the pearly razorfish or cleaver wrasse , xyrichtys novacula , is a species of wrasse .

it is of minor importance to local commercial fisheries and is popular as a game fish .

it can also be found in the aquarium trade .

pearly razorfish

pearly razorfish <EOT> temporal variations in the diet of pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula ( osteichthyes : labridae ) .

temporal variations in the diet of pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula ( osteichthyes : labridae ) . - pubmed - ncbi

this thesaurus page is about all possible synonyms , equivalent , same meaning and similar words for the term pearly razorfish .

differences in delta13c and delta15n stable isotopes in the pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula related to the sex , location and spawning period .

katsanevakis s . 2005 . habitat use by the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula ( pisces : labridae ) . sci . mar . 69 : 223 - 229 .

castriota l et al . temporal variations in the diet of pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula ( osteichthyes : labridae ) . j fish biol . 2010 ; 76 : 1626 - 39

fig . 7 . – relationships between the total abundances ( a ) and total biomasses ( b ) of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula , recorded through uvcs and sns .

fig . 3 . – total number of individuals of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula , for each size class and sex recorded through uvcs ( a ) and sns ( b ) .

we hope that the following list of synonyms for the word pearly razorfish will help you to finish your crossword today . we ' ve arranged the synonyms in length order so that they are easier to find .

fig . 4 . – relationships between total abundance ( a - c ) and biomass ( d - f ) of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula , recorded through uvcs , and the structural elements of the habitat .

fig . 6 . – relationships between total abundance ( a - b ) and biomass ( c - d ) of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula , recorded through sns , and the structural elements of the habitat .

fig . 2 . – mean abundance ( a ) and mean biomass ( b ) of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula , at each location and time , recorded through the uvcs . error bars indicate standard error of the means .

fig . 5 . – mean abundance ( a ) and mean biomass ( b ) of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula , at each location and time , recorded through the sns . error bars indicate standard error of the means .

alós j . , cabanellas - reboredo m . , lowerre - barbieri s . 2012 . diel behaviour and habitat utilisation by the pearly razorfish during the spawning season . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 460 : 207 - 220 .

table 3 . – results of the multiple regressions tests ( sequential tests ) testing for significant relationships between predictor variables and the ( a ) abundance and ( b ) biomass of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula , recorded through the uvcs .

castriota l . , falautano m . , finoia m . g . , et al . 2010 . temporal variations in the diet of pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula ( osteichthyes : labridae ) . j . fish biol . 76 : 1626 - 1639 .

alós j . , cabanellas - reboredo m . , lowerre - barbieri s . 2012 . diel behaviour and habitat utilisation by the pearly razorfish during the spawning season . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 460 : 207 - 220 . urltoken

the pearly razorfish’s name may be slightly misleading since it is neither as rare as a pearl nor as dangerous as a razor . it is a common fish that tends to live in clear shallow areas near seagrass beds and coral reefs , where it collects coral debris to build its nests . however , even having a home may not be enough to put this skittish fish at ease . when startled , the pearly razorfish will sometimes dive head first into the sand where it can hide from threats .

table 5 . – results of the univariate multiple regressions tests ( sequential test ) testing for significant relationships between predictor variables and the total ( a ) abundance and ( b ) biomass of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula , recorded through the sns .

castriota l . , falautano m . , finoia m . g . , et al . 2010 . temporal variations in the diet of pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula ( osteichthyes : labridae ) . j . fish biol . 76 : 1626 - 1639 . urltoken

castriota l , falautano m , finoia mg , et al . temporal variations in the diet of pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula ( osteichthyes : labridae ) . j fish biol 2010 ; 76 ( 7 ) : 1626 - 39 urltoken accessed july 9 , 2018 .

battaglia p . , castriota l . , consoli p . , et al . 2010 . age and growth of pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula ( linnaeus 1758 ) , in the central mediterranean sea . j . appl . ichthyol . 26 : 410 - 415 .

battaglia p . , castriota l . , consoli p . , et al . 2010 . age and growth of pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula ( linnaeus 1758 ) , in the central mediterranean sea . j . appl . ichthyol . 26 : 410 - 415 . urltoken

castriota l et al : " temporal variations in the diet of pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula ( osteichthyes : labridae ) . " journal of fish biology , vol . 76 , no . 7 , 2010 , pp . 1626 - 39 , urltoken accessed july 9 , 2018 .

box a . , deudero s . , blanco a . , et al . 2010 . differences in δ13c and δ15n stable isotopes in the pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula related to the sex , location and spawning period . j . fish biol . 76 : 2370 - 2381 .

box a . , deudero s . , blanco a . , et al . 2010 . differences in δ13c and δ15n stable isotopes in the pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula related to the sex , location and spawning period . j . fish biol . 76 : 2370 - 2381 . urltoken

. . . assuming this also occurs in fish , one could predict a reduction in the overall reproductive output of a population due to the absence of highly reproductive early - rising males . in addition , fish such as the pearly razorfish play a key role in the food - web by preying on other taxa ( castriota et al . , 2005 ) and serving as prey for larger animals , such as dolphins . thus , a change in the daily timing in a population of pearly razorfish could induce foraging behavioural changes with impact in the lower and upper levels of the food - web . . . .

castriota l & falautano m & finoia mg , et al . ( 2010 ) . temporal variations in the diet of pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula ( osteichthyes : labridae ) . journal of fish biology , 76 , pp . 1626 - 39 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1095 - 8649 . 2010 . 02599 . x

castriota l . , scarabello m . p . , finoia m . g . , et al . 2005a . food and feeding habits of pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , in the southern tyrrhenian sea : variation by sex and size . environ . biol . fish . 72 : 123 - 133 . urltoken

table 2 . – results of the analysis of variance ( anova ) testing the effects of ‘time’ ( a fixed factor ) , ‘location’ ( a random factor , orthogonal to the previous factor ) , and ‘site’ ( a random factor nested within ‘time’ and ‘location’ ) on the abundance and biomass of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula , recorded through uvcs .

table 4 . – results of the analysis of variance ( anova ) testing the effects of ‘time’ ( a fixed factor ) , ‘location’ ( a random factor , orthogonal to the previous factor ) , and ‘site’ ( a random factor nested within ‘time’ and ‘location’ ) on the abundance and biomass of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula , recorded through sns .

) , and the total abundance and biomass of the razorfish ( untransformed data ) . the ‘forward’ selection procedure and the aic selection criterion were applied to select the models with the largest parsimony .

citation / como citar este artículo : espino f . , triay - portella r . , gonzález j . a . , haroun r . , tuya f . 2015 . population structure of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula ( actinopterygii : labridae ) , in sand - seagrass mosaics : spatial variation according to habitat features and sampling techniques . sci . mar . 79 ( 2 ) : 179 - 188 . doi : urltoken

the pearly razorfish , xyrithchys novacula , is a small - bodied labrid widely distributed in temperate areas that buries itself in the sand during the night - time to rest and avoid predators . our study reveals that individual heterogeneity in awakening time , rest onset or rest duration is highly repeatable and predictable and conforms to chronotypes . this individual - based circadian behavioural variation can be considered as an independent axis of the fish personality .

cardinale m . , colloca f . , ardizzone g . d . 1997 . feeding ecology of mediterranean razorfish xyrichthys novacula in the tyrrhenian sea ( central mediterranean sea ) . j . appl . ichthyol . 13 : 105 - 111 .

density population plots ( left column ) , daily individual values ( middle column ) and daily individual density plots ( violin plots in right column ) in ( a ) awakening time relative to sunrise ( denoted by a dashed red line ) , ( b ) rest onset related to sunset ( denoted by a dashed red line ) , ( c ) rest duration and ( d ) daily travelled distance obtained in the individuals of free - ranging pearly razorfish , xyrithchys novacula , acoustically tracked in our study .

cardinale m . , colloca f . , ardizzone g . d . 1997 . feeding ecology of mediterranean razorfish xyrichthys novacula in the tyrrhenian sea ( central mediterranean sea ) . j . appl . ichthyol . 13 : 105 - 111 . urltoken

nemtzov s . c . 1994 . intraspecific variation in sand - diving and predator avoidance behavior of green razorfish , xyrichtys splendens ( pisces , labridae ) : effect on courtship and mating success . environ . biol . fish . 41 : 403 - 414 .

nemtzov s . c . 1994 . intraspecific variation in sand - diving and predator avoidance behavior of green razorfish , xyrichtys splendens ( pisces , labridae ) : effect on courtship and mating success . environ . biol . fish . 41 : 403 - 414 . urltoken

pearly razorfish were sampled using two complementary sampling techniques : underwater visual censuses ( hereafter uvcs ) and seine nets ( hereafter sns ) . at each site , 12 replicated 25 - m - long and 4 - m - wide transects were firstly laid out randomly during daylight hours , 10 : 00 - 14 : 00 h . transects were carried out by the same two scuba divers ( 6 each diver ) simultaneously , surveying different areas to avoid fish being counted twice . the abundance ( total number of individuals ) and size ( to the nearest centimetre of total length ) of all individuals of

castelnau , 1855 , distributed in the caribbean sea , also inhabits shallow sandy bottoms and seagrass meadows . though seagrass canopies provide protection against predators , the capacity to bury into the substrate is here limited in comparison with unvegetated bottoms . in fact , the green razorfish modifies its sand - diving behaviour in seagrass habitats (

varied at the spatial scales of locations and sites within locations . this means that variation in razorfish abundance and biomass was mostly determined by variation in seagrass structural attributes operating at the scale of locations and sites within locations . this species has a specific relation with the substrate , as it buries in the sediment under any sign of alarm ( i . e . a predator ) . moreover , this species bury into burrows during the night - time , therefore displaying a clear daily rhythm of activity (

may be a suitable habitat not only for adult fish but also for juveniles , as our data have demonstrated ( 18 . 28 % and 33 . 06 % of juvenile razorfish recorded by uvcs and sns , respectively ) . the range of sizes obtained by each type of sampling technique influenced the sex ratio . still , females dominated numerically in both cases , particularly in the data obtained through the sns . this can be explained , firstly , by a higher selectivity for small sizes ( 0 . 5 - 10 . 0 cm tl ) of sns , i . e . a larger capturability for small - sized individuals ( females in our case study ) ; this has also been observed in previous studies in the study area (

the abundance and biomass of the razorfish were partitioned by means of three - way anovas that tested for differences between times ( seasons ) , locations , and sites within locations . the model incorporated the factors ( 1 ) ‘time’ ( a fixed factor with four levels , i . e . the four seasons ) ; ( 2 ) ‘location’ ( a random factor with three levels and orthogonal to ‘time’ ) ; and ( 3 ) ‘site’ ( a random factor with two levels nested within ‘location’ and ‘time’ ) . in particular , analyses focused on the effects of ‘time’ and its interaction term with ‘location’ ( ‘t×l’ ) . prior to the analyses , the cochran test was used to check for homogeneity of variances . all types of transformation of uvc data were tried to achieve homogeneous variances . however , data from uvcs did not achieve homogenous variances for fish abundance ( c = 0 . 3654 , p < 0 . 01 ) and biomass ( c = 0 . 1376 , p < 0 . 01 ) . in this case , the significance level was set at 0 . 01 instead of the 0 . 05 , to decrease a type i error ; anova is robust to heterogeneous variances for large , balanced experiments (

greek , xyreo = that cuts like a knife + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 )

marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 90 m ( ref . 3726 ) . subtropical

western atlantic : north carolina , usa and northern gulf of mexico ( ref . 7251 ) through the caribbean to brazil . eastern atlantic : france to angola and including the mediterranean , azores , madeira , canary islands , cape verde and sao tome island .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 38 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7251 ) ; common length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2683 ) ; max . reported age : 8 years ( ref . 4742 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 9 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 12 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 12 . an elongate , very compressed fish with front of head forming a sharp edge . snout very blunt ; profile steep . pale greenish , usually with no conspicuous markings on body ( ref . 26938 ) . head with alternating vertical lines of light blue and light yellow - orange ( ref . 13442 ) .

inhabits clear shallow areas with sandy bottoms , usually in the vicinity of seagrass beds and corals ( ref . 2683 ) . feeds mainly on mollusks ; also crabs and shrimps ( ref . 3726 ) . a protogynous hermaphrodite ; sexual dimorphism apparent in head shape and length of pelvic fin ( ref . 5292 ) . builds nests with coral debris . dives head first into the sand when frightened ( ref . 9710 ) . marketed fresh ( ref . 3726 ) .

gomon , m . f . and p . forsyth , 1990 . labridae . p . 868 - 882 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon , sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 5292 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5005 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01318 ( 0 . 00757 - 0 . 02297 ) , b = 2 . 86 ( 2 . 70 - 3 . 02 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 1 se ; based on diet studies .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tmax = 8 ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 36 of 100 ) .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .

the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .

a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .

eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .

there is some taxonomic confusion between the species under xyrichtys and iniistius . the genus iniistius has been considered a synonym of xyrichtys by some authors but it is now recognized as a separate genus , distinct from xyrichtys ( randall and earle 2002 , randall et al . 2002 ) . seventeen species are included in iniistius and they are : i . aneitensis , i . auropunctatus , i . baldwini , i . bimaculatus , i . cyanifrons , i . dea , i . evides , i . griffithsi , i . jacksoniensis , i . melanopus , i . pavo , i . pentadactylus , i . spilonotus , i . trivittatus , i . twistii , i . umbrilatus , and i . verrens .

pollard , d . , rocha , l . , ferreira , c . e . , francini - filho , r . & moura , r . r .

justification : this species is widespread throughout the western and eastern sub - tropical and tropical atlantic , as well as the entire mediterranean sea . it is commercially fished in some countries . the population status of this species is currently unknown , though it is thought to be stable , with no evidence of any declines . this species is therefore listed as least concern .

this species has a widespread tropical and sub - tropical atlantic distribution from north carolina to santa catarina , brazil , including the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea , in the western atlantic . it is found from southern spain to gabon , including the azores , madeira , canary islands , cape verde islands and sao tome and principe , in the eastern atlantic . it is also present throughout the mediterranean sea and the sea of marmara , but not in the black sea ( d . pollard pers . comm . 2008 ) . there is no record of this species in the oceanic islands of brazil ( c . ferreira pers . comm . 2009 ) .

albania ; algeria ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; benin ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ( saba , sint eustatius ) ; brazil ; cameroon ; cape verde ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; côte d ' ivoire ; croatia ; cuba ; curaçao ; cyprus ; dominica ; dominican republic ; egypt ; equatorial guinea ; france ; french guiana ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; gibraltar ; greece ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; israel ; italy ; jamaica ; lebanon ; liberia ; libya ; malta ; martinique ; mauritania ; mexico ; monaco ; montenegro ; montserrat ; morocco ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; panama ; portugal ; puerto rico ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sao tomé and principe ; senegal ; sierra leone ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; slovenia ; spain ; suriname ; syrian arab republic ; togo ; trinidad and tobago ; tunisia ; turkey ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; western sahara

there is no population information available for this species . however , it is considered common in the majority of its range . for example , this species is common in lebanon and sicily in the mediterranean sea , but there is little or no population information available for it throughout most of its mediterranean range ( d . pollard pers . comm . 2008 ) . in the western atlantic , this species is relatively common throughout most of its range . it is also common in the azores islands on shallower sandy habitats ( p . afonso pers . comm . 2008 ) .

this species generally inhabits clear shallow areas with sandy substrates , usually in the vicinity of seagrass beds and coral reefs ( schneider 1990 ) , although it can be found to 90m . it lives singly or in small groups ( golani et al . 2006 ) . it feeds mainly on molluscs , but also on crabs and shrimps ( gomon 1978 ) . this species is a protogynous hermaphrodite , with sexual dimorphism apparent in the shape of the head and the length of the pelvic fin ( gomon and forsyth 1990 ) . it builds nests out of coral debris in coral reef habitats . when disturbed it may dive head first into the sand ( lieske and myers 1994 ) . the western atlantic fish are generally smaller than the eastern atlantic and mediterranean fish .

this species is caught in artisanal fisheries in some parts of its range . in the mediterranean , this species is fished commercially in lebanon ( m . bariche pers . comm . ) and sicily ( l . tunesi pers . comm . ) usually by hook and line . it may also be caught in trawls ( d . pollard pers . comm . 2008 ) .

there are no specific conservation measures in place for this species . its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range .

pollard , d . , rocha , l . , ferreira , c . e . , francini - filho , r . & moura , r . r . 2010 .

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created to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .

candi , g . , l . castriota , f . andaloro , m . g . finoia & g . marino . 2004 . reproductive cycle and sex inversion in razor fish , xyrichthys novacula , a protogynous labrid in the southern mediterranean sea . j . fish biol . ( in press ) .

fischer , w . , m . l . bauchot & m . schneider . 1987 . fiches fao d’identification des espéces pour les besoins de la pêche . ( révision 1 ) . méditerranée et mer noire . zone de pêche 37 . vertébrés . vol . 2 . fao rome . 700 pp .

fischer , w . ( ed . ) . 1978 . fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western central atlantic ( fishing area 31 ) . vol . 2 . fao rome .

fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes eastern central atlantic ; fishing areas 3447 , vol . 1 ( in part ) .

fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean world biodiversity database cd - rom series .

growth patterns in bluegill ( lepomis macrochirus ) and pumpkinseed ( l . gibbosus ) sunfish : environmental variation and the importance of ontogenetic niche shifts .

riera , f . & m . linde . 2001 . el raor , xyrichthys novacula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . pp . 9 - - 34 . in : el raor i la cirviola . conèixer per preservar . quaderns de pesca . governo de les illes balears , conselleria d’agricultura i pesca 6 [ in catalan ] .

castriota , l . , scarabello , m . p . , finoia , m . g . et al . environ biol fish ( 2005 ) 72 : 123 . urltoken

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please note : any new fish purchased from us or from a local pet store should to be quarantined . all fish from anywhere in the wild can be possible carriers of bacteria and protozoa that can lead to an infection in your system , so we always recommend that you use some sort of quarantine system prior to adding them to your system . if you have a fish only system and can medicate the whole system , you may not need a separate quarantine tank . if you have a reef system that cannot be medicated , a good ultraviolet sterilization system should prevent any kind of disease outbreak . we medicate our system for bacterial infections and protozoans , but because we don’t always hold our fish for long periods of time , there is no way to be sure all the protozoan cysts have been killed . a little bit of prevention will save you lots of trouble down the line .

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( of coryphaena novacula linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

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( of coryphaena psittacus linnaeus , 1766 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1766 ) . systema naturae sive regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . laurentii salvii , holmiae . 12th ed . 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 532 . [ details ]

van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

robins , c . r . , g . c . ray , j . douglass and r . freund . 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin co . boston . 354 p . [ details ]

mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]

froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of coryphaena novacula linnaeus , 1758 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of coryphaena lineata gmelin , 1789 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of coryphaena lineolata rafinesque , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of coryphaena psittacus linnaeus , 1766 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of hemipteronotus copei fowler , 1900 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of hemipteronotus novacula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of hemipteronotus psittacus ( linnaeus , 1766 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of amorphocephalus granulatus bowdich , 1825 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of novacula coryphaena risso , 1827 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of novacula coryphaenoides schinz , 1822 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of novacula coryphena risso , 1827 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of novacula cultrata ( valenciennes , 1840 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of novacula lineata ( gmelin , 1789 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of novacula lineolata ( rafinesque , 1810 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of novacula novacula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of xyrichthys argentimaculata steindachner , 1861 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of xyrichthys binghami mowbray , 1925 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of xyrichthys cultratus valenciennes , 1840 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of xyrichthys jessiae jordan , 1888 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of xyrichthys psittacus ( linnaeus , 1766 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of xyrichthys rosipes jordan & gilbert , 1884 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of xyrichthys uniocellatus agassiz , 1931 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of xyrichthys vermiculatus poey , 1860 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of xyrichthys vitta valenciennes , 1840 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of xyrichthys novacula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > the < a href = " urltoken " > gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences # eco : 0000313 " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences # eco : 0000256 " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href = " urltoken " > controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences # eco : 0000259 " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href = " urltoken " > length < / a > and < a href = " urltoken " > molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the < a href = " urltoken " > sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href = " urltoken " > canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href = " urltoken " > uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called ‘primary ( citable ) accession number’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( ‘last modified’ ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href = " urltoken " > canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

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behavioural ecology , mediterranean , sand - diving , burying behaviour , sediment granulometry .

please , send comments to icm ( csic ) - passeig marítim de la barceloneta , 37 - 49 . e - 08003 barcelona ( spain )

food partitioning and diet temporal variation in two coexisting sparids , pagellus erythrinus and pagellus acarne .

dietary variations within a family of ambush predators ( platycephalidae ) occupying different habitats and environments in the same geographical region .

dietary preference and feeding selectivity of common dragonet callionymus lyra in u . k .

linking prey composition of haddock melanogrammus aeglefinus to benthic prey availability in three different areas of the northern north sea .

diet and feeding niches of juvenile gadus morhua , melanogrammus aeglefinus and merlangius merlangus during the settlement transition in the northern north sea .

macrobenthic prey availability and the potential for food competition between 0 year group pleuronectes platessa and limanda limanda .

1 grupo de investigación en biodiversidad y conservación , facultad de ciencias del mar , universidad de las palmas de gran canaria , campus de tafira , 35017 las palmas de gran canaria , canary islands , spain . e - mail : fesprod @ urltoken ( fe ) , rharoun @ urltoken ( rh ) , ftuya @ urltoken ( ft ) 2 grupo de investigación en ecología marina aplicada y pesquerías , facultad de ciencias del mar , universidad de las palmas de gran canaria , campus de tafira , 35017 las palmas de gran canaria , canary islands , spain . e - mail : emap . raul @ urltoken ( rtp ) , pepe . solea @ urltoken ( jag )

keywords : habitat ; structural complexity ; soft bottoms ; sediments ; sex ratio .

palabras clave : hábitat ; complejidad estructural ; fondos blandos ; sedimentos ; sex ratio .

copyright : © 2015 csic . this is an open - access article distributed under the creative commons attribution - non commercial lisence ( by - nc ) spain 3 . 0 .

gratwicke b . , speight m . r . 2005 . the relationship between fish species richness , abundance and habitat complexity in a range of shallow tropical marine habitats . j . fish biol . 66 : 650 - 667 .

tuya f . , wernberg t . , thomsen m . s . 2011 . the relative influence of local to regional drivers of variation in reef fishes . j . fish biol . 79 : 217 - 234 .

) . a large body of literature has covered this research topic . studies connecting patterns in the abundance of soft - bottom fishes with the structure of the habitat are , however , fewer in number . soft bottoms are colonized by seagrass meadows , which largely increase the heterogeneity and complexity of the habitat relative to nearby unvegetated bottoms (

boström c . , jackson e . l . , simenstad c . a . 2006 . seagrass landscapes and their effects on associated fauna : a review . estuar . coast . shelf sci . 68 : 383 - 403 .

gullström m . , bodin m . , nilsson p . g . , et al . 2008 . seagrass structural complexity and landscape configuration as determinants of tropical fish assemblage composition . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 363 : 241 - 255 .

hensgen g . m . , holt g . j . , holt s . a . , et al . 2014 . landscape pattern influences nekton diversity and abundance in seagrass meadows . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 507 : 139 - 152 .

ferrell j . d . , bell j . d . 1991 . differences among assemblages of fish associated with zostera capricorni and bare sand over a large spatial scale . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 72 : 15 - 24 .

gray c . a . , mcelligott d . j . , chick r . c . 1996 . intra - and inter - estuary differences in assemblages of fishes associated with shallow seagrass and bare sand . mar . freshw . res . 47 : 723 - 735 .

horinouchi m . 2009 . horizontal gradient in fish assemblages structures in and around seagrass habitat : some implications for seagrass habitat conservation . ichthyol . res . 56 : 109 - 125 .

tuya f . , boyra a . , sánchez - jerez p . , et al . 2005 . multivariate analysis of the bentho - demersal ichthyofauna along soft bottoms of the eastern atlantic : comparison between unvegetated substrates , seagrass meadows and sandy bottoms beneath sea - cage fish farms . mar . biol . 147 : 1229 - 1237 .

) . providing insight into patterns of fish habitat use is particularly relevant for fish that are commercially exploited , which can be described in terms of varying patterns in abundance , biomass , size structure and sex ratio that are intrinsically linked with the specific peculiarities of the habitat .

bentivegna f . , rasotto m . b . 1987 . protogynous hermaphroditism in xyrichthys novacula ( l . 1758 ) . cybium 11 : 75 - 78 .

froese r . , pauly d . ( eds ) . 2015 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . www . fishbase . org , february 2015 .

box a . , grau a . m . , blanco a . , et al . 2009 . els raors ( xyrichthys novacula ) a la reserva dels freus d’eivissa i formentera ; efecte de la protecció espacial . boll . soc . hist . nat . illes balears 52 : 193 - 201 .

beltrano a . m . , cannizzaro l . , vitale s . , et al . 2006 . preliminary study on the feeding habits of cleaver wrasse xyrichthys novacula ( pisces : labridae ) in the strait of sicily ( mediterranean sea ) . electron . j . ichthyol . 2 : 50 - 54 .

) . in the canary islands , however , captures of this fish are low , because it has never been a target for the local cuisine . in the canarian small - scale fisheries , it is captured incidentally through hooks , fish - traps and trammel nets that target other fish species (

franquet f . , brito a . 1995 . especies de interés pesquero de canarias . consejería de pesca y transportes del gobierno de canarias , santa cruz de tenerife , 143 pp .

marconato a . , tessari v . , marin g . 1995 . the mating system of xyrichthys novacula : sperm economy and fertilization success . j . fish biol . 47 : 292 - 301 .

cardinale m . , colloca f . , ardizzone g . d . 1998 . growth and reproduction of xyrichthys novacula ( pisces : labridae ) in the mediterranean sea . sci . mar . 62 : 193 - 201 .

candi g . , castriota l . , andaloro f . , et al . 2004 . reproductive cycle and sex inversion in razor fish , a protogynous labrid in the southern mediterranean sea . j . fish biol . 64 : 1498 - 1513 .

mercader l . 1991 . external morphology of the juveniles of xyrichthys novacula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( pisces , labridae ) from the littoral of palamós ( nw mediterranean ) . misc . zool . 15 : 243 - 246 .

castriota l . , finoia m . g . , andaloro f . 2005b . trophic interactions between xyrichtys novacula ( labridae ) and juvenile pagrus pagrus ( sparidae ) in the central mediterranean sea . electron . j . ichthyol . 2 : 54 - 60 .

fischer w . , bauchot m . l . , schneider m . 1987 . fiches fao d’identification des espèces pour les besoins de la pêche . ( rév . 1 ) . méditerranée et mer noire . zone de pêche 37 . vertébrés , vol . 2 . fao . rome . p . 1152 .

brito a . , pascual p . j . , falcón j . m . , et al . 2002 . peces de las islas canarias . catálogo comentado e ilustrado . francisco lemus editor , la laguna , 419 pp .

schneider w . 1990 . fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . field guide to the commercial marine resources of the gulf of guinea . fao , rome , 268 pp .

riera f . , linde m . 2001 . el raor , xyrichthys novacula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . in : el raor i la cirviola . conèixer per preservar . govern de les illes balears , conselleria d’agricultura i pesca . quaderns de pesca 6 : 9 - 34 .

espino f . , tuya f . , brito a . , et al . 2011a . ichthyofauna associated with cymodocea nodosa meadows in the canarian archipelago ( central eastern atlantic ) : community structure and nursery function . cienc . mar . 37 : 157 - 174 .

espino f . , tuya f . , brito a . , et al . 2011b . spatial variability in the structure of the ichthyofauna associated with cymodocea nodosa seagrass meadows across the canary islands , north - eastern subtropical atlantic . rev . biol . mar . oceanogr . 46 : 391 - 403 .

guidetti p . 2000 . differences among fish assemblages associated with nearshore posidonia oceanica seagrass beds , rocky - algal reefs and unvegetated sand habitats in the adriatic sea . estuar . coast . shelf sci . 50 : 515 - 529 .

guidetti p . , bussotti s . 2002 . effects of seagrass canopy removal on fish in shallow mediterranean seagrass ( cymodocea nodosa and zostera noltii ) meadows : a local - scale approach . mar . biol . 140 : 445 - 453 .

guidetti p . , lorenti m . , buia m . c . , et al . 2002 . temporal dynamics and biomass partitioning in three adriatic seagrass species : posidonia oceanica , cymodocea nodosa , zostera marina . mar . ecol . 23 : 51 - 67 .

the goals of this study were two - fold . firstly , we aimed to describe the spatial and temporal patterns of variation in the abundance , biomass and population structure ( size structure and sex ratio ) of this species inhabiting sand - seagrass mosaics through two complementary sampling techniques . secondly , we sought to analyse whether biotic ( seagrass shoot density , leaf length and meadow cover ) and abiotic ( sediment composition and particle size ) structural elements of the habitat helped to explain variation in patterns of abundance and biomass of this species .

) ; two locations located on the southeast coast , ca . 2 km apart , and one located to the southwest of the island , ca . 50 km apart . there is no significant variation in oceanographic conditions ( e . g . seawater temperature , salinity and chlorophyll a concentrations ) at the coast between the southeastern and southwestern side of the island (

tuya f . , ribeiro - leite l . , arto - cuesta n . , et al . 2014a . decadal changes in the structure of cymodocea nodosa seagrass meadows : natural vs . human influences . estuar . coast . shelf sci . 137 : 41 - 49 .

) . the oceanographic conditions are characterized by the northeastern trade winds and the canary current , which flows towards the southwest . sea surface temperature typically ranges from 18ºc in winter to 24ºc in summer (

navarro - pérez e . , barton e . d . 2001 . seasonal and interannual variability of the canary current . sci . mar . 65 : 205 - 213 .

fig . 1 . – map of the canary islands ( northeastern atlantic ocean ) showing the position of gran canaria island and the three studied locations .

) . each location was visited seasonally four times through an entire annual cycle : in february 2011 , may 2011 , august 2011 and november 2011 . the dates were separated to encompass conditions encountered throughout an entire year . at each location , fish were sampled at two sites selected randomly , hundreds of metres apart .

table 1 . – physical structure of the three locations dominated by cymodocea nodosa seagrass meadows . surface ( m 2 ) , depth ranges ( m ) and meadow type are provided for each location . density ( number of shoots m –2 ; mean±standard error ) , leaf length ( cm ; mean±se ) , cover ( % ; mean±se ) , gravel ( % ) , sand ( % ) , silt ( % ) , and mean diameter of particles ( d 50 , mm ) are also provided for each site within each location .

espino f . 2004 . una metodología para el estudio de las fanerógamas marinas en canarias . rev . acad . canar . cienc . 15 : 237 - 256 .

were recorded on waterproof forms . in the study area , this procedure provides optimal precision and accuracy to account for the abundance and size structure of both rocky - reef and seagrass fishes (