momphidae ( mompha moths ) is a family of moths with some 115 described species .

these tend to be rather small moths with a wingspan of up to 21 mm .

the wings are held folded over the body at rest .

the larvae are concealed feeders , either as leaf miners or within seeds or stems .

momphidae

momphidae <EOT> ( 1937 ) placed it in momphidae . later the genus was transferred to oecophoridae ( riedl

( lepidoptera ) collected on the maltese islands is provided . sixteen species are recorded ( 1 momphidae ,

from california ( 8 ; lepidoptera : momphidae ( 9 ; . journal of the new york entomological society 100 : 203–208 .

worms ( 2018 ) . momphidae herrich schaffer , 1857 . accessed at : urltoken ; = 989030 on 2018 - 07 - 09

riedl , t . 1969 . matériaux pour la connaissance des momphidae paléarctiques ( 8 ; lepidoptera ( 9 ; . part ix . revue des momphidae européenes et compris quelques espéces d ( 7 ; afrique du nord et du proche - orient . polski pismo entomologica 39 : 635–919 .

heppner j . b . ( 2004 ) mompha moths ( 8 ; lepidoptera : momphidae ( 9 ; . in : encyclopedia of entomology . springer , dordrecht

i am working on the momphidae from south and central america . the fauna on this family is very rich over there , but need to be revised .

luz fa , gonçalves gl , moreira grp , becker vo ( 2014 ) three new cecidogenous species of palaeomystella fletcher ( lepidoptera , momphidae ) from the brazilian atlantic rain forest . zookeys 433 : 97–127 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 433 . 7379

riedl , t . , and a . popescu - gorj . 1974 . catalogue of the momphidae ( 8 ; lepidoptera - gelechioidea ( 9 ; from the collections of the natural history museum “grigore antipa” of bucharest . travaux du muséum d ( 7 ; histoire naturelle “grigore antipa” 14 : 273–298 .

an annotated list of momphidae , batrachedridae , stathmopodidae and cosmopterigidae ( lepidoptera ) collected on the maltese islands is provided . sixteen species are recorded ( 1 momphidae , 1 batrachedridae , 1 stathmopodidae , 13 cosmopterigidae ) , one of them is new to the maltese islands and europe : bifascioides leucomelanellus ( rebel , 1917 ) and three of them are new to the maltese islands : mompha subbistrigella ( haworth , 1828 ) , anatrachyntis badia ( hodges , 1962 ) , and ascalenia echidnias ( meyrick , 1891 ) . mompha subbistrigella ( haworth , 1828 ) and eteobalea serratella ( treitschke , 1833 ) are mentioned as new for sardinia .

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formerly considered a subfamily of coleophoridae ; treated as a full family by heikkilä et al . ( 2013 )

heikkilä , m . , mutanen , m . , kekkonen , m . and kaila , l . 2013 . morphology reinforces proposed molecular phylogenetic affinities : a revised classification for gelechioidea ( lepidoptera ) . cladistics 1 - 27 . ( abstract )

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the momphid moths are small to very small in size , with a wingspan of 0 . 8 - 1 . 6 cm . they are very similar in appearance to blastobasid moths and elachistid moths . little is known about many of these species . in species for which life histories are known , momphid caterpillars feed in buds and seed capsules of evening - primroses and related plants . alternatively , blastobasid larva feed on dead leaves or fallen nuts , and elachistid larvae mine leaves of grasses and sedges .

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huebner , ( 8 ; lepidoptera : lavernidae ( 9 ; . entomologists ( 7 ; gazette 2 : 173–182 , pl . 5 .

monarch butterfly , danaus plexippus l . ( 8 ; lepidoptera : danaidae ( 9 ;

the larva of mompha terminella ( fig . 1 ) makes a full - depth blotch mine in the leaf of enchanter ' s nightshade , circaea lutetiana ( onagraceae ) . active mines can be found from early june through late july ; this may indicate two generations per year . the larva leaves the mine to pupate , which it does in a cocoon of white silk . the coloration of the adult ( orange and black with metallic markings ) is seen in several additional species of nearctic mompha , but the species with this coloration do not form a monophyletic group . mompha terminella also occurs in europe .

figure 1 . mompha terminella . left , adult ; right , larva in leaf mine on enchanter ' s nightshade , circaea lutetiana ( onagraceae ) .

mompha luciferella ( fig . 2 ) has not been reared . in central illinois , adults have been collected at light in early july , in deciduous forest near large populations of enchanter ' s nightshade , circaea lutetiana ( onagraceae ) , which likely is the larval foodplant of m . luciferella . if so , then mature larvae most probably would be found by searching c . lutetiana during the second week of june .

mompha circumscriptella ( fig . 3 ) is one of several eastern - nearctic mompha species that feed on evening primroses , oenothera spp . ( onagraceae ) . the larva of m . circumscriptella is a borer in the fruit of its host , with pupation occurring inside the fruit . the infested fruit does not show any externally - visible evidence to indicate the presence of the m . circumscriptella larva , and the best strategy for rearing is simply to collect and cage entire clusters of fruits .

considerable variation in size of the adult moth and in ground color of the forewing can occur in m . circumscriptella , depending upon the particular species of oenothera from which the moth is reared ( see photo caption ) . genital morphology of all of these different entities is identical , so that , on basis of morphology , all appear to represent a single species , with the observed variation being non - genetic and determined by the larval foodplant . molecular studies might be warranted here , to shed more light on the exact relationships of these moths .

figure 3 . mompha circumscriptella . moths reared from two different species of evening primrose , oenothera ( onagraceae ) . left , small , cinnamon - brown form reared from o . laciniata , which has a relatively small , narrow fruit ; right , large , chocolate - brown form reared from o . biennis , which has a relatively large , massive fruit .

the larva of mompha murtfeldtella ( fig . 4 ) also feeds on the reproductive tissue of evening primroses , oenothera spp . the adult is somewhat similar to that of m . circumscriptella , but the white patch on the posterior margin of the basal half of the forewing is much less extensive in m . murtfeldtella than in that species , and the forewing ground color , which consists of a rather mottled amalgam of grayish brown , rust , and white , with small dashes of black , is less uniform than in m . circumscriptella .

mompha brevivittella ( fig . 5 ) is another species that feeds as a larva in the capsule of evening primroses , oenothera spp . , most frequently o . biennis .

figure 5 . mompha brevivittella . adult , reared from seed capsule of evening primrose , oenothera biennis ( onagraceae ) .

mompha eloisella ( fig . 6 ) is a stem borer in evening primroses , oenothera spp . , including o . biennis . it also has been reared from stem - boring larvae in an alien plant , purple loosestrife , lythrum salicaria ( lythraceae ) . pupation takes place inside the stem . the adult is easily recognized by its distinctive coloring and pattern . remarkable size variation is seen in the adult of this moth , but genital morphology argues that only one species is represented .

figure 7 . mompha stellella . top : adult , reared from flower - boring larva on evening primrose , oenothera biennis ( onagraceae ) ; bottom : left , o . biennis showing a normal , uninfested flower ( on left - hand side of stem ) and a flower infested by the larva of m . stellella ( on right - hand side of stem ) ; right , mature larva of m . stellella , exposed by opening the infested flower that is shown in the left - hand panel .

figure 8 . mompha rufocristatella . top : adult , reared from gall on flower stem of biennial gaura , gaura biennis ( onagraceae ) ; unspread individual , right - lateral aspect , showing the raised tufts of reddish scales on the forewing ; center left : spread adult ; bottom left : gall ( rotated 90 degrees from " upright " orientation seen in right - hand panel ) , dissected to reveal cocoon of m . rufocristatella , the head ( right - hand in this photo ) end of which is seen to be continuous with the emergence window prepared by the larva ; right : gall induced by larva of m . rufocristatella on flower stem of g . biennis , with emergence window visible as a round whitish spot near the apex of the gall .

there are found in illinois several small " black and white " mompha species ( fig . 9 ) . hodges ( 1992 ) reported that at least 12 such species exist in the usa ; most of them remain undescribed . one of these species was reared by annette braun in ohio , from blue waxweed , cuphea viscosissima ( lythraceae ) . this perhaps is not surprising , as an association with cuphea spp . has been reported for mompha in the neotropical region as well ( graham 1995 ) .

figure 9 . mompha spp . of the " black and white " color group . adults , collected at light .

figure 10 . mompha argentimaculella . adult , collected at light in northern indiana . specimen courtesy of james vargo .

the larva of mompha passerella ( fig . 11 ) ( = m . nuptialis ) feeds in the seed capsule of helianthemum and lechea spp . ( cistaceae ) . an externally - similar species , m . bottimeri , likewise feeds in capsules of helianthemum , but m . bottimeri is consistently slightly larger than m . passerella , and the two species are very different on genital morphology .

mompha capella ( fig . 12 ) likewise feeds as a larva in the seed capsule of helianthemum and lechea spp . ( cistaceae ) ; mature larvae occur in late june and early july , with adults emerging during the latter month . in the eastern usa , there are a number of additional , undescribed mompha species that are externally similar to m . capella . those that have been reared also feed on helianthemum spp .

figure 12 . mompha capella . adult , reared from seed capsule of helianthemum canadense ( cistaceae ) . specimen courtesy of dr . george balogh , who reared the moth in michigan .

figure 13 . mompha cephalonthiella . adult , reared from leaf mine on cephalanthus occidentalis ( rubiaceae ) .

until the work of harrison revealed extensive differences in genital morphology of reared moths of both genders . until then , most series of "

, as it is by far the more common of the two species within the state . this moth was formally described and named by

. it is named for dr . james solomon , who first noted the shoot - boring habit of the initial generation of the year .

figure 14 . mompha solomoni . adult , reared from leaf mine on cephalanthus occidentalis ( rubiaceae ) .

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the family contains only the genus mompha of which more than 100 species have been described . most species occur in north america . no representatives are known from asia , the orient , and australia ( scoble 1992 : 248 ) . identification : bradley 1951 , gozmány 1958 , koster 2002c , koster & sinev 2003 , opheim 1971 , riedl 1969 , 1984 , wakely 1945 , zagulyaev & sinev 1990a . nomenclature according to fauna europaea . species in belgium : 16 .

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fernando a . luz , 1 gislene l . gonçalves , 2 , 3 gilson r . p . moreira , 4 and vitor o . becker 5

1 ppg ecologia , departamento de ecologia , instituto de biociências , universidade federal do rio grande do sul , av . bento gonçalves 9500 , porto alegre , rs , 91501 - 970 , brazil

2 ppg biologia animal , departamento de zoologia , instituto de biociências , universidade federal do rio grande do sul , av . bento gonçalves , 9500 , porto alegre , rs 91501 - 970 , brazil

4 departamento de zoologia , instituto de biociências , universidade federal do rio grande do sul , av . bento gonçalves 9500 , porto alegre , rs , 91501 - 970 , brazil

5 reserva serra bonita , p . o . box 001 , camacan , ba 45880 - 970 , brazil

corresponding author : gilson r . p . moreira ( rb . sgrfu @ arierom . noslig )

copyright fernando a . luz , gislene l . gonçalves , gilson r . p . moreira , vitor o . becker

this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .

in the course of an ongoing survey on the diversity of microlepidopterans in the atlantic rain forest , brazil , three momphid species associated with galls induced on three different species of tibouchina were found recently : one morphotype in bahia and two others in rio grande do sul . a comparison between their inducers and type material not only revealed the generic affinity of these microlepidopterans with palaeomystella , but also indicated that they have diagnosable , stable , distinctive characters . therefore , three new species are proposed here ; their last larval instar , pupal and adult stages are described and illustrated , and their life history , including a general description of their galls , is characterized . a preliminary phylogenetic inference based on mitochondrial dna sequences , including additional members of the genus , is also presented .

) solution and mounted on slides with either glycerin jelly or canada balsam . observations were made with the aid of a leica® m125 stereomicroscope . structures selected to be drawn were previously photographed with an attached sony® cyber - shot dsc - h10 digital camera . then , vectorized line drawings were made with the software corelphotopaint® x4 , using the corresponding digitalized images as a guide . at least five specimens were used for the descriptions of each life stage . measurements were made with an attached ocular micrometer ; values are presented as mean ± standard deviation unless noted otherwise .

specimens used in scanning electron microscope ( sem ) analyses were dehydrated in a bal - tec® cpd030 critical - point dryer , mounted with double - sided tape on metal stubs , and coated with gold in a bal - tec® scd050 sputter coater . they were examined and photographed in a jeol® jsm5800 scanning electron microscope at centro de microscopia eletrônica ( cme ) of ufrgs .

. pcr products were treated with exonuclease i and fastap™ thermosensitive alkaline phosphatase ( thermo scientific ) , sequenced using the bigdye® chemistry , and analyzed on an abi3730xl dna analyzer ( applied biosystems inc . ) at macrogen ( seoul , republic of korea ) . sequences were aligned and visually inspected using the algorithm clustal x in mega 5 (

) running in full mode with no manual adjustment . all data generated in this study were deposited in genbank under the accession numbers

of brazil " ( mombr001 - 14 to 014 - 14 ) . a phylogenetic tree was reconstructed in order to test the proposed hypothesis of monophyletic status for the three members of

and with other species were also investigated . the single currently recognized and named taxon (

sp . 2 ) were used in order to cover the widest possible diversity of the genus . accordingly , variants that match exactly the previously sequenced region in a representative taxon of the sister group of

specimens used in this study to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the new species of paleomystella , based on cytochrome oxidase subunit i sequences .

dzup coll . padre jesus s . moure , departamento de zoologia , universidade federal do paraná , curitiba , paraná .

lmci laboratório de morfologia e comportamento de insetos , universidade federal do rio grande do sul , porto alegre , rio grande do sul .

mctp museu de ciências e tecnologia da pontifícia universidade católica do rio grande do sul , porto alegre , rio grande do sul .

vob coll . vitor o . becker , reserva serra bonita , camacan , bahia .

spread right wings ( left column ) , head and thorax in detail ( right column ) of pinned palaeomystella species , dorsal view : a–b palaeomystella fernandesi c–d palaeomystella rosaemariae e–f palaeomystella tavaresi . scale bars = 2 , 0 . 5 , 2 , 0 . 5 , 2 and 0 . 5 mm , respectively .

palaeomystella fernandesi adult morphology : a wings b male valva , mesolateral view c male eighth sternum , ventral view d juxta , ventral e ventral spines of the valva upper section in detail ( rectangular area shown in b ) , mesolateral view f male genitalia , lateral view g aedeagus , lateral view ( asterisk indicates attached juxta - lobes ) h male genitalia , ventral view ( transtilla , aedeagus and juxta not illustrated ) i female genitalia , ventral view ( corpus bursae not illutrated ) j female genitalia , lateral view . scale bars = 1 mm ; 200 , 200 , 100 , 50 , 200 , 200 , 200 and 250µm ; 0 . 5 mm , respectively .

palaeomystella fernandesi last larval instar : a cephalic chaetotaxy , frontal view b thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy , lateral view c head and prothoracic shield in detail , dorsal view d body , lateral view . scale bars = 50 µm , 1 mm , respectively .

palaeomystella fernandesi pupa , in dorsal ( a ) , ventral ( b ) and lateral ( c ) views , respectively . scale bar = 1 mm .

scanning electron micrographs of palaeomystella species pupal cremaster , in dorsal view ( left column ) , apical process in detail ( central column ) and lateral view ( right column ) : a–b palaeomystella fernandesi c–d palaeomystella rosaemariae ; e–f palaeomystella tavaresi . scale bars = 100 , 20 , 200 , 100 , 20 , 200 , 100 , 20 , 200 µm , respectively .

galls induced by palaeomystella species : a–c palaeomystella fernandesi d – f palaeomystella rosaemariae g – i palaeomystella tavaresi a on tibouchina sellowiana , general view b operculum made by last - instar larva on gall surface before pupation ; c pupal cocoon in a dissected gall ( arrow indicates the operculum shown in b ) d on tibouchina asperior , general view e exit hole made by last larval instar on gall surface f pupal cocoon constructed between two leaves , uncovered by pulling them apart ( direction indicated by arrows ) g on tibouchina fissinervia , general view h longitudinally dissected gall , showing gall chamber ( arrow indicates position of exit orifice on cocoon ) i internal chamber in detail , showing the exit orifice on cocoon ( asterisk ) . scale bars = 10 , 2 , 4 , 10 , 5 , 4 , 10 , 10 , 2 mm , respectively .

although showing congeneric affinity , palaeomystella fernandesi has morphological features that in conjunction distinguish it from all known palaeomystella species , as follows : 1 ) male genitalia with upper section of valve narrowing distally , forming a single process that bends medially ; 2 ) pupa with cremaster short and apically rounded , with four pairs of setae ; 3 ) galls of fusiform type , external surface without conspicuous ornament , bearing a few longitudinal carinae , induced on stem of tibouchina sellowiana apical branches .

) . sexes similar in size and color ; forewing length 4 . 68 to 6 . 11 mm ( n = 7 ) .

) : frons and vertex creamy white ; labial palpus mostly dark brown , basal segments angled laterally , terminal segment slightly angled upward ; antennae dark brown ; proboscis yellowish brown .

: tegula and mesonotum whitish creamy white with pale - brown scales ; legs dark brown . forewing (

) : lanceolate , with 13 veins ; l / w index ~ 5 . 1 ; dorsally covered mostly by dark - brown scales ; with three interconnected white areas that form a longitudinal s - like band ; one proximal , rounded , in the anal area , made of pale - creamy white scales , followed by a short stripe aligned in the cubital area , made of creamy white scales , and a third , also rounded and faint , in the cell , made of pale - creamy white scales ; a tenuous , u - shaped band of pale - gray scales following the contours of the tornus ; three raised tufts of pale - gray scales , located posteriorly to cubitus , in anal area , in line with mid - cell , and near tornal area respectively ; fringes dark brown ; ventrally mostly covered by dark - brown scales ; retinaculum subcostal ; discal cell closed , ~ 0 . 8× length of forewing , ending near 1 / 5 of wing margin ; sc ending ca . middle of anterior margin ; r 5 - branched ; r

stalked ca . 1 / 2 distance from the cell apex ; m 3 - branched ; cua 2 - branched ; cup weak proximally and not stalked , with well - developed 1a + 2a extending more than 1 / 2 posterior margin . hindwing (

) : strongly lanceolate , with nine veins ; l / w index ~ 7 . 2 , ~ 0 . 8 forewing in length ; scales dark brown on both sides ; fringes dark brown ; frenulum a single acanthus in male , with two distally directed acanthi in female ; sc + r

ending ca . 1 / 2 anterior margin ; rs ending ca . 1 / 5 anterior margin ; m 3 - branched , m

) anteriorly expanded medially into a short lobe , associated with a subtriangular sternite .

) . papillae anales connected dorsally , narrowed distally , setose ; anterior apophyses with arms slightly curved , similar in length to posterior apophyses ; sterigma divided into a bandlike tergum and a distally bilobed sternum , shallowly and widely emarginate medially ; ostium bursae small , wider than long ; ductus bursae membranous , shorter than corpus bursae ; ductus seminalis inserted distally ; corpus bursae an elongate sac , with no sclerotizations on inner wall .

holotype ♂ brazil : centro de pesquisas e conservação da natureza pró - mata ( cpcn pró - mata ; 29°29 ' 16 " s , 50°10 ' 60 " w ; 925 m ) , são francisco de paula , rs , brazil . dry preserved pinned adults , reared from galls induced on tibouchina sellowiana ( cham . ) cogn . ( melastomataceae ) , lmci 210 - 56 , 7–9 . iii . 2013 , by g . r . p . moreira , f . a . luz and l . t . pereira , donated to dzup ( 29 . 409 ) . paratypes : same data , 26 . iii . 2012 , by g . r . p . moreira , f . a . luz and p . pollo ; 2♀ ( lmci 174 - 161 and 162 ) , donated to dzup ( 29 . 410 and 29 . 411 ) ; 1♂ ( lmci 174 - 157 ) with genitalia in glycerin ( grpm 50 - 51 ) and 1♀ ( lmci 174 - 158 ) , donated to mctp ( 36 . 225 and 36 . 226 , respectively ) .

with the same collection data , deposited in lmci . adults , dried and pinned : 2♂ ( lmci 174 - 159 and 210 - 49 ) , 1♀ ( lmci 174 - 160 ) , 1♀ ( lmci 174 - 163 ) with genitalia in glycerin ( grpm 50 - 52 ) . adults , fixed in kahle - dietrich’s fluid and preserved in 70 % etoh : 1♂ ( lmci 174 - 165 ) , 3♀ ( lmci 174 - 164 , 166 and 167 ) . slide preparations , mounted in canada balsam : genitalia , 3♂ ( grpm 50 - 29 , 47 and 48 ) , 1♀ ( grpm 50 - 28 ) ; wings , 2 ♂ ( grpm 50 - 45 and 50 ) , 1♀ ( grpm 50 - 46 ) ; larvae , 2 last instars ( grpm 50 - 49 ) . immature stages , fixed in kahle - dietrich’s fluid and preserved in 70 % etoh : 8 last - instar larvae ( lcmi 174 - 52 ) ; 7 pupae ( lmci 174 - 168 , 169 and 223 ; and 210 - 16 ) ; 10 galls ( lmci 174 - 47 to 49 , 174 - 217 to 222 , and 210 - 15 ) . in tissue collection , 9 larvae ( lmci 174 - 50 and 56 ) fixed and preserved in 100 % etoh , at - 20°c .

) , 3 . 51 to 7 . 01 mm ( n = 6 ) . cecidogenous , endophyllous , semiprognathous , and tissue - feeder . body with setae well developed .

) : brown , with two paler mid - dorsal areas ; smooth , with shallow ridges ; labrum shallowly notched ; frons higher than wide , extending ca . 3 / 4 epicranial notch ; six stemmata arranged in c - shape . chaetotaxy (

) : a - group trisetose ; l - group unisetose ; p - group bisetose ; md trisetose ; c - group bisetose ; f - group unisetose ; af - group bisetose ; s - group trisetose ; ss - group trisetose . a1 , a3 , p1 and s2 about equal in length , longest setae on head ; c1 , c2 , f1 , a2 , af2 , l1 intermediate in length ; af1 shorter ; md1–3 very reduced and aligned with each other . antenna two - segmented . mandibles broad with four teeth , and one seta on outer surface ; labium broad , with two - segmented palpus and spinneret parallel - sided ; maxilla prominent .

) : prothoracic shield light brown , divided longitudinally by indistinctly marked , unpigmented area ; anal fig brown . thoracic legs slightly pigmented . prolegs on a3–a6 and a10 of equal size ; crochets in a circle , uniserial and uniordinal . thorax chaetotaxy : t1 with d - group bisetose , both located on the dorsal shield , d1 shorter than d2 ; xd - group bisetose , setae similar in length and both on the dorsal shield ; sd bisetose , laterally on the dorsal shield ; l - group bisetose , l1 longer than l2 ; sv - group bisetose , posteroventral to l2 , sv1 slightly longer than sv2 ; v - group unisetose . t2 and t3 with d - and sd - groups bisetose , median - transversely aligned ; d2 and sd1 similar in length , and longer than d1 and sd2 respectively ; l trisetose , l3 posterior to l1–l2 , similar in length to l1 ; sv unisetose ; v unisetose . abdomen chaetotaxy : d - group bisetose ; a1–9 with d2 slightly longer than d1 , and a10 with d1 longer than d2 ; sd - group bisetose , a1–7 with sd1 slightly longer than sd2 and a10 with sd2 longer than sd1 , sd2 absent in a9 ; a1–8 with l - group bisetose , l1 longer than l2 , l2 absent in a9 ; a1–8 with sv - group bisetose , sv1 slightly shorter than sv2 , sv1 absent in a9 ; v - group unisetose .

) , 4 . 42 to 6 . 11 mm long ( n = 5 ) . body elongate - oval in dorsal and ventral views , widest and dorsally raised in mesothoracic region . integument weakly melanized , mostly smooth , with a few scattered microsetae dorsally . frontoclypeal suture not evident . labrum u - shaped . labial palpi long ; antennae arched anteriorly and separate , approximate and parallel posteriorly to distal margins of maxillae , surpassing apical margin of forewings ; maxillae extending distally between sclerites of mid - legs ; femora of midleg not fused distally ; femora of foreleg extending beyond widest part of labial palpi . cremaster (

) short and apically rounded , with four pairs of setae ; one latero - basally , another latero - dorsally and two latero - distally .

known only from the type locality , in the dense umbrophilous forest ( = brazilian atlantic rain forest sensu stricto ) portions of the cpcn pró - mata , são francisco de paula , rs , brazil .

tibouchina sellowiana ( cham . ) cogn . ( melastomataceae ) . a small tree ( 3 to 6 m ) , endemic to the coastal montane forests of southern brazil , ranging from minas gerais to rio grande do sul , usually flowering in april–may ( souza 1986 , guimarães 2014 ) .

at the type locality , during spring ( october ) and summer ( february ) . they are prosoplasmatic histioid ( küster , in

) ; without conspicuous projections , bearing a few longitudinal carinae on surface and changing gradually from green to violet as ages ; fleshy , without uniformly defined internal chamber ; unilocular , unilarval . most of them house a specialized kleptoparasitic gelechiid moth , whose complex natural history is described in detail elsewhere (

) . those that are free from the kleptoparasite fall to the ground in late larval ontogeny and larva complete development on the ground . pupation occurs inside the gall , within a cylindrical , longitudinally arranged cocoon made of woven white silk (

named in honor of prof . dr . geraldo wilson fernandes , departamento de biologia geral , instituto de ciências biológicas , universidade federal de minas gerais , for his great contributions to the development of cecidology in the neotropics .

palaeomystella rosaemariae adult morphology : a wings b male valva , mesolateral view c male eighth sternum , ventral view d juxta , ventral ; e aedeagus , lateral view ( asterisk indicates attached juxta - lobes ) f male genitalia , lateral view g signum , internal view h male genitalia , ventral view ( transtilla , aedeagus and juxta not illustrated ) i female genitalia , ventral view ( corpus bursae not illustrated ) j female genitalia , lateral view . scale bars = 1 mm ; 200 , 200 , 100 , 200 , 100 , 200 , 200 and 250 µm ; 0 . 5 mm , respectively .

palaeomystella rosaemariae last larval instar : a cephalic chaetotaxy , frontal view b thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy , lateral view c head and prothoracic shield in detail , dorsal view d body , lateral view . scale bars = 50 µm , 1 mm , respectively .

palaeomystella rosaemariae pupa , in dorsal ( a ) , ventral ( b ) and lateral ( c ) views , respectively . scale bar = 1 mm .

) . sexes similar , forewing length 4 . 81 to 5 . 59 mm ( n = 5 ) .

) : frons pale brown ; vertex and labial palpus and antenna with pale - brown scales tipped with dark brown ; labial palpus with basal segments angled laterally , terminal segment slightly angled upward ; proboscis yellowish brown .

: tegula and mesonotum with pale - brown scales tipped with dark brown , posterior scales having more pale brown ; fore and midlegs dark brown ; hindlegs pale brown , tibia and tarsus with intermixed dark - brown scales . forewing (

) : lanceolate , with 13 veins ; l / w index ~ 4 . 5 ; dorsally covered by pale - brown scales intermixed with scattered , pale - brown scales tipped with dark brown , and with longitudinally aligned groups of brown scales ; a narrow , ill - defined , dark - brown streak bisecting the wing longitudinally from base to tornus ; 3 raised scale tufts located posterior to cubitus , including 1 wider tuft in anal area , 1 in line with midcell , and 1 near tornal area ; fringes pale brown , interspersed with a few pale - brown scales tipped with dark brown ; tornal area with two bands of pale - brown scales tipped with blackish brown ; ventrally , mostly uniformly covered with dark - brown scales ; retinaculum subcostal ; discal cell closed , ~ 2 / 3 length of forewing ; ending near 1 / 5 of wing margin ; sc ending ca . middle of anterior margin ; r 5 - branched ; r

stalked ca . 1 / 4 distance from the cell apex ; m 3 - branched ; cua 2 - branched ; cup weak proximally and not stalked , with 1a + 2a that is well developed , extending more than half length of posterior margin . hindwing (

) strongly lanceolate , with 9 veins ; l / w index ~ 6 . 4 , ~ 0 . 8 forewing in length ; scales pale brown on both sides ; fringes pale brown ; frenulum with a single acanthus in male , and with two acanthi in female , proximal acanthus anteriorly divergent , and distal acanthus parallel to wing anterior margin ; sc + r

ending at ca . 1 / 2 anterior margin ; rs ending at ca . 1 / 5 anterior margin ; m 3 - branched ; cua 2 - branched , with cua

stalked to m3 ; cup weakly sclerotized , ending at 1 / 3 posterior margin ; 1a + 2a well developed , ending near basis of posterior margin .

) anteriorly expanded medially into a slender , sharply pointed lobe , associated with a subtrapezoidal sternite .

) covered with several long setae , divided near 1 / 3 from base , with flat , broad sacculus tapering distad , and long , spatulate costa , rounded distally and gradually constricted toward base .

holotype ♂ : brazil : private farm belonging to antonio malta , coxilha das lombas , 30°02 ' 13 " s , 50°36 ' 30 " w , 17 m , santo antônio da patrulha , rs , brazil . dry preserved pinned adults , reared from galls induced on tibouchina asperior ( cham . ) cogn . ( melastomataceae ) , lmci 211 , 12 . iii . 2013 , by g . r . p . moreira , f . a . luz and s . bordignon , ( lmci 211 - 12 ) , donated to dzup ( 29 . 412 ) . paratypes : same data , 1♂ , 1♀ ( lmci 211 - 14 and 06 ) with genitalia in glycerin ( grpm 50 - 43 and 44 ) , donated to dzup ( 29 . 413 and 29 . 414 , respectively ) .

dry preserved pinned adults , with the same collection data , deposited in lmci under the following accession numbers : 2♂ ( lmci 211 - 07 and 10 ) ; 1♀ ( lmci 211 - 11 ) . slide preparations , mounted in canada balsam : genitalia , 2♂ ( grpm 50 - 38 and 39 ) , 1♀ ( grpm 50 - 40 ) ; wings , 1♂ ( grpm 50 - 36 ) , 1♀ ( grpm 50 - 37 ) ; larvae , 2 last instars ( grpm 50 - 41 and 42 ) . immature stages , fixed in kahle - dietrich’s fluid and preserved in 70 % etoh : 6 last - instar larvae ( lcmi 211 - 17 to 22 ) ; 3 pupae ( lmci 211 - 5 , 9 and 26 ) ; 6 mature , intact galls ( lmci 211 - 25 ) . in tissue collection , 6 larvae ( lmci 211 - 8 ) , fixed and preserved in 100 % ethanol , at - 20°c .

) , 4 . 94 to 9 . 88 mm long ( n = 5 ) . cecidogenous , endophyllous except prior to pupation , semiprognathous and tissue - feeder . body subcylindrical , creamy white , changing to red when mature prior to exit the gall ; with setae well developed .

) : pale brown , interspersed with two pairs of darker mid - dorsal areas ; smooth , with shallow ridges ; labrum shallowly notched ; frons higher than wide , extending ca . 3 / 4 epicranial notch ; six stemmata arranged in c - shaped configuration . chaetotaxy (

) : a - group trisetose ; l - group unisetose ; p group bisetose ; md trisetose ; c group bisetose ; f group unisetose ; af group bisetose ; s group trisetose ; ss group trisetose . a1 , a3 , p1 and s2 about equal in length , longest setae on head ; c1 , c2 , f1 , a2 , af2 , l1 intermediate in length ; af1 absent ; md1–3 very reduced and aligned with each other . antenna two - segmented . mandibles broad with four teeth , and one seta on the outer surface ; labium broad , with two - segmented palpus , the distal segment minute ; spinneret parallel - sided ; maxilla prominent .

) : prothoracic shield and anal fig slightly marked by irregularly shaped , small light - brown blots . thoracic legs also scarcely pigmented . prolegs on a3 - a6 and a10 of equal size ; crochets in a semicircle , uniserial and uniordinal . thorax chaetotaxy : t1 with d group bisetose , both located on dorsal shield , d1 shorter than d2 ; xd group bisetose , similar in length and both on the dorsal shield ; sd bisetose , laterally on the dorsal shield ; l group bisetose , l1 longer than l2 ; sv group bisetose , posteroventral to l2 , sv1 slightly longer than sv2 ; v group unisetose . t2 and t3 with d and sd groups bisetose , median - transversely aligned ; d2 and sd1 similar in length , and longer than d1 and sd2 respectively ; l trisetose , l3 posteriorly , similar in length to l1 ; sv unisetose ; v unisetose . abdomen chaetotaxy : d group bisetose ; a1–9 with d2 slightly longer than d1 , and a10 with d1 longer than d2 ; sd group bisetose , a1–7 with sd1 slightly longer than sd2 and a10 with sd2 longer than sd1 , sd2 absent in a9 ; a1–8 with l group trisetose , l1 longer than l2 , l1 and l2 absent in a9 ; a1–8 with sv group trisetose , sv3 absent in a7–9 ; v group unisetose .

) , 5 . 59 to 6 . 76 mm long ( n = 3 ) , elongate in dorsal and ventral views , slightly wider in thoracic region . integument light amber - colored , mostly smooth , with a few scattered microsetae dorsally . frontoclypeal suture not evident . labrum u - shaped . labial palpi long ; antennae arched anteriorly and separate , approximate and parallel posteriorly to distal margins of maxillae , reaching apical margin of forewings ; maxillae extending distally between sclerites of midlegs ; femora of midleg not fused distally ; femora of foreleg extending beyond widest part of labial palpi . cremaster (

) long , tubular , dorsally directed , bearing latero - apically a pair of distally conspicuous , anteriorly curved spines .

palaeomystella rosaemariae is known only from the type locality , the fragments of lowland dense umbrophilous atlantic forest of coxilha das lombas , santo antônio da patrulha , rs , brazil .

tibouchina asperior ( cham . ) cogn . ( melastomataceae ) , a shrub ( 0 . 5 to 1 . 0 m ) , in humid grassland areas , endemic to santa catarina and rio grande do sul ( souza 1986 , guimarães 2014 ) . at coxilha das lombas , where the southernmost portions of lowland dense umbrophilous atlantic forest occurs , these shrubs are common along the borders of forest fragments located in poorly drained , swampy areas , associated with the formation of lagoons and also influenced by sand dunes .

are located at distal axillary buds of the host . at the type locality , they occur in low numbers per plant . galls are prosoplasmatic histioid ( küster , in

) ; small , delicate , globoid ( 5 . 2 to 7 . 28 mm long ; n = 7 ) , green to reddish , covered with several short spine - like projections (

) . unilocular , unilarval , pupates away from the gall . little is known about the life history of this species . in laboratory , mature last instar larva invariably made a lateral orifice by chewing the gall wall (

) and moved directly to the bottom of the plastic pot . there , they promptly began to construct a cocoon by tying together small pieces of dried leaves with silk , where the pupation occurred (

) . the adult emerged through a slit made at the terminal end of the cocoon . specimens that pupated in the laboratory during the summer emerged as adults in the following autumn ( may ) .

named in honor of prof . dr . rosy mary dos santos isaias , an anatomist of the departamento de botânica , instituto de ciências biológicas , universidade federal de minas gerais , for her great contributions to the development of cecidology in the neotropics .

palaeomystella tavaresi adult morphology : a wings b male valva , mesolateral view c male eighth sternum , ventral view d juxta , ventral ; e aedeagus , lateral view ( asterisk indicates attached juxta - lobes ) f male genitalia , lateral view g signum , internal view h male genitalia , ventral view ( transtilla , aedeagus and juxta not illustrated ) i female genitalia , ventral view ( corpus bursae not illustrated ) h female genitalia , lateral view . scale bars = 1 mm ; 200 , 250 , 50 , 200 , 100 , 200 , 200 and 250 µm ; 0 . 5 mm , respectively .

palaeomystella tavaresi last larval instar : a cephalic chaetotaxy , frontal view b thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy , lateral view c head and prothoracic shield in detail , dorsal view d body , lateral view . scale bars = 50 µm , 1 mm , respectively .

palaeomystella tavaresi pupa , in dorsal ( a ) , ventral ( b ) and lateral ( c ) views , respectively . scale bar = 1 mm .

walshia sp . lima 1945 : 303–305 , figs 180 , 183 , 184 , misidentification .

) . sexes similar , forewing length 7 . 02 to 9 . 23 mm ( n = 8 ) .

) ; labial palpus pale brown , basal segments angled laterally , terminal segment slightly angled upward ; antennae brown ; proboscis yellowish brown .

) with brown scales tipped with dark brown , posterior scales paler brown ; fore and midlegs dark brown ; hindlegs pale brown , tibia and tarsus with intermixed dark - brown scales . forewings (

) : lanceolate , with 13 veins ; l / w index ~ 4 . 4 ; dorsally covered with brown scales , intermixed with dark - brown scales tipped with black , and pale - brown scales ; a narrow , ill - defined , dark - brown streak bisects the wing longitudinally from base to a brown , subapical , crescentic marking , edged distally with dark - gray scales ; 3 raised scale tufts located posterior to cubitus , in anal area , in line with midcell , and near tornal area , respectively ; fringes pale brown ; ventral side most uniformly covered with dark - brown scales ; discal cell closed , ~ 0 . 7× length of forewing ; ending near 1 / 5 wing margin ; sc ending ca . 1 / 3 anterior margin ; r 5 - branched ; r

stalked ca . 1 / 2 distance from cell apex ; m 3 - branched ; cua 2 - branched ; cup weak proximally and not stalked , with 1a + 2a that is well developed , extending more than half length of posterior margin . hindwing (

) : strongly lanceolate , with 9 veins ; l / w index ~ 5 . 4 , ~ 0 . 84 forewing in length ; scales light brown on both sides ; fringes pale brown ; frenulum a single acanthus on male , with two parallel - sided acanthi in female . sc + r

stalked near rs ; cua 2 - branched ; cup weakly sclerotized , ending at 1 / 2 posterior margin ; 1a + 2a well developed , ending near basis of posterior margin .

( not illustrated ) : scales pale brown intermixed with gray scales , with transverse irregular rows of spiniform setae on terga 2–7 in both sexes . eighth sternum (

) expanded anteromedially into a stout , rounded lobe , associated with a subtrapezoidal sternite .

) covered by several long setae , divided near 1 / 3 from the basis , with sacculus spatulate , tapering distad , and costa long , palmate , gradually constricted basad .

holotype ♂ : brazil : reserva serra bonita , 15°23 ' 30 " s , 39°33 ' 57 " w , 832 m , camacan , ba , brazil . adults preserved dried and pinned , reared from galls induced on tibouchina fissinervia ( schrank & mart . ex dc . ) cogn . ( melastomataceae ) by g . r . p . moreira , 15–21 . x . 2013 , lmci 230 - 05 , donated to dzup ( 29 . 415 ) . paratypes : same data , 17–23 . ii . 2013 , lmci 209 ; 1♂ ( lmci 209 - 31 ) , 1♀ ( lmci 230 - 20 ) , donated to dzup ( 29 . 416 and 29 . 417 , respectively ) ; 1♂ ( lmci 230 - 06 ) , 2♀ ( lmci 230 - 09 and 22 ) donated to vob .

adults dried and pinned , collected in light traps at the type locality , deposited in vob : 1♂ ( vob 144730 ) , - . viii . 2009 , by f . l . santos ; 1♂ ( vob 146783 , with genitalia mounted on slide ) , - . ix . 2010 , by v . o . becker . additional specimens , with the same collection data as the type material , deposited in lmci : adults dried and pinned , 6♂ ( lmci 230 - 07 , 15 , 16 , 17 and 21 ; lmci 230 - 08 , with genitalia in glycerin grpm 50 - 57 ) and 6♀ ( lmci 230 - 10 , 11 , 12 , 18 and 19 ; lmci 230 - 23 , with genitalia in glycerin grpm 50 - 58 ) . slide preparations , mounted in canada balsam : adults , 1♂ ( grpm 50 - 54 ) , 1♀ ( grpm 50 - 55 ) ; wings , 1♂ ( grpm 50 - 53 ) ; larvae , 2 last instars ( grpm 50 - 56 ) . immature stages , fixed in kahle - dietrich’s fluid and preserved in 70 % etoh : 5 last - instar larvae ( lcmi 209 - 13 and 14 , and 230 - 2 ) ; 6 pupae ( lmci 209 - 7 , 11 , 18 , and 230 - 1 ) ; 12 dissected galls ( lmci 209 - 21 and 22 , 230 - 3 and 4 ) . in tissue collection , 6 larvae ( lmci 209 - 06 ) fixed and preserved in 100 % etoh , at - 20°c .


the northern rocky mountain wolf ( canis lupus irremotus ) is a subspecies of gray wolf native to the northern rocky mountains in northwestern wyoming northward through western montana and eastern idaho at least to lethbridge in southern alberta .

it is a light-colored , medium to large-sized subspecies with a narrow , flattened frontal bone .

the subspecies was initially listed as endangered on march 9 , 1978 , but had the classification removed in the year 2000 due to the effects of the northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan .

on august 6 , 2010 , the northern rocky mountain wolf was ordered to be returned under endangered species act protections by u.s. district judge donald molloy in a decision overturning a previous ruling by the u.s. fish and wildlife service .

they were later removed on august 31 , 2012 from the list because of idaho , montana , and wyoming meeting the population quotas for the species to be considered stable .

as of 2005 , it is considered a valid subspecies by msw3 , though it is classed as a synonym of c. l. nubilus by the united states fish and wildlife service .

northern rocky mountain wolf

northern rocky mountain wolf <EOT> northern rocky mountain wolf recovery team . 1980 . northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan interagency report . 67 pp .

fish & wildlife serv . & n . rocky mountain wolf recovery team , northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan

percentage of wolf mortalities in the northern rocky mountains attributable to human causes ( 2000–2009 ) .

x - canis lupus youngi the southern rocky mountain wolf ; extinct by 1935 ; light buff color .

the bill requires the interior secretary to reissue the " 2009 rule " which removed esa protections for all northern rocky mountain wolves , except those in wyoming .

in the northern rocky mountains , wolf numbers are too low and populations too fragmented to ensure long - term survival , robinson says .

food habits and spatial relations of coyotes and one lone wolf in the rocky mountains .

usfws , nez perce tribe , national park service , and usda wildlife services . rocky mountain wolf recovery 2001 annual report . usfws , helena , mt .

usfws , nez perce tribe , national park service , and usda wildlife services . rocky mountain wolf recovery 2002 annual report . usfws , helena , mt .

two previous attempts to remove protections from the wolves in the northern rocky mountains have been struck down by federal courts .

canis lupus irremotus a medium - sized , light - coloured wolf from the rocky mountains .

minta , s . c . , comp . 1990 . annotated wolf bibliography for the northern rocky mountains . usda forest service and northern rockies conservation cooperative . flathead national forest , kalispell . 465 pp .

paradoxically , the legal battle surrounding gray wolves in the northern rocky mountains began where it might once have ended : at extinction .

martinka , c . j . 1976 . planning guidelines for the conservation of northern rocky mountain wolves in glacier national park . unpubl . rep . , usdi national park service , glacier national park . 3 pp .

however , fws issued another final rule , the 2009 rule , delisting wolves in the northern rocky mountains - - this time excluding wyoming .

hutto , r . l . and j . s . young . 1999 . habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region , usda forest service , rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32 . 72 p .

canis lupus hudsonicus a light - coloured wolf found in northern manitoba and the northwest territories .

although the section 10 ( j ) compromise certainly cleared the regulatory thicket for gray wolf reintroduction in the northern rocky mountains , it hardly plucked any of the political thorns .

in 1980 , the northern rocky mountain wolf recovery team completed a plan which would guide wolf recovery efforts for a future wolf population in the northern rockies of montana , idaho , and wyoming . the recovery plan was revised in 1987 . the plan designated three recovery areas - northwestern montana , central idaho , and the greater yellowstone - each of which included some portion of montana .

gray wolf in the northern rockies ( photo courtesy u . s . fish and wildlife service )

prey use strategies of sympatric wolves and coyotes in riding mountain national park , manitoba .

u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2012 . northern rocky mountain wolf recovery program 2011 interagency annual report . m . d . jimenez and s . a . becker , eds . usfws , ecological services , 585 shepard way , helena , montana , 59601 .

u . s . fish and wildlife service . 1988 . interim wolf control plan , northern rocky mountains of montana and wyoming . fish and wildlife enhancement office , helena . 29 pp .

. in 2006 , censuses counted 22 breeding pairs and 283 wolves in montana , 42 breeding pairs and 650 wolves in idaho , and 25 breeding pairs and 310 wolves in wyoming , for a total of 1243 wolves in the northern rocky mountain region .

adams , r . a . 2003 . bats of the rocky mountain west ; natural history , ecology , and conservation . boulder , co : university press of colorado . 289 p .

balser , d . s . , r . evans , d . l . flath , d . mcintoch , m . m . meagher , n . r . miner , k . norrie , r . r . ream , and r . k . turner , 1980 , northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan

following an absence of more than 70 years , wolves once again run beneath the ample skies of yellowstone national park . northern rocky mountain wolves , a subspecies of the gray wolf ( canis lupus ) , were native to yellowstone when the park was established in 1872 . predator control was practiced in the park . . .

mattson , u . , and r . r . ream . 1978 . current status of the gray wolf ( canis lupis ) in the rocky mountain front , july , 1978 . unpubl . rep . , wolf ecology project , university of montana , missoula . 18 pp .

diamond , s . j . , and p . finnegan . 1991 . wolf movements and food habits on the rocky mountain front : annual report 1991 . usda for . serv . , lewis and clark national forest , great falls . 17 pp .

diamond , s . j . , and p . finnegan . 1992 . wolf movements and food habits on the rocky mountain front : 1992 annual report . usda for . serv . , lewis and clark national forest , great falls . 10 pp .

northern rocky mountain wolf recovery team . idaho . department of fish and game . montana . department of fish , wildlife , and parks . national audubon society . u . s . fish and wildlife service . united states . bureau of land management . united states . forest service . united states . national park service . university of montana .

for some in the west , however , the idea of peaceful wolf - human existence remains a pipe dream . “natural balance is a walt disney movie – it isn’t real , ” david allen , president of the rocky mountain elk foundation , said recently .

the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) listed the eastern timber wolf ( canis lupus lycaon ) as endangered in 1967 , and the northern rocky mountain subspecies ( canis lupus irremotus ) as endangered in 1973 . in 1978 , the legal status of the gray wolf in north america was clarified by listing the minnesota wolf population as threatened and all other members of the species canis lupus south of canada as endangered .

fws issues a proposed rule to delist northern rockies gray wolves from the endangered species list .

tilt , w . , r . norris and a . s . eno . 1987 . wolf recovery in the northern rocky mountains . publ . booklet , national audubon society , national fish and wildlife foundation , washington , dc . 31 pp .

the approval of all three state management plans paved the path for fws to publish a final rule ( “2008 rule” ) delisting wolves in the northern mountain rocky mountain region from esa protections and transferring absolute authority for wolf management to the three individual states . [ fn39 ] the ink was barely dry on the 2008 rule before a coalition of environmental groups filed suit challenging the rule . [ fn40 ] in july 2008 , in defenders of wildlife v . hall , the u . s . district court for the district of montana issued a preliminary injunction enjoining the service from delisting the gray wolf and restoring esa protections in the northern rocky mountain region pending final resolution , [ fn41 ] two months later , the court granted fws ' s procedural motion to enter a vacatur of the 2008 rule and remand to the agency for further consideration . [ fn42 ]

day , gary l . 1981 . the status and distribution of wolves in the northern rocky mountains of the united states . m . s . thesis . univ . of montana , missoula . 130 pp .

ty - book ti - northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan / ur - urltoken pb - the team ] , cy - [ bozeman , mont . : py - 1980 n1 - " may 28 1980 . " au - northern rocky mountain wolf recovery team . au - idaho . department of fish and game . au - montana . department of fish , wildlife , and parks . au - national audubon society . au - u . s . fish and wildlife service . au - united states . bureau of land management . au - united states . forest service . au - united states . national park service . au - university of montana . kw - endangered species kw - united states kw - wildlife management kw - wolves er - ty - book ti - northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan / vl - 1980 ur - urltoken pb - the team ] , cy - [ bozeman , mont . : py - 1980 n1 - " may 28 1980 . " au - northern rocky mountain wolf recovery team . au - idaho . department of fish and game . au - montana . department of fish , wildlife , and parks . au - national audubon society . au - u . s . fish and wildlife service . au - united states . bureau of land management . au - united states . forest service . au - united states . national park service . au - university of montana . kw - endangered species kw - united states kw - wildlife management kw - wolves er -

79 ( 2004 ) . other big game animals in montana include elk , moose , black bears , and mountain lions .

range and habitat : the northwestern wolf , more commonly known as the rocky mountain wolf inhabits parts of the western united states , western canada , and alaska , including unimak island of the aleutians , and is the sub - species that was reintroduced into yellowstone national park ( ynp ) and central idaho in 1995 - 6 .

. final rule to identify the northern rocky mountain population of gray wolf as a distinct population segment and to revise the list of endangered and threatened wild - life , 74 fed . reg . 15 , 123 , 15 , 125 ( apr . 2 , 2009 ) ( to be codified at 50 c . f . r . pt . 17 ) [ hereinafter 2009 rule ] .

furthermore , federal oversight of wolf management in the northern rockies is set to end in may 2016 . in january 2016 the center and allies petitioned for the service to continue monitoring northern rocky mountains gray wolves for another five years — crucial to ensure that the wolf population doesn ' t slip to dangerously low levels . we filed a notice of intent to sue in march after the agency failed to respond .

final rule designating the northern rocky mountain population of gray wolf as a distinct population segment and removing this distinct population segment from the federal list of endangered and threatened wildlife , 73 fed . reg . 10 , 514 , 10 , 514 ( feb . 27 , 2008 ) ( to be codified at 50 c . f . r . pt . 17 ) [ hereinafter 2008 rule ] .

designating the northern rocky mountain population of gray wolf as a distinct population segment and removing this distinct population segment from the federal list of endangered and threatened wildlife , 72 fed . reg . 6106 , 6106 - 07 ( proposed feb . 8 , 2007 ) ( to be codified at 50 c . f . r . pt . 17 ) [ hereinafter 2007 rule ] ; elizabeth a . schulte ,

, jan . 12 , 2007 . one day after ifgc announced a 2009 wolf season , otter told a reporter he would buy a wolf tag and hoped to bag one during the fall hunt . rocky barker ,

in 1974 , the remaining gray wolves in the lower 48 states were protected under the endangered species act ( esa ) . thereafter , the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( fsw ) of the u . s . department of the interior appointed a wolf recovery team , which initially recommended that natural dispersal and reintroduction be used to restore wolves to the northern rocky mountain ( nrm ) region .

gray wolves were originally listed under the esa in 1974 . currently , gray wolves are listed as endangered throughout most of the united states . the gray wolf is listed as threatened in minnesota , and as an experimental population in wyoming . the species has been delisted due to recovery in the northern rocky mountain dps , which includes montana , idaho , eastern washington , eastern oregon and north - central utah .

canis lupus occidentalis a large wolf from western canada , also called the mackenzie valley wolf .

the gray wolf is one of north america ' s most iconic native predators . the wolf ' s incredible comeback in the northern rockies is one of our country ' s greatest wildlife success stories .

dobkin , d . s . 1992 . neotropical migrant land birds in the northern rockies and great plains . usda forest service , northern region . publication no . r1 - 93 - 34 . missoula , mt .

earthjustice files suit challenging the decision to remove endangered species act protections for gray wolves in the northern rockies .

federal district court judge donald molloy upholds the 2011 legislation removing esa protections for wolves in the northern rockies .

the northern rockies were once a gray wolf stronghold , but predator removal programs initiated in the 1880s essentially wiped wolves out in the region by the 1930s .

foresman , k . r . 2012 . mammals of montana . second edition . mountain press publishing , missoula , montana . 429 pp .

“the return of the wolf to the northern rocky mountains is a major success story , and reflects the remarkable work of states , tribes , and our many partners to bring this iconic species back from the brink of extinction , " fish and wildlife service director dan ashe said in a statement .

the final rule for delisting of the northern rockies population of gray wolves from the endangered species list is published .

@ book { bhl200383 , title = { northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan / } , copyright = { not provided . contact contributing library to verify copyright status . } , url = urltoken note = urltoken - - - " may 28 1980 . " } , publisher = { [ bozeman , mont . : the team ] , } , author = { northern rocky mountain wolf recovery team . and idaho . department of fish and game . and montana . department of fish , wildlife , and parks . and national audubon society . and u . s . fish and wildlife service . and united states . bureau of land management . and united states . forest service . and united states . national park service . and university of montana . } , year = { } , pages = { 84 } , keywords = { endangered species | united states | wildlife management | wolves | } , } @ book { bhl137547 , title = { northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan / } , volume = { 1980 } , copyright = { not provided . contact contributing library to verify copyright status . } , url = urltoken note = urltoken - - - " may 28 1980 . " } , publisher = { [ bozeman , mont . : the team ] , } , author = { northern rocky mountain wolf recovery team . and idaho . department of fish and game . and montana . department of fish , wildlife , and parks . and national audubon society . and u . s . fish and wildlife service . and united states . bureau of land management . and united states . forest service . and united states . national park service . and university of montana . } , year = { 1980 } , pages = { 84 } , keywords = { endangered species | united states | wildlife management | wolves | } , }

a federal district court issues an order finding that the delisting of wolves in the northern rockies was likely illegal , but declined to stop wolf hunts in idaho and montana .

boyd , d . 1982 . food habits and spatial relations of coyotes and a lone wolf in the rocky mountains . m . s . thesis . university of montana , missoula . 115 pp .

wolves were first brought back to the west in 1995 , when 66 were brought from canada to yellowstone national park and idaho . the northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan also allowed for the natural southern dispersal of other wolf populations from canada . since then , the species has spread to montana , wyoming , washington , and oregon , and now there’s even a single pack living in northern california . the population of wolves in those states is approaching 1 , 700 —a huge success story for conservationists , albeit one that’s still ongoing . wolves numbered 2 million on this continent just a couple hundred years ago but were killed off as modern civilization expanded westward .

the return of the gray wolf continues to rivet the mountain west , where some 2 million wolves roamed before settlers drove them to extinction by the 1930s . nearly 2 , 000 animals and more than 100 breeding pairs – a tiny fraction of their original numbers – now traverse the ancestral valleys and ridgelines of their northern rockies range .

under an exception to the endangered species act , fish and wildlife service actions have resulted in the federal killing on behalf of the livestock industry of 931 wolves in the northern rocky mountains and at least 1 , 951 wolves in the great lakes region from 1996 through 2008 .

ream , r . r . 1984 . the wolf is at our door : population recovery in the northern rockies . western wildlands 10 ( 2 ) : 2 - 7 .

overly aggressive management by the states is consistently reducing wolf numbers and the connectivity necessary for wolves to expand into unoccupied areas in the northern rockies and neighboring states . consequently , full recovery of the wolf in the american west is threatened .

jeremy t . bruskotter , eric toman , sherry a . enzler , robert h . schmidt ; are gray wolves endangered in the northern rocky mountains ? a role for social science in listing determinations , bioscience , volume 60 , issue 11 , 1 december 2010 , pages 941–948 , urltoken

“biologists have witnessed deer move as far down as illinois and ohio because of the overcrowding population in northern michigan and wisconsin . ”

the northern rockies gray wolves are officially removed from the endangered species list . wyoming ' s contentious state management plan takes effect .

wolf populations in yellowstone national park and central idaho grew rapidly and soon became a source for dispersers to montana . new packs formed outside the earliest core wolf areas and overall wolf distribution expanded . wolf dispersal has been documented between and among all three federal recovery areas and the states comprising the northern rockies . by the end of 2002 , the northern rockies wolf population met the biological recovery criteria of at least 30 breeding pairs in the northern rockies for three years in a row . by the end of 2004 , there was an estimated 835 wolves and 66 breeding pairs in the tri - state area . in montana , there were about 153 wolves in 15 breeding pairs .

wolf reintroduction and recovery in the northern rocky mountains is a conservation success story . since reintroduction in 1995 , wolf populations have increased from a few dozen to 1 , 700 . the original recovery goal of 300 wolves has been sustained in the region for almost a decade . that is why the u . s . interior department agreed to return wolf management to state of montana wildlife biologists in 2003 . the interior department re - affirmed that plan in 2009 .

a member of yellowstone ' s famed druid pack , this particular wolf was unique . " he was a hell of a wolf , " recalled one veteran wolf watcher .

earthjustice filed suit on behalf of 12 conservation groups , challenging the decision to delist northern rockies gray wolves from endangered species act protections .

in fact , genetic isolation threatens all gray wolves , whose three main populations — in the northern rockies , upper midwest and southwest — are small and disconnected . to spur true , nationwide gray wolf recovery , in july 2010 the center petitioned the obama administration for a national recovery plan to establish wolf populations in suitable habitat in the pacific northwest , california , great basin , southern rocky mountains , great plains and new england .

rust , h . j . 1946 . mammals of northern idaho . j . mammal . 27 ( 4 ) : 308 - 327 .

. although gray wolves can live up to thirteen years , the average lifespan of reintroduced wolves in the northern rockies is just four years .

wolves in the northern rockies are again removed from the endangered species list . the delisting rule goes into effect on may 4 , 2009 .

just 13 years after the first releases in yellowstone , the push to remove gray wolves in the northern rockies from the endangered species list began .

a more recent study—not available at the time of delisting—suggests attitudes toward wolves in the northern rockies may be becoming more negative . specifically , a content analysis of news media coverage indicates that public discourse about wolves in the northern rockies became increasingly negative from 1999 to 2008 ( houston 2009 ) .

vast areas of suitable wolf habitat remain unoccupied in national forests and national parks in the former western range of the gray wolf .

boyd , d . k . and d . h . pletscher . 1999 . " characteristics of dispersal in a colonizing wolf population in the central rocky mountains " . the journal of wildlife management . 63 ( 4 ) : 1094 - 1108 .

with large swaths of undeveloped land and some of america’s biggest native animals , the rocky mountains and great plains provide the last best wildlife habitat in the lower 48 for many species .

announcing the delisting , deputy secretary of the interior lynn scarlett said the success of gray wolf recovery efforts in the northern rockies has contributed to expanding populations of wolves that no longer require the protection of the act .

days before leaving office , the bush administration makes a final attempt to remove endangered species protections for wolves in the northern rockies ( excluding wyoming ) .

" wolves have recovered in the great lakes and the northern rocky mountains because of the hard work , cooperation and flexibility shown by states , tribes , conservation groups , federal agencies and citizens of both regions , " said scarlett . " we can all be proud of our various roles in saving this icon of the american wilderness . "

officials in alberta and british columbia offered wolves for reintroduction . the canadian source areas were situated along the rocky mountains and had similar terrain and prey to the ynp and central idaho release locations .

wolf watch 2 . scott’s group on facebook . i think they only let you join if you can prove you shot a wolf illegally .

, 2008 rule , 73 fed . reg . at 10 , 514 . in the northern rockies , only four or five of these pups survive the winter .

fws proposed a rule to remove the gray wolf in wyoming from the endangered species list , claiming wyoming ' s wolf population is stable , threats will be addressed , and wyoming ' s wolf management laws are adequate .

the order comes a week after idaho ' s wolf hunting season opened on september 1 . montana is set to begin wolf hunting on september 15 .

read tws’ fact sheet on gray wolf populations in the conterminous united states , and position statement on wolf restoration and management in the contiguous united states .

diet : the prey base of the northwestern wolf includes a variety of hoofed mammals and other rodents , such as moose , bison , elk , caribou , dall sheep , sitka black - tailed deer , mountain goats , beaver , salmon , vole , lemmings , ground squirrels and snowshoe hare .

for northern rockies wolves to recover and assume their important role in ecosystems , states must manage wolves as an accepted and valued native species—like mountain lions and black bears . states must also ensure adequate connectivity between wolf populations to allow for natural recolonization in washington , oregon , utah and colorado . education and outreach efforts are also vital to foster more tolerance for wolves and to promote the use of nonlethal methods to address conflicts and to secure a future for wolves in the region .

miscellaneous : legal shooting and trapping of wolves occurs throughout alaska . over the past decade 11 to 20 percent of alaska ' s wolf population has been harvested each year . studies indicate that wolves could sustain an annual harvest of 30 to 40 percent without decreasing the population . the wolf population in alaska is estimated at 7 , 500 - 11 , 000 wolves . the population in the northern rocky mountains ( greater yellowstone area , nw montana , and idaho ) is estimated to be around 1200 and increasing ( 2006 usfws pop . estimate ) .

werner , j . k . , b . a . maxell , p . hendricks , and d . flath . 2004 . amphibians and reptiles of montana . missoula , mt : mountain press publishing company . 262 p .

there are an estimated 7 , 000 to 11 , 200 gray wolves in alaska , 3 , 700 in the great lakes region and 1 , 675 in the northern rockies .

on january 14 , in what conservationists view as a last - ditch effort by the bush administration to undermine environmental protections , the u . s . fish and wildlife service announced that the northern rockies gray wolf will be taken off the endangered species list .

safari club and the nra jointly filed a motion for reconsideration of judge molloy’s previous order denying the groups intervenor status in the litigation . asking the judge to reconsider is a procedural requirement if the groups wish to appeal to a higher court the judge’s refusal to grant them intervenor status . judge molloy denied that reconsideration motion . rocky mountain elk foundation asked for a stay of the wolf delisting rider litigation pending appeal of judge molloy’s decision to deny their group intervenor status . judge molloy likewise denied their motion to stay the litigation .

yeah , it’s one thing to read about it , quite another to actually see it ! . i really liked what you said , about opting for the control , not necessarily liking having to kill a wolf but when faced with certain circumstances , you are for doing what needs to be done . i think it’s also fascinating to see how different things are between the wolves in the great lakes region and the wolves in the rocky mountain regions . somewhere in between the extreme positions of both sides i think is the truth .

in 1978 , fws listed the northern rocky mountain subspecies of gray wolf ( cants lupis irremotus ) as endangered . [ fn20 ] fws first approved a recovery plan in 1980 , which called for the reintroduction of 90 to 150 gray wolves from canada into the greater yellowstone national park area ( “gya” ) in northwestern wyoming , central idaho , and western montana . [ fn21 ] the service determined that the region in and around yel - lowstone national park ( “ynp” ) and the vast federally protected wilderness in central idaho were best suited for reintroduction because of a minimal interface with surrounding livestock and agricultural operations , the ample availability of wild game and native prey , and the quality of the habitat . [ fn22 ]

montana interagency wolf working group . 1991 . 1990 annual report . 29 pp .

canis lupus crassodon a medium - size , greyish wolf found on vancouver island .

ecology of wolf predation admits high ungulate diversity in jasper national park , alberta .

wolf predation of nettlesome coyotes has helped resuscitate numbers of the magnificent pronghorn antelope .

as an example , ifgc set a wolf mortality limit of 428 wolves after the 2008 delisting - - about fifty percent of the state ' s wolf population .

the designation applies to all remaining wolf populations in the lower - 48 states .

the 2011–2012 montana wolf hunting and idaho wolf hunting and trapping seasons begin , during which 166 wolves are killed in montana , and 379 wolves are killed in idaho .

the mexican gray wolf is the rarest subspecies of gray wolf in north america . once common throughout portions of the southwestern united states , the mexican wolf was all but eliminated from the wild by the 1970s due to extensive predator control initiatives . recovery efforts for the mexican wolf began when the subspecies was listed as endangered in 1976 .

wolf territories usually vary in size from 200 to 500 square miles , but may range from as little as 18 square miles to as much as 1 , 000 square miles . one wolf per every 10 square miles is considered ideal for wolf health .

the red wolf is one of the world’s most endangered wolf species . once common throughout the eastern and south central united states , red wolf populations were decimated by the early part of the 20th century and reduced to coastal areas of texas and louisiana .

singer , f . j . 1975d . the history and status of wolves in northern glacier national park , montana . glacier national park scientific paper no . 1 , west glacier , montana .

with that , the agency enacted a rule establishing a nonessential experimental population of gray wolves in idaho , montana , and wyoming - - finalizing the release of wolves back into the northern rockies .

canis lupus baileyi the smallest north american grey wolf , originally found from mexico to the south west united states ; according to many authorities , indistinguishable from canis lupus mogollonensis and canis lupus monstrabilis . the mexican wolf ' s range originally extended from northern mexico into the mountainous parts of arizona , new mexico and texas . the most endangered wolf subspecies , the mexican wolf is extinct in the wild in the united states - - and , scientists say , probably in mexico as well . a small captive population exists in the united states .

in february 2007 , fws issued a proposed delist rule [ fn140 ] that : ( 1 ) established a northern rocky mountain distinct population segment ( “nrm dps” ) , including wolves in the entireties of montana , idaho , and wyoming , the eastern one - third of washington and oregon , and a sliver of north - central utah , where episodic dispersers and one or two packs have migrated ; [ fn141 ] and ( 2 ) removed gray wolves within the nrm dps from federal esa protection . [ fn142 ] the rule would grant idaho and montana absolute authority for wolf management under the framework of the plans already approved by fws . [ fn143 ] the proposed rule preserved federally protected status for wyoming wolves until the state adopted an adequate regulatory plan . [ fn144 ]

canis lupus griseoalbus a large wolf found in north alberta , saskatchewan , and manitoba .

canis lupus mackenzii the northwest territories wolf ; not recognized as a subspecies until 1943 .

wolves in spite of numeric management commitments in the non - binding wolf management plans .

wyo . game & fish comm ' n , final wyoming gray wolf management . plan

the state policies will result in wolf deaths that undermine the recovery of the species .

it’s the wolf populations reintroduced to the american west that gop policy is directly targeting .

where did the shoshone aquire a mule . had the spanish been this far north or was there a spanish fort in southern idaho or northern utah . there has been much speculation over this mule .

the white mountain apache tribe ( wmat ) has been an active partner in mexican wolf recovery for almost 15 years . the service provides annual funding for the tribe’s mexican wolf management and monitoring program , in accordance with a service - approved management plan . the tribe’s support has been extremely beneficial to the service due to the geographic location of their tribal land within our experimental population area . in addition , they have demonstrated tremendous leadership communicating the benefits and impacts of tribal wolf management to other tribes in the region .

throughout their range , wolves are keystone predators and have a profound effect on the ecosystems they inhabit . the wide range of habitats in which wolves can thrive reflects their adaptability as a species . in his essay titled , “thinking like a mountain , ” the great american conservationist aldo leopold described the cascading effects of losing wolves in a forested mountain ecosystem - the resulting increase of deer , followed by overgrazing , deforestation and erosion , and then the collapse of deer after having eaten themselves out of house and home .

fws announces plans to remove gray wolves in the northern rockies ( idaho , wyoming , montana ) from the endangered species list , but only if wyoming adopts a state management plan that fws deems appropriate .

boyd , d . k . , r . p . ream , d . h . pletscher , and m . w . fairchild . 1993 . variation in denning and parturition dates of a wild gray wolf , canis lupus , in the rocky mountains . the canadian field - naturalist . 107 ( 3 ) : 359 - 360 .

mostly due to federal predator control and conflicts with the livestock industry , the gray wolf was extirpated from the west by 1945 . today , after centuries of fear and superstition , research has given the wolf a new image as a social creature with an indispensible role in ecosystems — and endangered species act protection gave it a new chance to thrive . unfortunately , the beautiful carnivore is still persecuted by federal predator control and poachers , and most wolves in the northern rocky mountains ( all but those in wyoming ) have been removed from the endangered species list — even though these amazing animals have a long way to go before recovery .

voigt and berg ( 1987 ) noted that where prey is limited in the winter sympatric species might have overlapping diets , especially when ungulates are the primary food resource . litvaitis ( 1992 ) argued that additional quantitative information through experimentation on the extent of prey overlap is needed and that wolf recolonization of the northern rocky mountains may provide such an opportunity . we examined whether resource partitioning allowed for coexistence of coyotes with wolves in an area recently recolonized by wolves . we made 3 predictions that coyotes would avoid competing with wolves for food resources by using smaller prey items , that coyotes would have a greater diversity in their diet , and that coyotes within established wolf territories would scavenge on large mammals more than coyotes outside wolf territories .

the forester ought to carry you past the nf boundary there at robb creek . past that , there are a couple steep rocky pitches headed up to the notch where i wouldn’t take a vehicle i cared about . nice country up there , eh ?

sime , c . 2006 . wolf conservation and management plan , final project performance report .

visit urltoken for a wolf pupdevelopment chart , describing how pups mature as they grow older .

x - canis lupus beothucus the newfoundland wolf , now extinct ; reported almost pure white .

canis lupus columbianus a large wolf found in the yukon , british columbia , and alberta .

the way the $ 35m wolf tourism economic analysis should be properly is analyzed is this .

the effects of wolf colonization on coyote populations , movements , behaviors , and food habits .

allowed unregulated wolf killing in over ninety percent of the state , failed to pass muster .

reports of ghost wolf sightings trickle in from parts of wyoming , washington , and idaho .

wolf on glacial erratic at yellowstone ' s little america flats , february 2 , 2004 .

wildlife biologist and wolf advocate , on witnessing the return of wolves to yellowstone national park .

basic facts threats what we ' re doing to help fact vs . fiction what you can do gray wolves in alaska gray wolves in the northern rockies gray wolves in the great lakes get more information success stories

after 12 months of study , fws rejects a petition filed by the governor of wyoming and the state game & fish commission asking that gray wolves in the northern rockies be removed from the endangered species list .

2008 : the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( fws ) removes northern rockies wolves from the endangered species list , approving management plans that allow montana , idaho and wyoming to reduce their wolf populations to 150 wolves each , slashing the regional population from nearly 1 , 800 to 450 wolves .

the dire wolf was a large canine that exhibited hyena - like characteristics . like the hyena , the dire wolf hunted and scavenged for food . researchers suspect that dire wolves , due to their scavenging nature , scattered the bones of animals they killed or that were killed by other prey . the dire wolf was not quite like any animal we have today . it was similar in overall size and mass to a large modern grey wolf . ( a popular misconception is that dire wolf dwarfed the modern day grey wolf ) the dire wolf was about 1 . 5 meters ( 5 feet ) long and weighed about 50 kilograms ( 110 pounds ) on average . the dire wolf looked fairly similar to the modern grey wolf ; however , there were several important differences . the dire wolf had a larger , broader head and shorter , sturdier legs than its modern relative . the teeth of the dire wolf are much larger and more massive than those of the grey wolf . the braincase of the dire wolf is also smaller than that of a similarly - sized grey wolf . the fact that the lower part of the legs of the dire wolf are proportionally shorter than those of the grey wolf , indicates that the dire wolf was probably not a good a runner as the grey wolf . many paleontologists think that the dire wolf may have used its relatively large , massive teeth to crush bone . this idea is supported by the fact that dire wolf teeth frequently have large amounts of wear on their crowns . several people have suggested that dire wolves may have made their living in similar ways to the modern hyenas . wolves and coyotes are relatively common large carnivores found in ice age sites . in fact , several thousand dire wolves have been found in the asphalt pits at rancho la brea in los angeles , ca . the coyote , grey wolf , and dire wolf have all been found in paleontological sites in the midwestern u . s . the first specimen of a dire wolf was found at near evansville , indiana . clark kimberling of the university of evansville has traced the very interesting history of this specimen . the dire wolf , canis dirus , larger and heavier than the grey wolf , evolved earlier and the two co - existed in north america for about 400 , 000 years . as prey became extinct around 16 , 000 years ago due to climatic change , the dire wolf gradually became extinct itself . around 7 , 000 years ago the grey wolf became the prime canine predator in north america .

recent announcements that us fish and wildlife service will delist mid - western wolf populations follow previous efforts to delist abundant wolf mid - western wolf populations through administrative processes . conservation organizations recognize that litigation and other delay tactics are likely to be used again to challenge new delisting proposals .

fws announced it is eliminating federal protections for wyoming ' s wolves , handing wolf management over to wyoming , which will open almost all of the state to immediate , unconditional wolf killing .

no other species , especially one with a total population of less than a few thousand , is being managed as aggressively as northern rockies wolves . people who are unwilling or unprepared to share the landscape with wolves have unduly influenced the management of these important predators . in less than two years , more than 1 , 100 wolves were killed in the northern rockies , and states seem determined to slash wolf numbers even more . the federal delisting plan offers no mechanism to prevent idaho , montana and wyoming from killing all but 150 wolves each and requires no scientific justification that 150 wolves constitute a healthy , recovered wolf population .

but even as the wolf hunt is set to step up in america ’s wildest reaches , it’s also true that ranchers , who firmly opposed federal wolf reintroduction as it gained steam in the 1980s and ' 90s , have slowly come to accept the wolf’s return as inevitable and permanent .

gray wolves range in color from grizzled gray or black to all - white . as the ancestor of the domestic dog , the gray wolf resembles german shepherds or malamutes . though they once nearly disappeared from the lower 48 states , today wolves have returned to the great lakes , northern rockies and southwestern united states .

. defenders of wildlife , comments on montana hunting and trapping regulations for wolves ( feb . 13 , 2008 ) , urltoken policy / wiid - life _ conservation / irnperiled _ species / woives / wolf _ recovery _ efforts / northern _ rockies _ wolves / management _ and _ policy / index . php .

x - canis lupus monstrabilis a wolf found in texas and new mexico ; extinct by 1942 .

the government in concert with western settlers extirpated the wolf across nearly all of its historic range .

the ifgc , by a four - to - three margin rejected a 430 wolf mortality limit .

. also , the article describes the twenty - one percent increase in ynp tourism directly attributed to visitors hoping to spot a wolf , while at the same time anti - wolf memorabilia like the popular “wolf management team” t - shirt , showing a wolf ' s head in a rifle sight , with the slogan : “shoot , shovel and shut up , ” sold in high numbers .

wolf conservation and management in montana will carefully balance the interests and perspectives of a diverse public .

iran : subspecies : pallipes , campestris . status : fully viable , numbering > 1000 . range occupied : 80 % . main prey : gazelle , mountain sheep , livestock , wild boar , deer , capra sp . legal status : game species . cause of decline : persecution .

2010 : after another lawsuit , a federal court overturns the 2009 decision to delist wolves , ruling that fws can not remove protection in only a portion of the northern rockies wolf population’s core range , because conditions that support the recovery of wolves must be present in a significant portion of their entire range in the region .

the decision friday by the us fish and wildlife service to lift endangered species protections for the gray wolf in wyoming is a testament to the success of the 20 - year federal wolf reintroduction effort .

go to the international wolf center site , urltoken , and access their radio telemetry data , for wolf data . a superior national forest center section map is needed to plot where the packs are .

earthjustice asks the federal district court reviewing the delisting challenge for an emergency injunction to halt pending fall wolf hunts in idaho and montana . earthjustice sought—and won—a similar injunction the last time wolf hunts began .

the red wolf ( currently recognized as a different species than the gray wolf ) once ranged as far north as pennsylvania and as far west as central texas . because of its wide distribution , the red wolf played an important role in a variety of ecosystems , from pocosin lowlands to forested mountains .

rodger schlickeisen , president of defenders of wildlife , said , " this blatantly political maneuver is hardly surprising . the bush administration has been trying to strip endangered species act protections from the northern rockies wolf since the day it took office - no matter the dire consequences of delisting wolves prematurely and without adequate state protections in place . "

schlickeisen said , " if allowed to stand , this rule would mean that the northern rockies wolf population could be slashed by as much as two - thirds , placing approximately 1 , 000 of the regionís roughly 1 , 450 wolves in peril . this is a loss from which they most likely would be unable to recover . "

canis lupus arctos the white wolf of the high arctic , found from melville island to ellesmere island .

x - canis lupus fuscus a brownish - colored wolf from the cascade mountains ; extinct by 1940 .

canis lupus ligoni a small , dark - colored wolf from the alexander archipelago in the arctic islands .

this is a space where we’ll post the various documents that wolf advocates will be filing in federal district court of their challenge of the recent wolf delisting rider that was attached to the 2011 budget bill .

in wisconsin the last year we were under the 350 wolf plan min population , wolves depredated at a rate of $ 86 per wolf per year . in 2010 the population was double the 350 wolves… that additional 350 wolves depredated at a rate of close to $ 500 . 00 per wolf per year .

because the laws allow theoretically unlimited wolf mortality , enforcement of the laws would have to be vigilant .

a " wolf - like " animal sighted in hayden valley , august 7 / 8 , 1992 .

wolves are highly social animals that live in packs . a pack is an extended family group comprised of a the breeding , or “alpha” male and female pair and some of their subordinate offspring and current pups from one or more years . the alpha wolves decide when the pack will travel and hunt , and normally are the first to eat at a kill . the pair’s offspring normally disperse into adjacent or available territories at 2 to 3 years of age . for packs studied in the northern rocky mountain region , the average dispersal distance and subsequent new pack formation is about 65 miles . for highly cursorial and very mobile wolves , this is “next - door . ” recent satellite - collar tracking data , however has shown that some offspring and individual wolves have dispersed more than a thousand miles in three or four months !

like the 2008 rule , the 2009 rule simultaneously designated an area encompassing idaho , montana , wyoming and swathes of eastern washington , oregon and northern utah as the nrm dps - - and then delisted that dps in the same action .

note 8 , app . 9 , at 42 ( summarizing a survey of wildlife biologists who determined a viable population of wolves in the northern rockies would need to disperse over a wide geography to defeat stagnate genetic exchange and inbreeding ) .

in response to the earthjustice lawsuit , a federal court reinstated esa protections for gray wolves in the northern rockies , just in time to keep wolves safe from fall hunts that would have been implemented in idaho , montana , and wyoming .

wolf wars is indeed a great book for understanding the events that led to the reintroduction . i also recommend martin nie’s , beyond wolves as a great read for people interested in the politics of wolf recovery .

i believe nine mile is a creek west of missoula where one the original montana wolf packs was located .

the idaho department of fish & game ( “idfg” ) drafted idaho ' s wolf conservation and management plan .

ream , r . r . and u . i . mattson . 1982 . wolf status in the northern rockies . pp . 362 - 381 in : harrington , f . h . and p . c . paquet , ( eds . ) , wolves of the world : perspectives of behavior , ecology , and conservation . noyes publ . , nj .

a wolf’s sense of smell is up to 100 , 000 times greater than humans’ . under good conditions a wolf can smell something a mile or more away . scent is a very effective means of communication for wolves .

“jerry conley , former director of idaho fish and game , states : “their solutions are to take all the money and kill the coyotes , the wolverines , the mountain lions . they haven’t had a positive thought in years . in the long run , i don’t think you can sustain a group just on negativity . ”

conservation scientists increasingly recognize the need to incorporate the social sciences into policy decisions . in practice , however , considerable challenges to integrating the social and natural sciences remain . in this article , we review the us fish and wildlife service ' s ( fws ) 2009 decision to remove the northern rocky mountain population of gray wolves from the federal list of endangered species . we examine the fws ' s arguments concerning the threat posed by humans ' attitudes toward wolves in light of the existing social science literature . our analysis found support for only one of four arguments underlying the fws ' s assessment of public attitudes as a potential threat to wolves . although we found an extensive literature on attitudes toward wolves , the fws cited just one empirical research article . we conclude that when listing decisions rest on assumptions about society , these assumptions should be evaluated using the best available natural and social science research .

2011 : a legislative “rider” attached to a must - pass budget bill ends federal protection for wolves in idaho and montana , eastern oregon and washington and northern utah , the first - ever removal of a species from the endangered species list by congress . wyoming wolves remain on the list because the state still does not have an fws - approved wolf - management plan .