the damara woolly bat ( kerivoula argentata ) is a nocturnal insectivorous species of vesper bat in the family vespertilionidae found in africa .

this species typically has reddish brown fur on its back and white fur on its abdomen .

its natural habitat is moist savanna , although it has also been shown to inhabit woodlands and coastal forests .

these bats typically weight about 10 g , and have a low aspect ratio , as well as low wing loading .

damara woolly bat

damara woolly bat <EOT> a young / baby of a damara woolly bat is called a ' pup ' . a damara woolly bat group is called a ' colony or cloud ' .

may remain associated with the female and offspring . however , there is no direct information about reproduction in the damara woolly bat

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introduction : as its name implies , the lesser woolly bat ( kerivoula lanosa ) is a smaller version of the damara woolly bat . it is an extremely rare species . their broad ears , with inner and outer edges curling inwards , give it a funnel - shaped appearance . they are associated with forests and riverine vegetation . the lesser woolly bat roost in weavers ' nests .

introduction : as it ' s name implies , the lesser woolly bat ( kerivoula lanosa ) is a smaller version of the damara woolly bat . it is an extremely rare species . their broad ears , with inner and outer edges curling inwards , give it a funnel - shaped appearance . they are associated with forests and riverine vegetation . the lesser woolly bat roost in weavers ' nests .

the damara woolly bat is listed as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species

introduction : the damara woolly bat is recognized by it ' s soft , woolly fur that grows away from the body as the paler tips curl up and give it a ' grizzly appearance ' . a braincase that rises to a high dome over the long rostrum and a fringe of hair along the edge of the interfemoral membrane are other significant characteristics of this species . it is larger than other woolly bat species . visitors on a guided tour or self drive safari in namibia may occasionally see this bat around dawn and dusk .

the damara woolly bat is a small member of the vespertillidonae , the largest and most widespread family of bats . covered in long , soft hair with curly tips , the woolly bats are most easily recognised by their grizzly appearance and by a fringe of hair which sits around the hind edge of the naked , reddish - brown interfemoral membrane , which stretches between the legs ( 3 )

along with schreibers ' s long - fingered bat and the egyptian slit - faced bat , dent ' s horseshoe bat can also be found in arnhem cave and rest camp .

many details of the damara woolly bat ' s biology and life history remain sketchy but there are a number of facts that researchers have identified . this bat is nocturnal and relies on echolocation to navigate and catch its insect prey . it has a low intensity call which lasts for around two millisecondswith a moderately high peak frequency ( 90 to 118 khz ) ( 4 ) .

whilst rare , the range of the damara woolly bat is vast , stretching across much of africa . countries in which it has been identified include angola , cote d ' ivoire , democratic republic of the congo , kenya , malawi , mozambique , namibia , senegal , south africa , swaziland , tanzania , uganda , zambia and zimbabwe ( 2 ) ( 4 )

coloring : off - white to predominately dark grayish - brown long , woolly fur with a lighter shade on the abdomen to that of the back .

coloring : externally they are similar in size and appearance to the angolan epauletted fruit bat .

efforts are being made to collect and record bat species throughout southern africa . by documenting bat species and numbers it is hoped that specific threats to rare species can be identified and controlled ( 5 )

distribution : the banana bat favors plantations near permanent sources of water which also provide appropriate roosting places .

kunz , t . h . and fenton , m . b . ( 2003 ) bat ecology . chicage university press , chicago .

introduction : the angola free - tailed bat ( mops condylura ) roost in crevices , caves , attics and expansion joints in bridges . they are common in their distribution range , occurring in colonies ranging from a few individuals to several hundred , often in co - existence with the little free - tailed bat . at bridges , the angola free - tailed bat uses it ' s wings as air brakes prior to landing .

introduction : the angolan epauletted fruit bat is slightly larger in size to peters ' s epauletted fruit bat . many of their species have ' prominent transverse ridges in the soft palate ' to compress fruit pulp against the tongue . this enables them to withdraw juices and then throw away the pulp .

introduction : this small bat is known to emerge at dusk . small colonies take refuge during the day under crevices and loose bark from tall trees .

diet : the egyptian slit - faced bat hunts favourite insects and spiders , swooping from their perches once their flight path has been cleared by air - traffic control .

introduction : rüppells horseshoe bat occur in small colonies of about 12 , mainly in open woodland savannah and depends on a selection of shelters that include caves and hollow trees , ideal roosting places that protect them from the extremes of daily weather conditions . a characteristic of the horseshoe bat is the complicated nose structure which assists their extremely sensitive echolocation abilities .

introduction : the flat - headed free - tailed bat is a free - tailed bat , differing to others of the species by an extraordinary flattened skull . this is not apparent when the bat is alive . studies have discovered it has the ability to roost in the narrowest of rock crevices , impossible roosting destinations for other bats . another distinguishing feature is the lack of a sheathed tail membrane . they also have wrinkled upper lips and ' complex ears ' . their narrow , elongated wings enable them to fly fast and straight .

distribution : the flat - headed free - tailed bat head for open seasonal waters in the rainy season , specifically in the namib desert and at rosh pinah in southern namibia .

introduction : commerson ' s leaf - nosed bat is the largest insectivorous bat in southern africa . it has long hind legs and sharp , prominent dark claws . its well - developed canines are capable of inflicting a nasty bite . these features have lent some experts to believe that this bat may be carnivorous , although only preying on insects disproves this theory . colonies ranging from a few to several hundred roost in caves or in the hollows of trees . they are lone foragers at night and travel considerable distances to rest , groom and listen for prey .

this particular species often congregate in large colonies , numbering hundreds . a feature is the interaction between neighboring bat colonies , resulting in a fair amount of noise , centering around roosting space .

introduction : the cape serotine bat is one of the most widespread of the african species of bat . variations in size and appearance are considerable within serotine bats , but for the chiropterologists , the cape serotine bat is characterized by its 32 chromosomes . a feature of the serotine is its distinctive ' helmet ' on the skull . it can be found in a wide range of habitats , including desert s , as long as sufficient water , food and shelter exist . small colonies of around 6 roost under thick concentrations of leaves and in sheltered nooks of houses and barns .

breeding : schlieffen ' s bat mate in april / may and females store sperm until august when she gives birth to twin pups , who can fly and fend for themselves within a month .

introduction : the lesser yellow house bat ( scotophilus borbonicus ) is more common than the yellow house bat , but has a smaller distribution range . as its name suggests , it is the smallest version of yellow house bats . they are found in areas of tall mopane woodland , seeking refuge in the cracks and hollows of dead tree trunks , resting and roosting individually or in small groups .

introduction : yellow house bats have bulldog type facial features and are slightly larger than the lesser yellow house bat . it is associated with habitats such as woodland savannah . by day they roost in hollows and cracks in large trees and by night in isolated sections of roofing and cracks in walls . colonies of roosting yellow house bat are so quiet , occupants inside are usually not aware of their presence .

introduction : the aloe serotine bat ( neoromicia zuluensis ) is the smallest of namibia ' s 3 species of serotine bats , similar in size to the cape serotine bat . it is known to live in woodland savannahs and hunts in areas of permanent water . the name aloe refers to the ornithologist aus tin roberts collecting the species from the leaves of aloes . they roost in other retreats as well though , such as the roofs of buildings .

introduction : the common name of the straw - coloured fruit bat ( eidolon helvum ) refers to the fur colour on the shoulders and back . it is the largest bat in the southern sub region . it is common throughout the equatorial forests of africa and because of it ' s size , individuals have a migratory range that covers all of southern africa , including namibia . this is accounted for by their ' highly developed nomadic urge ' .

like many other species of leaf - nosed bat , they are cave dwellers . they also inhabit in the sanctuary of rock fissures , culverts , the dark interiors of desert ed buildings , disused mine adits and hollow trees .

introduction : the most remarkable aspect of the schreibers ' s long - fingered bat is the colossal colonies that are found in deep , dark , moist caves . at times over 300 , 000 individuals have been recorded , a feature that can be witnessed in namibia whilst staying at arnhem cave s and rest camp . the heat emitted from such numbers has been known to change the temperature of a cave . an insectivorous bat , it may live for at least 20 years .

introduction : the pale free - tailed bat ( chaerephon chapini ) like all other free - tailed bats , has wrinkled upper lips and a complex ear structure and long , narrow wings . a distinguishing feature of the pale free - tailed bat is the pale coloration of the fur , ( hence the name ) . it also owns an unusually long tuft of reddish and white erectile hair against the neck , where a fold of skin behind , joins the ears on the top of the head .

introduction : peter ' s epauletted bat is mostly found where indigenous fruit - bearing trees grow in particular fig - trees . the dense riverine forests that are found along the okavango and chobe rivers , as well as the kwando river are such areas .

diet : the egyptian slit - faced bat hunts favourite insects and spiders , swooping from their perches once their flight path has been cleared by air - traffic control . coloring : buffy - brown silky fur with slate - grey bases and buffy or off - white under parts .

diet : small soft - bodied insects living under the canopies of tall trees . coloring : the rusty bat is so called due to its reddish - brown colour of the upper parts , in contrast to its light grayish - brown under parts . it has completely black wing membranes .

introduction : information on this species is very scarce indeed . it is believed that it forages along river beds were greater concentrations of insect can be found . loose bark of the acacia trees , common along the kuiseb river are a favored roosting places for the namib long - eared bat .

introduction : the sundevall ' s leaf - nosed bat has best been described as small and fragile . it occurs widely in wooded savannahs . colonies are restricted to from just a few to several hundred and are one of the 6 species that can be found in arnhem cave and rest camp .

introduction : darling ' s horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus darlingi ) like others of the species , are competent and active hunters mainly due to their broader wings and superior echolocation abilities . colonies normally number a few dozen . the species was named after a mining engineer j . darling who collected his initial specimens from mazoe in zimbabwe .

introduction : the hairy slit - faced bat ( nycteris hispida ) is a fragile creature and is characterized by 3 - lobed upper incisors . skin folds on the snout form a deep slit between the nostrils reaching up to the forehead . the importance of this feature is that sensitive organs connected to echolocation are safeguarded within this slit .

introduction : as populations of rüppells bat ( pipistrellus rueppellii ) are small in southern africa , they are not often seen and considered rare . subsequently information is low . what is known is their dental features , the shape of the tragi and their size . they roost in small groups in holes and crevices of trees in the day .

taylor , p . j . , cotterill , f . p . d . , van der merwe , m . , white , w . and jacobs , d . s . ( 2004 ) new biogeographical records of five rare bat species ( chiroptera : rhinolophidae and vespertilionidae ) from south africa . durban museum novitates , 29 : 104 - 108 .

introduction : dent ' s horseshoe bat is one of the smallest bats in southern africa . as it occurs in hot , dry regions they are dependant on deep caves that offer , cool , humid but stable interior living conditions . colonies vary from a few to several hundred . they roost on cave ceilings and cling to the walls of caves or from stalactites .

introduction : the egyptian slit - faced bat is one of the most common bats in southern africa and the most widely found of the slit - faced bats . they can occur from a few individuals up to colonies of some 600 and are one of the 6 species that can be found in arnhem cave rest camp . as with schreibers ' s long - fingered bat they inhabit deep , dark caves and hollow trees as a daytime destination . they are known to use regular night roosts for grooming and resting between feeding forays . after dark they hunt and feed ' on the wing ' . distribution : all over namibia but seldom found in forested areas . it is usually found in open woodland savannah and in the kalahari and namib desert s .

introduction : the little free - tailed bat ( tadarida pumila ) is the smallest of namibia ' s free - tailed bats . they roost in roof structures of buildings , taking as much as 80 % of the roof space to hide from predators . they are noisy tenants , present throughout the year and the smell of their body odor combined with guano makes them a most unpleasant visitor .

introduction : the common name of the mauritian tomb bat ( taphozous mauritianus ) was derived when the original specimen was collected from ' under the eaves of a tomb in mauritius ' . the afrikaans name is witlyfvlermuis , referring to the pure white belly . they are migrants and will move away in the colder , winter months , returning to the same roosting places when they return in summer .

introduction : schlieffen ' s bat is one of the smallest bats in southern africa . it is named after the collector count wilhelm von schlieffen - schlieffenburg . they roost individually or in small groups under protruding bark and crevices of holes in trees or rocks . this is one of the first bats out hunting at dusk . it has a labored and erratic flight pattern , manoeuvring around the skies to catch as many insects as it can in one sortie , especially by flying into insect swarms at night .

introduction : geoffroy ' s horseshoe bats are highly gregarious creatures that occur in colonies of several thousand if suitable roosting sites exist . one such site is at arnhem cave and rest camp . as with other rhinolophids they have the ability to hibernate in temperate regions and roost from ceiling sanctuaries . this allows them to tolerate colder conditions , especially with an associated lack of resident insect prey . during the summer months , geoffroy ' s horseshoe bat accumulates body fat , providing fuel to survive the colder winter months . they can then reduce body functions and lower heartbeat levels as low as 2 pulses per minute .

echolocation detecting objects by reflected sound . used by bats and odontocete cetaceans ( toothed whales , dolphins and porpoises ) for orientation and to detect and locate prey . genus a category used in taxonomy , which is below ‘family’ and above ‘species’ . a genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common . the genus forms the first part of a ‘binomial’ latin species name ; the second part is the specific name . gestation the state of being pregnant ; the period from conception to birth . interfemoral membrane the skin that stretches between the hind legs and tail of a bat , used in flight . nocturnal active at night .

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justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .

this species is distributed in east africa and southern africa , with some records in southern parts of the democratic republic of the congo and possibly northern angola in central africa ( records are uncertain from this country ) . in east africa it has been recorded from kenya and tanzania in the north , through zambia , malawi and mozambique . in southern africa , it appears to be widespread in zimbabwe , with additional scattered records from northeastern south africa and central namibia .

although this species is rarely encountered , it is not thought to be especially uncommon .

this species is generally associated with moist savanna habitats ( including bushveld ) ( taylor 2000 ) . roosting sites include deserted weaver bird nests , among clusters of leaves , on the bark of trees , and on traditional houses ( rondavels ) ( roberts 1951 ; smithers and wilson 1979 ; skinner and chimimba 2005 ) .

there appear to be no direct conservation measures in place . it has been recorded from the kambai forest reserve in tanzania by cunneyworth ( 1996 ) , and seems likely to be present in a number of protected areas within its range . further studies are needed to determine if the species is truly present in angola .

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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .

the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .

a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .

, and the ears are large and funnel - shaped , ending in rounded tips . the tragus , a fleshy projection covering the inner ear , is long and pointed

period of 40 to 100 days . the female takes the bulk of the parental responsibility , but males of the

classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken

apps , p . ( 2000 ) smither ' s mammals of southern africa : a field guide . struik publishers , cape town .

stuart , s . and stuart , t . ( 2007 ) field guide to mammals of southern africa . struik publishers , cape town .

monadjem , a . , taylor p . j . , cotterill , f . p . d . and corrie schoeman . m . ( in press ) bats of southern & central africa : a biogeographic and taxonomic synthesis . university of witwatersrand press , johannesburg .

fullard , j . h . and thomas , d . w . ( 1981 ) detection of certain african , insectivorous bats by sympatric , tympanate moths . journal of comparative physiology , 143 : 363 - 368 .

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classification from integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) selected by jakob fahr - see more .

jakob fahr marked the classification from " integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) " as preferred for " kerivoula argentata tomes , 1861 " .

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name " eteläafrikanvillakko " to " kerivoula argentata tomes , 1861 " .

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colouring : silvery - topped , reddish - brown fur on the upperparts and greyish - brown underparts and brown wings .

this remote lodge is a truly unique destination . stunning scenery , award winning conservation and highly personal service are just some of the reasons that just about everyone who knows namibia rates this as one of it ' s finest destinations

a small private lodge , with attentive management . activities centre on the huab river which attracts game and a wonderful variety of birdlife . this is the perfect destination to relax for a few days and enjoy the tranquility of the bush .

a non - profit organisation aimed at conserving namibia ' s cheetah population . the lodge offers superb photographic opportunities at scheduled cheetah feedings , and also offers guided game drives to view wild cheetah .

this lodge is such an institution that palmwag , which is no more than the lodge and a petrol station , is marked on every namibian map . an excellent location to explore the remote conservancies of north western namibia - and perhaps encounter some of the rare rhino or desert adapted elephant which the area is famous for

a mobile camp , specialising in finding desert rhino . offers a luxurious and exclusive experience .

an upmarket lodge and spa on the banks of the kavango river . the only traditional luxury lodge on this stretch of river

a few kilometers east of rundu a nice functional lodge that more than adequately serves as an overnight stop while travelling through the kavango and zambezi region . the rooms , bar and restaurant area offer lovely views of the kavango river .

a rustic river side campsite and lodge offering excellent value for money . a lively bar and restaurant ensures this appeals to the younger or more socially inclined traveller

refreshingly , and surprisingly for the area , this lodge does not have the word ' river ' as part of its name . do not be misled it is situated on the banks of the river opposite the caprivi game park ( bwabwata national park )

near the village of divundu , this small but wonderfully managed lodge is a perennial favourite of ours . lovely wooden chalets , with large decks overlook the river . those wanting to experience the river can choose from fishing and sunset river cruises

a small lodge a short distance west of rundu . the rooms have river views and guests can choose from a range of activities

i dream africa provides a comprehensive directory of activities , hot spots , top locations etc . in namibia . combined with the directory , i dream africa also provides tour packages allowing clients to experience namibia at its best .

distribution : erongo mountains in damaraland . baynes , omavandaberge and otjihipa mountains , and the black hills , all in kaokoland .

diet : small soft - bodied insects . coloring : yellowish - brown hair with white under parts . the wings are blackish - brown .

breeding : females normally give birth to twins around late november and early december .

size : males 80mm , females 90mm . weight : males 5 . 9g , females 7 . 3g .

coloring : yellowish - brown hair with white under parts . the wings are blackish - brown .

coloring : a rich dark brown fur with lighter under parts , a tawny throat colour with a grey - brown chest and a whitish belly . the wings are brown .

introduction : this species is so called due to its habit of small colonies ( of less than 10 bats ) roosting by day in the rolled - up leaves of the banana plant . small groups can also roost in the nooks and crannies in buildings and in the leaves of palms , due to its sucker pads on the thumb and soles of the rear feet .

coloring : various shades of brown fur on the back with lighter under parts . the wing membranes are brown .

introduction : butterfly bats are associated with open plant vegetation , semi - arid regions and riverine forests . they prefer thatched roofs , a feature of accommodation and lodges in northern namibia and are known to huddle in small groups of 10 in nearby thick vegetation .

distribution : north ern namibia n areas such as etosha national park , caprivi strip and further west along the kavango river regions reaching as far as epupa falls on the kunene river .

coloring : a dark , reticulated pattern ( similar to that of a giraffe ) opposite to its light yellow base wing colour .

diet : insect s over or on water or under the canopies of tall trees .

coloring : black - based fur , with yellowish - brown white tips . the wings are blackish - brown .

breeding : the female usually gives birth to twin pups during late november and early december . newly born off - spring cling on to the mother ' s fur and nipples on hunting expeditions .

distribution : widespread from windhoek , north to the angolan border , including etosha national park and as far east as the caprivi strip and victoria falls .

diet : small to large insects ( termite s to beetles ) with hard skeletons .

coloring : short , thick fawn fur , lighter on the head and back and light tawny undersides .

coloring : silvery - topped , reddish - brown fur on the upperparts and grayish - brown under parts and brown wings .

coloring : drab grey fur with a lighter shade of grey on the undersides . the wings are light grey - brown with light brown pointed ears .

breeding : female darling ' s horseshoe bats give birth to a single offspring , normally during the warmer , wetter early summer months .

coloring : pale grey to pale brown to pale cream soft and long hair .

coloring : buffy - brown silky fur with slate - grey bases and buffy or off - white under parts .

distribution : all over namibia but seldom found in forested areas . it is usually found in open woodland savannah and in the kalahari and namib desert s .

coloring : fur coloration varies from region to region and within a colony . in namibia they are tawny - olive to brownish - grey to dark seal - brown with lighter under parts in shades of grayish to white .

diet : moth s and small beetles and any ground insect can be caught due to their wing design . their flying ability permits them to land on the ground .

individuals or small colonies of up to 20 roost in dense bushes , houses and buildings , caves and ant bear burrows on a permanent basis .

distribution : tropical forests of the far - eastern caprivi strip , specifically zambezi river valley areas .

coloring : sepia brown fur , lighter on the undersides and dark blackish - brown ears and wings .

coloring : light to dark yellowish - brown smooth , short , silky fur with white or grayish - white under parts .

diet : little free - tailed bats consume an enormous amount of insects . they hunt flying insects above vegetation at speed in open air space .

coloring : brown or deep blackish - brown fur with light brown under parts with a characteristic variable median broad white band of fur from the chest to the anus .

breeding : female little free - tailed bats can have 3 pregnancies in one summer , giving birth to one pup per pregnancy .

size : total head and body length 90mm . weight : 11 . 5g .

introduction : this is the largest member of its genus in the southern region . only up to 6 long - tailed serotine bats are found at a time , roosting in places of refuge such as rock crevices , caves , mines and sheltered areas in buildings .

distribution : from the orange river in the south of namibia through the central highlands as far north as omaruru .

coloring : fawn upper parts in desert regions . a darker brown or blackish in areas of higher rainfall . the under parts are lighter but greyer and the ears and wings are dark brown .

mauritian tomb bats can be identified by their elongated face with a pointed muzzle and short , broad ears . another prominent feature is their eyes , larger than other species of the same size . it is believed that they communicate by smell , as the glandular sac on the throat of the male excretes an aromatic substance .

mauritian tomb bats occur in small harem groups of up to 12 , consisting of a mature male with mature females and their young . they roost by day in large trees . their grey fur blends in with the background of the bark making them hard to see . they also rest under thatched eaves of cottages , with individuals remaining on sentry duty throughout the day .

coloring : grey grizzled with white fur on the back with a pure white belly .

introduction : midas free - tailed bats ( mops midas ) are a gregarious species , occurring in colonies ranging from a few dozen to several hundred . they roost in variety of locations , ranging from hollows in dead trees , buildings and expansion joints in bridges , occupying these locations throughout the year .

coloring : short dark brown fur , ' sparsely flecked ' with white hair with paler under parts . wings are dark brown with a narrow band of white , silky hair at the base .

size : average body length 140mm . weight : 48 . 5g . the males are larger and heavier than the females .

distribution : water holes in the kuiseb river bed at the namib desert research station .

coloring : light fur consistent with desert animals . light fluffy - brown fur with olive - brown wing membranes .

distribution : dry woodland areas of northern namibia , living in small colonies not far from ruacana falls and mahango national park .

coloring : the fur on the back is a pale cinnamon - brown with off - white individual hairs at the base . the under parts of the body are grayish - brown with a whitish brown from the throat to the sternum . the wings are mainly white .

introduction : serotine bats roost in small groups in any nook or cranny of buildings , rocks and trees . they have been described as ' small , drab and unobtrusive creatures ' that frequent woodland savannah areas with permanent water .

distribution : caprivi strip especially bwabwata national park , chobe and zambezi river areas .

diet : rendall ' s serotine bats hunt for insects hovering around trees and shrubs , 2m above the ground .

coloring : it ' s most distinguishing feature from other serotine bats is a white , translucent wing membrane . fur is dark , chocolate brown at the base , changing to reddish - brown tips . the under parts are grayish - white , with pure white anal fur .

size : no more than 90mm in length . weight : adults weigh around 6 - 7 . 5g

coloring : the fur on the sides and back are grey . the pure white fur on the under parts makes it easily identifiable from other pipistrelles .

distribution : a very wide distribution in namibia less the namib desert and the extreme eastern kalahari flanks of the central highlands .

breeding : the female almost without fail gives birth to twins at the end of november or early december .

weight : 3 - 4g . the females are always slightly larger than the male .

distribution : north ern namibia from the epupa falls region , etosha national park , caprivi strip to victoria falls .

diet : small soft - bodied insects at or near permanent sources of water .

coloring : short light fawn fur on the back with a paler fur on the abdomen . the wings are dark brown .

distribution : widespread in namibia from windhoek north to the kunene river and caprivi strip , less for the skeleton coast area .

diet : small , soft bodied insects , especially over concentrations of water at night .

distribution : from central namibia north to the angolan border including etosha park , the kavango region , kalahari desert and in isolated regions at the mouth of the orange river .

diet : individuals emerge at dusk to hunt . they have a keen sense of echolocation and catch small insects in their wings in flight .

distribution : north ern namibia from etosha national park stretching to epupa falls and the kunene river , along the kavango river , caprivi strip to victoria falls .

diet : individuals normally take 2hr night - time feeding sessions , catching insects in their wings .

coloring : adults have a bright yellow belly with short brown fur tinged with olive , red or grey . the wings are translucent and brown .

size : average body length 130mm . weight : 27g . megachiroptera ( large bats or megabats ) found in namibia :

distribution : in the far north of namibia , specifically from epupa falls to oshakati regions to the angolan border .

diet : mainly larger fruits such as papayas , flowers , buds and nectar .

diet : mangoes , paw - paws , avocados , figs , bananas and passion fruit and other soft , pulpy fruits .

coloring : straw - coloured fur on the shoulders and back with darker brown hair on the rump and lighter under parts .

breeding : a single young is born in november and carried by the mother until it can fend for itself . ( but only in the tropical forest region of their range ) .

size : total body length 190mm . weight : 240 - 280g . wingspan : 750mm .

why do so many people travel to namibia ? one key reason is certainly the country ' s outstanding wildlife . there are 192 mammal species . . . read more > >

what is the real namibia ? how do you best see it ? the real namibia is slightly different to the one described in marketing brochures and . . . read more > >

namibia is a perfect starting point for anyone who has never self driven in africa before . you can cover huge distances on self drive in . . . read more > >

welcome to the magnificent sun - baked land of contrasts and geographical extremes wedged between the kalahari and the chilly south atlanti . . . read more > >

these small non - game animals live in burrows , either in colonies or small families . they all forage during daytime . some species , like th . . . read more > >

join this additional challenge to get a broader adventure perspective of a extraordinary country , rich of contrasts . this challenge is es . . . read more > >

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the journal of animal ecology is a peer - reviewed scientific journal publishing research in all areas of animal ecology . it began publication in 1932 , and as such is the second oldest journal of the british ecological society ( after the journal of ecology ) . it is available both in print and online .

the journal is abstracted and indexed in cambridge scientific abstracts , biobase / current awareness in biological sciences , current contents , geobase , and the science citation index . according to the journal citation reports , the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 4 . 841 , ranking it 1st out of 149 journals in the category " zoology " [ 2 ] and 20th out of 131 journals in the category " ecology " . [ 3 ]

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kabbalah rav michael laitman , phd translation : chaim ratz editor : c . . . . . . m chaos to harmony the solution to the global crisis according to the wisdom

kabbalah copyright © 2006 by michael laitman all rights reserved p . . . . . . uentin rd , 2nd floor , brooklyn , new york , 11223 , usa printed in canada no part

this book may be used or reproduced in any manner without written p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 a communal society among

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 interdependenc . . . . . . here the will to exist is greater than in the vegetative . for the most part ,

live in groups , packs . they are very mobile and must constantl . . . . . . le and must constantly roam in search

or other plants , and relate to them as a sou . . . . . . ay , the evolutionary origin

molecular biology and evolution . 14 from the biological poi . . . . . . m , the evolution

eco - nomic perspectives . volume 16 , number 2 . spring 2002 : p . . . . . . ool

this book may be used or reproduced in any manner without written . . . . . . this book may be used or reproduced in any manner without written permission

congress cataloging - in - publication data laitman , michael . kabbalah . . . . . . nviron - ment so they could fulfill their wishes . unlike minerals , plants , and

, people constantly evolve . for every generation , and for each . . . . . . we are seeing in the world . ev - erything else in nature—minerals , plants , and

— instinctively follow nature’s altruistic law . only human beha . . . . . . ourselves from egoism to altruism , everything else will be corrected , as well—

, famine , war , and soci - ety at large . enhanced perception there . . . . . . are five levels to our desires , divided into three groups . the first group is

desires ( food , reproduc - tion , and home ) ; the second is human de . . . . . . by doing so , we will be able to de - escalate the crisis and bring society and

to a positive , constructive outcome . we will talk more about s . . . . . . italism , is failing to make its citizens happy . ac - cording to the new england

medicine , “annu - ally , more than 46 million americans , ages . . .

this book may be used or reproduced in any manner without written perm . . . . . . book may be used or reproduced in any manner without written permission

congress cataloging - in - publication data laitman , michael . kabbalah for . . . . . . l in our world is the least broken ( egoistic ) ; plants are more egoistic ,

, and some minerals . the spiritual level isn’t a separate level in i . . . . . . the smallest level

desires , and finally hu - - mans . . . . . . oing so , we will be able to de - escalate the crisis and bring society and

to a positive , constructive outcome . we will talk more about such . . . . . . sm is failing to make its citizens happy . ac - - cording to the new england

medicine , “annu - - ally , more than 46 million americans , ages 15 . . .

utopia— book 4 a look at human values 1 ― . . . . . . . . . uman values 1 ― . . . and gulliver returns‖ - - in search

utopia - - book 4 a look at human values by lemuel gulliver xvi . . . . . . r © 2008 isbn 978 - 0 - 9823076 - 3 - 2 2 table

should not have rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . worked fewer hours per year than workers in any other country . norwegian

said it was because they worked harder—this got a big laugh fr . . . . . . ―russia has about 5000 contract killings a year . fearless investigative

anna politkovskaya‘s murder in 2006 was a sensation because it . . . . . . d interest in euthanasia , and had written a number

. he then invented a machine by which seriously ill patients could . . .

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pacific coast avifauna , vol . 2 : a distributional list of the birds of california ( classic reprint )

the fauna of british india , vol . 3 : including ceylon and burma ( classic reprint )

hardwicke ' s science - gossip , vol . 26 : an illustrated medium of interchange and gossip for students and lovers of nature ( classic reprint )

the annals and magazine of natural history , vol . 15 : zoology , botany , and geology ( being a continuation of the ' annals ' combined with loudon and charl

proceedings of the boston society of natural history , vol . 6 : 1856 to 1859 ( classic reprint )

a history of british william , vol . 4 of 4 ( classic reprint )

proceedings of the united states national museum , vol . 86 ( classic reprint )

proceedings of the united states national museum , vol . 77 ( classic reprint )

boletín de la real sociedad española de historia natural , vol . 19 : 1919 ( classic reprint )

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cosmopterosis hispida is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by solis in 2009 .

it is found in brazil ( rio de janeiro ) .

the apical two thirds of the forewings is rufous , while the costa and basal one fourth are creamy to yellowish white with brown-tipped scales .

there is a rufous spot in the area between the subbasal and medial lines on the hindwings .

the postmedial and subterminal lines consist of brown-tipped scales .

cosmopterosis hispida

cosmopterosis hispida <EOT> 26 . cephalaspida 27 . chara hispida 28 . chasmataspida 29 . chirodropida 30 . cleistocarpida 31 . coelolepida 32 . crataegus lepida 33 . cuspida 34 . cydippida 35 . detasamentul de interventie rapida 36 . dinoponera hispida 37 . domitia lepida 38 . dryopida 39 . eleutherocarpida 40 . elpida 41 . encyclopida 42 . estampida 43 . estupida 44 . estúpida 45 . ficus hispida 46 . ficus insipida 47 . flauta cuspida 48 . galeaspida 49 . gaultheria hispida 50 . gaultheria insipida

51 . gepida 52 . heliamphora hispida 53 . hirpida 54 . hispida 55 . holcocera chloropida 56 . insipida 57 . intrepida 58 . junia lepida 59 . kolotripida 60 . kolotrypida 61 . lacerta lepida 62 . lalitaditya muktapida 63 . lamoria idiolepida 64 . laocypris hispida 65 . lapida 66 . leperditicopida 67 . lepida 68 . linea tranviaria rapida 69 . lissanthe sapida 70 . lápida 71 . macroglossum insipida 72 . monogynaspida 73 . myodocopida 74 . nassella lepida 75 . nectaspida

76 . nektaspida 77 . neotoma lepida 78 . odostomia limpida 79 . olou tou kosmou i elpida 80 . onychopalpida 81 . opida 82 . oppida 83 . order anaspida 84 . order cydippida 85 . palaeocopida 86 . panorpida 87 . paracles insipida 88 . parasa lepida 89 . pedipalpida 90 . perreyea lepida 91 . phacopida 92 . phoca hispida 93 . phosphatocopida 94 . phyllolepida 95 . phyllostegia hispida 96 . pida 97 . pituriaspida 98 . platycopida 99 . podocopida 100 . psorosticha melanocrepida

the exposure to ultraviolet radiations ( uvr ) is the key source of skin sunburn ; it may produce harmful entities , reactive oxygen species ( ros ) , leading to aging . the skin can be treated and protected from the injurious effects of ros by using various pharmaceutical formulations , such as cream . cream can be loaded with antioxidants to quench ros leading to photo - protective effects . moreover , modern medicines depend on ethnobotanicals for protection or treatment of human diseases . this review article summarizes various in vivo antioxidant studies on herbal creams loaded with phyto - extracts . these formulations may serve as cosmeceuticals to protect skin against injurious effects of uvr . the botanicals studied for dermatologic use in cream form include acacia nilotica , benincasa hispida , calendula officinalis , camellia sinensis , camellia sinensis , nelumbo nucifera ,

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this article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .

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micracantha . crude extract from stem of thai medicinal plant was extracted with hexane , ethyl acetate , methanol and water . the antioxidant activities ( ic50 ) was evaluated with 1 , 1 - diphenyl - 1 - princylhydrazyl ( dpph ) radical scavenging assay . total phenolic content ( tpc ) was determined by using folin - ciocalteu method . bacterial activities was tested with four human pathogenic bacteria ; escherichia coli , listeria monocytogenes , staphylococcus aureus and stapylococcus epidermidis by using agar diffusion assay . minimum inhibition concentration ( mic ) and minimum bactericidal concentration ( mbc ) were also determined by broth dilution method . for antioxidant activity , the methanol fraction from stem extract showed the highest activity with an ic50 of 2 . 4 mg / ml . water extraction was the high tpc with 10 , 136 . 9 mg gae / g dry weight . methanol and water extraction showed the remarkable inhibition of bacterial growth was shown against l . monocytogenes and s . aureus . in addition , ethyl acetate , methanol and water fraction from stem extract against s . epidermidis . the present finding suggests that the extract of c . micracantha could be used to discover bioactive natural products that may serve as pharmaceutical products .

cynophallophora l . ( capparaceae ) and drypetes roxburghii ( wall . ) hurusawa ( euphorbiaceae ) , are shown by both light and electron microscopy to contain protein - accumulating cells ( pac ) . the pac of armoracia and copparis ( former " myrosin cells " ) occur as idioblasts . the pac of drypetes are usual members among axial phloem parenchyma cells rather than idioblasts . in drypetes the vacuoles of the pac are shown ultrastructurally to contain finely fibrillar material and to originate from local dilatations of the endoplasmic reticulum . the vacuoles in pac of armoracia and

seem to originate in the same way ; but ultrastructurally , their content is finely granular . in addition , armoracia and

are shown by both light and electron microscopy to contain dilated cisternae ( dc ) of the endoplasmic reticulum in normal parenchyma cells , in accord with previous findings for several species within brassicaceae . the relationship of pac and dc to glucosinolates and the enzyme myrosinase is discussed .

spinosa l . ) fruits have been used as food as well as folk medicine in the treatment of inflammatory disorders , such as rheumatism . the present study was carried out to study the anti - inflammatory activities of c . spinosa l . fruit ( csf ) aqueous extract and to isolate main phytochemica . . .

antiestrogenic compounds were investigated from thai indigenous plants for galactogogues since estrogen is reported to suppress lactation in breastfeeding women . the aerial parts of the thai medicinal plant

flavicans , which has traditionally been used to promote lactation , gave the new compound capparoside a ( 1 ) , along with 28 known compounds . the leaves of vitex glabrata belong to the same genus as the chaste tree ( vitex agnus - castus ) , which is used traditionally to support lactation , and afforded the new compounds khainaoside a ( 14 ) , khainaoside b ( 15 ) , and khainaoside c ( 16 ) , together with six known compounds . the isolates were tested for their biological activity using the estrogen - responsive human breast cancer cell lines mcf - 7 and t47d . syringaresinol ( 3 ) and principin ( 6 ) , from c . flavicans , and khainaoside a ( 14 ) showed the most potent inhibitory effects on estrogen - enhanced cell proliferation among all compounds isolated . these results suggest that the lactation - promoting properties of c . flavicans might be related to the inhibitory effect on excess estrogen of women who experience insufficient breastfeeding and highlight the possibility of using v . glabrata leaves for their antiestrogenic properties .

spinosa l . is an important medicinal species in the xinjiang province of china . ten natural populations of c . spinosa from 3 locations in north , central , and south xinjiang were studied using morphological trait inter simple sequence repeat ( issr ) molecular markers to assess the genetic diversity and population structure . in this study , the 10 issr primers produced 313 amplified dna fragments , with 52 % of fragments being polymorphic . unweighted pair - group method with arithmetic average ( upgma ) cluster analysis indicated that 10 c . spinosa populations were clustered into 3 geographically distinct groups . the nei gene of c . spinosa populations in different regions had diversity and shannon ' s information index ranges of 0 . 1312 - 0 . 2001 and 0 . 1004 - 0 . 1875 , respectively . the 362 markers were used to construct the dendrogram based on the upgma cluster analysis . the dendrogram indicated that 10 populations of c . spinosa were clustered into 3 geographically distinct groups . the results showed these genotypes have high genetic diversity , and can be used for an alternative breeding program .

over the past decades , there has been increasing attention on polyphenol - rich foods including fruits and vegetables on human health . polyphenols have been shown to possess some potential beneficial effects on human health and they are widely found in foods consumed by populations worldwide .

spinosa ( c . spinosa ) is an important source of different secondary metabolites of interest to humankind . the traditional therapeutic applications of c . spinosa have been reported in ancient romans . numerous bioactive phytochemical constituents have been isolated and identified from different parts ( aerial parts , roots and seeds ) of c . spinosa which are responsible alone or in combination for its various pharmacological activities . therefore , this paper is a review of publications on the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of c . spinosa . there is insufficient evidence to suggest that c . spinosa or its extracts are able to improve the biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and diabetes . however , these studies used different parts of c . spinosa plant , methods of preparation and types of solvents , which cause the evaluation of activity of c . spinosa difficult and involve quite heterogeneous data . there is also evidence , although limited , to suggest benefits of c . spinosa in improving human health . therefore , the relationship between c . spinosa and improved human health outcomes requires further study . pmid : 29364841

spinosa l . ( caper bush ) is an economically and ecologically important perennial shrub that grows across different regions of iran . in this study , the genetic diversity and population structure of iranian genepool of c . spinosa is evaluated using inter simple sequence repeat ( issr ) markers . using 10 issr primers , 387 dna fragments ( bands ) were amplified from the genomic dna of 92 individuals belonging to twenty - one populations of c . spinosa , of which 378 ( 97 . 7 % ) were polymorphic . high level of genetic diversity ( percentage of polymorphic lociâ = â 98 . 2 % , hâ = â 0 . 1382 , iâ = â 0 . 243 ) , high genetic differentiation ( g st â = â 0 . 5234 ) and low gene flow ( nmâ = â 0 . 4553 ) among populations were observed . caper bush populations were divided into 4 groups in the dendrogram , pcoa plot and bayesian clustering results , mostly corresponded to their geographic regions . the results showed that there are value in sampling iranian caper bush populations to look for valuable alleles for use in plant breeding programs .

decidua was developed . multiple shoots were obtained from nodal explants on murashige and skoog ' s ( 1962 ) medium + 0 . 1mgl ( - 1 ) naa + 5 . 0mgl ( - 1 ) bap + additives ( 50mgl ( - 1 ) ascorbic acid and25 mgl ( - 1 ) each of adenine sulphate , l - arginine and citric acid ) at 28 â± 2â°c , 12 h / dphotoperiod and 35 - 40 î¼mol m ( - 2 ) s ( - 1 ) photon flux density . the shoots were multiplied by ( i ) subculture of nodal shoot segments onto ms + 0 . 1 mgl ( - - 1 ) iaa + 1 . 0mgl ( - 1 ) baph + additives , and ( ii ) repeated transfer of original explant onto ms + 0 . 1mgl ( - 1 ) iaa + mg l ( - 1 ) bap + additives , at intervals of 3 weeks . sixty to 70 % of the shoots rooted when pulse treated with 100 mg l ( - 1 ) iba in half strength ms liquid medium for 4h , and then transferred onto hormone - free half - strength agar - gelled ms basal saltmedium . incubation in dark at 33 â± 2â°c for 6d favoured root induction . in vitro hardened plants were transferred to pots .

is a dioecious conifer species native of brazil . the rare occurrence of monoiceous specimens have been attributed to pathogenic infections or other injuries in adult trees . here , the morphological characteristics of male and female cones and pollen grains of a monoiceous a . angustifolia are described . male and female cones and pollen grains presented normal morphology , lacking any sort of injuries or infection and suggesting the existence of further grounds for the occurrence of monoicy in this conifer species .

there is great concern about the effect of climate change in arid and subarid areas of the tropics . climate change combined with other anthropogenic activities such as deforestation , fires and over - grazing can accelerate their degradation and , consequently , the increases in losses of biological and economic productivity . climate models , both local and global , predict that rainfall in the arid peninsula of la guajira in the colombian caribbean would be reduced and temperature would be increased as a result of climate change . however , as there are only suitable climate records since 1972 , it is not possible to verify if , indeed , this is happening . to try to verify the hypothesis of reducing rainfall and rising temperatures we developed a growth ring chronology of

odoratissima in the middle peninsula of la guajira with 17 trees and 45 series which attain 48 years back . we use standard dendrochronological methods that showed statistically significant linear relationship with local climatic variables such as air temperature , sea surface temperature ( sst ) , annual precipitation and wind speed ; we also reach to successful relationship of the chronology with global climatic variables as the indices soi and mei of the enso phenomenon . the transfer functions estimated with the time series ( 1955 and 2003 ) do not showed statistically significant trends , indicating that during this period of time the annual precipitation or temperatures have not changed . the annual nature of c . odoratissima growth rings , the possibility of cross - dated among the samples of this species , and the high correlation with local and global climatic variables indicate a high potential of this species for dendrochronological studies in this part of the american continent .

ovata is a member of capparidacaeae family has been used in phytomedicine with a lot of positive effects such as an antioxidative , antihyperlipidemic , anti - inflammatory , and antihepatotoxic agent . the aim of this study was to research the protective effect of c . ovata on 6 - mercaptopurine ( 6 - mp ) induced to hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats . the rats were divided into 4 groups : control , 6 - mp , c . ovataovate , and 6 - mp + c . ovata . a complete blood count was performed , liver function test and antioxidant enzymes levels such as superoxide dismutase , glutathione peroxidase , catalase , and malondialdehyde were measured in blood before and after a 14 - day test period . white blood cell and platelet counts were lower in the 6 - mp group than other 3 groups ( p < 0 . 005 ) . hepatic transaminase levels were higher in 6 - mp group than the 3 groups ( p < 0 . 05 ) . superoxide dismutase , glutathione peroxidase , and cat levels were lower and malondialdehyde was higher in blood samples in 6 - mp group than other 3 groups ( p < 0 . 005 ) . in conclusion , our tests were showed that c . ovata may be useful in patients receiving 6 - mp therapy to prevent hepatotoxicity and in order to maintain uninterrupted therapy possibly reducing the risk of relapse . although additional studies ensure that

does not affect 6 - mp antileukemic activity . we believe these results are important contribution to the literature .

the purpose of this study was to characterize the chemical compounds of adenostemma lavenia ( l . )

( al ) and adenostemma platyphyllum cass ( ap ) using pyrolysis - gas chromatography / mass spectrometry ( py - gcms ) and proximate analysis . two species of adenostemma samples ( roots , stem and leaves ) about 1 mg was pyrolyzed directly at the optimum temperature of 600â°c . py - gcms was relatively fast , easy to use and without samples preparation and identification of the chemical compounds was carried out by comparison of the mass spectra obtained with those stored in wiley 7th libraries . the data of proximate analysis were statistically analysed using friedman test followed and hierarchical cluster analysis ( hca ) for data of py - gcms . the result of proximate analysis showed that a . lavenia ( l . )

( al ) and a . platyphyllum cass ( ap ) contained 8 . 27 % ( al ) and 9 . 18 % ( ap ) of water , 11 . 52 % ( al ) and 17 . 84 % ( ap ) of protein , 5 . 67 % ( al ) and 6 . 33 % ( ap ) of fat , and 17 . 32 % ( al ) and 19 . 94 ( ap ) of ash . amines , aldehydes , fatty acids , terpenoids - steroids , alkaloids , aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons , phenolic , and oligopeptides as part of 125 chemical compounds of each species are identified by py - gcms analysis . hierarchical cluster analysis of pyrolysis products indicate not similitary of major chemical compounds of two adenostemma species .

spinosa l . ) before and after a fermentation process . the phytochemical profiles were evaluated by high - performance liquid chromatography with uv and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detection ( hplc - dad - esi - ms n ) . twenty - one compounds were characterized , and seven of them quantified . the main component of non - fermented berries was glucocapparin , which was degraded upon the fermentation process . most of the compounds were quercetin and kaempferol glycosides , epicatechin , and proanthocyanidins . the main differences observed upon the fermentation process were a decrease in epicatechin concentration , the hydrolysis of quercetin glycosides , and the degradation of glucosinolates . total phenolic and flavonoid contents , as well as the antioxidant activities by the in vitro antioxidant assays dpph and abts + , were determined , observing that the values were slightly higher after the fermentation process . copyright â© 2018 elsevier ltd . all rights reserved .

sicula ssp . sicula ) . this species has been characterized through the detection , isolation and quantitative evaluation of chemical markers ( polyphenols , flavonoids and glucosinolates ) . the chemical investigation showed a different composition between the two collection zones . while the total amounts of phenolics and flavonoids of the two samples were quite the same , their high - performance liquid chromatography profiles were very different . in both samples , the most abundant aglycone was quercetin which accounted for 60 % of total flavonoids . nuclear magnetic resonance data analysis allowed the identification of two compounds : 3 , 5 - dicaffeoylquinic and 4 , 5 - dicaffeoylquinic acids which represented 6 . 67 % and 15 . 94 % , respectively , of the total amount of flavonoids in sample 1 . in sample 2 , these two acids were still present , but their percentages were much less ( 2 . 20 % and 1 . 71 % , respectively ) . as far as we know , this is the first report about the presence of dicaffeoylquinic acids in

. with regard to glucosinolate content , sample 1 showed a higher content of glucosinolates . in both samples , glucocapparin was the most abundant compound . antioxidant activity of the methanolic c . sicula extracts using diphenyl picrylhydrazyl , î² - carotene bleaching test and oxygen radical absorbance capacity showed that the sample 2 was more active than 1 . as regards the inhibition of no production , the extracts from sample 2 were more active than those from sample 1 .

internal genetic structure and outcrossing rate in a natural population of araucaria angustifolia ( bert . ) o .

the internal genetic structure and outcrossing rate of a population of araucaria angustifolia ( bert . ) o .

were investigated using 16 allozyme loci . estimates of the mean number of alleles per loci ( 1 . 6 ) , percentage of polymorphic loci ( 43 . 8 % ) , and expected genetic diversity ( 0 . 170 ) were similar to those obtained for other gymnosperms . the analysis of spatial autocorrelation demonstrated the presence of internal structure in the first distance classes ( up to 70 m ) , suggesting the presence of family structure . the outcrossing rate was high ( 0 . 956 ) , as expected for a dioecious species . however , it was different from unity , indicating outcrossings between related individuals and corroborating the presence of internal genetic structure . the results of this study have implications for the methodologies used in conservation collections and for the use or analysis of this forest species .

decidua stems and flowers showed insecticidal and oviposition inhibitory activities against bruchus chinensis . the lc50 values of these extracts were found to increase with the increase in the polarity of the extract at different exposure periods . for instance , after 96 h , the lc50 values were found to be 3 . 619 , 7 . 319 , and 10 . 151 microg for cd1 , cd2 , and cd3 , respectively . extract cd7 was effective only at higher doses . the toxicity was found to be dose - and time - dependent . the females laid lesser number of eggs , when exposed to sublethal doses of different extracts and pure compounds , as compared to control . the maximum oviposition deterrence index was found for extract cd1 followed in decreasing order by cd2 , cd3 , and cd7 . from extract cd1 , two compounds were isolated and characterized as triacontanol ( c1 ) and 2 - carboxy - 1 , 1 - dimethylpyrrolidine ( c2 ) . when the females were exposed to sublethal doses of these compounds , they laid lesser number of eggs as compared to the control . c2 was found to have a slightly greater oviposition inhibition effect than c1 . from fraction cd7 , one novel compound labeled as cdf1 has been isolated and identified as 6 - ( 1 - hydroxy - non - 3 - enyl ) tetrahydropyran - 2 - one . cdf1 has also shown insecticidal and oviposition inhibitory activities against b . chinensis at low concentrations .

extraction and free radical scavenging activity of polysaccharide from ' anji baicha ' ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .

in this study , the optimization of the extraction conditions of polysaccharide from ' anji baicha ' ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .

) ( ap ) was investigated by response surface methodology ( rsm ) . three main independent variables ( extraction temperature , time , ratio of water to raw material ) were taken into consideration . and then the free radical scavenging activities of the sample were investigated including scavenging effects of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals . the rsm analysis showed good correspondence between experimental and predicted values . . the optimal condition to obtain the highest yield of ap was determined as follows : temperature 76 . 79 â°c , time 2 . 48 h , ratio of water to material 22 . 53 ml / g . for the free radical scavenging activity , the ic50 values of vc and ap were 7 . 78 and 83 . 25 î¼g / ml . and for the scavenging effect on hydroxyl radical , that of ap and vc were 1 . 80 and 1 . 69 mg / ml . ap showed excellent antioxidant activity . this exhibited ap had a good potential for antioxidant . the purification and structure needs to be study in further . copyright â© 2015 elsevier b . v . all rights reserved .

( ttk ) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat various diseases such as diabetic , inflammatory , and female - related disorders . polycystic ovary syndrome ( pcos ) is a common endocrinological disorder in women of reproductive age , and hyperandrogenism is a prominent feature of pcos resulting in anovulation and infertility . in this study , we investigated the effects of a ttk extract on androgen generation and regulation of steroidogenic enzymes in vitro and in vivo . human adrenocortical nci - h295r cells were used to assess the effects of ttk extract on production of dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone , as well as the protein expression of steroidogenic enzymes . further , a letrozole - induced pcos rat model was used in vivo to assess whether dietary administration of ttk extract restores normal hormones and reduces pcos symptoms . ttk extract significantly inhibited forskolin ( for ) - induced androgen production in nci - h295r cells and serum luteinizing hormone , testosterone , and follicular cysts , but not estradiol , were reduced in letrozole - induced pcos rats orally administered the ttk extract . in addition , ttk extract inhibits androgen biosynthesis through the erk - creb signaling pathway , which regulates cyp17a1 or hsd3b2 expression . ttk extract could be utilized for the prevention and treatment of hyperandrogenism and other types of pcos .

ali , hayssam m . ; khamis , mohamed h . ; hassan , fatma a .

this study was carried out at a greenhouse of sabahia horticulture research station , alexandria , egypt , to study the effect of sewage effluent on the growth and chemical composition of tipuana speciosa ( benth . )

seedlings as well as on soil properties for three stages . the irrigation treatments were primary - treated wastewater and secondary - treated wastewater , in addition to tap water as control . therefore , the treated wastewater was taken from oxidation ponds of new borg el - arab city . results of these study revealed that the primary effluent treatment explored the highest significant values for vegetative growth and biomass , compared to the other treatments . in addition , the higher significant concentration and uptake of chemical composition in different plant parts were obtained from the primary effluent treatment during the three stages of irrigation . it was found that the concentration of heavy metals in either plant or soil was below as compared to the world - recommended levels . these findings suggested that the use of sewage effluent in irrigating t . speciosa seedlings grown in calcareous soil was beneficial for the improvement of soil properties and production of timber trees , and also important for the safe manner of disposal of wastewater .

spinosa l . ) is a xerophytic shrub with a remarkable adaptability to harsh environments . this plant species is of great interest for its medicinal / pharmacological properties and its culinary uses . its phytochemical importance relies on many bioactive components present in different organs and its cultivation can be of considerable economic value . moreover , taxonomic identification of c . spinosa l . has been difficult due to its wide heterogeneity , and many authors fell into confusion due to the scarcity of genetic studies . the present review summarizes information concerning c . spinosa l . including agronomic performance , botanical description , taxonomical approaches , traditional pharmacological uses , phytochemical evaluation and genetic studies . this knowledge represents an important tool for further research studies and agronomic development on this indigenous species with respect to the emerging climatic change in the eastern mediterranean countries . indeed , this world region is particularly under the threat of global warming and it appears necessary to rethink agricultural systems to adapt them to current and futures challenging environmental conditions .

spinosa l . could be a part of this approach . so , this review presents a state of the art considering caper as a potential interesting crop under arid or semi - arid regions ( such as eastern mediterranean countries ) within the climate change context . the aim is to raise awareness in the scientific community ( geneticists , physiologists , ecophysiologists , agronomists , â¦ ) about the caper strengths and interest to the development of this shrub as a crop . pmid : 29118777

spinosa l . in a systematic review : a xerophilous species of multi values and promising potentialities for agrosystems under the threat of global warming .

chemical composition and allelopathic potential of essential oils from tipuana tipu ( benth . )

caffeine biosynthesis and degradation in tea [ camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .

to study caffeine biosynthesis and degradation , here we monitored caffeine synthase gene expression and caffeine and allantoin content in various tissues of four camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .

cultivars during non - dormant ( nd ) and dormant ( d ) growth phases . caffeine synthase expression as well as caffeine content was found to be higher in commercially utilized tissues like apical bud , 1st leaf , 2nd leaf , young stem , and was lower in old leaf during nd compared to d growth phase . among fruit parts , fruit coats have higher caffeine synthase expression , caffeine content , and allantoin content . on contrary , allantoin content was found lower in the commercially utilized tissues and higher in old leaf . results suggested that caffeine synthesis and degradation in tea appears to be under developmental and seasonal regulation .

heavy metal content in tea soils and their distribution in different parts of tea plants , camellia sinensis ( l ) . o .

soils contaminated with heavy metals may pose a threat to environment and human health if metals enter the food chain over and above threshold levels . in general , there is a lack of information on the presence of heavy metals in tea [ camellia sinensis ( l ) . o .

] plants and the soils in which they are grown . therefore , an attempt was made to establish a database on the important heavy metals : cadmium ( cd ) , chromium ( cr ) , nickel ( ni ) , and lead ( pb ) . for an initial survey on heavy metals , soil samples were collected randomly from tea - growing areas of tamil nadu , kerala , and karnataka , india . parallel studies were conducted in the greenhouse on uptake of pb , cd , and ni from soils supplemented with these metals at different concentrations . finally , metal distribution in the tea plants under field conditions was also documented to assess the accumulation potential and critical limit of uptake by plants .

transition rates of selected metals determined in various types of teas ( camellia sinensis l .

teas and raw materials used as ingredients of herbal and fruit infusions ( hfi ) were analysed by means of icp - ms for their content of aluminium , arsenic , cadmium , copper , lead and mercury in the dry product and in the infusion . samples of tea ( camellia sinensis l .

) were selected to include different origins , types ( black , green ) , leaf grades ( whole leaf , broken , fannings , dust ) and manufacturing techniques ( orthodox , " crush , tear , curl " ) . the selected hfi raw materials ( chamomile , elderberries , fennel , hibiscus , mate , peppermint , rooibos and rose hip ) cover the most important matrices ( flower , fruit , seed , herb , leaf ) and reflect the economic significance of these hfi materials in trade . infusions were prepared under standardised conditions representing typical household brewing . transition rates for the investigated metals vary significantly but are mostly well below 100 % . we propose default transition rates for metals to avoid overestimation of exposure levels from tea / hfi consumption . copyright â© 2016 . published by elsevier ltd .

preparative separation of bioactive compounds from essential oil of flaveria bidentis ( l . )

using steam distillation extraction and one step high - speed counter - current chromatography .

in order to utilize and control the invasive weed , bioactive compounds from essential oil of flaveria bidentis ( l . )

were studied . steam distillation extraction and one step high - speed counter - current chromatography were applied to separate and purify the caryophyllene oxide , 7 , 11 - dimethyl - 3 - methylene - 1 , 6 , 10 - dodecatriene , and caryophyllene from essential oil of flaveria bidentis ( l . )

. the two - phase solvent system containing n - hexane / acetonitrile / ethanol ( 5 : 4 : 3 , v / v / v ) was selected for the one step separation mode according to the partition coefficient values ( k ) of the target compounds and the separation factor ( î± ) . the purity of each isolated fraction after a single high - speed counter - current chromatography run was determined by high performance liquid chromatography . a 3 . 2 mg of caryophyllene oxide at a purity of 92 . 6 % , 10 . 4 mg of 7 , 11 - dimethyl - 3 - methylene - 1 , 6 , 10 - dodecatriene at a purity of 99 . 1 % and 5 . 7 mg of caryophyllene at a purity of 98 . 8 % were obtained from 200 mg essential oil of flaveria bidentis ( l . )

. the chemical structures of these components were identified by gc - ms , ( 1 ) h - nmr , and ( 13 ) c - nmr . â© 2012 wiley - vch verlag gmbh & co . kgaa , weinheim .

spinosa ( capparaceae ) traces pleistocene geologic and climatic changes in the western himalayas , tianshan mountains , and adjacent desert regions .

complex geological movements more or less affected or changed floristic structures , while the alternation of glacials and interglacials is presumed to have further shaped the present discontinuous genetic pattern of temperate plants . here we consider

spinosa , a xeromorphic tethyan relict , to discuss its divergence pattern and explore how it responded in a stepwise fashion to pleistocene geologic and climatic changes . 267 individuals from 31 populations were sampled and 24 haplotypes were identified , based on three cpdna fragments ( trnl - trnf , rps12 - rpl20 , and ndhf ) . samova clustered the 31 populations into 5 major clades . amova suggests that gene flow between them might be restricted by vicariance . molecular clock dating indicates that intraspecific divergence began in early pleistocene , consistent with a time of intense uplift of the himalaya and tianshan mountains , and intensified in mid - pleistocene . species distribution modeling suggests range reduction in the high mountains during the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) as a result of cold climates when glacier advanced , while gorges at midelevations in tianshan appear to have served as refugia . populations of low - altitude desert regions , on the other hand , probably experienced only marginal impacts from glaciation , according to the high levels of genetic diversity . pmid : 27314028

blister blight disease , caused by an obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen , exobasidium vexans massee is posing a serious threat for tea cultivation in asia . as the use of chemical pesticides on tea leaves substantially increases the toxic risks of tea consumption , serious attempts are being made to control such pathogens by boosting the intrinsic natural defense responses against invading pathogens in tea plants . in this study , the nature and durability of resistance offered by chitosan and the possible mechanism of chitosan - induced defense induction in camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .

plants against blister blight disease were investigated . foliar application of 0 . 01 % chitosan solution at 15 days interval not only reduced the blister blight incidence for two seasons , but also maintained the induced expressions of different defense related enzymes and total phenol content compared to the control . defense responses induced by chitosan were found to be down regulated under nitric oxide ( no ) deficient conditions inâ vivo , indicating that the observed chitosan - induced resistance is probably activated via no signaling . such role of no in host defense response was further established by application of the no donor , sodium nitroprusside ( snp ) , which produced similar defense responses accomplished through chitosan treatment . taken together , our results suggest that increased production of no in chitosan - treated tea plants may play a critical role in triggering the innate defense responses effective against plant pathogens , including that causing the blister blight disease . copyright â© 2017 elsevier masson sas . all rights reserved .

mechanism of fenpropathrin resistance in red spider mite , oligonychus coffeae ( acarina : tetranychidae ) , infesting tea [ camellia sinensis l . ( o .

red spider mite ( rsm ) , oligonychus coffeae ( nietner ) ( acarina : tetranychidae ) , has gained special attention in view of their widespread occurrence as a pest on tea [ camellia sinensis l . ( o .

) ] . the development of acaricide ( fenpropathrin ) resistance has been screened in field populations ( fps ) of rsms from different tea - growing regions of south india and compared with a laboratory - susceptible population ( sp ) based on toxicity bioassay , detoxifying enzyme activities , analysis of acetylcholine esterase gene ( ache , 2064â bp ) , and their expression pattern using semiquantitative rt - pcr . the increased resistance ratio ( rr , 1 . 39 to 2 . 13 ) in lc 50 of fenpropathrin observed in field populations of rsm provides a baseline for screening the development of resistance to fenpropathrin . this resistance developed due to hyperexpression of detoxifying enzymes , i . e . , esterase ( rr of 1 . 43 to 2 . 53 ) and glutathione s - transferase ( rr of 1 . 11 to 1 . 86 ) , and overexpression of ache gene at 1 . 4 to 2 . 7 - fold . these results necessitate molecular studies and warrant the continuous monitoring of acaricide susceptibility and resistance pattern in order to analyze the usefulness of ache gene as target for developing alternate pest control strategies and management of pesticide resistance in tea ecosystem .

protects estrogen - deficient rats against disturbances of energy and glucose metabolism and decreases proinflammatory cytokines .

( ttk ) and jakyakgamcho - tang ( jgt ) have been used for improving women ' s health and treating inflammatory diseases . we determined that the long - term consumption of these herbal extracts alleviates the progression of postmenopausal symptoms in high - fat - diet fed ovariectomized ( ovx ) rats , and further explored the mechanisms involved . five groups of ovx rats were fed high fat diets that were supplemented with either 2 % dextrin ( control ) , 2 % ttk ( 70 % ethanol extract ) , 2 % jgt ( water extract ) , 1 % jgt + 1 % ttk ( jgtt ) , or 30ââµg / kg body weight / day of 17î² - estradiol ( positive control ) . after eight weeks of dietary intervention , the herbal treatments did not change the serum concentrations of 17î² - estradiol or uterine weight in control rats , but they were higher in the positive - control group . ttk rats exhibited higher daily energy expenditure , particularly fat oxidation , without modifying the energy intake than the controls . ttk lowered the fat mass but lean body mass of the abdomen and leg were increased . jgt decreased periuterine fat mass and lean body mass more than the control but the decrease was not as much as ttk . ttk resulted in substantially lower serum concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines , tumor necrosis factor - î± ( tnf - î± ) and monocyte chemoattractant protein - 1 , than the control and jgt had lesser effect than ttk . insulin resistance , determined by homeostasis model assessment estimate for assessing insulin resistance ( homa - ir ) and insulin tolerance test , was reduced in the decreasing order of control , jgt , jgtt , and ttk and the homa - ir of ttk was similar to the positive control . ttk , but not jgt , enhanced glucose tolerance compared with the control , although the serum insulin levels in ttk were lower compared to the control . interestingly , the î² - cell masses were much greater in the ttk and jgtt groups than in the control , and they were comparable to the positive control . the increases in î² - cell masses in ttk and

influence of cytokinins in combination with ga3 on shoot multiplication and elongation of tea clone iran 100 ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .

the use of in vitro culture has been accepted as an efficient technique for clonal propagation of many woody plants . in the present research , we report the results of a number of experiments aimed at optimizing micropropagation protocol for tea ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .

) ( clone iran 100 ) using nodal segments as the explant . the effect of different combinations and concentrations of plant growth regulators ( pgr ) ( bap , tdz , ga3 ) on shoot multiplication and elongation was assessed . the influence of exposure to iba in liquid form prior to transfer to solid media on rooting of tea microshoots was investigated . the results of this study showed that the best treatment for nodal segment multiplication in terms of the number of shoot per explant and shoot elongation was obtained using 3âmg / l bap in combination with 0 . 5âmg / l ga3 . tdz was found to be inappropriate for multiplication of tea clone iran 100 as it resulted in hyperhydricity especially at concentrations higher than 0 . 05âmg / l . healthy shoots treated with 300âmg / l iba for 30âmin followed by transfer to 1 / 2 strength ms medium devoid of pgr resulted in 72 . 3 % of shoots producing roots and upon transferring them to acclimatization chamber 65 % survival was obtained prior to field transfer . pmid : 24605069

healing mechanisms of the hydroalcoholic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of green tea ( camellia sinensis ( l . )

green tea is an infusion of unfermented leaves of camellia sinensis ( l . )

( theaceae ) , traditionally used for the treatment of obesity , hypercholesterolemia , and gastric complaints . this study evaluated the mechanisms involved in the gastric ulcer healing of the hydroalcoholic extract from green tea ( get ) , its ethyl acetate fraction , ( geac ) and epigallocatechin gallate ( egcg ) using the model of acetic acid - induced gastric ulcer in rats . the chronic gastric ulcer was induced by application of 80 % acetic acid on serosal mucosa of rats . after 7 days of oral treatment with get and geac , the ulcer area , mucin content , inflammatory parameters ( mpo and nag ) , and antioxidant system ( gsh and looh levels , sod and gst activities ) were evaluated . in vitro , the scavenging activity of get and geac were also measured . the antisecretory action was studied on the pylorus ligature method in rats . oral treatment with get and geac reduced significantly the gastric ulcer area induced by acetic acid . the gastric ulcer healing was accompanied by increasing of mucin content , restoration of gsh levels and sod activity , and reduction of mpo and looh levels . in addition , get and geac reduced the dpph free radicals in vitro . furthermore , the oral treatment of animals with get and geac did not alter the gastric acid secretion or cause signs of toxicity . collectively , these results showed that get had a pronounced antiulcer effect , possibly through maintenance of mucin content and reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress . in addition , the compounds present in its ethyl acetate fraction could be responsible for the extract activity .

development of caps markers based on three key genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in tea , camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .

, including the two main cultivated sinensis and assamica varieties , was investigated based on pcr - rflp analysis of pal , chs2 and dfr , three key genes involved in catechin and tannin synthesis and directly responsible for tea taste and quality . polymorphisms were of two types : amplicon length polymorphism ( alp ) due to the presence of indels in two introns of pal and dfr , and point mutations detected after restriction of amplified fragments with appropriate enzymes . a progeny test showed that all markers segregated in a mendelian fashion and that polymorphisms were exclusively co - dominant . chs2 , which belongs to a multi - gene family , allowed for greater variation than the single - copy pal gene . based on nei ' s gene diversity index , var . sinensis was revealed to be more variable than var . assamica , and that a higher proportion of overall diversity resided within varieties as compared to between varieties . even though no specific dna profile was found for either tea varieties following any single pcr - rflp analysis , a factorial correspondence analysis carried out on all genotypes and markers separated the tea samples into two distinct groups according to their varietal status . this reflects the large difference between var . sinensis and var . assamica in their polyphenolic profiles . the sts - based markers developed in this study will be very useful in future mapping , population genetics and fingerprinting studies of this important crop species and other camellia species , as the primers have also proven successful in the three other subgenera of this genus .

suppressive subtractive hybridization approach revealed differential expression of hypersensitive response and reactive oxygen species production genes in tea ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .

indications for three independent domestication events for the tea plant ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .

background tea is the worldâs most popular non - alcoholic beverage . china and india are known to be the largest tea producing countries and recognized as the centers for the domestication of the tea plant ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .

) . however , molecular studies on the origin , domestication and relationships of the main teas , china type , assam type and cambod type are lacking . methodology / principal findings twenty - three nuclear microsatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity , relatedness , and domestication history of cultivated tea in both china and india . based on a total of 392 samples , high levels of genetic diversity were observed for all tea types in both countries . the cultivars clustered into three distinct genetic groups ( i . e . china tea , chinese assam tea and indian assam tea ) based on structure , pcoa and upgma analyses with significant pairwise genetic differentiation , corresponding well with their geographical distribution . a high proportion ( 30 % ) of the studied tea samples were shown to possess genetic admixtures of different tea types suggesting a hybrid origin for these samples , including the cambod type . conclusions we demonstrate that chinese assam tea is a distinct genetic lineage from indian assam tea , and that china tea sampled from india was likely introduced from china directly . our results further indicate that china type tea , chinese assam type tea and indian assam type tea are likely the result of three independent domestication events from three separate regions across china and india . our findings have important implications for the conservation of genetic stocks , as well as future breeding programs . pmid : 27218820

singh , g . p . ; mangal , ravindra ; bhojak , n .

simultaneous measurement of effective thermal conductivity ( { lambda } ) , effective thermal diffusivity ( { kappa } ) and specific heat of ker fiber reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites have been studied by transient plane source ( tps ) technique . the samples of different weight percentage typically ( 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 and 25 % ) have been taken . it is found that values of effective thermal conductivity and effective thermal diffusivity of the composites decrease , as compared to pure phenol formaldehyde , as the fraction of fiber loading increases . experimental data is fitted on y . agari model . values of thermal conductivity of composites are calculated with two models ( rayleigh , maxwell and meredith - tobias model ) . moreâ â» good agreement between theoretical and experimental result has been found . â«â less