common names : saharan horned viper , horned desert viper , more .

cerastes cerastes is a venomous viper species native to the deserts of northern africa and parts of the middle east .

it often is easily recognised by the presence of a pair of supraocular " horns " , although hornless individuals do occur .

no subspecies are currently recognised .

cerastes cerastes

cerastes cerastes <EOT> cerastes cerastes cerastes ( linnaeus 1758 ) cerastes cerastes hoofieni werner & sivan in werner et al . 1999

cerastes cerastes cerastes ( linnaeus 1758 ) coluber cerastes linnaeus 1758 : 217 cerastes cornutus forskal 1775 ( nom . nud . ) coluber cerastes — shaw & nodder 1792 : plate 122 gonyechis cerastes — fitzinger in treitschke 1842 vipera cerastes — boettger 1880 : 169 cerastes cornutus boulenger 1896 cerastes cerastes mutila domergue 1901 aspis cerastes — schmidt 1939 cerastes cerastes — haas 1957 cerastes cerastes karlhartli sochurek 1974 ( nom . nud . ) cerastes cerastes karlhartli — sochurek 1979 cerastes cerastes mutila — sochurek 1979 cerastes cerastes cerastes — welch 1994 : 43 cerastes cerastes — werner et al . 1999 cerastes cerastes — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 367 cerastes cerastes — wallach et al . 2014 : 153 cerastes cerastes hoofieni werner & sivan in werner et al . 1999 cerastes cornutus boulenger 1896 aspis cerastes — mertens 1944 : 33 ( part . ) cerastes cerastes — leviton & anderson 1967 : 187 cerastes cerastes gasperettii — arnold 1980 : 319 ( part . ) cerastes cerastes hoofieni werner & sivan in werner et al . 1999 : 87

cerastes cerastes gasperettii leviton & anderson 1967 : 183 cerastes cornutus anderson 1896 aspis cerastes — schmidt 1939 cerastes cerastes — haas 1957 cerastes cerastes gasperettii — harding & welch 1980 cerastes cerastes gasperettii — welch 1994 : 43 cerastes gasperettii — werner et al . 1999 cerastes gasperettii — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 369 cerastes cerastes gasperettii — van der kooij 2001 cerastes cerastes gasperettii — henkel 2003 cerastes cerastes gasperettii — sindaco et al . 2014 cerastes gasperettii — wallach et al . 2014 : 153 cerastes gasperettii gasperettii — rhadi et al . 2017 cerastes gasperetti mendelssohni werner & sivan in werner et al . 1999 vipera cerastes — strauch 1869 cerastes cornutus — anderson 1896 : 71 ( part . ) aspis cerastes — mertens 1944 : 33 ( part . ) cerastes cerastes — haas 1951 : 92 ( part . ) cerastes cerastes cerastes — leviton & anderson 1967 ( part . ) cerastes cerastes gasperettii — gasperetti 1988 ( part . ) cerastes gasperettii — werner 1988 cerastes gasperetti mendelssohni werner & sivan in werner et al . 1999 cerastes gasperetti mendelssohni — kucharzewski 2011

the cerastes is the namesake of the saharan horned viper cerastes cerastes . the viper’s knack for sidewinding seems an obvious forerunner to the cerastes’ flexibility .

mermod , c . 1970 . living area and displacement activity of cerastes - vipera and cerastes - cerastes reptilia viperidae .

saharan horned viper ( cerastes cerastes ) lacking supra - ocular horns and responsible for biting patient 1 .

cerastes gasperettii mendelssohni werner & sivan in werner et al . 1999 cerastes gasperettii gasperettii leviton & anderson 1967

renato agazzi added the italian common name " ceraste cornuta " to " cerastes cerastes linnaeus 1758 " .

johann , h . 1973 . a location of origin for cerastes - cerastes in northern tunisia serpentes viperidae .

key words : cerastes cerastes , macrovipera mauritanica , snake venom , characterization , biological activities , cross - reaction .

effects of cerastes cerastes ( egyptian sand viper ) and cerastes vipera ( sahara sand viper ) snake venoms on blood coagulation : separation of coagula . . . - pubmed - ncbi

c . michael hogan marked " distribution in egypt " as visible on the " cerastes cerastes linnaeus 1758 " page .

c . michael hogan marked " distribution in egypt " as trusted on the " cerastes cerastes linnaeus 1758 " page .

c . michael hogan marked " distribution in egypt " as hidden on the " cerastes cerastes linnaeus 1758 " page .

egyptian horned viper cerastes cerastes venom hyaluronidase : purification , partial characterization and evidence for its action as a spreading factor .

cerastes cerastes : north africa , from morocco and mauritania to egypt and northern sudan , southern israel , western jordan .

cerastes gasperetti : arabian peninsula , iraq , western iran . cerastes vipera : sahara from mauritania to egypt , israel .

jungnickel , j . & prokoph , w . 2005 . haltung und nachzucht der ägyptischen wüstenotter cerastes cerastes cerastes ( linnaeus 1758 ) . elaphe 13 ( 4 ) : 25 - 30

( " cerastes cerastes ( desert horned viper ) " , 2004 ; george , 2002 ; ludwig , et al . , 2003 )

2004 . " cerastes cerastes ( desert horned viper ) " ( on - line ) . accessed march 07 , 2010 at urltoken .

effects of cerastes cerastes ( egyptian sand viper ) and cerastes vipera ( sahara sand viper ) snake venoms on blood coagulation : separation of coagulant and anticoagulant factors and their correlation with arginine esterase and protease activities .

sterer y . 1992 . a mixed litter of horned and hornless cerastes cerastes . israel journal of zoology , 37 : 247 - 9 .

egyptian horned viper cerastes cerastes venom hyaluronidase : purification , partial characterization and evidence for its action as a spreading factor . - pubmed - ncbi

life - threatening envenoming by the saharan horned viper ( cerastes cerastes ) causing micro - angiopathic haemolysis , coagulopathy and acute renal failure : clinical cases and review .

trutnau , l . 1981 . beobachtungen an der hornviper cerastes cerastes ( l . 1758 ) . herpetofauna 3 ( 13 ) : 11 - 16 - get paper here

life - threatening envenoming by the saharan horned viper ( cerastes cerastes ) causing micro - angiopathic haemolysis , coagulopathy and acute renal fail . . . - pubmed - ncbi

to cite this page : anderson , i . 2011 . " cerastes cerastes " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

cerastes ( tsn 634421 ) at integrated taxonomic information system . accessed 20 march 2007 .

mohamed ah , khaled lz . 1966 . effect of venom of cerastes cerastes on nerve tissue and skeletal muscle . toxicon , great britain , 3 : 233 - 4 .

cerastes cerastes is capable of life - threatening envenoming in humans . optimal treatment of envenoming is by early administration of specific antivenom , and avoidance of ineffective and potentially - dangerous ancillary methods .

werner , y . l . , le verdier , a . , rosenman , d . & sivan , n . 1991 . systematics and zoogeography of cerastes ( ophidia : viperidae ) in the levant : i . distinguishing arabian from african cerastes cerastes . the snake 23 : 90 - 100

discussion : cerastes cerastes is capable of life - threatening envenoming in humans . optimal treatment of envenoming is by early administration of specific antivenom , and avoidance of ineffective and potentially - dangerous ancillary methods .

the use of ground - borne vibrations for prey localization in the saharan sand vipers ( cerastes ) .

venoms of cerastes cerastes , macrovipera mauritanica , bitis arietans and naja haje were extracted by manual stimulation , centrifuged , lyophilized and kept at - 20ºc at the experimental center of the pasteur institute of morocco .

c . c . cerastes - mohave desert sidewinder compared to c . c . laterorepens - colorado desert sidewinder

werner yl , verdier a , rosenman d , sivan n . 1991 . systematics and zoogeography of cerastes ( ophidia : viperidae ) in the levant : 1 , distinguishing arabian from african " cerastes cerastes . " the snake , the japan snake institute , yabuzuka honmachi , nittagun , gunma prefecture , japan , 23 : 90 - 100 .

morain , m . , b . young . 2003 . vertical burrowing in the saharan sand vipers ( cerastes ) .

22 . djebari fl , martin - eauclaire mf . purification and characterization of a phospholipase a 2 from cerastes cerastes ( horn viper ) snake venom . toxicon . 1990 ; 28 ( 6 ) : 637 - 46 . [ links ]

the genus and species are named after the greek “keras” ( = horn ) after the horns many species of the genus display . cerastes cerastes hoofieni was named after mr . jacob haim hoofien ( 1913 - 1997 ) who studied middle eastern herpetology .

clinical study , said the oxford journal , “has demonstrated the ability of c . cerastes to cause complicated and potentially fatal envenoming…”

the use of ground - borne vibrations for prey localization in the saharan sand vipers ( cerastes ) . - pubmed - ncbi

this subspecies , crotalus cerastes cerastes - mohave desert sidewinder , is found in south - central california south and east of the sierras south to roughly the san bernardino county line . the species crotalus cerastes - sidewinder , is found in the southern california deserts , east through southern nevada to extreme southwestern utah , into western arizona , and south into northeast baja california mexico , and northwest sonora , mexico .

activity cycles and foraging behaviors of free - ranging sidewinder rattlesnakes ( crotalus cerastes ) : the ontogeny of hunting in a precocial vertebrate .

tachoua , w . , boukhalfa - abibm , h . , laraba - djebari , f . hemorrhagic metalloproteinase , cc hsm - iii , isolated from cerastes cerastes venom : purification and biochemical characterization . journal of biochemical & molecular toxicology . 28 / 2 / 2017 .

schlüter , u . 2002 . die hornvipern ( cerastes ) nordafrikas . draco 3 ( 10 ) : 74 - 78 - get paper here

25 . boukhalfa ah , meksem a , laraba - djebari f . purification and biochemical characterization of a novel hemorrhagic metalloproteinase from horned viper ( cerastes cerastes ) venom . comp biochem physiol c toxicol pharmacol . 2009 ; 150 ( 2 ) : 285 - 90 . [ links ]

► hyaluronidase enzyme ( cchaseii ) was purified from the dangerous egyptian horned viper cerastes cerastes . ► cchaseii biochemical properties was investigated . ► the spreading property of the enzyme was confirmed . ► these studies could be potentially useful for production of more efficient antisera for management of viper envenomation .

the color of the snake helps to camouflage it against sand or rocky ground , especially when it is partially buried . cerastes cerastes is an ambush hunter , lurking quietly in a half - buried position until an unwary lizard or rodent comes within reach , and then lunging quickly to capture its prey .

the sds - page protein profiles were analyzed following coomassie blue staining . figure 1 shows that all venoms differ in composition . each of the venoms from cerastes cerastes and macrovipera mauritanica contains a pool of proteins with different molecular weights . the naja haje venom profile reveals protein bands of lower molecular weights .

the cerastes , “horned” , is one of the many snakes born from the blood of medusa in the libyan desert . it receives a passing mention in lucan’s catalogue of snakes . another cerastes mentioned by theophrastus and pliny , in the form of a two - horned herbivorous worm , is obviously a caterpillar .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - arabian horned viper ( cerastes gasperettii ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - arabian horned viper ( cerastes gasperettii ) " title = " arkive species - arabian horned viper ( cerastes gasperettii ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

secor , s . m . 1994 . ecological significance of movements and activity range for the sidewinder , crotalus cerastes . copeia 1994 : 631 - 645 .

sidewinder , horned rattlesnake , sidewinder rattlesnake , mojave desert sidewinder ( for c . c . cerastes ) , [ 2 ] sidewinder rattler . [ 7 ]

sidewinder , horned rattlesnake , sidewinder rattlesnake , mojave desert sidewinder ( for c . c . cerastes ) , [ 3 ] sidewinder rattler . [ 8 ]

activity cycles and foraging behaviors of free - ranging sidewinder rattlesnakes ( crotalus cerastes ) : the ontogeny of hunting in a precocial vertebrate . - pubmed - ncbi

background : the desert horned vipers ( cerastes cerastes and c . gasperettii ) are the most familiar snakes of the great deserts of north africa and the middle east , including the plains of iraq . they are responsible for many human snake bites . in western countries , they are popular among exotic - snake keepers .

schneemann , m . , r . cathomas , s . laidlaw , a . el nahas , r . theakston , d . warrell . 2004 . life - threatening envenoming by the saharan horned viper ( cerastes cerastes ) causing micro - angiopathic haemolysis , coagulopathy , and acute renal failure : clinical cases and review .

although cerastes are often referred to as horned vipers , only the two larger species , c . cerastes and c . gasperettii , are known to have horns , and even these do not always have them . individuals with and without horns occur within the same populations and even within the same litters . [ 2 ]

morain , m . , b . young . 2002 . the use of ground - borne vibrations for prey localization in the saharan sand vipers ( cerastes ) .

schmid , a . 2014 . haltung und nachzucht der arabischen hornviper ( cerastes gasperetii gasperettii ) . reptilia ( münster ) 19 ( 110 ) : 46 - 50

secor , s . m . 1995 . ecological aspects of foraging mode for the snakes crotalus cerastes and masticophis flagellum . herpetological monographs 9 : 169 - 186 .

19 . fahmi l , makran b , plá d , sanz l , oukkache n , lkhider m , et al . venomics and antivenomics profiles of north african cerastes cerastes and c vipera populations reveals a potentially important therapeutic weakness . j proteomics . 2012 ; 75 ( 8 ) : 2442 - 53 . [ links ]

south - west iran ( 2 ) ( 6 ) , and cerastes gasperettii mendelssohni , which is restricted to the arava valley in israel and jordan ( 6 ) .

macrovipera mauritanica and cerastes cerastes venoms act on two subunits of fibrinogen ( α and γ ) . this activity is not detected in naja haje venom ( figure 5 ) . indeed , the ability of mm and cc venoms to degrade the α and γ chains of fibrinogen was evident . however , β chain degradation was not detectable .

mertens , robert 1944 . einige beobachtungen über die hornviper ( aspis cerastes ) . wochenschrift ( blätter ) für aquarien - und terrarienkunde 1944 ( 2 ) : 33 - 35

joger , u . & courage , k . 1999 . are palearctic ‘rattlesnakes’ ( echis and cerastes ) monophyletic ? . kaupia ( darmstadt ) ( 8 ) : 65 - 81

according to the oxford journal of medicine , c . cerastes has two close relatives . one , the horned and similar - sized c . gasperettii , occupies a range extending from southern israel eastward across iraq into eastern iran . the other , the hornless and much smaller c . vipera , shares much of the same range occupied by c . cerastes .

mohamed ah , abdel - baset a , hassan a . 1980 . immunological studies om monovalent and bivalent cerastes antivenin . toxicon , great britain , 18 : 384 - 7 .

these predominantly nocturnal snakes typically inhabit sandy deserts . c . cerastes also found in stony regions with sparse vegetation . not found higher than 1 , 500 m above sea level .

mertens , r . 1937 . the type designations of the ophidian genera cerastes and coronella , established by laurenti in 1768 . copeia 1937 ( 1 ) : 70 - get paper here

werner , y . , n . sivan . 1992 . systematics and zoogeography of cerastes ( ophidia : viperidae ) in the levant : 2 . taxonomy , ecology , and zoogeography .

cerastes cerastes and macrovipera mauritanica venoms are characterized by their ability to degrade fibrinogen subunits ( i . e . α and γ chains ) . however , nh ( belonging to elapidae family ) venom does not display any detectable hemorrhagic activity . nevertheless , we highlighted the presence of edema with symptoms of myotoxicity , very lower proteolytic and phospholipase activities and an absence of fibrinogenolytic activity .

the dark segment of the rattle closest to the body on an adult c . c . cerastes is brown , the dark segment of the rattle closest to the body on an adult c . c . laterorepens is black . the dark rattle segment may not become fully black on c . c . laterorepens until the snake is an adult with 3 or more rattle segments . the last dark marks on the tail do not always correspond to the color of the dark rattle segment . c . c . cerastes has 21 scale rows . c . c . laterorepens has 23 scale rows . c . c . laterorepens has a higher number of ventral scales than c . c . cerastes . for more information see klauber , 1944 c . cerastes subspecies .

the present study aimed to evaluate the biochemical , enzymatic and biological properties of venoms of the most dangerous moroccan snakes , namely cerastes cerastes and macrovipera mauritanica . to study the cross - reactivity that may exist between the venoms , specific horse antivenoms were produced with the objective of identifying the best candidate or mixture for producing a highly protective antivenom to fight snake envenomation in north africa .

two men bitten while handling captive saharan horned vipers ( cerastes cerastes ) in europe developed extensive local swelling and life - threatening systemic envenoming , characterized by coagulopathy , increased fibrinolysis , thrombocytopenia , micro - angiopathic haemolytic anaemia and acute renal failure . the clinical picture is explicable by the presence in c . cerastes venom of several thrombin - like , factor - x - activating , platelet - aggregating , haemorrhagic and nephrotoxic components . in one case , prophylactic use of subcutaneous epinephrine may have contributed to intracranial haemorrhage . the roles in treatment of heparin ( rejected ) and specific antivenom ( recommended ) are discussed .

crotalus cerastes - hallowell , 1854 - proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , vol . 7 , p . 95 from original description citations for the reptiles and amphibians of north america © ellin beltz

subach , a , scharf , i & ovadia , o . 2009 . foraging behavior and predation success of the sand viper ( cerastes vipera ) . canadian journal of zoology 87 : 520 - 528 . pdf

the horns of a cerastes have two documented functions . they are used as lures to attract birds , with the snake buried under the sand with only the horns protruding . horned snakes can also be found guarding wild pepper plants in arabia , and they use their horns to gore and kill people . to harvest the pepper , fire must be set to burn out the cerastes , blackening the pepper as a result .

although it would seem that laurenti changed his mind in 1768 and decided to name this genus aspis , instead of cerastes as he did earlier , this was eventually rejected . the iczn later placed the name cerastes on the official list of generic names in zoology ( name no . 1539 ) , while the name aspis was placed on the official index of invalid generic names in zoology ( name no . 1630 ) . [ 1 ]

werner , yehudah l . ; sivan , naomi 1992 . systematics and zoogeography of cerastes ( ophidia : voperidae ) in the levant : 2 . taxonomy , ecology , and zoogeography . the snake 24 : 34 - 49

stout snakes with very distinct , triangular head . tip of the snout blunt , nostrils directed upwards . c . cerastes sometimes has a horn - like protuberance over each eye , consisting of a single scale . in c . vipera the eyes are set at an angle and directed upwards . length of c . cerastes 50–60 cm ( max . 85 cm ) , c . vipera on average 35 cm ( max . 50 cm ) .

this snake has a variety of other popular names , for instance : sahara horned viper , north african horned viper , african desert horned viper , horned desert viper , greater cerastes , asp , or simply , horned viper .

cohen ac , meyers bc . 1970 . a function of the horn in the sidewinder rattlesnake crotalus cerastes , with comments on other horned snakes . copeia , american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , 3 : 574 - 5 .

m . schneemann , r . cathomas , s . t . laidlaw , a . m . el nahas , r . d . g . theakston , d . a . warrell ; life - threatening envenoming by the saharan horned viper ( cerastes cerastes ) causing micro - angiopathic haemolysis , coagulopathy and acute renal failure : clinical cases and review , qjm : an international journal of medicine , volume 97 , issue 11 , 1 november 2004 , pages 717–727 , urltoken

it is said that helen of troy , while eloping with paris , stepped on a cerastes’ back and broke it . this is why they move in such a sinuous , crooked fashion , causing their scales to rustle as they go .

webber , m . m , x . glaudas and j . a . rodríguez - robles . 2012 . do sidewinder rattlesnakes ( crotalus cerastes ) cease feeding during the breeding season ? copeia 2012 ( 1 ) : 100 - 105 .

while there do not appear to be any major threats to this species as a whole , the newly described subspecies cerastes gasperettii mendelssohni may be threatened by virtue of its restricted range and the destruction of its habitat for agriculture ( 7 ) .

no more than 2 cubits ( about a meter ) long , the cerastes is sandy - colored and white , with red streaks across its back . the skin is very soft and stretchable . on the head are two , four , or eight horns , described as worm - like or ram - like . the fangs are like those of a viper and are not crooked . instead of a backbone , a cerastes has a cartilaginous spine , making it the most flexible of all snakes .

crotalus cerastes is a venomous pit viper species belonging to the genus crotalus ( rattlesnakes ) and found in the desert regions of the southwestern united states and northwestern mexico . three subspecies are currently recognized , including the nominate subspecies described here . [ 3 ]

the arabian horned viper is found in the middle east and throughout the arabian peninsula . there are two subspecies , cerastes gasperettii gasperettii , which occurs in the united arab emirates , yemen , oman , israel , jordan , iraq , kuwait , saudi arabia and

cerastes cerastes and macrovipera mauritanica venoms of morocco are very toxic and contain several proteins that differ by molecular weights . both venoms are characterized by not only high hemorrhagic and phospholipase a 2 activities but also their ability to degrade the α and γ chains of fibrinogen . our results highlight the high immunogenicity of cc , which leads to the induction of a horse antivenom that is highly protective against cc , mm and ba whole venoms . indeed , this protective capacity is higher when compared to the mm - specific antivenom product .

wagner , philipp & thomas m . wilms 2010 . a crowned devil : new species of cerastes laurenti , 1768 ( ophidia , viperidae ) from tunisia , with two nomenclatural comments . bonn zool . bull . 57 ( 2 ) : 297–306 - get paper here

this clinical study has demonstrated the ability of c . cerastes to cause complicated and potentially fatal envenoming , a warning to those exotic - snake enthusiasts who keep this species in captivity , and to those who live , work , travel and go to war in its extensive eremic domain .

werner , y . l . , sivan , n . , kushnir , v . and motro , u . ( 1999 ) a statistical approach to variation in cerastes ( ophidia : viperidae ) , with the description of two endemic subspecies . kaupia , 8 : 83 - 97 .

reiserer , r . s . and g . w . schuett ( 2008 ) aggressive mimicry in neonates of the sidewinder rattlesnake , crotalus cerastes ( serpentes : viperidae ) : stimulus control and visual perception of prey luring . biological journal of the linnean society 95 : 81 - 91 ( 11 ) .

venom glands are highly specialized tissues that possess a high capacity for protein secretion , and are a rich source of active proteins . snake venoms are known to contain a complex mixture of pharmacologically active molecules , including organic and mineral components , small peptides and proteins . according to their major toxic effect , snake venoms may be conveniently classified as neurotoxic ( elapidae ) or hemorrhagic ( viperidae ) . for instance , envenomings by macrovipera mauritanica and cerastes cerastes are characterized by hemorrhaging and abnormalities in the blood coagulation system , while the venom of the cobra naja haje is mainly neurotoxic and affects the nervous system ( 5 ) .

secor , s . m . 1992 . a preliminary analysis of the movement and home range size of the sidewinder , crotalus cerastes . pages 389 - 393 in j . a . campbell and e . d . brodie , jr . , editors . biology of the pitvipers . selva , tyler , texas .

in the face of such a historical depth of medical opinion , we were surprised to be confronted by two cases of potentially fatal envenoming caused by captive specimens of the saharan horned viper ( c . cerastes ) . we attempt to attribute the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms to known constituents of the venom of this fabulous snake .

common names : horned vipers , [ 2 ] north african desert vipers . [ 3 ] cerastes is a genus of small , venomous vipers found in the deserts and semi - deserts of northern north africa eastward through arabia and iran . [ 3 ] [ 1 ] three species are currently recognized . [ 4 ]

venomous ! has been considered as subspecies of c . cerastes by leviton et al . has been erroneously reported from lebanon ( joger 1983 ) . distribution : not in iraq fide habeeb & rastegar - pouyani 2016 . morphology : both hornless and horn - bearing specimens are known in this species . however , the subspecies mendelssohni is hornless .

cerastes species are not known to be particularly ill - tempered ( " fairly placid " ) , but when threatened they will often stand their ground and form c - shaped coils that are rubbed together to produce a rasping or crackling sound , similar to echis . with enough provocation , they will strike from this position . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]

the sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes ) , also known as the horned rattlesnake and sidewinder rattlesnake , [ 3 ] is a venomous pit viper species belonging to the genus crotalus ( rattlesnakes ) and is found in the desert regions of the southwestern united states and northwestern mexico . three subspecies are currently recognized , including the nominate subspecies described here . [ 4 ]

first , dried venoms were biochemically investigated . gel electrophoresis analysis demonstrated several protein bands certainly responsible for almost all of the observed biological effects ( 6 , 19 , 20 ) . proteolytic activity , studied following the casein test , was low compared to other venoms reported in the literature ( e . g . philodryas venom ) . phospholipase a 2 activity is an important characteristic presented by cc and mm venoms . we estimated this activity to be four times higher in cc venom than in mm venom and in comparison to the positive control . our results are in concordance with the recently reported studies ( 6 , 21 ) . pla 2 has been purified and characterized since 1990 from algeria cerastes cerastes ( 22 ) .

the three poorly defined subspecies are in need of taxonomic study ( ernst 1992 ) . three subspecies are recognized by crother et al . ( 2008 ) , though they state that douglas et al . ( 2006 ) , using mtdna , resolved several clades within cerastes , with only one corresponding to a currently recognized subspecies ( c . c . laterorepens ) .

werner , y . l . , n . sivan , v . kushnir & u . motro . 1999 . a statistical approach to variation in cerastes ( ophidia : viperidae ) with the description of two endemic subspecies , in u . joger . ( ed . ) : phylogeny and systematics of the viperidae . kaupia ( darmstadt ) ( 8 ) : 83 - 97

in both of our patients , use of large doses of polyspecific antivenom with activity against c . cerastes venom proved decisive in curtailing the coagulopathy , but did not prevent the evolution of profound renal failure . this was also the case in victims of russell ' s viper ( daboia siamensis ) bite in myanmar , even when antivenom was administered within 1–2 h of envenoming . 48

brown , t . w . , and h . b . lillywhite . 1992 . autecology of the mojave desert sidewinder , crotalus cerastes , at kelso dunes , mojave desert , california , usa . pages 279 - 308 in j . a . campbell and e . d . brodie , jr . , editors . biology of the pitvipers . selva , tyler , texas .

since some of these toxins exert opposing actions , the net effect , for example on platelets , may depend on the composition of the venom injected by a particular snake on a particular occasion . the large intraspecies variation in venom composition is now well recognized 43 and geographical variation in c . cerastes venom has been documented . 44 this has obvious implications for antivenom production and efficacy .

acute renal failure is an expected consequence of this process , but in rats , the effects of sub - lethal doses of c . cerastes venom were interpreted as causing mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis leading to acute tubular necrosis by direct nephrotoxicity and ischaemia . there was cortical necrosis resulting from thrombosis and bleeding . 45 however , in neither of our patients was renal biopsy justified , and so we have no information about histopathological changes .

unlike echis , to which they bear a passing resemblance , cerastes species are not known to be ill - tempered and their venom , which is a cytotoxin , is not particularly potent . [ 3 ] bites can be painful and should always be taken seriously , but little venom is injected and few fatalities are known . bites do occur , especially in the suez canal region , but no statistical data in available . [ 2 ]

no other snake can endure thirst as long as the cerastes . they seldom or never drink . as for reproduction , they bring forth live young . they are solitary and aggressive towards humans , but the psilli of libya live in harmony with them . if one of the psilli is lightly bitten they spit on the bite to heal it . a stronger bite requires antivenin made by gargling water and spitting it into a pot for the victim to drink . the most severe cases are cured by lying naked upon the equally naked sufferer .

cerastes bites cause necrosis , priapism , madness , dimness of sight , scabs , sharp pain like the pricking of needles , and inevitable death within nine days . topsell recommends cutting off stricken flesh to the bone or outright amputation . the wound should then be dressed with goat dung and vinegar or garlic , or barley - meal , or cedar , rue , or nep juice , or otherwise salt , honey , or pitch . daffodil , rue , radish - seed , cumin , wine , castoreum , calamint , and emetics should be imbibed .

cerastes are small snakes , averaging less than 50 cm in length , but are relatively stout in appearance . the head is broad , flat and distinct from the neck . the head is covered with tubercularly keeled scales , which usually number 15 or more across , and a supraorbital horn may be present over each eye in some species . the snout is short and wide and the eyes , which are set well forward , are small to moderate in size . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] the body is short , stout and cylindrically depressed . the tail is short and tapers abruptly behind the vent . [ 2 ] the dorsal scales are small , with serrated keels , in 23 - 35 rows at midbody . [ 3 ]

for many organisms , reproduction can take up large portions of an animal’s energy reserves and can be very time consuming . this is especially true for females . during pregnancy , females must carry around the weight of developing offspring in addition to providing nutrients . these costs of reproduction may interfere with other activities that females might engage in like foraging and feeding . previous studies have shown that reproductive females can exhibit seasonal anorexia , where females will cease feeding during the reproductive season . seasonal anorexia is hypothesized to alleviate conflicts between reproduction and feeding by allowing a female more time and energy to engage in reproductive activities . drs . javier a . rodríguez - robles , xavier glaudas and i decided to investigate possible tradeoffs between reproduction and feeding in the sidewinder rattlesnake ( crotalus cerastes ) .

the libyan desert contains general background information on the libyan desert , including geography , a detailed account of and various original documents relating to its history and exploration , descriptions and photo galleries of the main rock art and archaeological sites ( wadi sora , the real " cave of swimmers " , karkur talh rock art sites , ain doua , abu ballas and others ) and information on the desert ' s fauna and flora .

expeditions provides news updates and itineraries for expeditions planned by fliegel jezerniczky expeditions , as well as reports and many photos from past expeditions . section also provides practical information for expedition participants .

resources provides a selection of high resolution landsat images of the libyan desert , as well as links to the few websites , and a comprehensive bibliography of various books books and articles related to exploration , history and rock art of the libyan desert , including a full listing of the various editions of almásy ' s writings . there are some hard to find old books and maps available .

2010 november - western uweinat from libya we returned to libya after a long absence to explore the remaining " white spots " at western jebel uweinat . we had an unexpectedly hassle free and absolutely superb trip , making long treks on the granite part of the mountain resulting in a number of important new rock art finds .

2010 october trip account something quite different for a change , this expedition focused on the wwii history of the libyan desert , retracing the egyptian part of almásy ' s operation salam route and visiting the numerous sdf and lrdg wrecks still littering the desert .

2010 june - upper brandberg , namibia the account of our first expedition to the rock art sites of the upper brandberg mountain , namibia . we had a very tough , but amazingly beautiful ten days on the top of the brandberg , seeing many of the principal sites , a trip we plan to repeat on a regular basis .

2010 march trip account we had a very pleasant and fruitful trip to uweinat and the gilf kebir except for the weather . the week long windless heatwave at uweinat , coupled with freezing mornings and a sandstorm later in the trip will be long remembered . . .

rock art of the libyan desert second expanded edition now available ! the second edition of the illustrated catalogue of all known rock art sites in the libyan desert had been published in october 2009 , now available for purchase . nearly 300 new sites and over 4000 new photographs were added . note : a special discount applies to those who purchased the first edition .

2009 november trip account we returned to uweinat after a year and a half ' s absence . our objectives were to ascend the summit , and explore some remaining blank spots in the upper areas of the mountain , all of which were met with spectacular results .

8 th august , 2009 - 10 th anniversary of the website launch it was ten years ago that the precursor to this website made its modest debut . since then we have come a long way , the event is celebrated with several updates , a little facelift , and the announcement of new expeditions .

i have finally managed to complete the project of translating all of almásy ' s writings relevant to the libyan desert into english , including a corrected and annoted transcript of the operation salaam diary . pdf or cd versions may be ordered on - line .

2009 february trip account the account of our trip organised together with bc archaeology travel to the gilf kebir , with a fine new find in the middle section of wadi abd el melik , and an astonishingly green wadi hamra .

a pharaonic inscription at uweinat ! in late 2008 mark borda and mahmoud marei have discovered a pharaonic inscription at jebel uweinat , a most amazing find that will require a complete re - thinking of our understanding of the deep desert travel capabilities of the ancient egyptians .

2008 march trip account traces of an astonishing amount of recent rainfall were observed all accross the gilf kebir , an area where except for a few isolated patches no fresh vegatation was oserved over the past ten years .

the lost bag of signalman alec ross in august 2007 , a bag of a wwii british soldier was found near wadi sora , with all personal belongings . here is the fascinating story , with photos of the finds .

2007 october trip account an account of our october expedition , organised primarily to explore unsurveyed parts of jebel uweinat . we did make some splendid rock art finds , however the highlight was to observe the aftermath of yet another summer rain , which left pools large enough to swim in all over the mountain .

2007 march trip account with video footage an account of our march expedition to visit the rock art sites of jebel uweinat and the gilf kebir , illustrated for the first time with digital video footage .

it rained at uweinat ! ! ! the miracle we ' ve been waiting for seven years repeated itself ! on our last visit in october , karkur talh and other valleys were filled with lush green vegetation , and millions of yellow flowers . the flora and fauna pages have been extensively updated with the noted new species .

new rock art finds in the wadi wahesh instead of the cancelled sudan trip , we decided to make a two week expedition , principally to jebel uweinat , to continue exploration of the unknown parts . in the upper reaches of the wadi wahesh ( south uweinat ) we found a very rich group of paintings , some of them in a hitherto unknown style .

2004 october trip account added the account of our october trip to jebel uweinat and the gilf kebir . the highlight of the trip was undoubtedly the show put on by a horned viper , who proceeded to have it ' s dinner right in front of our cameras .

unpublished historic photographs by f . g . b . arkwright bimbashi ( capt . ) arkwright was commanding officer of the no . 1 . motor machine gun battery of the sdf , occupying bir murr at uweinat in 1934 . his sons , anthony and philip discovered these photos in a family album , and have very kindly permitted them to be shared with all of us . some photos show almásy , as well as the ascent of uweinat .

exploration of arkenu & western uweinat account of our 2003 october trip to libya . exploration and new rock art discoveries at arkenu , karkur idriss and karkur ibrahim . visit to jebel sherif and south uweinat thwarted by libyan officialdom .

mystery of the " white blob " solved traverse of the great sand sea , exploration and new rock art discoveries near wadi sora and karkur talh . all in the latest trip account .

spectacular rock art sites discovered a number of truly spectacular paintings and dozens of other new sites were found during our expedition to uweinat and the gilf kebir in october , 2002 .

the sdf kufra convoys the little known history of the sudan defence force truck convoys supplying kufra from wadi halfa in 1941 - 42 . contains an account intended for bagnold ' s never published lrdg history .

unpublished bagnold photographs stephen bagnold , son of ralph alger bagnold , has most graciously provided scans of unpublished photos of the early expeditions .

this site is optimised for 600 x 800 resolution or greater and microsoft ie5 . copyright notice : text and photos from this site may be freely copied and used for private , educational and research purposes , mentioning the source ( for websites , please provide a link ) . contents may not be used for any commercial purposes or publication without permission . site design by claire spottiswoode , birding africa

hoofieni : sw corner of arabian peninsula ( endemic ) . type locality : king khalid airbase , saudi arabia , ( 18°18 ' n , 42°44 ' e )

note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .

al - quran , s . 2009 . the herpetofauna of the southern jordan . american - eurasian j . agric . & environ . sci . , 6 ( 4 ) : 385 - 391 [ this journal has a dubious record , see urltoken

arnold e n 1980 . the scientific results of the oman flora and fauna survey 1977 ( dhofar ) . the reptiles and amphibians of dhofar , southern arabia . journal of oman studies special report ( no . 2 ) : 273 - 332 - get paper here

bar , aviad and guy haimovitch 2012 . a field guide to reptiles and amphibians of israel . pazbar ltd , 246 pp . - get paper here

bauer , aaron m . ; jonathan c . deboer , dylan j . taylor 2017 . atlas of the reptiles of libya . proc . cal . acad . sci . 64 ( 8 ) : 155 - 318 - get paper here

boettger , o . [ as o . böttger ] 1880 . die reptilien und amphibien von syrien , palaestina und cypern . ber . senckenb . naturforsch . ges . , frankfurt / m . , 1879 - 1880 : 132 - 219 - get paper here

boulenger , george a . 1891 . catalogue of the reptiles and batrachians of barbary ( morocco , algeria , tunisia ) , based chiefly upon the notes and collections made in 1880 - 1884 by m . fernand lataste . tr . zool . soc . 13 : 93 - 164

brandstätter , f . 2002 . schlangen in der bibel . beiträge zur literatur und geschichte der herpetologie und terrarienkunde 2 : 29 - 34

carranza s , xipell m , tarroso p , gardner a , arnold en , robinson md , et al . 2018 . diversity , distribution and conservation of the terrestrial reptiles of oman ( sauropsida , squamata ) . plos one 13 ( 2 ) : e0190389 - get paper here

corkill , n . l . and cochrane , j . a . 1966 . the snakes of the arabian peninsula and socotra . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 62 ( 3 ) : 475 - 506 ( 1965 ) - get paper here

crochet , pierre andre ; raphael leblois , julien pierre renoult 2015 . new reptile records from morocco and western sahara herpetology notes 8 : 583 - 588 - get paper here

damas - moreira , isabel , beatriz tome , james harris , joao p . maia and daniele salvi . 2014 . moroccan herpetofauna : distribution updates . herpetozoa 27 ( 1 / 2 ) : 96 - 102

dobiey , m . & vogel , g . 2007 . venomous snakes of africa / giftschlangen afrikas . edition chimaira , terralog 15 , 150 pp . - get paper here

dunaev e . a . , orlova v . f . 2003 . diversity of snakes ( on the materials of the exposition of the zoological museum of the moscow state university ) . moscow : moscow state university press , 376 pp

egan , d . 2007 . snakes of arabia . motivate publishing , dubai , 208 pp .

garcía - cardenete , luis ; m . victoria flores - stols & saúl yubero 2017 . new cases of syntopy between viperid snakes ( viperidae ) in the atlantic sahara go - south bull . ( 2017 ) , 14 , 139 - 141 - get paper here

geniez , p . ; mateo , j . a . ; geniez , m . & pether , j . 2004 . the amphibians and reptiles of the western sahara ( former spanish sahara ) and adjacent regions . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 228 pp . [ reviewed in reptilia gb 44 : 81 ]

haas , georg 1957 . some amphibians and reptiles from arabia . proc . cal . acad . sci . 29 ( 3 ) : 47 - 86 - get paper here

habeeb , israa nadhim & nasrullah rastegar - pouyani 2016 . geographical distribution of the snakes of iraq mesopotamia environmental journal 2 ( 3 ) : 67 - 77

herrmann , h . w . ; joger , u . ; lenk , p . & wink , m . 1999 . morphological and molecular phylogenies of viperines : conflicting evidence ? . kaupia ( darmstadt ) ( 8 ) : 21 - 30 - get paper here

ibrahim , adel a . 2013 . the herpetology of the suez canal zone , egypt . vertebrate zoology 63 ( 1 ) : 87–110 - get paper here

joger u 1983 . book review : harding & welch , venomous snakes of the world , pergamon press , 1980 . salamandra 19 ( 1 - 2 ) : 99 - 102 - get paper here

johann , h . 1981 . herpetologische eindrücke auf einer reise durch die sahara . herpetofauna 3 ( 13 ) : 17 - 21 - get paper here

leviton , a . e . & anderson , s . c . 1967 . survey of the reptiles of the sheikdom of abu dhabi , arabian peninsula . part ii . systematic account of the collction of reptiles made in the sheikdom of abu daby by john gasperetti . proc . cal . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 39 : 157 - 192 - get paper here

linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio decima , reformata . laurentii salvii , holmiæ . 10th edition : 824 pp . - get paper here

mallow , d . ludwig , d . & nilson , g . 2003 . true vipers : natural history and toxinology of old world vipers . krieger , malabar , florida , 410 pp . [ review in hr 35 : 200 , reptilia 35 : 74 ]

martens , harald 1997 . a review of " zoogeography of amphibians and reptiles of syria , with additional new records " ( herpetozoa 9 ( 1 / 2 ) , 1996 ) . herpetozoa 10 ( 3 / 4 ) : 99 - 106 - get paper here

mattison , chris 2007 . enzyklopädie der schlangen . blv - verlag , 272 pp .

mcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & touré , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists’ league , 511 pp .

monzel , markus m 2012 . gifte , gifttiere , menschen – eine geschichte voller ( miss ) verständnisse . draco 13 ( 51 ) : 4 - 25 - get paper here

padial , j . m . 2006 . commented distributional list of the reptiles of mauritania ( west africa ) . graellsia , 62 ( 2 ) : 159 - 178

phelps , t . 2010 . old world vipers . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 558 pp . [ critical review in sauria 33 ( 3 ) : 19 and hr 43 : 503 ]

schleich , h . h . , kästle , w . , kabisch , k . 1996 . amphibians and reptiles of north africa . koeltz , koenigstein , 627 pp .

schmidt , k . p . & marx , h . 1956 . the herpetology of sinai . fieldiana 39 ( 4 ) : 21 - 40 - get paper here

schmidt , k . p . 1939 . reptiles and amphibians from southwestern asia . publ . field mus . nat . hist . , zool . ser . , 24 : 49 - 92 - get paper here

schmidtler , j . f . 2013 . wiederentdeckung herpetologischer beiträge von l . fitzinger mit beschreibungen neuer taxa in f . treitschkes ( 1842 / 1843 ) populärer naturgeschichte “naturhistorischer bildersaal des thierreiches” ( amphibia , reptilia ) . herpetozoa 26 ( 1 / 2 ) : 15 - 26

schnurrenberger , h . 1959 . observations on behavior in two libyan species of viperine snakes . herpetologica 15 ( 2 ) : 70 - 72 - get paper here

schnurrenberger , hans 1963 . fishes , amphibians , and reptiles of two libyan oases . herpetologica 18 ( 4 ) : 270 - 273 - get paper here

shaw , g . & nodder , f . p . 1793 . the naturalist ' s miscellany [ . . . ] , vol . iv . london , nodder & co . , plates 111 - 146 , 158 unnumbered pages [ published in monthly issues between august 1 , 1792 , and july 1 , 1793 ] - get paper here

sochurek , e . 1979 . die schlangen nordafrikas . mitt . zool . ges . braunau 3 ( 8 / 9 ) : 219 - 226

sochurek , e . 1986 . die vier formen der wüstenottern . elaphe 8 ( 1 ) : 4 - 5 , 20 , 4

sow , andack saad ; fernando martínez - freiría , pierre - andré crochet , philippe geniez , ivan ineich , hamidou dieng , soumia fahd , josé carlos brito 2015 . atlas of the distribution of reptiles in the parc national du banc d’arguin , mauritania . basic and applied herpetology - get paper here

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trape , j . - f . & mané , y . 2006 . guide des serpents d’afrique occidentale . savane et désert . [ senegal , gambia , mauritania , mali , burkina faso , niger ] . ird editions , paris , 226 pp . - get paper here

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wagner , p . 2008 . the good , the bad , and the ugly . reptilia ( münster ) 13 ( 69 ) : 85 - 88 - get paper here

wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .

this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .

general shape small , depressed , tapered , relatively thick bodied snake with a short tail . can grow to a maximum of about 0 . 90 metres . head is broad , flattened , covered in small scales , roughly triangular shaped when viewed from above and very distinct from narrow neck . snout is very short and broad . canthus is indistinct . eyes are small to medium in size , prominent , set to the side of the head and well forward , with vertically elliptical pupils . nostrils directed upward . there is often a long horn above each eye consisting of a single scale . specimens without this horn - like scale have a prominent brow ridge . dorsal scales have apical pits , are heavily keeled , large vertebrally and smaller laterally , oblique with serrated keels . ventrals have lateral keels and subcaudals are keeled posteriorly .

habitat up to about 1500 metres in sandy ( including dunes ) and rocky hill desert .


lambula umbrina is a moth of the family erebidae .

it was described by rothschild in 1915 .

it is only known from the holotype , which was collected near the utakwa river in the snow mountains of papua .

lambula umbrina

lambula umbrina <EOT> this is the place for umbrina definition . you find here umbrina meaning , synonyms of umbrina and images for umbrina copyright 2017 © urltoken

here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word umbrina . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word umbrina and , of course , umbrina synonyms and on the right images related to the word umbrina .

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macaduma umbrina rothschild , 1915 ; in rothschild & durrant , lep . b . o . u . exp . new guinea : 46 ; tl : utakwa r . , 3000ft

ombre om " bre , n . [ f . , of uncertain origin . ] ( zo [ " o ] l . ) a large mediterranean food fish ( umbrina cirrhosa ) : - - called also umbra , and umbrine .

lambula pleuroptycha turner , 1940 ; proc . r . soc . qd 51 ( 6 ) : 58

lambula errata ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 298 , pl . 2 , f . 36

lambula pallida ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 298 , pl . 2 , f . 37

lambula contigua rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 323 ; tl : dampier i .

lambula dampierensis rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 332 ; tl : dampier i .

lambula hypolius rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 323 ; tl : dampier i .

lambula erema collenette , 1935 ; bull . bishop mus . 114 : 202 ; tl : hivaoa , feani summit , 3970ft

lambula plumicornis rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 323 ; tl : manus , admiralty is .

lambula melaleuca walker , 1866 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 35 : 1890 ; tl : sula [ moluccas ]

lambula melaleuca ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 100 , f . 38 ; [ nhm card ]

lambula orbonella ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 446 ; [ nhm card ]

status : only known by the holotype . similar to lambula bilineata but with dark hindwings . this might be a variation of bilineata and needs further investigation .

= lambula laniafera ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 444 ; [ nhm card ]

lambula flavobrunnea rothschild , 1912 ; novit . zool . 19 ( 2 ) : 214 ; tl : mt goliath , dutch new guinea , 5000 - 7000ft

lambula castanea rothschild , 1912 ; novit . zool . 19 ( 2 ) : 214 ; tl : nr oetakwa r . , snow mtns , dutch new guinea

lambula pallida hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 100 , pl . 20 , f . 18 ; tl : borneo

lambula laniafera hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 98 , f . 34 ; tl : sw . new guinea , kapaur

lambula plicata hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 98 , f . 33 ; tl : sw . new guinea , kapaur

lambula bifasciata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 445 , f . 68 ; [ nhm card ]

lambula bivittata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 446 , f . 69 ; [ nhm card ]

lambula obliquilinea hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 558 , pl . 35 , f . 1 ; tl : queensland , brisbane

lambula phyllodes ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 99 , f . 36 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]

lambula pristina ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 101 , f . 39 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]

lambula transcripta ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 101 , f . 40 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]

lambula errata van eecke , 1927 ; zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 139 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : sumatra , fort de kock

lambula punctifer hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 100 , pl . 20 , f . 19 ; tl : new guinea , kapaur

lambula agraphia hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 558 , pl . 35 , f . 17 ; tl : new guinea , milne bay

lambula castanea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 444 , pl . 25 , f . 13 ; [ nhm card ]

lambula flavobrunnea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 445 , pl . 25 , f . 14 ; [ nhm card ]

lambula flavogrisea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 447 , pl . 25 , f . 16 ; [ nhm card ]

lambula aethalocis hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 446 , pl . 25 , f . 15 ; tl : br . n . guinea , angabunga r .

lambula fuliginosa ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 99 , f . 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 298 , pl . 2 , f . 1e , 40 , 43

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rothschild , l . w . , 1915 . lepidoptera of the british ornithologists ' union and wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea , macrolepidoptera : 148 pp . zoological museum , tring . strand , e . , 1922 . lepidopterorum catalogus 26 : arctiidae : subfam . lithosiinae : 501 - 899 . w . junk , berlin .

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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scoliacma bivittata rothschild , 1912 ; novit . zool . 19 ( 2 ) : 215 ; tl : nr oetakwa r . , snow mtns , dutch new guinea

poliosia flavogrisea rothschild , 1912 ; novit . zool . 19 ( 2 ) : 216 ; tl : nr oetakwa r . , snow mtns , dutch new guinea

lithosia fuliginosa walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 106 ; tl : sarawak

palaexera phyllodes meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 699 ; tl : new south wales , sydney

larva on raphia australis dunn , 1995 , victorian ent . 25 ( 1 ) :

tigriodes [ sic ] transcripta lucas , 1890 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 4 ( 4 ) : 1069 ; tl : brisbane

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

on the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands

catalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species

walker , 1866 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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acrolophus heppneri is a moth of the acrolophidae family .

it was described by davis in 1990 .

it is found in north america , including alabama , florida , mississippi and texas .

the wingspan is about 17 mm .

acrolophus heppneri

acrolophus heppneri <EOT> hodges # 0355 . 1 - heppner ' s acrolophus - acrolophus heppneri - bugguide . net

hodges # 0355 . 1 - heppner ' s acrolophus moth - acrolophus heppneri - bugguide . net

home » guide » arthropods ( arthropoda ) » hexapods ( hexapoda ) » insects ( insecta ) » butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) » tubeworm , bagworm , and clothes moths ( tineoidea ) » clothes moths ( tineidae ) » burrowing webworm moths ( acrolophinae ) » tubeworm moths ( acrolophus ) » acrolophus heppneri - hodges # 0355 . 1 ( acrolophus heppneri )

acrolophus heppneri davis , 1990 , n . sp . , proc . entom . soc . wash . , v . 92 , no . 4 , p . 694 - 704 .

at outdoor light . this moth looks very much like carol wolf ' s acrolophus heppneri from florida posted in bg here . please confirm or let me know that i am wrong .

my moth makes a convincing threesome with carol wolf ' s specimen and jeff trahan ' s moth that , according to bob patterson , " looks like " # 0355 . 1 acrolophus heppneri .

any gopher tortoises in the area ? acrolophus pholeter larvae feed on fecal pellets and plant debris found in the burrows . the adults can look like this . i think your id is probably correct . i ask out of curiosity .

three new species of acrolophus from the southeastern united states , with remarks on the status of the . . . . . d . r . davis . 1990 . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 92 ( 4 ) : 694 - 704 .

at outdoor light . provides june image for florida . this individual was surprisingly large : far exceeding 9mm forewing as listed on bg info for a female . maybe not heppneri even though it looks like one ? ( with a ruler next to the moth , i measured ~ 18mm , and using the width of the groove in the background of the dorsal view i come up with 16mm ) .

steve , thanks for pointing out the a . pholeter alternative . yes , on rare occasions i see a gopher turtle in my yard ( i think that ' s what they are ) but those a . heppneri types are not rare : i have several photos in my files . i noticed that from among those i posted in bugguide you picked the one with the faintest dark patch in the ( post ) median area : i wished there were images of pholeter to compare it with , but i did not find any . so , there we are !

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paraphrased from the original description - thorax : pronotum uniformly light to medium brown ; scales of tegula usually with pale gray to white apices . forewing uniformly medium to dark brown ( darker in male ) , with a pair of small , barely visible darker spots often present at base and apex of discal cell and usually more evident in lighter female ; under low maginification most scales with pale bases and darker apices .

lygodium microphyllum ( cav . ) r . br . ( small - leaf climbing fern ) schizaeaceae .

from the southeastern united states , with remarks on the status of the family acrolophidae ( lepidoptera : tineoidea ) .

arthropods of florida and neighboring land areas : lepidoptera of florida j . b . heppner . 2003 . florida department of agriculture 17 ( 1 ) : 1 - 670 .

contributed by maury j . heiman on 12 march , 2013 - 4 : 47pm additional contributions by a . hendrickson last updated 26 august , 2016 - 10 : 40am