sphingomorpha chlorea ( sundowner moth ) is a species of moth in the family erebidae , that is native to africa and southern asia .

it is a fruit-piercing moth and a notorious pest in orchards .

the fruit is pierced while performing a vertical and rhythmic movement of the head .

sphingomorpha chlorea

sphingomorpha chlorea <EOT> lantana camara ( verbenaceae ) is reported as a new larval hostplant for sphingomorpha chlorea ( cramer ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) from savandurga , karnataka , india .

lepimap no . : 18768 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : kemper j ; date : 2004 - 04 - 04 . . 2615ca record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken

lepimap no . : 18710 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : reynolds chloe ; date : 2010 - 11 - 07 . mpumalanga . 2529cd record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken

lepimap no . : 20198 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : webb p ; date : 2011 - 11 - 18 . limpopo . 2331cb record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken

lepimap no . : 21444 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : vermaak h ; date : 2012 - 01 - 29 . gauteng . 2729ba record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken

lepimap no . : 27132 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : beneke marita ; date : 2012 - 12 - 25 . limpopo . 2428cb record status : accepted . there are 2 photos and 2 comments record url : urltoken

lepimap no . : 4546 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : webb p . ; date : 2008 - 12 - 20 . gauteng . 2528cc record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken

lepimap no . : 20240 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : ainsley j . ; date : 2011 - 11 - 27 . limpopo . 2231ac record status : accepted . there are 2 photos and 2 comments record url : urltoken

lepimap no . : 20834 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : ainsley j . ; date : 2011 - 12 - 29 . limpopo . 2430bd record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken

lepimap no . : 20866 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : ainsley j . ; date : 2011 - 12 - 26 . limpopo . 2430bd record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken

lepimap no . : 21035 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : ainsley j . ; date : 2012 - 01 - 06 . limpopo . 2527ad record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken

lepimap no . : 24966 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : wilkinson j h ; date : 2011 - 12 - 19 . limpopo . 2230ca record status : accepted . there are 3 photos and 2 comments record url : urltoken

lepimap no . : 26699 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : wilkinson j h ; date : 2012 - 11 - 29 . limpopo . 2230ca record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken

lepimap no . : 27559 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : giesler peter ; date : 2012 - 11 - 01 . free state . 2729db record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken

lepimap no . : 28754 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : bode j ; date : 2013 - 03 - 02 . free state . 2627cd record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken

lepimap no . : 16349 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : willis c . k . ; date : 2011 - 02 - 09 . limpopo . 2229ab record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken

lepimap no . : 1423 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : luyt a . e . ; date : 2008 - 01 - 22 . north west . 2527aa record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 3 comments record url : urltoken

lepimap no . : 4013 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : willis c . k . ; date : 2008 - 11 - 22 . north west . 2527bc record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 3 comments record url : urltoken

lepimap no . : 12016 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : rowswell r . a . ; date : 2010 - 03 - 24 . eastern cape . 3326bc record status : accepted . there are 2 photos and 2 comments record url : urltoken

lepimap no . : 1703 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : willis c . k . ; date : 2008 - 03 - 17 . kwazulu - natal . 3030bb record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken

lepimap no . : 21967 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : cairns w b ; members of the kokanje digiphoto club ; date : 2012 - 03 - 08 . limpopo . 2428cb record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken

copyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2002 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of zimbabwe : lepidoptera - butterflies and moths : sphingomorpha chlorea . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 26 december 2016 8 : 34pm ( gmt + 2 ) terms of use

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the piercing mechanism of the fruit - piercing moth calpe [ calyptra ] thalictri bkh . ( noctuidae ) with reference to the skin - piercing blood - sucking mot . . . - pubmed - ncbi

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the piercing mechanism of the fruit - piercing moth calpe [ calyptra ] thalictri bkh . ( noctuidae ) with reference to the skin - piercing blood - sucking moth c . eustrigata hmps .

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aeroplanes - cars and bikes - travel - sunrise - water drops / falls - sudwala and sterkfontein caves etc .

we have two kinds of granadilla ( passionfruit ) species here . one is an orange / yellow thick skin variety which grows wild in our tropical cli . . .

it has been named after him and called pachydactylus maraisi . this small ( about 8cm ) gecko was found in namibia near swakopmund on the . . .

i thought i would add a bit on the accommodation and amenities in the park for those who are interested . the park caters for all kinds of . . .

garden snails are the fastest species and they can move about 55 yards per hour . while they don’t move fast , they do move at a very steady p . . .

to most of you living in the northern hemisphere , the litchi or lychee would be an exotic fruit and totally unknown to you , but for me it gr . . .

a very good friend of mine got me wondering about the origin of fruit and vegetables and when i started browsing for information , i came a c . . .

i was very excited to learn that johan marais , a herpetologist of note was bringing out a new book called “what’s that reptile ? – a starters . . .

kapok tree - local name : knob thorn ( ceiba pentandra ) family bombacaceae we have a few species here called the knob thorn but this one . . .

. . . . the one you go to when you need to replenish the desolation of your soul……the one place on earth where you can become whole again……where . . .

i have found a few scorpions now but it is one critter i know almost nothing about . scorpions are fascinating animals , though most people s . . .

we have kept jott a free peer - reviewed scientific journal to promote conservation . we have not put up a paywall to readers , and we do not charge for publishing . but running a monthly journal costs a lot . while we do have some partners , we still require support to keep the journal alive . if our readers help fund it , our future will be more secure .

the journal of threatened taxa is an open access and print , peer - reviewed , monthly , international journal on conservation and taxonomy . the aim of the journal is to promote wildlife research and conservation action worldwide at no cost to authors , no subscription or membership cost , and no hidden cost , on a regular basis without compromising on ethics , standards and pre - requisites of scientific publications .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

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[ page served : july 9 , 2018 , 07 : 41 + 0200 ] animal demography unit department of biological sciences - university of cape town this work , except photographs , is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . copyright of images uploaded into the virtual museum remains with the photographers , these images are licenced under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 international license .

tree to 10 m . leaves : lamina up to 20 × 20 cm , subcircular in outline , palmately 3 - 5 - lobed , with a linear fissure 5 - 10 mm long on the mid - vein beneath ; stellate - pubescent to nearly glabrous above , stellate - tomentose to - pubescent beneath ; base cordate ; apex usually blunt or rounded ; margin entire . flowers c . 6 cm in diameter , yellow or purplish with dark purple or dark red centre . epicalyx teeth 9 - 10 , up to 12 mm , caducous . calyx c . 10 mm . fruit a capsule , up to 4 × 3 cm , subspherical to broadly ellipsoid or ovoid , glutinous . seeds c . 10 × 7 mm , hemispheric , with a brownish woolly floss .

shrubs or small trees . leaves and branches lepidote . inflorescences of terminal racemes or panicles or flowers solitary and axillary . epicalyx of 3 - 5 bracts . calyx cup - shaped , truncate . ovary 5 - locular ; style not branched . fruit indehiscent , woody or fleshy , ( 4 - ) 5 - lobed or not lobed .

the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species .

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thespesia garckeana ( also known by its synonym azanza garckeana ) is a tree in the family malvaceae , found throughout the warmer parts of southern africa in wooded grasslands , open woodland and thickets . it grows naturally over a range of altitudes from 1000 to 2000 m above sea level , from semi - arid areas to areas of higher rainfall . t . garckeana is often found on or near termite mounds in old fields .

the whole fruit except the seeds is chewed like gum , producing a sweet glutinous slime . the fruit is also used as a syrup and soup .

the sap wood is yellow and the heart wood is a deep brown . it is easily worked but generally only suitable for small building needs , tool handles , oxen yokes , and domestic items such as spoons .

the leaves of t . garckeana have many uses including green manure and mulch . the leaves also provide an often used fodder .

azanza garckeana in : s . dressler , m . schmidt , g . zizka : african plants - a photo guide . senckenberg , frankfurt / main 2014 .

thespesia is a genus of 18 flowering shrubs and trees in the hibiscus family , malvaceae , although within the family they are more closely related to cotton plants ( gossypium ) . the genus is distributed from the south pacific through asia , africa , and the caribbean .

thespesia populnea ( l . ) sol . ex corrêa - portia tree ( pantropical )

atkinsia is a genus of flowering plant in the malvaceae family . it contains the following species :

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app . 4 * 4 cm . this is a fruit piercing moth that can cause considerable damage . it is also attracted to fermented fruit , beer , spirits and other sources of sugars .

found at a lodge restaurant in the evening . rain season . mixed forest , lubombo region . altitude : 543 . 799 m latitude / longitude : - 26 . 316624 , 31 . 990292

the larva is eaten in many parts of its african range . unlike other edible larvae , it is not an article of commerce since it loses flavour when it is dried . it is eaten fresh in rural areas where it occurs in large numbers some years . this species is widespread and common in tropical africa , whereas it is more local and rarer in asia , but it exists there . read more , and see pictures of the larvae and the pupa here : urltoken

if it is a moth , named by a drink . . . there should be an anricle written about it : ) ) ) this guy has turned into " a moth to know " : d

" sundowner " actually does not refer to a sunset , but rather an alcoholic drink which is drank as the sun is setting . it is likely that this moth was named so for its attraction to such drinks . : - )

thank you dear leuba and mark : ) i guess i should be happy with " sunset " . thank you riekos for your comment as well , you are all the best ! : ) ) )

what a little beauty . excellent pattern and colours . carpets taken by larentiinae unfortunately . you could do worse than sunsets .

thank you for the id jakubko ! what a beautiful name ! however , i think it looks more like and exotic carpet rather than a sunset . . . i think this actual example must have had a bit too much of the fermented fruit , found him in the toilet area : p now , time for research and some id uptate : ) thanks again !

one of my favorites ! ! i ' d love to see this one some time ! i am not surprised you found it at a restaurant ; this species especially enjoys alcoholic drinks and fruits .

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fruit - piercing lepidoptera constitute an important problem in some parts of the world , such as africa , australia and india ; they also occur in ceylon , fiji , dutch east indies , indo - china , japan , malaya , samoa , and south america .

) the breeding areas and possible migratory habits of the adults of some species .

unless otherwise stated this account applies to njala , where there is a plot of budded citrus ; the trees were planted in 1925 - 1927 and mainly consist of late valentia and washington navel orange , and marsh and foster grape - fruit . the sweet lime , mandarine and tangerine are about ten years older .

the abundance of the noctuid moth , achaea catocaloides , guen . , in the belgian congo .

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medium - sized deciduous tree . leaves alternate , crowded near the ends of branches , imparipinnate with 7 - 15 pairs of ovate to elliptic leaflets and a terminal leaflet , dark green above , paler bluish - green below . flowers in axillary and terminal sprays , red in bud , turning pinkish - white , unisexual , mostly on separate trees . fruits fleshy , plum - like , pale green turning yellow when ripe . the fruit is edible and highly valued by animals and people .

angola , southern drc , namibia , kenya , tanzania , zanzibar , botswana , malawi , mozambique , zambia , zimbabwe and limpopo , mpumalanga , kwazulu - natal , south africa . also in madagascar .

da silva , m . c . , izidine , s . & amude , a . b . ( 2004 )

southern african botanical diversity network report no . 30 sabonet , pretoria page 22 .

a list of trees , shrubs and woody climbers indigenous or naturalised in rhodesia .

southern african botanical diversity network report no . 33 sabonet , pretoria and harare page 17 .

shell field guide series : part i shell oil botswana , gaberone . pages 150 - 153 .

copyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2014 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of botswana : species information : sclerocarya birrea subsp . caffra . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 2 april 2018 9 : 51pm terms of use

this 84 - page issue contains 14 articles . it includes description of new species of fish and wasps , additional records of plants and lepidopt . . .

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upload your picture of a moth and add a description underneath . please only do one species per post .

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this is one of south africa’s largest moths , with a wingspan of up to 120 mm ( as wide as the palm of your hand ) .

emerald green with yellow and red eyespots on wings . long tails on hindwings . its forward wings have a distinctive grey - coloured ' furry ' leading edge , giving a very rough surface , presumably for aerodynamic reasons . apart from the eye - like markings on its wings , the colouring and shape of the wings give the appearance of a piece of foliage , especially the ' tail - like ' structures of the rearmost wings which resemble a dried out leaf stem - presumably for camouflage in its natural environment .

the caterpillar is green with silvery markings . the cocoon is a silvery netted structure .

the species is distributed in angola , drcongo , ethiopia , kenya , malawi , mozambique , south africa , tanzania , uganda , zambia , zimbabwe . in south africa , it is found along the coast of kwazulu - natal and around the northern borders .

the life cycle of this spectacular moth starts with a mating pair . the female will lay a clutch of eggs and after a period of about 10 days these will hatch into caterpillars ( larvae ) . the caterpillar stage lasts between 6 to 12 weeks during the winter . in the next stage the caterpillar pupates into a silvery cocoon . out of this , the circle is complete with a moth emerging again . lunar moths are very short - lived , laying eggs and dying in 3 - 5 days . the adults do not feed but the caterpillar eats vast quantities of marula , tamboti and corkwood tree leaves . there are 2 broods in the southern parts of its range .

the luna moth releases pheromones as signals to other moths in general , female moths release pheromones to attract males from a distance , while males do so only when close to a female , to sexually stimulate her .

size : 120 to 160 mm . this large orange , black and grey silkmoth has a a well - developed eye spot on the hindwings in order to scare away predators such as birds ( a feature typical of most emperor moths ) .

larva final instar about 70 mm in length and about 15 mm in diameter . ground colour deep velvety black ; each somite , from 4th to 12th , bearing eight yellow tubercular processes , two subdorsally , two laterally , and four ( in two rows ) on each side subspiracularly . the 2nd somite bears four black processes , two subdorsally and two laterally . the 3rd somite bears 4 black processes , as in the 2nd , and two small yellow processes on each side , in line with the subspiracular processes on the other somites . spiracles red ; those on the 4th to 11th somites being surrounded by an irregularly shaped red area . head and legs concolorous with body .

most of sub - saharan africa : angola , burkina fasso , cameroon , drcongo , egypt , eritrea , ethiopia , equatorial guinea , gabon , ghana , kenya , madagascar , malawi , mozambique , nigeria , sierra leone , south africa , sudan , tanzania , uganda , zambia , zimbabwe .

as with all saturniidae species , the bunaea alcinoe only lives for a short period of time 1 - 2 weeks , long enough to find a mate and continue the existence of the species .

wingspan about 13 cm . the males have large feathery antennae that enable them to detect pheromones released by females .

moths are large , wingspan : male 100 - 120 mm , female 105 - 125 mm . wings fawn through shades of chocolate - brown , chestnut - brown and orange - brown to pale yellow and greyish . there are two black and white bands on the forewing , one on the hindwing and a large , brown and black hindwing eyespot ringed with white . eyespot on forewing small , orange , ringed with black and white .

colouration is variable . some adults are richly coloured with distinct ' false eyes ' whilst others are more cryptic in colour . males have feathery antennae . they use them to find a mate .

larva up to 80 mm long : black but densely speckled with yellow and bluish - grey , some specimens also speckled with red bands to a varying degree ; 6 short , sharp , black spines on each segment .

the mouthparts of the adult moths are undeveloped , so they cannot feed and must mate within a few days of emerging .

wingspan : male 110 - 130mm , female 105 - 125mm . characterized by dense greyish - black speckling on forewings and large , ringed eyespots on rusty field on hindwings ; males with very large , feathery antennae . quite a variable species , but in the region mostly fairly uniformly grey , rarely with brownish shades .

larva up to 90mm long ; green with dense fine speckling of white , magenta - and - yellow lateral stripe and 4 prominent silver spines on each segment . complement of silver spines reduced in some populations so that only some or no segments at all have spines , but in namibia usually fully developed .

the speckled emperor is known from south africa to eastern africa ; it is widely distributed in southern africa and ranges northward into angola and zambia . the species is absent , however , from the southwestern arid and winter rainfall regions .

both sexes active at night , the males only flying around midnight . this emperor flies from late december until early february . larvae fully grown march to april . generally only 1 generation per year , perhaps 2 .

eclosion is from a deep ( 20 cm ) subterranean pupa . males fly around midnight , the calling time of females .

females deposit clusters of 10 - 12 eggs on foodplant leaves . the eggs are often sparsely covered with scales from the female ' s body .

early instar larvae are gregarious and reddish - black . as they develop , they become solitary feeders , hiding on the underside of leaf stems and twigs . basis green colouration with silver ( sky coloured ) spines offers excellent camouflage .

fully grown larvae ( green , 9 . 0 cm ) descend the hostplant in march or april to pupate in deep underground chambers .

caterpillar is 40 mm in length , green with silver on the protuberances and some color .

angola , botswana , drcongo , kenya , malawi , mozambique , namibia , south africa , tanzania , uganda , zambia , zimbabwe .

. the tree is a single stemmed tree with a wide spreading crown . it is characterized by a grey mottled bark . the tree grows up to 18 m tall mostly in low altitudes and open woodlands . the

in their migrations , as it has been an important item in their diet since time immemorial . giraffes , rhinoceroses and elephants all browse on the marula tree , with elephants in particular being a major consumer . elephants eat the bark , branches and fruits of the marula to the trees ' detriment ; indeed , elephant browsing has been shown to significantly limit the spread of the trees . elephants do distribute marula seeds in their dung , however .

. these stones , when dry , expose the seeds by shedding 2 ( sometimes 3 ) small circular plugs at one end . the seeds have a delicate nutty flavour and are much sought - after , especially by small rodents who know to gnaw exactly where the plugs are located .

relationships : belongs to the same family anacardiaceae as the mango , cashew , pistachio and sumac , and is closely related to the genus poupartia from madagascar .

other : boran ( kenya ) – didissa ; kamba ( kenya ) – muua ; kwangali – ufuongo ; lovedu – marula ; maasai ( kenya ) – ol - mangwai ; meru ( kenya ) – mura ; pedi [ fruits ] – lerula , marula ; pedi [ tree ] – morula , merula ; pokot ( kenya ) – oruluo ; ronga ( mozambique ) – ncanhi ; sebei ( kenya ) – katetalum ; shangaan – nkanyi , inkanyi ; diga ( kenya ) – mngongo ; tonga : tsua , tsula , umganu ; tugen ( kenya ) – tololokwo ; dinka ( sudan ) – gummel ; nuer ( sudan ) – kamel , omel ; moru ( sudan ) – kyele ; luo ( kenya ) ong ' ono ; ngongo [ olunyaneka ] ( angola ) .

while little known globally , the fruit is traditionally used for food in africa , and has considerable socioeconomic importance .

the seed kernels are high in protein and fat , with a subtle nutty flavour , and constitute an important emergency food .

, made from the seed kernel , is a delicious additive to meals in africa . it contains

can also be used as a type of skin care oil . the bark is used both as treatment and a

bites to alleviate pain . the leaves are chewed on to help indigestion and to treat heartburn . products of fruits and the tree are useful in crafts and agriculture . gums

from the stem are mixed with water and soot to make ink by certain tribes in the region . the bark also yields a red - brown dye used in colouring traditional craft ware . the fruit infusion is used to bathe tick - infested livestock . the fruit is regarded as a potent insecticide .

on an industrial level the fruit of the marula tree is collected from the wild by members of rural communities on whose land the trees grow . this harvest and sale of fruit only occurs during two to three months but is an important income to poor rural people . the fruit is delivered to processing plants where fruit pulp , pips , kernels and kernel oil are extracted and stored for processing throughout the year .

the most important industrial product is amarula which is probably still the second largest selling cream liqueur in the world . mirma , based in phalaborwa , assembles and processes 4 , 000 tons a year of fruit . they produce a pulp from the skin and flesh which is refrigerated and shipped to distel in the cape winelands . here it is fermented , distilled , matured , blended and bottled before being internationally distributed .

another fruit based product is a frozen marula puree , which is produced by bronpro in nelspruit . bronpro supply puree to food manufacturers who use it as an ingredient in their products . the best known of these products is marula mania a juice blend produced by the ceres beverage company under the liquifruit label .

the third largest marula fruit based industry , is the production of marula oil as an ingredient for cosmetics . this tends to be scattered amongst many producers although phytotrade africa is probably the leading " supplier " to the cosmetics industry through its integration of the production of many producers .

the alcoholic distilled beverage ( maroela mampoer ) made from the fruit is referenced in the stories of the south african writer herman charles bosman .

the marula fruit is also eaten by various animals in southern africa . in the movie

, released in 1974 , some scenes portray elephants , warthogs and monkeys becoming intoxicated from eating fermented marula fruit . later research showed that these scenes , at least in large animals were improbable and , in all probability , staged .

elephants would need a huge amount of fermented marulas to have any effect on them , and other animals prefer the ripe fruit . the amount of water drunk by elephants each day would also dilute the effect of the fruit to such an extent that they would not be affected by it .

the generic name sclerocarya is derived from two greek words , ' skleros ' and ' karyon ' , meaning ' hard ' and ' nut ' , respectively , and refers to the hard stone of the fruit . the specific epithet ' birrea ' comes from ' birr ' , the common name for the tree in senegal .

" protected trees " . department of water affairs and forestry , republic of south africa . 3 may 2013 .

deciduous tree , to 8 m . bark rough , both vertically and horizontally fissured . twigs with brown - hairy apex . leaves with pinnae in 2 - 5 pairs . leaflets 6 - 15 per pinna ; lamina 1 . 5 - 7 . 5 × 0 . 7 - 4 . 2 cm , elliptic or sometimes ovate - elliptic or ± obovate , appressed - puberulent ; base ± asymmetric ; apex obtuse and emarginate . spikes pendulous , to 20 cm . petals c . 4 - 5 mm , white to pale green . pod 4 - 6 . 5 × 2 - 3 cm . seeds c . 9 - 12 mm , elliptic , flattened , brown .

the wild syringa ( burkea africana ) is a deciduous , medium - sized , spreading , flat - topped tree belonging to the family caesalpiniaceae . the genus was named in honour of joseph burke , the botanist and collector .

widespread in tropical africa , it is found in chad , sudan , tanzania , uganda , cameroon , central african republic , zaire , benin , burkina faso , côte d ' ivoire , ghana , guinea , mali , niger , nigeria , senegal , togo , angola , malawi , mozambique , zambia , zimbabwe , botswana , namibia , south africa in the transvaal .

leaves are bipinnately compound , silvery - pubescent or glabrescent . flowers are creamy - white , fragrant and in pendulous racemes of up to 300mm in length . the bark is toxic , rich in alkaloids and tannins and used for tanning leather . pulverised bark is thrown into water to paralyse fish .

if cut from the heartwood , it produces durable , insect - resistant timber with a moderately fine , wavy grain which is dark brown to reddish brown , and is used for parquet flooring and fine cabinet and furniture work .

the foliage is browsed by the larvae of two saturniidae moths , rohaniella pygmaea and imbrasia forda .

this introduction to the distribution of african lepidoptera to the south of latitude 10°s must be limited both by the necessary confines of space and by the wide open field of research still necessary . the general picture of our present knowledge of this fauna’s food requirements and ecology is very inadequate , except perhaps for those of wide distribution or of economic significance . some suggestions have been kindly proffered by prof . b . i . balinsky and dr . c . b . cottrell and these are much appreciated ( cf . also balinsky 1962 ) .

these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .

auctorum . 1971 . continents adrift : readings from scientific american . w . h . freeman , reading .

balinsky , b . i . 1962 . patterns of animal distribution on the african continent ( summing up of symposium , 1961 ) . ann . cape prov . mus . 2 : 299–310 .

benson , c . w . , irwin , m . p . s . & white , c . m . n . 1962 . the significance of valleys as avian zoogeographical barriers . ann . cape prov . mus . 2 : 155–189 .

carcasson , r . h . 1964 . a preliminary survey of the zoogeography of african butterflies . j . e . afr . wildlife 2 : 122–157 .

cooke , h . b . s . 1962 . the pleistocene environment in southern africa : hypothetical vegetation in southern africa during the pleistocene . ann . cape prov . mus . 2 : 11–15 .

cottrell , c . b . & loveridge , j . p . 1966 . observations on the cryptosepalum forest of the mwinilunga district of zambia . proc . trans . rhod . sci . ass . 51 : 79–120 .

dickson , c . g . c . & clark , g . c . 1971 . life histories of the south african lycaenid butterflies : the entomological work of gowan c . clark and c . g . c . dickson . purnell & sons , cape town .

platt , e . e . 1921 . list of foodplants of some south african lepidopterous larvae . s . afr . j . nat . hist . 3 : 65–138 .

pinhey e . ( 1978 ) lepidoptera . in : werger m . j . a . ( eds ) biogeography and ecology of southern africa . monographiae biologicae , vol 31 . springer , dordrecht


idiosepius thailandicus is a species of bobtail squid native to the indo-pacific waters off thailand .

females grow to 10 mm in mantle length ( ml ) , while males are not known to exceed 7 mm ml .

the type specimen was collected in the gulf of thailand and is deposited at the marine fisheries division in bangkok .

idiosepius thailandicus

idiosepius thailandicus <EOT> idiosepius thailandicus chotiyaputta , c . , t . okutani , and s . chaitiamvong , 1991

a new pygmy cuttlefish from the gulf of thailand , idiosepius thailandicus n . sp . ( cephalopoda : idiosepiidae )

bobtail squid - idiosepius thailandicus chotiyaputta , c . , t . okutani , and s . chaitiamvong , 1991 - overview - encyclopedia of life

yes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .

cephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :

the list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .

introducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !

expedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .

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and which we believe is restricted in its distribution to the east coast of africa .

has been assessed as data deficient as very little is known about this species . for instance , it is uncertain even how widely distributed this species is . the apparent association of this species with seagrasses and mangroves is cause for concern given the decline of these habitats in certain areas and more research is required to assess the threats to this species .

occurs off thailand in shallow waters ( reid 2005 ) . nabhitabhata and suwanamala ( 2008 ) report it ( as

) from both the east of the gulf of thailand and from the andaman sea . von byern and klepal ( 2010 ) report records of

live in shallow coastal waters amongst seaweed or seagrasses ( norman 2003 ) . nabhitabhata and suwanamala ( 2008 ) report this species ( as

) on a variety of habitats : in rayon province and neighbouring chantaburi province in eastern thailand it was found associated with seaweed in the littoral zone and in a mangrove biotope respectively . in the latter case , the squids attached their eggs to the mangrove roots . in the andaman sea , it inhabited subtidal seagrass beds at the mouth of mangroves and on sand bars with rocks and the squids and the eggs were attached to the underside of blades of seagrasses . members of the idiosepiidae family have a glue gland on their dorsal body surface that allows them to stick to seaweed , seagrass and other objects ( norman 2003 ) . development is thought to include a pelagic stage ( reid 2005 ) .

the threats to this species include habitat loss given its apparent association with seagrass beds and mangroves . its distribution may include japan which has suffered particular decline in seagrass beds . all species of

occur in highly populated inshore waters and are therefore likely to be affected by anthropogenic influences .

monitoring of the habitat of this species is important . research is required to determine population size and distribution . further information is required on life history and ecology to determine this species ' use of various seagrass species . population trends of both the species and potential habitats should be monitored . this will determine whether habitat protection is required .

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sweeney , m . j . and c . f . e . roper / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds .

systematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 586 ( i - ii )

taxon validity : [ fide ; taxon not yet reviewed ] . repository : mfdt holotype . type locality : ban don bay , gulf of thailand

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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the snakelocks anemone ( anemonia viridis ) is a sea anemone found in the eastern atlantic ocean to the mediterranean sea .

the tentacles of anemones in deep or murky water can be a grey colour , but are otherwise usually a deep green colour with purple tips due to the presence of symbiotic algae within the tentacles that use sunlight as an energy source .

as a result , the anemones prefer brightly lit shallow waters .

on average the snakelock anemone is 8 cm wide .

snakelocks anemone

snakelocks anemone <EOT> profile of the snakelocks anemone this profile contains interesting facts and information about the snakelocks anemone species .

some anemones such as the snakelocks anemone glow fluorescent green under ultra violet light .

description of the snakelocks anemone the snakelocks anemone is a popular anemone for the aquarium setup , it adapts easily to different environments and makes an ideal home for clownfish who have a symbiotic relationship with sea anemones . this particular variety of sea anemone is eaten ! in spain , the dish is called " ortiguillas de mar " which translates as sea nettles . the anemone is marinated in vinegar , coated in a tempura style batter and deep fried .

" swimming in chesil fleet through ' some sargassum , i felt a mild tingling sensation across my abdomen . this was caused by snakelocks anemone !

which lives in the tentacles of the snakelocks anemone without being harmed . the presence of the zooxanthellae has been shown to improve long term survival for

beadlet anemone ( actinia equina ) – the most familiar sea anemone to most . found on a wide range of rocky shores , often as dark red or green blobs of jelly when out of the water at low tide . strawberry anemone ( actinia fragacea ) – similar to the beadlet anemone but larger and marked like a strawberry . snakelocks anemone ( anemone viridis ) – another familar anemone in the south west , whose brightly coloured tentacles remain extended even when disturbed . gem anemone ( aulactinia verrucosa ) – a squat anemone with many markings and a bumpy body . normally found attached to rocks on the lower shore and in pools . cloak anemone ( adamsia carciniopados ) – is a beautiful pink spotty anemone almost always found living with the hermit crab ( pagurus prideaux ) .

daly , s . 1999 . " the creature feature - snakelocks anemone " ( on - line ) . accessed april 9 , 2003 at urltoken .

that are found in the anemone ' s tissues . these algae are necessary for the long term survival of the sea anemone . when the numbers of algae diminish the anemone may appear dull grey in colour . the algae need light to flourish , so snakelocks anemones will be found in the sunniest pools . unlike

take up about 6 % - 12 % of the mass of the anemone .

in the wild , snakelocks anemones rarely retract their tentacles because of the algae ' s need for sunlight . even when left on land after high tide the tentacles stay exposed . the tentacles are also used in conflicts with adjacent anemones . in fighting over the same territory , the red beadlet anemone ( actinia equina ) uses its blue beads while the snakelocks anemone strikes with its long tentacles . the tentacles are sticky to the human hand , but can produce a powerful sting and rash on thinner human skin . the sessile snakelocks anemone normally is the only sea anemone species in a pool , fighting off other sea anemones species . often these anemones are found living in colonies .

scientific classification of the snakelocks anemone definition : scientific classification , or biological classification , is how biologists group and categorize species of organisms with shared physical characteristics . scientific classification belongs to the science of taxonomy .

, is distinguished by its long greenish tentacles . the green coloration is due to the photosynthetic zooxanthellae algae growing in the tentacles ' tissues . without the chlorophyll of the algae , the anemone would appear gray or light brown . sometimes the tentacle tips are purple . the snakelocks anemone has some of the longest tentacles of all sea anemones . with up to over 200 sticky tentacles , the snakelocks anemone grows to 20 cm across and eight cm tall . the tentacles are lined with venomous stinging cells called cnidocysts .

) and then search under the scientific name of the anemone % / or longitudinal fission .

the snakelocks anemone is very impressive considering its two - coloured tentacles and the length of the tentacles . this species is common on rocky seashores , especially in rock pools , and thus may be familiar to some visitors .

horton , a . 2000 . " snakelocks anemome " ( on - line ) . accessed april 9 , 2003 at urltoken .

hiscock , k . 2003 . " * anemonia viridis * . snakelocks anemone " ( on - line ) . marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information sub - programme . accessed july 19 , 2004 at urltoken .

[ 2 ] dr keith hiscock , hiscock , k . , 2008 . anemonia viridis . snakelocks anemone . marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information sub - programme [ on - line ] . , 29 / 04 / 2008 .

. as the zooxanthellae provides food , the anemone provides nitrogen . without this mutualistic interaction neither species would flourish .

interesting information about sea anemones sea anemones are named after the anemone flower . they are a predatory animal that releases a toxin to paralyse its prey . the prey is then moved into the anemones gastro vascular cavity . the poison secreted by a sea anemone affects fish and crustaceans . the clown fish or anemonefish however has a mutually symbiotic relationship with the sea anemone , they are not affected by its poison and live among its tentacles , indeed laying their eggs on the anemone itself . the clownfish uses the sea anemone as a form of defence from larger predators .

snakelocks sea anemones - anatomy the sea anemone has just one external opening . this single opening acts as both a mouth and an anus . all waste and undigested material is excreted through this opening . a sea anemone has no sense organs , its nervous system is very primitive but it does have nerves and muscles . the anemone doesn ' t have a skeleton , it keeps itself stable by closing its mouth enabling it to stay rigid . snakelocks sea anemones - movement can a sea anemone move ? although sea anemones usually remain static , they can use their pedal disc to move slowly flexing their body or using their tentacles to swim slowly to another location . they can attach themselves to a rock , the sea bed or the shell of a crustacean , a hermit crab for example . a sea anemone will only move location if they are attacked by a predator or the conditions of the water are unsuitable .

, a family of sea anemones , commonly called “night sea anemone” , distributed in the western pacific ocean ; it is also called in japanese “unbachi - isoginchaku” which means “sea - wasp anemone” in okinawa ( south japan ) . the shape of the animal changes with its circumstances (

garcia p . j . , schein r . m . , burnett j . w . fulminant hepatic failure from a sea anemone sting .

massmanian a . , valcuende cavero f . v . , ramirez bosca a . r . , castells rodellas a . c . sea anemone dermatitis .

hiscock , k . 2008 . anemonia viridis snakelocks anemone . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken

the snakelocks will mainly eat things like : small fish , gastropods , crustaceans , and all sorts of things that would dare enter into its jaws . whether they are dead or alive , the victims are caught by the leafy , snake - like tentacles of the snakelocks . what is keeping the victims from escaping these tentacles you ask ? well , my voracious scientist , there happen to be hundreds of tiny harpoon - like structures vested inside the snakelocks tentacles . undetectable by the naked eye , these harpoon - like structures known as nematocysts will shoot out of the snakelocks and emit a venom that may be either paralytical or even lethal . after the victim has been caught by these dangerous harpoons ( also known as stinging cells ) it is then absorbed into its body the same way a venus flytrap eats an insect .

the snakelocks harbor a yellow - green or yellow - brown algae called zooxanthellae as an endosymbiont . this zooxanthellae is a tissue that is fed by intense light that can only be provided by shallow waters which much light passes through . if they do not get the light needed to survive , the tentacles will retract and become colorless , indicating that the snakelocks is either dead or dying due to the lack of sunshine .

the snakelocks has two forms of reproduction . it reproduces by budding ( a process in which the snakelocks will make an identical half of itsself ) . this process may be known as longitudinal fission ; meaning that the " fission " ( to split in half ) is extending along the long axis of the body , in other words , from head to the tail . this " longitudinal fission " can take hours or minutes to perform . they can also reproduce through regeneration - a bodily function in which the invertebrate will re - grow any lost appendages . considering these two reproductional functions , snakelocks is truly an amazing creature .

sea anemones vary in size , with some tropical species reaching more than a metre in diameter . one of the largest in british waters is the horesman anemone ( urticina eques ) , reaching sizes of 35cm across . one of the smallest in britain is the rare anemone gonactinia prolifera , which rarely grows more than 5mm tall .

are commensal . the anemone provides protection for the spider crab . the crab is immune to the possibly dangerous sting . another commensal relationship includes bucchichi ' s goby ,

snakelocks anemones live best attached to the bottom in shallow salt water and intertidal pools . these anemones have been found as far down as 20 meters , but are rare below 10 - 12 meters . they compete for space with

longitudinal fission . anemone splits into two identical halves , as illustrated ( click on the link below ) . the process can take from between 5 minutes and 2 hours .

having some of the longest tentacles proves to be an advantage for these planktonivorous and carnivorous food gathers . the tentacles surround the mouth , sweeping the ocean water searching for planktonic and benthic crustaceans . during times of starvation , sea anemones will release their basal disc to move to new locations in search of better feeding areas . most sea anemones do not consume large gastropod molluscs , but they are one of the main staples for the snakelocks anemone . having over 200 tentacles increases the surface area . the large surface area is proportional to the size of the prey that can be captured . they feast on all types of small fish and palaemonid prawns . living in symbiosis with the photosynthetic algae - zooxanthellae seems to produce food and also remove waste products . after ingesting a meal , the snakelocks anemone increases the amount of oxygen it consumes because the zooxanthaellae produces oxygen as a by - product of its photosynthesis . having both long tentacles and zooxanthellae algae provides two ways of food intake . bacteria that live in the coelenteron breaks down the organic detritus for the anemone , but the detritus is a minor component of the anemone ' s overall food intake .

the venomous stinging cells of the snakelocks can leave a violent rash on anyone whom dares cross its tentacles . this rash may last for weeks to a month , its mark can be even more painful than a jellyfish sting . the sting may cause an irritating , itching feeling with a constant feeling of inflammation . in some cases , scars have formed from the terrible rash that the ominous sting will cause . there have also been reports of these marks being very similar to stinging nettles ( which are found on land as plants ) . in light of the latter statement , we may conclude saying that the snakelocks anemone is almost like an underwater stinging nettle .

snakelocks anemones are mainly sessile , but will move to escape from predators or find better food locations . the predators consist of octopi , oxystomatid crabs , and fish that find the anemones after high tide when the sea anemones are left exposed .

curiosities : the snakelocks anemone , like all cnidaria , can have a powerful sting . when it is touched with your fingers , the stinging cells attack the skin , but without piercing it , and the tentacles remain stuck on your fingers . as the tentacles come off easily , there is always a danger that they might reach more delicate areas such as the face , neck , inner arm , etc . , causing injuries .

norton r . s . , pennington m . w . , wulff h . pottasium channel blockade by the sea anemone toxin shk for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases .

nagai h . , oshiro n . , takuwa - kuroda k . , iwanaga s . , nozaki m . , nakajima t . novel proteinaceous toxins from the nematocyst venom of the okinawan sea anemone

nagai h . , oshiro n . , takuwa - kuroda k . , iwanaga s . , nozaki m . , nakajima t . a new polypeptide toxin from the nematocyst venom of an okinawa sea anemone

dutch : wasroos , draadroos french ( add . ) : ortique , anémone beignets , ortie de mer italian : capelli di venere , anemone capelli di serpe , matrona di mare , morosa portuguese : anémona do mar comun

this minireview focuses on the sea anemone , a coelenterate of the phylum cnidaria . sea anemones have sting venoms to catch and immobilize small fishes and shrimps for feeding and protection . most are not harmful for humans or only cause mild dermatitis . a few species possess highly toxic venoms and are hazardous for humans . the hell’s fire sea anemone ( actinodendron plumosum ) is named for the severe skin ulceration caused by its sting [ 10 , 20 ] . envenomation by the sea anemone stichodactyla haddoni caused shock and organ failure , including fulminant hepatitis [ 22 , 24 ] . phyllodiscus semoni ( p . semoni ) is another sea anemone dangerous to humans . the sting usually induces severe dermatitis with ulceration and profound swelling in the regions of contact [ 18 , 21 ] . more serious sequelae of envenomation by p . semoni include the development of acute renal failure without evidence of dysfunction of other organs [ 18 ] .

this large anemone has long flexuous tentacles which are a grey - brown or bright green in colour . the green variety has purple tips to the tentacles . the tentacles rarely withdraw into the column , which is reddish or greyish brown .

during the mating season from june through august sperm is released and received by the ova via water flow . inside of the female ova , the zooxanthellae algae are carried into the next generation . the snakelocks anemone is oviparous , meaning the eggs are laid outside the mother ' s body . this sexual process for reproduction is less common than the asexual longitudinal fission process . longitudinal fission is a literal splitting of the sea anemone . after the splitting , they each have a simple and uncompleted ring of tentacles . the two new sea anemones have an uncentered mouth to start food consumption . many of the internal tissues are duplicated before the actual splitting process . the longitudinal fission splits laterally , starting at the basal disc . the whole fission process happens relatively quickly , it takes from 5 minutes to 2 hours .

description : the anemones are pink invertebrates with a vegetable appearance and long , moving tentacles . the snakelocks anemone has two clearly different shapes distinguished in the external appearance and the habitat : one smaller form with a diameter of 2 to 5 cm , which preferably lives on well - lit rocky walls and beds with blocks up to 5 m in depth ; and another larger form with a diameter of up to 15 cm and tentacles up to 50 cm in length , which also lives on well - lit rocky walls but at depths of between 3 and 25 m .

mizuno m . , nishikawa k . , yuzawa y . , kanie t . , mori h . , araki y . , hotta n . , matsuo s . a case report of acute renal failure following a sting presumedly by a sea anemone .

this anemone is very common in the most protected parts of the tidal zone . unlike other anemones , this one cannot retract its long tentacles . so , to lessen its loss of water during low tide , it reduces the exposed area of its body . it lives in symbiosis with green algae ( which give it its typical colouration ) and for that reason it inhabits places close to the surface with plenty of sunlight . besides obtaining nutrients from the algae living on its body , this anemone feeds on small fish and invertebrates , that it gathers using its venomous tentacles .

symbiotic algae which appears to be necessary for the long term survival of this sea anemone . ingests larger food items both dead and alive , e . g . small fish , just moulted palaemonid prawns . gastropod molluscs and all sorts of crustaceans form the bulk of the diet in limited studies .

soletti r . c . , de faria g . p . , vernal j . , terenzi h . , anderluh g . , borges h . l . , moura - neto v . , gabilan n . h . potentiation of anticancer - drug cytotoxicity by sea anemone pore - formimg proteins in human glioblastoma cells .

the sea anemone , categorized in phylum coelenterate ( cnidaria ) , class anthozoa , is armed with venom - secreting nematocysts to aid in the capture of prey and to protect from predators . most sea anemones are harmless for man or at worst cause dermatitis by contact irritants / toxins . however , venom of some sea anemones is extremely harmful for man ; actinodendron plumosum ( hell’s fire sea anemone ) , actineria villosa ( okinawan sea anemone , called fusa - unbachi in japan ) and p . semoni all cause severe injury including dermatitis [ 15 , 127 ] , hepatitis [ 24 ] , renal failure [ 18 ] and anaphylactic shock [ 22 ] . the sea anemones anemonia sulcata and anemonia equine , were reported to cause severe dermatitis with hyper - and parakeratosis with many infiltrative cells in the skin [ 128 ] , while toxins from other sea anemones , including actinia equina , anemonia sulcata , anthopleura xanthgrammica , bunodosoma granulifera , bunodosoma caissarum and stichodactyla helianthus , were cytolytic , haemolytic , neurotoxic and cardiotoxic [ 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 ] .

anemones have adapted to a wide range of habitats , from the muddy depths of sea lochs , to seashores , wrecks and offshore reefs . some even attach to other living creatures . the beadlet anemone is an example of a specis found on the shore , which can survive out of the water when the tide drops , by drawing its tentacles inside its body .

leaves etc . , usually in well - lit situations . occurs mainly on the shore , from about mid - tide level downwards , mostly in localities exposed to strong wave action but also in sheltered places , and in the shallow sublittoral down to about 20 m . a conspicuous species and , if present , may well be the first anemone to catch the eye .

chi v . , pennington m . w . , norton r . s . , tarcha e . j . , londono l . m . , sims - fahey b . , upadhyay s . k . , lakey j . t . , iadonato s . , wulff h . , beeton c . , et al . development of a sea anemone toxin as an immunomodulator for therapy of autoimmune diseases .

when poked with fingers the tentacles feel incredibly sticky to the thick skin . however , when grazed on by the abdomen the tentacles can sting and raise a rash , which can last a month . there have been several reports in 1999 . this anemone was responsible for a severe blistering of a baby ' s leg on a guernsey beach in august 1999 . the sting can be worse than that of the jellyfish around britain .

in the natural world , there are many creatures with venoms that have interesting and varied activities . although the sea anemone , a member of the phylum coelenterata , has venom that it uses to capture and immobilise small fishes and shrimp and for protection from predators , most sea anemones are harmless to man . however , a few species are highly toxic ; some have venoms containing neurotoxins , recently suggested as potential immune - modulators for therapeutic application in immune diseases . phyllodiscus semoni is a highly toxic sea anemone ; the venom has multiple effects , including lethality , hemolysis and renal injuries . we previously reported that venom extracted from phyllodiscus semoni induced acute glomerular endothelial injuries in rats resembling hemolytic uremic syndrome ( hus ) , accompanied with complement dysregulation in glomeruli and suggested that the model might be useful for analyses of pathology and development of therapeutic approaches in hus . in this mini - review , we describe in detail the venom - induced acute renal injuries in rat and summarize how the venom of phyllodiscus semoni could have potential as a tool for analyses of complement activation and therapeutic interventions in hus .

to capture its ' food , the anemone uses the stinging power in its ' tentacles . the sweeping tentacles capture food , and then transport it to the mouth by ciliary currents . sometimes the unfortunate prey wanders mistakenly into the paralyzing tentacles or a tidal wave bring in new food specimens . inside the tentacles are cnidocyte cells . the cnidocytes contain the nematocysts that are the stinging capsules . the nematocysts respond only when both stimuli occurs - the combination of touch and food extract . as the cnidocytes paralyze the prey , the movement in the tentacles brings the food through the mouth for extra - cellular digestion . ammino acids and glucose can be directly absorbed from the sea water by the ectodermal cells on the tentacles .

present on the western coasts of britain from portsmouth all around to the west coast of scotland where it extends northwards to just south of cape wrath . absent from the east basin of the irish sea .

present mainly in the intertidal especially in pools from mid - tide downwards but not extending far into the sublittoral . however , frequently present , often in large numbers on the leaves of seagrass ( e . g .

column smooth , disk wide , tentacles long , fairly stout and flexuous - up to about 200 .

the column is reddish or greyish brown , the disk brown or greyish with white radial lines , tentacles grey - brown or bright green with purple tips .

pale individuals may occur where there is little or no light ( for instance when removed to an aquarium ) .

howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]

lewis , j . r . , 1964 . the ecology of rocky shores . london : english universities press .

stephenson , t . a . , 1935 . the british sea anemones , vol . 2 . london : ray society .

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are found on the southern and western shores of britain and as far south as the mediterranean sea . they are distinguished by long flowing tentacles and will usually be found in a bright green colour , sometimes with purple tips to the tentacles . a few specimens have a

, they do not readily retract their tentacles if left stranded on land by the retreating tide . however , in aquaria they demonstrate their ability to do so .

intertidal pools and shallow water . requires high intensity light levels ( e . g . 50000 lux is natural in summer , 16000 lux will probably suffice in aquaria ) for the

" i got stung by something caught up in a thick canopy of sargassum at kimmeridge , dorset , in july 1999 - it bubbled up like a severe nettle sting , then turned red as it subsided to leave red weals which i still have a trace of on my stomach ( over a month later ) . i guess it was an unusual reaction to common jellyfish as i didn ' t see any

a snorkeller was stung on the soft skin on the underside of her forearm producing a large red weal after diving at kimmeridge , dorset . after 6 weeks the weal had almost disappeared , but it still itched .

i remember years ago seeing a boy messing about with these anemones and developing a sudden and painful line of weals on his inner arm . (

i was recently in the purbecks in dorset and whilst my daughter was swimming in a rock pool ( at dancing ledge ) she was suddenly stung by ' something ' ! ! there were no jelly fish in sight and we weren ' t sure what caused it . the sting was very painful and when it eased off , very itchy ! just after she was stung , the marks on her arm and leg were similar to those you get when stung by stinging nettles ( raised and white blotches ) . the marks , as shown in the attached picture , are now raised and red with ' a kind of tickly feeling ' when touched . could this be some kind of stinging seaweed ? ? is there such a thing in the coastal waters off the uk ?

in dorset , part of the purbeck coastline in the south west of england .

there is a particular rock pool that was artificially created by a headmaster of a local boarding school sometime in the early 20th century . it forms a perfect intertidal swimming pool that attracts lots of families and bathers like myself . i was in the pool for some time leaning and sitting on the edges . i did feel a small sting quite early on but thought it was an open cut or graze from scrambling on the rocks before getting in .

after a long swim in the sea as well , i got out and immediatley felt a rapid burning sensation like my skin was on fire . the area bubbled up in patches , very similar to a dense collection of nettle stings . interestingly , the stings on my bottom form a neat and rather unattractive line on the edge of my bikini bottoms . there were other people in the water at the same time but they had long shorts on or wetsuits , so the stings couldn ' t penetrate . i did hear from another swimmer that a little girl who was only wearing a bikini like me , had also suffered an attack .

i took the attached photo about ten minutes after getting out of the water . the area remained very hot and very very tender for about two days . during the following week it began to go down then it formed in red welts that look like chronic

. it ' s become itchy and inflamed and i started to use calamine lotion again to sooth it . i hope that you will publish the photos and the story to warn people , particularly with young children , that this rock pool has a large concentration of

i very much look forward to hearing form you . please let me know if you require any further information .

south & west of the british isles . mediterranean and the atlantic coasts of portugal , france , spain .

in the wild , this species will not retract its tentacles , although in captivity it has been shown to be able to do so .

ref : simon davy , zooxanthellae in the tissues of british sea anemones ( coelenterate society talk at the school of ocean sciences , university of wales , bangor ) .

. photographs can be found on the following site . click on the logo .

, has a basal diameter of 20 mm and a long tentacle stretching out of 210 mm .

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in the mediterranean sea and eastern atlantic ocean from north africa and the canary islands to the british isles , where the species is confined to the western coasts .

rock pools in the intertidal zone as well as often in large numbers on the leaves of seagrass ( e . g . zostera marina ) in shallow waters down to 30 m . usually on hard ground or in crevices .

, is found in shallow water throughout the mediterranean sea and north along portugal , spain , and france to the southern and western coasts of great britain . it may also occur along the african coast south of the straits of gibraltar .

at the 10 to 12 meter line , so living above this line avoids conflict with other species and positions them closer to the sunlight . the high intensity sunlight near the surface provides energy for their symbiotic algae ( called zooxanthellae ) . around the british coast these anemones attach themselves to rocks , blades of eel - grass , or kelp .

underneath the mass of tentacles grows the polyp body , which is a tubular structure . the mouth lies imbedded between the tentacles . the mouth leads into the body cavity through the pharynx and into the coelenteron ( gut sac ) . as with all cnidarians , there is no anus - - undigested waste is regurgitated back out through the mouth . the gonads in

adults of this species do not invest in their offspring except to provide yolk for their eggs .

has an alloimmune memory . when it is presented with a known stimulus , is has a specific remembered response . it can " remember " stimuli for up to five days .

( harris , 1990 ; horton , 2000 ; shick , 1991 ; waller , et al . , 1996 )

stephanie eaker ( author ) , southwestern university , stephanie fabritius ( editor ) , southwestern university .

the body of water between africa , europe , the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , and the western hemisphere . it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .

referring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water . also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones . bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans ( below 9000 m ) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone . see also oceanic vent .

used loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies . more specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits ( a continuous , modular society ) - as in clonal organisms .

particles of organic material from dead and decomposing organisms . detritus is the result of the activity of decomposers ( organisms that decompose organic material ) .

having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .

the area of shoreline influenced mainly by the tides , between the highest and lowest reaches of the tide . an aquatic habitat .

offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .

the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .

reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .

photosynthetic or plant constituent of plankton ; mainly unicellular algae . ( compare to zooplankton . )

a form of body symmetry in which the parts of an animal are arranged concentrically around a central oral / aboral axis and more than one imaginary plane through this axis results in halves that are mirror - images of each other . examples are cnidarians ( phylum cnidaria , jellyfish , anemones , and corals ) .

attached to substratum and moving little or not at all . synapomorphy of the anthozoa

that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .

an animal which has an organ capable of injecting a poisonous substance into a wound ( for example , scorpions , jellyfish , and rattlesnakes ) .

animal constituent of plankton ; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae . ( compare to phytoplankton . )

fautin , d . 2004 . " anemonia viridis classification " ( on - line ) . hexacorallians of the world . accessed july 12 , 2004 at urltoken .

to cite this page : eaker , s . 2003 . " anemonia viridis " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

, up to about 200 in number . the tentacles are rarely retracted but they can be completely retracted into the

reddish or greyish brown , usually darkest above , sometimes with irregular pale streaks , acrorhagi matching the ground colour . disc brown or greyish , usually with white radial lines , tentacles grey - brown or bright grass - green with purple tips . some tentacles may bear a median longitudinal pale line , more rarely they are suffused with crimson , mainly on the aboral sides , which may extend onto the

is unable to tolerate prolonged conditions of extreme cold ; in the exceptionally cold winter of 1963 - 64 it disappeared from many localities .

locally abundant on south and west coasts of the british isles , extending north to mid - scotland . common on all south - west coasts of europe and in the mediterranean .

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this species is eaten in some mediterranean countries . in sardinia , “ orziadas ” and also in southwestern spain , in the gulf of cádiz region , as “ ortiguillas de mar ” ( literally , " little sea nettles " , because of its urticant tentacles ) , are deep - fried in olive oil .

they will usually be located in shallow waters or certain interlocked - tidal areas . they have specific light preferences such as the light generated by 80 watts of electricity which is equivalent to 50 , 000 lux ( lux is a unit of illumination equal to 1 lumen per square meter ) .

this page was last modified on 24 july 2014 , at 14 : 26 .

sometimes called the ‘flowers of the sea’ , sea anemones are actually beautiful animals , closely related to jellyfish and corals .

like jellyfish and corals , anemones belong to the group cnidarians . the name cnidaria comes from the latin cnidae which means ‘nettle’ . all of the animals within this group have stinging cells which they use for the capture of prey and to protect themselves against predators . sea anemones are simple animals , often attached to hard surfaces such as rocks and boulders . however there are also burrowing anemones that bury themselves in sand , mud or gravel on the sea floor .

sea anemones have many fascinating methods of reproduction with some species using a combination of techniques . some , including beadlet and daisy anemones are vivaporous ( so are humans ! ) and reproduce through internal fertilisation , releasing fully formed young anemones from their mouths . most anemones can reproduce asexually through budding , where fragments break off and develop into new individuals . some stretch themselves along their base and split across the middle resulting in two new anemones of equal size . this method is called longitudinal fission . in others , small pieces of tissue break from the base forming tiny anemones . this method is called basal laceration .

sea anemones can be found in oceans all over the world , but arguably some of the most beautiful are seen right here in britain . our own temperate waters support over 70 species of anenome .

fish , and shrimps , can often be found hiding from predators inside the floating tentacles of anemones .

most sea anemones live attached , catching passing food with their tentacles . sea anemones can move slowly by gliding on their base . many are also capable of moving rapidly to avoid predation or competition by detaching , catching a current and re - attaching elsewhere .

the diet of most anemones consists of small animals such as plankton , crabs and fish , however a number of bigger sea anemones will eat much larger prey . for example , dahlia anemones can be greedy feeders that will prey on starfish and jellyfish

anemones have rings of tentacles surrounding their central mouth . tentacles have specialised stinging cells called nematocysts . they use these to immobilise their prey so that the tentacles are then able to move the food into the mouth . the extending tentacles can also be used to catch passing food as it drifts past .

some sea anemones are very long lived and have been known to reach 60 - 80 years . because anemones are able to clone themselves they do not age and therefore have the potential to live indefinitely in the absence of predators or disease .

there are around 32 types of starfish in british waters and 1 , 500 around the world . find out about this amazing group of animals , how they feed , how they move and where they live .

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biology : there are different animal species that live in association with the anemones , for instance some fish and crabs . they normally live alone and sometimes in small groups . they are carnivores that eat small crustaceans , mussels and small fish . if the conditions are right , they can reproduce by longitudinal division , that is , asexually , but they also have oviparous sexual reproduction from may to july and separate sexes .

habitat : this invertebrate lives on rocks exposed to light , often from the tide line to depths of 6 metres . it is often found in shallow waters in calm bays , and withstands dirty waters very well .

status : species not evaluated ( according to the red list of endangered species ) .

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masashi mizuno , 1 , * yasuhiko ito , 1 and b . paul morgan 2

1 renal replacement therapy , division of nephrology , nagoya university graduate school of medicine , 65 tsurumai - cho , showa - ku , nagoya 466 - 8550 , japan ; email : pj . ca . u - ayogan . dem @ otiusay

2 complement biology group , institute of infection and immunology , school of medicine , cardiff university , cardiff cf14 4xn , uk ; email : ku . ca . ffidrac @ pbnagrom

* author to whom correspondence should be addressed ; email : pj . ca . u - ayogan . dem @ uzimm or pj . oc . oohay @ pj1mihsasam ; tel . : + 81 - 52 - 744 - 2205 ; fax : + 81 - 52 - 744 - 2184 .

received 2012 may 31 ; revised 2012 jun 29 ; accepted 2012 jul 12 .

this article is an open - access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license ( urltoken ) .

] , various situations in which envenomation by aquatic animals has injured people have been reported . culprits include cnidarians such as fire coral (

] . components of some venoms are highly toxic for humans and can rarely cause multiple organ failure and lethal shock .

on the other hand , some toxins have found use as experimental agents and some have been investigated as therapeutics . for example , it was reported that nn - 32 purified from the venom of the cobra naja naja might have anti - cancer effects in animal models [ 41 ] . a number of venoms have been shown to have complement ( c ) activating components that directly or indirectly contribute to tissue damage [ 3 , 5 , 7 , 42 ] . one of these , the c3 - like protein cobra venom factor ( cvf ) purified from venom of the egyptian or thai cobra , is widely used as an experimental tool to induce excessive activation and consumption of c in animal models [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ] . a humanized cvf has been tested as a therapeutic approach in man [ 48 , 49 ] . the c activating component of brown recluse spider ( loxosceles genus ) venom has also been proposed as a tool for biological purposes [ 50 ] .

research on the venoms of marine animals has also yielded interesting and clinically relevant data . for example , dideoxpetrasynol a , a protein toxin from the sponge

] has been proposed as a cytotoxic agent to target some cancers . several other toxin - derived agents have been shown to have antitumor activities and proposed as therapeutics [

is a potent blocker of the kv1 . 3 potassium channel , inhibits t lymphocyte proliferation [

we recently reported that the venom , termed pstx - t , extracted from nematocysts of p . semoni had nephrotoxin activity and induced acute renal injuries in rodents [ 76 ] . this nephrotoxin acutely induced glomerular endothelial injuries , with a similar pathology to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome ( ahus ) . this animal model might be attractive to analyze pathological mechanisms and to develop new agents for therapeutic use in ahus . in the present mini review , we summarize the nature and time - course of the natural venom - induced acute renal injuries and explore the mechanisms of nephrotoxicity of p . semoni venom nephrotoxin in a rodent system .

natural venoms represent a rare cause of acute kidney injuries . these can be broadly divided into three categories ; food poisons , biting poisons and sting poisons ( envenomation ) , as indicated in

] . acute kidney injuries ( aki ) induced by natural venoms included acute tubular necrosis caused by impairment of renal hemodynamics , intravascular hemolysis , rhabdomyolysis , disseminated intravascular coagulation ( dic ) and direct toxin - mediated effects , including thrombotic microangiopathy similar to that observed in hus . there are many reports of renal injuries caused by snake bites [

] , usually accompanied by systemic organ failures and / or shock . for instance , snake envenomation often induced hemolysis , rhabdomyolysis and dic , and sometimes was accompanied by acute renal failure with thrombotic microangiopathy , particularly following bites of taipan (

renal injuries caused by marine animal toxins can also divided into these three categories . marine envenomation can cause dermal injuries , neurotoxicity , hemolysis , and systemic shock reactions , including anaphylactic shock ; some victims developed acute renal failure (

) . the causes of renal injuries include systemic shock , hemolysis , rhabdomyolysis , and direct nephrotoxic effects . for instance , acute renal failure with hemolysis was caused by a portuguese man - of - war sting [

* acute tubular necrosis ; * * thrombotic microangiopathy ; * * * hemolytic uremic syndrome .

3 . envenomation by sea anemones including p . semoni and the acute kidney injuries

a ) . the sting induces severe dermatitis with local ulceration and swelling that often takes months to resolve . we recently reported a more serious sequela of envenomation by

photographs of phyllodiscus semoni ( unbachi - isogintyaku ) and nematocysts . ( a ) the intact organism as found in the seas off okinawa island ; ( b ) close - up view of the globular vesicles ( white arrows ) with nematocysts . scales bar is in the upper right corner of frame b . the underwater photos were taken by m . mizuno .