gulella streptostelopsis is a species of minute air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family streptaxidae .

gulella streptostelopsis was described by adolph cornelis van bruggen in 2007 based on material ( except for one specimen ) obtained for the national museum of natural history in leiden ( nationaal natuurhistorisch museum , formerly rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie ) by ms h.m. meredith ( newquay , u.k. ; formerly malawi ) and her co-workers in the period 1975-1988 .

the minute , almost smooth , shell ( length 2.0-2.4 mm ) resembles that of the genus streptostele , but is characterized by three-fold apertural dentition and just under six whorls .

this taxon may represent a new genus .

gulella streptostelopsis

gulella streptostelopsis <EOT> this is the place for streptostelopsis definition . you find here streptostelopsis meaning , synonyms of streptostelopsis and images for streptostelopsis copyright 2017 © urltoken

streptaxidae from pemba . 57–58 “gulella” ( aenigmigulella ) aenigmatica 59 “gulella” ( aenigmigulella ) aenigmatica , juvenile 60 “gulella” radius 61 “gulella” radius , juvenile 62 gulella gwendolinae ( resembling var . scissidens ) 63 gulella planidens .

studies on the streptaxidae of malaŵi 9 . description of gulella streptostelopsis , a new streptostele - like species of gulella .

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studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malaŵi 9 . description of gulella streptostelopsis , a new streptostele - like species of gulella [ 1 ]

here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word streptostelopsis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word streptostelopsis and , of course , streptostelopsis synonyms and on the right images related to the word streptostelopsis .

ac ( 2007 ) studies on the streptaxidae of malaŵi 9 . description of gulella streptostelopsis , a new streptostele - like species of gulella . zoologische mededelingen leiden 81 - bruggen

a . c . van bruggen : studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malaŵi 9 . description of gulella streptostelopsis , a new streptostele - like species of gulella 1

fig . 6 . map of malaŵi showing the distribution of gulella streptostelopsis spec . nov . for numbers refer to ‘material examined’ . the arrow indicates the type locality .

bruggen a . c . van , 2007 : studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malawi 9 . description of gulella streptostelopsis , a new streptostele - like species of gulella . 9 pp . zoologische mededelingen leiden 81 : 1 - 9 .

how can i put and write and define gulella unidentata in a sentence and how is the word gulella unidentata used in a sentence and examples ? 用gulella unidentata造句 , 用gulella unidentata造句 , 用gulella unidentata造句 , gulella unidentata meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .

keywords : gastropoda ; pulmonata ; streptaxidae ; gulella ; streptostele ; taxonomy ; malawi ; east africa .

two new species of gulella ( mollusca : pulmonata : streptaxidae ) from the taita hills , kenya .

new taxa of gulella l . pfr . and ptychotrema mörch ( mollusca , streptaxidae ) from eastern africa .

gulella is a genus of very small air - breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family streptaxidae .

table 1 . measurements in mm of 38 shells of gulella streptostelopsis spec . nov . from throughout its range . the holotype is no . 36 ; figured paratypes are nos . 23 and 38 . the numbers in the seventh column refer to the localities enumerated under ‘material examined’ .

dr . william adam’s iconography of central and west african gulella species ( gastropoda pulmonata : streptaxidae ) . part 1 : nominal taxa .

land molluscs of zanzibar island ( unguja ) , tanzania with the description of a new species of gulella ( pulmonata : streptaxidae ) .

" " ' gulella systemanaturae " " ' is a species of minute air - breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family streptaxidae .

" " ' gulella unidentata " " ' is a species of very small air - breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family streptaxidae .

this may be an overlooked character as this has not been checked or noticed in other taxa with similar types of shell until the type description of " gulella systemanaturae " .

the next question to be discussed is whether g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . might be classified with one of the known subgenera of gulella sensu lato . these have been discussed in some detail by zilch ( 1960 : 569 - 573 ) . vaught ( 1989 ) and millard ( 1997 ) , simply enumerating generic / subgeneric names , give slightly differing versions , both incorporating sphincterocochlion verdcourt , 1985 . schileyko ( 2000 : 808 - 820 ) treats all subgenera including anatomical data where available . such data will eventually lead to a division of what is now called gulella and it is confidently expected that many subgenera will be elevated to genus rank . a few of the subgenera of gulella are seemingly well defined and these usually encompass only a limited number of species . on the other hand , many of the other subgenera are very broadly characterized and contain large numbers of nominal taxa . it appears that the present new species cannot be classified with any of the extant subgeneric units in gulella so that the matter must be left in abeyance . some alcohol material of the new taxon is available and should be properly evaluated , but this would involve micro - anatomy which is outside the competence of the present author . g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . might well represent an as yet unknown genus in the streptaxidae .

" gulella systemanaturae " was described by adolph cornelis van bruggen in 2008 based on collections from 1975 in royal museum for central africa , tervuren , belgium and 1985 collection in nationaal natuurhistorisch museum , leiden .

verdcourt , b . , 1985 . new taxa of gulella l . pfr . and ptychotrema mörch ( mollusca , streptaxidae ) from eastern africa . — j . conch . london 32 : 109 - 121 .

derivatio nominis . — the epithet streptostelopsis ( latinized greek for streptostele - like ) refers to the likeness to shells of the streptaxid genus streptostele . the kindred epithet streptosteloides already exists in the family under discussion . the original combination was opeas streptosteloides von martens , 1897 , but this taxon appears to be a streptaxid , now named streptostele streptosteloides ( von martens , 1897 ) ( vide verdcourt , 2006 ; richardson , 1988 ; kabat & boss , 1997 ) . in view of the similarity of the names and probable causes for confusion in possibly closely allied genera the epithet streptostelopsis is proposed here .

recently verdcourt ( 2004 : 311 - 312 , figs 14 - 17 ) described gulella eoryi from mt . meru in northern tanzania . the shell of this taxon looks somewhat like that of g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . however , the shell of g . eoryi shows more ribbing , a deep umbilicus and “at the back of the aperture a sloping arcuate lamella well away from the peristome corresponds to a deep furrow on the outside of the shell” . this immediately makes the similarity of the two taxa entirely superficial .

gulella streptostelopsis spec . nov . is described from a series of localities of mainly between 1000 and 1500 m a . s . l . in malaŵi south of about 11°s . the minute , almost smooth , shell ( length 2 . 0 - 2 . 4 mm ) resembles that of the genus streptostele ( hence the name ) , but is characterized by three - fold apertural dentition and just under six whorls . this taxon may represent a new genus ; pending studies on the anatomy no new generic name is proposed .

bruggen a . c . van , 2008 : studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malawi 10 . description of gulella systemanaturae , a new species from dedza mountain . 6 pp . zoologische mededelingen 82 : 9 - 14 .

diagnosis . — a minute species of gulella s . l . , with more or less tapering , almost smooth , shell about three times as long as wide and with three - fold apertural dentition consisting of single angular , labral and columellar processes .

bruggen a . c . van , 2011 : studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malawi 12 . four new species of gulella s . l . 16 pp . ( in english ) . zoologische mededelingen 85 ( 13 ) : 849 - 864 .

a search of the literature for possibly related taxa has so far proved in vain . pilsbry ( 1919 ) , the main text on congo land molluscs , provides no lead . the subgenus silvigulella pilsbry , 1919 , characterized by a clavate shell with the greatest width well below the middle , has a costulate shell . subsequent publications on congo streptaxids ( mainly van bruggen & van goethem , 1997 , 1999 ) are of no assistance either . a scrutiny of verdcourt’s east african gulella key ( 1962 ) and subsequent papers ( covered in his 2006 checklist of east africa , but see next paragraph ) comes no nearer in supplying possible candidates for relationship to or at least similarity with g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . finally , connolly ( 1939 ) , particularly the overview of the southern african species on pp . 19 - 23 , also does not lead anywhere . the same applies to southern african species of gulella described since .

according to chapman & white ( 1970 ) all localities where the " gulella systemanaturae " has been found are above the " brachystegia " woodland belt . gives a good impression of the area , depicting low - canopy montane forest near the summit of dedza mountain ( 2150 m ) . .

figs 1 - 5 . s . e . m . photographs of two paratypes ( nos . 23 and 38 of table 1 , both loc . no . 6 ; rmnh ) of gulella streptostelopsis spec . nov . 1 , shell , length 2 . 37 mm ( no . 38 ) ; 2 , aperture of do . ; 3 , apex of do . ; 4 , shell , length 2 . 21 mm ( no . 23 ) ; 5 , side view of aperture of do . scale bars 1 mm for figs 1 and 4 , 100 μm for figs 2 , 3 and 5 . s . e . m . photographs by j . goud ( rmnh ) .

verdcourt , b . , 1962 . preliminary keys for the identification of the genus gulella pfr . occurring in east africa excluding the sections primigulella pilsbry and plicigulella pilsbry . — ann . mus . roy . afr . centr . ( 8° ) sci . zool . 106 : 1 - 39 .

living animals of selected species from pemba ( not to scale ) . 2 “assiminea” aurifera 3 tropidophora zanguebarica 4 subulona ordinaria 5 gonaxis denticulatus 6 gulella planidens 7 tayloria shimbiensis 8 edentulina obesa 9 trochonanina mozambicensis 10 pembatoxon insulare 11 “dendrolimax” vangoethemi ( paratype 2 ) 12 dendrolimax vangoethemi ( paratype 1 ) .

bruggen , a . c . van & j . l . van goethem , 1997 . dr william adam’s iconography of central and west african gulella species ( gastropoda pulmonata : streptaxidae . ) . part 1 : nominal taxa . — bull . inst . roy sci . nat . belg . biol . 67 : 5 - 30 .

bruggen a . c . van , 2006 : gulella johannae spec . nov . ( gastropoda , pulmonata , streptaxidae ) , a new land snail from the drakensberg range in limpopo province , south africa , with notes on g . johannesburgensis ( m . & p . ) . 10 pp . zoologische mededelingen leiden 80 ( 1 ) : 63 - 72 .

six of the seven adults from misali island have an additional palatal tooth , recalling var . scissidens connolly , 1922 , described from dar - es - salaam . the additional tooth is not present on either of the two adults from ras kiuyu . this is a very widespread species and several such forms have been named . neubert ( 1998 ) points out a discrepancy between paladilhe’s ( 1872 ) description and figure of ennea isseli paladilhe , 1872 from yemen , and figures an additional specimen which strongly resembles gulella gwendolinae . this raises the possibility that ennea isseli is a senior synonym of gulella gwendolinae and , if so , also the question of whether it is truly native to arabia . a direct comparison of types is advised .

bruggen , a . c . van & j . l . van goethem , 1999 . dr william adam’s iconography of central and west african gulella species ( gastropoda pulmonata : streptaxidae . ) . part 3 : nine new species from the d . r . congo . — bull . inst . roy sci . nat . belg . biol . 69 : 31 - 45 .

finally attention should be drawn to the distribution of g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . it is so far only known from malaŵi , scattered throughout the country south of 11ºs between 800 and 1600 m , but mainly between 1000 and 1300 m a . s . l . first of all , this almost certainly is not a malaŵi endemic . as shown on the map ( fig . 6 ) many localities are sufficiently close to the borders of at least zambia and mozambique to predict occurrence in those countries , particularly as suitable habitat is available there .

the new species is generally easily recognized because of its small size and streptostele - like shell . zilch ( 1960 : 567 - 568 ) has summarized the knowledge of streptostele on the generic / subgeneric level ; in 1959 venmans had added the subgenus textostele , which is not covered in zilch’s overview . schileyko ( 2000 : 802 - 807 ) has included anatomical data where available . it is difficult to find characters to reliably separate streptostele and gulella . repeatedly attention has been drawn to the poor delimitation of the genera in the streptaxidae ( e . g . , van bruggen & van goethem , 1997 : 6 - 7 , for gulella ) ; regrettably anatomical data are still very scarce and do not materially assist here . generally streptostele species appear to have costulate shells with no , or very poorly developed , apertural dentition . also , the number of whorls at times may be quite high ( i . e . , 7 - 10 ) , although a few nominal species may have numbers of whorls as low as in the above - described new species ( e . g . , streptostele jaeckeli venmans , 1959 ) . for the time being the new taxon has been classified with gulella , which genus in itself may be a polyphyletic unit .

. . . forest reserves apart from a juvenile at msitu mkuu fr ( table 2 ) . on pemba , juvenile shells have complex dentition at a variety of stages . the living animal is creamcoloured . recent systematic work ( = - = rowson , 2010 - = - ) indicates “g . ” aenigmatica does not belong in the genus gulella l . pfeiffer and a genus - level revision is in progress . 28 b . rowson et al . / zookeys 70 : 1–39 ( 2010 ) figures 57–63 . streptaxidae from . . .

the following three species ( 6 % of the total of 49 ) are known only from pemba and we consider them endemic : cyathopoma pembense , dendrolimax vangoethemi , and elisolimax roebucki . there are no endemic genera or subgenera and all three endemics have close relatives both on the mainland and elsewhere in the western indian ocean . dendrolimax vangoethemi probably occurs in the usambaras ( see below ) while elisolimax roebucki has had doubts raised over its species status ( see rowson 2007 p . 447 ) . the populations of “gulella” radius on pemba may be considered a separate species ( see notes , 28 ) . thus the rate of species endemism could be as low as 2 % ( considering only cyathopoma pembense endemic ) or as high as 8 % if ( considering cyathopoma pembense , both slugs , and the pemba “gulella” radius to be endemic ) . accepting a 6 % rate , a total of 36 ( 73 % ) of pemba’s species are also found on unguja . of these , 33 also occur on the mainland , sometimes in small areas . the remaining two species ( 4 % of pemba’s total ) are known only from pemba and unguja : pembatoxon insulare and gittenedouardia conulina . there are doubts about the species status of the latter ( see notes , 7 ) .

all frs and habitat types contained at least one species not recorded elsewhere on pemba . importantly for conservation , 21 species ( approximately 45 % of the 47 species found ) were found only in frs , including the 10 rarest species ( those represented by the fewest individuals ) and all the slugs found . for example , curvella disparilis and thapsia curvatula were found only at ngezi fr ( sand / soil ) ; microcystina minima was found only at ras kiuyu fr ; and nesopupa minutalis was found only at msitu mkuu fr . another 21 species ( 45 % ) were found in both frs and non - forest habitat types , including the 10 most abundant species . these include several taxa treated by verdcourt ( 2000 ) as forest specialists ( tayloria shimbiensis , opeas delicatum , subulona ordinaria ) and at least one previously unrecorded from forest habitats ( assiminea aurifera ) . both the pemba - endemic cyathopoma pembense and the eastern arc species “gulella” aenigmatica occurred only in msitu mkuu fr and in non - forest sites . the remaining five species ( approximately 10 % ) were found only in non - forest habitats . these include the only certainly introduced species ( striosubulina striatella ) as well as two further taxa treated by verdcourt ( 2000 ) as forest specialists ( thapsia insulsa and gulella sexdentata ) .

conversely , 92–98 % of pemba’s land - snail species occur elsewhere . to date about 8 of these ( 16 % ) are known only from small areas of adjacent tanzania or kenya ( cyathopoma azaniense , “gulella” aenigmatica , tayloria shimbiensis etc . ) and could comprise a vicariant fauna whose ranges were split only by the pemba channel graben . alternatively , these and the remainder that occur more widely ( gulella planidens , streptostele acicula , etc . ) could have arrived by post - isolation dispersal , with species occurring nearby most likely to arrive soonest . successful dispersal to pemba argues against an especially strong isolation , since gene exchange with the mainland would remain possible . this contrasts with pemba’s volant species for which winds are thought to have strongly limited westward passage from the mainland ( moreau and pakenham 1940 ; baker and baker 2002 ) . although accidental introduction by man has played a largely unknown but probably greater part in the land - snail fauna , subfossils on aldabra ( e . g . gerlach and griffiths 2002 ) indicate natural , overseas dispersal by land - snails in the region . rivers outflowing eastwards from the mainland ( e . g . the pangani , wami and ruvu ) could aid the dispersal of rafting taxa such as land - snails to the islands , even against seasonally prevailing currents . this could explain the discrepancy with the endemism in volant taxa .

the shell of g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . is subject to some variation in dimensions as shown by table 1 . the abundant material allowed for a check on clinal variation . however , it appears that there is no discernible geographical pattern in the measurements of the shell of the new species . both small and large shells derive from southern populations and to a slightly lesser degree this also applies to northern populations . as regards size it is not always easy to decide what shells are really adult , vide loc . 5 in table 1 ( shells nos . 20 and 25 ) . this sample consists of three shells , ( a ) a juvenile , 2 . 0 mm long and with 5 ¼ whorls , but with developed apertural teeth and reflected labrum ; ( b ) a subadult , 2 . 21 mm long and with < 5¾ whorls ( no . 20 in table 1 ) with poorly developed dentition and labrum ; ( c ) an adult , 2 . 25 mm long and with 5¾ whorls ( no . 25 in table 1 ) with properly developed dentition and labrum .

is there a pattern to be discerned in the distribution of the species under discussion ? there is an indication for this because so far g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . was not found in the mt . mulanje complex in the south of malaŵi , and also not on the nyika plateau and in the misuku hills in the north , all areas well searched for micro - molluscs . ms h . m . meredith and her co - workers throughout the years 1975 - 1988 have extensively worked these areas by sampling the leaf litter of many forests in and around mt . mulanje , the nyika national park ( including the chowo forest just over the border with zambia ) , and the misuku hills . dr r . jocqué ( mrac ) has also worked on leaf litter on the nyika plateau and the present author and his wife have done the same on the nyika plateau and in the misuku hills in 1990 . all this leads to the albeit preliminary conclusion that absence here might reflect a genuine distribution pattern . such a conclusion would generate two questions . would the new species reach its northern limits here , and , if so , what does delimit its distribution ?

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national museum of natural history , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands

the following abbreviations have been used : alc . for material in alcohol ; l / d for the ratio length / major diameter of shells ( this ratio is calculated from micrometer readings and may therefore differ from that calculated when these measurements are first converted into mm ) ; lw for length of last whorl in front view ; leg . m for leg . ms h . m . meredith ; bmnh for the natural history museum , london [ british museum ( natural history ) ] ; irsnb for institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , brussels ; mrac for musée royal de l’afrique centrale , tervuren , belgium ; rmnh for national museum of natural history , leiden ( nationaal natuurhistorisch museum ; formerly rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie ) .

material examined . all material has been derived from leaf litter samples ; damaged , subadult and juvenile shells have been expressly excluded from the type material . localities have been enumerated from south to north (

) . — malaŵi : ( 1 ) thyolo dist . , thyolo , mwalantungi estate , litter streamhead forest , c . 1100 m , 31 . viii . 1982 , leg . j . chapman ( rmnh 92683 , 2 paratypes ) ; ( 2 ) thyolo , namingombo river , riverine forest litter , c . 1200 m , 8 . vi . 1980 , leg . m ( rmnh 92684 , 2 paratypes , 2 juv . ) ; ( 3 ) thyolo mountain forest on satemwa tea estates , submontane forest remnant , leaf litter , 1300 m , 17 . i . 2002 , leg . k . - d . b . dijkstra ( rmnh 92685 , 1 paratype ) ; ( 4 ) blantyre dist . , blantyre , soche mt . , submontane litter ne . side , 1400 m , 27 . viii . 1982 , leg . j . chapman ( rmnh 92686 , 1 paratype ) ; ( 5 ) blantyre , soche mt . , leaf litter sites nos . 3 - 5 , 1300 - 1450 m , 12 . iii . 1983 , leg . m ( rmnh 92687 , 2 paratypes , 1 juv . ) ; ( 6 ) chiradzulu dist . , lisau evergreen forest litter , c . 1300 m , ii . 1981 , leg . j . chapman [ rmnh 92688 , 9 paratypes ( among which shells shown in figs 1 - 5 ; 2 paratypes deposited in irsnb ) , 1 subad . , 1 juv . ; also alc . ] ; ( 7 ) chiradzulu dist . , lisau evergreen forest litter , c . 1300 m , 3 . i . 1982 , leg . h . patel ( rmnh 92689 , 2 paratypes , 1 damaged shell , 1 subad . ) ; ( 8 ) mulanje dist . , chigwankhalu hill , near malaŵi - mozambique border just s . of lake chilwa ,

litter , 800 - 900 m , early may 1983 , leg . h . patel ( rmnh , 1 juv . ) ; ( 9 ) zomba dist . , mpita forest near thondwe , leaf litter , c . 1100 m , 10 . ii . 1982 , leg . m ( rmnh , 1 damaged adult ) ; ( 10 ) zomba dist . , zomba , mulunguzi bridge ,

riverine forest litter , c . 1000 m , 22 . iii . 1986 , leg . m ( rmnh 92690 , 2 paratypes , 3 subad . , 1 damaged subad . ) ; ( 11 ) zomba , mulunguzi bridge , riverine forest litter , c . 1000 m , 15 . xi . 1986 - 25 . iii . 1987 , leg . p . kamkodo ( rmnh 92691 , 5 paratypes , of which 1 deposited in mrac ) ; ( 12 ) zomba - namitembo road , namitembo river riverine forest litter , c . 1000 m , 24 . iv . 1984 , leg . m ( rmnh 92692 , 4 paratypes , 1 juv . ) ; ( 13 ) zomba , forest road ,

description . — shell ( figs 1 - 5 ) small to minute , clavate , more or less tapering , greatest width well below the middle , always more than two - and - a - half times as long as wide , transparent when fresh to whitish when worn . umbilicus completely closed . spire produced , slightly tapering or sides at most subparallel , not convex , apex flattened , obtusely conical to mamillate . whorls five - and - a - half to just under six , hardly convex , superficially smooth but under high magnification with faint spiral sculpture and growth lines , growth lines turning to weak costulation behind the labrum ( fig . 5 ) . sutures somewhat impressed , fairly shallow , simple and filiform . aperture ( fig . 2 ) subovate , sometimes distinctly squarish at base , peristome slightly incrassate and reflected , aperture not or hardly obstructed by three - fold dentition : a small angular process ( usually a mere swelling ) , somewhat distant from and therefore not connected with apex of labrum so that there is no sinus ; opposite the angular denticle there is an upper labral process in the form of a thickening of the labrum , which process does not correspond to a depression behind the labrum ; finally , a very faint thickening of the lower columella may be interpreted as a columellar process .

measurements of shell : 2 . 00 - 2 . 37 × 0 . 75 - 0 . 81 mm , l / d 2 . 62 - 3 . 17 , lw 0 . 87 - 1 . 00 mm , aperture height × major diameter 0 . 56 - 0 . 62 × 0 . 44 - 0 . 50 mm , 5½ - > 5¾ whorls . holotype shell 2 . 31 × 0 . 78 mm , l / d 2 . 96 , lw 1 . 00 mm , aperture 0 . 69 × 0 . 44 mm , > 5¾ whorls . mean values 2 . 18 × 0 . 78 mm , l / d 2 . 89 , lw 0 . 93 , aperture 0 . 59 × 0 . 47 mm , average values 2 . 19 × 0 . 75 mm , l / d 2 . 92 , lw 0 . 94 , aperture 0 . 59 × 0 . 44 mm ( n = 38 ) .

distribution ( fig . 6 ) . — so far only known from malaŵi , scattered throughout the country south of 11ºs and mainly between 1000 and 1500 m a . s . l .

correspondence with ms meredith on this subject leads to an interesting observation . she writes : “what does stand out , though , is that it is a species of riverine / lowland forest / submontane forest distribution . it is interesting to see chapman’s ( i . e . chapman & white , 1970 ) descriptions on pages 141 , 153 and 161 / 2 . this does not , however , explain why we have not found it on some of the lower slopes of mulanje , or the misukus . the submontane forests on the nyika are on the slopes that haven’t been properly studied – we have all looked in the more easily accessible montane forests of the plateau . ” ( meredith , in litt . , 28 october 2001 ) .

acknowledgements are due in first instance to ms h . m . meredith for supplying the material , contributing data on the localities , and carefully criticizing the manuscript . mr j . goud of the mollusca section ( rmnh ) deserves credit for the s . e . m . illustrations ( figs 1 - 5 ) , expertly enhanced by p . a . van mulken ( biology section , leiden university ) . numerous visits to the mollusc departments of the natural history museum ( london ) , the institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique ( brussels ) , and the musée royal de l’afrique centrale ( tervuren , belgium ) have always been of great value – the cooperation of our colleagues drs p . b . mordan ( bmnh ) , j . l . van goethem ( irsnb ) and f . puylaert & r . jocqué ( both mrac ) has been invaluable . dr c . o . dudley ( university of malaŵi , zomba ) is acknowledged for assistance with geographical problems .

field work in malaŵi of the present author ( 1988 , 1990 , 1993 ) has been mainly financed by leiden university , the koninklijke nederlandse akademie van wetenschappen ( royal netherlands academy of arts and sciences , amsterdam ) , wotro / nwo ( wetenschappelijk onderzoek in de tropen , the hague ) , and the stichting tot internationale natuurbescherming ( foundation for international conservation , van tienhoven stichting , amsterdam ) .

1 . for no . 8 in this series vide bruggen , a . c . van & a . j . de winter , 2003 . studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malaŵi 8 . a revision of ‘marconia’ hamiltoni ( smith ) , the largest local streptaxid , with the description of a new genus . — zool . verh . leiden 345 : 59 - 78 , figs . 1 - 21 .

bruggen , a . c . van & h . m . meredith , 1984 . a preliminary analysis of the land molluscs of malaŵi . in : a . solem & a . c . van bruggen , eds . , world - wide snails . biogeographical studies on non - marine mollusca : 156 - 171 . — e . j . brill / dr w . backhuys , leiden .

bruggen , a . c . van & a . j . de winter , 2003 . studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malaŵi 8 . a revision of ‘marconia’ hamilton i ( smith ) , the largest local streptaxid , with the description of a new genus . — zool . verh . leiden 345 : 59 - 78 .

chapman , j . d . & f . white , 1970 . the evergreen forests of malawi : 1 - 190 . commonwealth forestry institute , university of oxford , oxford .

connolly , m . , 1939 . a monographic survey of south african non - marine mollusca . — ann . s . afr . mus . 33 : i - iii , 1 - 660 .

kabat , a . r . & k . j . boss , 1997 . karl eduard von martens ( 1831 - 1904 ) : his life and works : 1 - 417 . department of mollusks , museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , cambridge mass .

millard , v . , 1997 . classification of mollusca . a classification of world wide mollusca : 1 - 544 . rhine road , south africa .

pilsbry , h . a . , 1919 . a review of the land mollusks of the belgian congo chiefly based on the collections of the american museum congo expedition , 1909 - 1915 . — bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 40 : i - x , 1 - 370 .

richardson , c . l . , 1988 . streptaxacea : catalog of species . part 1 streptaxidae . — tryonia 16 : i , 1 - 326 .

schileyko , a . a . , 2000 . treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs . part 6 . rhytididae , chlamydephoridae , systrophiidae , haplotrematidae , streptaxidae , spiraxidae , oleacinidae , testacellidae . — ruthenica suppl . 2 : 731 - 880 ( streptaxidae pp . 771 - 835 ) .

vaught , k . c . [ eds r . t . abbott & k . j . boss ] , 1989 . a classification of the living mollusca : i - xii , 1 - 195 . melbourne , fla . , u . s . a .

venmans , l . a . w . c . , 1959 . notes on molluscs from the belgian congo 1 . genus streptostele h . dohrn , 1866 . — rev . zool . bot . afr . 60 : 31 - 48 .

verdcourt , b . , 2004 . new and little known species of terrestrial mollusca from east africa and congo ( kinshasa ) . — ann . hist . - nat . mus . natn . hung . 96 : 299 - 315 .

verdcourt , b . , 2006 . a revised list of the non - marine mollusca of east africa ( kenya , uganda and tanzania , excluding lake malawi ) : 1 - 75 . published by the author , maidenhead .

zilch , a . , 1959 - 1960 . gastropoda euthyneura . — handb . paläozool . ( 6 ) 2 : i - xii , 1 - 834 . berlin - nikolassee ( streptaxidae pp . 555 - 578 , 1960 ) .

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adolph cornelis ' dolf ' van bruggen ( 9 july 1929 – 3 june 2016 ) was a dutch malacologist , entomologist and botanist . his works were about the tropics and tropical africa . his career lasted over 50 years . he was an expert especially in the land snail families streptaxidae , achatinidae and maizaniidae . as of 2008 , he had written some 655 scientific publications .

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. . . y colour forms . voeltzkow’s ( 1923 ) record of “rachis brauensis mart . ” ( sic ) probably refers to r . braunsi from fundu i . ( haas , 1929 ) . the genus is here given as rhachistia rather than rhachidina ( see = - = solem 1959 - = - , mordan 1992 , herbert and kilburn 2004 ) . there is a hypothesis that bulimus histrio l . pfeiffer , 1854 , described from the new hebrides , is a synonym of r . braunsi . solem ( 1964 ) cited verdcourt ( 1961 ) . . .

important bird areas in tanzania : a first inventory . wildlife conservation society of tanzania , dar es - baker , baker - 2002

annoted checklist of the terrestrial and freshwater molluscs of the arabian peninsula with description of new species . fauna of arabia

. . . as ( 1929 ) gives the record from chake chake . fischer - piette and vukadinovic ( 1974 ) consider bulimus johanninus morelet , 1877 , described from the comoros , a synonym of a . gracile . recent authors ( e . g . = - = neubert 1998 - = - , gerlach 2006b , griffiths and florens 2006 ) rather than verdcourt ( 2006 ) and rowson ( 2007 ) are followed here in treating this species in allopeas as distinct from lamellaxis . 1 8 . curvella subviresc . . .

. . . s familiar with a . clavulinum in botanic gardens in the uk , which in turn have been said to come from east africa ( kerney and cameron 1979 ) yet never included a . clavulinum in his east african lists ( = - = verdcourt 1983 - = - , 2000 , 2006 ) . this should be further investigated . 20 . opeas lamoense melvill & ponsonby , 1892 buliminus lamoense melvill and ponsonby 1892 : 90 ; pl . v , fig . 12 notes . pemba specimens reach 11 . 0 × 4 . 0 . . .

prys - jones r . p . , thébaud c . 2003 . molecular phylogeography reveals island colonization history and diversification of western indian ocean sunbirds ( nectarinia - warren , bermingham , et al .

coastal forests of eastern africa : status , endemism patterns and their potential causes - nd , gp , et al . - 1998

. . . arion ) . the monophyly of these major groups is questionable while the systematics of tropi - 16 b . rowson et al . / zookeys 70 : 1–39 ( 2010 ) cal limacoidea is still far from resolved ( e . g . tillier 1979 , = - = hausdorf 1998 - = - , schileyko 2002 ) , but it remains possible that this species is related to one of them rather than other dendrolimax . distribution : pemba island ; probably also east usambara mts . etymology : vangoethem . . .

the geology and geophysics of coastal tanzania - pe , ja , et al . - 1971

ergebnisse der osterreichischen neu kaledonien - expedition 1965 , terrestrische gastropoda i ( exkl . veronicellidae und athoracophoridae

. . . that histrio was an early anthropogenic introduction from east africa . though not quite correct ( the name braunsi did not appear in solem 1959 ) this was followed by other workers in the region ( e . g . = - = starmühlner 1970 - = - ) and there is now a consensus that the australasian populations originated in east africa ( e . g . stanisic 1998 , herbert and kilburn 2004 ) . however , verdcourt ( 1961 , 1983 , 2006 ) remained ambiguous abou . . .

. . . dispersal to islands ( e . g . gittenberger 2007 ) . in east africa , the lowland land - snail fauna is poorlyknown but now documented in a few coastal forest fragments in which endemism to fragments is high ( = - = tattersfield 1998 - = - , lange and mwinzi 2003 , rowson 2007 ) . these coastal forests form a region of endemism scattered through the zanzibar - inhambane vegetation mosaic of white ( 1983 ) and support the majority of the region . . .

prys - jones rp , thebaud c ( 2006 ) immigration , species radiation and extinction in a highly diverse songbird lineage : white - eyes on indian ocean islands . molecular ecology 15 - bh , bermingham

tropical african platycnemis damselflies ( odonata : platycnemididae ) and the biogeographical significance of a new species from pemba island - dijkstra , clausnitzer , et al . - 2007

geology of east africa . beiträge zur regionalen geologie der erde - schlüter - 1997

descriptions of new species of shells collected by geoffrey nevill esq . , at - adams

habitat selection by terrestrial birds on pemba island ( tanzania ) , with particular reference to six endemic taxa . biological conservation 95

. . . ation and moist climate might permit locally - adapted species to persist in a broader range of habitats than their mainland counterparts . a similar observation has been made for pemba’s endemic birds ( = - = catry et al . 2000 - = - ) . b ) imbalance across land - snail families , species were recorded in the same rank order and approximately the same proportions as on unguja ( rowson 2007 ) and the coastal region as a whole ( verdcourt . . .

notes on african non - marine mollusca , with descriptions of many new species . annals and magazine of natural history series 9

. . . latus pro tem . rather than the more restricted g . gibbonsi taylor , 1877 . a revision of the east african taxa attributed to “gonaxis” is currently under way ( rowson in prep . ) . 26 . tayloria shimbiensis = - = connolly , 1922 - = - figs 7 , 33–35 tayloria shimbiensis connolly 1922 : 487 notes . this species has not previously been recorded beyond the type locality ( shimba hills ) ( verdcourt 2006 ) . according to verdcourt ( 1958 ) , its . . .

. . . vaginulus alte férussac 1821–1822 : 14 notes . voeltzkow ( 1923 , p . 179 ) recorded this species from pemba as “vaginula brevis” v . brevis fischer , 1872 is considered a synonym of the widespread l . alte ( = - = forcart 1953 - = - , verdcourt 2006 ) . we tentatively refer two small juveniles from ngezi fr to this species . 7 . gittenedouardia conulina ( von martens , 1869 ) fig . 29 buliminus ( pachnodus ) von martens 1869 : 153 notes . t . . .

. . . less than 200m ; pemba effectively lies off the continental shelf ( fig . 1a ) . while the presence of a terrestrial fauna in pemban rocks supports the presence of land since at least the middle miocene ( = - = pickford 2008 - = - ) , this land is believed to have been part of the mainland until the formation of the pemba channel by a graben fault approximately 6 ma ( early pliocene ; kent et al . 1971 , clarke and burgess 2000 ) . ot . . .

1831 description des coquilles terrestres recueilles pendant un voyage à côte occidentale d’afrique , et au brésil . annales des sciences naturelles 24 - rang

. . . 07 ) . in east africa , the lowland land - snail fauna is poorlyknown but now documented in a few coastal forest fragments in which endemism to fragments is high ( tattersfield 1998 , lange and mwinzi 2003 , = - = rowson 2007 - = - ) . these coastal forests form a region of endemism scattered through the zanzibar - inhambane vegetation mosaic of white ( 1983 ) and support the majority of the region’s narrowrange endemics ( burgess et . . .

notes on east african land and freshwater snails 11 . miscellaneous records from kenya and tanzania including the description of two new species . — basteria 42

. . . rag ) ras kiuyu fr msitu mkuu fr non - fr sites 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 assimineidae “assiminea” aurifera preston , 1912 3 2 429 / 18 + + + + + + + + + + 10 cyclophoridae cyathopoma azaniense = - = verdcourt , 1978 - = - 4 13–15 + 1 cyathopoma pembense sp . n . 1 16–27 + + + + 4 pomatiidae tropidophora zanguebarica ( petit , 1850 ) 5 3 432 / 3 + + + + + + + + + + + 11 veronicellidae laevicaulis alte ( férussac , 1821 ) 6 432 . . .

. . . nguja ( lange and mwinzi 2003 , verdcourt 2006 , rowson 2007 ) . however , maizania is absent from the pliocene - pleistocene central highlands of kenya , a montane forest area of apparently suitable habitat ( = - = verdcourt 1984 - = - ) . its absence from pemba could suggest pemba , unlike unguja , was isolated before maizania could reach it . alternatively , maizania may have reached unguja only after it became an island , in which case . . .

a preliminary note on the african element among the streptaxids ( mollusca ) of the western indian ocean islands . in : van zinderen bakker snr em , coetzee ja ( eds ) paleoecology of africa and the surrounding islands . vol . 10–11 . balkema - ac - 1978

ac ( 2008 ) new studies on the land molluscs of malawi , a second interim progress report . prolegomena for a new checklist - bruggen

madagascan georissa , cyclotus , omphalotropis and so - called chondrocyclus . archiv für molluskenkunde 133 - kc - 2004

. . . nt consideration since slugs may change in appearance as they grow . however , neither verdcourt and polhill , van goethem with his experience of growth series of many taxa , nor other slug workers ( e . g . = - = forcart 1967 - = - ) could attribute these forms to any known species or genus . verdcourt and polhill ( 1961 ) noted that there was no absolute criterion , e . g . concerning the size of the albumen gland , for recognising adu . . .

2006b ) terrestrial and freshwater mollusca of the seychelles islands . backhuys , leiden , the netherlands , 141 pp . b . rowson et al - gerlach

description of pembatoxon insulare gen . n . , sp . n - jl - 1975

révision systématique des urocyclinae ( mollusca , pulmonata , urocyclidae ) . annales musée royal de l’afrique centrale tervuren , sciences zoologiques 218 : 1–355 - jl - 1977

die binnenmollusken der voeltzkow’schen reisen in ostafrika und den ostafrikanischen inseln . zoologische jahrbücher 57 : 387–430 , pls

. . . the pemba material is here referred to braunsi , whose varieties we consider only colour forms . voeltzkow’s ( 1923 ) record of “rachis brauensis mart . ” ( sic ) probably refers to r . braunsi from fundu i . ( = - = haas , 1929 - = - ) . the genus is here given as rhachistia rather than rhachidina ( see solem 1959 , mordan 1992 , herbert and kilburn 2004 ) . there is a hypothesis that bulimus histrio l . pfeiffer , 1854 , described from th . . .

ke ( 1869 ) conchylien aus zanzibar zwischen sesamsaamen . nachrichtsblatt der deutschen malakozoologischen gesellschaft 1 - martens

1892 ) ueber die von dr . stuhlmann in nordost - afrika gesammelten landund süsswasser - mollusken . sitzungs - berichte der gesellschaft naturforschender freunde zu - ke - 1892

révision des urocyclidae ( mollusca , gastropoda , pulmonata ) . anatomiesystématique - zoogeographie . annales musée royal de l’afrique centrale tervuren , sciences zoologiques 180 - jj - 1970

otopoma gray 1850 - a few words to add to a 150 years old debate . archiv für molluskenkunde 132

. . . er recent decades . note : verdcourt treats all east african tropidophora in subgenus otopoma gray , 1850 , but the asian type species of this belongs in cyclophoridae not pomatiidae ( = pomatiasidae ) ( see = - = neubert 2003 - = - ) . 6 . laevicaulis alte ( férussac , 1821 ) vaginulus alte férussac 1821–1822 : 14 notes . voeltzkow ( 1923 , p . 179 ) recorded this species from pemba as “vaginula brevis” v . brevis fischer , 1872 is consider . . .

de la saussaye m ( 1859 ) description d’une espèce nouvelle . journal de conchyliologie 7 : 384–385 , pl - petit

containing the monographs of the genera bulimus , achatina , dolium , b . rowson et al - volume

harzhauser m , berning b , kroh a ( 2010 ) sedimentary evolution of a late pleistocene wetland indicating extreme coastal uplift in southern tanzania . quaternary research 73 : 136–142 - reuter , we

ea ( 1890 ) list of land - and freshwater - shells collected by dr . emin pasha in central africa , with descriptions of new species - smith

. . . i did not appear in solem 1959 ) this was followed by other workers in the region ( e . g . starmühlner 1970 ) and there is now a consensus that the australasian populations originated in east africa ( e . g . = - = stanisic 1998 - = - , herbert and kilburn 2004 ) . however , verdcourt ( 1961 , 1983 , 2006 ) remained ambiguous about placing the two in synonymy and objected that the colour pattern in solem’s ( 1959 ) black and white picture o . . .

descriptions of two new taxa of tayloria bgt . together with a synopsis of the genus . revue de zoologie et de botanique africaines 58 : 3–4 - verdcourt - 1958

east african slugs of the family urocyclidae , iii & iv . the genus trichotoxon - verdcourt , rm - 1961

. . . through the zanzibar - inhambane vegetation mosaic of white ( 1983 ) and support the majority of the region’s narrowrange endemics ( burgess et al . 1998 , burgess and clarke 2000 ) which include landsnails ( = - = verdcourt 2000 - = - , rowson 2007 ) . emberton et al . ( 1997 ) found that within tanzania , both diversity and endemism peaked in the northern coastal forests , those nearest pemba . the forest on pemba is greatly depleted outs . . .

. . . differ from the few other east african cyclophoridae in being larger and more depressed than c . azaniense verdcourt , 1978 ( figs 13–15 ) , an undescribed azaniense - like species from the east usambaras ( = - = verdcourt 2006 - = - ; nmw material examined ) , and the malawian c . tres van bruggen , 2008 ( van bruggen 2008 ) . they are also larger than the central african c . papillaris ( von martens , 1892 ) and have fewer spiral keels ( se . . .

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b rowson , 1 b . h . warren , 2 and c . f . ngereza 3

umr c53 pvbmt , université de la réunion - cirad , 7 chemin de l’irat , ligne paradis , 97410 st . pierre , réunion , france

national museums of tanzania , shabaan robert street , po box . 511 , dar es salaam , tanzania

corresponding author : xue - xin chen ( nc . ude . ujz @ nehcxx ) .

this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .

pemba is thought to have had a longer and / or stronger history of isolation than its better - known counterpart , unguja . the extent to which the biota support this hypothesis of greater oceanicity have been debated . here , pemba’s terrestrial mollusc ( “land - snail” ) fauna is surveyed and reviewed for the first time . we find at best equivocal evidence for the following hallmarks of greater oceanicity : impoverishment , imbalance , and a high rate of endemism . at least 49 species are present , families are represented in typical proportions , and there are only between two and four island - endemic species - i . e . a 4 % to 8 % rate of endemism . for land - snails , isolation thus seems to have been short ( pleistocene ) or , if longer , weak . nevertheless , pemba does host endemic and globally rare species . forty - five percent of the species found , including most of these , is restricted to forest reserves , with ngezi forest reserve particularly rich . a further 45 % are able to tolerate the island’s woody cultivated habitats . one new snail species ( cyclophoridae : cyathopoma ) and one new slug species ( urocyclidae : dendrolimax pro tem . ) are described . new data and illustrations are provided for other taxa .

pemba is one of the two main indian ocean islands of zanzibar , tanzania , the other being unguja ( itself commonly referred to as “zanzibar” ) . it has long been recognised that although the two are of comparable size , topography , distance from the mainland , as well as climate and climatic history ( e . g .

) , they differ in their geological and biotic history . geologically , both islands consist of miocene rocks of continental origin fringed by uplifted pleistocene coral rag limestone platforms (

) . sea level lowstands of up to 145m below present since pemba’s separation , while critical for the evolution of other western indian ocean island faunas ( e . g .

) , would therefore not have sufficed to reconnect pemba to the mainland or unguja . unguja , in contrast , was most recently isolated from the mainland in the pleistocene (

) probably as little as 10–18 thousand years ago . thus even if pemba’s isolation was as recent as the latest pliocene ( 1 ma ) , it would have remained an island for up to 100 times longer than unguja .

a pemba and the surrounding area . contours : 200m and 1000m ( above sea level ) ; 200m ( below sea level ) . the land below 400m , including the islands , roughly corresponds to the zanzibar - inhambane vegetation mosaic of white ( 1983 ) in which coastal forest fragments are scattered . b sites surveyed on pemba in 2009 , numbered as in table 1 , with forest reserves ( shaded areas ) and large towns marked .

to examine how the land - snail fauna reflects the strength and duration of pemba’s isolation we sought evidence of a ) impoverishment ; b ) imbalance in composition ; and c ) increased endemism , each relative to unguja and to mainland coastal forests . this required that as many species as possible were documented . we also aimed to clarify patterns of species presence or absence between habitat types and between frs , data on which are currently absent for most pemban taxa and limited for other tanzanian coastal taxa .

survey work was carried out in february 2009 . survey sites were selected in each fr and in additional sites covering most of the island ( plus misali i . , a small island nature reserve to the west ;

; collecting effort was quantified although it varied across sites . while no survey can guarantee to find all species , these are two of the most important considerations in surveys of this type (

) . land - snails were identified with reference to collections and the literature and are deposited at the national museum of wales , uk ( nmw ) and national museums of tanzania ( nmt ) . as in

, informal morphospecies names ( “sp . a” etc . ) are avoided , one advantage being more accurate comparison with other studies .

) and grouped into habitat types . ngezi fr sites are grouped into two habitat types according to underlying geology . “person - hours” is the total time spent on direct search and “litter” is the approximate volume of litter sieved ( litres ) . codes in square brackets are original site names and dates of collection .

high moist forest on sandy alluvial soil within reserve less than 1km from entrance [ n1 , 7 . 2 . 09 ]

high moist forest on sandy alluvial soil in centre of reserve [ n3 , 8 . 2 . 09 ]

high forest and swamp forest on dark alluvial soil in north of reserve [ n6 , 11 . 2 . 09 ]


pomatoschistus marmoratus , marbled goby , is a species of goby native to the eastern atlantic from the bay of biscay down around the iberian peninsula through the mediterranean sea , the black sea and the sea of azov .

it is also found in the suez canal in egypt .

it occurs in marine and brackish waters on sandy substrates in shallow waters , typically down to 20 m ( 66 ft ) , but occasionally to 70 m ( 230 ft ) in the winter .

it can reach a length of 8 cm ( 3.1 in ) tl though most do not exceed 5 centimetres ( 2.0 in ) tl .

marbled goby

marbled goby <EOT> my marbled goby eating thawed silversides . he also enjoys earthworms , minnows , and goldfish .

the marbled goby fish is found in malaysian rivers . it is noted that it is the largest goby in the world . this hd video is shot using the panasonic hdc tm 300 camcorder in full 1080 hd .

doing a switch to native biotope and i want to start breeding marbled gobies . anyone here can share their experience or knowledge in this area ?

breeding and rearing the offspring through successive generations are mandatory in order to study evolutionary responses to anthropogenic impact in marine organisms . however , fish offer a limited number of marine model species that allow performing multigenerational experimental approaches . here , we propose a novel breeding and rearing experimental model based on the marbled goby

feeding : feeding is easy . these fish will eat anything . i give mine krill and feeder shrimp intended for marine fish , and my goby loves it .

i currently have one in my tank , about 12 inches long . and i feed it with raw fish ( cut in stripe ) . in the near future , i will get another variety goby ( quite similar dark brown ) and download to u - tube broadcast . goby fish loves to camouflage with drift woods provided for hiding .

) in un ambiente del delta del po ( observations on population structure and trophic role of three goby species in the delta of po river ) . nova thalassia 7 ( suppl . 3 ) : 373–378 .

they climb walls ? i was keen of doing the same but also clueless how to start . intially i thought we need to have many stones for hiding , some plants and " waterflow " . just like keeping crabs . i assumed your goby mean mudskippers ?

got the tank size to do it . thanks for the information link , it is very useful . as suspected , they are next to impossible to breed in tanks . will be doing a biotope of small fishes and shrimps and placing a goby in it .

i ' m keeping one wild caught . very intelligent fish keen on observations around their surroundings . like to barrow in the sand ambush for prey to hit it ' s effective range . skilled hunter , i would say . normally i feed it with feeder prawns . there was a week the tank was out of feeder prawns . in the tank was 2 garfish as tank mates . same length as the marble goby about 15 cm . within 2 nights , my garfish went 1 missing , with each night . i observed the belly of the marble goby was bloated . i will be very caution with it . good luck .

bad idea to mix this " soon hock " with fishes smaller than the mouth can fit . they just lie motionless and ambush unsuspecting fish and shrimps that wander too close . imo , if you want a suitable goby for a freshwater - brackish singapore biotope setup , those brachygobius species aka bumblebee gobies will be excellent choices . they breed in caves and snail shells .

life cycle and reproductive biology of the marbled goby pomatoschistus marmoratus was studied in the venetian lagoon . lifespan was determined by reading otoliths . the maximum age recorded was 17 months juveniles occurred in samples from july to november . nests were found in two different periods : from the middle of april to the middle of july and from the middle of august to the end of september . while individuals in a wide range of body size ( 35–62 mm total length ) mated during the first spawning peak during the second one only small individuals ( 28–32 mm total length ) developed during the first peak were in reproductive activity . histological analyses showed that most of the juveniles developed during the first spawning peak delayed sexual maturation to the following year . ripe females appeared to be multiple spawner showing an asynchronous ovary with oocytes at different stages of development . from nesting male body sizes gonadosomatic indices and histological analyses no indication of the presence of alternative male mating tactics emerged .

one of the largest goby species in the world , o . marmoratus is unsuitable for the vast majority of aquaria , but is an interesting oddball for the true enthusiast with the facilities to house it properly . it is a nocturnal ambush predator and generally remains motionless during daylight hours unless striking at food . it is a popular food fish in some of its native countries , where it is known as soon hock .

besides the two pictus cats that where in it i also got a 2 " marble goby . i had no idea what it was until i did some research and found out what it was and how big they get . i ' m gonna need a bigger tank ! right now he ' s fat and happy in my 30 gal . fat and happy because i noticed his big belly and a missing platy !

care : ph range from 6 . 5 - 7 . 5 , brackish and slightly acidic . water quality should be fairly good , but these fish are very hardy , so even though they can survive in semi - bad quality water , ammonia and nitrates still need to be kept low . marbled sand gobies will grow over 25 inches / 63 . 5cm , so a very large tank for them is needed ( 125 - 150 gallon / 473 - 567 liter ) . the tank needs to have a tight - fitting lid , as these fish are jumpers , and they will try to escape . a large stretch of clear bottom of the tank is need when these fish are fully grown . however , if you raise them in smaller tanks like i did ( 12 - 36 gallon / 45 - 136 liter ) , they need lots of plants , bogwood , and caves to make them feel secure . also if you raise them in a smaller tank , be sure to move them into a larger ( 50 - 125 gallon / 189 - 473 liter ) tank when they ' ve grown over 6 inches / 15 cm . do not keep these fish in groups , as the dominate will eat the others , and any smaller fish in the tank . only keep these fish with large fish , such as bala sharks , arowanas , pacus , and knifefish . any fish under 9 inches will be eaten when the goby is fully grown . surface dwellers and fast fish can be kept with these fish , as they are very slow and can ' t catch anything .

greek , poma , - atos = cover , operculum + greek , schistos = divided ( ref . 45335 )

marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; depth range 20 - 70 m ( ref . 4696 ) . subtropical ; 20°c - 28°c ( ref . 12468 ) ; 48°n - 35°n , 10°w - 42°e

eastern atlantic : iberian peninsula northwards to bay of biscay ( ref . 4343 ) ; mediterranean , black sea and sea of azov ; also suez canal .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 50519 ) ; common length : 5 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 50519 ) ; max . reported age : 2 years ( ref . 4696 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 7 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 - 10 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 7 - 10 . distinguished by its usually scaled breast and rear edge of anterior pelvic membrane with minute projections ( ref . 59043 ) .

found inshore , over sand . enters brackish and hyper - saline waters . feeds on small crustaceans and chironomid larvae ( ref . 4343 ) .

males clean the insides of bivalve shells and cover the outside with sand in preparation for the eggs that will be deposited by the female ( ref . 46373 ) . nesting males exhibit breeding colouration with four dark bars across side , a blue spot on the first dorsal fin and dark coloration on pelvic fins and edge of anal fin ( ref . 4696 ) . males defend the nest , cleaning and fanning the eggs until hatching ( ref . 27118 ) .

miller , p . j . , 1986 . gobiidae . p . 1019 - 1085 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . volume 3 . unesco , paris . ( ref . 4696 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5002 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00851 ( 0 . 00719 - 0 . 01008 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 3 . 03 - 3 . 13 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 45 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 1 ; assuming fec < 10 , 000 ) .

prior r = 0 . 85 , 2 sd range = 0 . 4 - 1 . 80 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 16 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 38 , based on : 1 tgen , 1 tmax , 2 fec records

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .

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justification : pomatoschistus marmoratus is present throughout the mediterranean sea , the black sea and the sea of azov , with a smaller distribution in the eastern atlantic . although possible local declines in parts of turkey may be occurring due to habitat destruction and pollution , the population overall is assumed to be stable . there are no known widespread threats . therefore , p . marmoratus is assessed as least concern .

pomatoschistus marmoratus is present in the eastern atlantic , from the southwestern iberian peninsula ( from the algarve in portugal ) eastwards . it is present throughout all coastal areas in the mediterranean sea , black sea and the sea of azov ( miller 1986 , fouda et al . 1993 ) . records in the southern mediterranean are confirmed by dieuzeide ( 1955 ) , mejri et al . ( 2009 ) , and al - hassan and el - silini ( 1999 ) . it has also been reported from the suez canal ( invasive ) . pomatoschistus marmoratus is typically found inshore , to about 20 m , but has been collected to 70 m during the winter in the black sea ( miller 1986 ) .

albania ; algeria ; bosnia and herzegovina ; bulgaria ; croatia ; cyprus ; egypt ( egypt ( african part ) , sinai ) ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; georgia ( abkhaziya , adzhariya , gruziya ) ; gibraltar ; greece ( east aegean is . , greece ( mainland ) , kriti ) ; israel ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; lebanon ; libya ; malta ; monaco ; montenegro ; morocco ; palestinian territory , occupied ; portugal ( portugal ( mainland ) ) ; romania ; russian federation ( european russia ) ; slovenia ; spain ( baleares , spain ( mainland ) , spanish north african territories ) ; syrian arab republic ; tunisia ; turkey ( turkey - in - asia , turkey - in - europe ) ; ukraine

there is no population information available for p . marmoratus . possible declines in parts of turkey may be due to pollution and habitat destruction ( m . bilecenoglu pers . comm . 2007 ) . however , the population is thought to be stable overall .

is found in inshore waters , to 70 m in the winter in the black sea over fine sandy substrates ( miller 1986 ) . it is capable of living in areas of high or low salinities and it often enters brackish and hyper - saline waters ( miller 1986 ) .

the species feeds on small crustaceans and chironomid larvae ( maugé 1986 ) . males clean the insides of bivalve shells and cover the outside with sand in preparation for the eggs that will be deposited by the female ( mazzoldi and rasotto 2001 ) . nesting males exhibit breeding colouration with four dark bars along the side , a blue spot on the first dorsal fin and dark coloration on pelvic fins and edge of anal fin ( miller 1986 ) . males defend the nest , cleaning and fanning the eggs until hatching ( gandolfi

in the mediterranean , the maximum recorded size is 6 . 0 cm tl and the length at maturity for females ranges from 2 . 8 cm to 3 . 8 cm tl and for males ranges from 2 . 8 cm to 4 . 7 cm tl ( tsikliras and stergiou 2014 ) .

no conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas .

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thailand , cambodia , laos , vietnam , indonesia , malaysia , phillipines , brunei darussalam .

occurs in various biotopes , including rivers , ponds , swamps and flooded forests . it generally prefers areas of little or no water movement . mainly found in freshwater but is also found in brackish environments .

a sedentary species , so a tank measuring 60″ x 24″ x 24″ ( 150cm x 60cm x 60cm ) – 565 litres ought to be enough for all but the very largest specimens . young fish can obviously be grown on in smaller tanks .

the fish like to dig , and sometimes partially bury themselves , so a soft substrate of sand , several inches in depth is recommended . provide hiding places using large chunks of bogwood , lengths of plastic piping , or clay flowerpots . dim lighting is also preferable , as this is essentially a nocturnal species .

although strictly carnivorous in nature , many captive specimens can be trained to take dried pellets . it should definitely be offered a meat - based diet , however . young fish will accept bloodworm , small earthworms etc . , while larger fish will take whole prawns , large earthworms , lancefish and other similar foods . take care not to overfeed as these fish are very greedy indeed .

territorial with its own kind and will consume any fish it can fit in its capacious mouth . it is therefore best kept alone , although we have seen large specimens coexisting with other similarly - sized fish that inhabitb other parts of the aquarium , such as arowana . obviously , a very large tank would be required if this is to be attempted .

male fish have a longer anal fin and more extended second dorsal fin . apparently the genital papilla is also more pointed in the male than in the female .

not thought to have been bred in captivity . any attempt would surely prove problematic , due to the adult size of the fish and their territorial , predatory nature .

kottelat , m . 2013 . the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 27 : 1 - 663 .

originally described as a member of eleotris by bleeker ( 1852 ) . transferred to oxyleleotris by bleeker ( 1874 ) .

justification : the species has a wide distribution in southeast asia and is considered least concern at present . it is highly utilised however and population trends should be monitored .

recorded from the mekong and chao phraya basins in thailand , viet nam , lao pdr , cambodia ( including the tonle sap river and lake , stung sen river ) , malaysia ( peninsula , sarawak , and sabah ) , philippines and indonesia ( sumatra and kalimantan ) . record from fiji needs confirmation . also recorded from china ( hong hong , but thought to be from a market ) , taiwan , province of china , and from singapore .

occurs in various wetlands , including rivers , ponds , reservoirs , canals , swamps and flooded forests . it generally prefers areas of little or no water movement . mainly found in freshwater but is also found in brackish environments . enters flooded forest ( roberts 1993 ) . feeds on small fishes , shrimps , aquatic insects , molluscs and crabs .

found in commercial and subsistence fisheries . cultivated in aquaculture , and found in the aquarium trade . considered a delicacy over much of eastern asia . exported fishes command a high price ( rainboth 1996 ) . frequently found in the aquarium trade .

likely to be impacted locally in parts of its range by pollution and overfishing .

further research into the species current population trends and the impact of threats is required .

the members of this forum have come together to share our knowledge and experiences of fish keeping . we want to answer your questions , offer advice and fill the galleries with pictures of the fish we have all grown to love . we are a unique community of fish keepers who seriously take our hobby to extremes and the next level . the majority of our fish collections include rare & exotic species of all sizes , big fish with big appetites and big tanks . it ' s not easy for most people or other " regular " fish keepers to understand why we maintain this type of collection and spare no expense on this fascinating hobby . hopefully , through this site and discussion forums we can encourage the next generation of monster fish keepers to have the same passion and love we have for the hobby and our monster fish . as one of the founding members , i personally invite you to register and join us today . currently you are viewing this site as our guest which only gives you limited access to view most discussions , articles and photo galleries . registration is free and very easy ! when you register , you ' ll have instant access to . . . .

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breeding : nearly impossible in aquariums as one fish will eat the other , but possibly in a very large tank ( 1500 - 2500 gallon / 5678 - 9463 liter ) , it could be done .

thanks for the info phil . also don ' t keep them in the feeder tank .

i bought mine about 2 yrs . ago at about 2 " and he is now 10 " housed in a 125 gal . with a 20 " fire eel , a 10 " flowerhorn and a 2 " blue convict . yes i know this is a fresh water tank but the fish was bought as a fresh water fish and has never had any health problems or lack of appitite .

good stuff ! i recently pick up a new ( to me ) 80 gallon tank . here :

so if i don ' t get a bigger tank down the line i ' ll need to sell or trade him . really interesting fish though .

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these monsters reach a maximum length of 50cm . for a fish that almost reaches 2 ft in length , your tank must be big enough to accommodate them . read this link for more info , before you decide to keep these tank busters . urltoken

oh dear , i thought they never grow that big . i skip my interest . concentrate on miniature items . .

actually i am using those shrimps and fishes such as as feeders . i got a pretty large shallow tank which i want to keep outside as a low maintenance tank , probably a hof at most . my only concern is that they eat more than they want to . i have watch them eat , it is pretty comical when the fishes are like millimetre away and the fish makes a half hearted attempt to actually bother trying to get the fish . it only swoop down those that were resting at its mouth .

actually on the feeding habit part . they ambush during the day . they are pretty active in the dark . turn off the light and they go into action .

i have a friend who breeds them for commercial purposes and if you are keen i can introduce him to you . one thing i do know is that these fishes take a long time to grow in size especially if kept in a tank . their natural habitat are usually large ponds with connecting streams that provide them with fresh running water . make sure you do not keep the bigger size ones with the smaller ones cause they will eat them . do let me know if you want some . i have some small ones in my friend ' s shop . he owns a fish shop here in jb and they have quite a lot of these fishes there . the smaller ones that i used to catch i tend to leave it in his shop because he has big tanks to house them .

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) which is representative of small ( up to 65 mm total length ) , benthic species with a short life cycle . we devised a ‘full - sib / half - sib’ breeding design , and the resulting offspring were reared in captivity using a complex feeding protocol and a creative design of the tanks . three families survived up to 160 days post - hatching ( dph ) ; one was reared at 24 °c and two at 18 °c . the families reared at 18 °c reached sexual maturity and spawned . the size range at sexual maturity of individuals reared in captivity was consistent with the one observed in nature . the possibility to complete the entire life cycle , from hatching to sexual maturity and spawning in

offers great perspectives for experimental evolution and quantitative genetics studies aimed at understanding the role of evolutionary processes in response to global changes .

this study was supported by “progetto giovani studiosi 2014” ( 2124prgr14 ) from the university of padova to ll .

the study did not involve endangered or protected species and was carried out in accordance with current italian regulations for the use of animals in scientific procedures . sampling and experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the animal ethics committee of the university of padova ( opba , permission no . 134730 ) . animal collection in the field was authorised by regione veneto , giunta regionale ( decreto 20 , 14 march 2015 ) .

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