the fungiidae / fəŋˈɡiː.ᵻdiː / are a family of cnidaria , often known as mushroom corals .

the family contains thirteen extant genera .

they range from solitary corals to colonial species .

some genera such as cycloseris and fungia are solitary organisms , polyphyllia consists of a single organism with multiple mouths , and ctenactis and herpolitha might be considered as solitary organisms with multiple mouths or a colony of individuals , each with its separate mouth .

fungiidae

fungiidae <EOT> family fungiidae ( enter fungiidae in search bar ) on the iucn red list of threatened species website : technical fact sheet .

kento furui added the japanese common name " クサビライシ科 " to " fungiidae " .

stony corals from the family fungiidae a . j . nilsen october 1997 aquarium . net

phylogenetic ecology of gall crabs ( cryptochiridae ) as associates of mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) .

distribution patterns of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) across the spermonde shelf , south sulawesi .

ecology of the leptoconchus ssp . ( gastropoda , coralliophilidae ) infesting fungiidae ( anthozoa , madreporaria )

evolutionary trends in onshore - offshore distribution patterns of mushroom coral species ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) .

most members of the family fungiidae are solitary corals that are free - living ( i . e . , lie unattached ) as adults . the family fungiidae is restricted to the indo - pacific .

( scleractinia : fungiidae ) : lost mushroom corals find their way home . contrib zool 81 : 125–146

explanation note : species occurrence of hard coral families fungiidae , agariciidae and euphylliidae at pulau layang - layang .

" ecology of the leptoconchus ssp . ( gastropoda , coralliophilidae ) infesting fungiidae ( anthozoa , madreporaria ) "

( 5 ) family fungiidae ( ' mushroom corals ' ) ( fig . 20 . 6h - k )

phylogenetic ecology of gall crabs ( cryptochiridae ) as associates of mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi

ecology of the leptoconchus ssp . ( gastropoda , coralliophilidae ) infesting fungiidae ( anthozoa , madreporaria ) [ 2000 ]

species assemblages and ecomorph variation of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) related to reef habitats in the flores sea .

urltoken where reefkeeping begins on the internet - stony corals from the family fungiidae a . j . nilsen october 1997 aquarium . net

hoeksema bw ( 1989 ) taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zool verh 254 : 1–295

a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits .

) spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) , including a new species from the seychelles . zool meded leiden 67 : 639–654 .

phylogenetic position and taxonomy of cycloseris explanulata and c . wellsi ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) : lost mushroom corals find their way home .

mushroom corals ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) of espiritu santo ( vanuatu , west pacific ) , with the description of a new species .

the “ fungia patella group” ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) revisited with a description of the mini mushroom coral cycloseris boschmai sp . n .

the mushroom coral fauna ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of brunei darussalam ( south china sea ) and its relation to the coral triangle .

scleractinia of eastern australia iii . families agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectiniidae , caryophylliidae , dendrophylliidae .

( scleractinia : fungiidae ) populations in the indo - malay archipelago : implications for live coral trade management efforts . conserv genet 10 : 241–249

supervisor - visser , r . r . - a phylogenetic analysis of biometric variables of free - living mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae )

hoeksema bw ( 1989 ) taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zool verh leiden 254 : 1–295 .

family fungiidae ( select species from list ) on corals of the world online on the australian institute of marine science website : technical fact sheet .

hoeksema bw ( 1991b ) evolution of body size in mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) and its ecomorphological consequences . neth j zool 41 : 122–139

hoeksema bw ( 2012b ) evolutionary trends in onshore - offshore distribution patterns of mushroom coral species ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . contrib zool 81 : 199–221

hoeksema b . w . 1990 . systematics and ecology of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . phd . thesis leiden university , 471 pp .

" reproductive ecology of diaseris distorta ( michelin ) ( fungiidae ) in th " by susan b . colley , joshua s . feingold et al .

hoeksema bw ( 2012a ) distribution patterns of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) across the spermonde shelf , south sulawesi . raffles bull zool 60 : 183–212

hoeksema b . w . 1989 . taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zoologische verhandelingen 254 : 1 - 295 .

hoeksema b . w . 1989 . taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zoologische verhandelingen , leiden 254 : 1 - 295 .

hoeksema bw , koh egl ( 2009 ) depauperation of the mushroom coral fauna ( fungiidae ) of singapore ( 1860s–2006 ) in changing reef conditions . raffles bull zool suppl 22 : 91–101

hoeksema b . w . 2012 . evolutionary trends in onshore - offshore distribution patterns of mushroom coral species ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . contributions to zoology 81 : 199 - 221 .

hoeksema b . w . 1991 . evolution of body size in mushroom corals ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) and its ecomorphological consequences . netherlands journal of zoology 41 : 112 - 129 .

hoeksema b . w . 1991 . evolution of body size in mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) and its ecomorphological consequences . netherlands journal of zoology 41 : 122 - 139 .

hoeksema b . w . 2012 . distribution patterns of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) across the spermonde shelf , south sulawesi . raffles bulletin of zoology 60 : 183 - 212 .

fungiidae recorded at pulau layang - layang in this study . a ctenactis albitentaculata b cycloseris boschmai c cycloseris costulata d cycloseris explanulata e cycloseris mokai f cycloseris tenuis g danafungia horrida h danafungia scruposa .

fungiidae recorded at pulau layang - layang in this study . a fungia fungites b halomitra pileus c herpolitha limax d lithophyllon ranjithi e lithophyllon repanda f lithophyllon scabra g lithophyllon undulatum h lobactis scutaria .

fungiidae recorded at pulau layang - layang in this study . a pleuractis granulosa b pleuractis gravis c pleuractis moluccensis d podabacia sinai e polyphyllia talpina f sandalolitha boucheti g sandalolitha dentata h sandalolitha robusta .

supervisor - jong , i . de - mushroom coral - inhabiting barnacles of sw sulawesi , indonesia , a study of barnacles ( cirripedia : pyrgomatidae ) on mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae )

hoeksema b . w . 1997 . diversity of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in indonesia . the ecology of indonesian series 7 1 : 311 - 313 : periplus , hong kong .

hoeksema b . w . 2014 . the “ fungia patella group” ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) revisited with a description of the mini mushroom coral cycloseris boschmai sp . n . zookeys 371 : 57–84 .

hoeksema bw ( 1991a ) control of bleaching in mushroom coral populations ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in the java sea : stress tolerance and interference by life history strategy . mar ecol prog ser 74 : 225–237

hoeksema b . w . 2012 . mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of espiritu santo ( vanuatu , west pacific ) with the description of a new species . zoosystema 34 : 429 - 443 .

hoeksema bw ( 2009 ) attached mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in sediment - stressed reef conditions at singapore , including a new species and a new record . raffles bull zool s22 : 81–90 .

chadwick - furman n , loya y ( 1992 ) migration , habitat use , and competition among mobile corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in the gulf of eilat , red sea . mar biol 114 : 617–623

hoeksema b . w . 1993 . historical biogeography of fungia ( pleuractis ) spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) , including a new species from the seychelles ) . zoologische mededelingen 67 : 639 - 654 .

hoeksema , b . w . , 1989 . taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zoologische verhandelingen , leiden 254 : 1 - 295 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

scleractinia ; fungiidae ; mushroom corals ; taxonomy ; revision ; fossil record ; phy - logeny ; biogeography ; indo - pacific ; tropical ; marine ; benthic ; shallow - water habitats ; coral reefs ; species diversity .

hoeksema b . w . 1993 . historical biogeography of fungia ( pleuractis ) spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) , including a new species from the seychelles ) . zoologische mededelingen , leiden 67 : 639 - 654 .

gittenberger a , reijnen bt , hoeksema bw ( 2011 ) a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits . contrib zool 80 : 107–132 .

bos a . r . , hoeksema b . w . 2017 . mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) in the davao gulf , philippines , with records of associated fish and other cryptofauna . raffles bulletin of zoology 65 : 9 .

hoeksema b . w . , dai c . f . 1991 . scleractinia of taiwan - 2 : family fungiidae ( including a new species ) . bulletin of the institute of zoology academia sinica 30 : 203 - 228 .

hoeksema b . w . 2009 . attached mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in sediment - stressed reef conditions at singapore , including a new species and a new record . raffles bulletin of zoology 22 : 81 - 90 .

claereboudt m . , hoeksema b . w . 1987 . fungia ( verrillofungia ) spinifer spec . nov . , a new scleractinian coral ( fungiidae ) from the indo - malayan region . zoologische mededelingen 61 : 303 - 309 .

hoeksema b . w . 1991 . control of bleaching in mushroom coral populations ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in the java sea : stress tolerance and interference by life history strategy . marine ecology progress series 74 : 225 - 237 .

hoeksema b . w . , kleemann k 2002 . new records of fungiacava eilatensis goreau et al . , 1968 ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) boring in indonesian mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . basteria 66 : 25 - 30 .

hoeksema b . w . , dai c . f . 1991 . scleractinia of taiwan . ii family fungiidae ( with the description of a new species ) . bulletin zoological institute , academia sinica , taipei 30 : 201 - 226 .

hoeksema b . w . , moka w . 1989 . species assemblages and ecomorph variation of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) related to reef habitats in the flores sea . netherlands journal of sea research 23 : 149 - 160 .

hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia . fungiidae dana , 1846 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 196100 on 2018 - 07 - 09

hoeksema b . w . 2012 . mushroom corals ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) of espiritu santo ( vanuatu , west pacific ) , with the description of a new species . zoosystema 34 : 429 - 443 . go to website ( doi )

gittenberger a . , hoeksema b . w . 2006 . phenotypic plasticity revealed by molecular studies on reef corals of fungia ( cycloseris ) spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) near river outlets . contributions to zoology 75 : 195 - 201 .

kleemann k . , hoeksema b . w . 2002 . lithophaga ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) , including a new species , boring in mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) at south sulawesi , indonesia . basteria 66 : 1 - 24 .

hoeksema b . w . , kleemann k . 2002 . new records of fungiacava eilatensis goreau et al . , 1968 ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) boring in indonesian mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . basteria 66 : 25 - 30 .

hoeksema b . w . 1993 . mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of madang lagoon , northern papua new guinea : an annotated checklist with the description of cantharellus jebbi spec . nov . . zoologische mededelingen 67 : 1 - 19 .

hoeksema b . w . 2009 . attached mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in sediment - stressed reef conditions at singapore , including a new species and a new record . raffles bulletin of zoology suppl . 22 : 81 - 90 .

kleemann k . , hoeksema b . w . 2002 . lithophaga ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) , including a new species , boring in mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) at south sulawesi , indonesia . basteria 66 : 11 - 24 .

claereboudt m . , hoeksema b . w . 1987 . fungia ( verrillofungia ) spinifer spec . nov . , a new scleractinian coral ( fungiidae ) from the indo - malayan region . zoologische mededelingen , leiden 61 : 303 - 309 .

hoeksema b . w . 2014 . the " fungia patella group " ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) revisited with a description of the mini mushroom coral cycloseris boschmai sp . n . zookeys 371 : 57 - 84 . go to website ( doi )

hoeksema b . w . , koh e . g . l . 2009 . depauperation of the mushroom coral fauna ( fungiidae ) of singapore ( 1860s - 2006 ) in changing reef conditions . raffles bulletin of zoology 22 : 91 - 101 .

hoeksema b . w . , best m . b . 1984 . cantharellus noumeae ( gen . nov . , spec . nov . ) , a new scleractinian coral ( fungiidae ) from new caledonia . zoologische mededelingen 58 : 323 - 328 .

hoeksema b . w . , koh e . g . l . 2009 . depauperation of the mushroom coral fauna ( fungiidae ) of singapore ( 1860s–2006 ) in changing reef conditions . raffles bulletin of zoology suppl . 22 : 91 - 101 .

hoeksema b . w . 1993 . mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of madang lagoon , northern papua new guinea : an annotated checklist with the description of cantharellus jebbi spec . nov . zoologische mededelingen , leiden 67 : 1 - 19 .

veron jen , pichon m ( 1980 ) scleractinia of eastern australia . part iii . families agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectiniidae , caryophylliidae , dendrophylliidae . townsville : australian institute of marine science . 422 p .

hoeksema b . w . , achituv y . 1993 . first indonesian record of fungiacava eilatensis goreau et al . , 1968 ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) , endosymbiont of fungia spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . basteria 57 : 131 - 138 .

hoeksama , bert w . 30 dec 2009 . attached mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in sediment - stressed reef conditions at singapore , including a new species and a new record . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 22 : 97 - 107 .

hoeksema b . w . , best m . b . 1984 . cantharellus noumeae ( gen . nov . , spec . nov . ) , a new scleractinian coral ( fungiidae ) from new caledonia . zoologische mededelingen , leiden 58 : 323 - 328 .

hoeksema b . w . , moka w . 1989 . species assemblages and phenotypes of mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) related to coral - reef habitats in the flores sea . netherlands journal of sea research 23 : 149 - 160 . go to website ( doi )

gittenberger a . , reijnen b . t . , hoeksema b . w . 2011 . a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits . contributions to zoology 80 : 107 - 132 .

hoeksema b . w . 1991 . control of bleaching in mushroom coral populations ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) in the java sea - stress tolerance and interference by life - history strategy . marine ecology progress series 74 : 225 - 237 . go to website ( doi )

hoeksema b . w . , lane d . j . w . 2014 . the mushroom coral fauna ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of brunei darussalam ( south china sea ) and its relation to the coral triangle . raffles bulletin of zoology 62 : 566 - 580 .

hoeksema b . w . 1997 . diversity of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in indonesia . in : tomascik et al . ( eds . ) the ecology of the indonesian seas . part one : 311 - 313 . periplus editions ( hk ) ltd .

there are two basic type of stony corals ; those who live as colonies and those who lives as individual polyps , called solitary corals . in the family fungiidae we do find both kinds , but some species are rather difficult to place in either of the two groups .

wells , j . w . 1966 . evolutionary development in the scleractinian family fungiidae . in : rees wj ( ed . ) the cnidaria and their evolution . symposium of the zoological society of london 16 : 223–246 , pl . 1 . academic press , london . [ details ]

bos a . r . , hoeksema b . w . 2015 . cryptobenthic fishes and co - inhabiting shrimps associated with the mushroom coral heliofungia actiniformis ( fungiidae ) in the davao gulf , philippines . environmental biology of fishes 98 : 1479 - 1489 . go to website ( uri )

hoeksema , bert w . and esther g . l . koh . 30 dec 2009 . depauration of the mushroom coral fauna ( fungiidae ) of singapore ( 1860s - 2006 ) in changing reef conditions ( pdf ) . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 22 : 91 - 101 .

wells , j . w . , 1966 . evolutionary development in the scleractinian family fungiidae . in w . j . rees ( ed . ) . : the cnidaria and their evolution . symposia of the zoological society london 16 : 223 - 246 , 1 plate . academic press , london .

owada m . , hoeksema b . w . 2011 . molecular phylogeny and shell microstructure of fungiacava eilatensis goreau et al . 1968 , boring into mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) , in relation to other mussels ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) . contributions to zoology 80 : 169 - 178 .

hoeksema b . w . , lane d . j . w . 2014 . the mushroom coral fauna ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of brunei darussalam ( south china sea ) and its relation to the coral triangle . raffles bulletin of zoology 62 : 566 - 580 . go to website ( uri )

colley , susan b . ; feingold , joshua s . ; pena , j . ; and glynn , peter w . , " reproductive ecology of diaseris distorta ( michelin ) ( fungiidae ) in the galapagos islands , ecuador " ( 2000 ) . oceanography faculty proceedings , presentations , speeches , lectures . 320 . urltoken

benzoni f . , arrigoni r . , stefani f . , reijnen b . t . , montano s . , hoeksema b . w . 2012 . phylogenetic position and taxonomy of cycloseris explanulata and c . wellsi ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) : lost mushroom corals find their way home . contributions to zoology 81 : 125 - 146 .

gittenberger , a . , reijnen , b . t . & hoeksema , b . w . 2011 . a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits . contributions to zoology 80 : 107 - 132 . , available online at urltoken ; idno = 8002a02 [ details ]

waheed z , benzoni f , van der meij set , terraneo ti , hoeksema bw ( 2015 ) scleractinian corals ( fungiidae , agariciidae and euphylliidae ) of pulau layang - layang , spratly islands , with a note on pavona maldivensis ( gardiner , 1905 ) . zookeys 517 : 1–37 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 517 . 9308

meij s . e . t . van der , fransen c . h . j . m . , pasman l . r . & hoeksema b . w . 2015 . phylogenetic ecology of gall crabs ( cryptochiridae ) as associates of mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) . ecology and evolution 5 : 5770 - 5780 . go to website ( doi )

the fungiidae are mushroom corals that live in sublittoral habitats in the tropical indo - pacific . their habitats are part of coral reefs or other marine substrata , which usually can be found in the proximity of the reefs . in the present taxonomic revision , the family is divided into 11 genera ; one of which , fungia , is subdivided into seven subgenera . a total of 40 species is described and figured , three of which are new to science . one species is renamed . the stratigraphic distribution is given for all the species recorded in fossil state . a tentative phylogenetic reconstruction down to the species level is given . the cladogram that is provided should be considered a working hypothesis and not a sound basis for a completely revised classification and nomenclature of the fungiidae . for each species the presently known geographic range is mapped . the pattern of species richness in the indo - pacific is compared with that of some other taxa and discussed with respect to their distributional patterns . the ranges of the fungiidae are analyzed with the use of approaches from both historical and ecological biogeography .

waheed z . , hoeksema b . w . ( 2012 ) hard corals ( families fungiidae , agariciidae and euphylliidae ) . in : kassem k . , hoeksema b . w . , affendi y . a , ( eds ) semporna marine ecological expedition . wwf - malaysia , ncb naturalis , universiti malaysia sabah . kota kinabalu , malaysia . pp 9 - 42 .

family fungiidae dana 1848 . the mushroom corals could be poster children for lps ( large polyped stony corals ) if they weren ' t so odd in many ways . these are solitary , non - reef building animals that amongst the true or stony corals are ambulatory . . . yes , they ' re capable of movement . all but three genera remain free , unattached from the substrate as adults .

waheed z . , benzoni , f . , mei , s . e . t . van der , terraneo t . i . , hoeksema b . w . 2015 . scleractinian corals ( fungiidae , agariciidae and euphylliidae ) of pulau layang - layang , spratly islands , with a note on pavona maldivensis ( gardiner , 1905 ) . zookeys 517 : 1 - 37 . go to website ( doi )

the coral species list for the families fungiidae , agariciidae and euphylliidae in the present study added 32 new records for layang - layang and includes rarely recorded species such as leptoseris kalayaanensis , which is thus far a south china sea endemic . the mushroom coral lithophyllon ranjithi has a wider distribution range than previously thought and can no longer be considered endemic to northeastern borneo . this is the first record of this species from an oceanic and offshore reef habitat , in contrast to its previously reported habitat preference for coastal and sheltered reef conditions .

a total of 552 corals , including 375 reef species , are represented on this maximum parsimony cladogram that is part of the scleractinian supertree ( figure 1 ) . roman numerals denote clades based on the phylogeny in fukami et al . [ 42 ] . ant : anthemiphyllidae , ast : astrocoeniidae , car : caryophylliidae , eup : euphylliidae , fav : faviidae , fun : fungiidae , mea : meandrinidae , mer : merulinidae , mus : mussidae , ocu : oculinidae , pec : pectiniidae , poc : pocilloporidae , rhi : rhizangiidae , sid : siderastreidae , ste : stenocyathidae , trc : trachyphylliidae .

cladogram of the fungiidae ( based on gittenberger et al . ; benzoni et al . ) , combined with gall crab associations . percentages ( depicted as filled circles ) portray how the gall crabs are distributed over their coral hosts : fungicola syzygia ( n = 316 ) , fungicola fagei ( n = 4 ) , fungicola utinomi ( n = 82 ) , and dacryomaia sp . ( n = 29 ) , based on fieldwork in sw sulawesi using belt quadrats . other records ( depicted as filled squares ) are based on collection data ( table ) and fieldwork other than sw sulawesi ( see ) .

figure 20 . 6 examples of genera and species from the major coral families : poritidae ( a - c ) , pocilloporidae ( d - g ) ; fungiidae ( h - k ) and minor family oculinidae ( l ) . species : a , porites lutea ; b , porites cylindrical ; c , goniopora fruticosa ; d , pocillopora damicornis ; e , pocillopora eydouxi ; f , stylophora pistillata ; g , seriatopora hystrix ; h , fungia valida ; i , heliofungia actiniformis ; j , ctenactis echinata ; k , herpolitha webberi ; l , galaxea astreata . ( photos : p . muir except g , gbrmpa . )

the marine aquarium hobby has at last reached a level where the aquarists can observe animal behaviour and study biological events that hardly can be examined in detail anywhere else other than in the aquarium . today many of the private reef tanks can show far better results with respect to the growth of corals than the majority of public marine aquariums , which are still run by heavy biological filters and have an extensive growth of algae . in this article we shall concentrate on the scleractinian family fungiidae ( “piltzkoralle” ) , which has proven to very durable , and which has shown us some very interesting examples of unisexual breeding through the development of a structure called “acanthocauli” - which we shall return to .

underwater surveys of 27 , 000 mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) at papua new guinea ( laing island , madang and motupore ) , singapore , the maldives ( ari atoll and south male atoll ) , the red sea ( hurghada ) , indonesia ( makassar , sulawesi ) and examination of 1 , 000 fungiids from museum collections ( mainly national museum of naturaf history , leiden ) have shown that 36 coral species were infested by several species of coralliophilidae belonging to the genus leptoconchus . the rate of infestation of the mushroom coral assemblage varied from 0 to 7 / . the two most infested fungiidae were fungia ( fungia ) fungites and f . ( verrillofungia ) repanda . at the east side of laing island , f . ( f . ) fungites reached an infestation rate of 19 / , the highest value ever recorded . the rate of infestation was positively correlated with hydrodynamics and negatively with turbidity . it was , however , not correlated with the density of the fungiid assemblage . infestation was maximum in shallow water ( 1 - 5 m ) ; nearly no leptoconchus spp . were found deeper than 20 m . place of settlement of the mollusc ( coral centre or edge ) , opening of the burrow ( oral / aboral side of the coral ) and deformation of coral skeleton varied according to the coral species infested . these variations seemed specifically related to the different leptoconchus species rather than the infested host species

the polyps of fungiidae are among the very largest of all coral polyps , and the very often imported species heliofungia actiniformis can reach a diameter of over 50 cm . it also has very long tentacles usually with green and brown colors , but occasionally colored beautifully purple . there is little known about the feeding habits of fungiids , but it is for certain that these corals , like another hermatypic corals , are utilizing the energy produced by the symbiotic algae . most likely the majority of the species catch and utilize plankton as well . like most corals fungiids do have parasites . the bivalve fungicava eilatensis lives inside the mouth of the corals and is found nowhere else . i have , however , not heard of any aquarists that have detected it in an aquarium yet .

references : anonymous . arkive images of life on earth online . mushroom corals ( fungia spp . ) . . anonymous . reef corner online . plate coral . . fenner , bob . wet web media online . plate corals , family fungiidae . goldstein , robert j . . marine reef aquarium handbook hauppauge : barrons , 1997 . hiller , greg . reefkeeping magazine online . propagating fungia sp . ( plate coral ) . . jennings , greg . the new encyclopedia of the saltwater aquarium . buffalo : firefly books ltd . , 2007 . personal observation shimek , ronald l . marine invertebrates . neptune city : t . f . h publications , 2004 . tullock , john h . . natural reef aquariums ; simplified approaches to creating living saltwater microcosms neptune city : t . f . h publications , 2001 .

corals within the scleractinian family fungiidae were observed to move toward light ( positive phototaxis ) . negative phototactic movement was not observed in any of the specimens tested . on sandy substratum , diaseris distorta moved faster ( max . speed of 3 cm h - 1 ) than other species . although d . distorta has symbiotic algae , phototactic movement also was observed both in bleached corals and in those treated with a specific inhibitor ( dichlorophenyl dimethyl urea ) of photosynthesis . d . distorta was phototactic even on a glass plate , and climbed up a steep slope ( up to 30° ) . based on experiments with fungia fungites and d . distorta , soft tissues at the peripheral region of the dise seem to be responsible for movement via peristalsis . it is suggested that positive phototaxis in symbiontbearing fungiid corals is an important trait for selection of favorable habitats .

there are discussions among scientists of how to define the term “solitary” . as a general rule , corals with one mouth only are called solitary while those with many mouths are called colonial . the majority of fungiids are solitary corals . most species in the largest genus fungia , have one mouth only , but the species fungia simplex always has several mouths . the closely related species fungia echinata does , however , only have one single mouth . abnormal developments can also result in the development of an unusual number of mouths . it is accepted that the solitary corals are the oldest evolutionary form and that colonial forms have evolved from the solitary form . the fungiidae does also contain one hermatypic genus - fungiacyathus . altogether this family contains a number of highly interesting species some of which are very durable in the reef aquarium . but again . . . . . the term “solitary” is very diffuse .

in most corals , there is a clear distinction between what is an individual and what is a colony . this is not always so , as seen in the family fungiidae , where there is a continual gradation between solitary individuals ( with a single mouth ) and colonies ( with many mouths ) , as exemplified by the sequence cycloseris ? fungia ? ctenactis ? herpolitha ? polyphyllia . in this sequence , cycloseris and ( usually ) fungia exist only as solitary individuals with a single mouth while polyphyllia forms colonies with many mouths . a single specimen of ctenactis or herpolitha could be considered a solitary individual with many mouths or a colony of individuals , each with a single mouth . likewise , in some corals there may not be a clear distinction between what is an individual and what is a row of individuals . this is best seen in families faviidae and mussidae , where there is a continual gradation between colonies composed of distinct polyps ( corallites ) to colonies where individuals are recognisable only by the existence of mouths and / or columella centres , to colonies where there is no sign of individuality .

the value of investigating extinction risk in the phylogenetic context has been emphasised in considerable detail elsewhere [ 26 ] , [ 29 ] , [ 32 ] , [ 38 ] , [ 101 ] , [ 137 ] , [ 138 ] . specifically for corals , confusion surrounding traditional taxonomy makes it difficult to accurately generalise traits exhibited by species to higher level taxa [ 42 ] . for instance , following the massive bleaching event in 1998 , the family faviidae , including leptastrea purpurea and l . transversa , has been declared a ‘winner’ in the recovery process at sesoko island , japan [ 39 ] , [ 40 ] . yet phylogenies inferred in the last 15 years have unequivocally demonstrated that leptastrea is more closely related to members of fungiidae rather than faviidae [ 42 ] , [ 52 ] , [ 53 ] , [ 82 ] , [ 139 ] ( see also [ 140 ] , [ 141 ] ) , recovered within clade x with corals that are resistant to or recover quickly from bleaching ( figures 3 , 5 ) . results here suggest that these traits are conserved on the evolutionary tree , irrespective of species ' taxonomic affiliations .

these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .

although the presence of fish on coral colonies and individual polyps of the anthozoa is relatively common ( e . g . , munday et al .

) . other fishes may hover over individuals of this large solitary coral polyp , but without direct contact with the tentacles .

at 3–28 m depth in the davao gulf between july 2010 and may 2011 . instead of

. about every 15th coral polyp was inhabited by one or two fish and , at a few occasions , specimens of more than one fish species were present on a single coral polyp ( fig .

b ) . these fishes dwelled within the coral canopy apparently without being adversely affected . although these fishes survive outside this coral microhabitat , i repeatedly observed one specimen of

occupying the same coral polyp over a period of 5 days . the representatives of the gobiidae were mostly adult specimens , whereas those of the labridae were exclusively juveniles . small juveniles ( ≤4 cm tl ) resided among the tentacles , whereas larger juveniles hovered over the tentacles or swam along the coral periphery . this is the first observation of fishes , other than

gobies a trimma sp . ( undescribed species ) , b eviota pellucida and e . lachdeberei , and the shrimp cuapetes lacertae among tentacles of heliofungia actiniformis

hoeksema bw , van der meij s , fransen chjm ( 2011 ) the mushroom coral as a habitat . j mar biol assoc uk 91 : doi :

munday pl , jones gp , caley mj ( 1997 ) habitat specialisation and the distribution and abundance of coral - dwelling gobies . mar ecol prog ser 152 : 227–239

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a coral is recorded eating a jellyfish for the first time , in intriguing photographs taken by scientists .

coral usually feed on tiny plankton as well as products provided by photosynthetic algae .

yet the photos reveal a stationary mushroom coral sucking in a large moon jellyfish .

researchers believe the ability to feed on a variety of food sources like jellyfish may give the coral an advantage in a changing world .

the pictures were taken on a dive by mr omri bronstein from tel aviv university in israel and mr gal dishon from bar - ilan university , ramat gan , israel in march 2009 during a survey on reefs near the israeli city of eilat in the red sea .

ocean currents and nutrients had created a seasonal bloom of the jellyfish ( aurelia aurita ) and many surrounded the reef in which the team were diving .

" during the survey we were amazed to notice some mushroom corals actively feeding on the moon jellyfish , " says ada alamaru , a member of the research team who is doing her phd in marine biology supervised by prof yossi loya at tel aviv university , israel .

" we couldn ' t believe our eyes when we saw it , " ms alamaru says .

the moon jellyfish is known to be eaten by a number of predators including fish , turtles and sea birds .

however , to find it preyed upon by the mushroom coral ( fungia scruposa ) was a unique discovery .

" this is the first documentation of a coral feeding on a jellyfish almost equal to its size , " ms alamaru says .

" in fact we saw a few corals feeding and not only one . "

normally corals feed on small microscopic organisms that make up plankton only 0 . 2mm to 0 . 4mm in size . in doing so they may ingest extremely small embryonic jellies that would be difficult to see by the naked eye . however research into the stomach contents of corals by scientists in the us did not find evidence of this .

they also feed on energy products provided by photosynthetic algae that live inside the coral .

" this is definitely unusual . as far as i know no other coral are reported to feed on jellyfish . however , some sea anemones , which are close relatives of corals , are documented feeding on other jelly species , " ms alamaru says .

unlike most reef building corals which are colonial and are made up of hundreds of polyps f . scruposa is solitary and composed of one large polyp , measuring up to 30cm in diameter .

they are not attached to the seabed so have a limited ability to move , unlike their reef building relatives .

however , ms alamaru says it is still a mystery how exactly f . scruposa manages to capture its prey .

the coral ' s ability to feed opportunistically when a jellyfish bloom occurs provides valuable protein to the animal .

ms alamaru suggests the discovery reveals not only a food source for the large mouthed coral but also potential further benefits in a changing environment , where due to climate change and anthropogenic disturbances , jelly blooms are increasing in frequency and intensity .

" the ability to utilise a variety of food sources and to take advantage of such a bloom event gives the mushroom corals an advantage compared with other small polyped corals that are not able to feed on such large prey items , " ms alamaru says .

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all my fungiids are placed closely together and they do not seem to have any negative influence to each other . their stinging cells seem to be harmless , and other nearby animals like a galaxea sp . and some actinodiscus sp . do not react negative at all . they are all living like a happy family . even the anenomfish premnas biaculeatus have joined them .

i have tried to classify the species and most likely it is f . danai . but i am far from sure . i placed both polyps in good light and on sandy bottom . they are doing excellent , are expanded the whole day long and have during 1989 shown the following growth :

october - 89 : “ “ 60mm this gives an average growth of 3 , 5mm diameter pr . month . if the average thickness of the skeleton is estimated roughly to 2 . 0 mm and the specific weight of app . 1 , 5 g / ccm , these two colonies alone have fixed app . 17 gr . calcium carbonate , all very roughly estimated of course . as we clearly see that stony corals , serpulide worms , vermetide snails , different crustaceans , molluscs , the calcareous red - , green - and brown algae and many other calcium fixers are growing heavily , how can anyone state that the adding of calcium and bicarbonate is not necessary ! ?

in august 1990 i once again measured the second generation acanthocauli on the shell - side of the giant calm . it had now grown to a diameter of 2 cm and as this was not enough , another three very small new acanthocauli - polyps are developing near by . meanwhile the “older ones” have grown to a diameter of 8 cm .

when i examined the shells of the clam about two months after the event , i to my even bigger astonishment discovered that two new acanthocauli were growing from the same stalk ! in nature the stalk becomes weakened from calcareous destroying organisms like algae and sponges , and the polyp breaks off . here the obvious reason for loosening was the decreasing in light intensity when the giant calm was moved backwards in my aquarium . when i visited herr dietrich stã¼ber , who is one of the world leading persons on hermatypic stony corals in captivity , in berlin ( brd ) in october 1989 , in his excellent aquarium especially designed for the growth of scleractinian corals , i was able to detect the asexual formation from several acanthocauli at an fungia sp . , perhaps f . simplex . the pictures that follows this article clearly shows that we have now reached the technical point where natural conditions can be simulated and that natural events can be studied in detail . we can add something new to the knowledge of the reef corals . for all those especially interested in scleractinian corals veron , 1986 is a must and really an excellent work on the subject . the full reference is given below .

veron , j . e . n . , 1986 . corals of australia and the indo - pacific .

angus & robertson publ . , london , uk and north ryde , australia . 644 pp . fully colored illustrated . isbn 0 207 15116 4 .

the field surveys carried out in this study comply with the “animal welfare act of 1998” issued by the government of the philippines . we greatly acknowledge j . bayogan and g . gumanao ( davao del norte state college ) for providing logistic support during the fieldwork activities . furthermore , we are grateful for identification confirmations by c . fransen ( naturalis biodiversity center , netherlands ) , d . greenfield ( university of hawaii , u . s . a . ) and r . winterbottom ( royal ontario museum , canada ) . we thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments .

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( fischer , 1874 ) ( actiniaria , actiniidae ) . basteria 51 : 95–108

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froese r , pauly d ( 2014 ) fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .

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gosliner tm , behrens dw , williams gc ( 1996 ) coral reef animals of the indo - pacific . sea challengers , monterey

herler j ( 2007 ) microhabitats and ecomorphology of coral - and coral rock - associated gobiid fish ( teleostei : gobiidae ) in the northern red sea . mar ecol 28 : 82–94

herler j , hilgers h ( 2005 ) a synopsis of coral and coral - rock associated gobies ( pisces : gobiidae ) from the gulf of aqaba , northern red sea . aqua int j ichthyol 10 : 103–132

hoeksema bw ( 1988 ) mobility of free - living fungiid corals ( scleractinia ) , a dispersion mechanism and survival strategy in dynamic reef habitats . proc 6th int coral reef symp 2 : 715–720

hoeksema bw ( 2007 ) delineation of the indo - malayan centre of maximum marine biodiversity : the coral triangle . in : renema w ( ed ) biogeography , time , and place : distributions , barriers , and islands . springer , dordrecht , pp 117–178

hoeksema bw , ten hove ha ( 2014 ) first record of a christmas tree worm in a mushroom coral ( loyalty islands , southwest pacific ) . coral reefs 33 : 717

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hoeksema bw , waheed z , alamaru a ( 2013 ) out of sight : aggregations of epizoic comb jellies underneath mushroom corals . coral reefs 32 : 1065

huang d , licuanan wy , hoeksema bw , chen ca , ang po , huang h , lane djw , vo st , waheed z , affendi ya , yeemin t , chou lm ( 2014 ) extraordinary diversity of reef corals in the south china sea . mar biodivers . doi :

in the spermonde archipelago , south sulawesi , indonesia . coral reefs 28 : 793–804

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bos , a . r . & hoeksema , b . w . environ biol fish ( 2015 ) 98 : 1479 . urltoken

in most corals , the over - all appearance of a colony is not a direct outcome of the way its corallites multiply . however , in the family faviidae , the type of budding may determine the type of colony that results . in this family , the terms used to describe both budding ( the formation of corallites ) and growth form are usually the same . ( for example , the term ‘meandroid’ may be used to describe both the type of budding and the type of colony . )

all corals that form colonies do so by a process of budding , where the parent polyp divides itself into two or more daughter polyps ( intratentacular budding ) , or daughter corallites form on the side of the parent colony ( extratentacular budding ) , or polyps lose their identity , as seen in colonies with valleys . some colonies have both intra - and extra - tentacular buds .

right . extratentacular budding ( left ) and intratentacular budding ( right ) in faviid colonies . drawings : geoff kelley

if the corallites of a colony all have their own walls they are called plocoid or phaceloid , depending on how elongate they are . if they share common walls they are called meandroid or cerioid , depending on whether or not they form valleys . if they are meandroid and have their own walls they are termed flabello - meandroid .

5 . colony formation in corals . 1 plocoid colonies have corallites with their own walls . 2 phaceloid colonies also have corallites with their own walls , but these are long and tubular . 3 cerioid colonies have polyps , which have common walls . 4 . meandroid colonies have valleys rather than polyps . 4 meandroid colonies have valleys rather than polyps . 5 . flabello - meandroid colonies also have valleys , but do not have common walls . drawings : geoff kelly .

these growth forms confer several constraints on corallite replication and growth . plocoid and phaceloid colonies can have both intratentacular and extratentacular budding , while cerioid colonies can only have intratentacular budding . plocoid , cerioid and meandroid colonies have integrated corallites or valleys , while adjacent corallites or valleys of phaceloid and flabello - meandroid colonies may have little or no connecting tissue . the latter may compete for space and other resources , with the result that some parts of colonies overgrow other parts .

some colonies combine two growth forms . euphyllia and lobophyllia colonies may be phaceloid toward the colony centre where lack of space constrains valley formation and be flabello - meandroid at the periphery where there are no such constraints . similarly , symphyllia colonies may have both meandroid and flabello - meandroid areas ; favia colonies may have both plocoid and meandroid areas ; favites and goniastrea colonies may be both plocoid and cerioid . there are also many intermediate forms between plocoid and fully phaceloid and ( very commonly ) between cerioid and fully meandroid colonies .

a variety of other types of colony formation are found in corals , but these are uncommon .

the most common terms used to describe growth form are ordinary descriptive words . massive means solid and similar in shape in all dimensions . encrusting means adhering to the substrate . branching means forming branches . arborescent means tree - like . columnar means forming columns . laminar means plate - like . explanate means forming solid sheets . other terms are used with particular groups of corals ; all are explained in the glossary . however , there are so many different shapes of corals that such descriptive terms can be misleading and carry less meaning than illustrations .

a common modification of all descriptive terms is the addition of the prefix sub to the term ( e . g . submassive , subcerioid , sub - equal ) , meaning ‘less than’ or ‘not quite’ .

the much - studied coral porites forms large hemispherical colonies which typically grow ( radially ) at a rate of around 1 cm per year as determined by x - rays of thin slices . some more heavily calcified colonies of other corals grow at slower rates than this , although most are faster . staghorn acropora readily grows ( linearly ) up to about 30 cm per year . plate - forming acropora also grows ( in diameter ) up to about 30 cm per year .


arotrophora charopa is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in thailand .

the wingspan is about 11 mm .

the forewings are white with pinkish suffusions and black strigulation ( fine streaks ) at the base of the costa , at the mid-costa and mid-dorsum .

the remaining area is brownish black with bluish refractive markings .

the hindwings are dark brown .

arotrophora charopa

arotrophora charopa <EOT> arotrophora charopa is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in thailand .

charopa razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 44 . tl : thailand , doi inthanon n . p . , km 31 . holotype : bmnh . male .

keywords : tortricinae cnephasiini s . lat . arotrophora host banksia spinulosa borer in flower spikes

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tubulosa razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 49 . tl : fiji , holotype : bmnh . female .

gilligani razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 43 . tl : formosa [ taiwan ] , holotype : bmnh . female .

khasiasana razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 37 . tl : india , khasias hills . holotype : bmnh . male .

paiana razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 39 . tl : india , khasias hills . holotype : bmnh . male .

cherrapunji razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 41 . tl : india , assam , cherapunji . holotype : bmnh . female .

fijigena razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 43 . tl : fiji , viti levu , suva . holotype : bmnh . male .

obrimsocia razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 46 . tl : thailand , doi inthanon national park . holotype : bmnh . male .

inthanona razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 42 . tl : thailand , doi inthanon n . p . . holotype : bmnh . male .

bernardmyo razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 47 . tl : burmah [ myanmar ] , bernardmyo , ruby mines . holotype : bmnh . male .

utarana razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 48 . tl : indonesia , sulawesi utara , dumoga bone national park . holotype : bmnh . female .

diadela common , 1963 ( arotrophora ) , austral . j . zool . 11 : 103 . tl : australia , western , 8 mi nw nornalup . holotype : anic . female .

kundasanga razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 45 . tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , nr kundasang golf course . holotype : bmnh . male .

ericirra common , 1963 ( arotrophora ) , austral . j . zool . 11 : 93 . tl : australia , new south wales , mt . victoria . holotype : anic . male .

siniocosma turner , 1926 ( arotrophora ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 50 : 136 . tl : australia , byfield , yeppoon . holotype : anic . female .

hongsona razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 36 . tl : thailand , mae hong son , pai district , doi mae ya . holotype : bmnh . male .

charistis meyrick , 1910 ( arotrophora ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 35 : 261 . tl : australia , queensland , cooktown . lectotype : bmnh . male .

charassapex razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 39 . tl : thailand , chiang mai , chiang dao , san pakia rfd , watershed station . holotype : bmnh . female .

khatana razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 38 . tl : thailand , chiang mai , doi chiang dao , den yaa kat , subst . holotype : bmnh . male .

canthelias meyrick , 1910 ( arotrophora ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 35 : 263 . tl : australia , new south wales , mittagong . holotype : bmnh . female .

salebrata meyrick , 1910 ( arotrophora ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 35 : 265 . tl : australia . victoria , gisbourne . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . 1 female .

khunmaei razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 40 . tl : thailand , chiang mai , doi chiang dao ws , highway 1322 to wiang haeng , 3 km from khun mae ngaai c ' point . holotype : bmnh . female .

teras incessana , walk . , l . c . , xxviii . , p . 304 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 19 . arotrophora incessana , meyr . , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . , 1881 , p . 529 . dipterina incessana , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xv . , p . 55 .

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anemarcha lower , 1902 ( tortrix ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 26 : 236 . tl : australia , new south wales , sydney . holotype : sama . female .

arcuatalis walker , 1865 ( scopula ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus . 34 : 1474 . tl : australia , new south wales , sydney . lectotype : bmnh . male .

submarginellus walker , 1866 ( crambus ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus . 35 ( suppl . ) : 1760 . tl : australia . holotype : bmnh . female .

transcissella walker , 1866 ( eromene ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus . 35 : 1762 . tl : australia . new south wales , sydney . holotype : bmnh . male .

euides turner , 1927 ( tortrix ) , pap . r . soc . tasmania 1926 : 127 . tl : australia , tasmania , mt . wellington , springs . holotype : anic . male .

ochraceellus walker , 1863 ( crambus ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 177 . tl : australia , damel . lectotype : bmnh . female .

unless noted , all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .

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nsw new england national park 4500 ft alt 11 february 1968 ifb common ae may male wingspan 16 . 5 mm anic

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transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , 1897 . [ electronic resource ]

[ read before the philosophical institute of canterbury , 4th november , 1896 . ]

formation of this list is due to captain hutton , f . r . s . , who some time ago impressed upon me the desirability of collecting together and arranging the several named and described species of

of new zealand comprised in numerous papers of mr . meyrick , published from time to time in the “transactions of the new zealand institute” and other publications . i have to thank captain hutton for very valuable assistance in compiling the list and rendering my task more easy ; but at the same time he is not to be considered in any way responsible for any errors that may be found therein .

papilio archippus , fab . , spec . ins . , p . 55 , n . 243 ( 1781 ) . danais berenice , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . vi . , p . 183 ; colenso , trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 276 . d . archippus , butl . , trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 265 . d . plexippus , trans . n . z . inst . , xxiii . , p . 192 .

erebia pluto , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , iv . , p . 217 , and xii . , p . 265 , pl . ix . , fig . 2 ; and vol . xv . , p . 197 . e . merula , hewitson , ent . mo . mag . , xii . , p . 10 . oreina ( ? ) othello , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , viii . , pp . 302–4 , pl . ix . percnodaimon pluto , butl . , ent . mo . mag . , xiii . , p . 153 ( 1876 ) , and x . , p . 268 .

genus ( ? ) helmsi , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , xv . , p . 193 ( 1882 ) .

dodonidia helmsii , butl . , ann . and mag . nat . hist . , xiii . ( 5th series ) , pp . 171–3 ( 1884 ) . d . helmsi , marshall , trans . n . z . inst . , xxviii . , pp . 312–3 , pl . xv .

papilio ( n . g . ) gonerilla , fab . , syst . ent . , p . 498 , n . 237 ( 1775 ) ; sp . ins . , p . 82 , n . 361 ( 1781 ) ; ent . syst . , iii . , p . 103 , n . 317 ( 1793 ) . p . generella , fab . , mant . ins . , p . 44 , n . 437 ( 1787 ) ; donovan , ins . new holland , pl . 25 , fig . 2 ( 1805 ) . vanessa gonerilla , dieffenbach ' s “new zealand , ” ii . , app . , p . 284 ( 1843 ) ; white , in taylor ' s “new zealand , ” pl . ii . , fig . 1 ( 1855 ) . pyrameis gonerilla , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 2 , tab . i . , figs . 10 , 11 , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 270 ; colenso , trans . n . z . inst . , xxi . , p . 196 .

papilio ( n . g . ) itea , fab . , syst . ent . , p . 498 , n . 238 ( 1775 ) ; sp . ins . , p . 82 , n . 362 ( 1781 ) ; mant . ins . , p . 45 , n . 438 ( 1787 ) ; ent . syst . , p . 103 , n . 318 ( 1793 ) ; donovan , ins . new holland , pl . 26 , fig . 1 ( 1805 ) . vanessa itea , godart , enc . meth . , ix . , p . 321 , n . 57 ( 1819 ) ; dieffenbach ' s “new zealand , ” ii . , app . , p . 284 ( 1843 ) ; white , in taylor ' s “new zealand , ” pl . 2 , figs . 2 , 2 ( 1855 ) . bassaris itea , hübn . , samml . esot . schmett ( 1816–24 ) . pyrameis itea , doubl . , gen . diurn . lep . , p . 202 ( 1849 ) ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 3 ( 1874 ) , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 270 .

cynthia kershawii , m ' coy , ann . and mag . nat . hist . , iv . , vol . i . , p . 76 ( 1868 ) . c . cardui , white , in taylor ' s “new zealand , ” pl . 2 , fig . 5 ( 1855 ) . pyrameis cardui ( var . p . kershawii ) , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 3 , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 269 , pl . xii . , fig . 1 .

papilio nerina , fab . , syst . ent . , p . 509 , n . 277 ( 1775 ) ; donovan , ins . new holland , pl . 27 , fig . 1 ( 1805 ) . p . iphigenia , cramer , pap . exot . , 1 , pl . lxvii . , figs . d , e ( 1779 ) . var . p . proserpina , cramer , pap . exot . , 3 , pl . ccxviii . , figs . c , d ( 1782 ) . male ( ? ) p . auge , cramer , pap . exot . , 2 , pl . cxc . , figs . a , b ( 1779 ) . diadema bolina , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , ix . , p . 463 . d . nerina , butl . , trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 271 .

papilio zoilus , fab . , syst . ent . , p . 480 , n . 163 ( 1775 ) ; sp . ins . , p . 53 , n . 229 ( 1781 ) ; mant . ins . , p . 25 , n . 265 ( 1787 ) ; ent . syst . , iii . , p . 42 , n . 128 ( 1793 ) ; gen . diurn . lep . , pl . xviii . , fig . 1 ( 1847 ) . hamadryas zoilus , boisd . , voy . astrol . , p . 91 ; dieffenbach ' s “new zealand , ” ii . , app . , p . 284 ( 1843 ) ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 2 ( 1874 ) , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 276 .

hesperia ( r . ) salustius , fab . , ent . syst . , iii . , p . 310 , n . 175 ( 1793 ) . lycœna edna , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s “new zealand , ” app . , p . 283 ( 1843 ) . polyommatus edna , westwood and hewitson , gen . diurn . lep . , pl . 76 , fig . 6 ( 1852 ) ; white , in taylor ' s “new zealand , ” pl . 2 , figs . 3 , 4 ( 1855 ) . chrysophanus salustius , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 3 , tab . 1 , figs . 1–3 ( 1874 ) , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 274 ( 1878 ) ; fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , ix . , p . 461 ( 1877 ) , and x . , p . 253 , pl . viii . , figs . a , b , 2 ( 1878 ) .

lycœna boldenarum , white , proc . ent . soc . , ser . 3 , i . , p . 26 ( 1862 ) . chrysophanus boldenarum , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 3 , tab . 1 , figs . 8 , 9 ( 1874 ) , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 273 ( 1878 ) ; fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , ix . , pp . 461–2 , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 256 , pl . viii . , figs . i , h , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ( 1878 ) .

l . oxleyi , feld . , reise der “novara , ” lep . , ii . , p . 280 , n . 354 , pl . 35 , fig . 6 ( 1865 ) ; bates , ent . mo . mag . , iv . , p . 53 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 4 ( 1874 ) , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 273 ( 1878 ) .

p . mairi , buller , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . v . , p . 279 , pl . 17 ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 207 .

hepialus characterifer , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , suppl . ii . , p . 594 ( 1865 ) . oxycanus impletus , ib . , p . 598 . hepialus charactifer , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 5 . porina charactifera , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 208 .

elhamma cervinata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , suppl . ii . , p . 595 . porina vexata , ib . , p . 597 . p . fuliginea , butl . , “cistula entomologica , ” vol . ii . , p . 488 . p . cervinata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 5 ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 208 .

scribed by guénée , and it is quite different from cervinata . —r . w . f .

hepialus despectus , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , suppl . ii . , p . 594 . porina despecta , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 209 .

pielus umbraculatus , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , vol . v . , p . 1 ( 1868 ) . porina umbraculata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 5 ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 209 .

pielus variolaris , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , vol . v . , p . 1 . porina signata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 5 . p . umbraculata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 208 .

elhamma signata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , vii . , p . 1563 ( 1856 ) . porina novœ - zelandiœ , ib , p . 1573 . p . signata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 5 , tab . 2 , f . 8 ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 210 .

h . virescens , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s “new zealand , ” vol . ii . , p . 284 ( 1843 ) ; white , taylor ' s “new zealand , ” pl . i . , f . 6 ( 1855 ) . h . rubroviridans , white , l . c . , pl . 1 , fig . 1 . charagia virescens , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , vii . , p . 1569 ; scott , trans . ent . soc . n . s . w . , ii . , 28 . c . fischeri , feld . , reise der “novara , ” pl . lxxx . , f . 1 . c . hectori , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 380 . c . virescens , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 4 . hepialus virescens , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 211 .

charagia ingens , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxii . , supp . ii . , p . 596 . seto ingens , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 5 .

meyrick says , “i believe the record to be erroneous ; it is certainly australian , and i have never met with a really authentic new zealand specimen” ( trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 205 ) .

liothula omnivora , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . x . , p . 260 , pl . 9 . œceticus omnivorus , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 212 .

psyche unicolor , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 381 . orophora toumatou , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . x . , p . 260 , pl . 9 . o . unicolor , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 212 .

s . convolvuli , linn . , syst . nat . , 1 , 2 , p . 789 ( 1766 ) ; white , taylor ' s “new zealand , ” pl . 1 , f . 13 ( 1855 ) . s . convolvuli , var . 03b3 , walk . , cat . lep . n . z . , viii . , p . 213 ( 1856 ) . s . convolvuli ( var . s . distans ) , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 4 , tab . 2 , fig . 11 . s . convolvuli ( protoparce distans , butl . ) , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 213 .

sphinx tipuliformis , linn . , faun . suec . , p . 289 , n . 1096 . setia tipuliformis , fab . , ent . syst . , iii . , 1 , p . 385 , n . 21 ( 1793 ) . sesia tipuliformis , meigen , syst . beschr . , ii . , p . 119 , n . 25 , pl . 62 , f . 2 . ægeria tipuliformis , stephens , ill . brit . ent . haust . , 1 , p . 142 ( 1829 ) . trochilium tipuliforme , newman , ent . mag . , i . , p . 78 . sphinx salmachus , linn . , syst . nat . , ed . 10 , p . 493 , n . 30 . ægeria tipuliformis , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 4 . sesia tipuliformis , cl . , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 214 .

arctia strategica , hudson , entom . , 1889 , p . 53 . metacrias strategica , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 216 .

phaos huttonii , butl . , “cistula entomologica , ” ii . , p . 487 . metacrias huttonii , meyr . , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . , p . 750 ( 1886 ) , and trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 216 .

( ? genus ) pulchella , linn . deiopeia pulchella , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 217 .

leptosoma annulatum , boisd . , voy . de l ' astr . , ent . , v . , p . 197 , pl . 5 , fig . 9 ( 1853 ) ; doubl . , dieffenbach ' s “new zealand , ” ii . , p . 284 . nyctemera doubledayi , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , ii . , p . 392 . n . annulata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 4 . leptosoma annulatum , bates , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 2 . nyctemera annulata , meyr . , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . , 1886 , p . 760 , and trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 218 .

maniestra griseipennis , feld . , reise der nov . , pl . cix . , fig . 22 . chera virescens , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 489 . spœlotis inconstans , ib . , p . 545 . leucania moderata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 7 ; ib . , xx . , p . 44 .

agrotis ( ? ) moderata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , supp . ii . , p . 705 . eumichtis sistens , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 39 . agrotis ( ? ) moderata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 . mamestra sistens , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 19 . leucania moderata , meyr . , ib . , xx . , p . 45 .

bryophila temperata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xv . , p . 1648 . xylina inceptura , ib . , p . 1736 . x . deceptura , ib . , p . 1737 . bryophila temperata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 6 . leucania temperata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . , p . 45 .

agrotis nullifera , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 742 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 , tab . 2 , fig . 5 ; guén . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 3 . leucania nullifera , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 7 .

xylina atristriga , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxiii . , supp . iii . , p . 756 . mamestra antipoda , feld . , reis . der nov . , pl . cix . , n . 23 . xylina atristriga , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 9 . leucania atristriga , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 8 .

l . unica , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , ix . , p . 112 ; butl . , voy . ereb . , pl . ix . , fig . 9 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 6 , tab . 2 , fig . 9 . nonagria juncicolor , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 2 . leucania unica , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 10 .

heliophobus disjungens , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xv . , p . 1681 ; butl . , voy . ereb . , pl . ix . , fig . 1 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 6 . hadena nervata , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 40 . mamestra disjungens , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 15 .

euplexia insignis , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxiii . , suppl . iii . , p . 724 ; xylina turbida , ib . , p . 754 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 9 . euplexia insignis , butl . , ib . , p . 8 . hadena lignifusca , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 385 . h . insignis , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 492 , mamestra polychroa , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 16 . m . insignis , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . , p . 45 .

erana plena , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxiii . , supp . iii . , p . 744 . mamestra sphagnea , feld . , reise der nov . , pl . cix . , fig . 17 erana plena , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . dianthœcia viridis , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 547 . mamestra plena , meyr . , trans . n . z inst . , xix . , p . 17 .

hadena mutans , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 602 . h . lignifusca , walk . , ib . , p . 603 . mamestra angusta , feld . , reise der nov . , pl . cix . , fig . 18 . m . acceptrix , ib . , fig . 19 . hadena mutans , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . h . debilis , butl . , proc . zool . soc . london , 1877 , p . 385 , pl . xlii . , fig . 6 . h . mutans , ib . , and cist . ent . , ii . , p . 491 . mamestra mutans , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 17 .

dianthœcia pictula , white , taylor ' s “new zealand , ” pl . i . , fig . 3 . hadena pictula , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 602 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . meterana pictula , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1887 , p . 386 , pl . xlii . , fig . 1 . mamestra pictula , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 18 .

apamea vitiosa , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 384 , pl . xlii , fig . 3 . mamestra octhistis , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 20 . m . vitiosa , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . , p . 45 .

graphiphora tartarea , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 384 , pl . xlii . , fig . 2 . mamestra tartarea , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 21 .

cloantha composita , guén . , noct . vi . , p . 114 . auchmis composita , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 616 ; butl . , voy . ereb . , pl . ix . , fig . 12 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . mamestra maori , feld . , reise der nov . , pl . cix . , fig . 24 . m . composita , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 22 .

orthosia infensa , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 748 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 . mamestra arachnias , meyr . , xix . , p . 23 . m . infensa , meyr . , xx . , p . 45 .

dasypolia dotata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 522 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . mamestra dotata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 24 .

xylina stipata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , iii . , supp . , p . 753 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 9 . xylophasia stipata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 488 . mamestra stipata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 25 .

xylophasia rubescens , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 489 . mamestra rubescens , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 25 .

hadena lignana , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 543 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . , 1877 , p . 385 , pl . xlii . , fig . 6 . xylophasia morosa , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 543 . mamestra lignana , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 26 .

xylina ustistriga , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 630 . x . lignisecta , ib . , p . 631 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . , 1877 , p . 386 . mamestra ustistriga , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 26 .

xylocampa cucullina , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 40 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . agrotis mitis , butl . , proc . zool . soc . 1877 , p . 383 , pl . xlii . , fig . 5 ; butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 489 . mamestra cucullina , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 28 .

mamestra comma , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , ix . , p . 239 ; butl . , voy . ereb . , pl . ix . , fig . 6 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 . graphiphora implexa , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , x . , p . 405 . hadena plusiata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxiii . , supp . , p . 742 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . nitocris bicomma , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 4 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 . orthosia comma , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 30 .

tœniocampa immunis , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , x . , p . 430 . cerastis innocua , ib . , 1710 . agrotis acetina , feld . , reis . der nov . , pl . cix . , fig . 6 . teniocampa immunis , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 . orthosia immunis , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 30 .

graphiphora purpurea , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 490 . xanthia ceramodes , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 31 . x . purpurea , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . , p . 46 .

xylina defigurata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxiii . , supp . , 756 . bityla thoracica , ib . , p . 869 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 10 . b . defigurata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 31 .

noctua ypsilon , rott . agrotis suffusa , hübn . a . ypsilon , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 32 . ( ? ) if same as agrotis suffusa , treitschke , and noctua suffusa , denis , see butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 , and proc . zool . soc . london , 1877 , p . 383 . —r . w . f .

a . admirationis , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 38 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 , and proc . zool . soc . lond . , ii . , p . 384 . also , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 33 ; but mr . meyrick has made some mistake , for i have duplicate of the type named by guén . , and mr . meyrick ' s description in a way agrees with it , and it was not found on roots of tussockgrass on sandhills . —r . w . f .

chersotis sericea , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 490 . c . inconspicua , ib . , p . 545 . agrotis sericea , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 33 . a . inconspicua , ib . , p . 34 . a . sericea , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . p . 46 .

p . eriosoma , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s “new zealand , ” p . 285 ; butl . , voy . ereb . , pl . x . , figs . 1 , 2 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 9 , tab . 3 , figs . 1 , 2 . p . argentifera , guén . , gen . noct . , vi . , p . 352 . p . eriosoma , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 36 .

d . selenophora , guén . , noct . , vii . , p . 175 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 10 ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 38 . ( ? ) erebus , n . s . , white , in taylor ' s “new zealand , ” pl . 1 , figs . 2 , 2 ( 1855 ) .

page 328 , line 5 from bottom . for trans . n . z . inst . , ix . , read trans . n . z . inst . , x .

page 336 , line 15 . for in a way agrees read in no way agrees .

page 337 , line 18 , should read orthosia , ochs . , * to connect with footnote .

page 337 , lines 23 to 26 . transfer genus theoxena , meyr . , to p . 345 , after dichromodes .

page 349 , line 10 from bottom . for trans . n . z . inst . , xxi . , read trans . ent . soc . lond . , 1884 .

page 366 , line 11 . after stainton insert man . brit . butt . & moth . ii . , p . 358 .

page 369 , lines 12 , 13 , 15 . for eutoma read eutorna .

page 374 , line 10 . for c . miniellum read s ( ? ) miniella .

r . scotosialis , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxiv . , supp . , p . 1150 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 10 , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 388 , and cist . ent , ii . , p . 492 . herminia lilacina , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 388 , pl . xlii . , fig . 11 . rhapsa scotosialis , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p 38 .

panagra scissaria , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 43 . theoxena scissaria , meyr . , trans . , n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 56 .

ptychopoda ( ? ) rubraria , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s “new zealand , ” ii . , p . 286 . acidalia repletaria , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxiv . , p . 778 . a . attributa , walk . , ib . , p . 779 . a . rubraria , walk . , ib . , p . 781 . fidonia ( ? ) acidaliaria , walk . , ib . , xxv . , p . 1037 . acidalia figlinaria , guén . a . rubraria , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 13 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 390 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 57 , and xvii . , p . 63 .

hemerophila hemipteraria , guén . xyridacma hemipteraria , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . , p . 60 .

[ footnote ] * see meyrick , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 39 , as to these .

parysatis porphyrias , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 59 .

ptychopoda rubropunctaria , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s “new zealand , ” ii . , p . 287 . asthena risata , guén . a . mullata , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 42 . acidalia pulchraria , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxiv . , p . 780 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 13 , tab . 3 , fig . 18 . hippolyte rubropunctaria , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 60 ; ib . , xvii . , p . 63 .

cidaria undosata , feld . , reise der nov . , v . , pl . cxxviii . , fig . 2 . acidalia undosata , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 391 , and cist . ent . , ii . , p . 499 . epiphryne undosata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 60 .

hermione xanthaspis , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 61 .

aspilates abrogata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxiv . , p . 1075 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 . fidonia ( ? ) servularia , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 43 . thyone abrogata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 61 .

cidaria verriculata , feld . , reise der nov . , v . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 20 . phibalapteryx verriculata , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 396 . panopœa verriculata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 62 .

larentia ( ? ) rufescens , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 502 . eurydice cymosema , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvii . , p . 63 .

larentia megaspilata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxiv . , p . 1198 . cidaria assata , feld . , reise der nov . , lep . , v . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 4 . c . nehata , feld . , l . c . , fig . 6 . larentia megaspilata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 502 . larentia ( ? ) nehata , ib . , p . 503 . harpalyce magaspilata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 63 .

harpalyce parora , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvii . , p . 63 . h . humeraria , ib . , xvi . , p . 64 .

coremia euclidiata , guén . c . glyphicata , ib . , 420 . fidonia catapyrrha , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 392 , pl . xliii . , fig . 2 . stratonice catapyrrha , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 64 ; ib . , xvii , p . 63 .

eupithecia muscosata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1246 . euthecia cidariaria , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 62 . cidaria aquosata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 33 . eupithecia cidariaria , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . cidaria muscosata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 508 .

eupithecia bilineolata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1246 . scotosia denotata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1361 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 ; meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 67 . s . humerata , ib . , xxv . , p . 1362 . eupithecia semialbata , ib . , xxvi . , p . 1708 . e . ( ? ) bilineolata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . scotosia humerata , ib . , p . 16 . eupithecia semialbata , ib . , p . 15 . helastia charybdis , ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 503 . h . calida , ib . , p . 504 . pasiphila bilineolata , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 50 .

eupithecia indicataria , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1708 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . pasiphila indicataria , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 52 .

coremia inductata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1322 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 ; scotosia subitata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1362 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . pasiphila inductata , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 53 .

scotosia denotata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1362 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . phibalapteryx parvulata , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1721 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . phrixogonus denotatus ( sic ) , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 53 .

cidaria lestivata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1416 . sauris ranata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 11 . tatosoma lestevata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 18 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 398 ; meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 67 .

cidaria agrionata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1417 . c . tipulata , ib . , 1417 . c . inclinataria , ib . , 1418 . c . transitaria , ib . , 1419 . c . collectaria , ib . , 1419 . sauris mistata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 12 . tatosoma transitaria , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 304 . t . agrionata , meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 64 .

acidalia pulchraria . doubl . , dieffenbach ' s “new zealand , ” app . , p . 286 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 13 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 390 . chlorochroma plurilineata , walk . , l . c . , xxii . , pp . 563 and 676 . asthena ondinata , guén . , sp . gen . lep . phal . , i . , p . 438 , pl . xix . , fig . 4 . ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 , tab . 3 , fig . 20 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 . cidaria ondinata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxviii . , fig . 17 . asthena pulchraria , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 69 .

acidalia schistaria , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 782 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 13 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 391 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 . asthena subpurpureata , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1588 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 390 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 . a . schistaria , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 69 .

cidaria gobiata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 2 . phibalapteryx gobiata , p . simulans , p . undulifera , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 506 . p . anguligera , p . rivularis , ib . , p . 507 . scotosia gobiata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 70 .

coremia deltoidata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1321 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . cidaria inclarata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1411 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 398 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 508 . c . perductata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1412 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . c . congressata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1412 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . c . congressata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1413 . c . descriptata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1414 . c . bisignata , walk . , l . c . , p . 1415 . c . aggregata , walk . , l . c . , p . 1415 ; butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 508 . c . congregata , walk . , l . c . , p . 1415 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 397 . c . plagifurcata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1416 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 398 . coremia pastinaria , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 64 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . cidaria inopiata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxii . , fig . 3 . c . monoliata , ib . , l . c . , pl . cxxxii . , fig . 8 . c . perversata , ib . , pl . cxxxii . , figs . 14 , 24 . scotosia deltoidata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 70 . cephalissa deltoidata , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 54 .

cidaria rosearia , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s “new zealand , ” ii . , p . 285 . coremia rosearia , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 , tab . 3 . , fig . 13 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 396 ; butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 505 . c . ardularia , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 63 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . ,

p . 16 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 396 . c . inamœnaria , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 63 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . epyaxa rosearia , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 71 .

coremia semifissata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1320 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . c . ypsilonaria , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 94 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . cidaria delicatulata , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 94 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . epyaxa semifissata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 72 .

larentia subductata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1198 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 . epyaxa subducta , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 55

aspilates ( ? ) subochraria , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s “new zealand , ” ii . , p . 285 . a . euboliaria , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1684 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 66 . camptogramma subochraria , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 , tab . 3 , fig . 16 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 396 . c . strangulata , guén . , gen . lep . phal . , ii . ( ? ) , p . 423 . c . fuscinata , guén , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 92 : butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . arsinoe subochraria , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 73 . anachloris subochraria , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 56 .

arsinoe prionota , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 73 .

c . rixata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxii . , fig . 1 . coremia squalida , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 505 . cidaria rixata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 75 .

melanthia arida , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 505 . cidaria chaotica , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 76 . c . arida , meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 64 .

camptogramma stinata , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 92 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 , and proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 396 . larentia stinaria , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 78 .

l . clarata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1197 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 , tab . 3 , fig . 14 . cidaria pyramaria , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 93 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . larentia clarata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 79 .

cidaria beata , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 397 , pl . xliii . , fig . 6 ; ib . , cist . ent . , vol . ii . , p . 508 . larentia beata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 79 .

l . lucidata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1200 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 . coremia plurimata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1321 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . panagra venipunctata , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1666 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 13 . larentia psamathodes , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 81 . l . lucidata , ib . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 64 .

cidaria obarata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxii . , fig . 33 . larentia obarata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 82 .

scotosia subobscurata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1358 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . larentia petropola , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 82 . l . obscurata , ib . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 64 .

cidaria ( ? ) cinerearia , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s “new zealand , ” ii . , p . 286 . larentia ( ? ) invexata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1199 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 503 . l . semisignata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1200 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 394 . l . inoperata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1201 . l . diffusaria , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1201 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . l . punctilineata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1202 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 , tab . 3 , fig . 12 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 501 . cidaria dissociata , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1734 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . c . similisata , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1735 . c . semilisata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . larentia corcularia , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 61 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . l . infantaria , guén . , l . c . , p . 62 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . helastia eupitheciaria , guén . , l . c . , p . 95 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . cidaria sphœriata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 14 . larentia cinerearia , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 ; meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 83 ; ib . , xvii . , p . 64 .

cidaria bulbulata , guén . , l . c . , p . 94 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . larentia bulbulata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 84 .

l , ( ? ) falcata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 501 ; meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 67 ; ib . , xx . , p . 58 .

aspilates insignis , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 393 , pl . xliii . , fig . 1 . pasithea insignis , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 85 .

pasithea mechanitis , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 86 .

pasithea paradelpha , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 86 .

pasithea strategica , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 87 .

pasithea callicrena , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 87 .

fidonia perornata , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1672 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . pasithea perornata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 87 .

pasithea niphocrena , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 88 .

fidonia ferox , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 392 , pl . xlii . , fig . 8 . pasithea ferox , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 88 .

pasithea zopyra , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 89 .

pasithea vulcanica , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 89 .

fidonia brephosata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1037 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 , tab . 3 , fig . 3 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 391 . larentia catocalaria , guén . , l . c . , v . , p . 62 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . fidonia catocalaria , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 499 . f . brephos , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxix . , fig . 5 . pasithea brephos , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 89 .

pasithea omichlias , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 90 .

fidonia enysii , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 391 , pl . xlii . , fig . 9 . stathmonyma homomorpha , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , 9 . s . enysii , meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 65 .

fidonia anceps , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 392 , pl . xliii . , fig . 3 . stathmonyma homomorpha , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 91 .

euclidia hectori , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 387 , pl . xlii . , fig . 4 . stathmonyma hectori , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 91 .

cacopsodos nigra , butl . ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . , p . 60 ; ib . , xxiii . , p . 184 .

d . gypsotis , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 60 . cacopsodos niger , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 94 .

cacopsodos niger , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 395 ; meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 94 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xviii . , p . 184 , and xx . , p . 60 .

l . alectoraria , walk . , l . c . , ; butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 496 ; aspitates ( ? ) primata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1076 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 , tab . 3 , fig . 4 . ennomos ustaria , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1519 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 . endropia mixtaria , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1506 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 11 , tab . 3 , fig . 5 . amilapsis ( ? ) acroiaria , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxiii . , fig . 6 . lyrcea varians , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 496 ; l . alectoraria , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 95 ; meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 66 .

zermizinga indocilisaria , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1530 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 . hybernia boreophilaria , guén . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 61 . h . indocilis , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 97 .

rhyparia fenerata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 7 . zylobara fenerata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 . boarmia fenerata , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 61 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .

larentia productata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1197 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 394 . pseudocoremia indistincta , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 . selidosema pungata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 23 ; s , ( ? ) fragosata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 29 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .

pseudocoremia suavis , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 497 . pachycnemia usitata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 501 . pseudocoremia lupinata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 98 . boarmia suavis , meyr . , l . c . , xxiii . , p . 101 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .

cidaria lupinata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 19 . pseudocoremia lupinata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 496 . boarmia lupinata , meyr . , l . c . , xxiii . , p . 101 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 316 , as to selidosema .

numeria melinata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxix . , fig . 9 . pseudocoremia indistincta , * butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 394 , pl . xliii . , fig . 8 , and cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 . p . confusa , butl . ( see meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 65 ) . p . melinata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 99 . boarmia melinata , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 61 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .

boarmia dejectaria , walk . , l . c . , xxi . , p . 394 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 , and proc . zool . soc . lond . , p . 390 . b . attracta , walk . , l . c . , xxi . , p . 394 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 . b . exprompta , walk . , l . c . , xxi . , p . 395 . tephrosia patularia , walk . , l . c . , xxi . , p . 422 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 , tab . 3 , fig . 8 . t . scriptaria , walk . , l . c . , xxi . , p . 422 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 . scotosia lignosata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1361 . s . erebinata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1358 . s . stigmaticata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1359 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . gnophos panularia , guén , l . c . , p . 42 . scotopteryx maoriata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxvi . , fig . 4 . hemerophila ( ? ) sulpitiata , feld . , l . c . , cxxvi . , fig . 7 . h . caprimulgata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxvi . , fig . 12 . boarmia dejectaria , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 100 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .

scotosia panagrata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1360 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . angerona menanaria , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1500 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 11 . epirrhanthis ( ? ) antipodaria , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxvi . , fig . 3 . hyperythra dessicata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 495 . h . arenacea , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 495 . barsine panagrata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 100 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 65 , as to barsine , and xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .

cidaria rudisata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1420 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . boarmia astrapia , meyr . , l . c . , xxii . , p . 218 . b . rudiata , meyr . , l . c . , xxiii . , p . 101 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .

d . atronivea , walk . , l . c . , xxxii . , p . 619 . chlenias ( ? ) manxifera , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , xii . , p . 268 , pl . ix . , fig . 1 . detunda atronivea , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 101 .

chlenias egregia , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 24 ; fered . , l . c . , xii . , p . 268 , pl . ix . , fig . 2 . detunda egregia , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 101 .

d . floccosa , walk . , l . c . , xv . , p . 1649 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 398 . argua scabra , walk . , l . c . , xxviii . , p . 448 . declana scabra , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 500 . d . feredayi , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 398 , pl . xliii . , fig . 5 . d . nigrosparsa , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 500 . d . floccosa , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 102 .

[ footnote ] * mr . meyrick puts this so . i think it must be a mistake ; indistincta does not appear to me to be identical with melinata . —r . w . f .

politeia junctilinea , walk . , l . c . , xxviii . , p . 643 . chlenias verrucosa , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 22 . declana crassitibia , ♂ , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 103 . d . junctilinea , meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 65 .