dichocoenia is a genus of stony coral ( scleractinia ) in the family meandrinidae .

the corals in this genus are massive , hump-forming or flattened corals with irregular calyces .

they are found in the caribbean sea and western atlantic ocean .

dichocoenia

dichocoenia <EOT> dichocoenia stokesi . caribbean . colony with tentacles extended at night . charlie veron .

dichocoenia stokesi . caribbean . this species commonly forms small spherical colonies . charlie veron .

aims coral factsheet photo : dichocoenia stokesi . caribbean . an encrusting colony . charlie veron .

e . c . peters ( personal communication ) considers the recent caribbean genus dichocoenia to consist of only one highly polymorphic species ( manuscript in preparation ) . cairns ( 1982 ) and zlatarski and estalella ( 1982 ) both synonymized d . stellaris with this species .

( of dichocoenia stellaris milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) milne edwards h , haime j ( 1849 ) recherches sur les polypiers . mémoire 4 . monographie des astréides . annales des sciences naturelles , zoologie , series 3 , 12 : 95 - 197 . [ details ]

( of dichocoenia stellaris milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) zlatarski v . n . ; martinez e . n . ( 1982 ) . les scléractiniaires de cuba avec des données sur les organismes associés . editions l’académie bulgare des sciences , sofia . 472 pp . [ details ]

( of dichocoenia stellaris milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of dichocoenia stokesi f . stellaris milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) scaps , p . ; saunders , j . ( 2011 ) . shallow water stony corals ( scleractinia , milleporidae , and stylasteridae ) from utila and cayos cochinos , honduras . isrn zoology . 2011 : 1 - 9 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

taxonomic note : taxonomic note : colonies from lower reef slopes or shaded habitats have markedly smaller corallites than those from more exposed environments and are usually identified as dichocoenia stellaris ( see wells , 1973b ) . source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic references : roos ( 1971 ) , wells ( 1973b ) , cairns ( 1982 ) . additional identification guides : colin ( 1978 ) , humann ( 1993 ) .

milne edwards h . , haime j . ( 1848 ) . note sur la classification de la deuxième tribu de la famille des astréides . comptes rendus de l ' académie des sciences , paris . 27 : 490–497 . [ details ]

hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .

milne edwards & haime , 1848 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 267382 on 2018 - 07 - 09

van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

veron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1–3 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

this species occurs in the caribbean , gulf of mexico , florida ( including the florida middle grounds ) , the bahamas , and bermuda .

this species is common , and may be locally abundant in certain habitats and localities .

there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is particularly susceptible to bleaching , disease , and other threats and therefore population decline is based on both the percentage of destroyed reefs and critical reefs that are likely to be destroyed within 20 years ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .

the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .

this species is found in back and fore reef environments , rocky reefs , lagoon habitats , spur and groove formations , channels , and sometimes at the base of the reef , from 2 - 72 m . hemispherical heads are more abundant on shallow exposed reefs from 5 - 20 m ( goreau and wells , 1967 ; e . weil . pers . comm . ) .

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colonies are massive , often spherical , or may form thick submassive plates . corallites are evenly spaced , plocoid or ploco - meandroid . septo - costae are usually in two neatly alternating orders .

colour : a distinctive orange - brown with white septo - costae , rarely green .

© 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3 . 0

m . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda

colonies form rounded heads , domes or flattened plates . rounded colonies may reach 40 cm in diameter . the

humann , p . , 1993 . reef coral identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .

roos , p . j . , 1964 . the distribution of reef corals in curacao . stud . fauna curacao , 20 : 1 - 51 .

roos , p . j . , 1971 . the shallow - water stony corals of the netherlands antilles . studies on the fauna of curaçao and other caribbean islands , 130 .

voss , g . l . , 1976 . seashore life of florida and the carribbean . banyan books , inc . miami , florida .

las colonias de esta especie forman pequeñas estructuras masivas o láminas gruesas de forma oval . tienen un color crema o verde - café . la característica distintiva de la especie consiste en las estructuras ovales que se extienden por arriba de la superficie entre los coralitos ( coenesteum ) . los coralitos son ovales y se vuelven elongados casi meandroides cerca del área donde se dividen . los coralitos se encuentran separados unos de otros y la superficie entre éstos tiene una textura granular ( photo 2 ) .

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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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milne edwards h , haime j ( 1849 ) recherches sur les polypiers . mémoire 4 . monographie des astréides . annales des sciences naturelles , zoologie , series 3 , 12 : 95 - 197 . [ details ]

milne edwards & haime , 1848 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 289807 on 2018 - 07 - 09

( of astrea porcata lamarck , 1816 ) lamarck , j . - b . m . de . ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome second . paris : verdière , 568 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

cairns , s . d . , jaap , w . c . , and j . c . lang . 2009 . scleractinia ( cnidaria ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 333–347 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]

( of astrea porcata lamarck , 1816 ) budd , a . f . , fukami , h . , smith , n . d . & knowlton , n . 2012 . taxonomic classification of the reef coral family mussidae ( cnidaria : anthozoa : scleractinia . zoological journal of the linnean society 166 : 465–529 . [ details ]

in the western atlantic , this coral was been divided into two species ( d . stokesii and d . stellaris ) , although most researchers lump both corals in d . stokesii . cairns et al . ( 1999 ) regard the two as distinct .

justification : this species is listed as data deficient as there is no reliable information on population status , and there are taxonomic uncertainties on the validity of the species . if this species is shown to be valid , and to be affected by white plague at levels similar to that observed in d . stokesii , this species may qualify for listing in a threatened category due to its low abundance .

this species occurs in the caribbean , southern gulf of mexico , florida ( including the florida middle grounds ) , and the bahamas .

this species is usually uncommon . this is a deep - water species , often classified as the more abundant and closely related

, and there is no reliable information on its current population status . ( aronson , r . , precht , w . , moore , j . , weil , e . , and bruckner , a . pers . comm . )

this species is found in fore reef habitats below 15 m . coexists with d . stokesii in deeper water . ( aronson , r . , precht , w . , moore , j . , weil , e . , and bruckner , a . pers . comm . ) this species may be found to 22 m .

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siquijor is a splendid island situated between negros , bohol and mindanao . its waters are clear and rich in hard corals . the island has several tourist attractions such as a superb tropical but artificial forest , falls , caves and others .

none , but dive boats from dumaguete and even mactan will visit . there are a couple of hotels along the south coast , style tropical paradise .

in the shallow brown algae , going over deeper into green algae , then fringing reef . at about 20 - 25 m starts a sloping sand bottom .

© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc .

scleractinian coral recruitment patterns at salt river submarine canyon , st . croix , u . s . virgin islands | article rogers cs , fitz iii hc , gilnack m , beets j , hardin j ( 1984 ) coral reefs 3 : 69 - 76 1 x mention ( s )

the distribution of algae , corals , and gorgonians in relation to depth , light attenuation , water movement and grazing pressure in the fringing reef . . . | article van den hoek c , breeman am , bak rpm , van buurt g ( 1978 ) aquat bot 5 : 1 - 46 1 x mention ( s )

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cairns , s . d . , d . r . calder , a . brinckmann - voss , c . b . castro , d . g . fautin , p . r . pugh , c . e . mills , w . c . jaap , m . n . arai , s . h . d . haddock , and d . m . opresko . 2002 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : cnidaria and ctenophora . 2nd edition . american fisheries society , special publication 28 , bethesda , maryland . 115 pp .

widespread distribution in the tropical western atlantic , occurs on most classes of marine hardbottom communities , and has recently been classfied as common in much of its range , with more than 50 localities having been recorded . but it has been designated as vulnerable by the iucn in part because of recent declines . more information is needed .

due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to

there are records for more than 50 localities between urltoken and the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission invertebrate collection and this species has a relatively large range .

common on low - relief hardbottom communities , patch reefs , fringing reefs , spur and groove reefs , transitional reefs and deeper intermediate reefs .

all coral reefs are being adversely affected by bleaching from rising ocean temperatures and water temperatures in 2005 were the warmest they ' d been in 150 years ( eakin et al . 2010 ) . coral disease , bleaching , sedimentation , and habitat loss are threats to this species and ocean acidification and climate change may be ( aronson et al . 2008 ) .

a 2008 iucn assessment estimated an approximate 38 % loss in the short term over its entire range ( aronson et al . 2008 ) .

( > 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( greater than 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) widespread distribution in the tropical western atlantic , including the gulf of mexico , southern florida , bahamas , mexico , jamaica , belize , cuba , puerto rico , bermuda , curacao and bonaire and south to northern south america .

distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .

a79bak02fcus : low reported recruitment rates . little information on reproductive ecology in resources consulted .

p91pet01fcus : protozoan parasites , diseases of unknown etiology . a90ghi01fcus : susceptible to bleaching ( loss of zooxanthellae ) due to adverse environmental conditions . a81ant02fcus : seldom inflicted with black band disease , never reported with white band disease . a15vau01fcus : growth rate measured at 2 - 7 mm / yr increase in diameter and 2 - 5 . 2 mm / yr increase in height . p93pet01fcus : slow growth rate at 1 - 2 mm / yr .

overall depth range from 2 - 40 + m , but typically occurs from 3 - 20 m on most classes of marine hardbottom communities .

data needed on reproduction and recruitment patterns . information needed on susceptibility to sedimentation and eutrophication .

four components to a stony coral element occurrence : 1 . ) determine size and boundary of site to be surveyed , 2 . ) determine density of colonies via quadrats , 3 . ) determine size distribution of colonies with a note on maximum colony size , and 4 . ) provide habitat description .

use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .

zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .

almy , c . c . , jr . and carrion - torres , c . 1963 . shallow - water stony corals of puerto rico . caribbean journal of science 3 : 133 - 162 .

aronson , r . , a . bruckner , j . moore , b . precht , and e . weil . 2008 . [ various coral species treatments ] in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 4 . urltoken .

bak , r . p . m . 1975 . ecological aspects of the distribution of reef corals in the netherlands antilles . bijdragen tot de dierkunde 45 : 181 - 190 .

bak , r . p . m . and elgershuizen , j . h . b . w . 1976 . patterns of oil - sediment rejection in corals . marine biology 37 : 105 - 113 .

bak , r . p . m . , brouns , j . j . w . m . and heys , f . m . l . 1977 . regeneration aspects of spatial competition in the scleractinian corals agaricia agaricites and montastrea annularis . proceedings of the 3rd international coral reef symposium 1 : 143 - 148 .

cairns , s . d . 1982 . stony corals of carrie bow cay , belize . smithsonian contributions to the marine sciences 12 : 271 - 302 .

cairns , s . d . , calder , d . r . , brinckman - voss , a . , castro , c . b . , pugh , p . r . , cutress , c . e . , jaap , w . c . , fautin , d . g . , larson , r . j . , harbison , g . r . , arai , m . n . and opresko , d . m . 1991 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : cnidaria and ctenophora . american fisheries society special publication 22 , bethesda , maryland . 75 pp .

colin , p . l . 1978 . caribbean reef invertebrates and plants . thf publications , hong kong . 512 pp .

dahlgren , e . j . 1989 . gorgonian community structure and reef zonation patterns on yucatan coral reefs . bull . mar . sci . 45 ( 3 ) : 678 - 696

dodge , r . e . , logan , a . and antonius , a . 1982 . quantitative reef assessment studies in bermuda : a comparison of methods and preliminary results . bulletin of marine science 32 ( 3 ) : 745 - 760 .

dryer , s . and logan , a . 1978 . holocene reefs and sediments of castle harbor , bermuda . journal of marine research 36 ( 3 ) : 399 - 425 .

dunne , r . p . and brown , b . e . 1979 . some aspects of the ecology of reefs surrounding anegada , british virgin islands . atoll research bulletin 236 : 1 - 83 .

dustan , p . 1985 . community structure of reef - building corals in the florida keys : carysfort reef , key largo and long key reef , dry tortugas . atoll research bulletin 288 : 1 - 27 .

dustan , p . and halas , j . c . 1987 . changes in the reef - coral community of carysfort reef , key largo , florida : 1974 to 1982 . coral reefs 6 : 91 - 106 .

edmunds , p . j . , roberts , d . a . and singer , r . 1990 . reefs of the northeastern caribbean i . scleractinian populations . bulletin of marine science 46 ( 3 ) : 780 - 789 .

farrell , t . m . , d ' elia , c . f . , lubbers , l . and pastor , l . j . 1983 . hermatypic coral diversity and reef zonation at cayos arcas , campeche , gulf of mexico . atoll research bulletin 270 : 1 - 7 .

florida museum of natural history . undated c . invertebrate zoology master database . online . available : urltoken

ghiold , j . and smith , s . h . 1990 . bleaching and recovery of deep - water , reef - dwelling invertebrates in the cayman islands , b . w . i . caribbean journal of science 26 ( 1 - 2 ) : 52 - 61 .

goldberg , w . m . 1973a . the ecology of the coral - octocoral communities off the southeast florida coast : geomorphology , species composition and zonation . bulletin of marine science 23 ( 3 ) : 465 - 487 .

goodwin , m . h . , cole , m . j . , stewart , w . e . and zimmermann , b . l . 1976 . species density and associations in caribbean reef corals . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 24 : 19 - 31 .

goreau , t . f . 1959 . the ecology of jamaican coral reefs . i . species composition and zonation . ecology 40 : 67 - 90 .

goreau , t . f . and wells , j . w . 1967 . the shallow - water scleractinia of jamaica : revised list of species and their vertical distribution range . bulletin of marine science 17 ( 2 ) : 442 - 453 .

hopkins , t . s . , blizzard , d . r . , brawley , s . a . , earle , s . a . , grimm , d . e . , gilbert , d . k . , johnson , p . g . , livingston , e . h . , lutz , c . h . , shaw , j . k . and shaw , b . b . 1977 . a preliminary characterization of the biotic components of composite strip transects on the florida middle grounds , northeastern gulf of mexico . proceedings of the 3rd international coral reef symposium 1 : 31 - 37 .

humann , p . and n . deloach . 2013 . reef coral identification : florida , carribean , bahamas . new world publications inc . jacksonville , florida . 270 pp .

jaap , w . c . 1984 . the ecology of the south florida coral reefs : a community profile . u . s . fish and wildlife service , office of biological services , washington , d . c . fws / obs - 82 / 08 . 138 pp .

jaap , w . c . , halas , j . c . and muller , r . g . 1988 . community dynamics of stony corals ( scleractinia and milleporina ) at key largo national marine sanctuary , key largo , florida during 1981 - 1986 . proceedings of the 6th international coral reef symposium 2 : 237 - 243 .

jaap , w . c . , w . g . lyons , p . dustan and j . c . halas . 1989 . stony coral ( scleractinia and milleporina ) community structure at bird key reef , ft . jefferson national monument , dry tortugas , florida . florida marine research publications 46 : 1 - 31

kuhlmann , d . 1974 . the coral reefs of cuba . proceedings of the 2nd international coral reef symposium 2 : 69 - 83 .

logan , a . 1984 . interspecific aggression in hermatypic corals from bermuda . coral reefs 3 : 131 - 138 .

roberts , h . h . 1972 . coral reefs of st . lucia , west indies . caribbean journal of science 12 ( 3 - 4 ) : 179 - 190 .

rogers , c . s . , h . c . fitz , iii , m . gilnack , j . beets , and j . hardin . 1984 . scleractinian coral recruitment patterns at salt river submarine canyon , st . croix , u . s . virgin islands . coral reefs 3 : 69 - 76 .

rogers , c . s . , m . gilnack , and h . c . fitz , iii . 1983 . monitoring of coral reefs with linear transects : a study of storm damage . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 66 : 285 - 300 .

scatterday , j . w . 1974 . reefs and associated coral assemblages off bonaire , netherlands antilles , and their bearing on pleistocene and recent reef models . proceedings of the 2nd international coral reef symposium 2 : 85 - 106 .

scoffin , t . p . and garrett , p . 1974 . processes in the formation and preservation of internal structure in bermuda patch reefs . proceedings of the 2nd international coral reef symposium 2 : 429 - 448 .

smith , f . g . w . 1971 . atlantic reef corals . university of miami press , coral gables , florida . 164 pp .

sterrer , w . 1986 . marine fauna and flora of bermuda . a systematic guide to the identification of marine organisms . john wiley and sons , new york . 742 pp .

tomascik , t . and sander , f . 1987a . effects of eutrophication on reef - building corals . ii . structure of scleractinian coral communities on fringing reefs , barbados , west indies . marine biology 94 : 53 - 75 .

tunnell , j . w . , jr . 1988 . regional comparison of southwestern gulf of mexico to caribbean sea coral reefs . proceedings of the 6th international coral reef symposium 3 : 303 - 308 .

vaughan , t . w . 1915 . the geologic significance of the growth - rate of the floridian and bahamian shoal - water corals . journal of the washington academy of sciences 5 : 591 - 600 .

wells , j . w . 1973a . new and old scleractinian corals from jamaica . bulletin of marine science 23 ( 1 ) : 16 - 58 .

wheaton , j . l . , and w . c . jaap . 1988 . corals and other prominent benthic cnidaria of looe key national marine sanctuary . florida marine research publications 43 , 25 pp .

white , m . h . and porter , j . w . 1985 . the establishment and monitoring of two permanent photograph transects in looe key and key largo national marine sanctuaries ( florida keys ) . proceedings of the 5th international coral reef congress 6 : 531 - 537 .

zlatarski , v . n . and estalella , n . m . 1982 . les scleractiniaires de cuba avec des donnees sur les organismes associes . academic bulgare des sciences , sofia , bulgaria . 472 pp .

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chionaspidina is a subtribe of armored scale insects established by borchenius .

but unlike many of the subtribes recognized by borchenius , this one was found to be morphologically valid by takagi .

similarly , in molecular analysis , andersen et al. found a clade roughly corresponding to the subtribe chionaspidina .

geographical sampling and analysis indicated a number of unnamed species in the genus chionaspis and by inference in the chionaspidina .

chionaspidina

chionaspidina <EOT> copyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved

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chionaspis signoret 1868 : 871 . type species : coccus salicis linnaeus by subsequent designation cooley1899 : 3 , 9 - 10 . accepted valid name

phenacaspis cooley & cockerell 1899a : 398 . by subsequent designation . junior synonym ( takaha1956d : 48 )

marchaliella bodenheimer 1951 : 331 . type species : chionaspis lepineyi balachowsky . junior synonym ( danzigpe1998 : 205 )

chionapsis signoret ; mouillefert , 1903 in lindinger 1954 : 620 . . misspelling of genus name

general remarks : detailed treatment of north american chionaspis species by liu et al . ( 1989 ) .

biology : in some species of chionaspis occurring on deciduous trees , leaf - feeding individuals are remarkably different from conspecific bark - feeding ones in the shape of the median lobes and the leaf - associated forms are interpreted as seasonal manifestations of ancestral phenotypes ( takagi , 1985 ) .

systematics : takagi ( 1985 ) proposes the evolutionary scenario that chionaspis originated in eastern asia and invaded north america in a comparatively recent time . some species of chionaspis are phenotypically plastic for characters that have been used to define genera , specifically the shape of themedian lobes of the pygidium . individuals developing on bark can have very differently shaped lobes from those on leaves ( takagi , 1990b ) . in a phylogenetic analysis by morse and normark , 2006 , the six included species were scattered across five different places among the diaspididae .

balach1954e : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 170 , 171 , 317 - 318 , 3

bodenh1949 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 30 , 40 - 41

chen1983 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 6 - 7 , 63 - 66

dietzmo1916a : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 262 , 263 - 264 , 276

ferris1936a : illustration , taxonomy , pp . 21 , 22 , 24 , 42 , 54

ferris1937 : description , distribution , illustration , taxonomy , pp . si - 13 , si - 91 , si - 118

hall1946a : distribution , taxonomy , pp . 507 , 521 , 528 , 543 ,

liukorh1989 : description , distribution , host , taxonomy , pp . 11 - 18

macgil1921 : description , taxonomy , pp . 307 , 308 , 337 - 338

schmut1959 : description , illustration , taxonomy , pp . 176 , 228 - 229

takagi1961 : description , taxonomy , pp . 4 , 20 , 33 , 34

wang1982c : description , taxonomy , pp . 46 , 47 , 82 , 83 , 113

pinnaspis cockerell 1892d : 136 . type species : mytilaspis pandani comstock by subsequent designation fernal1903b : 242 . ( = aspidiotus buxi , bouché ) accepted valid name

chionaspis ( hemichionaspis ) cockerell 1897p : 592 . type species : chionaspis aspidistrae signoret by original designation . junior synonym ( lindin1913 : 78 )

jaapia lindinger 1914 : 158 . type species : mytilaspis uniloba kuwana by monotypy . junior synonym ( ferris1936a : 22 ) notes : lindinger ( 1914 ) created the new genus jaapia for mytilaspis ( lepidosaphes ) uniloba because the type species differed from lepidosaphes in having only one middle lobe , the perivaginal glands on the penultimate segment , 5 ventral chitinous stripes on the anal segment and by the absence of l2 .

lepidaspidis macgillivray 1921 : 275 . type species : mytilaspis uniloba kuwana by monotypy and original designation . junior synonym ( ferris1936a : 22 ) notes : ferris ( 1936a ) pointed out that macgillivray ( 1921 ) used the same type for his lepidaspidis as lindinger ( 1914 ) did for his jaapia .

systematics : the separation of pinnaspis and chionaspis is justifiable , but precise key characters are difficult to point out since chionaspis infringes somewhat on pinnaspis . however , in those species of chionaspis in which the median lobes are more or less fused or are closely appressed the submedian dorsal pore groups are present , or the elongate median sclerosis which yokes the median lobes in pinnaspis is lacking ( ferris , 1937 ) .

balach1954e : description , distribution , host , taxonomy , pp . 169 , 275 - 277

britto1923 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 361 , 366 , 370

ferris1936a : illustration , taxonomy , pp . 21 , 22 , 25 , 59 , 63

fullaw1932 : distribution , taxonomy , pp . 97 , 98 , 101 , 104

leonar1920 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 27 , 28 , 178 , 222

robins1917 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 17 , 37 - 38 , 39

suh2014 : description , distribution , economic importance , host , illustration , structure , taxonomy , pp . 1 - 6

takagi2003 : description , structure , taxonomy , pp . 79 - 80 , 107

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chionaspis is a genus of scale insect . in 2011 geographical sampling and analysis indicated a number of unnamed species in the genus chionaspis .


the t-bar cichlid ( cryptoheros sajica ) , also known as sajica cichlid is a central american species of cichlid found in freshwater streams and lakes on the pacific slope of costa rica .

it was formerly known as archocentrus sajica , but the taxonomy was revised as a result of a study by juan schmitter-soto .

the fish is tan colored with seven indistinct bars on the body .

the third bar is usually prominent and coupled with a dark lateral stripe running from the gill cover results in a horizontal t-shaped mark , hence the common name of t-bar cichlid .

cryptoheros sajica

cryptoheros sajica <EOT> t bar cichlid ( cryptoheros sajica ) " before and after " tank maintenance .

above two cryptoheros sajica , photo by mario toromanovic . youtube video at end of article .

t - bar cichlid , mojarra , sajica - buntbarsch , . . . more

cichlasoma sajica ( hd movie 06 ) - t bar cichlid & convict cichlid fry .

cryptoheros sajica inhabits rivers which have moderate to strong currents , but prefer slow flowing water in a small water bodies , only few yards in width . they are found above gravel , as well as sandy bottoms .

cryptoheros sajica isn ' t the easiest fish to find . occasionally you can see this fish listed in the aca trading post , but seldom for sale on the web . your best bet is to ask around at local clubs or on the internet .

stomach contents of wild fish indicate that cryptoheros sajica feeds mostly on plant material . beside filamentous algae and small seeds , water insects and small fish were also found . with this in mind , i fed a diet of flake and pellet food , frozen mysis and brine shrimp , with the occasional treat of live black worms .

cichlids : aequidens rivulatus oscar - astronotus ocellatus blue acara - aequidens pulcher cichla monoculus red terror cichlid - cichlasoma festae firemouth cichlid - thorichthys meeki flier cichlid - archocentrus centrarchus gold mixteco - thorichthys sp . ' mixteco gold ' hellers cichlid - thorichthys helleri amphilophus labiatus keyhole cichlid - cleithracara maronii midas cichlid - amphilophus citrinellus archocentrus octofasciatum red port acara - cichlasoma portalegrense tricolor cichlid - cichlasoma salvini sieve cichlid - cichlasoma grammodes theraps wesseli turquoise cichlid - amphilophus robertsoni umbie - caquetaia umbrifera yellow acara - aequidens metae dwarf cichlids : agassiz dwarf cichlid - apistogramma agassizii blue panda apisto - apistogramma panduro cockatoo dwarf cichlid - apistogramma cacatuoides convict cichlid - cryptoheros nigrofasciatus cryptoheros nanoluteus nijssenis dwarf cichlid - apistogramma nijsseni cryptoheros sp . ' honduran red point ' umbrella cichlid - apistogramma borellii viejti apisto - apistogramma viejita

hi . i have a question regarding males of c . sajica . i had some of them about 15 years ago , i have them now from few months and i ' m wondering why my current males does not wear breeding colors like the other one that i had some time ago . male from the past in time of breeding and fry care was turning dark , nearly black with golden eyes . similar as female of those cichlids do . my current male does not change colors while breeding / caring . while looking for pictures of cryptoheros sajica on the web i found that males in breeding colors are quite rare . . .

i would like to write a few words about my experience breeding wild caught a . sajica and the surprise these fishes gave me . a surprise that shows these animals fascinating and diverse behaviour .

this video shows my breeding group of cryptoheros sajica aka t - bar cichlid . there are 2 males and 3 females , and they form two pairs , that had fry at the same time . water parameters in that tank are ph 7 . 4 and temp . 78°f . both male and female are excellent parents , taking care of eggs and later fry , from day one . you can see change in colors , once they lay eggs and during care for fry .

t - bar cichlid should not be kept with cichlasoma nigrofasciatum or its relatives who may interbreed . the species name sajica is an acronym for sa lvador ji menez ca nossa , director of the library of congress of costa rica .

, formerly known as the archocentrus sajica is a small central american cichlid found exclusively in the pacific slopes of costa rica . male specimens can grow up to a nearly 5 inches , while females are considerably smaller and fully grown at about 4 inches .

out of curiosity i also tried keeping them in an aquarium with clear water and a large pair of n . managuense as company and the sajica couple spawned standing guard over their eggs and fry . it seemed like they simply chose another strategy in darker waters . i have kept other pairs of breed a sajica in the 540 l / 145 gallon aquarium since then , but none of them have showed this behaviour . i’m hoping that others get to experience this unique behaviour that just goes to shows us that cichlids never stops surprising .

i got a pair of wild caught a sajica from a friend that had collected them on a trip . since i had kept this species before , in fact it was the third cichlid i ever breed , i didn’t expect any surprises . well , i was wrong .

i obtained five young , 1 - inch cryptoheros sajica from one of gcca ' s regular meeting auctions . i placed them in a ten gallon tank for a month or two and then transferred them to my 20 gallon tank . at about eight months old , they began pairing up , and i ended up with two pairs . the result was a pair of fish on each half of the tank and one extra female . there were some fights in the beginning , but once borders were established , fighting stopped , and soon after both pairs laid eggs . one pair chose a rock - like cave and other pair spawned in pleco bell .

the wild caught a sajica couple spawned many times in this aquarium , once every 2 - 3 month , and they always to great success used this method . at one point i moved them to another aquarium about half as big as the other and with clear water . they shared this tank with a number of other cichlids , mostly fry from the larger aquarium . in this aquarium they spawned in they way one are used to see a sajica spawn , e . g . standing guard over their eggs and fry . a little later the couple was moved back to the 540 l / 145 gallon aquarium and they then started to “hide” their eggs and fry again .

to my great relief the sajica found themselves loving their company and was left alone by their larger predatory cousins . the aquarium was decorated with two very large roots that reached all the ways to the surface of the aquarium and created three natural territories for the fishes in the aquarium . there where small gaps under the roots that the ancistruses utilized for breeding . the larger cichlids couldn’t get into these spaces . these large roots made the water in this tank very dark and made it look like a black water river aquarium . the water conditions was however harder and the ph level higher than what you might expect to find in a black water river .

in shortage of better accommodations i put the 6 cm / 2 . 5 inches long cichlids in a 540 l / 145 gallon aquarium that was already overly crowded . in the aquarium already swam four 20 cm / 8 inches texas cichlids , a pair of n . festae ( 25 and 20 cm / 10 and 8 inches ) , a pair of n . managuense ( about the same size as n . festae ) and four natal cichlids , mossanbicus mossanbicus , ( 20 cm / 8 inches ) . the tanked was also inhabited by two convicts ( about 4 cm / 1 . 5 inches ) that had originally been put there as feeders , and finally loads of ancistrus that just wouldn’t stop breeding . all of the species where breeding regularly in the aquarium . as i said , the aquarium was already very crowded . i knew i was taking a chance putting the small sajica in with these predators but i didn’t have any choice .

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the parents continued to take them on these little expeditions for about a month after which the fry had grown to approximately 1 . 5 cm / 0 . 75 inch . the impressing thing is that almost all of they fry had survived to this age . after the parents had stop caring for their fry the young quickly became boulder and started swimming around , which lead to that all but two of the fry was eaten one week later . ( there were 50 - 60 fry before that . ) these two however did manage to grow up in this aquarium .

- information about all aspects of jack dempsey cichlids , their care and breeding .

- information about all aspects of red devil cichlids , their care and breeding .

a relatively peaceful , smaller growing cichlid . will stock well as an individual in community tanks . more than one individual of this species in a tank , is best kept as a member of an established / compatible pair , as conspecific aggression can be a problem in the t - bar cichlid . males will grow a bit larger in size than the females , and become much sturdier , ' chunkier ' looking at adult sizes , by growing an impressive - looking forehead lump with dominance called a ' nuchal ' hump . spawning coloration is dramatic , and quite beautiful in this species as the male and female will become quite dark , with the eyes becoming by contrast , an extremely bright , shimmering gold in color . two pairs of this calmer , more peaceful cichlid can be stocked with confidence in minimum sized , four foot long aquariums . beware of stocking a spawning pair in community tanks ! they are very protective - aggressive - parents . a six foot long tank is recommended as the minimum size for keeping this cichlid as spawning pairs , in ' mixed ' species community tanks . stock with tank mates that are ' robust ' and hardy in nature , but not so large in size they will just simply eat your pair !

pronunciation : refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .

habitat : this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization . this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .

diet : many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food ; notwithstanding , some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .

temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors , including aquarium size , tankmates of similar appearance , stocking levels , and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .

conspecific temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size , stocking levels and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .

maximum size : this is in regards to total length ( including the tail ) of typical aquarium specimens . wild specimens may not attain this size , or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors . also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .

difficulty : this measure is a relative value , comparing a single species against all other cichlids . this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations . 1 = easy and forgiving , 5 = extremely challenging .

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and seven indistinct bars on the body . the third bar is usually prominent and coupled with a dark lateral stripe running from the gill cover , results in a horizontal t - shaped mark . this t - mark is the " evidence " supporting the common name of t - bar cichlid .

because of lack of tank space at the time i acquired these fish , i kept two pairs in twenty gallon tall tank . i would definitely recommend a bigger tank , at least 40 gallon . i maintained the temperature at 78°f , ph at 7 . 2 and performed up to 50 % water change every 3 to 4 days . the tank was furnished with gravel , some caves , rocks and driftwood . lights were on 12 to 14 hours a day .

these fish are not overly aggressive , so even though the tank was on the small side , aggression was limited and no fish were lost .

eight days post spawn , hundreds of little fry emerged from the bell and cave , closely guarded by their parents . i immediately began feeding with newly hatched brine shrimp .

t - bar cichlids are excellent parents . both male and female actively guarded the fry for almost two months before i removed the fry to a separate tank .

the greater chicago cichlid association — gcca — is a not - for - profit , educational organization , chartered in the state of illinois , dedicated to the advancement and dissemination of information relating to the biology of the fishes in the family cichlidae , with particular emphasis on maintenance and breeding in captivity . we are simply cichlid hobbyists who love cichlids .

here ' s a look at my t bar cichlid in my 40b t bar tank . i also have rasbora hets , glowlight tetras , otocinclus and more in this freshwater , planted tank . aunt tagonist - silent film dark by kevin macleod is licensed under a creative commons attribution license ( urltoken ) source : urltoken artist : urltoken i created this video with the youtube video editor ( urltoken )

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small , personable , and gregarious , t - bar cichlids are great choices for novice aquarists who want fish with personality that will breed for them without excessive aggression .

omnivorous - does well with flake or pellet food supplimented with vegetable or meat foods .

this is a less common species from central america . there are two color varieties - one that is purple and blue and another that is yellow or gold . this species should be provided with caves to hide and breed in .

other central american cichlids such as firemouth meeki and convicts . catfish and plecos should also do well .

mated pairs will breed in a cave . unlike many other american cichlids , mated pairs may not stay mated for life .

named for the type locality of the type species ; ' amatitlán ' means ' a place abundant in amate ' in nahuatl , ' amate ' is a kind of rustic paper made from the bark of ficus petiolaris or ficus indica .

freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - ? ; dh range : 15 - ? . tropical ; 23°c - 30°c ( ref . 36880 )

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36377 ) ; 8 . 0 cm tl ( female )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 17 - 18 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; anal spines : 6 - 8 ; anal soft rays : 7 - 8 . this species has no unique autapomorphies , the third ( main ) lateral bar uniformly wide ( its width not uniform in other species ) ; caudal blotch usually absent ; no lateral spot or medial intensification of bars on side of body ; absence of ocellus on dorsal fin ; without abdominal blackening in mature females ; palatine arms subequal ; posteriad projection on ventroposterior angle of retroarticular absent ; articular with a right angle ventrally ; an anteriorly directed pronounced convexity on ventral process of articular present ; anal - fin spines modally 7 ( ref . 74403 ) .

inhabits rivers and rivulets which have moderate to strong currents but is not found in the rapids . prefers smaller rocks and gravel . found up to 2000 feet of elevation . omnivorous , feeding on algal filaments , aquatic insects , seeds and bottom detritus . spawns in caves or crevices , preferring to adhere its eggs to an oblique or vertical surface . produces about 200 offspring which feed on the parent ' s dermal mucus .

schmitter - soto , j . j . , 2007 . a systematic revision of the genus archocentrus ( perciformes : cichlidae ) , with the description of two new genera and six new species . zootaxa 1603 : 1 - 78 . ( ref . 74403 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5020 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 03162 ( 0 . 01397 - 0 . 07157 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 18 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 3 ±0 . 17 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 13 of 100 ) .

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is evident on the males . the males are a little more colourful . the females have more yellow hues on their fins .

this fish can be aggressive and shouldn ' t be kept with smaller fish . keep in either a species tank or with other similar sized

prefers a good current and likes a small pebble or gravel substrate . can do well in a planted tank provided plants are well established as this fish can dig .

a semi - aggressive cichlid . aggression increases , especially on the part of the female , if they are spawning and she will defend her eggs and fry ferociously .

an attractive cichlid once it has settled into its environment . it ' s body and fins have blue , yellow and red hues on a olive green base colour . it gets its " t - bar " common name from the ' t ' shape that can occasionally be seen on its flanks .

this page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 02 .

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known from rio parrita to rio coloradito . also ref . 2060 , 36377 , 52307 .

schmitter - soto , j . j . 2007 . ( ref . 74403 )

max length : 9 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36377 ) ; 8 . 0 cm tl ( female )

freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - ? ; dh range : 15 - ?

pd 50 = 0 . 5020 many relatives ( e . g . carps ) 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 few relatives ( e . g . lungfishes )

high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . )

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usnm 211617 ( 20 paratypes ) , costa rica , puntarenas , a tributary of rio sierpe , 2 km s of palmar sur ; mhng 2447 . 21 ( 1 ) , costa rica , puntarenas , rio ceiba ; ummz 194210 ( 4 ) , ummz 194239 ( 28 , 2 c & s , 8 dig . ) , costa rica , puntarenas , a tributary to rio ceiba , just above mouth .

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central american cichlids are adaptable , often quite aggressive fish that require moderately hard and alkaline water conditions . they are among the most popular cichlids in the hobby thanks to their bright colours and general hardiness , but the large size of some species and their sometimes violent behaviour means that few are suitable for the average community tank .

environment limestone dominates much of the geology of central american , and consequently the rivers and lakes tend to be hard and alkaline . volcanic crater lakes are a distinctive feature of the central american aquatic environment , characterised by their rocky banks and great depth . lake nicaragua is a particularly famous example , and besides being home to a variety of cichlids , bull sharks regularly swim into the lake from the pacific ocean via the 120 - mile san juan river .

“the firemouth cichlid thorichthys meeki is a native to mexico , guatemala and belize . ”

water chemistry if you live in a hard water area , the chances are your tap water will be adequate for keeping these fish . central american cichlids are adaptable and do well across a range of water chemistry values , though as ever in fishkeeping , it is important to maintain ph and hardness stability between water changes . in general , ph 7 - 8 and a hardness of 10 degrees dh or more will suit these fish well . in soft water areas some hardening of the water will be necessary . one approach is to place calcareous media ( such as crushed coral ) in one of the compartments inside a canister filter . as the water flows past this media it will dissolve some of the calcium carbonate , resulting in harder , more alkaline water . because filters get dirty over time , any such media will gradually lose its buffering capacity as it gets covered with dirt and slime . to prevent problems , take care to clean any calcareous media under a hot tap at least once a month , or sooner if you find the ph dropping .

“electric blue jack dempsey cichlids are typical of central americans in preferred moderately hard , alkaline water conditions . ”

an alternative approach is to add minerals to each bucket of new water . you can use commercially available cichlid salts of the type produced for malawian and tanganyikan cichlids , but you likely won’t need to use the full dose . a half dose should be adequate , though check the ph and hardness with your test kits and adjust as required . if you want to make your own mineral salts , then add 1 teaspoon baking soda ( sodium bicarbonate ) , 1 tablespoon epsom salt ( magnesium sulfate ) , and 1 teaspoon marine salt mix ( sodium chloride and various trace elements ) per 10 gallons ( 40 litres ) of water . again , check the ph and hardness and adjust as necessary .

salinity some central american cichlids inhabit brackish water habitats and could be kept in a brackish water system . one benefit of keeping these fish in brackish water conditions is that the marine salt mix will automatically adjust ph and hardness to appropriate levels . examples of species found in slightly brackish water include amphilophus hogaboomorum , herichthys carpintis , herichthys pearsei , parachromis friedrichsthalii , parachromis motaguensis , rocio octofasciata and vieja synspila . these will do well at specific gravity levels up to around sg 1 . 005 . a few species are able to live and breed in fully marine conditions . these include cichlasoma urophthalmus , nandopsis haitiensis , nandopsis tetracanthus and vieja maculicauda . none of these fish needs brackish water conditions to do well , and all could be kept in a plain freshwater aquarium without problems .

water temperature for most species the usual 25 degrees c ( 77 degrees f ) will suffice . higher temperatures are sometimes advocated by hobbyists , but the only real benefit of this is to increase the frequency with which these cichlids spawn . unless you are farming these fish on a massive scale , there’s no particular reason to have your fish spawning every 3 - 4 weeks !

decorating the tank since most central american cichlids come from shady habitats with lots of cover , they appreciate a tank that isn’t too brightly lit . most species like to dig , so live plants , except perhaps floating species , aren’t of much use . instead concentrate on large plastic plants , rocks , and pieces of artificial or real bogwood . because large amounts of bogwood can acidify the aquarium over time , if you decide to use a lot of this material , monitor ph carefully and do not neglect water changes ! the sand - sifting species will appreciate a fine substrate . river sand is ideal , but otherwise a mix of four parts smooth silica sand to one part coral sand will produce a reasonable facsimile . because these cichlids like subdued light and shady environments , they don’t appreciate brightly coloured gravels .

because these fish dig a lot , take care that their activity cannot undermine your arrangement of rocks . make sure all rocks are securely balanced , and if necessary use a gravel tidy to secure a cushioning layer of gravel at the bottom of the tank . this will prevent any rocks slipping and cracking the glass . most of these fish spawn in caves , or at least dig a pit somewhere sheltered . in many cases a flowerpot on its side makes an ideal nesting site .

tank size central american cichlids need a lot of space . tanks less than 110 litres ( 30 gallons ) in size are best reserved for singletons or breeding pairs . collections of the smaller , milder species could be maintained in tanks 200 litres ( 55 gallons ) in size , but for best results you should aim for a tank 375 - 750 litres ( 100 - 200 gallons ) in size . this will provide your fish with plenty of space , and make it easier to keep the bigger and more aggressive species without them killing each other .

amatitlania - convict cichlids the standard convict cichlid of the hobby is amatitlania nigrofasciata . various colour morphs are available , including an albino form . wild - type fish are basically grey with black vertical bands . females also have bright gold markings on the belly and on the dorsal and anal fins . the species is also sexually dimorphic in terms of size , with females being smaller at up to 10 cm ( 4 inches ) noticeably smaller than the males , who get up to about 12 . 5 cm ( 5 inches ) in length . convicts are pugnacious , and noted for their ability to coexist successfully alongside much larger fish . they tend to bully the mild central american cichlids , but in sufficiently large aquaria will work well with the more territorial , small and medium - sized species . they are omnivores and consume both meaty and green foods .

the honduran red point convict , probably amatitlania siquia , is similar to the standard convict but is smaller and has distinctive red and green colouration in the fins . maintenance is much like the standard convict , but this species appears to be somewhat less aggressive .

archocentrus - mild mannered rainbows at least three species belong to this genus , but only one species , the rainbow cichlid archocentrus multispinosus , is commonly traded . it works well in community tanks , and is probably the best central american cichlids for beginners . as its name suggests , this species varies its colours with its mood . the body is generally yellow to brick red , but becomes very dark , almost black , when spawning . archocentrus are omnivores , and offerings of both crustaceans and green foods will help them develop their best colours .

the mojarra or mayan cichlid cichlasoma urophthalmus is a big species at up to 40 cm ( 16 inches ) in length . it is one of the species most strongly associated with brackish water conditions , and wild fish show a distinct preference for coastal lagoons . under aquarium conditions it does not need to be kept in brackish water . it is aggressive , and should be kept alone or with equally robust species , though care should be taken to avoid species too similar in shape or colouration , as such fish will tend to bring out its worst behaviour . its sheer size demands a massive aquarium : singletons won’t tolerant other cichlids in anything under 375 litres ( 100 gallons ) and breeding pairs will need a tank twice that size if you want to avoid carnage ! the mojarra is often confused with a south american cichlid cichlasoma festae . when the two are compared , cichlasoma festae has a smaller eyespot on the tail fin but more intense red colouration .

herichthys - texas cichlids there are at least ten species in the genus herichthys but only two are normally traded . historically there has been much confusion between these two species , herichthys carpintis and herichthys cyanoguttatus , with both fish being known as texas cichlids . in fact only herichthys cyanoguttatus is naturally found in texas , specifically the rio grande , as well as mexico . telling the two species apart is difficult , but in general herichthys cyanoguttatus is covered with much smaller blue - white spots than herichthys carpintis . body colour in both cases can vary dramatically with mood , though it is typically some shade of blue , often with dark vertical bands . herichthys are omnivores that consume some plant matter alongside small crustaceans , worms and insects . they are reasonably well behaved fish in communities alongside other robust cichlids , but do become extremely aggressive when spawning .

these are medium - sized cichlids at up to 20 cm ( 8 inches ) in length though often rather less . they are omnivores , with wild fish consuming both plants and animal foods , particularly algae and insect larvae . they are notoriously aggressive at breeding time , but by the standards of central american cichlids generally , not especially aggressive the rest of the time . they work well in communities of robust cichlids , given sufficient space and hiding places .

occasionally you will see other species on sale , such as thorichthys ellioti . apart from differences in colouration , these are essentially similar to the firemouth in terms of care . thorichthys ellioti in particular is very vividly coloured with bright blue spots over its body .

they grew pretty quickly . i fed them twice a day , and feeding was very easy . they pretty much ate anything that fell in front of their face . every other day i performed water changes of about ten percent to keep the chemistry up to par . by the end of the first year they were each about 3 inches long .

finally , one day i had noticed that two had paired off . they had all the others pinned in corners and fearing for their lives , so the following day i baged up the dominated fish , and traded them in for some baby brine and earthworm flakes before they met an untimely death by the newly territorial and greedy pair . within days i noticed the couple cleaning one of the flat stones . i also noticed that the female’s breeding tube was visible , a sign that eggs are soon to come . she laid about 100 small . tan - colored eggs the following day . it happened to be my day off , and i was excited that she had laid her first batch of eggs , little did i know that the pleco decided he had an appetite for caviar . the inexperienced soon - to - be parents tried to keep the intruder away , but the pleco was determined to have his fancy meal . the damage done , i relocated the pleco to my african cichlid tank .

she had another batch of eggs 3 weeks later . this time they were better prepared , and with no armored , sucker - mouthed egg eaters in their tank , they were on the road to success . these fish are very good parents once they get the hang of it ! they guarded their offspring ferociously , even attacking the gravel tube as i tried to clean the substrate . when they were big enough , i moved the fry i could catch to a seperate 20 high . about 50 fry made it to be traded and sold from that batch .

i don’t consider sajicas a very vibrant species , though they are attractive in their own way . they remind me a lot of the a . spilurus , with their shimmering blue eyes . maybe their most striking feature is the blue throat developed by both males and females as they mature . males attain an adult size of 5 inches and females about 3 . 5 to 4 inches . with caution they may be kept with community fish , but they are almost always aggressive towards others of their own kind . i would say the minimum tank size for an adult pair would be a 29 gallon . i would highly recommend this species to someone who would like to try something other than a convict cichlid . they breed easily and are really fun to watch as they spawn and raise their fry . if you have any questions about them , please let me know in the comments section !

you may know better than i if this is indeed a baby t - bar . it is about 1 inch long right now . it was thrown in by accident with some guppies i purchased .

i have a group of 7 of which 2 paired off at 3 - 4 inches . pretty fish but i can not tell if the are t - bars or blue - eye cichlids . they look great and started coloring up at 2″ . one of the pair the male has a red dorsal fin and the female has a yellow one . separated them into a 26 gallon with the same cave that they had taken over in the previous tank and they established a nest immediately .

that fish place’s resident “cichlid pro . ” in addition to working at tfp for 13 years , jose’s been breeding cichlids for over 14 years and has produced over 200 different species . jose is the man to question for everything cichlid . check out jose’s work in the article : keeping and breeding african cichlids in small aquariums , and his many other contributions on cichlid husbandry , behavior , and his personal experiences with keeping cichlids from across the globe .

eileen daub : hi sam , fishing with goldfish is illegal due to the risk of . . .

chris mcclelland : hello , i have had success raising green sunfish in an aquari . . .

sam earlyfall : is it only cruel to put them on a hook and then fish with th . . .

eileen daub : hi sara , i wouldn ' t expect cilantro / coriander to be safe sub . . .

eileen daub : hello name , red tail sharks don ' t lay egg sacs . if you can g . . .

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tank size - max . 40 liter max . 60 liter max . 80 liter max . 100 liter max . 150 liter max . 200 liter max . 250 liter max . 300 liter max . 400 liter max . 500 liter > 500 liter

social behavior : a territorial , pair forming cichlid . a relatively peaceful , sometimes shy fish which does not molest plants .

decoration : tank with a sandy bottom ; hiding places of stones and roots ; perhaps plant the edge and the background with tough species .

description : this is the cousin of the convict cichlids . the t - bar cichlid when they are juveniles do not display any particular colouration except some black bands over a grey colouration . this might discourage the beginner to acquire such species which they do not have the dramatic black - on - gray colouration of their common cousins . their juvenile drab brown base color will develop shades of yellow and blue , with intense blue and red sparkles on fins for males and more yellow sparkles on the fins of females .

males grow markedly larger and develop a steep forehead with age . the tips of the dorsal and anal fin are elongated , forming an arch towards the inside that frames the caudal fin . the genital papilla is pointed . the females are considerably smaller , and their genital papilla is blunt . the species digs at spawning time . cave spawner ; nuclear family or in transition to a patriarch - matriarch family .

around 26 °c reproduction is not difficult , but there are sometimes problems . the animals almost always ( if available ) spawn in caves . the eggs are quite small , whitish to brownish transparent ( camouflage coloration ) , and number up to 300 . the larvae hatch in 3 days at 26 °c , and the fry are free - swimming in an additional 5 - 7 days . primarily the female is in charge of brood care ; the male takes care of territorial defense . sometimes the roles are reversed . raising the young has its problem since usually only one part of the spawn grows normally . the majority stagnate in growth . feed with artemia nauplii .

last edited by rkm . sbc on tue nov 17 , 2015 7 : 23 am , edited 1 time in total .

please visit urltoken for aquarium and fish information as well as information on breeding fish . thank you for viewing my video . please don ' t forget to subscribe to my channel for tons of aquarium information . here are some products that i love and use . if your looking to set up a tank come view this equipment . fluval fx6 filter : urltoken fluval fx4 filter : urltoken finnex titanium heater : urltoken northfin fish food krill : urltoken prime water conditioner : urltoken hydor powerhead : urltoken digital thermometer : urltoken current usa led light : urltoken floramax substrate : urltoken floramax light : urltoken fluval co2 system : urltoken aquaclear 50 : urltoken industrial air pump : urltoken t bar cichlid breeding , sexing and alot of more information that you need to know about the t bar cichlid . my facebook page urltoken visit my site urltoken


cotana albomaculata is a moth in the eupterotidae family .

it was described by george thomas bethune-baker in 1904 .

it is found in new guinea .

the wingspan is about 58 mm .

both wings are pale , semitransparent reddish , the forewings have a large ovate white spot at the end of the cell and there is a whitish scalloped subterminal stripe , the scallops extended into spear-head points in the apical area .

the hindwings are similar to the forewings but without the cell spot .

cotana albomaculata

cotana albomaculata <EOT> have a fact about cotana castaneorufa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .

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lunulata ( bethune - baker , 1904 ) borealis rothschild , 1932 ab . unicolor rothschild , 1932 [ infraspecific ] montium rothschild , 1932 occidentalis rothschild , 1917 satisbona rothschild , 1917

pallidipascia rothschild , 1917 pallidifascia ( sic sensu auct . ) postpallida ( rothschild , 1917 )

rubrescens walker , 1865 ssp . kapaura rothschild , 1917 [ male ] ssp . oetakwensis rothschild , 1917 [ male ]

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

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