scincella is a genus of lizards in the skink family , scincidae , commonly referred to as ground skinks .

the exact number of species in the genus is unclear , as taxonomic reclassification is ongoing , and sources vary widely .

scincella species primarily range throughout the temperate regions of the world and are typically small , fossorial lizards , which consume a wide variety of arthropods .

scincella

scincella <EOT> leiolopisma caudaequinae smith 1951 scincella caudaequinae — smith & taylor 1950 : 158 scincella caudaequinae — greer 1974 : 32 scincella silvicola caudaequinae — liner 1994 scincella caudaequinae — shea & greer 2002 : 156 scincella syvicola caudaequinae — lazcano villarreal & dixon 2002 scincella caudaequinae — garcia - vázquez & feria - ortiz 2006 scincella silvicola caudaequinae — garcía - vázquez et al . 2010 scincella caudaequinae — linkem et al . 2011 scincella silvicola caudaequinae — lazcano et al . 2017

dana campbell marked " image of scincella lateralis " as hidden on the " scincella lateralis " page .

leiolopisma forbesorum taylor 1937 leiolopisma gemmingeri forbesorum — smith 1951 scincella gemmingeri forbesorum — smith & taylor 1950 : 159 scincella forbesora — greer 1974 : 33 scincella gemmingeri forbesorum — liner 1994 scincella forbesorum — shea & greer 2002 : 156 scincella gemmingeri forbesorum — liner & casas - andreu 2008 scincella gemmingeri forbesorum — garcía - vázquez et al . 2010 scincella forbesora — linkem et al . 2011

scincella kikaapoa garcía - vázquez , canseco - márquez & nieto - montes de oca 2010 scincella kikaapoa — linkem et al . 2011 scincella kikaapoda — wilson et al . 2013 ( in error ) scincella kikaapoa — johnson et al . 2017

dana campbell marked " image of scincella lateralis " as untrusted on the " scincella lateralis " page . reasons to untrust : misidentified

dana campbell added text to " brief summary " on " scincella lateralis say 1823 " .

the ground skink ( scincella lateralis ) , also called little brown skink and . . .

dana campbell selected " brief summary " to show in overview on " scincella lateralis say 1823 " .

mocoa cherriei cope 1893 : 339 lygosoma assatum var . brevis werner 1903 lygosoma assatum cherriei — stuart 1940 : 13 lygosoma cherriei cherriei — smith 1941 : 181 leiolopisma cherriei cherriei — smith 1946 scincella cherriei cherriei — mittleman 1950 : 20 scincella cherriei cherriei — smith & taylor 1950 : 157 lygosoma cherriei cherriei — mertens 1952 : 57 leiolopisma cherriei — peters & donoso - barros 1970 sphenomorphus cherriei — greer 1974 : 34 scincella cherriei — scott 1976 : 45 sphenomorphus cherriei — liner 1994 sphenomorphus cherriei — köhler 2000 : 93 scincella cherriei — honda et al . 2003 scincella cherriei — garcia - vázquez & feria - ortiz 2006 sphenomorphus cherriei cherriei — liner & casas - andreu 2008 scincella cherriei — linkem , diesmos & brown 2011 sphenomorphus cherriei — köhler 2013 sphenomorphus cherriei — mata - silva et al . 2015 sphenomorphus cherriei — johnson et al . 2015 scincella cherriei ixbaac ( stuart 1940 ) lygosoma assatum ixbaac stuart 1940 : 8 leiolopisma cherriei ixbaac — smith 1946 : 111 scincella cherriei ixbaac — mittleman 1950 : 20 scincella cherriei ixbaac — smith & taylor 1950 : 158 sphenomorphus cherriei ixbaac — liner & casas - andreu 2008 scincella cherriei stuarti ( smith 1941 ) leiolopisma cherriei — smith 1939 : 191 lygosoma cherriei stuarti smith 1941 : 81 leiolopisma cherriei stuarti — smith 1946 : 111 scincella cherriei stuarti — smith & taylor 1950 : 158 scincella stuarti — garcia - vázquez & feria - ortiz 2006 sphenomorphus cherriei stuarti — liner & casas - andreu 2008

comparative cytogenetics of two species of ground skinks : scincella assata and s . cherriei ( squamata : scincidae : lygosominae ) from chiapas , mexico

scincella lateralis ( say , 1823 ) ( sauria : scincidae ) , male , 41 mm svl , symbiotype asumz 32463 collected 5 august 2012 .

dana campbell marked " habitat " as hidden on the " scincella lateralis ( say in james , 1823 ) " page . reasons to hide : duplicate

auth , d . l . et al . 1999 . geographic distribution : scincella gemmingeri gemmingeri . herpetological review 30 ( 4 ) : 234 - get paper here

comparative cytogenetics of two species of ground skinks : scincella assata and s . cherriei ( squamata : scincidae : lygosominae ) from chiapas , mexico | castiglia | acta herpetologica

goldberg , stephen r . 2013 . notes on reproduction of the skink scincella melanosticta ( squamata : scincidae ) from thailand . hamadryad 36 ( 2 ) : 180 - 182

ground skink , scincella lateralis ( say , 182 ) 3 ( sauria : scincidae ) , adult male , 43 mm svl , symbiotype asumz 32297 collected 13 april 2012 .

atkinson ct , ayala sc . isospora manchacensis n . sp . , an intranuclear coccidian from the louisiana ground skink , scincella lateralis ( say , 1823 ) ( lacertilia : scincidae ) .

synonymy after smith & taylor 1950 . leiolopisma gemmingeri forbesorum is considered as valid species . oligosoma gemmingeri cope 1864 has been synonymized with scincus lateralis say 1823 by günther 1885 . see also scincella lateralis .

ouboter p e 1986 . a revision of the genus scincella ( reptilia : sauria : scincidae ) of asia , with some notes on its evolution . zoologische verhandelingen ( 229 ) : 1 - 66 - get paper here

synonymy mostly after ouboter ( 1986 ) . shea & greer 2002 list scincella rupicola as valid species . the species livoromica bacboensis was described based on a specimen collected by darevsky in 1986 ( zisp 20006 ) in vietnam , bac can province , village dong - luong ( = type locality ) and listed before as scincella melanosticta ( darevsky et al . , 1986 ) [ v . bobrov , pers . comm . 9 . 9 . 04 ]

mcallister ct , bursey cr , connior mb , durden la , robison hw . helminth and arthropod parasites of the ground skink , scincella lateralis ( sauria : scincidae ) , from arkansas and oklahoma , u . s . a .

luna - reyes , r . , u . o . garcía - vázquez and a . a . mendoza - hernández . 2007 . scincella gemmingeri . geographic distribution . [ first record for chiapas . ] herpetological review 38 ( 3 ) : 353

garcía - vázquez , canseco - márquez & nieto - montes de oca , 2010 . a new species of scincella ( squamata : scincidae ) from the cuatro ciénegas basin , coahuila , mexico . copeia 2010 ( 3 ) : 373 - 381 - get paper here

eremchenko , v . k 2003 . generic and specific redefinition and redescription of the north - vietnam skink ( scincella melanosticta ( boulenger , 1887 ) . izvestiya vuzov ( = proceedings of universitities and institutes ) , bishkek , ( 1 - 2 ) : 20 - 28

{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . scincella macrotis ( steindachner , 1867 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .

valdenegro - brito , a . e . , d . garcía - morales , j . c . sánchez - garcía and u . o . garcía - vázquez 2016 . geographic distribution : scincella cherriei ( brown forest skink ) . herpetological review 47 ( 3 ) : 424 - 425 .

garcía - vázquez , u . o . and a . a . mendoza - hernández . 2007 . scincella gemmingeri . geographic distribution . [ first record for the municipality of caderayta de montes , querétaro and second record for the state . ] herpetological review 38 ( 2 ) : 219 - 220

the ground skink , scincella lateralis ( say , 1823 ) is a small brownish lizard that ranges from southern new jersey , south to the florida keys , and westward to eastern kansas , and westcentral texas , usa ; isolated geographic distribution records are from central illinois , northeastern missouri , usa , and coahuila , mexico ( conant & collins , 1998 ) . scincella lateralis occurs statewide in arkansas , usa ( trauth et al . , 2004 ) . this skink is commonly found in leaf litter on the forest floor but can also be found in trash piles and dumps where it searches for arthropods .

neang , thy ; somaly chan , nikolay a . poyarkov , jr . . 2018 . a new species of smooth skink ( squamata : scincidae : scincella ) from cambodia . zoological research , doi : 10 . 24272 / j . issn . 2095 - 8137 . 2018 . 008 - get paper here

castiglia , riccardo , alexandra maria ramos bezerra , oscar flores - villela , flavia annesi , antonio muñoz and ekaterina gornung . 2013 . comparative cytogenetics of two species of ground skinks : scincella assata and s . cherriei ( squamata : scincidae : lygosominae ) from chiapas , mexico . acta herpetologica 8 ( 1 ) : 69 - 73

a new species of scincella , previously confused with s . laterals , is described from the cuatro cienegas basin , coahuila , mexico . the new species differs from all congeners in north and middle america by possessing two dark , narrow ventrolateral stripes on each side ( vs . dark , narrow ventrolateral stripes on each side absent in the other species )

the ground skink ( scincella lateralis ) , also called little brown skink and brown bark skink , is a small , diurnal ( active by day ) lizard common in a broad diversity of habitats across the southeastern united states . this species ranges from southern new jersey south to the florida keys and west to eastern kansas and central texas . small isolated populations are also found in illinois , northeastern missouri , and in coahuila , mexico .

the previous use of a specific or subspecific name in combination with the same generic name has relation only to the original designation of a species or subspecies described as new , not to combinations of names resulting from the reference of species or subspecies to some other genus than the one to which it was originally referred " . the species was transferred to several genera ( tiliqua , lygosoma , mocoa , oligosoma , leiolopisma before mittleman ( 1950 . herpetologica 6 ( 2 ) : 17 - 20 ) placed in it scincella .

the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .

over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .

the number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .

overall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .

the reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .

currently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .

the reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .

the reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .

this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes

checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada , draft ( 2004 )

banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner

checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada

flores - villela , oscar / mccoy , c . j . , ed .

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

type locality : mexico , coahuila , 4 km se cuatro ciénegas , poza el mojarral , 26°55’11 . 9’’n , 100°06’53 . 2’’w , 739 m elevation .

note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .

holotype : mzfc 17667 , adult male , 6 july 2005 , a . contreras . paratypes . —all ( n 5 14 ) from mexico , coahuila , cuatro cie ́negas basin : mzfc 17668 , same locality as the holotype ; mzfc 17664–17666 , 13 km s cuatro cie ́negas , poza azul ; mzfc 2012 , ku 47088–47089 , 12 . 5 km se cuatro cie ́negas , poza churince ; uimnh 43231–43236 , 48328 , 9 . 17 km se cuatro cie ́negas .

the new species differs from all congeners in north and middle america by possessing two dark , narrow ventrolateral stripes on each side ( vs . dark , narrow ventrolateral stripes on each side absent in the other species ) ; from all congeners in north and middle america , except s . lateralis , by having three or more pairs of nuchal scales ( vs . fewer than three pairs of nuchals in the other species ) and the first nuchal in contact with the tertiary temporal row ( vs . first nuchal usually in contact with the upper secondary temporal in the other species ) ; and from s . lateralis by having longer limbs ( limbs overlapping by 1–15 scales when adpressed against body , hindlimb length / svl ratio 0 . 30–0 . 42 , x = 0 . 36 ; vs . limbs separated by 2–23 scales when adpressed against body , hindlimb length / svl ratio 0 . 24–0 . 37 , x = 0 . 30 , in s . lateralis ) and usually more scales around midbody ( 28–30 , x = 29 . 0 , n = 15 ; vs . 24–29 , x = 26 . 4 , n = 28 , in s . lateralis ) . similar species : s . lateralis .

etymology . —the specific name kikaapoa is an indeclinable word from the language of the kikapue , the native people that inhabits the center of coahuila , that means ‘‘those who walk on the land . ’’

johnson , j . d . , l . d . wilson , v . mata - silva , e . garcía - padilla , and d . l . desantis . 2017 . the endemic herpetofauna of mexico : organisms of global significance in severe peril . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 3 ) : 544–620

linkem , charles w . ; arvin c . diesmos , rafe m . brown 2011 . molecular systematics of the philippine forest skinks ( squamata : scincidae : sphenomorphus ) : testing morphological hypotheses of interspecific relationships . zoological journal of the linnean society 163 : 1217–1243

wilson , larry david ; vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson 2013 . a conservation reassessment of the reptiles of mexico based on the evs measure . amphibian & reptile conservation 7 ( 1 ) : 1–47 - get paper here

type locality : salto cola de caballo , 25 miles south of monterrey , nuevo león .

holotype : uimnh 10131 = univ . illinois mus . nat . hist . , paratypes : usnm ( from 10 miles west of naranjo , san luis potosi )

distribution : not listed for san luis potosí by lemos - espinal & dixon 2013 ; not listed for nuevo león by lemos - espinal et al . 2016 ( who consider caudaequinae as a subspecies of s . silvicola , lemos - espinal , pers . comm . 5 june 2016 ) .

garcia - vázquez , u . & feria - ortiz , m . 2006 . skinks of mexico . reptilia ( gb ) ( 49 ) : 74 - 79 - get paper here

garcia - vázquez , u . & feria - ortiz , m . 2006 . scincidos de méxico . reptilia ( spain ) ( 62 ) : 78 - 83

greer , a . e . 1974 . the generic relationships of the scincid lizard genus leiolopisma and its relatives . australian journal of zoology 31 : 1 - 67 . - get paper here

lazcano villarreal , david & dixon , j . r . 2002 . lista preliminar de la herpetofauna del estado de nuevo león . urltoken - get paper here

lazcano , d . , r . quirino - olvera , m . nevárez de los reyes and j . banda - leal 2017 . notes on mexican herpetofauna 29 : association of herpetofauna with sotols and beargrasses in the state of nuevo león , mexico . bull . chicago herp . soc . 52 : 17 - get paper here

smith , hobart m . 1951 . a new species of leiolopisma ( reptilia : sauria ) from mexico . univ . kansas sci . bull . 34 ( 3 ) : 195 - 200 - get paper here

smith , h . m . & taylor , e . h . 1950 . an annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of mexico exclusive of the snakes . bull . us natl . mus . 199 : 1 - 253 - get paper here

beolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here

bocourt , m . e . 1873 . in : a . duméril , m . f . bocourt , and f . mocquard , ( 1870 - 1909 ) , etudes sur les reptiles , p . i - xiv ; in recherches zoologiques pour servir a l ' histoire de ia faune de l ' amérique centrale et du mexique . mission scientifique au mexique et dans l ' amérique ce imprimerie impériale , paris , livr . 2 - 15 , pp . 33 - 860 . - get paper here

boulenger , g . a . 1887 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) iii . lacertidae , gerrhosauridae , scincidae , anelytropsidae , dibamidae , chamaeleontidae . london : 575pp . - get paper here

boulenger , g . a . 1888 . on the affinity of the north - american lizard fauna . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 1 : 107 - 109 - get paper here

brattstrom , baynard h . ; adis , nelly b . 1952 . notes on a collection of reptiles and amphibians from oaxaca , mexico . herpetologica 8 : 59 - 60 - get paper here

calzada - arciniega , rafael alejandro ; ernesto recuero , mirna grisel garcia - castillo , gabriela parra - olea 2017 . new records and an updated list of herpetofauna from cerro piedra larga , an isolated mountain massif in oaxaca , mexico herpetology notes 10 : 651 - 658 - get paper here

camarillo , r . j . l . 1995 . distribution records for some amphibians and reptiles from mexico . bull . maryland herp . soc . 31 ( 4 ) : 195 - 197 - get paper here

canseco - marquez , l . ; gutierrez - mayen , g . & salazar - arenas , j . 2000 . new records and range extensions for amphibians and reptiles from puebla , méxico . herpetological review 31 ( 4 ) : 259 - 263 - get paper here

casas - andreu , g . , f . r . méndez - de la cruz and x . aguilar - miguel . 2004 . anfibios y reptiles ; pp . 375–390 , in a . j . m . garcía - mendoza , j . ordoñez and m . briones - salas ( ed . ) . biodiversidad de oaxaca . instituto de biología , unam - fondo oaxaqueño para la conservación de la naturaleza - world wildlife fund , méxico , d . f .

cope , e . d . 1864 . contributions to the herpetology of tropical america . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 16 : 166 - 181 . - get paper here

fernández - badillo , leonardo , david r . aguillón - gutiérrez , sharon yedid valdez - rentería , juan alfonso hernández - melo , cristian raùl olvera olvera , francisco javier callejas - jiménez , melisa hernández - ramos , josé carlos iturbe - morgado , ferdinand torres - 2016 . first records for amphibians and reptiles from the municipality of atotonilco el grande , hidalgo , méxico . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 91 - 93

johnson , jerry d . ; vicente mata - silva , elí garcía padilla , and larry david wilson 2015 . the herpetofauna of chiapas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 272–329 . - get paper here

köhler , g . 2000 . reptilien und amphibien mittelamerikas , bd 1 : krokodile , schildkröten , echsen . herpeton verlag , offenbach , 158 pp .

köhler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .

lemos - espinal , julio a . , geoffrey r . smith 2015 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of hidalgo , mexico . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1642 - get paper here

mata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson and elí garcía - padilla . 2015 . the herpetofauna of oaxaca , mexico : composition , physiographic distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 1 ) : 6–62 - get paper here

smith , h . m . 1949 . miscellaneous notes on mexican lizards . j . washington acad . sci . 39 : 34 - 43 .

taylor , edward h . 1937 . two new lizards of the genus leiolopisma from mexico , with comments on another mexican species . copeia 1937 ( 1 ) : 5 - 11 - get paper here

werning , h . 2017 . der große treck – teil 5 . don’t mess with texas . reptilia ( münster ) 22 ( 128 ) : 68 - 79 - get paper here

woolrich - piña , g . a . , e . garcía - padilla , d . l . desantis , j . d . johnson , v . mata - silva , and l . d . wilson . 2017 . the herpetofauna of puebla , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 4 ) : 791–884

cherriei : tabasco and n chiapas on atlantic slopes , costa rica on pacific slopes , eastward to panama . type locality : palmar , costa rica .

ixbaac : peninsula of yucatán , southward as far as campeche and n petén , guatemala . type locality : chichen itzá , yucatán .

stuarti : c veracruz , in foothills , southward to the isthmus of tehuantepec ; oaxaca . type locality : potrero viejo , veracruz .

holotype : amnh 9531 ( collected by george k . cherrie ) holotype : ummz 80820 ( ixbaac ) holotype : usnm 115174 ( stuarti ) holotype : zsm 824 / 0 ( lost ) , adult ? [ brevis ]

synonymy , subspecies , and distribution mainly after smith & taylor 1950 , peters & donoso - barros ( 1986 ) . not listed for el salvador by köhler ( 2000 ) . relative abundance in honduras : common

alvarez del toro , m . 1982 . los reptiles de chiapas . 3rd ed . méxico : tuxtla gutiérrez , 248 pp .

álvarez del toro , m . , & smith , h . m . 1956 . notulae herpetologicae chiapasiae . i . herpetologica 12 : 3 - 17 - get paper here

arias , erick ; federico bolaños 2014 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of san isidro de dota , reserva forestal los santos , costa rica . check list 10 ( 4 ) : 870 - 877 - get paper here

campbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucatán , and belize . norman : university of oklahoma press , xiii + 380 pp . - get paper here

cooper jr . , w . e . 2005 . duration of movement as a lizard foraging movement variable . herpetologica 61 ( 4 ) : 363 - 372 - get paper here

cope , e . d . 1893 . second addition to the knowledge of the batrachia and reptilia of costa rica . proc . amer . philos . soc . 31 : 333 - 347 - get paper here

duellman , w . e . 1963 . amphibians and reptiles of the rainforest of southern el peten , guatemala . univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . 15 : 205 - 49 . - get paper here

espinal , mario ; josé mario solís , carlos o’reilly , and rony valle 2014 . new distributional records for amphibians and reptiles from the department of choluteca , honduras . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 298 - get paper here

gonzález - sánchez , v . h . , j . d . johnson , e . garcía - padilla , v . mata - silva , d . l . desantis and l . d . wilson . 2017 . the herpetofauna of the mexican yucatan peninsula : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 2 ) : 264–380 - get paper here

honda , m . ; ota , h . ; kohler , g . ; ineich , i . ; chirio , l . ; chen , s . - l . ; hikida , t . 2003 . phylogeny of the lizard subfamily lygosominae ( reptilia : scincidae ) , with special reference to the origin of the new world taxa . genes and genetic systems 78 ( 1 ) : 71 - 80 - get paper here

köhler , gunther , joseph vargas , johannes j . köhler and milan vesel´y . 2013 . noteworthy distributional records of amphibians and reptiles from costa rica . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 280 - 283

lee , j . c . 2000 . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . cornell university press , ithaca ,

lee , j . c . 1996 . the amphibians and reptiles of the yucatán peninsula . comstock , cornell university press , ithaca , 500 pp .

mccranie , j . & castañeda , f . e . 2005 . the herpetofauna of parque nacional pico bonito , honduras . phyllomedusa 4 ( 1 ) : 3 - 16 - get paper here

mccranie , james r . 2015 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with additions , comments on taxonomy , some recent taxonomic decisions , and areas of further studies needed . zootaxa 3931 ( 3 ) : 352–386 - get paper here

mertens , r . 1952 . die amphibien und reptilien von el salvador . abh . senckenb . naturf . ges . ( frankfurt ) ( no . 487 ) : 120 pp .

mittleman , m . b . 1950 . the generic status of scincus lateralis say , 1823 . herpetologica 6 ( 2 ) : 17 - 24 - get paper here

myers , c w . donnelly m a . 1991 . the lizard genus sphenomorphus ( scincidae ) in panama with description of a new species . american museum novitates ( 3027 ) : 1 - 12 . - get paper here

nicholson , kirsten e . , james r . mccranie and gunther köhler 2000 . herpetofaunal expedition to parque nacional patuca : a newly established park in honduras . herpetological bulletin ( 72 ) : 26 - 31 . - get paper here

savage , j . m . 2002 . the amphibians and reptiles of costa rica : a herpetofauna between two continents , between two seas . university of chicago press , 934 pp . [ review in copeia 2003 ( 1 ) : 205 ]

scott , n . j . 1976 . the abundance and diversity of the herpetofaunas of tropical forest litter . biotropica 8 ( 1 ) : 41 - 58

smith , hobart m . 1939 . mexican herpetological novelties . proc . biol . soc . washington 52 : 187 - 196 - get paper here

smith , hobart m . 1941 . a new race of lygosoma from mexico . proc . biol . soc . washington 54 : 181 - 182 - get paper here

smith , hobart m . 1946 . notes on central american leiolopisma . herpetologica 3 : 110 - 111 - get paper here

solís , j . m . , l . d . wilson , and j . h . townsend . 2014 . an updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . mesoamerican herpetology 1 : 123–144 - get paper here

stuart , l . c . 1948 . the amphibians and reptiles of alta verapaz guatamala . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan 69 : 1 - 109 - get paper here

stuart , l . c . 1940 . notes on the lampropholis group of middle american lygosoma ( scincidae ) with descriptions of two new forms . occ . pap . mus . zool . univ . michigan 421 : 1 - 16

sunyer , javier 2014 . an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 186–202 . - get paper here

taylor , e . h . 1956 . a review of the lizards of costa rica . univ . kansas sci . bull . 38 ( part 1 ) : 3 - 322 - get paper here

townsend , j . h . , l . d . wilson , m . medina - flores , e . aguilar - urbina , b . k . atkinson et al . 2012 . a premontane hotspot for herpetological endemism on the windward side of refugio de vida silvestre texíguat , honduras . salamandra 48 ( 2 ) : 92 - 114 - get paper here

urbina - cardona , j . nicolás ; mario olivares - pérez , víctor hugo reynoso 2006 . herpetofauna diversity and microenvironment correlates across a pasture–edge–interior ecotone in tropical rainforest fragments in the los tuxtlas biosphere reserve of veracruz , mexico . biological conservation 132 : 61–75

wilson , l . d . & mccranie , j . r . 2003 . the herpetofauna of the cloud forests of honduras . amphibian & reptile conservation 3 ( 1 ) : 34 - 48 - get paper here

wilson , l . d . & mccranie , j . r . 1994 . comments on the occurrence of a salamander and three lizard species in honduras . amphibia - reptilia 15 : 416 - 421 - get paper here

type locality : la placita , hidalgo , 8 miles south of jacala , elevation 7 , 000 feet .

shea , glenn m . and allen e . greer 2002 . from sphenomorphus to lipinia : generic reassignment of two poorly known new guinea skinks . journal of herpetology 36 ( 2 ) : 148 - 156 - get paper here

type locality : plapoo , 6 miles w . of mt . mooleyit , myanmar ( = burma ) , n . tenasserim .

syntype : msng 27853 holotype + paratypes : usnm 72282 - 84 [ kohtaoensis ] holotype : bmnh 1946 . 8 . 16 . 77 [ rupicola ] bacboensis : zisp 20006 . 1 ( holotype ) , zisp 20006 . 2–20006 . 4 ( paratypes ) .

bobrov v . v . , semenov d . v . 2008 . lizards of vietnam [ in russian ] . moscow , 236 pp .

boulenger , g . a . 1887 . an account of the reptiles and batrachians obtained in tenasserim by m . l . fea , of the genova civic museum . ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova , 2 . ser . 5 : 474 - 486 - get paper here

boulenger , george a . 1890 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . reptilia and batrachia . taylor & francis , london , xviii , 541 pp . - get paper here

chan - ard , t . , parr , j . w . k . & nabhitabhata , j . 2015 . a field guide to the reptiles of thailand . oxford university press , ny , 352 pp . [ see book reviews by pauwels & grismer 2015 and hikida 2015 for corrections ] - get paper here

cochran , d . m . 1927 . new reptiles and batrachians collected by dr . hugh m . smith in siam . proc . biol . soc . washington 40 : 179 - 192 . - get paper here

grismer , l . lee ; thy neang , thou chav , perry l . wood , jr . , jamie r . oaks , jeremy holden , jesse l . grismer , thomas r . szutz and timothy m . youmans 2008 . additional amphibians and reptiles from the phnom samkos wildlife sanctuary in northwestern cardamom mountains , cambodia , with comments on their taxonomy and the discovery of three new species . raffles bulletin of zoology 56 ( 1 ) : 161 - 175 - get paper here

grismer , l . l . et al . 2007 . the herpetofauna of the phnom aural wildlife sanctuary and checklist of the herpetofauna of the cardamom mountains , cambodia . hamadryad 31 ( 2 ) : 216 – 241

grismer , l . l . , neang , t . , chav , t . & grismer , j . l . 2008 . checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the cardamom region of southwestern cambodia . cambodian journal of natural history 2008 ( 1 ) : 12–28 - get paper here

hartmann , timo ; flora ihlow , sarah edwards , sovath sothanin , markus handschuh and wolfgang böhme 2013 . a preliminary annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the kulen promtep wildlife sanctuary in northern cambodia . asian herpetological research 4 ( 1 ) : 36–55 - get paper here

manthey , u . & grossmann , w . 1997 . amphibien & reptilien südostasiens . natur und tier verlag ( münster ) , 512 pp . - get paper here

nabhitabhata , j . , t . chan - ard and y . chuaynkern 2000 . checklist of amphibians and reptiles in thailand . office of environmental policy and planning , bankok . 152pp .

nguyen , truong quang ; andreas schmitz , tao thien nguyen , nikolai l . orlov , wolfgang böhme , and thomas ziegler 2011 . review of the genus sphenomorphus fitzinger , 1843 ( squamata : sauria : scincidae ) in vietnam , with description of a new species from northern vietnam and southern china and the first record of sphenomorphus mimicus taylor , 1962 from vietnam . journal of herpetology 45 ( 2 ) : 145 - 154 . - get paper here

sang , nguyen van ; ho thu cuc , nguyen , quang truong 2009 . herpetofauna of vietnam . chimaira , frankfurt , 768 pp .

smith , m . a . 1916 . description of three new lizards and a new snake from siam . j . nat . hist . soc . siam 2 ( 1 ) : 44 - 47 . - get paper here

smith , m . a . 1935 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . reptiles and amphibia , vol . ii . sauria . taylor and francis , london , 440 pp .

stuart , b . l . & emmett , d . a . 2006 . a collection of amphibians and reptiles from the cardamom mountains , southwestern cambodia . fieldiana zool . n . s . ( 109 ) : 1 - 27 - get paper here

taylor , e . h . 1963 . the lizards of thailand . univ . kansas sci . bull . 44 : 687 - 1077 . - get paper here

taylor , edward h . & elbel , robert e . 1958 . contribution to the herpetology of thailand . univ . kansas sci . bull . 38 ( 13 ) : 1033 - 1189 - get paper here

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description : 3 - 5 . 5 in ( 7 . 5 - 14 . 5 cm ) . ground skinks are small , slender lizards with long tails and short legs . they range from golden brown to almost black in coloration but are most often coppery brown with a darker stripe running along each side of the body . the belly is white or yellowish .

range and habitat : ground skinks range throughout georgia and south carolina and are abundant in all but the wettest habitats . they prefer areas with loose soil and abundant leaf litter and are often found beneath logs , boards , and other cover objects .

habits : unlike many other lizards in our region , ground skinks virtually never climb . rather than running on their tiny legs , ground skinks use their slender bodies to wriggle or " swim " through leaf litter or loose soil , often disappearing in a flash as soon as they are discovered . like other lizards , ground skinks will break off their tail to confuse a potential predator .

prey : ground skinks prey on tiny insects , spiders , and other invertebrates .

reproduction : female ground skinks lay clutches of several eggs in moist soil or rotten logs during the summer . it is suspected that ground skinks may lay several clutches per season .

abundance : ground skinks are abundant in most habitats , particularly open woodlands with abundant leaf litter .

like most skinks , ground skinks have short legs relative to their body length . they have a smooth dorsal surface that varies in color from gold to brown and a pair of dark brown stripes down their back . their cryptic coloration often blends into the environment around them , making them difficult to see . their underside is creamy to yellowish white . ground skinks are one of the smallest reptiles in north america . including the tail , adults measure 7 . 5 - 14 . 5 cm ( 3 - 3 . 5 inches ) .

shy critters , ground skinks are ground dwellers found under the cover of grass , leaves , rocks , and logs . they inhabit the floor of many types of forests , hunting insects , spiders , worms and other invertebrate prey in rotting wood , detritus , and leaf litter . ground skinks also can be found in disturbed areas , such as in gardens of urban areas , especially in warm southern states where they are active year round . further north , ground skinks hibernate underground during the coldest months .

as small , easy prey , ground skinks have numerous predators including snakes , other species of lizards , many types of birds , wolf spiders , cats , shrews , skunks , and armadillos . while ground skinks might swim to escape a predator , they do not climb . their first response to disturbance is to seek shelter . another defense strategy for these lizards is their ability to release their tail . after falling off , the tail thrashes conspicuously , distracting the predator long enough to allow the skink to escape . in comparison to other lizard species ( e . g . anolis carolinensis , which often lives alongside the ground skink ) , the tail released from s . lateralis thrashes faster , and appears to improve the lizard’s escape rate .

ground skinks are vectors for a number of trematodes , cestodes , nematodes , and a tick species . the tick is a the main lyme disease agent , suggesting that more study of ground skink parasites may be epidemically important .

( becker and paulissen 2012 ; franklin 2016 ; hammerson 2007 ; mcallister et al . 2014a ; mcallister et al . 2014b ; missouri department of conservation 2016 ; smith 1997 ; wikipedia 2015 )

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

this is a species complex that is currently under revision ( l . canseco pers . comm . ) .

justification : listed as least concern because it is relatively widespread , common , adaptable and does not appear to be declining fast enough to be listed in a more threatened category .

this species is known from disjunct localities in coastal veracruz and neighbouring states in mexico . it occurs from 200 to 2 , 000 m asl .

it occurs in tropical evergreen forest , oak forest , cloud forest and rainforest , as well as secondary and degraded forest . it also occurs in pasturelands .

its range includes at least two protected areas . no direct conservation measures are needed for this species .

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justification : listed as least concern in view of the large and probably relatively stable extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , number of subpopulations , and population size . no major threats are known .

the large range of this united states species extends from new jersey to southern florida , west to kansas , texas , and north to southern illinois , southern indiana , and southern ohio , and south to the gulf coast ( brooks 1975 , conant and collins 1991 ) . it is not currently known to occur with certainty in mexico .

this species is represented by thousands of occurrences or subpopulations . the total adult population size is unknown but certainly exceeds 100 , 000 and probably exceeds 1 , 000 , 000 . this is a very common lizard in many areas . the extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , number of subpopulations , and population size are large and probably relatively stable .

this species occurs in a wide variety of habitats ; generally it occurs in areas with ground cover ( grass , leaf litter , forest floor debris , rocks , etc . ) , including dry upland woodlands as well as stream and pond edges ( bartlett and bartlett 1999 ) ; often it can be found under ground surface cover . it goes underground in cold weather and may seek cover in water when pursued . eggs are laid in moist humus , logs , rotting vegetation , or under rocks ( ashton and ashton 1985 , minton 1972 ) .

this lizard occurs in many parks and other protected areas . no direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole .

de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .

has been assessed as near threatened . although this species has a wide distribution in southern china and northern viet nam it occurs in small isolated populations in less than ten localities , and is threatened by ongoing habitat degradation due to shifting agriculture , infrastructure and development . further information is needed on population numbers , distribution , and ecology .

this species is found in southern china and northern viet nam , and is known from only five localities .

populations are small ( with only a few specimens ) , and isolated in both china and viet nam .

this species inhabits high altitude grassland and secondary forest , up to 1 , 520 m a . s . l . in viet nam and up to 13 , 000 ft in china ( schmidt 1927 , walters 2008 , nguyen et al . 2010b ) .

this species is at risk from habitat degradation and loss due to : shifting agriculture , infrastructure , and development .

this species has been found in pia oac nature reserve , cao bang province in viet nam . further research into population numbers , distribution , and ecology are needed .

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from all congeners in north and middle america , except s . laterals , by having three or more pairs of nuchal scales ( vs . fewer than three pairs of nuchals in the other species ) and the first nuchal in contact with the tertiary temporal row ( vs . first nuchal usually in contact with the upper secondary temporal in the other species )

and from s . laterals by having longer limbs ( limbs overlapping by 1 - 15 scales when adpressed against body , hindlimb length / svl ratio 0 . 30 - 0 . 42 , ( x ) over bar = 0 . 36

vs . limbs separated by 2 - 23 scales when adpressed against body , hindlimb length / svl ratio 0 . 24 - 0 . 37 , ( x ) over bar = 0 . 30 , in s . laterals ) and usually more scales around midbody ( 28 - 30 , ( x ) over bar = 29 . 0 , n = 15

vs . 24 - 29 , ( x ) over bar = 26 . 4 , n = 28 , in s . laterals ) . the new species is geographically closest , and morphologically most similar , to s . lateralis .

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riccardo castiglia , alexandra m . r . bezerra , oscar flores - villela , flavia annesi , antonio muñoz , ekaterina gornung

this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license ( cc - by - 4 . 0 )

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chris t . mcallister , r . scott seville , matthew b . connior , stanley e . trauth , and henry w . robison

science and mathematics division eastern oklahoma state college idabel , oklahoma 74745 , usa ude . es @ retsillacmc

science and mathematics division eastern oklahoma state college idabel , oklahoma 74745 , usa ude . es @ retsillacmc ;

a great deal of information is available on the natural history and ecology of this common skink ( brooks , 1975 ) as well as its helminth parasites ( see mcallister et al . , 2014a ) ; however , less is known about its coccidian parasites . atkinson and ayala ( 1987 ) provided a description of an isosporan from s . lateralis in louisiana , and telford ( 1997 ) and telford and bursey ( 2003 ) described an eimerian and isosporan from florida specimens , respectively . however , nothing , to our knowledge , has been published on coccidia of s . lateralis from arkansas . here , we describe a new species of choleoeimeria and isospora from ground skinks of the state .

two ( 3 % ) and 11 ( 15 % ) s . lateralis was found to be passing oöcysts of two new species of coccidia , which are described below .

poison spring battlefield historic monument off st . hwy 76 , ouachita county , arkansas , usa ( 33 . 63759°n , 92 . 987573°w ) .

2 of 75 ( 3 % ) overall ; 2 of 6 ( 33 % ) ouachita county .

exogenous . all oöcysts were passed in feces unsporulated or partially sporulated and fully sporulated within 5 days at c . 23°c .

unknown . oöcysts were passed in faeces and host tissues were not collected or preserved for histological sectioning .

the specific epithet is given for ouachita county , arkansas , usa ( from –ensis ) where the host was collected . the county was formed on 29 november 1842 , and named for the ouachita river .

nomarski interference - contrast photomicrographs of sporulated oöcysts of choleoeimeria ouachitensis n . sp . and isospora koberi n . sp . 1 oöcyst of c . ouachitensis showing polar granule ( pg ) and sporozoite ( sz ) ; 2 oöcyst of c . ouachitensis showing sporocyst residuum ( sr ) in sporozoite and collapsed sporocyst wall at suture ( su ) ; 3 oöcyst of isospora koberi showing stieda body ( sb ) and substieda body ( ssb ) ; 4 oöcyst of isospora koberi showing bi - layered oocyst wall ( ow ) . scale bars 15 μm .

composite line drawings of oöcysts of 5 choleoeimeria ouachitensis n . sp . ; 6 isospora koberi n . sp .

oöcyst ( n = 20 ) colourless , smooth , ellipsoidal to cylindroidal ; 27 . 2 × 15 . 6 ( 26–28 × 15–17 ) , length / width ( l / w ) ratio 1 . 7 ( 1 . 6–1 . 8 ) . wall bi–layered , c . 1 . 0 , inner c . 0 . 4 , outer c . 0 . 6 . micropyle absent , oocyst residuum absent , 1 - 2 polar granule ( s ) present .

sporocysts ( n = 20 ) four , colourless , smooth , ovoidal , 8 . 9 × 6 . 8 ( 8–10 × 6–8 ) ; l / w ratio 1 . 3 ( 1 . 2–1 . 5 ) ; wall single - layered c . 0 . 5 with two valves joined by longitudinal sutures . stieda body , sub - stieda body , and para - stieda body absent ; sporocyst residuum consists of dispersed granules between sporozoite .

sporozoites two , banana–shaped , pointed at 1 end , c . 10–13 long in situ ; with single ellipsoidal posterior refractile body and spheroidal anterior refractile body , with nucleus slightly posterior to midpoint .

choleoeimeria ouachitensis is most similar to two other coccidians described from north american skinks as follows : choleoeimeria ( = eimeria ) egregia telford , 1997 from the peninsula mole skink , plestiodon egregius onocrepis ( cope , 1871 ) from florida possesses wider oöcysts ( 17 μm ) and larger sporocysts ( 10 × 8 μm ) without a polar granule ( telford , 1997 ) ; choleoeimeria ( = eimeria ) scincellae telford , 1997 described from s . lateralis from florida possesses larger oöcysts ( 30 × 16 μm ) and sporocysts ( 11 × 8 μm ) without a polar granule ( telford , 1997 ) . in addition , the only eimerian previously described from arkansas skinks ( pleistiodon fasciatus ) is choleoeimeria ( = eimeria ) fasciatus upton , mcallister , and trauth , 1991 ( upton et al . , 1991 ) . however , oöcysts of c . fasciatus are considerably larger ( 34 . 9 × 16 . 2 μm vs . 27 . 2 × 15 . 6 μm ) than the new species .

mull , marion county , arkansas , usa ( 36°04’20 . 1”n , 92°35’59 . 6”w ) .

10 s . lateralis ; 1 female , 35 mm svl , collected 5 october 2012 from 3 km n of calion , calhoun county ( 33°22’37 . 1”n , 92°30’23 . 7”w ) ; 1 male , 33 mm svl , collected 11 january 2013 from harrell , calhoun county ( 33°30’36 . 4”n , 92°30’55 . 5”w ) and 1 male , 47 mm svl collected 3 august 2012 from mull , marion county ( 36°04’20 . 1”n , 92°35’59 . 6”w ) ; 1 male , 44 mm svl , collected 26 october 2012 from 6 . 5 km se of bluff city at holeman cemetery , ouachita county ( 33°40’10 . 9”n , 93°05’46 . 4”w ) ; 5 males , 30 , 32 , 39 , 43 , 46 mm svl and 1 female 27 mm svl collected september 2012 - january 2013 from grady bell road , el dorado , union county ( 33°12’48 . 7”n , 92°35’9 . 5”w ) .

11 of 75 ( 15 % ) s . lateralis overall ; 2 of 5 ( 20 % ) calhoun county ; 2 of 2 ( 100 % ) marion county ; 1 of 6 ( 17 % ) ouachita county ; 6 of 29 ( 21 % ) union county .

exogenous . all oocysts were passed in faeces unsporulated or partially sporulated and fully sporulated within 5 days at c . 23°c .

unknown . oöcysts were passed in feces and host tissues were not collected or preserved for histological sectioning .

the specific epithet is given in honor of christian albert kober ( 1901–1968 ) , who accompanied his maternal grandson ( ctm ) on many memorable occasions in the field and who first taught him to appreciate the fauna of arkansas .

oöcyst ( n = 20 ) colourless , smooth , ovoidal ; 25 . 1 × 20 . 5 ( 20–26 × 19–21 ) ; l / w ratio 1 . 2 ( 1 . 1– 1 . 2 ) . wall bilayered , c . 1 . 2 , outer c . 0 . 7 , inner c . 0 . 5 ; micropyle absent , oöcyst residuum absent ; single polar granule present ( rarely ) .

sporocysts ( n = 20 ) two , colourless , smooth , ovoidal , 11 . 4 × 8 . 6 ( 10–12 × 8–9 ) ; l / w ratio 1 . 3 ( 1 . 2–1 . 4 ) ; wall single - layered wall c . 0 . 4 . prominent nipple–like stieda body present , sub - stieda body present and para - stieda body absent ; sporocyst residuum consists of condensed granules dispersed between sporozoite .

sporozoites ( not measured ) four , sausage–shaped ; with single with spheroidal anterior refractile body and single posterior refractile body with nucleus slightly posterior to midpoint .

are larger ( 26 . 5 × 24 . 3 μm and 14 . 9 × 10 . 4 μm ) than the new species . given these differences when compared to three other described isosporans from north american skinks , we feel confident that we are describing a new species .

) . of the 13 species of north american skinks , coccidians have now been reported from five ( 38 % ) species .

† originally described as eimeria spp . ( see modrý and jirků , 2006 , for taxonomic changes of new combinations ) .

‡ an undescribed eimerian reported from gall bladder epithelium and most likely a choleoeimeria sp .

mcallister et al . ( 1994 ) previously examined a sample of 26 s . lateralis from arkansas , oklahoma , and texas and did not find any to be passing coccidia . in addition , their survey included 20 other non - infected skinks , including two southern coal skinks , plestiodon anthracinus pluvialis ( cope , 1880 ) from arkansas , and two great plains skinks , plestiodon obsoletus baird & girard , 1852 , eight southern prairie skinks , plestiodon septentrionalis obtusirostris ( bocourt , 1879 ) and eight four - lined skinks , plestiodon tetragrammus baird , 1859 from texas . in addition , none of the 20 s . lateralis we examined in the present survey from oklahoma was found to be passing coccidia . it appears that prevalence of coccidia among north american skinks is low and finding infected hosts outside of species already reported herein ( particularly those which range into the more arid western us states ) may be challenging .

we thank patricia a . pilitt ( usnpc ) for her expert curatorial assistance . the arkansas game & fish commission issued scientific collecting permits to ctm and mbc . this study was funded , in part , by grants from the national center for research resources ( p20rr016474 ) and the national institute of general medical sciences ( p20gm103432 ) from the national institutes of health to rss . the content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the national institutes of health .

science and mathematics division eastern oklahoma state college idabel , oklahoma 74745 , usa ude . es @ retsillacmc .

department of zoology and physiology university of wyoming casper , wyoming 82601 , usa .

health and natural sciences south arkansas community college el dorado , arkansas 71730 , usa .

department of biological sciences arkansas state university state university , arkansas 72467 , usa .

3rd ed . ( expanded ) . houghton mifflin ; boston : 1998 . p . 616 .

jirků m , modrý d , šlapeta jr , koudela b , lukes j . the phylogeny of goussia and choleoeimeria ( apicomplexa : eimeriorina ) and the evolution of excystation structures in coccidian .

mcallister ct , duszynski dw , fisher rn , austin cc . a new species of eimeria schneider , 1875 ( apicomplexa : eimeriidae ) from the solomon ground skink , sphenomorphus solomonis ( sauria : scincidae ) from papua new guinea .


bicyclus lamani is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .

it is found in gabon , northern angola and the democratic republic of the congo .

the habitat consists of open grassy woodland at altitudes between 700 and 1,500 meters .

bicyclus lamani

bicyclus lamani <EOT> bicyclus ephorus weymer , 1892 ; stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79

bicyclus auricruda ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 2 ; [ nhm card ]

bicyclus anynana ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 419 ; [ afrl ]

bicyclus vansoni condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1101

bicyclus similis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 902

bicyclus sylvicolus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 788

bicyclus nachtetis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1104

bicyclus maesseni condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1071

bicyclus xeneoides condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 791

bicyclus howarthi condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 908

bicyclus sambulos cyaneus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 783

bicyclus sambulos unicolor condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1068

bicyclus campina ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afrl ]

bicyclus campinus carcassoni condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1164

bicyclus matuta idjwiensis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1440

bicyclus sanaos melas condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1442

bicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1103

bicyclus smithi eurypterus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1445

bicyclus ignobilis acutus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1447

bicyclus xeneas occidentalis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1108

bicyclus trilophus jacksoni condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 796

bicyclus saussurei angustus condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1073

bicyclus suffusa ituriensis condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1076

= bicyclus denina ; lamas , 2010 , shilap revta . lepid . 38 ( 150 ) : ( 197 - 204 )

bicyclus is a butterfly genus from the subfamily satyrinae in the family nymphalidae . the species are found in the afrotropical ecozone .

bicyclus moyses condamin & fox , 1964 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 26 : 629

bicyclus ignobilis eurini condamin & fox , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1166

bicyclus kenia ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 403 ; [ afrl ]

bicyclus mandanes ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 404 ; [ afrl ]

bicyclus vulgaris ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 406 ; [ afrl ]

bicyclus sandace ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 407 ; [ afrl ]

bicyclus safitza ; [ afrl ] ; larsen & vane - wright , 2012 , shilap revta . lepid . 40 ( 157 ) : 85

bicyclus campus ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 421 ; [ afrl ]

bicyclus milyas ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423a ; [ afrl ]

bicyclus pavonis ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423 ; [ afrl ]

bicyclus funebris ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 273 , pl . 30 , f . 424 ; [ afrl ]

bicyclus sophrosyne sophrosyne ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 413 ; [ afrl ]

bicyclus smithi smithi ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 415 ; [ afrl ]

bicyclus xeneas ; [ afrl ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 117 , f . 6 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ]

bicyclus safitza safitza ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 420 ; [ afrl ]

bicyclus mesogena mesogena ; [ bafr ] , 168 ( text ) ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 402 ; [ afrl ]

bicyclus rileyi condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 792 ; tl : cameroun , bitje - ja

bicyclus jefferyi ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 28 , f . 408 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ afrl ]

bicyclus istaris ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 412 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ afrl ]

bicyclus mollitia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 414 ; [ afrl ]

bicyclus saussurei angustus ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 177 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 418 ; [ afrl ]

bicyclus taenias ; [ bow ] : pl . 118 , f . 2 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ afrl ]

dicothyris karsch , 1893 ; berl . ent . z . 38 ( 1 / 2 ) : 203 ; ts : mycalesis sambulos hewitson

w . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo republic , zaire , equatorial guinea . see [ maps ]

hewitsonii nyongensis ( birket - smith , 1960 ) ( mycalesis ) ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 22 : 550

ephorus bergeri condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1099

mycalesis graueri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 256

s . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , fernando póo ( macías nguema i . ) . see [ maps ]

idiomorphus zinebi butler , 1869 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 3 ( 13 ) : 19 , pl . 9 , f . 4 ; tl : gold coast

kenya , e . zaire , uganda ( toro ) . see [ maps ]

mesogena mesogenina grünberg , 1912 ² ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 509

mycalesis sambulos hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : gaboon

c . kenya ( highlands ) , loita , mau hills , n . tanzania , n . lake victoria , s . sudan . see [ maps ]

mycalesis ( ? ) kenia rogenhofer , 1891 ; ann . mus . wien 6 ( 3 ) : 462 , pl . 15 , f . 8

senegal - w . kenya , tanzania ( forests ) , uganda , zaire , gabon , angola . see [ maps ]

gambia - angola , uganda , tanzania , w . kenya . see [ maps ]

mycalesis tolosa plötz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 4 - 6 ) : 197 ; tl : abo , aburi und victoria

burundi , rwanda , tanzania , zaire , uganda , w . kenya . see [ maps ]

mycalesis sandace hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 65 ; tl : fernando po

zululand - swaziland , e . transvaal , rhodesia - kenya , uganda . see [ maps ]

moçambique , rhodesia , zambia , zimbabwe - zaire , e . kenya . see [ maps ]

rhodesia , mozambique , malawi , zambia , s . tanzania , s . zaire ( shaba )

e . tanzania ( usambara mts . - iringa ) . see [ maps ]

mycalesis albocincta rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 260 , pl . 21 , f . 33 - 34

mycalesis neustetteri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 29 - 32

mycalesis matuta karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 228

mycalesis persimilis joicey & talbot , 1921 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 1 ) : 76 , pl . 13 , f . 38 - 40 ; tl : ruwenzori , western slopes

w . tanzania ( kungwe - mahale mts . ) . see [ maps ]

mycalesis ( monotrichtis ) buea strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 109 ; tl : buea ; musake

brunnea ( jackson , 1951 ) ( monotrichtis ) ; proc . r . ent . soc . lond . ( b ) 20 : 97

w . kenya , uganda , e . zaire , s . zaire . see [ maps ]

mycalesis abnormis dudgeon , 1909 ; bull . ent . soc . lond . 1909 : lii

mycalesis fernandina schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : fernando po

smithi poensis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 906

mycalesis technatis hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 66 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 67 ; tl : gaboon

e . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , congo republic . see [ maps ]

mycalesis nobilis aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 269 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 2

mycalesis ignobilis butler , 1870 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1870 ( 1 ) : 124 ; tl : gold coast

mycalesis alboplaga rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 27 - 28

mycalesis elionas hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 59 ] , pl . [ 31 ] , f . 41 - 42 ; tl : old calabar

mycalesis dekeyseri condamin , 1958 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 20 : 1348

ghana - cameroun , s . zaire ( shaba ) , uganda . see [ maps ]

mycalesis dubia aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 270 , f . 4

zaire , uganda , rwanda , burundi , w . tanzania , kenya ( montane ) . see [ maps ]

burundi , rwanda , e . zaire ( kivu ) , uganda , nw . tanzania , w . kenya ( mt . elgon )

mycalesis saussurei suffusa riley , 1921 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1921 ( 1 - 2 ) : 240 ; tl : nw . rhodesia , solwezi

rhodesia , moçambique , natal , swaziland - ethiopia , s . somalia , kenya , uganda , e . zaire , comoros , socotra . see [ maps ]

mycalesis anynana var . neglecta thurau , 1903 ; berl . ent . z . 48 : 119 [ dry - season ]

kenya - tanzania , zambia , malawi , mozambique , rhodesia , botswana , s . africa , comoro is .

anynana centralis condamin , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 603

mycalesis safitza ab . semicoeca strand , 1910 ; soc . ent . 25 ( 2 ) : 6 ; tl : usambara

sw . tanzania ( mpanda ) , zambia , malawi , n . rhodesia . see [ maps ]

n . zambia , s . zaire ( shaba ) , s . tanzania , w . tanzania . see [ maps ]

senegal - ethiopia , w . kenya - mozambique , zimbabwe . see [ maps ]

w . africa , cameroun , c . a . r . , n . zaire , sudan , uganda , ethiopia

mycalesis milyas hewitson , 1864 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis v - vi ) : [ 57 ] , pl . [ 30 ] , f . 34 ; tl : white nile

mycalesis pavonis butler , 1876 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 18 : 481 ; tl : abyssinia

funebris orientalis ( ungemach , 1932 ) ( mycalesis ) ; mém . soc . sci . nat . phys . maroc 32 : 50

guinea , sierra leone - gabon , c . zaire ( kasai ) . see [ maps ]

mycalesis uniformis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 470 ; tl : makala - beni

mycalesis hyperanthus bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 469 ; tl : makala ; beni - mawambe

nigeria , cameroun - gabon , congo republic , c . zaire . see [ maps ]

mycalesis sciathis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 62 ] , pl . [ 32 ] , f . 55 - 56 ; tl : old calabar

guinea - nigeria , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba ) . see [ maps ]

mycalesis feae aurivillius , 1910 ; ann . mus . stor . nat . genova ( 3 ) 4 / 44 : 516 ; tl : moca , 1400m

mycalesis analis aurivillius , 1895 ; ent . tidskr . 16 : 113 , f . 1 ; tl : camerun , yaunde

mycalesis mildbraedi gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroons

mycalesis kenia var . inocellata gaede , 1915 ; ent . rundsch . 32 : 50 ; tl : kitumu , s . kenya

mycalesis ( monotrichtis ) hintzi strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110 ; tl : musake

mycalesis campides strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110

mycalesis owassae schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : o - wassa , fernando - poo

mycalesis noblemairei janet , 1894 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1894 : cclvi ; tl : french congo , niari

mycalesis langi holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 139 , pl . 10 , f . 10 ( preocc . mycalesis langi de nicéville , 1883 ) ; tl : congo

mycalesis erysichton ehrmann , 1894 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 2 : 77 ; tl : piquinini sess , liberia , west africa

mycalesis eleutheria rebel , 1911 ; ann . mus . wien . 24 : 412 , pl . 14 , f . 7 - 8

mycalesis completa gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroon

mycalesis chapini holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 140 , pl . 7 , f . 9 ; tl : congo

mycalesis benitonis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 147 ; tl : alen

mycalesis bibundensis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 148 ; tl : w . africa , bibundi in kamerun

mycalesis subignobilis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 149 ; tl : spanish guinea , alen

checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;

[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .

verzeichniss einer von dem herren missionären e . laman und w . sjöholm bei mukinbungu am unteren congo zu sammengebrachten schmetterlings sammlung

zoological results of the swedish expedition to central africa 1921 . insecta 12 . lepidoptera 1

results from the danish expedition to the french cameroons ( 1949 - 1950 ) xxvii . - lepidoptera

on lepidoptera recently collected in british east africa by mr . g . f . scott elliot

description d ' une espèce nouvelle de mycalesis ( lep satyridae ) ( mission p . l . dekeyser et b . holas au libéria , 1948 )

the genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson

descriptions of some new species of diurnal lepidoptera , collected by mr . harold cookson , in northern rhodesia , in 1903 and 1904

reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera

a list of the butterflies collected by mr . william bonny on the journey with mr . stanley from yambuya on the aruwimi river through the great forest of central africa ; with descriptions of nine new species

illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson

a list of butterflies taken on the march to coomassie by lieutenant alwin s . bell , of the 2nd west - india regiment , between mansu and the river prah , with description of new species

lepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species

notes on some new or rare rhopalocera from eastern africa . revisional notes and descriptions of some new east african rhopalocera .

new lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera

insekten von baliburg ( deutch - westafrika ) gesammelt von herrn dr . eugen zintgraff

die insecten der berglandschaft adeli im hinterlande von togo ( westafrika ) . 1 . abtheilung : apterygota , odonata , orthoptera saltatoria , lepidoptera rhopalocera

verzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge

wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera

descriptions of two new species of lepidoptera collected by dr . w . j . ansorge in east africa

a list of the lepidoptera collected by mr . arthur h . neumann , in neumann , a . h . , elephant hungting in east equatorial africa in neumann ,

neue tagfalter - formen aus usambara , gesammelt von herrn prof . dr . j . vosseler

zoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn g . tessmann nach sud - kamerun und spanisch - guinea . lepidoptera

neue rhopaloceren aus ost afrika . ergebnisse der nyassa - see - un kenya - gebirgs - expedition der hermann und elise geb . heckmann - wentzel - stiftung

contribution à l ' étude des lépidoptères d ' abyssinie ( pt . 1 , rhopalocères )

weymer , 1892 exotische lepidopteren vi stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79 - 125

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .

< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

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< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

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< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

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< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class = " publication " > press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href = " urltoken " > numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

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