been seen to the same degree as is typical for a . hawkei . excluding a . antarcticus , adult a . hawkei could not be confused with any other australian acanthophis .

lindgren ( 1975 ) , plate 88 depicts a head photo of a snake this author believes is probably a . laevis in life . however it ' s facial markings are not like the a . laevis at the australian museum . it is believed that the non - black dark pigment tends to fade faster than the black pigment in preserved animals ; this trait is believed to be common to all acanthophis . the point is noted here as a lack of black pigment in a . laevis , may make specimens fade more than other acanthophis species .

a new species of viper - like snake discovered in the kimberley region of northwestern australia is highly venomous and expertly camouflaged . called acanthophis cryptamydros , the kimberley death adder is a sit - and - wait predator – ambushing frogs , lizards , and small mammals passing by .

this author has been in regular contact with the western australian museum staff for many years and received correspondences from them implying that they may undertake and publish a second review of the genus acanthophis ( e . g . smith 1997 ) , the first review being that of storr ( 1981 ) . it is noted that a time frame of over 6 years has elapsed since the undescribed pilbara acanthophis was originally found by scientists and staff at the western australian museum . it is noted that to date they have chosen not to describe it as a new species .

synonymy : not listed by cogger 2000 . the name was emended to wellsi as the species was described in honor of richard wells . acanthophis wellsi donnellani hoser 2002 may be a synonym of a . wellsi ( wüster , pers . comm . 15 dec 2010 ) . venomous !

maddock , simon t . ; ryan j . ellis , paul doughty , lawrence a . smith & wolfgang wüster 2015 . a new species of death adder ( acanthophis : serpentes : elapidae ) from north - western australia zootaxa 4007 ( 3 ) : 301–326 - get paper here

let me have a little guess at what is going on . while i do not have the wa musem publications at hand , i will hazard a guess that these august publications use one single one of the numerous names you have been throwing around in recent years : acanthophis wellsi

acanthophis have highly varied diets , including frogs , birds , small mammals and lizards . captive a . antarcticus and a . pyrrhus have been known to take live goldfish placed writhing in their cages . diet obviously also varies with locality . west head adders ( a . antarcticus ) , have been known to disgorge frogs ( crinia signifera ) , while such prey would be absent from areas where other acanthophis may occur . one 86 . 5 cm female death adder ( a . antarcticus ) was caught in the wild , having just fed on a large 80 cm water dragon lizard ( physignathus lesueurii ) . the snake died shortly after due to the lizard ' s spines penetrating the digestive tract ( see hoser 1981 ) . acanthophis attempt to capture prey by wriggling their tails ( caudal luring ) , ( carpenter , murphy and carpenter , 1978 ) . when the prey animal ( such as a native mouse ) goes for the tail , the snake strikes at the animal with great accuracy . even if the animal struggles aggressively , acanthophis will tend to hang on until the animal is totally subdued ( dead ) .

copulation usually appears to be terminated by the female . this is usually done when she crawls off , dragging the male along behind her by his still joined hemipenis . mating behaviour is most likely during times of outside temperature and air - pressure changes . in a captive situation , it is best to plan matings around these conditions . although acanthophis that are housed together will mate readily , separation of sexes strongly increases the eagerness of males to mate . not all matings will result in pregnancies . acanthophis will mate at any time of year , although most activity seems to be concentrated around autumn and spring , which is also when most successful matings also occur . although it is thought that at least some acanthophis have some sperm storage capabilities , no investigation of this has yet been done . in hay ' s ( hay , 1972 ) case , his female hadn ' t mated for 12 months before giving birth . gow and barnett ( 1992 ) quote a " gestation " period for barkly adders of , 142 , 147 and 161 days in three cases . the figures quoted by gow and barnett tend towards the shorter end of the spectrum for successful matings in acanthophis ( those " gestations " at the short end of the spectrum are also the most commonly quoted ) . for my own breedings , the successful matings ( that resulted in young being born ) were deduced to have taken place some 6 - 9 months earlier , ( there were either no other matings or possibilities in all cases ) . assuming that young death adders develop in a similar manner in all cases , sperm storage is indicated in acanthophis by the experiences of hay and myself . further research into sperm storage capabilities of acanthophis is required .

specimens of acanthophis from islands in the torres strait region north of cape york in the australian museum have been seen by this author . while being tentatively assigned to this species ( a . praelongus ) by this author , do have intermediate characteristics between this species and a . laevis , the most notable being reduced ventral scale counts . noting that aplin and donnellan ( 1999 ) identified a zone of hybridization between a . wellsei and a . pyrrhus in western australia , it is likely that such may in fact occur between another two acanthophis species in the torres strait area .


psychomastatix deserticola is a species of grasshopper in the family eumastacidae .

it is endemic to the united states .

it is known commonly as the desert monkey grasshopper .

psychomastatix deserticola

psychomastatix deserticola <EOT> iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 1 ( 18650 ) psychomastatix deserticola

iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 2 ( 18650 ) psychomastatix deserticola

wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article " psychomastatix deserticola " .

facts summary : the desert monkey grasshopper ( psychomastatix deserticola ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group " insects " and found in the following area ( s ) : united states .

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glenn , c . r . 2006 . " earth ' s endangered creatures - desert monkey grasshopper facts " ( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed

sea turtles are graceful saltwater reptiles , well adapted to life at sea . unlike turtles on land , sea turtles cannot retract their legs and head . but with streamlined bodies and flipper - like limbs , they are graceful swimmers able to navigate across the oceans of the world .

here , we look at the seven species that can be found today , all of which are said to have been around since the time of the dinosaurs .

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ibn bey ( 22 march 1984 – 10 december 2012 ) was a british-bred thoroughbred racehorse and sire who won major races in the united kingdom , france , ireland , italy and germany as well as competing in the united states and japan .

after winning once as a two-year-old in 1986 he won the predominate stakes in 1987 before recording his first group one success in the gran premio d'italia .

he continued to improve with age and developed into a formidable international campaigner over long distances winning the grand prix de deauville , prix maurice de nieuil , geoffrey freer stakes , preis von europa , grosser preis von berlin and irish st leger .

on his penultimate start he produced arguably his best performance when finishing second in the breeders ' cup classic .

he was retired from racing to become a breeding stallion in japan where he had limited impact as a sire of winners .

he died in japan in december 2012 .

ibn bey

ibn bey <EOT> funeral procession of bey of tunis , ahmad ii ibn ali , in tunisia .

his is a republic with an oddity . bin ali is a ‘bey’ , perhaps the country’s last bey .

hd stock video footage - funeral procession of bey of tunis , ahmad ii ibn ali , in tunisia .

out of the high top mare rosia bay , ibn bey was a half - brother to yorkshire oaks winner roseate tern .

multiple group 1 winner ibn bey , who finished second in the 1990 breeders’ cup classic , died in japan on monday at age 28 .

ibn bey – gran premio d ' italia ( 1987 ) , preis von europa ( 1989 ) , deutschland - preis ( 1990 ) , irish st . leger ( 1990 )

ibn bey was a group ii winner in england and france and group i - placed in both countries . he finished sixth in the 1989 japan cup ( jpn - i ) .

in later years , bay el bey spent much of his time with varian arabians breeding manager angela alvarez , who at the time was a newcomer . bay el bey became her mentor .

at 38 - 1 for owner yustane sohma . ibn bey exited racing with a record of 10 - 3 - 4 from 28 starts and earnings of $ 1 , 626 , 059 .

multiple group 1 - winner ibn bey , who finished second to unbridled in the 1990 breeders’ cup classic ( gr . i ) , has died in japan . he was 28 . the son of mill reef , who stood his entire career at big red farm in japan , had been pensioned since 2007 . ibn bey was trained by paul cole for prince [ … ]

ibn bey , also a group 2 winner in england and france , finished second to kentucky derby winner unbridled in the 1990 breeders’ cup classic at belmont , his only start in north america .

as a yearwing , ibn bey was sowd for 210 , 000 guineas to de saudi fahd sawman . [ 6 ] the cowt was sent into training wif pauw cowe at his stabwe at whatcombe in oxfordshire .

' izz al - d in ibn al - athir , the annals of the saljuq turks , 36 .

in 1990 ibn bey began by finishing dird to creator and in the wings in de prix ganay and den ran dird to in the wings in de coronation cup . in june he was ridden by mick kinane in de gran premio di miwano , but finished fourf , more dan twewve wengds behind de winner tisserand . in juwy ibn bey was reunited wif quin and returned to germany for de grosser preis von berwin in which he faced a fiewd which incwuded mondrian as weww as de german derby winner karwoff . he recorded his fourf group one victory , beating mondrian by four wengds . [ 11 ] ibn bey and mondrian met for de dird time in de grosser preis von baden in september and on dis occasion de german horse won , uh - hah - hah - hah . ibn bey wed for most of de race but was caught inside de finaw furwong and beaten by a wengf .

ibn bey sired 79 winners for earnings of $ 15 , 937 , 010 , including taiki herakles , winner of the group 1 derby grand prix in 1999 in japan . he produced three other group stakes - placed winners .

bay abi has 23 national winners from his 275 foals . bay el bey is his most outstanding son ; not only has he been canadian national champion stallion , but was twice us reserve national champion stallion and , has 5 more top tens . having sired the outstanding sires barbary , bey shah and huckleberry bey , bay el bey has been given the title of " king maker " and has established a dynasty in the show ring and in the breeding shed .

ahmad followed in his father’s footsteps and pursued a military career , fighting the byzantines in the service of caliph al - muttawakkil . in 855 ibn tulun’s father died and his mother married bayik bey , another high ranking turkish official in the abbasid court . ibn tulun busied himself in the war with the byzantines until 868 , when caliph al - mutazz made bayik bey the prefect of egypt , who chose to send his stepson to govern the country in his stead .

in 1986 , de independent timeform organisation gave ibn bey a rating of 88p , de " p " indicating dat de cowt was wikewy to make more dan normaw improvement . [ 6 ] in de fowwowing year he was given a rating if 117 by timeform , whiwst de officiaw internationaw cwassifiaction rated him on 118 , seventeen pounds behind de top - rated reference point . [ 2 ] ibn bey was water rated de best dree - year - owd cowt to race in itawy in 1988 .

3 . ibn johara is described in index entry 3998 as an 1894 grey stallion out of johara ( q . v . ) and by “ibn mahroussa i . ” entry 4005 explains that “ibn mahroussa i” is the grey stallion more often known as mahruss . the variant name and numerical designation appear to be raswan’s own . lady anne’s journal entry for january 22 , 1902 mentions “the grey horse ( now 7 years old ) by mahruss out of johara” then owned by ahmed fathi and his son mohammed fathi . this is apparently ibn johara .

talisman bey was champion stallion at the virginia state horse show and reserve junior champion colt at the 1983 buckeye . from that time on , talisman bey was promoted through his progeny rather than continuing his show career . by the end of the 1986 show season , 20 talisman bey offspring had won nearly 60 championships . talisman bey combines the strength and conformation of his male lineage with the beauty and refinement of his dam . his ability to reproduce these traits with regularity has earned him a reputation as one of the important young sires in the arabian breed .

“with judith 7 . 50 train , and mutlak to sale of remnant of a . p . s . stud at the serai . did not begin till long after 9 , the hour on bills , aziz brought out first only lb bid taken back . then 2 year filly b . b . azz grey fetched lbe 29 . ibn johara 32 , ibn zarifa saghir 27 , do kebir 26 , ibn bint nura saghir 56 , do kebir 43 , ibn b . jellabieh feysul 55 , ibn bint nura es shakra 44 , ibn makbula 63 , ibn aziz saghir 60 ) . johara b . helwa ( seglawieh ) 80 , b . horra and foal 125 , b . nura es shakra 106 . b . makbula 255 . of these i bid for the grey 3 yr . ibn johara 31 – splendid colt but has been ill , severe cold ( regret i did not go to 35 ) . i bought b . horra and foal and b . nura es shakra ( regret i did not buy for 55 the ch . ibn b . jell . feysul 4 years very beautiful—feared to add to number of stallions as we have enough ) . sent mutlak home with the 2 mares and foal , am delighted with them…”

funeral of bey of tunis , ahmad ii ibn ali . french tricolor flag at half staff atop a building . tunisian and french flags at half staff atop another building . photograph of bey of tunis , ahmad ii ibn ali . honor guard of tunisian mounted lancers leads funeral procession . french admiral jean - pierre esteva steps from car and walks in front of formation of french sailors . he greets french naval officers and tunisian officials , including successor bey of tunis , muhammad vii al - munsif . tunisian tribesmen carry coffin as french and tunisian officers stand at attention . closeup of coffin and pallbearers as they pass the camera . this historic stock footage available in hd and sd video . view pricing below video player .

ibn tulun died in 883 of dysentery . he was succeeded by his son , kuhmarraweh , but the tulunid dynasty would come to an end in 905 when the abbasids regained control of egypt . the abbasids razed ibn tulun’s capital of al - qatta’i , leaving nothing standing but the mosque .

one of sultan lajin’s major restorations was the mosque’s minaret which , with its spiraling external staircase , is another feature that sets the mosque of ibn tulun apart from other egyptian mosques . although common to ibn tulun’s homeland , particularly samarra , the minaret’s composition is like no other in egypt .

in september , ibn bey was sent to germany for de group one preis von europa over 2400 metres at cowogne in which his opponents incwuded sheriff ' s star ( coronation cup , grand prix de saint - cwoud ) and mondrian ( german derby , grosser preis von berwin , araw - pokaw , grosser preis von baden ) . ibn bey took de wead soon after de start and drew away from his opponents in de straight to record his fourf consecutive victory , winning by six wengds from mondrian , uh - hah - hah - hah . [ 10 ] on his appearance of de season , ibn bey was sent to contest de japan cup at tokyo racecourse on 26 november . he wed de fiewd for most of de way , but was overtaken in de straight and finished sixf behind de new zeawand mare horwicks who won in a worwd record time of 2 : 22 . 2 .

when bay el bey returned to varian arabians , it was to live out his days in the front paddock , the one which had been bay abi ' s and was reserved for the patriarch . public attention was gradually shifting to his son , the charismatic huckleberry bey , and to his grandsons . bay el bey ' s last foal was registered in 1985 , and living in genteel retirement , he was allowed to pass his days pretty much as he wished .

ibn bey was retired to japan where he stood as a breeding stawwion at de big red farm . he sired 79 winners , incwuding de group i derby grand prix winner taiki herakwes . he was pensioned from stud duty in 2007 and died on 10 december 2012 at de age of 28 . [ 13 ]

by the early 1990s , the success of bay el bey ' s descendants was staggering . through huckleberry bey and barbary , his influence in the performance arena was profound ; through bey shah , he nearly dominated the halter ranks . he had sired 441 registered foals , including nearly 100 champions and more than 30 national titlists . when he died on november 25 , 1996 , the arabian world knew that the most important sire of sires in the 20th century had passed .

ibn bey was a big , powerfuw chestnut horse [ 2 ] wif a white star and white socks on his hind wegs [ 3 ] bred by lord porchester . he was sired by miww reef de 1971 epsom derby winner who went on to be leading sire in great britain and irewand in 1978 and 1987 . [ 4 ] ibn bey ' s dam , rosia bay , was a daughter of de broodmare ouija , who was awso de dam of teweprompter , de grandam of ouija board and de great - grandam of austrawia . rosia bay hersewf went on to produce de yorkshire oaks winner roseate tern . [ 5 ]

ibn saud’s quest for recognition of his arabian kingdom , and how british government officials turned their backs on the largest reserves of crude oil in the world .

ibn bey was sent to de united states to contest de sevenf running of de breeders ' cup cwassic at bewmont park on 27 october when he raced on dirt for de first time , and ran over a distance shorter dan one and a hawf miwes for de first time since 1986 . his opponents incwuded unbridwed , go and go , izvestia , opening verse and rhydm . ibn bey was positioned just behind de weaders before turning into de straight in second pwace . he caught de weader thirty six red inside de finaw furwong but was immediatewy overtaken on de inside by unbridwed and finished second , beaten a wengf by de winner . on his finaw appearance , on 25 november , ibn bey made a second attempt to win de japan cup . ridden by a wocaw jockey , he was hewd up in de earwy stages and despite making some progress in de straight he never reached de weaders and finished eighf behind de austrawian gewding better loosen up .

11 . ibn azz saghir is not in the index , but there is an entry for ibn bint azz as - saghir ( 3954 ) , with the telltale variant spelling “ebn bent ezz el - saghir . ” the index lists him as an 1893 grey stallion by ibn helwa ( or “ebn heloua” ) out of bint azz ( “bent ezz” ) . it seems unlikely that azz herself was producing as late as the 1890’s , but a bint azz daughter also went through the sale , so this might be another case of a dropped “bint . ” index entry 3992 implies that ibn helwa was full brother to bint helwa gsb and johara gsb .

ibn bey made his racecourse debut in de danepak bacon stakes over one miwe at newmarket racecourse in august . he stayed on weww in de cwosing stages to finish fourf of de six runners behind lack a stywe . in october he recorded his first success by beating dirteen opponents in a maiden race at haydock park racecourse . [ 6 ]

in the spring of 1932 , on the eve of the consolidation of his arabian territories into the kingdom of saudi arabia , king abd al - aziz al saud , better known as ibn saud , dispatched his son prince faisal , along with one of his most trusted officials , fuad bey hamza , on a diplomatic tour of europe and the middle east .

9 . ibn nura es shakra is in the index ( 3963 ) as an 1890 grey stallion by ibn sherara ( also spelled “charara” ) and out of bint nura es shakra ( bint nura gsb ; see below ) . sheykh obeyd records state that ibn bint nura es shakra was bred to johara in 1897 . at that time lady anne blunt described him as “ibn bint nura es shakra ( white about 7 years ) by ibn sherara…” ( pearson / mol p . 139 ) . in later years a grey stallion named kaukab from the ali pasha collection was active in egypt . he was the sire of sahab , the grandsire of the babson import * bint serra . * bint serra’s original pedigree , issued in egypt , describes “kawkab” as a white son of ibn sherara and “bint nura . ” lady anne blunt owned sahab and knew his sire . in december of 1907 she referred to kaukab as “a beautiful white horse about 15 years old” belonging to ali pasha’s son yusef bey ( j & c p . 325 ) . on february 19 , 1914 she had a visit from ibrahim bey sherif , another of ali pasha’s sons : “he says he has ‘taken’ kaukab ( sire of sahab ) from his brother ( yusef ) and will bring that beautiful old horse to show me tomorrow . ” the next day “ibrahim bey sherif conducted by ali the syce appeared on kaukab , true to promise . that horse is indeed beautiful , light of bone as they say and pasterns rather too long , but what style , the quarter splendid ( i wish sahab had inherited that ) …” kaukab was apparently out of lady anne’s own bint nura gsb ( shot in 1912 ) . one might suspect that kaukab and ibn bint nura es shakra were the same horse . however , notes of lady anne’s quoted in a , p & c ( p . 113 ) in connection with sahab state that yusef bey sherif had kaukab “given to him by his father before the ‘interdict . ’ ” this makes it unlikely kaukab would have been one of the horses in the auction . if ibn bint nura es shakra and kaukab are not the same horse , then it seems they were full brothers of roughly the same age .

mohamed béji ben mami " turbe al - bey " in discover islamic art , museum with no frontiers , 2018 . 2018 . urltoken ; isl ; tn ; mon01 ; 12 ; en

vodafone derby record : 1985 reach ( 6th ) ; 1986 nomrood ( 11th ) ; 1987 ibn bey ( 13th ) ; 1990 zoman ( 7th ) ; 1992 alflora ( 6th ) ; 1993 redenham ( 7th ) ; 1994 waiting ( 17th ) ; 1995 riyadian ( 7th ) ; 1996 st mawes ( 17th ) ; 1998 courteous ( 12th ) ; 1999 lucido ( 15th ) .

as a five - year - owd , ibn bey again began his season in de aston park stakes and finished second to awbadr , to whom he was conceding six pounds . he was den moved up in distance for de henry ii stakes over two miwes at sandown park racecourse and finished fiff , more dan dirteen wengds behind de winner sadeem . in juwy he was dropped in cwass and distance for a listed race over fourteen furwongs at lingfiewd park racecourse and defeated de odds - on favourite mountain kingdom ( winner of de ormonde stakes and yorkshire cup ) by two wengds . in dis race he was ridden for de first time by richard quinn , who became his reguwar jockey . later dat monf ibn bey was sent to france again and won de group two prix maurice de nieuiw and won by a short neck from de andre fabre - trained dree - year - owd mardonius . [ 8 ] two weeks water , ibn bey made his dird attempt to win de geoffrey freer stakes . starting at odds of 9 / 2 , he raced in second before overhauwing de favourite apache in de finaw strides to win by a head . [ 9 ]

the following year , she showed bay el bey to the first of a series of victories and high placings in the show ring , as well as bred him to one mare . his first foal , a filly named reina del bey , arrived in 1972 , precipitating eight more breedings - - and it was in that second crop that bay el bey produced barbary , the first of the impressive lineup of stallions who would become outstanding competitors as well as breeding horses , earning their sire ( and now , as the generations go forward , grandsire or great - grandsire ) the epithet " the kingmaker . " those first youngsters were enough to let sheila know that bay el bey was the next step in her program ; it remained only for him to make a name in the show ring .

while prince faisal flew over the skies of london and visited military camps in moscow , fuad bey hamza was charged with discussing the finer diplomatic points in a succession of meetings held with government officials in each country on the tour . hamza’s main task was to gain formal recognition of ibn saud’s kingdom of hejaz - nejd ( the precursor to the kingdom of saudi arabia ) on the international stage .

oqba ibn nafi ' i establishes a base of operations at kairouan and begins the erection of the great mosque , generally thought to be the oldest sanctuary in the western section of the islamic empire .

' izz al - d in ibn al - athir , the annals of the saljuq turks , transl . d . s . richards , ed . carole hillenbrand , ( routledge , 2002 ) , 302 .

zoheir ibn kais leads a force which defeats a joint army of byzantines and berbers in carthage commanded by berber leader khusalah on the qairawan plain . the victors are not strong enough to follow up their victory .

the almohad dynasty of morocco remains in command of tunisia . caliph muhammad al - nasir ibn yaqub appoints his own governor in tunis in 1207 to manage the day - to - day administration of the state .

after finishing fiff behind legaw bid in de lingfiewd derby triaw on his dree - year - owd debut , ibn bey contested de predominate stakes at goodwood racecourse , a triaw race for the derby and won by two wengds from awwasmi and cwassic tawe . in de derby he started at odds of 40 / 1 and finished dirteenf of de nineteen runners behind reference point . he finished fourf at goodwood in juwy and den ran dird behind moon madness and legaw bid in de geoffrey freer stakes . in september , ibn bey was sent to itawy for de group one gran premio d ' itawia over 2400 metres at miwan and won de race by ten wengds form jung . on his finaw appearance of de season , de cowt ran poorwy in de irish st leger at de curragh , finishing sixf of de eight runners behind eurobird . [ 2 ]

ahmad ibn tulun was born in baghdad in ad 835 , the son of a turkish slave owned by the abbasid caliph al - mamun . turkish slaves often served as soldiers and court officials under the abbasids , and the elder tulun ( “ibn tulun” means “son of tulun” ) was an accomplished officer , rising to the position of chief of the caliph’s personal guard . tulun provided his son ahmad with an excellent education , which included studying theology at tarsus and military training at samarra . this military and religious background , combined with a youth spent observing the machinations of court politics , would prove to be a valuable skill set for ibn tulun .

by the late 1970s , bay el bey ' s growing reputation as a sire outweighed any desire sheila varian had to show him . he remained full time at arroyo grande , where he and bay abi formed one of the only national champion father and son teams to share a barn . in 1984 , however , bay el bey was on the move , this time to florida , where he was leased by rohara arabians for two years of stud duty . in the days before the use of transported semen , the move east provided increased exposure for the stallion and allowed his son , huckleberry bey , more opportunity to develop his own following on the west coast .

built more than 1 , 100 years ago , the mosque of ibn tulun still looks largely the way it did when first constructed , although the entire city that was built around it was destroyed just 26 years later .

kasida ( 1891 ) and manokta ( 1894 ) were foundation mares for lady anne blunt , full sisters by nasr and out of makbula gsb . it seems that ibn makbula was their brother and the third nasr foal .

the death of murad ii leaves the muradids in some confusion as they vie with one another for superiority . this sparks the revolution of tunis , or the muradid war of succession , which does not end until the first of the husainids has seized control in 1705 . murad ' s sons , ali bey and muhamed bey fight each other , plus their uncle , muhammad al - hafsi , several lesser commanding figures , the turkish militia and even the dey of algiers . ali bey is assassinated , and muhammad al - hafsi is recalled to constantinople ( permanently ) , but the dey of algiers manages to use his own tunisian supporters to briefly capture tunis between 1694 - 1695 .

the penultimate line of defense for the state is family ties and clan kinship . so writes in the fourteenth - century bin ali’s compatriot , the masterful philosopher king , ibn khaldoun , in his celebrated muqaddimah ( introduction to history ) . asabiyyah ( tribal kinship or solidarity ) , makes and breaks states , ibn khaldoun rightly argues . his thesis epitomizes current statecraft in most arab republics . so long as the state’s coercive ‘reserve’ is not in shortage .

chaghri beg [ 1 ] ( turkish : çağrı bey , full name : abu suleiman dawud chaghri - beg ibn mikail ) ( 989 - 1060 ) , da ' ud b . mika ' il b . saljuq , [ 2 ] also spelled chaghri , was the co - ruler of the early seljuq empire . the name chaghri is turkic ( çağrı in modern turkish ) and literally means " small falcon " , " merlin " . [ 3 ]

the bey of tunis recognises the newly - created republic of corsica , which has been created after a twenty - six year fight for independence . genoese rule is thrown out , if not genoese troops , who remain in various strongholds .

ubeidallah ibn al - habhab al - maousili launches an invasion of sicily which results in him seizing syracuse . he readies his forces to take the rest of the island but a berber revolt in ifriqiyya forces him to abandon the idea .

at this time the capital of egypt was the city of fustat , which lies in the area of what is now called old cairo . ibn tulun , however , envisioned something more along the lines of baghdad or samarra , and so he began construction of his own capital city , al - qatta’i . this new capital would be laid out in the persian style , with a palace and a connected mosque large enough to service all his soldiers . for the location of his city ibn tulun chose a strategic high ground called jabal yashkur , which means “hill of thanksgiving . ” ibn tulun’s decision to create his own capital city exhibited an independent streak which would continue to grow as he consolidated his political power .

the islamic wali of ifriqiyya , zoheir ibn kais , leads a force which defeats a joint army of byzantines and berbers in carthage commanded by berber leader khusalah on the qairawan plain . the victors are not strong enough to follow up their victory .

" he had an extremely gentle inner side , " sheila concurs , " but he was very willing and enthusiastic in his own way . " she searches for adjectives . " bay el bey was stately , wise , thoughtful , kind . . . "

it was that gentle honesty that was nearly their undoing at the canadian nationals of 1977 , when after a long , hard class , when everyone was tiring , sheila knew that bay el bey had been giving his best , and let up a little .

chaghri beg ' s later life and death are mentioned on pages 129 - 130 in the annals of the saljuq turks : selections from al - kamil fi ' l - ta ' rikh of ibn al - athir , translated by d . s . richards .

in britain – already an important ally of the saudi kingdom – the primary focus of the diplomatic talks was ibn saud’s formal request for financial aid from the british government for use in the economic development of his kingdom , including funding the exploration for oil deposits .

first , he took advantage of his connections with the abbasid court to have the locally unpopular minister of finance removed , and by 872 he had assumed control of the council of financial affairs . once in a position to do so , he boosted his own image in egypt by lowering taxes and spending more on infrastructure . meanwhile , after the murder of bayik bey in 870 , control of egypt passed to ibn tulun’s father - in - law , who not only kept him in place as governor but also granted him control over alexandria .

the eu and the us have sympathy for and comprehension of the tunisian civil society’s problem . the tunisian people through innate good sense made him their ‘bey’ . now they deserve something in return : respect and freedom from the spectre of hereditary rule that haunts most arab republics .

10 . ibn makbula is in the index ( 4009 ) as an 1892 grey stallion . variant spelling “ebn makboula . ” beyond this , his index entry is particularly garbled . he is listed as being by a sire also named “ibn makbula” and out of a mare named “nasrat . ” there is no other “ibn makbula” in the index , and the only “nasrat” in the index was a bay ali pasha stallion by aziz and out of bint azz . ali pasha sherif owned at least two mares named makbula , and ibn makbula’s name implies he was the son of one of them . index correction 888 changes the sire to nasrat and the dam to makbula . like raswan , lady anne blunt says that ali pasha sherif bred a bay stallion named nasr or nasrat , by aziz and out of bint azz . she further records that “nasr died of ‘the eye’ i . e . fell dead one day when being ridden out – this happened on a bridge . his only descendants were kasida , manokta and a colt ex mukbula” ( quoted in upton , p . 116 )

initially the ottomans were openly opposed by muley hamida a son of the hafsid muhammad v and a man with a very low reputation . once he had been seen off , the second bey was murad bey ( murad i ) . he was of corsican janissary stock and had been sponsored by ramdan bey from an early age . upon randan ' s death he was able to succeed him in office and secure the succession of his own son . as the first of this line the dynasty is known by his name - muradid or mouradite . however , his successors were so interested in securing their position , and making that position independent of ottoman control , that they alienated much of the nobility and ended up fighting amongst themselves so that it was almost a relief when the last of them was murdered by his own general .

british - bred ibn bey won 10 of 28 career starts , earning $ 1 , 626 , 059 while racing for five seasons in seven countries . he was named champion 3 - year - old colt in italy in 1987 , on the strength of a victory in the group 1 gran premio d’italia . however , he found greater success in later seasons of his career , winning the group 1 europa - preis in 1989 , and taking both the group 1 grosser preis and group 1 irish st . leger the following year at age 6 .

after the return of the abbasids in 905 , and with the rise of cairo proper as the capital of egypt , the mosque of ibn tulun lost its former prestige and centuries of neglect took their toll . the mosque suffered major damage in the 12th century when it was used at various times to house pilgrims . in 1296 , the mamluk sultan lajin , who had hidden in the mosque in the aftermath of the assassination of sultan al - ashraf khalil ibn qalawun , made good on his promise to restore the property to its original grandeur .

ibn saud’s main concern was to gain international recognition for his kingdom , which he had spent over twenty years expanding and consolidating . his second intention was to seek financial aid from britain in order to , amongst other things , fund the search for oil deposits in his dominions .

racing for fahd salman , ibn bey was a four - time group i winner . in germany , he won the 1989 r + v - europa preis ( ger - i ) and the 1990 grosser preis der berliner bank ( ger - i ) and was a champion both years . in italy , he captured the 1987 gran premio d ' italia ( ity - i ) and was that year ' s champion 3 - year - old male . he was an irish champion the year he won the 1990 jefferson smurfit memorial irish st . leger ( ire - i ) .

three weeks after his defeat in germany , ibn bey contested de irish st leger over fourteen furwongs at de curragh and started de 5 / 1 second favourite behind de 1989 st leger stakes winner michewozzo . he raced in second pwace behind de dree - year - owd thetford forest ( water to win de sun awwiance novices ' hurdwe ) before taking de wead two furwong from de finish . he was headed by de outsider mr pintips but rawwied to regain de advantage 100 yards from de finish and won by a wengf . [ 12 ] after dis race he entered de ownership of yustane sohma .

since the 2009 elections , tunisians have started wondering whether bin ali intends to leave power in 2014 and under what scenarios . they have recently been rudely prevented from wondering too much and wandering into a different republic : one where they are visible and where the ‘bey’ and his heirs have departed for good .

bin ali and his government must realize that people live not by bread alone . they also live as social contractors with aspirations for free speech , organized political activity , civic and social capital , and political dynamism . ruling as a ‘bey’ in modern - day tunisia betrays the very republican pretensions of the regime .

during his two - year residence in florida , bay el bey established an indelible link with rohara . " he ' s a part of our program through all three sons and one grandson , jk amadeus , " says hart . " even this year , so many years later , i would say that half of our show horses are either grandsons or great - grandsons ( or daughters ) of bay el bey - - 50 percent of the show string that we showed , and we had 21 entries at region xii . " his contribution ? " mostly the motion , the stretch , the overall athletic ability . "

in 1938 , standard oil of california struck oil at al - hasa , tapping into what would become the world’s largest deposit of crude oil . irrespective of ibn saud’s thoughts on the success of his son’s 1932 diplomatic tour , for the british government it was one visit that officials probably wanted to forget .

6 . and 7 . ibn bint nura saghir and ibn bint nura kebir raswan describes as chestnut stallions foaled 1892 and 1889 , by aziz and out of bint nura ( index 3964 , 3962 ) . entry 3964 gives variant spelling “ebn bent noura el - saghir . ” raswan’s attempt to determine which bint nura produced these stallions is similar to his treatment of the two zarifa sons . these two sons of “bint nura” were probably out of the same mare . ali pasha owned numerous mares known as “bint nura” ( see below for another ) . these two easily could have been full brothers to bint nura gsb .

8 . ibn bint jellabieh feysul is in the index ( 3957 ) as an 1893 chestnut son of ibn nura out of bint jellabieh feysul . date , name , and color agree with the journal entry describing the auction . raswan seems to have been unaware that this horse was feysul gsb . lady anne blunt acquired him “from seyyid mohammed fathi december 7 1898 . mohammed fathi had bought him from saleh bey sherif , his purchaser at the 2nd auction held in march 1897 ( lady anne blunt quoted in a , p & c , p . 97 ) . the facsimile page of the sheykh obeyd stud book reproduced in upton shows that lady anne blunt originally entered feysul as the son of “bint jellabiet feysul , ” noting that feysul’s dam was also known as “the lame” ( el argaa ) from having broken a front leg . she later changed el argaa’s other name to read “bint bint jellabiet feysul , ” implying that one of the “bints” had been left out originally .

as important as his physical presence was the sheer force of his personality . " bay el bey had the temperament that we see in all the descendants - - ready to work , full of fire , but completely sweet , " says mike nichols . " that ' s what characterized everything that ' s come down from him . "

12 . johara bint helwa has variant spelling “goharra bent heloua” in index entries 3081 and 4550 . she is in gsb as johara , and crabbet records state she was also known as “bint helwa es shakra” ( the chestnut daughter of the sweet mare ) . crabbet records further state that lady anne blunt “ [ p ] urchased [ her ] from ibrahim bey sherif on april 19 , 1897 for lb 120 . ibrahim bey had bought her at the auction on march 26 , for lbe 80 ( quoted in upton , p . 100 ) . johara was the daughter of aziz and helwa , and was foaled about 1880 , making her one of the first aziz foals .

ahmad bey abolishes slavery in tunisia , one of several reforms in what is largely a mismanaged attempt to modernise the state . some of his efforts are handled with the support of the french but little of his changes benefit or even affect the ordinary populace . nevertheless , his cousin and successor , muhammad ii continues to follow his reformist tendencies .

ibn bey was beaten in his first four races of 1988 . he finished dird under top weight of 128 pounds in de aston park stakes at newbury , fourf behind awmaarad in de hardwicke stakes at royaw ascot , fourf , beaten 26 wengds , by unfuwain in de princess of wawes ' s stakes at newmarket , and fourf again in de geoffrey freer stakes in august . on his finaw appearance of de season , he was sent to france to contest de grand prix de deauviwwe over 2700 metres on 28 august . ridden by michaew roberts , he took de wead 400 metres from de finish and won by two wengds from de barry hiwws - trained sudden victory . [ 7 ]

4 . and 5 . ibn zarifa saghir and ibn zarifa kebir appear to be the sons of a mare named zarifa ( “the graceful” ) , as their names imply ( “the younger son of the graceful mare” and “the elder son of the graceful mare” respectively ) . index entries 4040 and 4041 , as well as 11242 and 11243 , interpret the names to mean “the son of the younger zarifa” and “the son of the elder zarifa , ” which is an unlikely interpretation since the words kebir and saghir take the masculine form and therefore seem to apply to the sons . raswan says the sons were foaled in 1887 and 1888 , were both grey , and both by aziz .

the mosque tells the story of a court servant , the son of a turkish slave , who came to rule all of egypt and part of syria . he would rise to declare independence for his kingdom–as well as himself–from those who once owned him . this article will explore the history of ahmad ibn tulun and the mosque that bears his name .

peace was established this year between king ibrahim and da’ud ibn mikha’il ibn saljuq , the lord of khurasan , on condition that each of them should keep what he held and abandon opposition to the other’s rule . the reason for this was that the wise men on both sides considered [ the situation ] and realised that neither of the two rulers was able to take what the other held , and that the only result would be expenditure of money , exhaustion of the troops , plundering of the land and loss of life . so they worked for peace , and an accord was reached and oaths sworn . copies were drawn up , and the people were delighted and rejoiced at the prospect of prosperity .

no tunisians are arguing for democratic ‘compulsion’ from without . given the sad state of opposition and overall civic capital , mounting a challenge against the last ‘bey’ or his heirs may prove premature for another decade . but if bin ali wishes to insist on clinging to power till ‘death do us part’ , then he must stop to insult the intelligence of his people .

a successional dispute for the umayyad caliphate sees an army march on damascus , where a new caliph is proclaimed . rebellions and revolts break out across the empire , one of which results in a change in command in tunisia ( ifriqiyya ) , as a dynasty of governors is established . handhala ibn safwan al - kalbi consents to return to islamic damascus .

that bay el bey was athletically inclined was apparent . in preparing for his halter competition , he often enjoyed an unconventional training regimen . one year , getting ready for nationals , sheila conditioned him with extensive rides in the country around arroyo grande , accompanied by her whippet amber , and unofficially , a jackrabbit . " every day , the jackrabbit would always be in the same spot , and every day we ' d chase it , my dog and my horse and me . we ' d be going wide open through rough country . " every day , she adds , the rabbit escaped . " that was bay el bey ' s exercise that year . i always exercised him under saddle , never longed him . "

the mosque is the largest in cairo , and is the third largest in the world . it is the oldest mosque in egypt that still retains much of its original design . the mosque of ibn tulun differs from other mosques in several regards , not the least of which is that it is built of brick covered with carved stucco rather than stone and marble . one reason given for this is the fact that the architect was a christian , who decided to use brick in order to spare churches from being plundered for building materials . another explanation is that ibn tulun wanted the mosque to mirror the great mosque of samarra , which is constructed in the same way , and because brick is more fire resistant .

the four qadits of sicily have largely been rebuilt into a single emirate by ayyub ibn tamim , the son of the zirid emir of ifriqiyya ( regional governors of the fatamids ) . he departs in 1068 , leaving behind an island that remains divided between arabs and byzantines , and is not strong enough to continue to hold out against fresh attacks from apulia .

his only british classic win so far came in the 1990 st leger on snurge - a horse whom , along with ibn bey , ruby tiger and bint pasha , quinn rates as the best he has ridden . controversially lost the ride on generous in the 1991 derby to alan munro when owner prince fahd salman decided to retain the latter jockey despite quinn ' s status as stable jockey to trainer cole . the partnership of salman , cole and quinn was later resumed although the jockey rode as a freelance last season , when he had a best - ever tally of 151 victories , and only kieren fallon partnered more winners . following fallon ' s departure from warren place , quinn began as first jockey to henry cecil this season .

in addition to his canadian national championship in stallion halter , bay el bey was named 1974 and ' 76 u . s . national reserve champion stallion , and earned seven top tens as well as eight championships and reserves at regional and class a shows . sheila also presented him briefly in english pleasure , totaling up three championships , three reserves and the region ii championship .

sheila varian particularly remembers the sight of bay el bey and angela , heading out to the back pasture to tease the mares , a duty the stallion took over from his sire , bay abi . " you ' d see an empty 20 - acre pasture when angela led bay el bey in . . . and then , over the hill , the mares and foals would come running to greet him . because they were used to him and knew him , the mares didn ' t object when the foals came up to him , and he would stand with the babies all around him , talking to the mares . there was no striking , no biting , no rearing - - he knew what to do and how to do it . "

" bay el bey and i trusted each other . he had a strength and seriousness about him that i admired and a playfulness that i loved . if i wasn ' t moving fast enough to those pastures , he ' d get behind me and nudge me in the back . i miss those nudges . . . especially every morning around 8 o ' clock . "

14 . fortunately , lady anne had also bought bint horra’s foal , a bay filly by ibn nura just 22 days old at the time of the auction . she was known as bint bint horra , and lady anne blunt named her ghazieh . she is no . 15 in the sheykh obeyd herd book , and was the dam of ten foals for lady anne .

" what i remember most about him was his amazing neck , the same type that bay abi had , but with even more stretch and elegance , " comments breeder mike nichols , who first saw bay el bey on a 1974 visit to varian arabians , which resulted in his purchase of the yearling barbary . " the trick is to get certain things simultaneously ; none is more important than the other - - type is crucial , correctness , performance , athletic ability , disposition - - you ' ve really got to get all of those or you don ' t have what we ' re looking for and you don ' t have anything you can go on with . bay el bey was living evidence of that and how brilliantly it bred on . "

hasan ibn al - nu ' man captures carthage in 695 and advances into the atlas mountains . taking advantage of his absence , a byzantine fleet arrives to retake carthage in 697 , but within a year hasan returns and defeats emperor tiberius iii at the battle of carthage . africa is abandoned to the islamic empire . carthage is again destroyed and is replaced by tunis as the regional capital .

ibn makbula appears in the journals again , entry of november 20 , 1909 : “to the house of mahmud moharrem rustem purchaser of … the colt by nasrat out of makbula … a handsome wreck , eyes sunk in and looks older than his age ( 16 to 17 years ) , is very like kasida is grey , great bone , strange to say not yet white at that age . ”

husayn bey signs a treaty with france which grants it a strip of land near carthage on which king louis ix had died in 1270 , during the seventh crusade . the idea ( or pretence ) is that a monument is to be built to commemorate the french king . ten years later the first stone is laid in the construction of the cathedral of carthage , and the french now have a foothold in the country .

in rajab of this year [ 13 august - 11 septemener 1059 ] there died chagri beg da’ud ibn mikha’il ibn saljuq , the brother of sultan tughril beg . it is said that his death was in safar [ 4 ] 52 [ 7 march - 4 april 1060 ] . he was about seventy years old . he was the lord of khurasan and the rival andopponent of the house of sabuktegin , and the defender of khurasan againstthe , . when he died , his son alp arslan became ruler of khurasan after him . da’ud left a number of male children , including the sultan alp arslan , yaquti , sulayman , and qavurt beg . after [ the death of ] his brother da’ud , the sultan tughril beg married the mother of sulayman , and named him as his successor . what happened to him we shall relate later .

the last independent dynasty of tunisia , the hafsids , had become increasingly caught up in the power struggle between spain and the corsairs , the latter of which were supported by the ottoman empire . the ottomans conquered tunis in 1574 and toppled the hafsids . once removed , they were replaced by ottoman governors ( labelled deys - a superior title - or beys - the inferior of the two ) , with ramdan bey being the first .